20230823 Ver 1_DRAFT Prospectus_WLS_Toadstool_20230607

Toadstool Mitigation Bank- Draft Prospectus
Private Commercial Mitigation Bank for Stream and Wetland
Compensatory Mitigation Credits
Caswell County, North Carolina
Cape Fear River Basin (HUC 03030002)
June 2023
Prepared for:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District
Prepared by:
WATER & LAND SOLUTIONS
7721 SIX FORKS ROAD, SUITE 130, RALEIGH, NC 27615
[phone] 1 waterlandsolutions.com

Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Project Overview...........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Bank Site Location.........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Mitigation Goals and Objectives...................................................................................................1
1.4 Watershed Need and Technical Feasibility...................................................................................2
2 Qualifications........................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Bank Sponsor ................................................................................................................................2
2.2 Bank Sponsor Qualifications.........................................................................................................2
2.2.1 Representative Mitigation Projects......................................................................................3
3 Bank Establishment and Operation ......................................................................................................4
3.1 Site Ownership..............................................................................................................................5
3.2 Proposed Service Area..................................................................................................................5
3.3 Credit Release Schedule................................................................................................................5
3.3.1 Initial Allocation of Released Credits....................................................................................6
3.3.2 Subsequent Credit Releases..................................................................................................7
3.4 Financial Assurances.....................................................................................................................7
4 Ecological Suitability of the Sites ..........................................................................................................7
4.1 Existing Conditions........................................................................................................................7
4.1.1 Watershed Characterization.................................................................................................7
4.1.2 Physiography, Geology, and Soils .........................................................................................7
4.1.3 Existing Jurisdictional Waters of the US................................................................................8
4.1.4 Existing Reach Descriptions ..................................................................................................9
4.1.5 Existing Vegetation .............................................................................................................11
4.2 Regulatory Considerations..........................................................................................................12
4.2.1 Existing Easements..............................................................................................................12
4.2.2 Mineral or Water Rights Assurance....................................................................................12
4.2.3 FEMA Floodplain Compliance and Hydrologic Trespass.....................................................12
4.2.4 Invasive Species Vegetation................................................................................................12
4.2.5 Cultural Resources &Aviation ............................................................................................12
4.2.6 Threatened and Endangered Species .................................................................................13
4.2.7 Conditions Affecting Hydrology..........................................................................................13

Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
4.2.8 Adjacent Land Use ..............................................................................................................13
5 Mitigation Work Plan..........................................................................................................................13
5.1 Site Design Approach..................................................................................................................13
5.2 Proposed Stream and Wetland Conditions.................................................................................15
5.2.1 Proposed Stream Conditions ..............................................................................................15
5.2.2 Proposed Revegetation Plan...............................................................................................18
5.2.3 Proposed Riparian Wetland Conditions..............................................................................18
5.3 Reference Ecosystems................................................................................................................19
6 Potential Functional Uplift& Ecological Benefits...............................................................................19
6.1 Benefits Related to Hydrology....................................................................................................19
6.2 Benefits Related to Habitat.........................................................................................................20
6.3 Benefits Related to Water Quality..............................................................................................20
7 Credit Determination..........................................................................................................................21
7.1 Proposed Credit Types................................................................................................................21
8 Monitoring..........................................................................................................................................22
8.1 As-Built Survey............................................................................................................................22
8.2 Visual Monitoring........................................................................................................................22
8.3 Channel Dimension.....................................................................................................................22
8.4 Flow Duration Monitoring ..........................................................................................................22
8.5 Wetland Hydrology.....................................................................................................................23
8.6 Vegetation...................................................................................................................................23
9 Long-Term Management ....................................................................................................................23
9.1 Maintenance...............................................................................................................................23
9.2 Long-Term Management............................................................................................................24
9.3 Adaptive Management Plan .......................................................................................................24
Tables
Table 1. Parcel Ownership Information........................................................................................................5
Table 2. Credit Release Schedule..................................................................................................................6
Table 3. Reach Watershed Drainage &Jurisdictional Status........................................................................8
Table 4. Existing Reach Description ..............................................................................................................9
Table 5. Proposed Stream Mitigation Credits (SMCs).................................................................................21
Table 6. Proposed Wetland Mitigation Credits (WMCs).............................................................................21
Table 7. Routine Maintenance Components..............................................................................................24

Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
Figures
Figure1 .........................................................................................................................Project Location Map
Figure2 ...............................................................................................................................Service Area Map
Figure3 .....................................................................................................................USGS Topographic Map
Figure4 ..................................................................................................................................NRCS Soils Map
Figure5 ......................................................................................................................................... LiDAR Map
Figure6 ..................................................................................................................................Floodplain Map
Figures 7a to 7d.......................................................................................................................Historic Aerials
Figure 8 ........................................................................................................Existing Aquatic Resources Map
Figure 9 ...........................................................................................................Proposed Mitigation Features
Appendices
Appendix ...............................................................................................................Existing Conditions Data
Part1...............................................................................................................................................Photo Log
Part2........................................................................................................................................Cross-Sections
Part3.......................................................................................................................................NC SAM Forms
Part 4................................................................................................... NC DWR Stream Identification Forms
Appendix B.................................................................................................Adjacent Landowner Information
Appendix C....................................................................................................Landowner Authorization Form

Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
1 Introduction
1.1 Project Overview
Water& Land Solutions, LLC (WLS) is pleased to submit this prospectus for the Toadstool Mitigation Bank
(Bank). WLS proposes to develop this private commercial mitigation bank in the Cape Fear River Basin, 8-
digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 03030002. The Bank will include one project site named Toadstool
Mitigation Project (Project).The purpose of the Bank is to provide stream and wetland mitigation credits
to compensate for unavoidable impacts to Waters of the U.S. authorized under section 401 and 404 of
the Clean Water Act, Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act, and all applicable state statutes.
1.2 Bank Site Location
The Project site (36.268759, -79.432043) is located in Elon, Caswell County (Figure 1). The site boundary
is within the 8-digit HUC 03030002 (Warm Water Thermal Regime)within the Cape Fear River Basin.The
project reaches include Benton Branch and unnamed tributaries to Benton Branch. Benton Branch flows
southwest to confluence Stony Creek, which drains to Lake Burlington.
To access the site from Raleigh, NC, follow 1-40 W to NC-119 N/S North Carolina Hwy 119 in Alamance
County. Continue on NC-119 N. Take Mebane Rogers Rd, McCray Rd and Stoney Mountain Rd to Stadler
Rd in Caswell County.The site entrance (western part)will be on the right at 36.271334, -79.444561.
1.3 Mitigation Goals and Objectives
The project mitigation goals and objectives will be based on the current resource condition and functional
capacity of the project watershed to improve and protect diverse aquatic resources comparable to stable
stream and wetland systems within the Piedmont Physiographic Province. The project will address
watershed stressors and provide numerous water quality and ecological benefits within the Stony Creek
subwatershed.The project will meet the general restoration goals and opportunities outlined in the Cape
Fear River Basin Restoration Priority Plan (RBRP, 2009). More specifically, functional uplift goals will be
accomplished by:
• Implementing stream restoration that reduce sources of fine sediment by stabilizing streambanks
and promote appropriate sediment transport to address excess sediment loading.
• Improving riparian corridor condition and targeting restoration of impacted streams and riparian
buffer areas.
• Reduce nutrient, sediment and fecal coliform bacteria from current agricultural practices.
• Implement water quality treatment features to reduce nonpoint source and pollutant inputs.
To accomplish these project-specific goals,the following objectives will be measured to document overall
project success:
• Provide a floodplain connection to the incised Project stream reaches by lowering bank height
ratios (BHRs) to less than 1.2, thereby promoting more natural floodplain storage and overbank
flood flows.
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Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
• Improve bedform diversity by increasing scour pool to pool spacing and depth variability and
livestock exclusion.
• Increase native species riparian buffer and wetland vegetation density/composition along
streambank and floodplain areas that meet requirements of a minimum 50-foot-wide and 210
stems/acre after the monitoring period.
• Improve aquatic habitat and fish species diversity and migration through the addition of in-stream
cover and native woody debris.
• Site protection through a 55-acre conservation easement that will exclude livestock and protect
all streams, wetlands, riparian buffers, and aquatic resources in perpetuity.
1.4 Watershed Need and Technical Feasibility
As a result of implementing this Project, WLS will restore, enhance, and protect approximately 14,913
linear feet of stream and 0.76 acres of wetland to address components as defined in the RBRP (DIMS,
2009). In orderto appropriately offset unavoidable impacts to Waters of the United States associated with
growth and development,the proposed Bank is critical to improving water quality and protecting aquatic
resource functions in this region.
The technical feasibility of the Project is assured due to WLS' extensive experience with stream and
wetland mitigation in North Carolina and throughout the Southeast. Examples of WLS' success with
stream and wetland restoration include the WLS Neuse 01 Umbrella Mitigation Bank and the WLS Yadkin
01 Umbrella Mitigation Bank.The absence of fatal flaws, such as hydrologic trespass and threatened and
endangered species, means the Project is unlikely to be impeded by resource issues,or by objections from
landowners.
2 Qualifications
2.1 Bank Sponsor
This prospectus is submitted on behalf of Water & Land Solutions, LLC (Sponsor), who will serve as the
Sponsor for the Toadstool Mitigation Bank.The contact information for the Sponsor is listed below:
Water& Land Solutions, LLC
c/o Cara Conder
7721 Six Forks Road, Suite 130
Raleigh, NC 27615
919-614-5111
[e-mail]
2.2 Bank Sponsor Qualifications
WLS is a mitigation provider that concentrates on the production and delivery of quality mitigation credits
and services to clients across multiple regions of the United States. WLS was founded with the purpose of
combining the key components of high quality and successful mitigation sites, including the technical
expertise for mitigation site development, the understanding of land management, and the expertise in
environmental economics and finance.Through its inception WLS has identified,targeted, and employed
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Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
well-respected practitioners in the mitigation industry who have specifically focused their careers on all
the unique aspects of successful mitigation project implementation.
Beyond our focus to improve ecological function of impaired systems, WLS has a specific mission to
positively impact people in our industry and the general public through education, partnerships, and
building meaningful relationships. In just over seven years since establishment, WLS has grown to a staff
of 37 people located in Raleigh, North Carolina with satellite offices in Weaverville, North Carolina;
Columbus, Ohio; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Charleston, South Carolina; Johnson City, Tennessee; and
Crested Butte, Colorado. WLS staff have been recognized by industry colleagues as leaders in the
development, management, design, permitting, construction, and monitoring of successful mitigation
projects.
2.2.1 Representative Mitigation Projects
WLS staff have extensive experience with stream,wetland, and riparian buffer restoration.Our staff have
been involved with the entire suite of services for hundreds of mitigation projects over two decades.This
experience equates to the successful restoration of miles of stream and thousands of wetland acres.
Representative project examples are highlighted below.
Edwards Full Delivery Projects, DMS,Johnston County, NC
Lake Wendell Mitigation Project before (left) and one year after restoration (right)
WLS is providing turn-key mitigation services for an expansive series of DIMS full-delivery projects within
adjacent Neuse River subwatersheds. The projects include Lake Wendell, Pen Dell, Edwards-Johnson,
Odell's House, and Buffalo Creek Tributaries Sites (Sites) respectively. The Sites' subwatersheds expand
across several hundred acres within one of the fastest urbanizing areas in the Triangle region. The five
projects total approximately 22,000 linear feet of stream, 20 acres of wetlands, and 64 acres of land
conversion to be restored,enhanced, and permanently protected with conservation easements.
Site streams, wetlands, and riparian buffer areas had been severely degraded primarily due to
development, agricultural practices, impoundments and cattle grazing since the 1950s. Many of the
vegetated buffers along the stream reaches had been removed for agricultural practices. Wetlands were
historically present throughout the riparian corridor, but had been significantly impacted due to cattle
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Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
trampling and channel incision (draining wetland hydrology). Many of the stream systems had been
channelized and incised leading to a significant loss of floodplain functions across the entire watershed.
The comprehensive restoration of these subwatersheds will provide significant species habitat and water
quality improvements to the wetlands, streams, and riparian buffers as well as the Buffalo Creek
watershed. Design and technical approaches include Rosgen Priority Level I stream restoration,associated
riparian wetland restoration, riparian buffer restoration, and the innovative design and installation of
agricultural and stormwater BMPs to reduce peak flows and restore appropriate watershed hydrology.
Hollowell Mitigation Project, Wayne County, NC
WLS developed a private commercial mitigation bank as
part of the WLS Neuse 01 Umbrella Mitigation Bank
located in the Neuse River Basin, 8-digit HUC 03020201.
This basin is located within the rapidly growing Research
Triangle region of North Carolina. The Hollowell Bank
Site drains directly to the Neuse River, which is listed as
'Class C' and Nutrient Sensitive Waters per the North 's
Carolina Division of Water Resources. The Hollowell
project will restore, enhance, preserve, and protect
over 8,979 linear feet of critical headwater streams that
was in agricultural use. In addition, this project will
restore/enhance approximately 10 acres of riparian
wetlands.
Grassy Creek Tributaries Mitigation Project, Surry County, NC
WLS has developed a private commercial mitigation
bank as part of the WLS Yadkin 01 Umbrella Mitigation
Bank located in the Yadkin River Basin, 8-digit HUC
03040101.This site is located south of the Town of Pilot
Mountain.The Grassy Creek Tributaries Bank Site drains
into waters classified as 'Class C' and Nutrient Sensitive
Waters per the North Carolina Division of Water
Resources. The project will restore, enhance and
protect over 6,351 linear feet of critical headwater �_�
streams that was historically in agricultural use.
3 Bank Establishment and Operation
The Bank will be developed as a private commercial mitigation bank under a mitigation banking
instrument(MBI)in the Cape Fear River Basin,8-digit HUC 03030002.The compensatory mitigation credits
developed under the MBI will be available to public, private, and non-profit customers. The proposed
bank site will include a combination of Stream Restoration and Enhancement activities,as well as Riparian
Wetland Restoration activities,depending upon the need of the individual reach and/or wetland area.The
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Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
proposed mitigation types,credit ratios, and performance monitoring will follow current USACE guidance
documents as approved by the USACE District Engineer(DE) and IRT.
3.1 Site Ownership
The Sponsor has obtained legal options to develop the mitigation project with a permanent conservation
easement for each of the property parcels that comprise the site. The Sponsor will record conservation
easements in the county Register of Deeds for the sites upon IRT bank approval. WLS will provide Agent
Authorization forms prior to any regulatory site visits. The current property owners for the proposed site
are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Parcel Ownership Information
Owners
Chad Matthew Randleman 44000000520000 Caswell 208.26
Cody Elliott and Hannah May 44000001410000 Caswell 14.41
Dennis Simmons, Frances Simmons, and Kiley 44000000670000 Caswell 16.59
Simmons Hooper
Donald Wayne Tate and Debra Tate Moore 44000000650000 Caswell 58.02
44000000610000;
Donald Wayne Tate 44000000630000; Caswell 65; 1
44000000640000 11.4
3.2 Proposed Service Area
The proposed Geographic Service Area (GSA) for the Bank is illustrated in Figure 2 and will provide
compensatory mitigation credits for unavoidable, permitted impacts to Waters of the United States in the
Cape Fear River Basin 8-Digit HUC 03030002. Use of approved mitigation credits from the Bank to
compensate for impacts outside the GSA may be considered by USACE on a case-by-case basis. The Site
will provide compensatory mitigation for warm water stream impacts and riparian wetland impacts.
3.3 Credit Release Schedule
All credit releases will be based on the total number of mitigation credits generated as reported in the
approved final mitigation plan and verified by the as-built survey. The initial credit release will be based
on the proposed restoration lengths(SMCs)and acreages(WMCs)as approved in the final mitigation plan.
The credit ledger will be managed by WLS and approved by the USACE District Engineer(DE)and IRT. The
estimated credits will be released following current USACE guidance, as shown in Table 2.
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Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
Table 2. Credit Release Schedule
Credit Stream: Stream: Wetland: Wetland:
Milestone Release Activity Interim Total Interim Total
Release Released Release Released
Site Establishment
15% 15% 15% 15%
(as defined in Section 3.3.1)
Completion of all initial physical and
biological improvements made pursuant to 15% 30% 15% 30%
the Mitigation Plan
Year 1 Monitoring Report demonstrates that
channels are stable and interim performance 10% 40% 10% 40%
standards have been met
Year 2 Monitoring Report demonstrates that
channels are stable and interim performance 10% 50% 10% 50%
standards have been met
Year 3 Monitoring Report demonstrates that
channels are stable and interim performance 10% 60% 15% 65%
standards have been met
Year 4 Monitoring Report demonstrates that °
channels are stable and interim performance 5% 65/° 5% 70%
standards have been met (75%*)
Year 5 Monitoring Report demonstrates that °
channels are stable and interim performance 10% 7%* 15% 85%
standards have been met (85/° )
Year 6 Monitoring Report demonstrates that 80%
channels are stable and interim performance 5% 5% 90%
standards have been met (90%*)
Year 7 Monitoring Report demonstrates that °
channels are stable and interim performance 10% 90% 10% 100%
standards have been met (100%*)
Note: *10%reserve of credits to be held back until the bankfull event performance standard has been met.
3.3.1 Initial Allocation of Released Credits
The standard credit release schedule generated through stream and wetland mitigation projects will occur
upon establishment of the bank site(s), and upon initial satisfactory completion of the following activities:
1) Execution and Approval of the MBI by the Sponsor and the USACE
2) Approval of the Final Mitigation Plan
3) Confirmation the mitigation bank site has been secured
4) Delivery of the financial assurances
5) Recordation of the long-term protection mechanism and title opinion acceptable to the USACE
6) Issuance of the 404-permit verification for construction of the site, if required.
If there are any preservation credits, 100%of the preservation credits will be released with the completion
of Task 1 above.
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3.3.2 Subsequent Credit Releases
All subsequent credit releases must be approved by the DE, in consultation with the IRT, once
performance standards have been met or exceeded. Implementation of the approved Mitigation Plan
must be initiated no later than the first full growing season after the date of the first credit transaction
(credit sale). For streams, a reserve of 10% of the site total stream credits will be released after four
bankfull events have occurred, in separate years, provided the channel is stable and all other performance
standards are met. In the event that less than four bankfull events occur during the monitoring period,
release of these reserve credits is at the discretion of the IRT. For wetlands,the site must meet or exceed
the percent saturation/hydroperiod thresholds for common wetland soil series in North Carolina.
3.4 Financial Assurances
The Bank Sponsor will provide financial assurances in the form of a casualty insurance policy or a
performance bond. The financial assurance policy will be submitted for review and approval by the USACE
and Office of General Counsel (OGC) prior to completion of the final MBI. Upon establishment,the USACE
will hold the original policy document to ensure bank compliance and successful project site completion.
Financial assurances shall be payable per the direction of the USACE to his designee or to a standby trust.
Financial assurances structured to provide funds to the USACE in the event of default by the Bank Sponsor
are not acceptable. A financial assurance must be in the form that ensures that the USACE receives
notification at least 120 days in advance of any termination or revocation.
4 Ecological Suitability of the Site
4.1 Existing Conditions
4.1.1 Watershed Characterization
The project is situated in the Stony Creek subwatershed in the southwestern portion of Caswell County.
The project reaches include unnamed tributaries to/and Benton Branch. Benton Branch flows southwest
to confluence with Stony Creek, and drains to Lake Burlington. Benton Branch is listed by the NCDEQ
Division of Water Resources as 'WS-II', 'HQW', and 'NSW' water (Water Supply Il, High Quality Waters,
Nutrient Sensitive Waters) below the project area downstream to its confluence with Stony Creek.
The project areas consist of mostly pasture and forested areas. The surrounding tributaries that flow
directly into Benton Branch are largely undeveloped on parcels that are privately owned. However,
development pressure exists within the watershed. The proposed project would extend the wildlife
corridor and protect aquatic and terrestrial habitat in the area through a permanent conservation
easement.
4.1.2 Physiography, Geology, and Soils
The Project is located in the Southern Outer Piedmont physiographic region. This ecoregion is
characterized by lower elevations and less relief. The landform is mostly irregular plains. Gneiss, schist,
and granite are typical rock types, covered with deep saprolite and clayey subsoils.
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As shown on the NRCS Soils Map(Figure 4), existing floodplain soils around the project reaches are mostly
within the mapping units EnD (Enon sandy loam, 10-15%slopes)and ExD (Enon loam, 10-15%slopes,very
stony). Enon soils are classified as 'C' and described as well drained, present along interfluves. It is
anticipated that as a direct result of implementing Priority Level I stream restoration and enhancement,
cattle exclusion, and revegetation,the natural wetland hydrology will be restored and allow the wetlands
to regain their natural/historic functions.
Preliminary on-site hydric soil investigations of the project areas proposed for wetland restoration were
conducted in May 2023 by a licensed soil scientist(LSS), George K. Lankford, LSS,with George K Lankford,
LLC.The findings were based on hand-turned auger borings and indicate the presence of hydric soils along
the floodplains. George Lankford noted that areas of existing hydric soils have been manipulated by a
combination of past and current agricultural practices.
4.1.3 Existing Jurisdictional Waters of the US
The streams at the Project were broken down into five main reaches (Benton Branch, 5100, 5101, 5200,
and 5201) totaling approximately 14,913 linear feet of existing streams. Project reaches were
differentiated based on drainage area breaks at confluences, changes in restoration approaches, changes
in intermittent/perennial stream status, and/or property boundaries. Preliminary (unverified) field
evaluations determined that project reaches Benton Branch, S100, and S200 are perennial streams and
reaches 5101 and 201 were determined to be intermittent streams. The presence of historic valleys for
each of the project stream reaches can clearly be seen from LiDAR imagery(Figure 5, LiDAR Map),and are
obvious through field observation. These evaluations were based on NCDWR's Methodology for
Identification of Intermittent and Perennial Streams and Their Origins, (v4.11, Effective Date: September
1, 2010) stream assessment protocols.
Table 3. Reach Watershed Drainage&Jurisdictional Status
Project Reach W.atershed Watershed Stream Status Based on NCDWQ Stream
Designation Drainage Area Drainage Area Field Analyses Classification
Benton Branch 9.29 5,945 Perennial 50.0
0.96 614 Perennial 49.0
0.99 634 Perennial 49.0
1.07 685 Perennial 49.0
' 1.10 704 Perennial 49.0
0.04 26 Intermittent 29.0
0.10 66 Perennial 31.0
0.17 108 Perennial 31.0
0.01 6 Intermittent 21.5
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4.1.4 Existing Reach Descriptions
WLS conducted field investigations in fall/winter 2022 and spring 2023 to evaluate and document the
existing conditions at the site, as well as for each of the project stream reaches and wetland areas. The
results of the cross-section surveys and the visual field evaluations were used to conduct geomorphic
stream classification and assess channel stability for each of the project stream reaches.Site reaches were
also assessed using the INC Stream Assessment Method (NC SAM) (Appendix A). The summary of the
morphological parameters and NCSAM are located in Table 4.
Table 4. Existing Reach Description
Existing Existing
Project Reach Length Entrenchment • D• •
BentonDesignation (U) Ratio(ER) Ratio(W/D) Ratio(BHR) (Rosgen Rating
7,463 2.5, 2.2, 1.4 10.4, 10.7,9.3 1.9, 1.9,2.1 Incised E4 Medium
Branch
1,642 2.4 7.9 1.3 Incised E4 High
1,406 2.6 10.3 1.8 Incised E3 High
716 2.1 9.0 1.6 Incised E4 Medium
476 1.6 8.9 2.2 G4c Medium
628 1.2 13.7 3.4 F4b Medium
2,882 3.8, 1.6 5.5,9.9 1.6, 2.3 G4c Low
692 1.3 18.6 2.3 B3 High
114 1.3 6.5 2.7 G5 Low
The existing project streams have been impacted as a result of historic and current land use practices,
including agriculture and cattle pasture. Portions of the project streams are degraded, incised and
unstable,with documented active headcut migration and associated channel widening and bank erosion.
Portions of the project reaches have been cleared for pasture and/or agriculture purposes and lack high
functioning riparian buffers. Currently, the project reaches act as a source of sediment and nutrient
contamination to the Benton Branch watershed.
Benton Branch:Benton Branch is a main stem perennial tributarythat begins at the Milesville Road culvert
along the eastern project boundary. Benton Branch has a stream length of approximately 7,463 feet, a
valley slope of 0.3 percent, and drainage area of approximately 5,945 acres. The channel is moderately
incised and entrenched with localized bank erosion mostly along outside meander bends. The existing
channel appears to be vertically stable with bedrock grade control, but has become overwidended in
various locations throughout the reach. Based on watershed reconnaissance, field observations and
depositional patterns,the sediment supply appears to be coarse grained material from eroding bed/bank
materials and surface runoff from upstream agricultural fields. The existing substrate is predominantly a
mix of coarse gravel with small cobble in some of the shorter riffle sections.
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Throughout the reach,woody buffer vegetation is present along most of the floodplain corridor, however
channel overwidening and localized bank erosion has resulted in undercut banks and exposed tree root
mass. Benton Branch is actively subject to water quality stressors, mainly in the form of nutrient and
sediment inputs.The reach is classified as an incised Rosgen 'E4'stream type.
S100-RI: 5100-R1 is a perennial tributary that begins at Milesville Road culvert along the eastern project
boundary and flows west to its confluence with Benton Branch. The valley slope in this upper reach is
approximately 0.8 percent and the drainage area is 614 acres. Although the channel is slightly incised
(BHR=1.3), a significant portion of the bed contains large coarse substrate and appears to be vertically
stable. However, the reach is unstable as evidence by vertical eroding banks, isolated lateral migration
and exposed root mass.The riparian buffer is a minimum 50 feet wide throughout the entire reach length.
Based on the existing conditions,the reach is classified as an incised Rosgen 'E4' stream type.
S100-1112:S100-R2 continues to flow through a mostly forested area of the project.The reach is moderately
incised, but has downcut to bedrock knickpoints and vertically stable as it maintains a more natural
bedform diversity and channel morphology. Because the channel is less confined in this section, the
sinuosity is moderate (k=1.18) and appropriate for the valley type. Based on the existing conditions and
larger gravel/cobble bed material,the reach is classified as an incised Rosgen 'E3' stream type.
5100-1113: 5100-R3 is incised (BHR=1.6) and active bank erosion was observed throughout the reach. The
lack of natural stream pattern has also led to overwidening and poor bedform diversity. Mature woody
vegetation was observed along most of this reach; however, the channel is characterized by steeper,
undercut stream banks with an herbaceous cover lacking sufficient surface protection or rooting depth.
The channel is overwidening and infrequent bankfull benches are developing at a lower elevation. Based
on the existing channel conditions and anthropogenic disturbances, the reach is classified as an incised
Rosgen 'E4' stream type throughout most of its length.
5100-1114: 5100-R4 flows directly into Benton Branch near the downstream terminus of the project. The
channel begins to steepen and the sinuosity increases as the reach profile lowers to the base level of
Benton Branch. The reach is incised (BHR=2.2) and bank erosion was observed on the outside meander
bends. The riparian buffer consists of mature hardwoods with some disturbed successional woody
vegetation along the right floodplain and uplands areas. Based on the existing conditions, the reach was
classified as a Rosgen 'G4c' stream type.
S101: S101 is a small headwater tributary that originates near Milesville Road NCDOT ROW property line
and flows south before its confluence with 5100-R1.The valley slope is approximately 2.9 percent before
flattening across the S100 floodplain. A headcut was observed in the upper portion of the reach, but the
lower reach becomes stable as the channel becomes less defined with multiple threads. The riparian
buffers average a minimum 50 feet in width along the entire reach. Based on the existing conditions, the
upper reach is classified as a 'F4b' stream type and the lower section was difficult to classify and more
closely resembles a Rosgen 'DA' stream type.
5200-R1: 5200-R1 is a small headwater tributary that originates near a property line and flows southeast
towards its confluence with Benton Branch.The valley slope is approximately 1.2 percent and the drainage
area is 66 acres.The reach in this area was historically timbered and has been in cattle pasture for decades.
The bedform diversity is poor and the degree of incision is moderate to severe, with multiple active
headcuts and BHRs exceeding 2.0 along the upper section. The reach is subject to water quality stressors,
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mainly in the form of fecal coliform bacteria from cattle access, excess sediment and marginal riparian
buffer widths. Mature woody buffer vegetation is absent along most of this reach and cattle intrusion has
led to sparse understory vegetation. Based on the existing channel conditions and historic disturbances,
this reach is classified as a Rosgen 'G4c' stream type.
S200-1112: S200-R2 continues to flow through a mostly forested area towards its confluence with Benton
Branch. The reach has a drainage area of 108 acres and a valley slope is approximately 2.1 percent.
Although the reach is moderately incised and entrenched, it has downcut to bedrock knickpoints and
vertically stable as it maintains a step-pool morphology before its confluence with Benton Branch. The
channel is more confined in this section and the sinuosity is low (k=1.08) but appropriate for the valley
type. The entire reach is subject to active water quality stressors, mainly resulting sediment and nutrient
inputs from upstream bank erosion and unrestricted cattle access. Based on the existing conditions and
larger gravel/cobble bed material,the reach is classified as a Rosgen 'B3' stream type.
S201:S201 begins as a small spring fed headwater tributary that flows to S200-R1.The reach has a valley
slope of 4.3 percent and drainage area of 6 acres. Based on field observations, the lower reach appears
to have been channelized/maintained in an attempt to drain surface hydrology and cross the stream for
agricultural use. The channel is severely incised and the historic channel manipulation and straightening
has led to poor bedform diversity. Mature woody vegetation is absent along most of this reach,and cattle
currently have direct access which has led to growth of sparse understory vegetation. Based on the
existing channel conditions and anthropogenic disturbances,the reach is classified as a Rosgen'G5'stream
type.
4.1.5 Existing Vegetation
The current use within the project area is forested stream buffers and cattle pasture. S200-R1 and the
right bank of upper Benton Branch have sparse vegetation and are adjacent to cattle pasture. The
vegetation associated with S200-RI includes fescue (Festuca spp), honey locust (Gleditsia tracanthos),
sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), hackberry(Celtis occidentalis), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), black willow
(Salix nigra), and willow oak(Quercus phellos). The other project reaches are mostly forested.
Tree species present throughout the project area include tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), American
sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), eastern red cedar (luniperus virginiana), black walnut (Juglans nigra),
American holly (Ilex opaca), oaks (Quercus spp.), pines (Pinus spp.), musclewood (Carpinus caroliniana),
hazel alder (Alnus serrulata), black willow (Salix nigra), red maple (Acer rubrum), eastern redbud (Cercis
canadensis), river birch (Betula nigra), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) and
flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). Understory species include blackberry (Rubus argutus), spicebush
(Lindera benzoin), roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and
Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefoli). Exotic invasive species include Chinese privet (Ligustrum
sinense), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and Japanese stiltgrass
(Microstegium vimineum).
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4.2 Regulatory Considerations
4.2.1 Existing Easements
The existing culverts on Milesville Road (Benton Branch and 5100) are maintained by NCDOT within the
Public ROW and appear to be in adequate condition and elevation. There is an existing mitigation bank
conservation easement for the Benton Branch Mitigation Project that will connect to this Project on
Benton Branch. There is a fiber optic utility line that crosses upper Benton Branch and S100-R1 and this
area is excluded from the conservation easement.There are no other existing easements on the site.Any
easement breaks will permanently exclude the existing easement corridors from the conservation
easement boundary.
4.2.2 Mineral or Water Rights Assurance
There are no known mineral or surface water rights issues within or adjacent to the site properties.
4.2.3 FEMA Floodplain Compliance and Hydrologic Trespass
Benton Branch and the lower section of 5100 and S200 are located within a FEMA regulated floodplain
(Zone AE, Figure 6). While it is not anticipated that there will be issues associated with FEMA permitting
or documentation,WLS will coordinate with the local floodplain administrator as needed and prepare the
required documentation to obtain approval for any FEMA regulated impacts. In addition, the project will
be designed so that any increase in flooding will be contained within the project boundary and will not
impact adjacent landowners,therefore hydrologic trespass will not be a concern.
4.2.4 Invasive Species Vegetation
There are currently no substantial communities of invasive plant species within the proposed project
boundaries. Some small, immature Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) and multiflora rose (Rosa
multiflora) plants were observed on the periphery of the project area and existing riparian buffer areas.
These areas will be monitored by WLS, and any invasive plants found within the project boundary will be
treated to prevent expansion and establishment of a substantial invasive community.This will allow for a
healthy, native riparian and upland plant community to dominate the area and help prevent future
establishment of invasive species vegetation.
4.2.5 Cultural Resources &Aviation
The project is not anticipated to have any adverse impacts on cultural or historic resources.There are no
sites currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) within the project area. On-site
investigations and discussions with the landowners have not disclosed any potential resources or
occurrences of this type on the property. The environmental screening phase of the Project will include
North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) coordination to confirm these findings.
Based on a review using Google Earth, the nearest airport to the project site is the K&D Airport-71nc
(privately owned), which is located approximately 0.6 miles southwest of the site. There are no other
airports in a five-mile radius.The project is not anticipated to affect aviation.
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4.2.6 Threatened and Endangered Species
Based on a review of the US Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS) database and IPAC,there are currently two
federally-listed threatened and endangered species known to occur near the project vicinity in Caswell
County: tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) and Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a candidate
species.The project site is not known to support anadromous fish species. No potential protected species
occurrences were observed during initial site investigations. Project implementation is not anticipated to
have a negative impact on these species. WLS will coordinate with the appropriate agencies should a
determination be required for permitting.
4.2.7 Conditions Affecting Hydrology
Two existing road culvert crossings are located just outside of the project area on Milesville Road NCDOT
Public ROW.Within the project area there is one existing culvert crossing on 5201-R1.A ford crossing will
be designed for 5200-R1 and that will be the only crossing.
4.2.8 Adjacent Land Use
Site-adjacent land use is primarily agricultural and silvicultural. None of these land uses will have negative
impacts on the operation of the site.
5 Mitigation Work Plan
5.1 Site Design Approach
The project will involve the potential stream restoration and enhancement of five tributaries broken down
into nine treatment sections (Benton Branch, 5100-R1, 5100-R2, 5100-R3, 5100-R4, 5101, 5200-R1, 5200-
R2, and 5201) totaling approximately 14,913 linear feet of streams and 0.76 acres of riparian wetlands
(Figure 9). This comprehensive approach utilizes a Priority Level I/II Restoration and Enhancement Level
I/II and appropriately addresses all of the jurisdictional stream reaches at the project site, including
restoring riparian buffers along all of the project stream reaches currently in pasture, restoring degraded
riparian wetlands,while limiting the number of stream crossings and easement breaks.
Many of the project stream reaches are unstable, with documented active lateral migration, associated
localized channel widening, and downcutting. Some of the project riparian buffers have been disturbed
and completely or partially cleared. The proposed project will provide adequate floodplain access to all
restored stream reaches. Priority Level II Restoration is proposed along upper S100-R1, S100-R3, and
lower 5200-R1.The following elements will be incorporated into the proposed Priority Level II design and
construction:
• Floodplain bench excavation grading will extend a minimum of 1.5 bankfull widths beyond the
stream belt width such that meandering floodplains are not created.
• All proposed floodplains will be constructed such that they are over-excavated to accommodate
replacement of topsoil.
• Design and construction oversight measures will ensure the proper harvesting, segregating,
stockpiling, storage, handling, overall management and replacement of A and B soil horizon
materials onto the excavated floodplain.
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• Constructed return slopes between the outer edge of the excavated floodplain and the terrace
will be a minimum of 4:1 or flatter.
The Project will provide increased floodplain access for restored reaches and will be monitored to
demonstrate successful floodplain function. The stream design will include analysis of the hydrology,
hydraulics, shear stress, sediment transport, and bankfull channel dimensions. WLS will consider three
methods (field indicators if present, published regional curve information, and hydraulic modeling) for
estimating a bankfull discharge. The hydrology and hydraulics analysis will evaluate a range of lower flow
discharges and flood frequency curves to help determine an appropriate design discharge. The design
discharge will be used to select an appropriate channel geometry and help monitor long-term project
performance.
The wetland restoration approach is supported by on-site soils investigations, surface flow observations,
topography, and historical observations by landowners. Hydric soils (preliminary) are mapped along the
riparian corridors on S200-R1. The combination of a Rosgen Priority I Restoration Approach and minor
grading of spoil and fill will restore the hydrologic conditions that formed the in-situ hydric soils.
Sediment Transport Considerations
The channel substrate material was observed to be predominantly gravel/cobble for Benton Branch,5100,
5200, with some fine material entering the system from stream bank erosion. Sediment transport
calculations and stream power analyses will be performed for both the existing channels and the proposed
design channels. WLS will assess the stream's transport capacity to quantify the stream's ability to
transport its sediment load. WLS will perform quantitative channel assessments that includes collecting
sediment samples and predicting streambank erosion rates and comparing model results using the BANCS
Method (BEHI/NBS)to evaluate bed and bank material characteristics and estimate sediment yields.WLS
will also perform watershed analysis to estimate how much sediment is being supplied to the project
reaches by determining load rates from upland sources.The substrate material will be sieved and a grain
size distribution developed. The results of the sediment transport analyses will be used to classify the
streams, and complete critical shear stress calculations required for designing slopes/depths and
predicting channel stability.
Stream Channel and Floodplain Improvement Features
Stream channel improvement features such as in-stream structures and bioengineering techniques are
proposed for grade control,stream bank protection,and improving bedform diversity and aquatic habitat.
All in-stream structures will be constructed from natural materials such as hardwood trees, trunks/logs,
brush/branches,and gravel stone. In order to ensure sustainability of these structures,WLS will use design
and construction methods that have proven successful on numerous past projects in the same geographic
region and similar site conditions.
WLS will also incorporate bioengineering practices, when appropriate, that use biodegradable materials
and fabrics, uncompacted soils, live plant cuttings,and native species vegetation to stabilize streambanks.
Bioengineering will provide initial bank stability that allows for the quick establishment of deep-rooted
vegetation along the newly restored streambanks. Once established, these live, dormant plant cuttings
will provide long-term bank stability to the treated areas and prevent further bank erosion and
sedimentation.
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Floodplain Improvement Features
Floodplain features such as depressions, sloughs, meander scars,vernal pools, snags, and tree throws are
commonly found in larger natural riparian systems. These floodplain features will be incorporated in
restored reaches as appropriate to improve aquatic and terrestrial habitat.
Site Access and Constructability
WLS has field verified that the site has adequate construction access. Where practicable, impacts to
existing native riparian buffer vegetation will be minimized. Any potential impacts to existing wetland
areas will be avoided during construction, with only temporary, minimal impacts expected only as
necessary for maximized permanent stream, wetland, and riparian buffer functional uplift.
5.2 Proposed Stream and Wetland Conditions
5.2.1 Proposed Stream Conditions
Restoration
S100-R1: Work along upper S100-RI will involve excavating a bankfull bench before raising the bed
elevation and reconnecting the stream with its geomorphic floodplain.The channel will be restored in its
current valley location. Since the reach is slightly to moderately incised, proposed grading activities will
involve a Priority Level I and II Restoration approach by gradually raising the bed elevation and
reconnecting the stream with its constructed floodplain. The reach will be restored as a Rosgen 'C4'
stream type using appropriate riffle-pool morphology with a conservative meander planform geometry
that accommodates the valley slope and width. This approach will allow restoration of a stable channel
form with appropriate bedform diversity, as well as improved ecological function through increased
aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The design width/depth ratio will be similar to stable streams in this
geologic setting. In-stream structures will be incorporated to dissipate flow energies, protect
streambanks, and eliminate the potential for further bank erosion. In-stream structures will include
constructed riffles for grade control and aquatic habitat, log j-hook vanes, log vanes, and angled log drops
for increasing pool formation, bank stability, and bedform diversity. Existing stream substrate will be
reused in the project structures where appropriate.Additionally, existing stream substrate will be reused
for in-structures when appropriate. Riparian buffers of at least 50 feet wide will be maintained and/or
supplementally planted along the entire reach.
S100-R3:Work along S100-R3 will involve a Priority Level II Restoration approach by excavating a shallow
floodplain bench and reconnecting the stream with its geomorphic floodplain.The reach will be restored
as a Rosgen 'C4' stream type using appropriate riffle-pool morphology with conservative meander
geometry. A new channel will be constructed within the natural valley before connecting with S100-R4
and eventually Benton Branch further downstream. Proposed in-stream structures will include
constructed wood and stone riffles for grade control and habitat, brush toe, and cover logs, and angled
log drops for encouraging step-pool formation, energy dissipation, bank stability, and bedform diversity.
Existing stream substrate will be reused in the project structures where appropriate. WLS proposes to
replant native woody species vegetation and enhance the riparian buffer to a minimum of 50 feet within
the conservation easement.
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S200-R1: Work along S200-R1 will involve a Rosgen Priority Level I and II Restoration approach. S200-R1
is incised with multiple active headcuts, but generally flows through the low point of the valley.The upper
section is steeper and more confined, therefore restoration activities will include excavating a floodplain
bench and step-pool channel before raising the bed elevation and reconnecting the stream with its
geomorphic floodplain. Further downstream, a stable stream system will be achieved by constructing a
single-thread meandering channel and increasing the width/depth ratio. Proposed grading activities will
also restore adjacent wetland hydrology by removing agricultural land manipulations and cattle trampling.
The reach will be restored as a Rosgen 'B4c/C4' stream type using appropriate step-pool and riffle-pool
morphology with a conservative meander planform geometry that accommodates the valley slope and
width. Proposed in-stream structures will include constructed wood and stone riffles for grade control
and habitat, brush toe, and cover logs, and angled log steps for encouraging step-pool formation, energy
dissipation, bank stability, and bedform diversity and to provide natural scour features and improved
aquatic habitat.
An existing culvert will be removed and a permanent ford stream crossing will be installed at the same
location to replace the existing stream crossing.The existing unstable channel will be filled to an elevation
sufficient to connect the new bankfull channel to its geomorphic floodplain using suitable fill material
from the newly restored channel. Shallow depressional areas in the form of adjacent riparian wetland
pockets will provide habitat diversity, temporary sediment storage and improved treatment of overland
flows. These proposed restoration activities will provide the maximum possible functional uplift.
Permanent fencing will be installed to exclude livestock and reduce sediment and nutrient inputs. Any
exotic species vegetation will be removed and native riparian species vegetation will be planted within
the conservation easement. Riparian buffers in excess of 50 feet will be restored and protected along the
entire length of the reach.
Enhancement Level 1
S101: S101 is a small headwater tributary that has a significant headcut in the upper reach. Work will
involve stabilizing the headcut w/ in-stream structures and creating a stable connection with S100-R1.
Although the channel is mostly stable throughout its lower reach, it lacks a consistent channel definition
and normal base flow.The normal base flow will be allowed to follow the historic flow pattern and spread
out through channel depressions, providing a more natural hydrologic function. Riparian buffers a
minimum of 50 feet will be supplementally planted and protected along the entire reach length.
Enhancement Level 11
Benton Branch: Work along Benton Branch will involve Enhancement Level II practices to reduce bank
erosion and improve bedform diversity and aquatic habitat. Portions of Benton Branch have recently been
disturbed through cattle intrusion, buffer disturbances and agricultural practices.The channel is currently
incised, overwidended and is experiencing localized bank erosion with vertical/undercut banks in some
locations. Despite these disturbances and lateral instability,the channel is vertically stable and maintains
abundant large woody debris and a coarse gravel/cobble substrate throughout the reach. Consequently,
WLS will stabilize eroding banks and strategically place in-stream structures to mimic existing features. In-
stream structures such as boulder rock vanes and single wing deflectors will be installed to protect stream
banks, narrow channel bottom widths, and increase riffle slopes. Any large mature trees or native
vegetation will be protected and incorporated into the design. Where appropriate, bioengineering
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techniques, such as geolifts, toe wood, brush layers, and live stakes, will also be used to protect
streambanks and promote woody vegetation growth along the streambanks.
In addition, permanent fencing will be installed to exclude livestock and reduce sediment and nutrient
inputs. Any exotic species vegetation will be removed and native riparian species vegetation will be
replanted in any disturbed areas. Finally, water quality improvement features will be installed to treat
concentrated flow runoff from existing ephemeral drainages that would otherwise enter the riparian
buffer as untreated water from adjacent agricultural fields and pasture lands. These features will be
constructed inside of the conservation easement and will require no maintenance.
S100-R2: Due to the limited past disturbances and current condition of S100-R2, an Enhancement Level
II approach is proposed to improve channel stability as well as connect and protect S100-112 to its
confluence with Benton Branch. The upstream portion of the reach currently exhibits minor lateral
instability in the form of localized bank erosion. Limited in-stream structures and bioengineering
treatments will be strategically installed to reduce bank erosion and prevent further degradation. Most
of the reach has adequate riparian buffer vegetation and exhibits stable morphology. The channel
substrate consists of gravel/cobble material and has downcut to bedrock knickpoints, which provides
adequate grade control throughout the reach. Riparian buffers of at least 50 feet wide will be maintained
and/or supplementally planted along the entire reach. Any exotic species vegetation will be removed in
this area and native riparian species vegetation will be planted in the resulting disturbed areas.
S100-R4: Similar to S100-R2, an Enhancement Level II approach is proposed to improve channel stability
as well as connect and protect S100-R4 to its confluence with Benton Branch.The reach currently exhibits
lateral instability, as shown by localized bank erosion. Limited in-stream structures and bioengineering
treatments will be strategically installed to reduce bank erosion and prevent further degradation. Portions
of the reach have experienced historic buffer disturbances, however, most of the reach has adequate
successional riparian buffer vegetation. Unlike S100-R2, the reach meanders across the floodplain as it
lowers to the base level of Benton Branch.Any exotic species vegetation will be removed in this area and
the riparian buffer will be planted in the resulting disturbed areas.
S200-R2: Due to the limited past disturbances and current condition of S200-R2, an Enhancement Level
II approach is proposed to reduce isolated bank erosion and provide a stable floodplain connection with
S200-R1 and Benton Branch. Limited in-stream structures and bioengineering treatments will be
strategically installed to reduce bank erosion and prevent further degradation. Most of the reach has
adequate riparian buffer vegetation and exhibits a stable step-pool morphology.The bed material consists
of large cobble material which provides adequate grade control as the reach lowers to the base level of
Benton Branch. Riparian buffers of at least 50 feet wide will be maintained and/or supplementally planted
along the entire reach. Additionally, permanent fencing will be installed or improved to permanently
exclude livestock and reduce direct sediment and nutrient inputs. Any exotic species vegetation will be
removed in this area and native riparian species vegetation will be planted in the resulting disturbed areas.
S201:S201 is a small headwater tributary that begins at a spring head within the S200 catchment. It flows
for approximately 114 ft before it connects with the S200-R1 floodplain. Work on this reach will involve
Enhancement Level II practices to provide a stable connection with S200-R1 and improve the stability of
the channel. Currently the reach is mostly stable, but experiencing hoof shear and minor bank
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erosion/trampling. The reach will tie into S200-RI as a Rosgen 'B4' stream type using appropriate step-
pool morphology. This enhancement approach will exclude cattle and create a stable channel form with
appropriate bedform diversity, as well as improved ecological function through increased aquatic and
terrestrial habitats. Permanent fencing will be installed to exclude livestock and reduce sediment and
nutrient inputs. Native riparian species buffer vegetation will be planted at least 50 feet wide within the
proposed conservation easement.
Water Quality Improvement Features
WLS may implement water quality improvement features as practices or measures as part of a
comprehensive watershed restoration approach during the mitigation plan stage. When implemented
collectively along with stream, riparian buffer, and riparian wetland restoration, these water quality
improvement features can be effective at reducing pollutants, particularly nutrient and sediment loadings,
and therefore provide additional ecological uplift to a project. The features will be excavated along the
project reaches at non-jurisdictional or depressional areas where ephemeral drainages intersect with the
project boundary. WLS will identify potential locations for water quality improvement features following
the topographic survey and existing conditions assessment.
5.2.2 Proposed Revegetation Plan
Riparian buffers will be established a minimum of 50 feet from the top of the streambanks along each of
the Project reaches,as well as permanently protecting those buffers with a conservation easement. Many
of the proposed riparian buffer widths within the conservation easement are greater than 50 feet along
one or both streambanks to provide additional functional uplift potential, such as encompassing adjacent
wetland areas.
Proposed plantings will be conducted using native species trees and shrubs, in the form of live stakes and
seedlings. Proposed plantings will predominantly consist of bare root vegetation and will generally be
planted at a total target density of 680 stems per acre.The proposed plant selection will help to establish
a natural vegetation community that will include appropriate strata based on an appropriate reference
community. Schafale's (2012) guidance on vegetation communities for Piedmont Alluvial Forest, the
USACE Wetland Research Program (WRP) Technical Note VN-RS-4.1 (1997), as well as existing mature
species identified throughout the project area, will be referenced during the development of riparian
buffer and adjacent riparian wetland plants for the Project site.
5.2.3 Proposed Riparian Wetland Conditions
Preliminary on-site investigations of the soils within the project area were conducted in May 2023 by
licensed soil scientist(LSS), George K Lankford, LSS,with George K Lankford, LLC.The findings were based
on hand-turned auger borings and indicate the presence of hydric soils along the floodplains on S200.The
hydric soils status is based upon the "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States" (USDA, NRCS,
2018, Version 8.2) and Regional Supplement to the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual:
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Region Version 2.0. The presence of hydric soil indicators and hydric
inclusions within 12 inches of the soil surface was verified.
These areas of existing hydric soils have been manipulated by a combination of past agricultural land use
and livestock access. Preliminary estimates total approximately 0.76 acres (See Figure 9) and qualify as a
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candidate for wetland re-establishment. It is anticipated that as a direct result of implementing Priority
Level I stream restoration, limited overburden soil removal, and revegetation in these areas, lost wetland
hydrology will be restored and allow the wetlands to regain their natural/historic functions. Where
possible, any high-quality jurisdictional wetland areas will be avoided by keeping proposed construction
related activities away from the wetland boundaries. In some areas, disturbance of the existing wetlands
may be unavoidable to restore a stable and fully functioning stream and wetland system.
5.3 Reference Ecosystems
Reference ecosystems will be identified that represent similar conditions to the proposed riparian stream
and wetland system within the Piedmont Physiographic Province.Stream channel geometry, morphologic
relationships, wetland hydrology/saturation ranges and vegetation communities will be based on
published regional curve relationships, reference reach information, and extensive empirical data from
monitoring successful mitigation projects.
6 Potential Functional Uplift & Ecological Benefits
6.1 Benefits Related to Hydrology
The potential functional uplift and ecological benefits to impairments are summarized below as part of
the overall project goals.
• Floodplain Connectivity —A Priority Level I Restoration approach will reconnect channels with
their active and/or relic floodplains and improve stream and wetland hydrology to areas that have
been degraded and/or been historically manipulated.
• Surface Storage and Retention —The restored streams will be raised and reconnected to their
active or relic floodplains to restore wetland hydrology and to spread higher flow energies onto
the floodplain thereby increasing retention time, storage, and roughness. Wetland restoration
and incorporation of depressional areas and other floodplain features will provide additional
retention, storage and habitat diversity and uplift. Native species riparian vegetation will be
established throughout the riparian buffer corridor.
• Groundwater Recharge and Hyporheic Exchange — The restored riparian buffers and wetland
microtopography will increase infiltration and improve overall hydrogeologic function. Benefits
will be achieved through the establishment of vegetated buffers which increase groundwater
infiltration, surface water interaction and recharge rates.
• Proper Channel Form — Restoring an appropriate dimension, pattern, and profile will efficiently
transport and deposit sediment(point bars and floodplain sinks) relative to the stream power and
load that is supplied from banks, adjacent uplands, and watershed. Stream channels that are
appropriately sized to convey flows and sediment load will greatly improve channel stability by
reducing bed degradation and aggradation.
• In-stream Structures — In-stream structures, such as angled log step-pools, log vanes, j-hook
vanes,toe wood and constructed riffles made from native woody and rock materials, will help to
control grade and reduce bank erosion by diverting shear stress away from streambanks during
storm events.
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• Sediment Transport — Boundary conditions, land use, climate, and geologic controls influence
stream channel formation, migration, and how sediment is transported through its watershed.
Appropriate transport capacity, flow competency and bed material size will ensure sediment is
more evenly distributed, such that excessive degradation and aggradation do not occur.
Adequately transporting or entraining fine-grain sediment will prevent embeddedness and create
interstitial habitat and in-stream cover within riffle areas.
6.2 Benefits Related to Habitat
• Proper Channel Form—Restoring an appropriate bedform and geometry will efficiently transport
and deposit sediment(point bars and floodplain sinks) relative to the stream power and load that
is supplied from banks and uplands. Stream channels that are appropriately sized to convey
smaller storm flows will greatly improve channel stability by reducing active bank erosion (lateral
stability) and bed degradation (vertical stability, i.e., headcuts, downcutting, incision).
• Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitat—Benefits will be achieved through the incorporation of physical
structures, removal of invasive species and re-establishing and enhancing native vegetation to the
riparian buffer areas. Benefits to aquatic organisms will be achieved through the installation of
appropriate in-stream structures using native rock material and woody debris. Adequately
transporting and depositing fine-grain sediment onto the floodplain will prevent embeddedness
and create interstitial habitat, organic food resources and in-stream cover. In-stream habitat will
be improved by creating deeper pools and areas of re-aeration. These lotic systems can provide
sources of organic matter that ultimately improve the biodiversity of downstream river systems.
• Landscape Connectivity — Benefits to landscape connectivity will be achieved by restoring a
healthy stream corridor, promoting aquatic and terrestrial species migration and protecting their
shared resources in perpetuity.
6.3 Benefits Related to Water Quality
• Nutrient Reduction/Native Buffer Vegetation — Currently, excess nutrients and pollutants such
as nitrogen/phosphorus from agricultural practices are entering project reaches without
adequate riparian buffers (fragmentation). High-functioning riparian buffer vegetation will be
established or enhanced and permanently protected to remove direct pollutant sources and filter
runoff prior to entering the project reaches.
• Sediment Reduction—Benefit will be achieved through stabilization of eroding banks; installation
of vegetated buffers; and by dissipating excess flow energy and shear stress with increased
overbank flows during storm events.
• DO,NO3-,DOC Concentration—Benefits will be achieved through the restoration of more natural
stream bedforms, including riffle and pool sequences, which will increase dissolved oxygen (DO)
concentrations. In addition, as planted riparian buffers mature, increased shade and wider
vegetation density/structure will reduce water temperatures and groundwater nitrates(NO3-) as
well as increase dissolved organic carbon (DOC).
• Bioengineering Treatments — Bioengineering practices such as live staking, brush layering, and
vegetated soil lifts will provide lateral bank stability, rapid tree growth and bank shading to reduce
water temperatures, bank erosion and increase dissolved oxygen levels.
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• Water Quality Improvement Features — Water quality improvement features may be
implemented to reduce pollutants, particularly nutrient and sediment loadings, and therefore
provide additional ecological uplift to a project. The features that are best suited for use at this
project site include small basins to treat agricultural and development runoff. The constructed
features will be in the form of small "maintenance-free" treatment basins that will capture and
treat runoff from the surrounding areas before it reaches the restored riparian buffer corridor.
These features will improve water quality by increasing infiltration and groundwater recharge,
providing diffuse flow energies, and allowing nutrient uptake within the extended buffer area.
7 Credit Determination
7.1 Proposed Credit Types
Expected credit types are Stream Mitigation Credits (SMCs) and Wetland Mitigation Credits (WMCs).
SMCs(Warm Thermal Regime)will be generated through Stream Restoration and Enhancement(Table 5).
Riparian wetland mitigation credits will be generated through Restoration (Table 6).
Table 5. Proposed Stream Mitigation Credits(SMCs)
Proposed
BentonReach Designation Type of Mitigation Stream Length Mitigation
(LF) M Credits(SMCs)
Stream Enhancement II 6,548 3:1 2,182.667
Stream Restoration (Pll) 1,552 1:1 1,552.000
Stream Enhancement II 1,407 5:1 281.400
Stream Restoration (Pll) 718 1:1 718.000
Stream Enhancement II 476 5:1 95.200
Stream Enhancement 1 628 1.5:1 418.667
Stream Restoration (PI/PII) 2,778 1:1 2,778.000
Stream Enhancement II 692 5:1 138.400
Stream Enhancement 11 114 2.5:1 45.600
Total 14,913 0•
.933
Note 1: No mitigation credits are proposed outside the conservation easement boundaries or where easement only
has one stream bank in project(sections of Benton Branch).
Table 6. Proposed Wetland Mitigation Credits(WMCs)
Proposed
Wetland Area Type of Mitigation Wetland Acreage Mitigation
(AC) Credits(WMCs)
Riparian Wetland Re-establishment 0.09 1:1 0.090
Riparian Wetland Re-establishment 0.46 1:1 0.460
Riparian Wetland Re-establishment 0.21 1:1 0.210
Total 0.76 .0
Note 1: No mitigation credits are proposed outside the conservation easement boundaries.
4 Page 21

Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
8 Monitoring
Stream stability, hydrology, wetland hydrology, and vegetation survival will be monitored across the
Project to determine the success of the stream and buffer mitigation. Monitoring and performance
standards will follow the guidance provided in the 2016 USACE Wilmington District Stream and Wetland
Compensatory Mitigation Update.Stream stability will be monitored with cross section surveys and visual
assessment stream walks. Wetland hydrology will be monitored with gauges. Vegetation survival rates
will be monitored using vegetation plots over approximately two percent of the planted area.
8.1 As-Built Survey
An as-built survey will be conducted following construction to document channel size, condition, and
location on constructed or modified channels.The survey will include a complete profile of thalweg,water
surface, bankfull, and top of bank to compare with future geomorphic data. Longitudinal profiles will not
be required in annual monitoring reports unless requested by the USACE.
8.2 Visual Monitoring
Visual monitoring of all mitigation areas will be conducted a minimum of twice per monitoring year by
qualified individuals. The visual assessments will include vegetation density, vigor, invasive species, and
easement encroachments. Visual assessments of stream stability will include a complete a stream walk
and structure inspection. Photographs will be taken at fixed representative locations (cross-sections,
enhancement reaches, and crossings) to record each monitoring event, as well as any noted problem
areas or areas of concern. Results of visual monitoring will be presented in a plan view exhibit with a brief
description of problem areas and digital images. Photographs will be used to subjectively evaluate channel
aggradation or degradation, bank erosion, success of riparian vegetation, and effectiveness of erosion
control measures. Longitudinal photos should indicate the absence of developing bars within the channel
or an excessive increase in channel depth. Lateral photos should not indicate excessive erosion or
continuing degradation of the banks over time.A series of photos over time should indicate successional
maturation of riparian vegetation.
8.3 Channel Dimension
Permanent cross-sections will be installed at a minimum of one per 20 bankfull widths with half in pools
and half in riffles. Headwater valley reaches will have two cross-sections for every 1,000 linear feet. All
cross-section measurements will include bank height ratio and entrenchment ratio. Cross-sections will be
monitored annually.There should be little change in as-built cross-sections.
8.4 Flow Duration Monitoring
Monitoring of stream flow will be conducted to demonstrate that the restored stream systems classified
as intermittent exhibit surface flow for a minimum of 30 consecutive days throughout some portion of the
year during a year with normal rainfall conditions. The proposed monitoring of restored intermittent
reaches will include the installation of flow devices (continuous-read pressure transducers) within the
thalweg (bottom) of the channel towards the upper-third portion of the reach.
4 Page 22

Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
8.5 Wetland Hydrology
For each normal year within the monitoring period,the restored wetland areas at the project site must be
inundated or saturated for an appropriate hydroperiod given the project site conditions and landscape
setting. The objective is for the monitoring data to show that the project site exhibits an increased
frequency of flooding. Groundwater levels will be compared to pre-restoration conditions and reference
conditions.The success criteria for riparian wetland hydrology will be met when the project site is saturated
within 12 inches of the soil surface for a minimum percentage of the growing season or consecutive days
during a period when antecedent precipitation has been normal or drier than normal for a minimum
frequency of 5 years in 10.
The proposed hydroperiod will be based on the range of wetness conditions for the type of wetland system
to be restored. Specific hydrology performance criteria will be developed per 2016 NCIRT regulatory
guidance and will be presented in the final prospectus or mitigation plan. WETS tables for the applicable
county will be utilized to determine normal precipitation.
8.6 Vegetation
Vegetation monitoring plots will be a minimum of 0.02 acres in size and cover approximately two percent
of the restoration planted area. This does not include areas that are supplementally planted due to
existing vegetation. The following data will be recorded for all trees/shrubs in the plots: species, height,
planting date (or volunteer), and grid location. Monitoring will occur each year during the monitoring
period.The interim measures of vegetative success for the sites will be the survival of at least 320 planted
three-year old trees per acre at the end of Year 3 and 260 five-year old trees per acre at the end of Year
5. The final vegetative success criteria will be the survival of 210 trees per acre with an average height of
10 feet at the end of Year 7 of the monitoring period.
9 Long-Term Management
9.1 Maintenance
The Project will be protected in perpetuity by a recorded conservation easement. The conservation
easement will allow for annual site inspections during the post-construction monitoring period.These site
inspections may identify components and features that require routine maintenance. The site will be
monitored on a regular basis and a physical inspection will take place at least once a year throughout the
post-construction monitoring period until performance standards are met. Routine post-construction
maintenance may include the following components as described in Table 7.
4 Page 23

Toadstool Mitigation Bank-Draft Prospectus
Table 7. Routine Maintenance Components
Feature Maintenance Activity Through Close-out
Stream Routine channel maintenance and repair activities may include modifying in-stream structures to
prevent piping, securing loose coir matting, and supplemental installation of live stakes and other
target vegetation along the Project reaches.Areas of concentrated stormwater and floodplain flows
that intercept the channel may also require maintenance.
Wetland Routine wetland maintenance and repair activities may include securing loose coir matting and
supplemental installations of target vegetation within the wetland.Areas of concentrated storm flows
that intercept the wetland may also require maintenance to prevent excess scour.
Vegetation Vegetation will be maintained to ensure the health and vigor of the targeted plant community.
Routine vegetation maintenance and repair activities may include supplemental planting, pruning,
and fertilizing. Exotic invasive plant species will be treated by mechanical and/or chemical methods.
Any invasive plant species control requiring herbicide application will be performed in accordance
with NCDA rules and regulations.
Project Site Project boundaries will be demarcated in the field to ensure clear distinction between the Project site
Boundary and adjacent properties.Boundaries may be identified by fence,marker,bollard,post,or other means
as allowed by Project conditions and/or conservation easement. Boundary markers disturbed,
damaged,or destroyed will be repaired and/or replaced on an as needed basis.
Stream Crossing The stream crossing(s) within the Project may be maintained only as allowed by the recorded
Conservation Easement, deed restrictions, rights of way, or corridor agreements. Stream crossings
will be excluded from the easement area and maintained by the landowner.
9.2 Long-Term Management
Upon final IRT approval and project closeout,the site will be transferred to a long-term land steward.The
responsible party for long-term management has not yet been chosen, but will be approved by the DE
and IRT prior to the bank establishment. The long-term management and land steward shall be
responsible for periodic/routine inspection of the site to ensure that the conservation easement and/or
the deed restrictions are being upheld. Any endowment funds for the conservation easement and deed
restrictions shall be negotiated prior to site transfer to the responsible party. The management activities
will be conducted in accordance with the terms and conditions of the approved MBI as agreed to by WLS,
USACE, and the IRT.
9.3 Adaptive Management Plan
In the event the mitigation site or a specific component of the mitigation site fails to achieve the necessary
performance standards as specified in the approved mitigation plan, the Sponsor shall notify the USACE
and coordinate with IRT members to develop a remedial action plan. The Sponsor will also coordinate
with the USACE to obtain authorization and approval to conduct the remedial action. The remedial action
plan should describe the source or reason for the failure, a concise description of the corrective measures
that are proposed, and a time frame for the implementation of the corrective measures. Additional
monitoring, as prescribed by IRT guidance, may also be required to satisfy the performance standards.
4 Page 24

Figures
Figure 1—Project Location Map
Figure 2—Geographic Service Area Map
Figure 3—USGS Topographic Map
Figure 4—NRCS Soils Map
Figure 5—LiDAR Map
Figure 6—Floodplain Map
Figure 7a— 1977 Aerial Photograph
Figure 7b—1993 Aerial Photograph
Figure 7c—2006 Aerial Photograph
Figure 7d—2014 Aerial Photograph
Figure 8—Existing Aquatic Resources Map
Figure 9—Proposed Mitigation Map

Legend
Upper Dan
Q Proposed Conservation Easement • Project Location 03010103
Q Parcel Boundary ■ 5-Mile Aviation Zone YJncWVJIIe
Existing Stream 0 NC Counties Lower Dan
03610104
Q HUC-8 C Caswell County el He CASWELL CO
Airport ROCKINGHAM CO
K&D Airport-71 nc
GUILFORD CO
Haw 03030002 Upper Neuse
rlingtan eba4'03020201
ORA`NGGE CO
0 75 150 ospM s.,,�:=10-= ALA ANCE'CO— r0
Miles Miles t'f
Project is located in:
HUC8-03030002
HUC12-030300020401 ,y
s
a�
9a
DENNIS A&FRANCES SIMMONS L/E
REMXILEY SIMMONS HOOPER
0044000000670000
36.275582,-79.419903
CHAD MATTHEW RANDLEMAN
0044000000520000
0 CO ELLIOTT MAY
0044000001410000
36.272614,-79.441142 DONALD WAYNE TATE
0044000000640000
I
DONALD WAYNE TATE
0044000000630000
DONALD W TATE(2/3)&DEBRA T MOORE(1/3)
DONALD WAYNE TATE 0044000000650000
0044000000610000
P
�VG
io
'pG
nN
0 1,500 3,000 kw, /\
Feet �`<iqe
r
Toadstool Mitigation Bank Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002 Project
Location Map
SOLUTIONS
Caswell County, North Carolina
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023
Service Layer Credits:Sources:Esri,HERE,Gannin,USGS,Int—p,INCREMENTP,NRC—E,n Japan,MET(Esri China(Hong Kong),Esn K—,ESH(Thailand),NGCC,(c)
Open St—t-p--but"Ir and the GIS User Community

• Site Location
Ma an
Ma son Y'r'cp'`i0e E HUC8-Cape Fear 02 (03030002)
eld4vgle
Site Location
Oxford
Rural Hall _ es of
ummerfield —
�
i - Oak Ridge
J
f ernersville Butner Croodmoor
vole 3tonSalam Burlington Meba
Hillsborough
Gir yr
lernnwns
r
I m{ "V—
��: u am
Chapel Hill
Thorritu vill
Liberty
Lexington
Cary alai
� 1ci
'Sir clfy Pex 1.,
Ashebllr -Gar r
J - Holly Springs
Fuquay-Varina
0 5 10 20
Miles � -
1 inch= 10 miles N \ Anger
Toadstool Mitigation Bank Figure
HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002 Service
WATER & LAND Area Map
SOLUTIONS Caswell County, North Carolina 2
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane—NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Q Proposed Conservation Easement
Q Parcel Boundary
Drainage Areas
Q Benton Branch (6,636 ac)
S100 (708 ac)
S200 (104 ac)
Benton Branch
Drainage Area
S200 Drainage Area
i
_ .K&D Airyoorr
y1
- ^1
It
S100 Drainage Area
Sion;creek
0 1,000 2,000 4,000
Feet
1 inch=2,000 feet N
Toadstool Mitigation Bank USGS Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002 Topographic
SOLUTIONS Caswell County, North Carolina Cherry Grove 3
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Soil Type EnB:Enon sandy loam,2-6%slopes FgB:Frogsboro sandy loam,2-6%slopes Proposed Conservation Easement
Chk Chewacla loam,0-2%slopes,frequently flooded - o o 'EnC:Enon sandy loam,6-10%slopes - FgC:Frogsboro sandy loam,6-10%slopes Q Parcel Boundary
CuB2:Cullen clay loam,2-6%slopes,moderately eroded Eno:Enon sandy loam,10-15%slopes EU FgD:Frogsboro sandy loam,10-15%slopes Existing Stream
- CuC2:Cullen clay loam,6-10%slopes,moderately eroded ExC:Enon loam,6-10%slopes,very stony RxE:Rowan-Poindexter complex,15-45%slopes
- CuD2:Cullen clay loam,10-15%slopes,moderately eroded ExD:Enon loam,10-15%slopes,very stony W:Water CUC2
DrB:Dorian loam,2-6%slopes,rarely flooded ExE:Enon loam,15-45%slopes,very stony
FgD
Benton Branch
EnC \ EnC
EnB EnB
S200-R1
- FgB 1
EnB
EnD /
W
FgB
S200-R2
FgB EnB
FgC
Benton Branch ExD S100-R1
S100-R2 FgC '
RxE ChA
S100-R3
EnD
S100-R4 W
0 410 820 1,640 EnD ExC FgB FgB
Feet
1 inch=800 feet E
N EnC
Toadstool Mitigation Bank NRCS Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002
Caswell County, North Carolina Soils Map
SOLUTIONS 4
Map Projection:NAD_1983_SlalePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Q Proposed Conservation Easement
Q Parcel Boundary =
Existing Stream
LiDAR Elevation (ft)
High : 718.927 Low : 595.316
Benton Branch
S200-R1 3
S201
S200-R2
V
P Benton Branch S100-R2 S100-R1
S100-R3
S100-R4
0 400 800 1,600
Feet
1 inch=800 feet N
Toadstool Mitigation Bank Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002 LiD p
SOLUTIONS
Caswell County, North Carolina Map 5
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

TM�
Proposed Conservation Easement
Q Parcel Boundary ■
Existing Stream
FEMA 100-yr Floodplain (Zone AE) s3o
10-ft Contour —
FEMA Information
FIRM Panel 3710896000K Benton Branch
Effective: 09/28/2007 k` \ Jr
fO'
69
S200-R1 Z
sso
650
S200-1112
0
s Benton Branch S100-R2 ;S100-R1 ,��
S100-1113 ofit
0-1114
690
0 400 800 1,600
Feet
66° sso
1 inch=800 feet N sso t
x o
y 690
Toadstool Mitigation Bank FEMA Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002
Caswell County, North Carolina Floodplain Map
SOLUTIONS 6
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Proposed Conservation Easement
0 400 800 1,600
Feet
1 inch=800 feet N
Toadstool Mitigation Bank 1977 Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002
Caswell County, North Carolina Historic Aerial
SOLUTIONS 7 a
Map Projection:NAD_1983_SlatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Proposed Conservation Easement
Ilia
+ s r
+.
i
.41%
014 4k *"t�4\ It
♦;t '1
x •4 I�
. t
t
0 400 800 1,600 ,
Feet
1 inch=800 feet N �y
Toadstool Mitigation Bank 1993 Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002
Caswell County, North Carolina Historic Aerial
SOLUTIONS 7 b
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Q Proposed Conservation Easement
""4
Jt, ,f• _
�! r
. . VW,* `yam• •a. + • r
f '
4
t _
0 400 800 1,600
Feet q
1 inch=800 feet N
K•
Toadstool Mitigation Bank 2006 Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002
Caswell County, North Carolina Historic Aerial
SOLUTIONS 7 c
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Q Proposed Conservation Easement 1•
' I I
t I
I
0 400 800 1,600
Feet
1 inch=800 feet N
Toadstool Mitigation Bank 2014 Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002
Caswell County, North Carolina Historic Aerial
SOLUTIONS 7 d
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Q Proposed Conservation Easement
0 Parcel Boundary
Approx. RS Cape Fear 02 UMB (Benton Branch Site) � `�
Existing Hydric Soil �so
` s3o
Existing Stream
• Stream Reach Break
0 Existing Condition Cross Section I
10-ft Contour -� 610
Fiber Optic Utility - I
6
� sso
sso.
o°
sso
o � o
sso
Jv
17/
sso
650 •. 9.
r
o?o
660 670
0/ 600 600 600
m iD
0
0
sso soo 600 5,sso
�o
I
0 400 800 1,600 � 6oq sso ��►r:�
1 inch=800 feet N s6o
Toadstool Mitigation Bank Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002 Existing Aquatic
Caswell County, North Carolina Resources Map
SOLUTIONS 8
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Q Proposed Conservation Easement Stream Mitigation a
Q Parcel Boundary Restoration
Approx. RS Cape Fear 02 UMB Enhancement I r.
(Benton Branch Site)
Enhancement II
Fiber Optic Utility +^� �
• Stream Reach Break
Wetland Mitigation -------------
Re-establishment
Benton Branch
I _
S200-R1
J:SW201
W 01
k ' -
t
Benton Branch vS100-R2 S100-R1
\ S100-R3
0 400 800 1,600
Feet '
1 inch=800 feet N
Toadstool Mitigation Bank Figure
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002 Mitigation
Concept Ma
Caswell County, North Carolina p
SOLUTIONS 9
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/6/2023

Appendix A- Existing Conditions Data
Photo Log
Cross-Sections
DWR Stream Forms
NCSAM

5�'� `vim ��t 'Lr'yF?� ♦P"i�'�cat �� .:!
� 1
Toadstool upper Benton Branch Looking downstream at
pp g Toadstool upper Benton Branch, Looking at bank trampling
pp g p g
cattle access area and cattle access area
RA
Toadstool,S100-R1, cross-section 3 Toadstool,S100-R2, cross-section 4

#6 \ 'Y Z'y... YV• Fib' •'9
+ ` �_• tt-�;Z� ' All
�� a"`"� ! �.+` i,�„ar► ` �.r 'fit" .� s �. > \t++ t
jf
_ x _
4,r
x
Toadstool,S100-R3, Looking at incised channel conditions Toadstool, lower Benton Branch above S100-R4 confluence
�_ •�_.., �-�.�.rl�,'_t�'':_?�r.�,_:� � � __mil -t
VO
Ak
Toadstool,S101, cross-section 2 Toadstool,S200-R1, Cattle access

�' % °� �• ,`' / "�� sae � � ��� e 3y.,
` � _ * :yam k •� - � �^ `�'� - �a �. = f =
r `.A ,�' �►jy ;v= v ' �� t t- .r....,;e '"'eta �r
A��kO-
Aft-
AP
-•�. _'a 9�'��., r -,_.�` -- _.. .�` .s. « A +':4iY• �ixk tom:.
Toadstool,S100-R3, Looking at eroding stream bank Toadstool,middle Benton Branch, Looking at overwidended
channel condition
WMItill
bt N
Ut
yr roc• 1 ; ,t?:? ;.. -
Toadstool,S200-R1, Looking at lack of riparian buffer Toadstool,S200-R2, Looking at stable bedform and knickpoint
feature

It
Toadstool,S201 Looking downstream cross-section 8
1 r
Toadstool,S200-112,cross-section 10
�.'fin 1 �� ,:. `si�:+i��+`�+�a._ � "• -
. .. � :. t �
�' r7�frs��T 1, •i �t • ja
Toadstool,S100-R4, Looking downstream near cross-section 11

UpperCross Section XS-1 Benton Branch
Toadstool, Riffle
20
18
16 --------------- -----------------------------
14
0 12
10
w 8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
89.0 x-section area (ft.sq.) 75.0 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
30.5 width (ft) 2.5 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
2.9 mean depth (ft) 7.3 low bank height(ft) 23 threshold grain size (mm):
3.8 max depth (ft) 1.9 low bank height ratio
32.7 wetted parimeter(ft)
2.7 hyd radi (ft)
10.4 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
5.1 velocity(ft/s) 0.030 Manning's roughness 0.28 channel slope (%)
455.9 discharge rate (cfs) 0.07 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.48 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.55 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.50 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 2.6 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

• • 11
Toadstool, Riffle
46.5
46
45.5
--------------- --- ------- ----- -------- ----------------- ----------------
0 45
(D 44.5
w
44
43.5
43
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
2.26 x-section area (ft.sq.) 6.7 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
5.6 width (ft) 1.2 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
0.4 mean depth (ft) 2.0 low bank height(ft) 33 threshold grain size (mm):
0.60 max depth (ft) 3.4 low bank height ratio
6.0 wetted parimeter(ft)
0.4 hyd radi (ft)
13.7 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
3.3 velocity(ft/s) 0.040 Manning's roughness 2.9 channel slope (%)
7.5 discharge rate (cfs) 0.26 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.68 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.95 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.59 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 2.4 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Cross • 00
Toadstool, Riffle
47
46.5
46
45.5
-------------------- ---------------- ---------- -------------------
0 45
.� 44.5
44
w
43.5
43
42.5
42
41.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
19.9 x-section area (ft.sq.) --- W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
12.6 width (ft) 2.39 --- entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
1.6 mean depth (ft) 3.1 low bank height(ft) 32 threshold grain size (mm):
2.3 max depth (ft) 1.3 low bank height ratio
14.4 wetted parimeter(ft)
1.4 hyd radi (ft)
7.9 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
4.0 velocity(ft/s) 0.040 Manning's roughness 0.75 channel slope (%)
79.4 discharge rate (cfs) 0.17 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.64 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.60 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.58 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 3 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

• • 11 -
Toadstool, Riffle
48
47.5
47
46.5 ------------
----------- --------------------------
0 46
45.5
w 45
44.5
44
43.5
43
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
21.2 x-section area (ft.sq.) 38.9 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
14.8 width (ft) 2.6 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
1.4 mean depth (ft) 3.4 low bank height(ft) 25 threshold grain size (mm):
1.9 max depth (ft) 1.8 low bank height ratio
16.4 wetted parimeter(ft)
1.3 hyd radi (ft)
10.3 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
3.5 velocity(ft/s) 0.040 Manning's roughness 0.64 channel slope (%)
75.1 discharge rate (cfs) 0.17 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.52 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.55 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.52 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 2 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Cross • 11
Toadstool, Riffle
46
45
44
---------- ------------------------------
0 43
a) 42
w
41
40
39
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
28.2 x-section area (ft.sq.) 32.8 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
15.9 width (ft) 2.1 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
1.8 mean depth (ft) 4.2 low bank height(ft) 39 threshold grain size (mm):
2.6 max depth (ft) 1.6 low bank height ratio
18.3 wetted parimeter(ft)
1.5 hyd radi (ft)
9.0 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
4.5 velocity(ft/s) 0.040 Manning's roughness 0.83 channel slope (%)
127.6 discharge rate (cfs) 0.16 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.80 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.64 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.64 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 4.2 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Cross Section XS-6 Benton Branch Lower
Toadstool, Riffle
20
18 A ---- ------------ ---
16
14
0 12
.� 10
w j- 8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
106.7 x-section area (ft.sq.) 43.4 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
31.5 width (ft) 1.4 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
3.4 mean depth (ft) 8.6 low bank height(ft) 28 threshold grain size (mm):
4.2 max depth (ft) 2.1 low bank height ratio
34.8 wetted parimeter(ft)
3.1 hyd radi (ft)
9.3 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
4.9 velocity(ft/s) 0.035 Manning's roughness 0.3 channel slope (%)
524.8 discharge rate (cfs) 0.10 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.57 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.49 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.54 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 3.1 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Cross Section11
Toadstool, Riffle
46
45.5
45
0 44.5 -------------------------------------- ----
M
44
w
43.5
43
42.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
5.2 x-section area (ft.sq.) 20.5 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
5.4 width (ft) 3.8 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
1.0 mean depth (ft) 1.9 low bank height(ft) 13 threshold grain size (mm):
1.16 max depth (ft) 1.6 low bank height ratio
6.7 wetted parimeter(ft)
0.8 hyd radi (ft)
5.5 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
3.7 velocity(ft/s) 0.025 Manning's roughness 0.52 channel slope (%)
19.2 discharge rate (cfs) 0.08 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.26 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.73 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.36 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 1.16 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Cross Section XS-8 S201
Toadstool, Riffle
48
47
46
0 45
44
w
43 -------------------- -------------------- ------------ f/-----------------------------------------
42
41
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
2.2 x-section area (ft.sq.) 4.8 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
3.8 width (ft) 1.3 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
0.6 mean depth (ft) 1.9 low bank height(ft) 65 threshold grain size (mm):
0.7 max depth (ft) 2.7 low bank height ratio
4.5 wetted parimeter(ft)
0.5 hyd radi (ft)
6.5 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
6.4 velocity(ft/s) 0.030 Manning's roughness 4.3 channel slope (%)
14.0 discharge rate (cfs) 0.13 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 1.31 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
1.61 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.82 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 10 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Cross Section11
Toadstool, Riffle
45
44.5
--------------------- - ---------- --------- ---------- --------------------
44
0
> 43.5
a�
w
43
42.5
42
41.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
8.61 x-section area (ft.sq.) 14.4 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
9.2 width (ft) 1.6 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
0.9 mean depth (ft) 2.5 low bank height(ft) 34 threshold grain size (mm):
1.06 max depth (ft) 2.3 low bank height ratio
9.6 wetted parimeter(ft)
0.9 hyd radi (ft)
9.9 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
5.1 velocity(ft/s) 0.030 Manning's roughness 1.24 channel slope (%)
44.2 discharge rate (cfs) 0.11 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.69 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.96 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.60 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 3.7 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Cross • I I1
Toadstool, Riffle
46
45.5
45
44.5
0 44
43.5
(D --------------- ------- ----- --------- ------------------------------------------------
w 43
42.5
42
41.5
41
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
6.1 x-section area (ft.sq.) 13.5 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
10.6 width (ft) 1.3 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
0.6 mean depth (ft) 1.9 low bank height(ft) 36 threshold grain size (mm):
0.8 max depth (ft) 2.3 low bank height ratio
10.9 wetted parimeter(ft)
0.6 hyd radi (ft)
18.6 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
3.3 velocity(ft/s) 0.045 Manning's roughness 2.1 channel slope (%)
19.9 discharge rate (cfs) 0.28 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.73 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.77 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.62 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 2.5 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

11
IROMME111112111i
11
Toadstool, Riffle
608
607
606
c
° 605
CO
w 604
603
602
601
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
22.8 x-section area (ft.sq.) 22.6 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
14.3 width (ft) 1.6 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
1.6 mean depth (ft) 5.1 low bank height(ft) 61 threshold grain size (mm):
2.3 max depth (ft) 2.2 low bank height ratio
15.5 wetted parimeter(ft)
1.5 hyd radi (ft)
9.0 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
5.6 velocity(ft/s) 0.040 Manning's roughness 1.35 channel slope (%)
127.9 discharge rate (cfs) 0.16 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 1.24 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.81 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.80 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 7.5 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

Toadstool, Riffle
612
611 —
--- ---------- ---------------------------
610
609
0 608
> 607
w 606
605
604
603
602
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Width
Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials
92.3 x-section area (ft.sq.) 70.8 W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm)
31.5 width (ft) 2.2 entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm)
2.9 mean depth (ft) 7.6 low bank height(ft) 28 threshold grain size (mm):
4.0 max depth (ft) 1.9 low bank height ratio
33.6 wetted parimeter(ft)
2.7 hyd radi (ft)
10.7 width-depth ratio
Bankfull Flow Flow Resistance Forces & Power
3.7 velocity(ft/s) 0.045 Manning's roughness 0.33 channel slope (%)
343.9 discharge rate (cfs) 0.17 D'Arcy-Weisbach fric. 0.57 shear stress (lb/sq.ft.)
0.40 Froude number --- resistance factor u/u* 0.54 shear velocity(ft/s)
--- relative roughness 2.2 unit strm power(lb/ft/s)

NC DWQ Stream Identification Form Version 4.11
Date: AII-t Project/Site da�S U Latitude:
Evaluator: C County: Longitude:
Total Points: Stream Determination(c Other
Stream is at least intermittent Ephemeral Intermitten Perennial e g Quad Name:
ill 19 or perennial ill 30' So
A. Geomorphology (Subtotal= Absent Weak Moderate S g
la Continuity of channel bed and bank 0 1 2 3
2 Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 0 1 2
3 In-channel structure ex riffle-pool step-pool 0 1 2 3
ripple-pool sequence
4 Particle size of stream substrate 0 1 2 3
5 Activelrelict floodplam 0 1 2 3
6 Depositional bars or benches 0 1 23
7 Recent alluvial deposits 0 1 2 3
8 Headcuts 0 1 2 3
9 Grade control 0 05 1 r11-5
10 Natural valley 0 05 1 _ 1 5
11 Second or greater order channel No=0 ((es=3
artificial d4ches are not rated, see di s ssions in manual
B.Hydrology Subtotal= q S
12 Presence of Baseflow 0 1 2 3
13 Iron oxidizing bacteria 0 1 2 3
14 Leaf litter I 5J 1 0.5 0
15 Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 5
16.Organic debris lines or piles 0 0.5 ( i 1.5
17. Soil-based evidence of high water table? No=0 Yes=3
C. Biology Subtotal= 77 )
18 Fibrous roots in streambed 3 2 1 0
19 Rooted upland plants in streambed 2 1 0
2D Macrobenthos(note diversity and abundance) 0 1 2
21 Aquatic Mollusks 0 1 2 ( 3
22 Fish 0 05 1
23 Crayfish _ _0 0.5 1
24 Amphibians _ 0.5 1 1.5
25 Algae 0 0.5 1 1.5
26 Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0 75; OBL= 1.5 Other=0
"perennial streams may also be identified using other methods.See p.35 of manual
Notes:
Sketch

NC DWQ Stream Identification Form Version 4.11
Date: s I�� Project/Site: �I�d Jf�� Latitude: 1 G
Evaluator: L ri County: Cam ! t Longitude:
Total Points: Stream Determination(circle o Other
Steam is at least intermittent ! -` Ephemeral Intermitter erennial eg. Quad Name:
if z?9 or perennial if z 30" !
A. Geomorphology (Subtotal= Absent Weak Moderate Moog
1a Continuity of channel bed and bank 0 1 2
2- Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 0 1 2 EP
3 In-channel structure. ex. riffle-pool. step-pool. 0 1 2 Q
ripple-pool sequence
4_ Particle size of stream substrate 0 1 2
5 Active/relict floodplain - 0 1 2 3
6.Depositional bars or benches 0 1 3
7-Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 3
8- Headcuts 0 1 M 3
9 Grade control 0 05 1 1 5
10 Natural valley 0 D 1 1 5
11 Second or greater order channel No= 0 es=3
artificial ditches are not rated,see discussions in manual
B. Hydrology Subtotal=
12 Presence of Baseflow 0 1 2
13 Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 3
14 Leaf litter 1 05 0
15 Sediment on plants or debris 0 0.5 1 1 5
16 Organic debris lines or piles 0 0.5 1
17. Soil-based evidence of high water table? No=0 Yes=3
C. Biology Subtotal= 1
18 Fibrous roots in streambed 2 1 0
19 Rooted upland plants in streambed 2 1 0
20 Macrobenthos(note diversity and abundance) 0 1 3
21 Aquatic Mollusks 0 1 3
22 Fish 0 05 1.5
23 Crayfish 3 05 1 1.5
24 Amphibians TV 05 1 1.5
25 Algae 0 05 1.5
26 Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0 75, OBL= 1 5 ther=
'perennial streams may also be identified using other methods See p 35 of manual
Notes
Sketch

NC DW Stream Identification Form Version 4.11
Date: S 13 Project/Site: Ua jL)j Latitude:
Evaluator: C County: �Iwc Longitude:
Total Points: Stream Dete�tl (circle one) Other
Stream is at least intermittent z I Ephemeral ntermitt Perennial e g Quad Name:
if a 19 or perennial if a 30' e
A. Geomorphology Subtotal= ) Absent Weak Mo to Strong
1° Continuity of channel bed and bank 0 1 2 3
2 Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 0 1 2 3
3. In-channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, 0 1 2 3
li le- ool sequence
4 Particle size of stream substrate 0 1 3
5.Active/relict floodplain 0 1 2 3
6 Depositional bars or benches D 1 2 3
7. Recent alluvial deposits 0 1 2 3
8. Headcuts 0 1 2 3
9. Grade control 0 05 Cl 1.5
10 Natural valley 0 05 1 1.5
11. Second or greater order channel No=0 es=3
artificial ditches are not rated:see di sions In manual
B. Hydrology Subtotal=
12. Presence of Baseflow 0 1 2 3
13- lron oxidizing bacteria 0 1 2 3
14. Leaf litter 1.5 1 05 0
15 Sediment on plants or debris 0 0 5 1 1 5
16.Organic debris lines or piles 0 0 5 1 1 5
17_ Soil-based evidence of high water table? No=0 Yes=3
C. Biology Subtotal=
18- Fibrous roots in streambed 2 1 0
19. Rooted upland plants in streambed 2 1 0
20. Macrobenthos(note diversity and abundance) 0 1 2 3
21,Aquatic Mollusks 1 2 3
22. Fish 0.5 1 1.5
23 Crayfish 0 0.5 1 15
24 Amphibians 05 1 1.5
25.Algae (b 0.5 1 1.5
26 Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL= 1.5 Other=0
'perennial streams may also be identified using other methods See p 35 of manual
Notes:
Sketch:

NC DWQ Stream Identification Form Version 4.11
Date: Project/Site: —rORd jt 6'{ Latitude:
Evaluator: CL County: C�Wf! + 1 Longitude:
Total Points: Stream Determination (cirr!e one) Other
steam is at least intermittent Ephemeral Intermittent Perennia! e g Quad Name:
if z 19 or perennial if 2 30' f r
A. Geomorphology Subtotal= l �'J Absent Weak Moderate Str
18 Continuity of channel bed and bank 0 1 2 3
2 Sinuosity or channel along thalweg 0 1 2
3 In-channel structure ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, 0 1 2 3
n le- ool sequence
4 Parbcle size of stream substrate 0 1 2 3
5 Active'relict floodplain 0 1 2 3
6 Deposibonal bars or benches 0 2 3
7 Recent alluvial deposits 0 1 2 3
8 Headcuts 0 1 2 3
9 Grade control 0 05 1 5
10 Natural valley 0 05 1 75
11 Second or greater order channel No - 0 Yes=3
artificial ditches are not rated see discussions in manual
B. Hydrology Subtotal
12. Presence of Baseflow 0 1 2 3
13. Iron oxidizing bacteria 0 1 2 3
14. Leaf litter 1 5 1 05 0
15. Sediment on plants or debris 05 1 1.5
16. Organic debris lines or piles D 05 1 1.5
17. Soil-based evidence of high ater table? No=0 Yes=3
C. Biology Subtotal= Up
18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 2 1 0
19. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 2 1 0
20_ Macrobenthos(note diversity and abundance) 1 2 3
21.Aquatic Mollusks 1 2 3
22. Fish 0.5 1 1.5
23.Crayfish 05 1 1.5
24.Amphibians 05 1 1.5
25 Algae 05 1 1.5
26.Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0 75, OBL= 15 Other=0
'perennial streams may also be identified using other methods.See p 35 of manual
Notes:
Sketch: `yi<yllil [c1�J� tw'�►'� f lam/

NC DWQ Stream Identification Form Version 4.11 )
Date: Z '3 ProjectlSite: 1 06td f 7'0 f Latitude: ,S z
Evaluator: CG County: raft ,{{ Longitude:
Total Points: Stream Determl (circle one) Other
Stream is at least intermittent Ephemera ntermitt t Perennial e g Quad Name:
if?19 or perennial if a 30'
A. Geomorphology (Subtotal= g' ) Absent W k Moderate Strong
la Continuity of channel bed and bank 0 1 2 3
2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 0 1 2 3
3 In-channel structure ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, 0 O1 2 3
ripple-pool sequence
4. Particle size of stream substrate 0 { 1) 2 3
5.Active/relict floodplain 0 1 2 3
6. Depositional bars or benches (0j 1 2 3
7. Recent alluvial deposits 0 1 2 3
8 Headcuts LW 1 2 3
9 Grade control 0 0.5 1 1.5
10. Natural valley 0 0.5 1 1.
11. Second or greater order channel (No=0 ) Yes=3
artificial ditches are not rated;see disc ssions in manual
B. Hydrology Subtotal =
12. Presence of Baseflow 0 1 2 3
13, Iron oxidizing bacteria 0 1 2 3
14 Leaf fitter 1.5 1 0.5 0
15. Sediment on plants or debris 05 1 1.5
16. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.5
17. Soil-based evidence of high water table? No=0 Yes=3
C. Biology Subtotal=
18 Fibrous roots in streambed 3 2 1 0
19 Rooted upland plants in streambed 1 0
20. Macrobenthos(note diversity and abundance) 0 2 3
21 Aquatic Mollusks 0 1 2 3
22 Fish 0.5 1 15
23 Crayfish W 0.5 1 1.5
24 Amphibians 0 0.5 1 1.5
25 Algae ( Y 1 1.5
26 Wetland plants in streambed /FACW=0.7 ; OBL= 1.5 Other=0
'perennial streams may also be identified using other methods.See p.35 of manual.
Notes:
Sketch S{�n��. T-t1Z `1'1+�(IY1�� \.dillk CctV rf Cil(If 5S

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: CC
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.272075,-79.430741
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
Benton Branch
9. Site number(show on attached map): Upper 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated(feet): 6300
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 10 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 30 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ®Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ❑A\ ` ®B
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ❑Size 1 (<0.1 mil) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ❑Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ®Size 4(>-5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (❑I ®II ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
®B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
®A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
❑B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
®B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
❑C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
®B ®B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
®F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
❑J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ❑Yes ®No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
❑B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
®C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
®D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
®B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ®Beetles
❑ ®Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ®Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ®Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ❑Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ®Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ®Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ®Snails
❑ ❑Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ®Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
®B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑C ®C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
®C ®C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
®N ®N
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
®A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
❑D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
❑F None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
®F None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
®A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
❑B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
®A ❑A ®A ❑A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
El El ❑C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ®D ❑D ®D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ❑A Mature forest
❑B ®B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22: ❑
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ®D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ❑A Medium to high stem density
❑B ®B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
❑A ❑A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ®B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
®C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
®A ❑A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
❑C Sc Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pb2 Assessor Name/Organization CC
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology MEDIUM
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2) Flood Flow MEDIUM
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation MEDIUM
(4) Floodplain Access MEDIUM
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer MEDIUM
(4)Microtopography NA
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(4)Channel Stability MEDIUM
(4)Sediment Transport MEDIUM
(4)Stream Geomorphology MEDIUM
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(1)Water Quality MEDIUM
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation MEDIUM
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration LOW
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2) Indicators of Stressors YES
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance HIGH
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA
(1) Habitat HIGH
(2) In-stream Habitat MEDIUM
(3)Baseflow HIGH
(3)Substrate MEDIUM
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(3) In-stream Habitat MEDIUM
(2)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Stream-side Habitat MEDIUM
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA
Overall MEDIUM

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: LF
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.267613,-79.424729
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S100-R1 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 1510
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 3 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 15 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ®Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ®A� ` El
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ❑Size 1 (<0.1 mi2) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ®Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (❑I ®II ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
®B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
❑A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
®B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
®B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
❑C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
®B ®B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
❑F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
®J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ❑Yes ®No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
❑B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
®C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
❑D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
®B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ❑Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ®Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ❑Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ❑Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ®Snails
❑ ®Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ®Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
®B ®B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑C ❑C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
®A ®A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑C ❑C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
ON ON
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
❑A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
❑D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
OF None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
OF None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
®A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
❑B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
®A ®A ®A ®A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
El El ❑C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Mature forest
❑B ❑B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22:
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
®A ®A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ❑B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
®A ®A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
❑C ❑C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pa3 Assessor Name/Organization LF
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2) Flood Flow HIGH
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation HIGH
(4) Floodplain Access MEDIUM
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer HIGH
(4)Microtopography MEDIUM
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(4)Channel Stability MEDIUM
(4)Sediment Transport LOW
(4)Stream Geomorphology HIGH
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(1)Water Quality HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation HIGH
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2) Indicators of Stressors NO
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance HIGH
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA
(1) Habitat LOW
(2) In-stream Habitat LOW
(3)Baseflow HIGH
(3)Substrate LOW
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(3) In-stream Habitat LOW
(2)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA
Overall HIGH

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: KO
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.267030,-79.428258
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S100-R2 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 1340
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 3 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 20 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ®Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ®A� ` El
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ❑Size 1 (<0.1 mil) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ®Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (01 ®11 ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
®B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
❑A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
®B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
®A < 10%of channel unstable
❑B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
❑C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
®A ®A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
❑B ❑B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
❑F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
®J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ❑Yes ®No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
®B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
®C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
®D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
❑B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ®Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ®Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ❑Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ®Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ®Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ❑Snails
❑ ®Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ®Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
®A ®A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
El ❑C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
®C ®C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
®N ®N
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
®A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
®D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
❑F None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
®F None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
®A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
❑B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
®A ®A ®A ®A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
El El ❑C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Mature forest
❑B ❑B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22:
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
®A ®A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ❑B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
®B ®B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
❑C ❑C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pa3 Assessor Name/Organization KO
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2) Flood Flow HIGH
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation HIGH
(4) Floodplain Access HIGH
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer HIGH
(4)Microtopography LOW
(3)Stream Stability HIGH
(4)Channel Stability HIGH
(4)Sediment Transport MEDIUM
(4)Stream Geomorphology HIGH
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(1)Water Quality HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation HIGH
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2) Indicators of Stressors NO
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance HIGH
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA
(1) Habitat HIGH
(2) In-stream Habitat HIGH
(3)Baseflow HIGH
(3)Substrate MEDIUM
(3)Stream Stability HIGH
(3) In-stream Habitat HIGH
(2)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA
Overall HIGH

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: LF
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.266335,-79.430222
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S100-R3 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 709
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 4 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 30 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ®Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ®A� ` El
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ❑Size 1 (<0.1 mi2) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ®Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (❑I ❑II ®III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
®B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
®A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
❑B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
®B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
❑C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
®B ®B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
❑F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
®J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ❑Yes ®No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
®B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
El Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
❑D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
®B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ®Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ❑Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ®Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ❑Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ❑Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ®Snails
❑ ®Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ❑Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
®A ®A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
El ❑C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
®A ®A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑C El Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
ON ON
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
❑A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
❑D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
OF None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
OF None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
®A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
❑B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
®A ®A ®A ®A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
El El ❑C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Mature forest
❑B ❑B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22:
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
®A ®A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ❑B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
®A ®A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
❑C ❑C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pa3 Assessor Name/Organization LF
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology MEDIUM
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2) Flood Flow MEDIUM
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation HIGH
(4) Floodplain Access MEDIUM
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer HIGH
(4)Microtopography HIGH
(3)Stream Stability LOW
(4)Channel Stability MEDIUM
(4)Sediment Transport LOW
(4)Stream Geomorphology MEDIUM
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(1)Water Quality HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation HIGH
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2) Indicators of Stressors NO
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance HIGH
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA
(1) Habitat LOW
(2) In-stream Habitat LOW
(3)Baseflow HIGH
(3)Substrate LOW
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(3) In-stream Habitat LOW
(2)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA
Overall MEDIUM

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: LF
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.266387,-79.431213
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S100-R4 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 442
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 4 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 30 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ®Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ®A� ` El
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ❑Size 1 (<0.1 mi2) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ®Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (❑I ❑II ®III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
®B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
®A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
❑B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
®B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
❑C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
®B ®B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
❑F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
®J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ❑Yes ®No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
®B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
®C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
❑D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
®B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ®Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ❑Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ®Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ❑Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ❑Other fish
❑ ®Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ❑Snails
❑ ®Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ❑Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
®B ®B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑C El Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
®A ®A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑C El Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
ON ON
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
❑A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
❑D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
OF None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
OF None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
®A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
❑B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
®A ®A ®A ®A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
El El ❑C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Mature forest
❑B ❑B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22:
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
®A ®A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ❑B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
®A ®A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
❑C ❑C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pa3 Assessor Name/Organization LF
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology MEDIUM
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2) Flood Flow MEDIUM
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation HIGH
(4) Floodplain Access MEDIUM
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer HIGH
(4)Microtopography MEDIUM
(3)Stream Stability LOW
(4)Channel Stability MEDIUM
(4)Sediment Transport LOW
(4)Stream Geomorphology MEDIUM
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(1)Water Quality HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation HIGH
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2) Indicators of Stressors NO
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance HIGH
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA
(1) Habitat LOW
(2) In-stream Habitat LOW
(3)Baseflow HIGH
(3)Substrate LOW
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(3) In-stream Habitat MEDIUM
(2)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA
Overall MEDIUM

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: CC
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Brach
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.268301,-79.420848
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S101 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 603
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 4 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 15 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ❑Perennial flow ®Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ❑A� ` ®B
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ®Size 1 (<0.1 mi2) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ❑Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (❑I ®II ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
®B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
®A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
❑B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
®B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
❑C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
®B ®B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
❑F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
®J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ®Yes ❑No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
®B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
®C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
❑D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
❑B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ®Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ®Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ❑Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ❑Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ❑Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ❑Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ❑Snails
❑ ®Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ®Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
❑A ®A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
®B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑C ❑C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
®C ®C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
ON ON
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
❑A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
❑D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
OF None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
OF None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
®A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
❑B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
❑A ®A ❑A ®A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
®B ❑B ®B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
❑A ®A Mature forest
®B ❑B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22:
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ❑A Medium to high stem density
❑B ®B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
❑A ❑A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ❑B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
®C ®C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
❑A ®A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
®B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
❑C ❑C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pb1 Assessor Name/Organization CC
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Intermittent
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology LOW LOW
(2)Baseflow HIGH HIGH
(2) Flood Flow LOW LOW
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation MEDIUM MEDIUM
(4) Floodplain Access MEDIUM MEDIUM
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer MEDIUM MEDIUM
(4)Microtopography NA NA
(3)Stream Stability LOW LOW
(4)Channel Stability MEDIUM MEDIUM
(4)Sediment Transport LOW LOW
(4)Stream Geomorphology MEDIUM MEDIUM
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA NA
(1)Water Quality HIGH HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation MEDIUM MEDIUM
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration MEDIUM MEDIUM
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH HIGH
(2) Indicators of Stressors NO NO
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance HIGH NA
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA NA
(1) Habitat MEDIUM HIGH
(2) In-stream Habitat LOW MEDIUM
(3)Baseflow HIGH HIGH
(3)Substrate LOW LOW
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM MEDIUM
(3) In-stream Habitat MEDIUM HIGH
(2)Stream-side Habitat HIGH HIGH
(3)Stream-side Habitat HIGH HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation MEDIUM MEDIUM
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA NA
Overall MEDIUM HIGH

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: CC
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.269575,-79.433667
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S200-R1 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 2691
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 3 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 5 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ®Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ❑A� ` ®B
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ®Size 1 (<0.1 mil) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ❑Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (01 ®11 ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
®A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
❑B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
®A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
❑B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
❑B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
®C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
®B ®B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
®F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
❑J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ®Yes ❑No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
❑B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
❑C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
❑D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
®E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
❑B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ® ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
® ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ❑Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ❑Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ❑Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ❑Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ❑Snails
❑ ❑Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ®Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
®C ®C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
®B ®B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑C ❑C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
®N ®N
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
❑A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
®B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
®D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
❑F None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
®F None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
❑A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
®B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
®C ®C ®C ®C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Mature forest
®B ®B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22: ❑
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
®D ®D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
®A ®A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ❑B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
®C ®C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pb1 Assessor Name/Organization CC
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology LOW
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2) Flood Flow LOW
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation MEDIUM
(4) Floodplain Access MEDIUM
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer HIGH
(4)Microtopography NA
(3)Stream Stability LOW
(4)Channel Stability LOW
(4)Sediment Transport MEDIUM
(4)Stream Geomorphology LOW
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(1)Water Quality LOW
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation LOW
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration LOW
(3)Thermoregulation MEDIUM
(2) Indicators of Stressors YES
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance LOW
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA
(1) Habitat LOW
(2) In-stream Habitat LOW
(3)Baseflow HIGH
(3)Substrate MEDIUM
(3)Stream Stability LOW
(3) In-stream Habitat LOW
(2)Stream-side Habitat MEDIUM
(3)Stream-side Habitat MEDIUM
(3)Thermoregulation MEDIUM
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA
Overall LOW

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: KO
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.268723,-79.432055
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S200-R2 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 618
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 2.5 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 7 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ®Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ®A� ` El
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ❑Size 1 (<0.1 mil) ®Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ❑Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (01 ®11 ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
®B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
❑A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
®B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
®B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
❑C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
®A ®A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
❑B ❑B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
❑F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
®J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ®Yes ❑No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
®B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
®C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
®D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
®A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
❑B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
❑ ® ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
❑ ❑ ® ❑ ❑ Detritus
® ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ®Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ❑Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ❑Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ❑Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ®Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ❑Snails
❑ ❑Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
® ❑Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
®A ®A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
El ❑C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
®C ®C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
®N ®N
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
®A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
®D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
❑F None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
®F None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
®A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
❑B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
®A ®A ®A ®A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
El El ❑C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Mature forest
❑B ❑B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22:
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
El El ❑C ❑C El ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
®A ®A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
❑B ❑B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
®A ®A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
❑C ❑C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pa2 Assessor Name/Organization KO
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology HIGH
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2) Flood Flow HIGH
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation HIGH
(4) Floodplain Access HIGH
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer HIGH
(4)Microtopography LOW
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(4)Channel Stability MEDIUM
(4)Sediment Transport MEDIUM
(4)Stream Geomorphology HIGH
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(1)Water Quality MEDIUM
(2)Baseflow HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation HIGH
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2) Indicators of Stressors NO
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance LOW
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA
(1) Habitat HIGH
(2) In-stream Habitat HIGH
(3)Baseflow HIGH
(3)Substrate MEDIUM
(3)Stream Stability MEDIUM
(3) In-stream Habitat HIGH
(2)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Stream-side Habitat HIGH
(3)Thermoregulation HIGH
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA
Overall HIGH

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID#: NCDWR#:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map,and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the"Notes/Sketch"section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA(do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name(if any): Toadstool 2. Date of evaluation: 5/24/23
3.Applicant/owner name: WLS 4.Assessor name/organization: KO
5. County: Caswell 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Cape Fear on USGS 7.5-minute quad: Benton Branch
8. Site coordinates(decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 36.271279,-79.435419
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number(show on attached map): S201 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 114
11. Channel depth from bed(in riffle, if present)to top of bank(feet): 0.2 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank(feet): 4 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: ❑Perennial flow ®Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains(M) ® Piedmont(P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (1) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain(0)
16. Estimated geomorphic ❑A� ` ®B
valley shape(skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream,flatter valley slope) (less sinuous stream,steeper valley slope)
17.Watershed size: (skip ®Size 1 (<0.1 mi2) ❑Size 2(0.1 to<0.5 mil) ❑Size 3(0.5 to<5 mil) ❑Size 4(>_5 mil)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18.Were regulatory considerations evaluated? ®Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ®Water Supply Watershed (❑I ®II ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ® High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property ®NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect ®Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish ❑303(d)List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern(AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat(list species)
19.Are additional stream information/supplementary information/supplementary measurements included in"Notes/Sketch"section or attached? ❑Yes ®No
1. Channel Water-assessment reach metric(skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
®A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow,water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction-assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts,causeways that constrict the channel,tidal gates,debris jams,
beaver dams).
®B Not A
3. Feature Pattern-assessment reach metric
®A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
❑B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile-assessment reach metric
®A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile(examples: channel down-cutting,existing damming,over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
❑B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability-assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting(head-cut), active widening,and artificial hardening (such as concrete,gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10%of channel unstable
❑B 10 to 25%of channel unstable
®C >25%of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction—streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
®B ®B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging)that adversely affect
reference interaction(examples: limited streamside area access,disruption of flood flows through streamside area,leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction,bulkheads,retaining walls,fill,stream incision,disruption
of flood flows through streamside area]or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access[examples:impoundments,intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
7. Water Quality Stressors—assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone(milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration,oil sheen,stream foam)
®B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor(not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
®F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
®G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone(removal, burning, regular mowing,destruction,etc)
❑I Other: (explain in"Notes/Sketch"section)
❑J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather—watershed metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought;for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
®C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream—assessment reach metric
❑Yes ®No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes,skip to Metric 13(Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
10. Natural In-stream Habitat Types—assessment reach metric
10a. ®Yes ❑No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only,then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur(occurs if>5%coverage of assessment reach)(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ❑F 5%oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats) c ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
❑B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o ❑H Low-tide refugia(pools)
vegetation NC ❑I Sand bottom
❑C Multiple snags and logs(including lap trees) L ❑J 5%vertical bank along the marsh
❑D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots 0 2 ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
®E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****************************
11. Bedform and Substrate—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
1la. ❑Yes ®No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream?(skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
❑A Riffle-run section(evaluate 11c)
❑B Pool-glide section(evaluate 11d)
®C Natural bedform absent(skip to Metric 12,Aquatic Life)
11c. In riffle sections,check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach—whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present(NP)=absent, Rare
(R)= present but< 10%, Common (C) _ > 10-40%, Abundant (A) _ >40-70%, Predominant(P) _ >70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100%for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder(256—4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Cobble(64—256 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Gravel(2—64 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Sand (.062—2 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Silt/clay(<0.062 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap,concrete,etc.)
11d. ❑Yes ®No Are pools filled with sediment?(skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. ®Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. ❑Yes ®No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No,skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to"individuals"for Size 1 and 2 streams and"taxa"for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses(include liverworts, lichens,and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ ❑Caddisfly larvae(T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ ❑Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ ❑Dipterans
❑ ❑Mayfly larvae(E)
❑ ❑Megaloptera(alderfly,fishfly,dobsonfly larvae)
❑ ❑Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ❑Mosquito fish(Gambusia)or mud minnows(Umbra pygmaea)
❑ ❑Mussels/Clams(not Corbicula)
❑ ❑Other fish
❑ ❑Sa lama nders/tadpoles
❑ ❑Snails
❑ ❑Stonefly larvae(P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ ❑Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
®C ®C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area(examples: ditches,fill,soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees,drainage pipes)
14. Streamside Area Water Storage—streamside area metric(skip for Size 1 streams,Tidal Marsh Streams,and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB)of the streamside area.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water>_6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
®C ®C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank(LB)and the Right Bank(RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
®Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
❑N ®N
16. Baseflow Contributors—assessment reach metric(skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
®A Streams and/or springs(jurisdictional discharges)
❑B Ponds(include wet detention basins;do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area(beaver dam,leaky dam, bottom-release dam,weir)
®D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating(iron in water indicates seepage)
❑E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
❑F None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors—assessment area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach(ex:watertight dam,sediment deposit)
❑C Urban stream(>_24%impervious surface for watershed)
❑D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
®F None of the above
18. Shading—assessment reach metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider"leaf-on"condition.
❑A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category(may include gaps associated with natural processes)
®B Degraded(example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider"vegetated buffer"and "wooded buffer"separately for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
®A ®A ❑A ❑A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B From 50 to< 100 feet wide
❑C ❑C ®C ❑C From 30 to<50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ®D From 10 to<30 feet wide
❑E ❑E ❑E ❑E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Vegetated"Buffer Width).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Mature forest
®B ®B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
❑C ❑C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees< 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream(Abuts),does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (<30 feet),or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream(30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank,check here and skip to Metric 22: ❑
Abuts <30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C Pasture(no livestock)/commercial horticulture
®D ®D ®D ®D ®D ®D Pasture(active livestock use)
22. Stem Density—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank(LB)and right bank(RB)for Metric 19("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
®A ®A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
❑C ❑C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream(parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation> 10 feet wide.
LB RB
❑A ❑A The total length of buffer breaks is<25 percent.
®B ®B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is>50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition—streamside area metric(skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first)as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
®C ®C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity—assessment reach metric(skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes ®No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ®Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement(units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A <46 ❑B 46 to<67 ❑C 67 to<79 ❑D 79 to<230 ❑E >_230
Notes/Sketch:

Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Stream Site Name Toadstool Date of Assessment 5/24/23
Stream Category Pb1 Assessor Name/Organization KO
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N) NO
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N) NO
NC SAM feature type(perennial, intermittent,Tidal Marsh Stream) Intermittent
USACE/ NCDWR
Function Class Rating Summary All Streams Intermittent
(1) Hydrology LOW LOW
(2)Baseflow HIGH HIGH
(2) Flood Flow LOW LOW
(3)Streamside Area Attenuation MEDIUM MEDIUM
(4) Floodplain Access MEDIUM MEDIUM
(4)Wooded Riparian Buffer MEDIUM MEDIUM
(4)Microtopography NA NA
(3)Stream Stability LOW LOW
(4)Channel Stability LOW LOW
(4)Sediment Transport LOW LOW
(4)Stream Geomorphology LOW LOW
(2)Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction NA NA
(2)Longitudinal Tidal Flow NA NA
(2)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA NA
(1)Water Quality MEDIUM MEDIUM
(2)Baseflow HIGH HIGH
(2)Streamside Area Vegetation LOW LOW
(3)Upland Pollutant Filtration LOW LOW
(3)Thermoregulation MEDIUM MEDIUM
(2) Indicators of Stressors YES YES
(2)Aquatic Life Tolerance HIGH NA
(2)Intertidal Zone Filtration NA NA
(1) Habitat LOW LOW
(2) In-stream Habitat LOW LOW
(3)Baseflow HIGH HIGH
(3)Substrate LOW LOW
(3)Stream Stability LOW LOW
(3) In-stream Habitat LOW LOW
(2)Stream-side Habitat LOW LOW
(3)Stream-side Habitat LOW LOW
(3)Thermoregulation MEDIUM MEDIUM
(2)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA NA
(3)Flow Restriction NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh Stream Stability NA NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Channel Stability NA NA
(4)Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology NA NA
(3)Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat NA NA
(2)Intertidal Zone NA NA
Overall LOW LOW

Appendix B- Adjacent Landowner
Information

Adjacent Landowners ;',: "" bi•
Q Proposed Conservation Easement "
Q Parcel Boundary
..T
Olt
1 2 -vow
TIE, i M �, 20
r'
10,
12
Map_ID OWNNAME PARNO '
t
1 BARNNER WALKER 44000000470000' j
2 MANDYCHEEK 44000001050000 14 ,
3 BARNNER WALKER 44000000470000 15 -
4 ROBERTA L&DEBRA C COLEMAN 44000000680000
5 JANICE SADLER&DIANE GREGORY 1/2 UND INT EACH 44000000620000 16 _t
p ` t
6 JOHN HENRY&MARIE T STRANGE 43000000240000 -
7 JANICE SADLER&DIANE GREGORY 1/2 UND INT EACH 59000000190000 t} t 1 or
8 EDWIN L&DORA T MAYJR 44000000660000
9 ROY ANDREW&PAULI N E P SOMERS 59000000040000 "A +.~�
10 DAVID&LINDA SOMERS L/E DAVID&LINDA SOMERS TRUST 59000000230000 '
ti
11 DAVID&LINDA SOMERS L/E DAVID&LINDA SOMERS TRUST 59000000030000
12 DONNA MCPHERSON STANTON 60000000630000 '
13 RONALD C&AMY H PATTILLO 44000000600000
14 MICHELE H PURNELL 60000000050000
15 NELLJEAN C SIMMONS L/EST RANDY D SIMMONS ETAL 440000005300OU
16 WILLIAM MARSHALL NEWTON JR 45000000730000 ,
17 IJOHNPAULPHILLIPS&SHERRY SOUTHER PHILLIPS 44000000510000 j Y
18 ITREVA G WARD L/E REM:ROBERTANTHONY WARD 44000000500000' , •ya;. 000 2,000 4,000
TREVA G WARD L/E REM:DAVID S&WILLIAM S WARD 44000001400000 Feet
20 WILLIAM STERLING WARD 44000000490000 yr
p� 1 inch=2,000 feet N
Toadstool Adjacent Appendix
WATER & LAND HUC8 Cape Fear 02 - 03030002
Caswell County, North Carolina Landowner Info
SOLUTIONS
Map Projection:NAD_1983_StatePlane_NC_FIPS_3200_Feet Date:6/7/2023

Appendix B-Adjacent Landowner Information
Table 1. Toadstool-Project Landowner Information
Parcel ID Number Owners of Record County Acres
44000000520000 Chad Matthew Randleman Caswell 208.26
44000001410000 Cody Elliott and Hannah May Caswell 14.41
44000000670000 Dennis Simmons, Frances Simmons,and Caswell 16.59
Kiley Simmons Hooper
44000000650000 Donald Wayne Tate and Debra Tate Caswell 58.02
Moore
44000000610000;44000000630000; 65; 13.8;
44000000640000 Donald Wayne Tate Caswell 11.4
Table 2. Toadstool-Adjacent Landowner Information
Owner of Record Mailing Address
BARNNER WALKER 203 ISAIAH WALKER ROAD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000470000
MANDY CHEEK 315 ISAIAH WALKER RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000001050000
BARNNER WALKER 203 ISAIAH WALKER ROAD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000470000
ROBERTA L& DEBRA C COLEMAN 447 ISAIAH WALKER RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000680000
JANICE SADLER& DIANE GREGORY 34 LOCUST STREET,YANCEYVILLE, NC27379 44000000620000
JOHN HENRY& MARIE T STRANGE 1596 MASSEY RD, ELON, NC 27244 43000000240000
JANICE SADLER& DIANE GREGORY 34 LOCUST STREET,YANCEYVILLE, NC27379 59000000190000
EDWIN L&DORA T MAY JR 3126 MILESVILLE RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000660000
ROY ANDREW& PAULINE P SOMERS 5807 SCARLET OAK DRIVE, MCLEANSVILLE, NC 59000000040000
27301
DAVID& LINDA SOMERS L/E DAVID 3301 MILESVILLE RD, ELON, NC 27244 59000000230000
&LINDA SOMERS TRUST
DAVID& LINDA SOMERS L/E DAVID 3301 MILESVILLE RD, ELON, NC 27244 59000000030000
&LINDA SOMERS TRUST
DONNA MCPHERSON STANTON 3453 MILESVILLE ROAD, ELON, NC 27244 60000000630000
RONALD C&AMY H PATTILLO 1258 KERR CHAPEL ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC 44000000600000
27217
MICHELE H PURNELL 3850 MILESVILLE RD, ELON, NC 27244 60000000050000

Owner of Record Mailing Address PARCEL#
NELL JEAN C SIMMONS L/EST RANDY 3882 KERRS CHAPEL RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000530000
D SIMMONS ETAL
WILLIAM MARSHALL NEWTON JR 454 LAMBE RD,SNOW CAMP, NC 27349 45000000730000
JOHN PAUL PHILLIPS&SHERRY 2965 STADLER RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000510000
SOUTHER PHILLIPS
TREVA G WARD L/E REM:ROBERT 2741 STADLER RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000500000
ANTHONY WARD
TREVA G WARD L/E REM:DAVID S& 2741 STADLER RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000001400000
WILLIAM S WARD
WILLIAM STERLING WARD 2691 STADLER RD, ELON, NC 27244 44000000490000
Note: Listed in the table above are the names and mailing addresses for all the landowners adjacent to the
Toadstool Mitigation Site.

Appendix C — Landowner Authorization
Forms

WATER & LAND SOLUTIONS
7721 SIX FORKS ROAD, SUITE 130, RALEIGH, NC 27615
(9191 614-5111 ( walerlandsolutions.com
AGENT AUTHORIZATION FORM
PROPERTY LEGAL DESCRIPTION:
DEED BOOK: 633 PAGE: 1242 PARCEL ID: 0044.00.00.0141.0000
STREET ADDRESS: 2968 Milesville Rd, Elon,NC 27244
PROPERTY OWNER: Cody Elliot May& Hannah May
The undersigned,registered property owners of the above noted property,do hereby
authorize
Tommy Cousins of _Water and Land Solutions, LLC
(Contractor/Agent) (Name of consulting firm)
to review my property and to act on my behalf to take all actions necessary for the
processing, issuance and acceptance of necessary permits,land disturbing activities,and/or
certifications and any and all standard and special conditions attached. This authorization
allows the individual to represent on my behalf to the necessary Government agency
personnel for the proposed property.
Property Owner's Address (if different than property above):
Telephone: [phone]
We hereby certify the above information submitted in this application is true and accurate
to the best of our knowledge.
It.:u2315:5-1ESV i.il -;uan 11.2D)316:03EST
Authorized Signature Authorized Signature
Date: Jan 11, 2023 Date: Jan 11, 2023

WATER & LAND SOLUTIONS
7721 SIX FORKS ROAD, SUITE 130, RALEIGH, NC 27615
[phone] 4 waterlandsoluti©ns.com
AGENT AUTHORIZATION FORM
PROPERTY LEGAL DESCRIPTION:
DEED BOOK: 617 PAGE: 671 PARCEL ID: 0044.00.00.0067.0000
STREET ADDRESS: 2820 Milesville Rd Elon NC 27244
PROPERTY OWNER: Dennis A Simmons. Frances Simmons.Kiley Simmons Hooper
The undersigned,registered property owners of the above noted property,do hereby
authorize
Tommy Cousins of Water and Land Solutions LLC
(Contractor/Agent) (Name of consulting firm)
to review my property and to act on my behalf to take all actions necessary for the
processing,issuance and acceptance of necessary permits,land disturbing activities,and/or
certifications and any and all standard and special conditions attached. This authorization
allows the individual to represent on my behalf to the necessary Government agency
personnel for the proposed property.
Property Owner's Address (if different than property above):
Telephone: [phone]
We hereby certify the above information submitted in this application is true and accurate
to the best of our knowledge.
Authorized Signature Authorized Signature
Date: O �L�.l Date: ' �Q
iLMCVIUI HVItr
Authorize I
Signature l
Date: 0 I fl I jo�3

WATER & LAND SOLUTIONS
7721 SIX FORKS ROAD, SUITE 130, RALEIGH, NC 27615
[phone] 1 waterlandsolutions.com
AGENT AUTHORIZATION FORM
PROPERTY LEGAL DESCRIPTION:
DEED BOOK/PAGE: 335/268&300/877 PARCEL ID: 0_ - ..00.0064.0000,
0044.00.00.0 0,&
0044.00.00.0 06 � 0
STREET ADDRESS: 3162 Milesville Rd. Elon. NC 27244
.P.R.QPERTY OWNER: Donald Tate
The undersigned,registered property owners of the above noted property,do hereby
authorize
Tommy Cousins of Water Bind_ Land.Solutions. LLC
(Contractor/Agent) R14ine ti£consulting firm)
to review my property and to act on my behalf to take all actions necessary for the
processing,issuance and acceptance of necessary permits,land disturbing activities,and/or
certifications and any and all standard and special conditions attached. This authorization
allows the individual to represent on my behalf to the necessary Government agency
personnel for the proposed property.
Property Owner's Address (if different than property above):
Telephone: [phone]
We hereby certify the above information submitted in this application is true and accurate.
to the best of our knowledge.
a#e44ehj Ire Tate
Donald Wayne Tate(J n 12,2023 10:11 ESTj
Authorized Signature Authorized Signature
Jan 12,2023
Date: Date:

WATER & LAND SOLUTIONS
7721 SIX FORKS ROAD, SUITE 130, RALEIGH, NC 27615
[phone] 1 waterlandsolutions.com
AGENT AUTHORIZATION FORM
PROPERTY LEGAL DESCRIPTION:
DEED BOOK: 614 PAGE: 309 PARCEL ID: 0044.00.00.0065.0000
STREET ADDRESS: 3162 Milesville Rd. Elon. NC 27244
PROPERTY OWNER: Donald Tate (516) &Debra Moore (116)
The undersigned,registered property owners of the above noted property,do hereby
authorize
Tommy Cousins of Water and Land Solutions. LLC
(Contractor/Agent) (Name of consulting firm)
to review my property and to act on my behalf to take all actions necessary for the
processing,issuance and acceptance of necessary permits,land disturbing activities,and/or
certifications and any and all standard and special conditions attached. This authorization
allows the individual to represent on my behalf to the necessary Government agency
personnel for the proposed property.
Property Owner's Address(if different than property above):
Don Tate: 3162 Milesville Rd,Elon, NC 27244
Debra Moore: 2336 Milesville Rd, Elon, NC 27244
Telephone: [phone]
We hereby certify the above information submitted in this application is true and accurate
to the best of our knowledge.
✓ LItAw
y� Debra Mooe jJan 1 7,2023 11:04 E51)
n—aldW I'let:,,,1t n Air>orc1 Authorized Signature Authorized Signature
Date: Date: