20030179 Ver 6_Public Comments_20071030

PO Box 270
146 North River Road
Dillsboro, NC 28725
October 24, 2007
Mr. Steve Tedder
c/o Mr. John Dorney
North Carolina Division of Water Quality r.._.,
401/ Wetlands Division b' i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
Parkview Building ~~
2321 Crabtree Blvd. OAT ~ Q ZO~I
Raleigh N. C. 27604
Dear Mr. Tedder r7~r~r; ~ ~'~~~~~ ~Uf~i.i~ ~
e~-ti.,~NID~ s~;0.D STQ:!~?~4!"/hi €~t ~R,4N~h
I would appreciate you reviewing my previous comments forwarded to the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission scoping and EA process and Documents on this matter during the
relicensing process of the Nantahala and Tuckasegee Hydroelectric facilities, projects and related
reservoirs' in the mountainous region of Western North Carolina, within the boundaries of
Jackson, Macon and Swain Counties and the Cherokee Indian Reservation Boundary. This in
relation to the settlement agreements, including Jackson County's proposed Alternative
Settlement Agreement, which I think you should review, evaluate and compare, and
the environmentally destructive and unmerited measure to remove the Dillsboro Dam which is the
centerpiece of the Duke Energy sponsored and procured contractual arrangement known as the
Nantahala Settlement Agreement. With respect to a more complete and thorough historical
record of this region please refer to recognized historical publications produced by local authors
and local historical associations and we invite you to come take more statements and affidavits of
the type I sent you yesterday for these proceeding. There are more eye witnesses to the history
of events that took place in Dillsboro still active and involved in our community. We would
welcome such a visit.
I, Thomas J Walker and the Interveners in this matter respectfully request that your agency do not
exclusively refer to the incomplete assessments and opinions used in the Dam Removal
Narrative forwarded to you by Duke Energy LLC. On this matter and in their development of the
related Nantahala Settlement Agreement, in review by your NCDWQ office. Many locals believe
that the Nantahala Settlement Agreement represents a flawed process with prejudice
and incomplete science. That it derived from a suspect and compromised negotiation explained
here in. Please bear with me as I am not trained in law, extensive logic and communication skills
to appropriately express in short, the long, drawn out and detailed series of meetings, events and
negotiations that we have gone through in this matter.
The Dillsboro Dam removal proposal contained in the Nantahala Settlement Agreement, evolved
from the collaborated efforts of a Stakeholder process that was lead by Duke Energy LLC (Then
Duke Power Corp.) and Federal and State of North Carolina Resource agencies, including your
own NCDWQ, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, North Carolina Division of Water
Resources-DNER and the US Fish & Wildlife Service. Members from these agencies participated
and sat on the executive board that set the goals, by laws and even established mitigation values
in that Nantahala Stakeholder process that lead to that NS Agreement. The Dillsboro Dam
removal Narrative forwarded to the State of North Carolina and your office suffers from of lack of
available and pertinent historical and environmental evidence and knowledge. That the same
Duke Energy Corporation was tactfully excluding this historical information about dredging activity
and resulting reservoir depths and impacts (sediment Quantity), from the NSA groups (which I
was a part of and witnessed) and misrepresenting the 401 historic eligibility of the Dillsboro

Power House from the NSA groups while at the same time, being fully aware of this 401 historical
status of The Dillsboro Power House. So at the same time as the Stakeholder Group Process
was ongoing, Duke Energy was corresponding to and with the appropriate North Carolina
Historical Preservation Board and National Historical Preservation Offices about that historic
401 designation and preparing for those requirements for mitigation in removing the
Dillsboro Power House of the Dillsboro Dam from same, and omitting important historical
industrial activity such as 40 years of dredging, to the Stakeholder groups. In the process of and
the same time during, Duke Energy was deceiving the Nantahala and Tuckasegee Stakeholder
Groups by working toward the applied mitigation requirements in preparation to remove the
Dillsboro Dam and Powerhouse from 401 eligibility requirements, to secure the Nantahala
Settlement Agreement and procure the historic documentation that they eventually fulfilled with
those same requirements for mitigation in the process of obtaining the 401 waiver. So the
Nantahala Stakeholder groups were told at that same time Duke was communicating and
procuring with State and Federal historic agencies during the stakeholder process, that History
was not important in Dillsboro. That the Dillsboro Power House was not 401 eligible(when it was),
and that no environmental impacts worth looking into occurred at and in the Dillsboro Reservoir
relating to the comprehensive review and planning and study they claimed was taking place.
Impact studies were promised and never delivered by Duke Power Inc. during the course of that
Stakeholder Process.
Duke Energy LLC. Then known as Duke Power Corporation is new to the area of Western North
Carolina, having just purchased these Nantahala and Tuckasegee projects from Nantahala
Power and Light Corporation only a few years before, in 2001. Duke Energy is a North Carolina
Corporation that obviously is not concerned with relevant and factual history (except when to
remove same), and is obviously not familiar or concerned with environmental and social history in
the mountains, Dillsboro, Jackson County, or just plane chooses to ignore history. The Dillsboro
Dam is the first Hydro electric facility built in the mountains and the subsequent evolution and
distribution of hydro electric power in Jackson County is significant to all matters of concern. The
resulting spread of commerce in Dillsboro and Sylva due to the availability of electric power
coming to this region, due to the damming of the Tuckasegee river that runs through Sylva
and Dillsboro and the history of industrial activity here in Dillsboro and on the reservoir in Jackson
County, from when the Dillsboro Dam was first built, in 1913, is a pertinent part of any
environmental impact study.
Duke Energy Corp. and the State of North Carolina and Federal Resource Agencies mentioned
above, failed to review, take into account and comment on, any of these important economic,
historic and industrial activities. And more importantly the resulting environmental impacts of
these activities and the relationships and negative impacts that might result with Dam Removal
because of them. Therefore the science applied to this concern is flawed at best and measured
inaccurately. That this was done intentionally by the licensee and not taken into consideration by
the resource agencies is highly inappropriate and possibly illegal.
The fact is, that in the Duke Energy Project History of the Nantahala Stakeholder Agreement and
the Dam Removal Narrative that you are reviewing, there are too many 'sin's of omission ' to
issue a North Carolina 401 Water Quality Permit. That because of these omissions we ask you
please take the comments and recommendations of our expert team of environmental scientists
and consultants seriously. And because we have no historical account save for the affidavits we
have forwarded to you (and we could get a lot more), we recommend further research and
scientific testing along Dillsboro Reservoir. Scientific Data and Material about the impacts
of dredging activity, both sand pumps and/or drag line mining taking place in the reservoir at
Dillsboro, activity that we know took place for over 4 decades; and indiscriminate Dumping
activity of both solid and possible toxic waste, known to have taken place is warranted. We
respectfully ask does this give reason for further testing and scrutiny of the mile long
impoundment and shorelines of the reservoir at Dillsboro.
2

Allow me please to mention that the primary reason that the Dillsboro Dam and early generation
Hydro Electric Power House was built in 1913 by local hero C. J. Harris, was to provide
electric power to the then primitive (by modern medical standards) Sylva General Hospital that
was located in this neighborhood between the 2 towns of Dillsboro and Sylva North Carolina.
Please build a greater profile of the Dillsboro neighborhood, Dam, Power House and Reservoir.
We look forward to working with you and please come stay at the Dillsboro Inn and we will show
you around. I Thank You.
__.__.
___.__
Si cerel
~~~~ - ~ L~ ~- U~
Thomas Joseph Walker ' TJ '
3

September 27, 2007
Mr. TJ Walker
Dillsboro Inn
Dillsboro
North Carolina
RE: Withdrawal and Re-submittal of Application for 401(k) Water Quality
Certification, Dillsboro Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 2602
DWQ # 03-0179
Jackson County, North Carolina
Dear Mr. Walker:
In response to your request I have reviewed the documents submitted for
removal of Dillsboro Dam and comment on potential water quality concerns.
My specialty is in reservoir sedimentation management, sediment transport
and scour and I make comments in this regard, i.e. comments on the physical
aspects of sediment transport as they relate to water quality during the
anticipated removal of Dillsboro Dam.
According to the "Dillsboro Dam and Power House Removal Project
Narrative", a report submitted by Duke Energy Carolinas (Duke), the removal
of Dillsboro Dam will proceed by first dredging most of the sediment
upstream of the dam and temporarily storing it in an off-site facility. The
water from the dredged sediment will be drained at this facility and the
sediment subsequently removed to an off-site landfill.
Duke plans to remove most of the deposited sediment from the reservoir,
except for the sediment in a buffer zone that extends 150 ft upstream of the
dam. The reason put forward by Duke for not removing this sediment is that it
will be used to construct an access ramp on the right river bank, just upstream
of the powerhouse. My understanding is that the access ramp will be
constructed on top of this sediment.
The actual removal of the dam and powerhouse will proceed during an eight
stage process outlined in this report. Removal of the dam itself will proceed
from the right towards the left riverbank. As the dam is removed water will
discharge through the opening that will gradually enlarge during dam removal.
Engineering
Hydrosystems int
8122 SauthPark Ln, S~iite 205. Littleton, Colorado, 80126
Tel. 303-683-~ 191 Fax. [phone]

The water discharging through this opening will remove sediment from the
buffer zone behind the dam. Some of the sediment thus removed will deposit
in the river reach immediately downstream of the dam and passing in front of
your business.
The justification for this statement is found in the report prepared for Duke by
Milone & MacBroom, Inc. entitled: "SEDIMENT STUDY: Relating to the
Removal of the Dillsboro Dam, Tuckasegee River, Jackson County, North
Carolina", dated March 31, 2004. This report states on Pages 9 and 10, where
the analysis results for the river section immediately downstream of Dillsboro
Dam are presented, that the water velocity during average flow in the river is
very low, i.e. about 2.65 to 2.90 feet per second. Milone & MacBroom states
that this velocity is marginal for moving sand and they confirm their
conclusion by field observations indicating deposited sand in this reach. The
consultants emphasize the fact that sediment is likely to deposit in this river
reach by stating on page 11 that sediment released from the reservoir could
form sand bars in this reach.
In the more detailed description of the proposed dam removal process,
summarized in Table 4.3-2 (Proposed Dam and Powerhouse Removal
Sequence) of the "Dillsboro Dam and Power House Removal Project
Narrative" report I cannot find any particular actions proposed by Duke to
remediate the anticipated sediment deposition in the river reach immediately
downstream of the dam.
My opinion is that you have reason to be concerned about this analysis result
and observation. It is likely that the sediment immediately behind the dam, in
the 150ft buffer zone proposed by Duke, will have low dissolved oxygen, and
can even be anaerobic. Such sediment is likely to exude an unpleasant smell
in addition to presenting an unappealing appearance. I expect that the
sediment released from the buffer zone behind the dam during removal will
discolor the water and potentially the riverbed and surrounds. The low
oxygen content could likely affect aquatic life as well. However, as indicated
previously, my expertise is in sediment transport and not biology and the latter
statement requires confirmation by a biologist specialized in this area.
My suggestion is that Duke should be requested to dredge the sediment from
the proposed buffer zone prior to dam removal. Such an action will not only
minimize the potential for sediment deposition in the river reach in front of
your property, but can also have advantages for the construction company
executing the removal. The access ramp, proposed to be constructed on the
sediment buffer, will be more stable if constructed on the riverbed instead.
The reason for this is that erosion of the deposited sediment in the buffer zone
is likely to extend into and underneath the access ramp, undercutting it and
potentially leading to failure of the ramp.

In summary, my opinion is that the dam removal plan currently proposed can
adversely affect water quality in the river reach passing in front of your
business. The low oxygen content of the water is also likely to lead to an
unpleasant smell. The appearance of the sediment-containing water will also
be less than desirable. As indicated the low oxygen content could also
potentially adversely affect aquatic life, but this statement needs to be
confirmed by a specialist in that field.
I trust that this opinion will be of assistance in explaining your point of view
as regards removal of Dillsboro Dam.
Sincerely,
~'
Dr. George Annandale, PE

Mr. Steve Tedder
c/o Mr. John Dorney
NC Division of Water Quality
Parkview Building
Wetlands Unit
2321 Crabtree Blvd
Raleigh NC 27604
October 23, 2007
RE: Withdrawal and Re-submittal of Application for 401(k) Water Quality
Certification, Dillsboro Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 2602
DWQ # 03-0179
Jackson County, North Carolina
Dear Mr. Tedder:
I represent Mr. TJ Walker, owner of the Dillsboro Inn immediately
downstream of the Dillsboro Dam, which Duke Energy Carolinas (Duke)
plans to remove. My specialty is in reservoir sedimentation management,
sediment transport, scour and erosion. I have authored, co-authored and is
contributing author to books on these topics.
My review of the environmental studies prepared by Duke's consultant and the
US Fish and Wildlife Service indicates that these studies are incomplete and
lacking as indicated in what follows. I address my comments to the
requirements for reviewing 401 permit applications, as copied below.
15A NCAC 02H .0506 REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS
(b) The Director shall issue a certification upon determining that existing uses are not
removed or degraded by a discharge to classified surface waters for an activity which:
(1) has no practical alternative under the criteria outlined in Paragraph (f) of this Rule;
(2) will minimize adverse impacts to the surface waters based on consideration of
existing topography, vegetation, fish and wildlife resources, and hydrological
conditions under the criteria outlined in Paragraph (g) of this Rule;
(3) does not result in the degradation of groundwaters or surface waters;
(4) does not result in cumulative impacts, based upon past or reasonably anticipated
future impacts, that cause or will cause a violation of downstream water quality
standards;
(5) provides for protection of downstream water quality standards through the use of
on-site stormwater control measures; and
(6) provides for replacement of existing uses through mitigation as described at
Subparagraphs (h)(1) ofthis Rule.

Engineering
a
Hy~rosysfems Inc
Duke proposes two optional methods for managing sediment during dam
removal,

o Option l: According to the "Dillsboro Dam and Power House
Removal Project Narrative", a report submitted by Duke, the
removal of Dillsboro Dam will proceed by first dredging most of
the sediment upstream of the dam and temporarily storing it in an
off-site decanting facility on the left bank of the current reservoir.
The water from the dredged sediment will be drained at this
facility and the sediment subsequently removed to an off-site
landfill.
o Option 2: No removal of sediment from the reservoir prior to dam
removal, allowing the deposited sediment to naturally erode from
the reservoir and discharge into the river downstream after dam
removal.
Review of the environmental study, related documents, and information and
affidavits I received from Mr. TJ Walker indicate that the following aspects of
the studies are lacking. The requirements of (b) (1), (2), (3) and (5) are violated,
as follows:
• Affidavits obtained by Mr. TJ Walker identify the possibility of the
presence of toxic or hazardous materials within the reservoir and along its
banks.
o Affidavits obtained by Mr. TJ Walker indicate that the left bank of
the reservoir has been subject to indiscriminate, illegal dumping of
waste, which could include toxic and hazardous waste.
o One of the areas, approximately 3 acres in size, has reportedly
been subject to storage of unidentified, potentially hazardous or
toxic waste that apparently originated form the bitumen plant
close by.
o That site was closed by the EPA in 1987.
o Toxic or hazardous material was allegedly dumped into the river
using containers and is likely covered by deposited sediment.
o Identification of the presence of such materials will require
detailed investigation of the subsurface within the reservoir and
along the banks of the reservoir, potentially using Electro-
Magnetic surveys, Ground Penetrating Radar, or other physical or
geophysical techniques.
o Should the alleged toxic /hazardous material within the reservoir
exist, it can lead to water quality degradation.
o Duke has made no attempt to identify the potential presence of
buried toxic or hazardous materials within the reservoir sediments
or along the banks of the reservoir.
• Neither Duke nor the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFW) have
adequately studied the impacts of using the left bank of the reservoir for
temporary storage and decanting of water from dredged material.

o The buried waste, of unknown quality and quantity, at the 3 acre
site is likely subject to seepage into the river after dam removal.
This can occur during the time when this area is used for
decanting water.
o The buried waste, of unknown quality, at the 3 acre site can be
subject to seepage even if this area is not used for decanting
surplus water from the dredged material. This is likely to happen
due to the fact that dam removal will lower the average water
surface elevation in the river, and could lead to a head difference
in the groundwater table of the river bank. Such a head difference
could potentially lead to seepage of the unknown waste material.
o No mention of the indiscriminate dumping and potential presence
of toxic or hazardous waste are made by either Duke or the
USFW.
Duke did not consider the option to retain Dillsboro Dam in place, i.e. not
removing it, and comparing its benefits and impacts to that of removal.
This means that Duke did not consider all alternatives.
o In particular, Duke did not consider the potential impact of the
presence of alleged toxic or hazardous material buried in the
sediment and along the reservoir banks.
o Should hazardous or toxic materials be present in the reservoir
sediments or along the reservoir banks, it could lead to releases of
contaminated sediment if the dam is removed. Such an event will
adversely affect water quality.
o Should such hazardous and toxic materials be present in the
reservoir and along its banks, retaining the dam in place will retain
conditions as they are and will not adversely affect water quality.
o Duke made no attempt to investigate and identify the potential
presence of toxic and hazardous materials in the reservoir
sediments and along the reservoirs banks and has not considered
the value of retaining Dillsboro Dam in place.
No detailed, defensible study has been executed to identify the fate of the
sediment that will be discharged downstream into the river after dam
removal, should the sediment not be removed from the reservoir prior to
dam removal.
o Duke refers to a study on the Marmot Dam removals as
justification for removing Dillsboro Dam without prior removal of
sediment from the reservoir.
o What Duke fails to recognize is that that particular study is only
one of many that dealt with potential impacts of sediments on the
downstream river due to the planned removal of Marmot Dam.
' Stewart, G. and Grant, G.E. 2005. Potential Geomorphic and Ecological Impacts of Marmot
Dam Removal, Sandy River, OR., prepared for Portland General Electric, Portland, Oregon.

o The principal reason why the study they are referring to has been
executed is that it was recognized that the one-dimensional
sediment transport modeling that was previously executed on the
Sandy River, OR is inadequate to understand the fate of the
sediment after removal of Marmot Dam.
o The study by Stewart and Grant, referred to in the footnote was a
detailed geomorphologic study to address the shortcomings of
previous one-dimensional sediment transport studies executed to
assess impact due to Marmot Dam removal.
o Sediment transport is three-dimensional by nature and the
potential to adversely affect the aquatic environment and aquatic
life in the river downstream of Dillsboro Dam, after its planned
removal, with indiscriminate release of sediment can only be
determined by considering the three-dimensional nature of
sediment transport.
o The only study executed by Duke to determine the fate of the
sediment that would be released from Dillsboro Dam, should it be
removed and the sediment allowed eroding from it, is a one-
dimensional sediment transport study2 using HEC-RAS.
o HEC-RAS is currently not a sediment transport model and the
results obtained from that study are suspect.
o The HEC-RAS model study presented by Duke can, at best, be
described as aone-dimensional study that does not adequately
address the three-dimensional nature of sediment transport.
o The fate of sediment in the river downstream of the Dillsboro
Dam, should it be removed and sediment allowed to
indiscriminately erode from its reservoir, cannot be defensibly
determined using the results of the attempt at aone-dimensional
sediment transport study executed by Duke.
o Duke has not defensibly demonstrated the fate of sediment once
released from Dillsboro Dam, should it not be removed from the
reservoir prior to dam removal. They ignore the three-
dimensional nature of sediment transport and how this
characteristic can adversely affect aquatic life and the aquatic
environment.
• Duke has not determined the volume of sediment stored behind Dillsboro
Dam.
o Duke executed two surveys of the sediment surface in the
Dillsboro reservoir and was not able to determine the total volume
of sediment stored behind the dam.
o Duke failed to use available technology to accurately determine
the volume of sediment stored behind Dillsboro Dam.
z Milone & MacBroom, Inc. 2004. SEDIMENT STUDY: Relating to the Removal of the
Dillsboro Dam, Tuckasegee River, Jackson County, North Carolina, March 31.

o It is not possible to reliably predict the fate of released sediment
from Dillsboro Dam if the volume of sediment that will be
released is unknown.
o Duke's prediction of the fate of sediment, once indiscriminately
released from the reservoir after dam removal, is inaccurate and
flawed due to the fact that the volume of sediment to be released is
unknown and due to the fact that only inadequate one-dimensional
sediment transport studies were executed.
• Duke has not adequately addressed erosion and scour due to dam
removal.
o Erosion of riverbanks is likely to occur due to higher rates of flow
in the river reach that is currently occupied by the reservoir, once
the dam is removed.
o Dulce has not provided any detailed indication of how such
erosion will be mitigated once the dam is removed.
o Duke has not conducted any investigation to determine how the
riverbank at the Dillsboro Inn property will be affected after dam
removal. No proposals of how the riverbank in front of the Inn
will be protected against erosion have been made.
o Duke has not investigated the impact of dam removal on bank
erosion in the general vicinity of the US 23 & 441 Bridge (Bridge
No. 75), located just downstream of Dillsboro Dam.
o Review of the Bridge Scour Report, obtained from Jackson
County, indicates that piers B1 and BS of that bridge could be
subject to scour in the event of channel migration.
o The final conclusions in that report indicate that the structure
appears to be borderline scour critical.
o The report recommends that further investigation of bridge scour
is warranted.
o Duke has made no attempt to determine the fate of the bridge after
dam removal.
Based on the above information, I believe that Duke has not demonstrated that
removal of Dillsboro Dam will not adversely affect water quality. Such proof
will require detailed investigation as indicated.
Sincerely,
`_.7
-.~
~~ ~ .t'
i~'f ~ ~ _ _ _~ . _
f
Dr. George Annandale, PE

AFFIDAVIT
Mike Parris
BE IT ACKNOWLEDGED, that ,the undersigned
deponent, being of legal age, does hear by depose and say under oath as follows:
I was born in 1955 and I remember so may sand piles you would not believe. There were no trees along the river then,
on up from the dam, it was all beach. There was sand you would not believe and they had lots of piles.
There were 15, closer to 20 piles on the other side of the river and 40 alone, on our side of the river. I know because I use
to play in them as a kid all the time. I lived right above it all and that's all I could see and do, we had a lot of it when we
were kids and a lot of fun out there too. I remember the Sand pumps on the barges, they fed that hose pump as well as
they could down into the river. And when the cranes came, they made bigger piles of sand. I do remember that, up to 40
foot high, as high as their booms could reach. So I remember both, the barges and the cranes.
I remember when they opened those flood gates upon the dam for the last time. It's been a long time, 40 to 45 years. The
river bank use to open up more over there because that was right in front of those gates, in filled in a bunch over on that
side now.
What are they going to do with the bridge and all the cars? As kids we use to swim out there and I remember barely being
able to reach and stand on the road bed that they left in the river. They salvaged what they could out have there and left
the rest.
They are crazy to let that sediment go, they have no Idea. There would be a solid sheet of sand from the bottom of the
dam down below, all across the river on down to Barkers Creek and Fontana. They have no idea what there doing. And
the rafters don't know what there doing either, it going to hurt there businesses and kill all the fish for miles. There the
ones behind all this and there could be trouble if they raft up here where there is mostly fishing. It will hurt fishing a good
deal. It's going to be a nasty mess and hurt us all through here.
And I affirm that the foregoing is true except as to statements made upon information and belief, and as to those
I believe them to be true.
Witness my hand under the penalties of perjury this
2007.
Signature of Witness
Mike Parris
145 Reservoir Street
Dillsboro North Carolina
Name of Witness
Address of Witness
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,
o~~~ day of ~c.P/Y~ ,
Signature of Deponent
COUNTY OF JACKSON •,•.,~,,.~~,~
••,.•• pARR~S~
On d~ S~ ULG , eZd07 before me, ~` ~ ersonall alp
evidence) to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are su~E to ins
behalf of which the person(s) acted, executed this in =Q~eIIt.
_ ~ ~~
Witness my hand and official seal. ~ 0
. Pv
Signature / (~
D~. ~o-aoiD
ame of Deponent
5 s o s~ia~w N~
ddress of Witness
/ 1 t ~ / 5 personally know to me (of provide to me satisfactory
his/her/their signature(s) on the instrument the persons(s), of the entity upon
Affiant V KNOWN UNKNOWN
ID PROCEDURE

AFFIDAVIT
Betty Parris
BE IT ACKNOWLEDGED, that ,the undersigned
deponent, being of legal age, does hear by depose and say under oath as follows:
And I affirm that the foregoing is true except as to statements made upon information and belief, and as to those
I believe them to be true.
I was born in December, 1933 and grew up right across from the Dillsboro Dam and Power House on North River Road.
My father, Claude Jacobs saw the dam being built and sold chestnuts to the men building the dam. All my life I saw them
pumping sand out from behind the dam, why even next to the power house, where the log use to be in front of the where
the water flowed in, they use to pump sand right out of there. There were several barge pumps in the river atone time,
piles of big sand over on the other side and lots up in the fields on this side.
A lot was going on; there were a lot of dump trucks hauling sand out of here. With one, Chub Messer was the man on the
barge pumping it out and his brother Vaun was in the truck hauling it out. Later on, sometime in the 60's they came with
the drag lines, the cranes and they would sift it and get big piles of chat, small rock and piles of sand, piles of sand and
chat. Over on the other side of the river they hauled a lot of sand out. I grew up with it.
In 1940, when the flood came we saw the bridge come down, I saw the flood. My grandpa lived down there when it came.
There use to be an ice house and an apple house and the flood turned all that around. The bridge sat in the water and
they took the some apart but some of it stayed. There are cars in there too, right under the parking lot at the power house.
I know because we had an Oldsmobile buried in there. They built the parking right on top of it.
Fred Alexander told me at the meeting Duke was going to blow that dam out and that was it. They were not going to do
nothing else. That's what he said; they were going to leave it that way. It's going to hurt all our property values if it goes
down.
Witness my hand under the penalties of perjury this o2Jr day of (~Ta~ ~ ,
2007.
Signature of Witness
Betty Parris
175 Reservoir Street
PO Box 4
Dillsboro NC
Name of Witness
n
Signatur of Deponent
N e of Deponent
Ad ress of Witness
Address of Witness
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STATE OF NORT~~~~P~~IN~Yy,
COUNTY OF JA~~~r4N ,~~''•., v ~';
On ~ . o~~j X007 before ~,4 ~ • ` ergo
evidence) to be the person(s) whose namGf~s ~s~tue su d to tl}`e
behalf of which the person(s) acted, execu4Cd this'igs ment. _; ~n`J:~~
Witness my hand and official
Signature
v
agCKSON

appeared S personally know to me (of provide to me satisfactory
i instrument his er/their signature(s) on the instrument the persons(s), of the entity upon
Affiant V KNOWN UNKNOWN

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
June 27, 2007
Magalie R. Salas, Secretary
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
888 First Street, N.E.
Washington, DC 20426
Subject: COMMENTS and Request to Accept Late Filing
Draft Environmental Assessment
East Fork Hydroelectric Project, P-2698-033
West Fork Hydroelectric Project, P-2686-032
Bryson Hydroelectric Project, P-2601-007
Dillsboro Hydroelectric Project Surrender, P-2602-007
Dear Secretary Salas:
Submitted are comments the Comments of the Dillsboro Inn and T.J. Walker filed in
response to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) May 10, 2006 Notice of
Availability of Draft Environmental Assessment (DEA) for the subject projects. These
comments are filed late due to unforeseeable problems caused by the recent storms in
Washington, D.C., that caused a failure in the receipt of these comments via email and
problems. Having made arrangements today with counsel for Jackson County to submit
these comments and serve them via email and by regular mail (as appropriate) it is requested
that the Commission accept and consider them in full as if timely field on June 26, 2006.
From the start of the Nantahala and Tuckasegee stakeholder process thru to this FERC EA
review, as the esteemed watershed expert Dr George Annandale establishes; "There is no
valid environmental justification given by Duke Energy for the removal of the Dillsboro Dam
in the NSA and FERC EA". With respect to the overall interests of the citizens of Jackson
County, myself Thomas J Walker and my Business, The Dillsboro Inn, and as interveners,
We emphatically stress, that not only are there no benefits to the Tuckasegee river in that EA,
there are in fact, major physical, geographic, hydraulic and recreational mistakes in the Duke
Energy procured Tuckasegee Stakeholder Agreement, the NSA and this FERC EA.
As a concerned citizen, family head, business proprietor, resigned Tuckasegee stakeholder
and significantly threatened party situated directly next to and below the Dillsboro Dam and
Powerhouse; I would like to first comment about the cause of these mistakes and the failures
in the planning stage of and during the Nantahala and Tuckasegee stakeholder groups. I
resigned from the Tuckasegee stakeholder group after about a year of attending the
orchestrated meetings in protest because of an obvious disregard for any truthful planning,
illegal threats made to the public and myself, deliberate control of meeting agendas with
inadequate information and very few relevant impact studies.

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
As a result of its integrity being fully compromised, the foundation of the FERC EA, The
TSA and NSA is more a by- product of a for profit corporation controlled sting operation and
public relations campaign. That because of undo prejudice and corporate influence broad and
wholesale scientific and engineering negligence was created and tolerated that will bring
devastating results to the riverfront in Dillsboro and my property in particular. The two
stakeholder groups that made up the NSA, one of which I was involved with and resigned
from, the Tuckasegee stakeholders, suffered from a lack of pertinent environmental, social
(especially local and historical) and economic impact studies and relevant engineering impact
studies with hydraulic science, key channel evolution factors and impoundment shoreline and
stream bank design analysis. As I will mention in the following comments.
But as I comment on the NSA and TSA planning failures and subsequent FERC EA
inadequacy, I will have to do so through a review process summarizing the accumulation of
events that lead to specific failures to an extraordinary degree that FERC , to the Contrary,
holds in high esteem. That from its inception the Nantahala Stakeholder process was
misguided by mistaken biological assessments, an uncompromising zeal to free up a river and
egregious mistakes by Resource personnel dealing with industry at its initial stages of bylaw,
policy and goal setting stages. From a scientific standpoint, this FERC EA is built upon
erroneous goals and values. From the start, the Co-Coordinators of the Nantahala and
Tuckasegee Stakeholder Groups, its executive committee members, which consisted mainly
of Duke Power corporation employees and Resource agency personnel (Primarily state
NCDENER and NCWRC and federal USF&W resource agent representatives). This
executive committee created the direction, set the goals and preset values of mitigation, and
authored the by-laws that mastered unprecedented allowances toward industry in this
stakeholder process. Dam Removal for Fish(species) Migration was used both as a corporate
mitigation replacement strategy and expedient scientific premise in lieu of substantive
mitigation planning. Although species migration is not a legitimate scientific issue in tailrace
river goal hierarchy and hydro re licensing challenges in the smoky mountains of western
North Carolina.
The original idea of Dam Removal as a mitigation measure for this re-licensing was first
broached by the former NPLco. A possible `mitigation exchange' measure was discussed by
NPL a full year by NPL in advance of the stakeholder inception. The sensitive riverfront
property, the NPL owned Needmore tract, was the focus of a possible mitigation exchange
discussions. Duke Power, after acquiring NPF soon after those 1st re-licensing meetings( of
which I attended), before the official stakeholder process commenced, changed that original
mitigation exchange idea of NPLco, to a `mitigation substitution' strategy as the centerpiece
of their re-licensing ambition. Duke Power's real estate company ended up selling the
Needmore tract for $18 million to the State of North Carolina and ended up selling off real
estate assets acquire red from NPLco for over $60 million Dollars. With those historical real
estate transactions that occurred at the same time the Nantahala stakeholders group was
formed and operated, the stage was set for a corporate sting on the citizens of western North
Carolina.
2

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
The Nantahala Stakeholder mitigation process also started with the relationships and
cooperation between Duke Power Corporation Nantahala Division employees and the Federal
and State Resource Agency representatives who together formed and co-lead the executive
committee of the Nantahala and Tuckasegee Stakeholder groups. The NSC Executive
committee set up a questionable alliance largely between themselves, and set restrictive
goals, procedures, values and group bylaws. If Duke Power/Nantahala Division Corporation
was going to act as host, pay for and get credit for this Stakeholder process, they preferred to
conduct the delegation from this executive body as active members. Their preferences and
prejudicial influence at this juncture weighed heavily on creating and limit ting stakeholder
goals and planning. Questionable influences included what committees were formed, what
original members were invited, and conduct of members at meetings and how meetings were
conducted. Many interveners will testify that this is where the Stakeholder process was set up
to favor Duke Power and compromise fair and comprehensive planning, public input and
limit local municipal influence.
The Nantahala Stakeholder groups direction was unduly influenced in its origin, setting up
unprecedented environmental allowance and compliance under the guise of a Consensus
Process. The Stakeholder groups lacked a system of checks and balances with compliant
government resource agents regularly turning a blind eye away from abuses and eventual
boundary violations that I will outline below. Economic forces had their way with
govemmental agencies and representatives as sometimes seen in our modern day Democratic
society. For the sake of expediency, compromises were tolerated. For the sake of an
unprecedented series of local meetings of varied environmental groups, municipal
governments and governmental agencies in the Appalachian mountains, oversights were tolerated.
One example of a particular boundary violation at these crucial times was a particular
stakeholder often pushing Duke Power company preferred procedural positions while
working for and representing a municipal stakeholder member. This individual in the
Tuckasegee stakeholder group was often a outspoken and leading vocal advocate in favor of
Duke Power co interests during vital meetings about bylaws, direction and stakeholder
conduct. This Tuckasegee stakeholder changed his occupation from municipal employee to
Duke Power company employee just after the NSA agreement was sealed and signed.
With this slanted playing field the Tuckasegee Stakeholders had to endure meetings where
Duke Power employees openly brokered and set a spending caps on cumulative mitigation
values and projects(a FERC Violation). Regularly and privately leveraged mitigation
projects(dam removal with no impact studies) with settlement offers amongst stakeholder
group members. Duke Power corporation rigidly controlled information at monthly
stakeholder meetings, did not deliver promised studies either at all, or some, very late, while
creating a crisis management approach stressing the timetables of their contrived and
influenced agenda goals. Duke Power co employees openly made threats to stakeholders and
local municipal bodies and to the public at stakeholder meetings, public municipal meetings
and through the press. Duke Power Representatives regularly spread false information and
fear through western North Carolina, that Duke Power would be forced to raise utility rates if

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
their "trial Balloon" and soon thereafter, their proposed "Stakeholder Agreement" was not
agreed to by all, stakeholders and municipalities alike(a state and federal violation). This was
a false threat considering a very high `corporate rate of return' with the NC utilities
commission, one of the highest by a utility in the country.
Duke Power never disclosed their intentions not to deliver substantive plans and studies and
launched a PR campaign to diminish any resource value, function and historical value of the
Dillsboro Dam and Powerhouse. They conducted Stakeholder meetings to meet their
objectives and told members and municipal reps, including the town of Dillsboro, that the
Dillsboro powerhouse was not eligible for 106 review, when it indeed, was. At one such
meeting, when a major portion of a monthly meeting was dedicated to historical values in the
Tuckasegee system, a Duke Power subcontractor, working diligently on the Issue, gave a
historic award to one of its other powerhouses(Thorpe Powerhouse) in the system and
discredited the historical value of Dillsboro Powerhouse. This paid consultant continually
answered incorrectly the question of the Dillsboro Dam`s 106 review eligibility and sighted a
1940 flood with a partial destruction of its Powerhouse as the reason being, erroneously. At
the same time a shadow boxing game by Duke Corporation strategists, began to review,
address and negotiate historic review and compliance challenges at the State level in Raleigh.
Other ethical stakeholder questions developed with the NS and TS groups; Great trouble and
many meetings were devoted initially to developing a Consensus Process that would work
within the stakeholder groups. The hiring a moderator from North Carolina State Extension
office to run monthly meetings ensued and an initial air of fairness was established overall.
This Moderator took several meetings to diligently explain the importance for and the
integrity of an original consensus process which would be used throughout the meetings
through to their conclusion resulting in a precise and open grading system. That original
consensus process procedure was quietly overturned and changed and compromised by
corporate ambitions. The executive committee chose to change the touted original consensus
procedure, creating a different grading system and limiting any public disclosure of
stakeholder grading positions. All this, of course, to benefit the expediency and overall image
of the process and of course the position and relations of the licensee.
All during the 21/2 years of stakeholder meetings, Duke Power Corporation promised but
never delivering pertinent engineering studies on Dam removal yet openly lobbied
stakeholders that Dillsboro was not worth any studies and that money was better spent on the
insignificant removal itself.
These compromising positions over the life of the NS and TS went without correction from
executive members, from resource agent representatives or new committee members, who
often waived their authority and had special interests and credibility issues of their own to
protect. The air of a dysfunctional family certainly split and removed many of the Tuckasegee
stakeholders from the process after years of involvement.
Studies that might have come to stakeholders attention but never were produced include;
Endangered species Elk toe muscle survey above and below the Dillsboro Dam; The design
4

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
and methodology of removing Thousands of tons of sediment from the reservoir above the
Dam. The operation of a safe demolition of a `man made' Dam built upon a `natural rock
riverbed shelf , (see enclosed pictures) fulfilling Duke Energy and resource agency claims
that every thing at this location at the dam would returned to its natural state as it was before
the dam was constructed. This is a high and mighty proposition considering the foundation,
the rock river bed and ledge, its sensitivity and present condition associated with the unique
geological formation of the ledge under and just below the Dam itself, in Dillsboro( refer to
pictures enclosed). A major missing Element of these proceedings are the plans to manage
and control sediment movement and accumulation in all the Hydro project impoundments,
especially sediment maintenance management at the head of intake areas of these hydro
facilities where an overabundance of sediment inevitably result in reduced generation
capacity. This type of Reservoir maintenance should been discussed at level of the
stakeholder process meetings(I tried to initiate such discussion at a Tuckasegee stakeholders
meeting and any appropriate review of that issue was tabled), discussed as a mitigation
measure and stipulated in these re licensing proceedings being a requisite for Smoky
Mountain Watershed Hydro Facilities with such alluvial characteristics. This concept of `Life
Cycle Management' to FERC in these proceedings and presented as a strategy to protect and
enhance Inter-generational Equity of these Renewable Resources. For the record, Dr George
Annandale a international watershed expert, who among his accomplishments is regularly
employed by the World Bank to review and council Country` s watersheds globally, surveyed
the Tuckasegee hydro system, its watershed, reservoirs, re licensing Hydro facilities in
question including the proposed surrender of Dillsboro and presented his conclusions at a
Jackson County and interveners co-sponsored public education hearing, where over 60
concerned parties showed interest and only one stakeholder resource agent choose to be
present, a representative of the US Forest Service, the lone resource agent who did not serve
on the NSG executive Committee. I should mention stream bank stabilization planning and
related management issues on Lakes, Impoundments and rivers was not completely
addressed. Neither was erosion control and education adequately addressed throughout this
system considering geographic and topographic challenges. And more engineering science
that we shall cover below.
I have to question the resource agents collusion with the licensee. Their positions on this
Appalachian mountain region watershed when they live and work far away and in different
geographic areas. Agency representative judgment in conflict of interest and boundary
matters with scientific expertise called to question. Some resource agency representative
working with this stakeholder group openly advocated for the trend of Dam Removal and
lobbied very heavily for that end without reading early EA's and qualifying it all technically.
However brokering and leveraging Dam removal. One unanswered question that interveners
wish to know is exactly what authority did the Resource agencies agree to waive and at what
point did they agree to do that. What was their responsibility to and on behalf of the public
and was that fulfilled. As well intended as some of these agents might have been, to a person,
they did not weigh any of the pertinent environmental differences between Dam Removal on
a coastal river and one in a watershed of the Appalachian Mountains.
5

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
From strictly a recreational standpoint the outdated treatment and mis-management of the
Tuckasegee River by these agencies has been detrimental to citizens of Jackson County for
decades. We have suffered from poor and noncompliant Hydro power licenses in the past and
those self- inflicted and resource agent managed omissions set a low standard for a modern
age.
Jackson County has a unique balance of recreational activity on either side of Dillsboro and
the Dillsboro Dam. That dam helps to preserve, dissect and protect of human recreational
activity. Neither Duke Power co, these resource agents or the signed Stakeholders see and
respect this incredible recreational, social and economic balance on the river. Dillsboro has a
fine and thriving class 2 whitewater rafting section of the Tuckasegee river just past the
fishing park at the base of the Dam(where I personally witness thousands of residents fish
every season of every year) which starts immediately below the hwy441 bridge and at the
town of Dillsboro Riverfront park. That is the only established, steeper grade section of the
tuck suitable for rafting. The elevation drop above the Dam is not so steep and not as
attractive to rafting activity, where fishermen, who are able to fish all year round, do their
angling and do not want increased boating activity. To fail to recognize the detrimental
impacts to Jackson county's cold water, delayed harvest, trout fishery, that is immediately
above and protected by the Dillsboro Dam is outright negligence and has a huge social and
economic impact on Jackson county. This dam removal would destroy this unique and
protected delayed harvest fishery as predators to trout would be the beneficiaries of this
misguided species migration strategy. Because of such poor planning this Dam removal will
cause major social, environmental and economic damage to Jackson County in the Dillsboro
river valley.
These many issues are reasons why the Jackson County PSA are more than a reasonable
compromise to this re licensing mitigation proceedings. A fair and more than equitable
compromise centerpiece of this relicense agreement and not the Duke Energy PSA, which is
the basis of the FERC EA. The Duke Energy's preferred mitigation substitution Dam
Removal is substandard and already obsolete considering the shifts in Energy values just
since the start of these proceedings.
All through the Duke controlled stakeholder and FERC conducted re-licensing proceedings,
comprehensive Dam Removal and Run of river Reservoir Restoration Design Studies were
promised but never delivered by Duke Energy and FERC with a series of postponed and
promised Environmental Assessments. What is substituted instead are inadequate reports that
have no regard for the Watershed Hydrology, Topography, Hydraulic Science(including
analysis and geometry of Flows), Key Channel Evolution Factors with respect to
impoundment characteristics, Channel morphology and Floodwater Storage impoundment
drawdown impacts due to natural high water event with channel cutting ,high velocity
impacts during hurricane events on of this tailrace river amidst this mountain terrain of the
Tuckasegee Watershed. What beneficial characteristics are garnered with floodwater storage
capability of the Mile long Dillsboro Reservoir at high water? At high water millions of Tons
of river and sediment flow through hundreds of miles through creeks and forks while

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
dropping thousands of feet through mountains and valley terrain. Millions of tons of earth
and water flow out from upriver with earth moving momentum and shoreline cutting water
velocity, flowing and forcing its way through 3/4 of Jackson County to collect, slow and
reside temporarily through a swelling mile long, run of river Dillsboro reservoir. The
accumulated impact and buffer of this mile long Reservoir Impoundment with its Flood
Storage Capacity ahead of the Dillsboro Dam and Powerhouse Infrastructure and Function as
a floodwater Bulkhead Catalyst, somehow manages these incredible flood stage, high water
events that Jackson County occasionally experience(Twice in 2004 with 22inch+ rain,
hurricane events). Currently and for the last 80 years the Dillsboro Dam and Impoundment
has helped to offer a measure of protection for the Dillsboro waterfront and my Home and
Business at the Dillsboro Inn during high water events.
The body of the FERC EA is substantially flawed, inaccurate and substandard in this regard
according to current Dam Removal River Restoration Science and Engineering. What the
FERC EA should have are comprehensive detailed engineering studies above the Dillsboro
Dam including; An updated Watershed study, Hydraulic study, Sediment flow study,
Threshold stability study, Reservoir Modification study, incised channel evolution study and
riverbank soil profile study with resulting armored channel design study. In its stead. As an
example of the depth of miscalculated planning we have experienced we present a June of
2006 Duke Energy Corporation/ Duke Power LLC(?), updated Boundary survey submitted
for these proceedings. (stamped and sealed,6/1/2006). A survey of Dillsboro Project, Detailed
Reservoir Map, Exhibit G, Sheet I ,undersigned Duke Power LLC, May 11, 2006. With a
measurement scale on this survey that reads, 1 inch = 400Feet. This survey of the project
boundary has a number of discrepancies that are at core of maj or engineering mistakes and
oversights and spell the predictability of my properties impending disaster with this FERC
EA. This lone piece of evidence involving the Dillsboro reservoir has over a 250foot wide
discrepancy of a shoreline at a crucial bend and stress point( kick point) in the Reservoir on
its North side just 1000 ahead of the Dillsboro Dam. The shoreline averages is 25 feet at this
point. This 250 to 300 foot wide discrepancy runs all along North River Road, on the north
side of the reservoir, from the bend in the river to and over 1000 feet to the Dam and
Powerhouse, and The Dillsboro Inn just beneath although there is another error at that point
with the project boundary encompassing my property. North River road is shown on the scale
of this survey to be 3/a inches from the river, some 300 feet away from the river, according to
the survey scale. At that Bend in the Impoundment, a crucial stress point of riverbank, a steep
and narrow shoreline with the cover type category of Grass/pasture land( figure 3.2-1,
Dillsboro Project Map, FERC #2602, cover type map). Lowering the impoundment and
removing the floodwater storage capacity of the reservoir will certainly set up a disastrous
scenario at that 25 foot wide shoreline bend in the river during high water events. The
Tuckasegee River and its tons sediment will be enveloping north river road at that point, cut
off evacuation routes for many, and will jet down my driveway as a result. The Tuckasegee
Stakeholders were promised comprehensive planning and not what amounts to a "Dam
Removal on the Cheap", that threaten the safety and lives and property of affected citizens of
the Dillsboro community. Dam Removal on this tailrace river has many different physically
stresses and challenges than what a dam removal would be like on any relatively flat coastal
7

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
river.
Please take note! As an affected and threatened property owner, I do not think FERC has
considered these differences. Different Hydraulic Issues, Key Channel Evolution Factors,
hurricane strength high water events not been weighed in combination by both Duke Energy
and FERC.
Mistakes made by Duke Energy on their recently distributed survey of the Dillsboro
impoundment proves the argument of flawed hydraulic and shoreline relationships. There is a
perfect storm of environmental influences in this mountain valley subject to hurricane high
water events (we had 2, 20+ inch Hurricane rain events in the summer of 2004) with
catastrophic results in neighboring gorges. Catastrophic failure is inevitable in Dillsboro with
this poorly engineered proposal that threatens the life of myself and Family and warrants the
destruction of my business and home.
Because of a history of neglect, omissions and substandard values in the current license.
Because of a historical of low standards toward resource protection, maintenance and outright
patterns of mismanagement of facilities and water resources, both private and public, this re
licensing mean level has been set up to fail local municipal interests and associated public
resource lands and waters. Obviously the licensee has conducted itself as a for profit
company with relatively the same substandard values for decades to come. It will be
interesting to see if this old world level resource mismanagement and preordained
devaluation will be granted for decades to come by this FERC EA. Hydropower in our local
Appalachia watershed has arrived at a watershed point in its modern history. We interveners
request that values be redefined. In a world of changing energy values we in Jackson County
anticipate greater self reliance, independence, security, safety and resource enhancement from
and with our Appalachian watershed.
I would like to close my comments by saying that I have a historical attachment and family
sentiment to the Dillsboro dam as well as a practical albeit survival attachment. My
Grandfather, the late Frank C Walker, was the first executive secretary of the Executive
Council, a coordinating committee of heads of cabinet departments and executive agencies
involved with the New Deal. He then became the executive director of that group's
successor, the National Emergency Council. He managed those tasks from 1933 to
December,1935. The Dillsboro Dam is a New Deal era, type of public works project, on the
scale of and from the time of, that unique point in American history. Its ingenious design and
functioned mentioned in my previous comments in these proceedings, help fostered and
manage our nations well being, progress and industry. I would like to save, preserve and
involve myself in the renovation of this historic, dependable and productive icon of the past.
And in the memory, resourcefulness and ethic of my grandfather's era; Re-use the Dam and
Powerhouse, an easy proposition, to the benefit of our neighborhood and watershed. A
personal way to reside next to a New Deal Dam and apply industry toward a sustainable self
reliance.
8

200606275098 Received FERC OSEC 06/27/2006 05:05:00 PM Docket# P-2601-005, ET AL.
Sincerely,
T.J. Walker
cc: Service Lists
Photos Attached

Q~PP~~ENT OF Tye/2m Fis~x ~L~
A 4
~ O
a ~
,~ _ - -
The Endangered Species Act of 1973
(Act) recognizes that many of otlr nation's
valuable plant anti animal resources have
been lost and that other species are close
to extinction. The Act provides a means to
help preserve these species and their
habitats for future generations. The
Appalachian elktoe (Alasmido~ata
raveTaeliana) is presently known to exist
in scattered locations in western North
Carolina anti eastern Tennessee. Suitable
habitat for the species is extremely
limited. The U.S. Fish anti Wildlife
Service added this freshwater mussel, as
an endangered species, to the Federal
List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife anti Plants on November 23,
1994.
The Appalachian elktoe has a thin shell,
reaching up to about 3 inches in length,
1.5 inches in height, and 1 inch in width.
The outer shell surface (periostracum) is
generally yellowish brown in juvenile
mussels, while the adult periostracum is
usually Clark brown to greenish black.
Although rays are prominent on some
shells, many mussels have only obscure
greenish rays. The inside surface of the
shell (nacre) is shiny, often white to bhlish
white, changing to a salmon pinkish or
brownish color.
The Appalachian elktoe is known only
from the mountain streams of western
North Carolina anti eastern Tennessee.
Although the complete historic range of
the Appalachian elktoe is unknown,
available information suggests that the
species once lived in most of the rivers
and 1_arger creeks of the upper Tennessee
River system in North Carolina. In
Tennessee, the species is known only
from its present range in the main stem
of the Nolichucky River.
Today, the Appalachian elktoe survives
only in scattered pockets of suitable
habitat in the Little Tennessee River,
Swain and Macon Counties, North
Carolina; Tuckaseegee River, Jackson
and Swain Counties, North Carolina;
Pigeon P~iver and West Fork Pigeon
Riverin Haywood County, North
Carolina; Little River, Transylvania
County, North Carolina; anti the
Nolichucky River system, including the
South Toe River, Yancey County, North
Carolina; Toe River, Yancey and Mitchell
Counties, North Carolina; Cane River,
Yancey County, North Carolina; and the
main stem of the Nolichucky River,
Yancey and Mitchell Counties, North
Carolina, extending downstreamznto
Unicoi County, Tennessee. A single live
Appalachian elktoe was recently found in
the Cheoah P~iver in Graham County,
North Carolina. Many of these surviving
populations are extremely small and in
some cases appear to consist of only a
few, mostly olcl, individuals.
The Appalachian elktoe requires clean,
well-oxygenated water that flows at a
moderate to fast pace. Stable, relatively
silt-free, gravelly or rocky stream
bottoms appear to be critical to the
species. Typically, stable streams occur
where the stream banks are well
vegetated with trees anti shrubs. Like
other mussels, the Appalachian elktoe
feeds by pulling water through its siphon
and filtering tiny food particles, such as
plankton, from the water.
The reproductive cycle of the species is
similar to other native mussels. Males
release sperm into the water; the eggs
are fertilized when the sperm are taken in
by the females through their siphons
during feeding and respiration. The
females retain the fertilized eggs in their
gills until the larvae (glochidia) fully
develop. Once developed, the glochidia
(glo-ki-clee-a) are released into the water
and must attach to the gills of the
appropriate "fish host" species. They
remain attached to their fish host for
several weeks, drawing nourishment from
the fish while they develop into juvenile
mussels. They do not harm their fish
host. The juvenile mussels then detach
fi om the fish host and drop to the bottom
of the stream, where they continue to
develop, provided they land in a suitable
place with good water conditions. This
dependence on a certain species of fish
increases the mussels' vulnerability. If the
fish host is driven off or eliminated
because of habitat or water quality
problems, the mussels cannot reproduce
and will eventually die out. So far, only
sculpins (small bottom-clwellir~g fish) have
been identified as suitable fish hosts for
the Appalachian elktoe.
Because populations of the Appalachian
elktoe are small anti isolated, they are
extemely vulnerable to being wiped out
by a single catastrophic event or the
cumulative effects of many other
seemingly insignificant activities. Poor
water quality and habitat conditions have
led to the decline and loss of populations
of the Appalachian elktoe. Studies have
shown that fi eshwater mussels, especially
in their early development, are extr•mely
sensitive to many pollutants commonly
fotimd in mLUlicipal and industrial waste-
water releases. I..~poundments ;;lams),
channelization projects, anti in-stream
dredging operations directly eliminate
habitat. These activities also alter the
quality and stability of the remaining
stream reaches by affecting the water
flow, temperature, and the?nistry.
Agriculture (both crop and livestock) and
forestry operations, roads, residential
areas, golf courses, and other lancl-
clisturbing activities thr.~t clo not
adequately control soil erosion and storm-
water run-off contri'ai.Ate excessive
amounts of silt; pesticides, fertilizers,

heavy metals, and other pollutants that
suffocate anti poison freshwater mussels.
The alteration of flood plains or the
removal of forested stream buffers can be
especially detrimental because these areas
help maintain good water quality anti the
st~~aility of streams by absorbing, filtering,
anti slowly releasing rainwater. Flood
plains and forested stream buffers also
help recharge ground water levels and
maintain flows chiring dry months.
The Web of Life
All creatures, including humans, are
interconnected in the web of life. Native
mussels rely on certain fish species in
order to reproduce. In turn, these mussels
provide numerous benefits to fish and
other aquatic organisms. Mussels
continuously filter the water for food and
oxygen; as they do so they are cleaning
the water of pollutants and large
quantities of organic particles, much like a
tiny water purifying system. They play an
important role in the aquatic food chain as
a food source for wildlife, including river
otters, muskrats, great blue herons, anti
numerous species of fish and turtles.
Their shells provide cover and nesting
habitat for aquatic insects, crayfish, anti
bottom-dwelling fish species like darters,
sculpins, and madtoms (major prey items
for many game fish species).
E~zvi~ronmental Barometers
Endangered species are indicators of the
health of our environment. The loss of
these plants and animals is a sign that the
quality of our environment--air, land, and
water--is declining. Gradual freshwater
mussel die-offs, such as the declining
Appalachian elktoe, anti sudden mussel
kills are reliable indicators of water
pollution problems. Stable, diverse mussel
populations generally indicate clean water
and a healthy aquatic environment.
ABiological Treasa~~^e Trove
We depend on the diversity of plant and
animal life for our recreation,
nourishment, and many of our lifesaving
medicn~es and the ecological functions
they provide. Each time a species
disappears, we lose not only those benefits
we know it provided but other benefits
that we have yet to realize. For instance,
individuals of some mussel species are
believed to have lived for more than a
hundred years, yet researches s have
never detected any evidence of tumors in
mussels. The treatment for certain types
of cancer or some other human affliction
Tennessee
Tuckasegee River
Cheoah Fiver
Little Tennessee River
may lie in a species like the Appalachian
elktoe, but once it is gone, its values and
benefits are gone forever.
Today, freshwater mussels are considered
the most endangered group of animals in
the United States. There are more species
of mussels in the Southeastern United
States than any other place in the country,
even more than any other place in the
world! If we lose our freshwater mussels,
we lose more than a biological legacy. We
lose a part of our cultural heritage, an
economic resource, and an environmental
health maintenance and warning system.
There are solutions to reverse this trend
in which we can all play a role.
^ Establish and maintain forested
stream-side buffers. Several Federal,
state, and private programs are
available to assist landowners, both
technically and financially, with
restoring and protecting stream-side
buffers and eroding streams.
^ Implement and maintain measures for
controlling erosion and storm water
during and after land-clearing and
disturbance activities. Excess soil in
our streams from erosion is one of the
greatest water pollution problems tive
have today.
^ Be careful with the use and disposal of
fe>~tilizers, pesticides, and other
chemicals. P~emember, what you put on
your land or clump down the drain may
eventually windup in nearby waters.
Nolichucky River
~~ Toe River
Cane River
North Carolina
Pigeon River
Little River
^ Support local, state, and national clean
water legislation.
^ Report illegal dumping activities,
erosion, and sedimentation problems.
These activities affect the quality of
our water, for drinking, fishing, and
swimming.
Remember, we all drink the same water
and breathe the same air; we are
connected. By saving these species we
will indeed be saving ourselves.
P~°epared by:
U.S. Fislz and Wildlife Sep^vice
Asheville Field Office
1 GO Zillicoa Street
Asheville, North Ca~rolina,28801
8~8/~58 3939
T1Z~is fact sheet 7~~zay be copied. al~rloo

l~cw !aw aims to promote
enargyfor 1~orth Carolina
Energy Facilities Can Benefit Rural Regions
The North Carolina General Assembly
this summer passed legislation that could
funnel millions of dollars to rural areas
for renewable energy development over
the next 10 years.
The new measure requires utilities to
generate more electricity from renewable
energy resources, such as wind, solar and
biomass. The state's Renewable Energy
and Energy Efficienry Portfolio Standard
(REPS) mandates that by the year 2018,
10 percent of the electricity that coopera-
tives deliver to consumers must be gener-
ated by renewable resources or offset by
energy efficienry and conservation pro-
grams. The law requires investor-owned
utilities (Duke Power, Progress Energy,
Dominion Power) to acquire 12.5 per-
cent of their electricity from renewable
resources by 2021.
The new law is meant to bring more
renewable energy to North Carolina
at a time when the demand for power
is expected to grow dramatically.
Projections show that over the next 30
years, North Carolina's electric utilities
must supply energy to approximately
3.5 million more consumers than they
already serve. The growing demand will
require major new power generation
facilities, as well as expanded energy effi-
cienryprograms such as incentives for
efficient appliances, more efficient build-
ings and energy-saving programs.
Because renewable energy resources
are located within rural areas, rural North
Carolina could supply much of the fuel
for the next generation of renewable
power plants. Wind energy in the moun-
tains and on the coast can power turbines.
Electricity generated by processing hog
and poultry waste can also provide some
farmers with an alternative for waste
disposal. Solar power advocates see poten-
tial in North Carolina. But each type of
renewable energy bears its own technical,
engineering, environmental and political
challenges. Wind power, for example, is
difficult to site in the mountains because
of laws that prevent structures on top of
ridges. Some in the environmental com-
munity oppose the use of hog and poultry
waste to generate power.
Others, however, view energy from
biomass as a positive focal point for
renewable
consumers
ByAndrew Meehan
renewable energy development. Many
hog and poultry operations capable of
producing power from waste are in areas
served by electric cooperatives.
Who pays for renewable energy?
It is well documented that power gen-
erated from renewable resources costs
more than power generated from tradi-
tional fuels such as coal, nuclear energy
and natural gas. The costs of developing
renewable energy will be passed on to
consumers. Cooperatives supported the
new REPS because the costs can be con-
tained through regulatory measures by
the North Carolina Utilities Commission
for a more balanced approach with
possible economic and environmental
benefits to rural areas. Utilities will not
be permitted to charge consumers more
than aphased-in cost cap found in the
authorizing legislation. [See the table on
this page.]
North Carolina utilities point out that
the state cannot meet all of its future
power needs with renewable resources
and energy efficiency measures alone.
To meet the demand of their consumer-
members, North Carolina's 27 electric
cooperatives own electric power plants
and purchase wholesale electric power
from major power producers. As large
purchasers of electricity, cooperatives also
support the construction of new, efficient
power plants that use traditional fuels.
"Most legislators recognized that
we can't meet future power needs of
the state on wind, solar and hog waste
alone;' said Nelle Hotchkiss, vice
president of corporate relations for the
North Carolina Association of Electric
Cooperatives. "Senate Bill 3 was intended
to stimulate renewable energy produc-
tion in North Carolina and provide a
more diverse energy portfolio for our
citizens. The legislation also ensures
that state polity does not shut out coal,
nuclear or natural gas power plants that
are built using the best available environ-
mental and safety standards at the most
reasonable cost. These elements are nec-
essary to ensure a successful economic
future for North Carolina."
The new legislation also considers the
cost of constructing new power plants to
meet growing demand. The N.C. Utilities
Commission will allow investor-owned
utilities to pass along to ratepayers con-
struction and financing costs while con-
struction is in progress. Previously, costs
could not be passed to consumers until
a plant was operational. As a result, the
change will lower overall financing costs
for power plants, and these savings will
benefit consumers. The new law also will
reduce consumers' "sticker shock" for
a new power plant by distributing rate
increases over a longer period of time.
In addition, all power plants built in
the state provide an economic boost to
the communities that host them.
"Power generation is just one of many
issues that we face," Hotchkiss said. "We
also must expand and improve our infra-
structure, such as poles, wires and substa-
tions. Without a solid infrastructure, all
the power in the world won't make it to
the consumer at the end of the line."
Andrew Meehan is the government affairs
manager for the North Carolina Association
of Electric Cooperatives.
Maximum renewable energy rate impact on consumers
North Carolina's renewable energy legislation.. sets a retail: cost cap for renewable energy
production. Under the legislation, consumers"will not be charged beyond the following
rates (per year) for the renewable. energy portions of their bills:
2008-2011 2012-2014 2015 and after
Customer Class Maximum Maximum Maximum
Residential per account $10/yr $12/yr $34/yr
Commercial per account $50/yr -$150/yr $150/yr
Industrial per account $500/yr $1,000/yr $1,000/yr
10 OCTOBER 2001 Carolina Country

~» I
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~~ ~~~ ~ 1
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www.visitdillsbaro.org
`~~', ~~ ,' ~~ ~,xs,~~; or JacksonCA. C of C
~.~ `~~,e~, ~~' [phone] / 80f}~96~1~ 11
'-- .::-~, TUCKASEREE RIVER ~ Ai~~, "•~ l ~f~r °!T~'~`~..„t,.
- ~- i d ~_.
2 Jarrett House: Famous for foe food & lotlg'ng since.
INH4. fietotal Rey st f t1 F PI xs. 5}}fr0465
or 1 000 972 58233 hctslW harm rt
fi Olde rawne Inn: F', joy: oulhem ha I'Ufly Ilistar'c
farmhouse across Irani milrnad. Channtny moms, a/c,
tv. I t h Ih . 1 II 1 ki :1 R I ny h p nth.
tit on t, Irv'n shupp' y & a my Cnnv nett la WCU.
Ope t year romtd. 18281 98694fi1 or 8885288840
dillsbn ro-aldctownc.mm
20 Sq Welluns Inn Red 8 8reakfasp Featured n
Sc Ih. I. y 51 t d (11 8 iPI t
91 y ih S 11 P "d ) I UBI I d,l y: ' a
pi I . qua selling 659 h y d Ra. 1 f th I'ght
586 5244 or 800-506 242J : q 'rewatk ns n t co n
27 Smoky Mountain Getaways: Over fi0 vacab'on
rental homes. Feahmrty luny range views, elver lmnl,
lake. from, wooded secn~sion het wbs s nanaiCnpeed
essible. Accommodations for two or for a large
group. B6f*98fi~8058 smokym[ngelawaysnet
22 Besl Wealern River Escape Nn 8 SuHes: Ueluxe
moddlons, scenic. views, balconies overlooking
eor, hot tub suites, interior corridors hce wnllnenfal
break(as4 odour poolJspa, me.enny fat I has
Conven eel to mR'ng Great Smoky Mounla'n Ra'Imad
snopp rig dtrtny ~ wcu. sssA~
33 nigh top Mountain Cottages office A true
ounlaln retreat. Fully appointee cables w/swimming
gaol sn tnnaea ny loo. pr vmc acres overlooking
Dillsboro a thousand feel below. Weekly In summer, 2
night minimum otherwise. 5863383 mounlalntloy.nel
53 Hillsboro Inn: Best I.orallon Hexl to Rlverhonl Park
and 300 foot Wide Waterfall Four Star Family Suites.
Hiynlly lampfires, not Wb, fishit~„ boating wnlinenlal
breakfast. D6fi~5863898 dilishominorom
11 Hillsboro Smokehouse: 5'm,c 1992. serving Creat
b8(t (moult p ktl L ally&
H t Ilyt I lanq yr tl d dgreai
c. "Best BEQ &'BesL hah} I ark bs,erer' Umfl
beer & wine Op 11 year! 5869556
15 Well Caroline Internet CafE: the cafh. serves
I :.., tau [r t. r pl :loom Im l
,omhes & n nrdgnods. u,lsa pro[ des
spapers, m tforlable h'ylt sV A -tnryulcn &hce
WIFI. Print, colry, fax. c< ne W relax. Open 7 Aays a
,eek all year. Contact 500 5900 or
~. t omit mcafe.mm
16 Hillsboro Steak & Seafood Sp. ' I' )' h nd-
ttUBDAUOi St. k-f sh sal dl :k b LOUr
'Catch of the Day' ), burgers & d I d h 11ome-
madesoups salads andach ldm. ' S. my
lunch and d'nner'n a casual faro ly atmosphere, A
great selea on aI beers ana w ors. Cma'I ems
ccepled. Closed Montlays. 5868934
dillsborosteak~sea(ooA.wm
13 Huddle House: Always open, always fresh, Open
24 hours with breaklasl served mnllnually. 586-1580
nndmenonsecsmnet.nel
29 Beats and Eats: Try our famous Chili Hot Doyl
M Ides hamburgers W s tles All made on
p :.- :'ny our rec pas Onls dad n'ny/takeout.
631 DOGS d Ilsborobealsandeats,com
34 Peppermint Patti s Ice Cream tr Candy Shopper
Friendly 50's style atmosphere. Home of the giant
nomemaae warhe nine old rasmon~ snaw•s, >„ndaes,
hanana spl ts, 0 t sodas.jams, tellies, candy, Indyc &
yilti
3E Hillsboro Chocolate Factory and Expresso Barr
Handmade fudge, chamUtes, anQy & more! Full
e aryresso bar. 8itana enJoy Bme on the porch.
TeaVlcoffee & gins galore. GiR baskets available. Free
WFFi access. 6310156 mhsbumchocolalecom
49 FYOnI Street Cafe: cos I d y' :'d o r the
front pot h. I k_ ly dDy orrl z. ,rk
water h,umatn. oRer'rly der rdw messlads,
soups & I' ne tlessert.s. Takeout ova labl~ 5863420
32 The Well House: Servt ~~o met del' sandwiches
ce 19]] H d p'. - keel BBG
d nfc'ot s araserls D'ne n, I eke. of I, p rote box
lunches. s866sae
1 Jarrett House Giff Shop: home, step back In Ilme
wh le y>u browse na ho td dl ty Idl
featrrng local polLerv Stu IHy :1.I' I:'I j l y
lornlana 1 p't m Irntnrquosejeweo-v
lonl3ao: dpreserves, mountain tally V'sa MC
accepted 58616011
4 Haney hPS Christmas Rh p C Jury old house
lilted with th ds of Ch :1 ts, Dept.56.
Byers Chace, Pztllm, Prec aus Mo cols, Penton,
I lummels. Mpka Sanlas. Friendly service, shipping
avallabe. open year ronna. I~eooa42-91 ss
3 Country Traditions: From rustic to cottage deco[.
Handmade fumllure, dried Horals, antiques, vintage
Items and mare. With a focus on local artisans and
authors. 58& 1600
Ray's Plorut & Greenhoux: Briny the outdoors In
wlh ourd'I' L I t ff .hfl Ik &
plants Sp I'. 1 : I f 't : &
g its to c pl t y h e Over Ire ye s sere rig
the local area 5805830 or B00315A'tlL
97he Icncnen soup: cverytmnyyou need ro~yonr
klchen & much more Ampl p k q. Hours: year
of rid 9:OOam 6 OOpm Come & b owse. or chat We
appretiale your huslness. Mon: Sat. 386E 182
72 Smoky Mountain Gallery: Showcasing watercolors
mtd art fmm nationally known artist Steve Butler and a
variety of other r yonel artists. we also olierglfts for
the home and garden and a wide selection of Mack
bea[s and seuonal merchandise. Open year rountl
58&0408 smokymtngallerycom
2S The Golden Carp A ' f Ina home Ito
y[t ty 'I' &ah y. t I fhkets, all
ompl menled by or y al water do s Ilpem feb~Dee
sa~s4n meyolden~rncmn
27 Hogwooe Crafters: A rmR cooperar'.e open da'ly
m'd M I D canine F t - f q ial'ly locally
made 'lams. 8862248 doywoodcmilers mm
28 ole monnram store: Qums, hmne~nade7ants ~
jclfes moenlan caR, gRs arhgt cs& note 586~034U
30 The Halure Connection: Otstntl ve home &
g't1 R'ah f. d. IS ri: B.~
Sew I y alai ' Ipl fut. & ar y'nal
artR k&q d-, hh'ny st'cks toys lsh rks
V nGge comer. 586 O68fi nature conneUlon wet,
shop@nalure co meet'on anu
31 newarse Pottery: a prom er you y y n y
[colt r ny the works of h .. t ' n - i
Rermlg, Joef rank Mckee and oche. ey onal podero is
Slop In ana watch pots being made right In one gallery!
A Hoye sele~n,n o[ rnnenonal ana aemratme pauery.
Open year roune!631-5100
32 VNlage 9lodio: Home acwnls, jewelry & gifts;
ZOPPIHI charm, t01.ITA handpainled ylasces, pet Items,
unique photo frames, acct Also. Hallonal & local artists.
L. Ywlila & Sallie Middleton & more.. Picture Gaming
aiUble 5864060 th 'll G :t d .c
33 5mil y eoutiqu f d 1 I& I l: I
and a'sr t es fo me d stern rig wo t a ,
tastefully displayedeln arcxoturyold builtling. 906J1031
37 Green mowtain Gifts: Fashion jewelry~galdfsllve. r.
Hand carved 'lams, garden &' home accessories.
8nives, Welcome old blends and new. 5863932
snaomi594Edwmronnetl.com
33 Annie's I4b C ''.'t d :.I Lan of
M '. B es Sa f M c box Co Mr
Utr'slntas &Camu. els Cl tcks'Jewelry
N d' lets' Perfume 6otlles 4 II.
Tl yr ~ters'Staned Glass'T IL-mart.
'YOTt: OUR MEW, B1GGEli LOCATIOrYI
6313441 ann .uh'm~aol cam
39 enloe ma~et elate: onered ~ sniped year round
q' Ie~R b h' h c&~ I '~
Imm Ike. CapUi Ts Rtw ns Judy s h Lchen toil MCBaeys
Rids Corner. See Mary about local 'nfonnaFon.
58fi 9003 www.enioenta[kelpla n
41 F7ont Street Co./Yazn Come H ediework & y ft
'h p l y et tll p t 11 hsupple
I &ass'.t ...V R tllyD.-q '. Mal
orders. Open year round. 58534201 ild ll@aol mm
42 Bradley's General Store: A F ly T dl' S'nce
1888 O1d1m.: d f t'n, local honey,3ams&
iell'es ant ques gfls Ish'rA, Yankee Candles Amish
furniture. Joo[ney back to the pastl 50H3A91
45 enedear cox: new name new location -
nomemaae rud<Ie, yugml cheese nanaroned cheese
balls, gourmet food, jams and jellies Gllls'mclude
Village Candles, cookbooks, linens, college &
children's items and much moee. 98GA442
49 Maggie d~s deweM: -Handmade ana custom
d t ring I ~ wake. Stud o & gallery open to
the publ'c yea d mayg e3s tom
59 wieerwwaoe eouery: see ponery handmane n an open
studio selling. Visit our gallery of decorallve ana funNUrtal
stoneware, wmdlimd saltware, clay beatls andjewelry
Memher Slndhern illghland Craft GUile, 5863601
31 Oaks Gallery. Showcasing the work of over 100 ul
the area's hnesl crag artists. Jewelry, pottery, glass,
wood, wc~viog & more. Pieces to be e toyed fur a
lifetime. Open year round. 50&6542 oaksyallery.com
13 flrsl Chaire Real Estate: Rook your dream
Von 1 I Ih us, wr II d b st to make
y r r stay 1 ~menbe, Check tv'th us for homes
and land, 5860067 or 1800~820~7361
Ilrslrhol (dilkboro,com
4T Great Smoky Mounlams Railroatl• All .4hoard!
Scenic munmhp excursions departing Dlllsboro &
8 ysorCty.C tD n T d~ItDllsboro on
I ctedF dy&5 t relay µ. (all for schedule
& serval'ons. 80f1891L681 5888811 ysmratm
3S 19 ATM 85
7 Publ c Parking
i0 Us. romoma
14 Jarren Memorial RapOsl Church
17 rnmic Phones
23 River Access/PUhlic Parking
24 Du<I walk
25 Pedeslnan Access std rway
43 Dlllsb T wn Hall
44 sack e my v stets tamer
46 In-rows Parking - Closest parking to all the shops!
48 whhc Reshooms
34 Recreation Park
Local phone Area Code'a III281

VISITOR MAP COURTESY OF THE TRAVEL & TOURISM AUTHORITY
< r, ,rv,
~' '~ ~;,~ ~,,ra~N~dk~Y3a,EAR011NA USA 28"7~3'+ TELEPHONE: 828 $86'155 ,~~ TOLL FREE; 800-9(2-1911 • FAX: [phone] • E-MAIL: ~[e-mail] WEBSITE: www.mountainlovers.com
k'. , rr.
.,-,.
~ ~ i `2 ~ 3 ".~ S 6 7 8 9 "
'-e FROM
~~~ ,r,.,.
e ,~~ul~' ,2~~~'~vA ~ -,r FROM GATLC~9tff(G ~' ~~, KNOXVILLE ~ EXIT20
r - ~ 'r ', a'T1EWF0AN0 GAP - ~" v
)~r.~~~~~ ~ •~ FROM ASHEVILLE & I-26
,~ i 57 •
®HIKING TRAILS ®HIKING TRAILS A
A ;~~~ R I -~-at "~G'€9,NaMANS'DDM>r v~~~,,~ ~; ~ I EXIT 27
And Breathtaking Vistas ~+*` ~ '.~,. 441 '~ 276 ~ " 16 And Breathtaking Vistas
d ;F r'• ~ - 'r~ 1oNALUSKA 23
t. PINNACLE PARK. 3-4 hrs, G-7 mi. svmuous unmarked trail, ~ 7. YELLOW MOUNTAIN. 4.8 mi., steep ascents and descents, 3-S
uphill on the way out and downhi8 on remm, with a spectacular ~ ~Gl1N7Al Nor' ~ ~•:~ G G I E VALLEY • 74 CANTON hrs. to old stone and wood fire tower at 5,127 ft. elev. Beautiful views
270-degree view of Cullowhee, Webster end Sylva from the Pinnade ~ : ~'7' ` ~ ~ 19 and a diversity of plant life. From the intersection of NC 107 and US
(beware of abazp dropoff). From Syha (Exit 85): Drive Easton US ~ ,h. ~ ~8,.'~- 64 in Cashiers, drive 7.3 mi. west on US 64, [tiro R on Budc Creek,
23174 for 0.5 mi, [tiro L on Steeple Rd for 0.2 mi. until dead-end HERO ~ ~ go 2.2 mi. passing Cheamut H01 on R Look for steep path on R with
B at Old Asheville Hwy. Turn L, continue 6or 0.6 mi, turn R on Fisher ~ ' 3 ~ "rTo ~ WAYNE$VILLE 215 small wooden sign and steps leading to trail. Park on L in grovel. If B
Ck Rd. Continue 2.1 mi. until dead-end at park entrance. Hike ~ ~I: • ~ 1'' you pass Cole Mounmin Circle, you have gone too far.1 FS
ruRkf `tNi at'
straight np the tail behind the iron gate. Stay on main trail, and cross ,T ~nNT; TUPn e ~ 19 19 74 8. W HITESI DE MOUNTAIN. Easy 2 mi. loop along eu[em
creek twice early on. After an hr. or so, cross numerous (ceder sveams .~vTL e I +, ~ ~~'` 276 Continental Divide to 4,930 k. and highest vertical drop (750 ft.) in
and pass cascading wavrfall on L. 5-IO min. after waterfall, take troll "' '"~. 441 ~ ~i-`'V eastern US. From the intersection of NC 107 and US 64 in Cashiers,
drive 4.7 mi. west on US 64, turn L on Whiteside Mt. Rd (SR 1690)
ro left. Trail bears L again at a small clearing on Pinnacle Ridge ~ y~+~.~ "--ti~'t`~: BRY$ON I, r } r at brown Whiteside Mountain Trail sign, Cont. I.1 mi. passing
leading out to overlook / C4 ~ 1 i CITY '- 'a` ' ,
"' ° o ~ 0f h,L ~ ~ ~ " ~~ EXR ~ ~ s ~ ~~ 215 Wildcat ChRv Country Club oa R mm L mro gravel parking. / G5
2. WATERROCN KNOB. 2,4 mi.round-[rip. Fairly steep hike to
6,292 ft. eak. Exvaordin views of Great Smokies alo veil and ~ tM +? WHIT'Y¢ 441 t CE~ ~ BAt.°s1dd~• 9. THREE TRAILS AT HIGH HAMPTON INN & COUNTRY C
C P °1y n8 Y8 74 a 74 ~ Xi7 {~ W ~ CLUB (open to public). (a) Rock Mountain Tail - 0.8 mi, 800 fL
at summit Prom Sylva (Flit 85): drive Easton US 23Y14 for 8.9 mi, ~ S t~,r ~` 74 j¢,~ ~ climb to 4,400 ft.; (b) Chimney Top Trail - L6 mi. to 4,618 h.;
mm L, enter the Blue Ridge Parkway proceed in direction of Great ~, ~
ALMOND~~~ :r,L ~^ ~ Fitjt)
Smoky Mtn Nat'1. Park, go 0.8 mi, past Milepost 450, rota R into ~ SYLVA ~ (c) Lake Trail - L5 mi. around 35-acre Hampron Lake. From the
LAUADA AIL ~ ® j3 f(VygY intersection of NC 107 and US 64 N Cashiers, drive L8 mi. South
Wavrcock Knob parking area. Trail begins at R comer of back 18 ~ ~. T CRADLE OF
parking lot, and is paved at stern. l ss 74 Home b ' •: WEBSTEI~' e, ° ® FORESTRY on NC L07, turn L into entrance. / FB
tv IN AMERICA
3. RICHLAND BALSAM, 4. DEVIL'S COURTHOUSE, GREAT .K ;fl~+ ~ t0. BAD CREEK. 7 mi. strenuous round vip in Ellicott Wilderness
WES$ER/ MOUNT i1T Y ~ ;` . ~ Area to a vanqu0 spot oa the Chattooga River. From the mtersectim
5. BLACK BALSAM BALD 6. GRAVEYARD FIELDS. } ,~"' ~"s`
NANTAHALA W RN ' ROLINA ~' ~ 276 of NC 107 and US 64 in Cashiers, drive 7 mi. South on NC 107,
D From SyWa (Exit 85): drive Fast on US 23/74 for 9.9 mi., mm L, GORGE AREA ER51 ~ ~' CI~L,LOVy'I-IEE "sv,,,,,wi~ ~ ~ turn R on Bull Pen Rd, a grovel road opposite an unmarked storage p
enter the Blue Ridge Parkway, proceed in direction of Asheville. f ` 101 Y 280 bldg. (If yon pass the NC1SC State line, you have gone too far.)
3. RICHLAND BALSAM. L$ mi. loop to 6,470&. Continue on Bui Pen Rd. for 2.7 mi.. Park on R in gravel area (brown
summit, highest in Balsam Mountains and among ~ 23 ® 1756 ~ ~ gate) just aker Fowler Creek Budge Walk back over and slightly past
loftiest in eastern US. Cool, refieshin hike throu 441 KASEGEI"~~ '~•" PI SGAH CENTER bade [railhead is ono osite side of road from azkin area. + G6
g gb • The distance between each fi4 8 ~ PP P 8
a remnant spmce-fu fomst. At Milepost 431 concentric circle uals 1310 FOR WILDLIFE
eq ~f' ) 281 EDUCATION
vunLinmHaywood-]acksonparking approYimatety150miles. 28 ) ~_" ~ ® MULTIPLE USE TRAILS
overlook Trail begins at L comer o£ •eauxaus - 1 v' ~ BREVARD ~ ° ° Hiking/Mountain Biking/All-Terrain Uehicler/Trarl Riding
t t
parking lo[andis paved at star.•C7 }~ we rox o,c. "•i fl f. TSALI BIKINGlRIDING TRAILS. Four trails varyingfrom
~. 4. DEVIUS COURTHOUSE. 0.8 mi. noi• d' ~rv • t .~, i' 6.5 m l l mJes. Hikers can use a0 trails any day. Mountain biking E
round-tap, paved bin steep trail to rop ~ I ~, 1, ~~ f Y.', and horseback riding alternate veils daily; check posting at vailheads.
" of rock promonrory with spectacular e ~ "t 1 ~ .a 107 ~ Jl'Y I ' 215 From Sylva (Fait 81): drive Wert on US 74 far 23 mi, turn R on US
oramic view Dave 0.6 mi. tit •~~• Lecirv ~ ~ FL ~• WAYAH BALD `-" r {~~' 64 28N, continue far 3.5 mi., tarn R onto ravel road at Nantahala Nu'1
Pan P ¢aMOPO w ~ ~> g
Milepost 423, nun R inro Devil's (~ •ROnrvorct ~ d FRANIa.IN s. LAKE "7 t ` ~ .t Forest sign - Trali Carapgraund b FirbingMresa Area. Continue for
Courthouse parking overlook Take ./t r ENVILLE i L6 mi. to Bikers P area. 4 Ca
stdewalkilo Parkwa indirection --- /// Rxoavi ~ ~ ~~~~ ~.e~ -~ ° ° ~
ng y • a~M~N~~ • • ~ 28 N,,,,^,"R 2. ROY TAYLOR ATV AREA. Closed to ATVs, mo[orrydes &
Nasnviur • ~'•w~ex 64 , "1 " 276
•
you were driving and turn into aEtesao 64 2" 8. ~ ~ ~ •. four-wheelers -Dec. 15 ro Mar. 15. Hiking, horseback riding and
,.~~ ,
woods just before tunnel. 4 D7 • s ~~ • Ierrr °' FROM CHATTANOOGA -gat' ., 5 ~ ~ - mountain bikin ~tted az round. Thuven veils n from
~ROSMAN BPS Ye ~ g F
F 5. BLACK BALSAM BALD • catcxviuF • ^~i rk IER9~ r 64 T 0.5 ro 4 mi. with most difficult having grades up to 5D%. From
1.S mi. round tap ro two Bolds. ~~ warns } `~~ ,1 PHIRE ~ ~ ~ Sylva: from intersection of US 23 Business & NC 107 m Sylva, drive
Easy IO minnv hike to superb 36D • • A'uNie MB1A ~ lJ ~ ®~ s Ey • TOXAWAY 178 / (S) on NC 107, turn L on Old Cullowhee Rd (SR 1002), continue
for 2.7 rtu. and just before bridge, turn L on River Rd. (SR 1732),
degree view. At milepost #420 on the• ~ E • ~~ ' ~ _ ,I ' wntinue for 0.8 mi., tmn L on Wiyehuva Rd (SR 1731). Pavement
Blue Ridge Parkway, just past ilte sign a ~• ~ A ,I ~ ends after 3.3 mi., continue on unpaved road O.S mi. to gate. Park
for Black Balsam, tmn left on Forest ~ • Awue - 84 281 ~ ,,~ ' ,,, „I , here if gate closed, or continue svaight to parking area. 4 Ds
Service Road #B16. Trave10.7 mi. ro a ~ ^.. 107 ~ ~ 1 ~ ` P 3. PANTHERTOWN VALLEY. Hiking and molmtain biking
widening in the road and park on the • fi s/ ' OL,~ permittedyeti-round. 6,700 aces of high mountain valley, sheer
G right. The [railhead sign reads: `Mountains G
to the Sea'. Hike along the veil for 60 feet ' b • KshRVnLr • ~i~~ ~ ~',~ta GPI; ~ rock, waterfalls, quiet sveams and diverse vegetation. Teails, from
h ~ 50'J old logging roads to footpaths, erisetross the area h takes at least
and wntinue straight on Art Loebe Trail' (the a , . ~ 5~ ~ 1i2 day to appreciate the valley's beauty. ]f biking, please stay on main
Mountains to the Sea veil wii turn right).1 D7 • ' rrm+a Rencx 106 ~ trails. Travel lighdy on vegetation -some rare plants are found only
6. GRAVEYARD RI ELDS. 0.3 mi. easy trail ro `~ • - ~ t. here and are slow growers. Prom Cashiers (intersection of US 64 &
waterfai or 2.3 mi. round-tap (easy to moderate) along S7. ' t ~ NORTH CAROLINA _ .," ~" ~" " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .,, ~-"~ . 413 NC 107): drive Fast on US 64 for 2 mi., turn L on Cedar Creek Rd,
, . ~' ~" ~ ' continue for 2.3 mi., turn R on Breedlove Rd. avel, blackto
stream ro 2 wavr60s. Drive 0.2 mi. put Milepost 419, tmn " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (gr p.
- ,r„ ~,rru ~~
L inm Graveyard Fields parking lot. Go put first stairway to GEORGIA / 130 SCALE 1 N MILES grovel) for 4 mi. (lut 0.2 mi. are rough) to envance to Panthertown
fi map board az far end of parking lot in direction you were driving "~ P8 ~ ~ O m S Valley 1 Fe N
and descend second stairway. Trail is paved at stern./ ee = 1" equals approximately 5 miles
t. FROMATLANTA ~ 107
• ON 1-985 ~ FROM I-85 VIA
i~. ~ f SC HWY. Il ,i
- t"~' ~ 2 3 4 ~ S 6 7 S 9 ~ ~
To locate the numbered rtereation facilities, use the grid locators (i. e., C4, BSJ. Guide and Rental Services do not have an icon, yet are located in Jackron County. Nan-numbered recreational lirtiugr are located autside~ackson County.
© PUBLIC OR ®WHITEWATER RAFTING / CAROLINA OUTFITTERS WHITEWATER RAFTING ~ G1 2. ARROW MONT RIDING STABLES ~ ES BLACKROCK OUTDOOR COMPANY • C4
sent/-PRIVATL GOLF COURSES WATER SPORTS Phone: [phone] or 800-468-7238 Phone: [phone] or SOD-682-1092 (Sylva) Outdoor gear Phone: [phone]
1. SAPPHIRE MOUNTAIN GOLF CLUB ~ F6 1. BLUE RIDGE OUTING COMPANY ~ C3 NANTAXALA OUTDOOR CENTER I C1 3. SAPPHIRE VALLEY STABLES ~ F7 MOTION MAKERS BICYCLE SHOP ~ C4
Public 1 18 holes, par 70 + Phone: 828-743-I 174 Phone: [phone] or 800-572-3510 Phone: [phone] or 800-232-7238 Phone: [phone] (Sylva) Bicycle sales and repairs. Phone: [phone]
2. HIGX HAMPTON INN AND COUNTRY CLUB I G6 2. CAROLINA MOUNTAINS OUTDOOR CENTER 1 C4 WHLDWATER LTD. RAFTING ~ C1 4. WHITEWATER EQUESTRIAN CENTER ~ G7 ADVENTURE DEPOT 1 Ffi
Semi-private ~ 18 holes, par 71 ~ Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone] or 888-785-2662 Phone: [phone] or 800-451-9972 Phone: [phone] (Cashiers) Bicycle rentals, rock climbing, llama veking tours. Phone: [phone]
0[ BOO334-2551 3. TUCKASEEGEE OUTFITTERS I C4 ENDLESS RIVER AOVENTU RE ~ C1 SMOKY MOUNTAINS ON THE FLY ~ C6
3. XIGHLANOB COVE GOLF CLUB ~ F5 Phone: [phone]D or 800-539-5683 Phone: [phone] or 800-224-7238 GUIDE AND RECREATIONAL (Sylva) Fly Fishing. Phone: [phone]
Semi-private ~ IS holes, par 72 ~ Phone: [phone]. DILLSBORO RIVER COMPANY I C4 ROLLING THUNDER RIVER CD. 1 C1 EQUIPMENT RENTAL SERVICES SMOKY MOUNTAIN FLY FISHING ~ B3
a. SMOKY mounralN GOLF eLUe • e3 Phone: [phone] or 866-986-3655 Phone: [phone] or 800-408-7238 BaooKmssroRWSr t Fs (Cherokee) Fly Fishing. Phone: 828-497-]599
PU6lIC 1 16 holes, pa[ 71 ~ Phone: [phone]. TJ'S WATER ADYENTGREB 1 DS (CaSh1eC5) Fly fiShmg. Phone; 828-7433766 TJ'S WATER ADYENYG RE6 ~ D5
S. RED BIRD GOLF LINKS ~ F6 Phone: [phone] © HORSEBACK RIDING HIGHLAND HIKER 1 F6 (Tuckasegee) Canoe and kayak rentals, guide service. Phone: [phone]
PUbIIC • 9 holes, pal3D ~ Phone: [phone]MOKY MOUNTAIN JET BOATS ~ C1 1. BMDKEMGNT RIDING STABLER 1 A4 (CashleCS) Flshmg and hlking.
MILL CREEK GOLF RE60RT ~ Fa Phone:[phone] or888-900-9091 Phone: [phone] Phone:[phone] or 828-743-1732
Public • 18 holes, pu72 ~ Phone: [phone]
~,~G~~'UIJ G0161J~~

VISITOR MAP COURTESY OF THEe~IG~SC~1~ ~fJ1611~TRAVEL & TOURISM AUTHORITY
JJ3 WEST MA[N STREET • SYLVA, NORTH CAROLINA U$A 28779 • TELEPHONE: [phone] • TOLL FREE: SOO-962-1911 • FAx:[phone] • E-MAIL: [e-mail] WEBSITE: www,mountainlovers.com
WATERFALLS
Recommended Day Excursions
Popular waterfall routes have been grouped in geographic clusters for your convenience.
I. LOWER CULLASAJA FALLS,
2. UPPER CULLASAJA FALLS, 3. DRY FALLS, AND
4. BRIDAL VEIL FALLS
• PROM NORTHERN JACKSON COUNTY Drive S on US 231441. Exi[ a[ US
641NC 28. Turn left at bottom of exit tamp and continue SE (inward
Highlands) for 8.3 miles. Aker passing Nantahala National Forest,
CuRruaja River Gorge sign, pull off to right onto blacktop for view of
Lower CuRasaja Falls. Continue on US 641NC 28 for 2.4 miles. Pull off
to right onto gravel for a view of Upper Cullaeaja Fags. Continue on US
641NC 28 for 3.3 miles. Aker passing DryFadls sign, tam right into
parking lot. Go down scone staircase to D"I' Falls, which [Does overhead.
Exit parking lotto right, still following US 641NC 28. Continue 0.9
miles. Bridal Yei! Fa1G is on lek.
• FROM SourxeRN JACKSON COUNTY Drive W (toward Highlands) on
US 64, Turn right at aaffic light at junction of US G4 & NC 28 (toward
Franklin). Cominue for 2.8 miles. Bridal Veil Falls is on right Cominue
for 0.9 miles. After passing Dry Falle sign, corn lek inm parking lot Go
down stone staircase to Dry Falls, which roars overhead. Exit parking lot
to left. Continue 3.3 miles and pull off to lek onro gravel for a view of
Upper CuBasaja Falls. Continue for 2.4 miles. Pull off to lek onto
blacktop for view of Lower Culhuaja Falls.
S. GLEN FALLS
Take U.S. 64 to Highlands, then rum SW on NC 106 for 1.8 mi, to the
Glen Falls sign. Tum L. Take grovel rd. 1 mi. Park. Take [tail straight
ahead. When you reach narrower trail, go L. View the valley, then
cascades. Hiking down the mountain you pass three strikingly different
80 k falls and travel L4 mi. The return hike is uphill and strenuous.
6. CASHIERS SLIDING ROCK, 7. SILVER RUN FALLS,
AND 8. WNITEWATER FALLS
4 FROM CASHIERS Prom intersection of US 64 & NC 107, drive 5 on NC
107 for 1.9 miles. "Corn right (W) on Whiteside Cove Road. Continue for
2.R miles. Aker crossing bridge, pull off onro dirt on right Follow trail to
right for 100 yds to Little SlidingRaek. Swimming holes ate above and
below waterfall. Pleate supervise cbi/dren!Return to NC 107. Turn right
(S) and continue for 2.4 miles. Pull off onto gravel on Lek (with athree-
trunked holly tree at the 5 end). If you pass a EnteringNantahala
National Forest sign, you have gone too far. Follow trail for 50 yds. Cross
stream on fallen log and continue another 100 yds. to Silver Run Falls.
Continue S on NC 107 for 5.3 miles into SC, passing a roadside picnic
area. Tum left (E) on SC 413. Cominue for 2.3 miles until itdead-ends
at SC 130. Tum left (N) on SC 130. Cominue far 1.2 miles. Aker passing
Nantahala National Forest, Whitewater Fallssign, turn right Imo
parking lot Short walk to lookout. There ate trails to top and bottom
of Wfiitewater Palls, the highest waterfall in the eastern U.S.
8. WHITE WATER FALLS ONLY
• PROM CASHIERS From intersection of US 64 & NC 107, drive E on US
64 for 10.4 miles. Tum right (S) on NC 281. Continue for 9.9 miles.
Tarn lek into parking lot Short walk to lookout. There ate ttails to top
and bottom of Whitewater Fags, the highest waterfall in the eastern U.S.
9. TURTLEBACK FALLS AND 10. RAINBOW FALLS (No[ for
young children or the less than physically fit). ~ FROM WHITEWATER
FALLS Exit parking lotto right (North). Continue on NC 281 for 7.S
miles. Tum tight into Gorges State Park (Skip to' in next paragraph).
1 FROM CASHIHAS (intersection of US 64INC I07) drive East on US 64
for 10.4 miles-turn right (South) on NC 281. Cominue for 0.9 miles.
Tum lek into Gorges State Park * (the Park has a parking lot, picnic
area, aself-guided Nature Trail Loop and a trial to an overlook). There is
no connecting trail between Corges State Park, Turtleback Falls and
Rainbow Falls in the adjacent National Forest Walk back to NC 281,
turn lek and walk approximately 150 yards along they highway. Enter the
woods at an old jeep trail; descend the uail (which gets progressively
poorer) for approximately 1 mile. It will intersect a tail which parallels the
river. To your lion[ is Turtleback Falls. Travel left along the nail to view
Turtleback Falle from the bottom. Continue hiking another quarter of a
mile in the same direction to Rainbow Palls, a 150 ft. waterfall that boasts
rainbows on sunny mornings.
11. SLIDING ROCK, 12. MOORE COVE, 13. LOOKING GLASS AND
14. COURTHOUSE FALLS. ~ PROM SYLVA (EXIT SS) Drive (E) on US
23174 for 8.9 mi; turn L onto the Blue Ridge Parkway, and proceed in the
direction of Asheville. Exit at US 276 and coot (S) on US 276 fat 7.5
mi; rum right inro the SlidingRockparking lot (admission fee, lifeguards
Warning: Waterfalls are lovely, but ran he dangerous! People have died! Watch to slick
rocks and stay away from the taps of falls. Take no chances, Doty memories.
DILLSBORO
Maewoatl Ae. (M SWw>J
v Fmtl &t. a$I
I~ 1 Moun eepot~llwa~
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EXIT 83
4
23 23 ulAllora SYLVA
EXIT 81 BUS Cemet
EXIT 85
HARRIS
REGIONAL
HOSPITAL O
DOWNTOWN SYLVA
Admin ~v`°ar
Building ~ Allen et.
GanlrSt Town
DILLSBOR ~ Central Hall
t re Oillr6ara) Mlun Railroetl AUe.
XlalArR
nOYMenM wtlWr
x Center
MAIN aT.
WEBSTER/ giver
Tucka.re~~ 5t~ee se
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101
5
116 ~ ceaareeyRa.
~~ tin ~~ 64
1
~ To
9~ T
t,F~i 4nnewoNRtl. CASHIERS
THE GRID MARKERS EMMr~ Y ~~
CORRELATE WITX TXE \ /
e - eemuaeeamw wF`
FULL SIZE MAP OF TXE w' 64 Ea GIeBe
JAEKSOX COU XTY AREA. tXamola WMe Ae.
CHbien Lere~
4 `
LIp&Itle or. `Hampton rah
CASHIERS //
C
WATERFALLS
Recommended Day Excursions
often on dory). Exit parking lot to the R (S). Cont. on US 276 for
another Ll mi. Immediately afrer crossing a concrete bridge, park on L.
Cross the wood foot bridge next to the concrete bridge; it is an easy and
beautifu10.7 mi. to Moore Cave's twin falls. Cone (S) on US 276 for
another I mi. and puk on L. View Looking Glass Falls From roadside, or
descend a stone staiaase to the SO ft. falls. Cont. (S) on US 276 for S.9
mi. and tom R (W) on US G4. Cone (WJ on US 64 for 12.7 mi. and
turn R (N) on NC 215. Cont. on NC 21 S for I OJ mi.. Turn R on Forest
Service Rd. 140 (gravel) just before bridge. Go 3.1 mi. over mountain and
park on R near bridge that crosses Courthouse Ck.. The trailhead for the
Summey CoveTeail is on L next to bridge; hike 0.2 mi. and turn L on
Courthouse Falls nail, which descends 0.1 mi. to the 60 fr. falls. Return
to NC 215, rum R; cont. 6.9 mi, to the Blue Ridge Parkway. Enter
Parkway, rum (S) in the direction of the Great Smoky Mountains National
Park, and exit at US 23174 to return to Sylva.
• FROM CASHIERS From junction of US 64 and NC 107 in Cashiers,
drive (E) on NC 64 for 32.7 mi. and mm L (N) onto US 276; cont.
(N) on US 276 for 5.9 mi.. Park on R View Looking Glass Pallr kom
roadside, or descend a stone staimase to the 50 k. falls. Cont. (N) on US
276 For 1 mi. and park on Rjust before the concrete bridge with wood
foot bridge on the right Cross the wood foot bridge next m the wncrete
bridge; it is an easy and beamiful OJ mi. to Moore Cove's twin falls.
Cont. N on US 276 for ano[her L I mi. and turn L into the SlidingRoek
parking lot (admission fee, lifeguards often on duty). Exit parking lot
to the L (N) and cont. on US 276 for 7.5 mi. ro the Blue Ridge Parkway.
Enter Parkway, rum L (S) in the direction of the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park. Exit at NC 21 S and cont. (S) for 6.9 mi.. Turn lek on
Forest Service Rd. 14D (gravel) just after bridge. Go 3.1 mi. over
mountain and puk on R near bridge that crosses Coutthouse Ck.. The
trailhead For the Summey Cove Trail is on L next to bridge; hike 0.2 mi.
and turn L on Courthouse Falls nail, which descends D.1 mi. to the 6D k.
Falls. Return to NC 215, rum L (S), cont. for 10.7 mi. and mm R (W) on
US 64 to return to Cashiers.
15. MINGO FALLS
• FkoM Snug (exlT Bl) Drive W on US 74 for 9.7 miles. Take exit 74,
continue on US 441 N, for 5.2 miles. When it dead-ends at US 19 at a
traffic light, rum right. Continue 0.4 miles. Turn left at next traffic light
in the direction of the Great Smoky Mountaios National Park (staying on
US 441 N). Continue for 2.3 miles. Tum righ[ on Big Cove Road.
Continue for S.2 miles. Tum right, crossing bridge over a rivet, snaight
ahead is a parking lot and nail. CIim6170 steps ro Mingo Falls.
16. TOM'S BRANCH FALLS, 17. INDIAN CREEK FALLS,
AND 18. JUNEYWHANN FALLS
• FROM ST'LYA (Fxrr 81) Drive W on US 74 for 16.5 miles to Fait 67.
Ar bottom of ramp, tarn right onro Spring Street Continue through first
traffic light and follow signs trot Deep Creek Campground. Enter Deep
Creek Ennance of the Great Smoky Mountains National Patk, and
continue for 0.6 miles, pass the picnic area, and turn L into parking area.
The nail, an easy hike to Tom's Branch Palls and Indian Creek Fakir,
starts at the fat end of the unloading area and parallels Deep Creek. Tords
Branch Fa14 is visible across Deep Creek, 0.2 miles from parking lot.
Continue for 0.5 miles along Deep Creek, crossing a bridge. Just before
the next bridge, take the trail to tight, 200 k. on your lek is Indian Greek
Falls. Back at parking lot, on the right, R a sign and trail leading to
Juneywhank Falls, 0.3 miles up the mountain.
19. RUFUS MORGAN FALLS, AND WAYAH BALD (VISTA)
• FROM NORTHFJIN JACKSON COUNTY Drive (S) on US 231441, which
joins US 64. (Skip to * in Hera paragraph.)
• FROM SOUTHERN JACKSON COUNTY Drive W (in the direction of High-
landsand Franklin) on US 64. At junction of US 64 & US 231441, mm
lek on on" comp. `Continue on US 64 for 3.8 miles aker the US 231441
Exit S .Tum ri ht at the Wa ah BaW si onto atwo-lane road.
U g Y gtt
Continue 0.3 miles. Tum lek on Wayah Road (NC 1310). Continue
on Wayah Road For 6.4 miles. Tum lek omo Pores[ Service (gravel road)
#388. Continue 2 miles to the Rufus Morgan Trail parking lot Hike 05
miles up a moderate grade to RufiuMargan Fags. For a breathtaking
360° view kom the old stone firetower, return to Wayah Road. Tum left
for 2.6 miles to the lt7ayah Baldsign.Turn tight onto gravel road.
Continue until parking lot is reached at end of the read (approx. 2 miles).
'fo return the way you came, turn lek. [OR, taming right takes you past
Nantahala Lake into the Nantahala Gorge (US 19174).]
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FERC FINAL
From the start of the Nantahala and Tuckasegee stakeholder process thru to
this FERC EA review, as the esteemed watershed expert Dr George
Annandale establishes; "There is no valid environmental justification given
by Duke Energy for the removal of the Dillsboro Dam in the NSA and
FERC EA". With respect to the overall interests of the citizens of Jackson
County, myself Thomas J Walker and my Business, The Dillsboro Inn, and
as interveners, We emphatically stress, that not only are there no benefits to
the Tuckasegee river in that EA, there are in fact, major physical,
geographic, hydraulic and recreational mistakes in the Duke Energy
procured Tuckasegee Stakeholder Agreement, the NSA and this FERC EA.
As a concerned citizen, family head, business proprietor, resigned
Tuckasegee stakeholder and significantly threatened party situated directly
neat to and below the Dillsboro Dam and Powerhouse; I would like to first
comment about the cause of these mistakes and the failures in the planning
stage of and during the Nantahala and Tuckasegee stakeholder groups. I
resigned from the Tuckasegee stakeholder group after about a year of
attending the orchestrated meetings in protest because of an obvious
disregard for any truthful planning, illegal threats made to the public and
myself, deliberate control of meeting agendas with inadequate information
and very few relevant impact studies.
As a result of its integrity being fully compromised, the foundation of the
FERC EA, The TSA and NSA is more a by- product of a for profit
corporation controlled sting operation and public relations campaign. That
because of undo prejudice and corporate influence broad and wholesale
scientific and engineering negligence was created and tolerated that will
bring devastating results to the riverfront in Dillsboro and my property in
particular. The two stakeholder groups that made up the NSA, one of which
I was involved with and resigned from, the Tuckasegee stakeholders,
suffered from a lack of pertinent environmental, social (especially local and
historical) and economic impact studies and relevant engineering impact
studies with hydraulic science, key channel evolution factors and
impoundment shoreline and stream bank design analysis. As I will mention
in the following comments.
But as I comment on the NSA and TSAplanning failures and subsequent
FERC EA inadequacy, I will have to do so through a review process
summarizing the accumulation of events that lead to specific failures to an

extraordinary degree that FERC , to the Contrary, holds in high esteem. That
from its inception the Nantaha Stakeholder process was misguided by
mistaken biological assessments, an uncompromising zeal to free up a river
and egregious mistakes by Resource personnel dealing with industry at its
initial stages of bylaw, policy and goal setting stages. From a scientific
standpoint, this FERC EA is built upon erroneous goals and values. From
the start, the Co-Coordinators of the Nantahala and Tuckasegee Stakeholder
Groups, its executive committee members, which consisted mainly of Duke
Power corporation employees and Resource agency personnel (Primarily
state NCDENER and NCWRC and federal UAF&W resource agent
representatives). This executive committee created the direction, set the
goals and preset values of mitigation, and authored the by-laws that
mastered unprecedented allowances toward industry in this stakeholder
process. Dam Removal for Fish(species) Migration was used both as a
corporate mitigation replacement strategy and expedient scientific premise
in lieu of substantive mitigation planning. Although species migration is not
a legitimate scientific issue in tailrace river goal hierarchy and hydro re
licensing challenges in the smoky mountains of western North Carolina.
The original idea of Dam Removal as a mitigation measure for this re-
licensing was first broached by the former NPLco. A possible `mitigation
exchange' measure was discussed by NPL a full year by NPL in advance of
the stakeholder inception. The sensitive riverfront property, the NPL owned
Needmore tract, was the focus of a possible mitigation exchange
discussions. Duke Power, after acquiring NPF soon after those 1St re-
licensing meetings(of which I attended), before the official stakeholder
process commenced, changed that original mitigation exchange idea of
NPLco, to a `mitigation substitution' strategy as the centerpiece of their re-
licensing ambition. Duke Power's real estate company ended up selling the
Needmore tract for $18 million to the State of North Carolina and ended up
selling off real estate assets acquire red from NPLco for over $60 million
Dollars. With those historical real estate transactions that occurred at the
same time the Nantahala stakeholders group was formed and operated, the
stage was set for a corporate sting on the citizens of western North Carolina.
The Nantahala Stakeholder mitigation process also started with the
relationships and cooperation between Duke Power Corporation Nantahala
Division employees and the Federal and State Resource Agency
representatives who together formed and co-lead the executive committee of
the Nantahala and Tuckasegee Stakeholder groups. The NSC Executive

committee set up a questionable alliance largely between themselves, and set
restrictive goals, procedures, values and group bylaws. If Duke Power/
Nantahala Division Corporation was going to act as host, pay for and get
credit for this Stakeholder process, they preferred to conduct the delegation
from this executive body as active members. Their preferences and
prejudicial influence at this juncture weighed heavily on creating and limit
ting stakeholder goals and planning. Questionable influences included what
committees were formed, what original members were invited, and conduct
of members at meetings and how meetings were conducted. Many
interveners will testify that this is where the Stakeholder process was setup
to favor Duke Power and compromise fair and comprehensive planning
public input and limit local municipal influence.
The Nantahala Stakeholder groups direction was unduly influenced in its
origin, setting up unprecedented environmental allowance and compliance
under the guise of a Consensus Process. The Stakeholder groups lacked a
system of checks and balances with compliant government resource agents
regularly turning a blind eye away from abuses and eventual boundary
violations that I will outline below. Economic forces had their way with
governmental agencies and representatives as sometimes seen in our modern
day Democratic society. For the sake of expediency, compromises were
tolerated. For the sake of an unprecedented series of local meetings of varied
environmental groups, municipal governments and governmental agencies in
the Appalachian mountains, oversights were tolerated.
One example of a particular boundary violation at these crucial times was a
particular stakeholder often pushing Duke Power company preferred
procedural positions while working for and representing a municipal
stakeholder member. This individual in the Tuckasegee stakeholder group
was often a outspoken and leading vocal advocate in favor of Duke Power
co interests during vital meetings about bylaws, direction and stakeholder
conduct. This Tuckasegee stakeholder changed his occupation from
municipal employee to Duke Power company employee just after the NSA
agreement was sealed and signed.
With this slanted playing field the Tuckasegee Stakeholders had to endure
meetings where Duke Power employees openly brokered and set a spending
caps on cumulative mitigation values and projects(a FERC Violation).
Regularly and privately leveraged mitigation projects(dam removal with no
impact studies) with settlement offers amongst stakeholder group members.

Duke Power corporation rigidly controlled information at monthly
stakeholder meetings, did not deliver promised studies either at all, or some,
very late, while creating a crisis management approach stressing the
timetables of their contrived and influenced agenda goals. Duke Power co
employees openly made threats to stakeholders and local municipal bodies
and to the public at stakeholder meetings, public municipal meetings and
through the press. Duke Power Representatives regularly spread false
information and fear through western North Carolina, that Duke Power
would be forced to raise utility rates if their "trial Balloon" and soon
thereafter, their proposed "Stakeholder Agreement' was not agreed to by all,
stakeholders and municipalities alike(a state and federal violation). This was
a false threat considering a very high `corporate rate of return' with the NC
utilities commission, one of the highest by a utility in the country.
Duke Power never disclosed their intensions not to deliver substantive plans
and studies and launched a PR campaign to diminish any resource value,
function and historical value of the Dillsboro Dam and Powerhouse. They
conducted Stakeholder meetings to meet their objectives and told members
and municipal reps, including the town of Dillsboro, that the Dillsboro
powerhouse was not eligible for 106 review, when it indeed, was. At one
such meeting, when a major porkion of a monthly meeting was dedicated to
historical values in the Tuckasegee system, a Duke Power subcontractor,
working diligently on the Issue, gave a historic award to one of its other
powerhouses(Thorpe Powerhouse) in the system and discredited the
historical value of Dillsboro Powerhouse. This paid consultant continually
answered incorrectly the question of the Dillsboro Dam`s 106 review
eligibility and sighted a 1940 flood with a partial destruction of its
Powerhouse as the reason being, erroneously. At the same time a shadow
boxing game by Duke Corporation strategists, began to review, address and
negotiate historic review and compliance challenges at the State level in
Raleigh.
Other ethical stakeholder questions developed with the NS and TS groups;
Great trouble and many meetings were devoted initially to developing a
Consensus Process that would work within the stakeholder groups. The
hiring a moderator from North Carolina State Extension office to run
monthly meetings ensued and an initial air of fairness was established
overall. This Moderator took several meetings to diligently explain the
importance for and the integrity of an original consensus process which
would be used throughout the meetings through to their conclusion resulting

in a precise and open grading system. That original consensus process
procedure was quietly overturned and changed and compromised by
corporate ambitions. The executive committee chose to change the touted
original consensus procedure, creating a different grading system and
limiting any public discloser of stakeholder grading positions. All this, of
course, to benefit the expediency and overall image of the process and of
course the position and relations of the licensee.
All during the 21/2 years of stakeholder meetings, Duke Power Corporation
promised but never delivering pertinent engineering studies on Dam removal
yet openly lobbied stakeholders that Dillsboro was not worth any studies and
that money was better spent on the insignificant removal itself.
These compromising positions over the life of the NS and TS went without
correction from executive members, from resource agent representatives or
new committee members, who often waived their authority and had special
interests and credibility issues of their own to protect. The air of a
dysfunctional family certainly split and removed many of the Tuckasegee
stakeholders from the process after years of involvement.
Studies that might have come to stakeholders attention but never were
produced include; Endangered species Elk toe muscle survey above and
below the Dillsboro Dam; The design and methodology of removing
Thousands of tons of sediment from the reservoir above the Dam. The
operation of a safe demolition of a `man made' Dam built upon a `natural
rock riverbed shelf', (see enclosed pictures) fulfilling Duke Energy and
resource agency claims that every thing at this location at the dam would
returned to its natural state as it was before the dam was constructed. This is
a high and mighty proposition considering the foundation, the rock river bed
and ledge, its sensitivity and present condition associated with the unique
geological formation of the ledge under and just below the Dam itself, in
Dillsboro(refer to pictures enclosed). A major missing Element of these
proceedings are the plans to manage and control sediment movement and
accumulation in all the Hydro project impoundments, especially sediment
maintenance management at the head of intake areas of these hydro facilities
where an overabundance of sediment inevitably result in reduced generation
capacity. This type of Reservoir maintenance should been discussed at level
of the stakeholder process meetings(I tried to initiate such discussion at a
Tuchasegee stakeholders meeting and any appropriate review of that issue
was tabled), discussed as a mitigation measure and stipulated in these re
licensing proceedings being a requisite for Smoky Mountain Watershed

Hydro Facilities with such alluvial characteristics. This concept of `Life
Cycle Management' to FERC in these proceedings and presented as a
strategy to protect and enhance Intergenerational Equity of these Renewable
Resources. For the record, Dr George Annandale a international watershed
expert, who among his accomplishments is regularly employed by the World
Bank to review and council Country`s watersheds globally, surveyed the
Tuckasegee hydro system, its watershed, reservoirs, re licensing Hydro
facilities in question in eluding the proposed surrender of Dillsboro and
presented his conclusions at a Jackson County and interveners co-sponsored
public education hearing, where over 60 concerned parties showed interest
and only one stakeholder resource agent choose to be present, a
representative of the US Forest Service, the lone resource agent who did not
serve on the NSG executive Committee. I should mention stream bank
stabilization planning and related management issues on Lakes,
Impoundments and rivers was not completely addressed. Neither was
erosion control and education adequately addressed throughout this system
considering geographic and topographic challenges. And more engineering
science that we shall cover below.
I have to question the resource agents collusion with the licensee. Their
positions on this Appalachian mountain region watershed when they live and
work far away and in different geographic areas. Agency representative
judgment in conflict of interest and boundary matters with scientific
expertise called to question. Some resource agency representative working
with this stakeholder group openly advocated for the trend of Dam Removal
and lobbied very heavily for that end without reading early EA's and
qualifying it all technically. However brokering and leveraging Dam
removal. One unanswered question that interveners wish to know is exactly
what authority did the Resource agencies agree to waive and at what point
did they agree to do that. What was their responsibility to and on behalf of
the public and was that fulfilled. As well intended as some of these agents
might have been, to a person, they did not weigh any of the pertinent
environmental differences between Dam Removal on a coastal river and one
in a watershed of the Appalachian Mountains.
From strictly a recreational standpoint the outdated treatment and mis-
management ofthe Tuckasegee River by these agencies has been detrimental
to citizens of Jackson County for decades. We have suffered from poor and
noncompliant Hydro power licenses in the past and those self- inflicted and
resource agent managed omissions set a low standard for a modern age.

Jackson County has a unique balance of recreational activity on either side
of Dillsboro and the Dillsboro Dam. That dam helps to preserve, dissect and
protect of human recreational activity. Neither Duke Power co, these
resource agents or the signed Stakeholders see and respect this incredible
recreational, social and economic balance on the river. Dillsboro has a fine
and thriving class 2 whitewater rafting section of the Tuckasegee river just
past the fishing park at the base of the Dam(where I personally witness
thousands of residents fish every season of every year) which starts
immediately below the hwy441 bridge and at the town of Dillsboro
Riverfront park. That is the only established, steeper grade section of the
tuck suitable for rafting. The elevation drop above the Dam is not so steep
and not as attractive to rafting activity, where fishermen, who are able to fish
all year round, do their angling and do not want increased boating activity.
To fail to recognize the detrimental impacts to Jackson county's cold water,
delayed harvest, trout fishery, that is immediately above and protected by the
Dillsboro Dam is outright negligence and has a huge social and economic
impact on Jackson county. This dam removal would destroy this unique and
protected delayed harvest fishery as predators to trout would be the
beneficiaries of this misguided species migration strategy. Because of such
poor planning this Dam removal will cause major social, environmental and
economic damage to Jackson County in the Dillsboro river valley.
These many issues are reasons why the Jackson County PSA are more than
a reasonable compromise to this re licensing mitigation proceedings. A fair
and more than equitable compromise centerpiece of this relicense agreement
and not the Duke Energy PSA, which is the basis of the FERC EA. The
Duke Energy's preferred mitigation substitution Dam Removal is
substandard and already obsolete considering the shifts in Energy values just
since the start of thecae proceeding.
All through the Duke controlled stakeholder and FERC conducted re-
licensing proceedings, comprehensive Dam Removal and Run of river
Reservoir Restoration Design Studies were promised but never delivered by
Duke Energy and FERC with a series of postponed and promised
Environmental Assessments. What is substituted instead are inadequate
reports that have no regard for the Watershed Hydrology, Topography,
Hydraulic Science(including analysis and geometry of Flows), Key Channel
Evolution Factors with respect to impoundment characteristics, Channel
morphology and Floodwater Storage impoundment drawdown impacts due

to natural high water event with channel cutting ,high velocity impacts
during hurricane events on of this tailrace river amidst this mountain terrain
of the Tuckasegee Watershed. What beneficial characteristics are garnered
with floodwater storage capability of the Mile long Dillsboro Reservoir at
high water? At high water millions of Tons of river and sediment flow
through hundreds of miles through creeks and forks while dropping
thousands of feet through mountains and valley terrain. Millions of tons of
earth and water flow out from upriver with earth moving momentum and
shoreline cutting water velocity, flowing and forcing its way through 3/4 of
Jackson County to collect, slow and reside temporarily through a swelling
mile long, run of river Dillsboro reservoir. The accumulated impact and
buffer of this mile long Reservoir Impoundment with its Flood Storage
Capacity ahead of the Dillsboro Dam and Powerhouse Infrastructure and
Function as a floodwater Bulkhead Catalyst, somehow manages these
incredible flood stage, high water events that Jackson County occasionally
experience(Twice in 2004 with 22inch+ rain, hurricane events). Currently
and for the last 80 years the Dillsboro Dam and Impoundment has helped to
offer a measure of protection for the Dillsboro waterfront and my Home and
Business at the Dillsboro Inn during high water events.
The body of the FERC EA is substantially flawed, inaccurate and
substandard in this regard according to current Dam Removal River
Restoration Science and Engineering. What the FERC EA should have are
comprehensive detailed engineering studies above the Dillsboro Dam
including; An updated Watershed study, Hydraulic study, Sediment flow
study, Threshold stability study, Reservoir Modification study, incised
channel evolution study and riverbank soil profile study with resulting
armored channel design study. In its stead. As an example of the depth of
miscalculated planning we have experienced we present a June of 2006
Duke Energy Corporation/ Duke Power LLC(?), updated Boundary survey
submitted for these proceedings. (stamped and sealed,6/1/2006). A survey of
Dillsboro Project, Detailed Reservoir Map, Exhibit G, Sheet I ,undersigned
Duke Power LLC, May 11, 2006. With a measurement scale on this survey
that reads, 1 inch = 400Feet. This survey of the prof ect boundary has a
number of discrepancies that are at core of major engineering mistakes and
oversights and spell the predictability of my properties impending disaster
with this FERC EA. This lone piece of evidence involving the Dillsboro
reservoir has over a 250foot wide discrepancy of a shoreline at a crucial
bend and stress point(knick point) in the Reservoir on its North side just
1000 ahead of the Dillsboro Dam. The shoreline averages is 25 feet at this

point. This 250 to 300 foot wide discrepancy runs all along North River
Road, on the north side of the reservoir, from the bend in the river to and
over 1000 feet to the Dam and Powerhouse, and The Dillsboro Inn just
beneath although there is another error at that point with the project
boundary encompassing my property. North River road is shown on the
scale of this survey to be 3/4 inches from the river, some 300 feet away from
the river, according to the survey scale. At that Bend in the Empoundment, a
crucial stress point of riverbank, a steep and narrow shoreline with the
covertype category of Grass/pasture land( figure 3.2-1, Dillsboro Project
Map, FERC #2602, cover type map). Lowering the impoundment and
removing the floodwater storage capacity of the reservoir will certainly set
up a disastrous scenario at that 25 foot wide shoreline bend in the river
during high water events. The Tuchasegee River and its tons sediment will
be enveloping north river road at that point, cut off evacuation routes for
many, and will jet down my driveway as a result. The Tuckasegee
Stakeholders were promised comprehensive planning and not what amounts
to a "Dam Removal on the Cheap", that threaten the safety and lives and
property of affected citizens of the Dillsboro community. Dam Removal on
this tailrace river has many different physically stresses and challenges than
what a dam removal would be like on any relatively flat coastal river.
Please take note! As an affected and threatened property owner, I do not
think FERC has considered these differences. Different Hydraulic Issues,
Key Channel Evolution Factors, hurricane strength high water events not
been weighed in combination by both Duke Energy and FERC.
Mistakes made by Duke Energy on their recently distributed survey of the
Dillsboro impoundment proves the argument of flawed hydraulic and
shoreline relationships. There is a perfect storm of environmental influences
in this mountain valley subject to hurricane high water events (we had 2,
20+ inch Hurricane rain events in the summer of 2004) with catastrophic
results in neighboring gorges. Catastrophic failure is inevitable in Dillsboro
with this poorly engineered proposal that threatens the life of myself and
Family and warrants the destruction of my business and home.
Because of a history of neglect, omissions and substandard values in the
current license. Because of a historical of low standards toward resource
protection, maintenance and outright patterns of mismanagement of facilities
and water resources, both private and public, this re licensing mean level has
been setup to fail local municipal interests and associated public resource

lands and waters. Obviously the licensee has conducted itself as a for profit
company with relatively the same substandard values for decades to come. It
will be interesting to see if this old world level resource mismanagement and
preordained devaluation will be granted for decades to come by this FERC
EA. Hydropower in our local Appalachia watershed has arrived at a
watershed point in its modern history. We interveners request that values be
redefined. In a world of changing energy values we in Jackson County
anticipate greater self reliance, independence, security, safety and resource
enhancement from and with our Appalachian watershed.
I would like to close my comments by saying that I have a historical
attachment and family sentiment to the Dillsboro dam as well as a practical
albeit survival attachment. My Grandfather, the late Frank C Walker, was the
first executive secretary of the Executive Council, a coordinating committee
of heads of cabinet departments and executive agencies involved with the
New Deal. He then became the executive director of that group's successor,
the National Emergency Council. He managed those tasks from 1933 to
December,1935. The Dillsboro Dam is a New Deal era, type of public works
project, on the scale of and from the time of, that unique point in American
history. Its ingenious design and functioned mentioned in my previous
comments in these proceedings, help fostered and manage our nations well
being, progress and industry. I would like to save, preserve and involve
myself in the renovation of this historic, dependable and productive icon of
the past. And in the memory, resourcefulness and ethic of my grandfather's
era, Re-use the Dam and Powerhouse, an easy proposition, to the benefit of
our neighborhood and watershed. A personal way to reside next to a New
Deal Dam and apply industry toward a sustainable self reliance.

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