Guidelines for Remediation & Investigation of Soil, Groundwater

GUIDELINES FOR THE
INVESTIGATION AND
REMEDIATION OF SOIL
AND GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATION
This document provides instructions for those involved in the
investigation and remediation of discharges or releases regulated by
the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of
Water Resources, resulting in soil and groundwater contamination.
Included is information on the statutes and rules governing
groundwater investigations and the recommended process to comply
with regulatory requirements
DEQ
Division of
Water
Resources

------This page was intentionally left blank -------

i

GUIDELINES FOR THE
INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF
SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Purpose and Scope........................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Definition of Contamination Incidents ......................................................................... 4
1.4 Contamination Incident Management ......................................................................... 4
2. REQUIRED ACTIONS AFTER A DISCHARGE TO SOIL & GROUNDWATER OF THE STATE ........ 5
3. COMPREHENSIVE SITE ASSESSMENT .............................................................. 8
3.1 Determination of the Source and Cause of Contamination ......................................... 8
3.2 Actions to Mitigate Hazards to Public Health and Safety ............................................. 8
3.3 Identification of Receptors and Exposure Pathways .................................................... 8
3.4 Determination of the Extent of Contamination ........................................................... 9
3.4.1) Groundwater Contamination Delineation ....................................................................... 9
3.4.1.1) Determining Groundwater Background Concentrations ...................................................... 10
3.4.2) Soil Contamination Delineation ..................................................................................... 11
3.4.2.1) Determining Soil Background Concentrations ...................................................................... 11
3.4.3) Surface Water and Sediment Contamination Delineation............................................. 11
3.4.3.1) Determining Surface Water and Sediment Background Concentrations ............................. 13
3.5 Features Affecting the Fate and Transport of Contaminants ..................................... 13
3.5.1) Factors that Affect the Solubility/Mobility of a Contaminant ....................................... 13
3.5.2) Factors Affecting Groundwater Movement ................................................................... 14
3.5.3) Factors Affecting the Migration of Contaminant Mass .................................................. 15
3.6 Deliverables: CSA ........................................................................................................ 16
3.6.1) Title Page ............................................................................................................................. 16
3.6. 2) Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 16
3.6. 3) Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 17
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION ii

3.6. 4) Site History and Source Characterization ....................................................................... 17
3.6. 5) Receptor Information...................................................................................................... 18
3.6. 6) Regional Geology and Hydrogeology ............................................................................. 19
3.6. 7) Site Geology and Hydrogeology ...................................................................................... 19
3.6. 8) Soil and Sediment Sampling Results ............................................................................... 19
3.6. 9) Groundwater and Surface Water Sampling Results ....................................................... 20
3.6. 10) Hydrogeological Investigation ..................................................................................... 20
3.6. 11) Groundwater Modeling Results .................................................................................. 21
3.6. 12) Discussion .................................................................................................................... 21
3.6. 13) Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................... 21
3.6. 14) Maps and Figures ........................................................................................................ 21
3.6. 15) Tables .......................................................................................................................... 22
3.6. 16) Appendices .................................................................................................................. 23
4. CORRECTIVE ACTION ..................................................................................... 23
4.1 Risk-Based vs. Non-Risk-Based Remediation .............................................................. 23
4.1.1) Risk-Based Option .......................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2) Non-Risk Based Option .................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) ..................................................................... 24
4.2.1) MNA in Bedrock ............................................................................................................. 25
4.2.2) MNA of Soil .................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 Non-Risk-Based CAP Requirements Under the 2L Rules ........................................... 25
4.3.1) 15A NCAC 02L .0106(j) .................................................................................................... 26
4.3.2) 15A NCAC 02L .0106(k) ................................................................................................... 26
4.3.3) 15A NCAC 02L .0106(l) .................................................................................................... 28
4.3.4) Modeling of Contaminant Fate and Transport .............................................................. 30
4.4 Deliverables: CAP ........................................................................................................ 31
4.4.1) Minimum Elements of the CAP Report .......................................................................... 31
4.4.1.1) Title Page ............................................................................................................................... 31
4.4.1.2) Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 32
4.4.1.3) Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 32
4.4.1.4) Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 32
4.4.1.5) Facility Description ................................................................................................................ 33
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION iii

4.4.1.6) Background Conditions .......................................................................................................... 34
4.4.1.7) Receptor Information ............................................................................................................ 34
4.4.1.8) Site-Wide Conceptual Model of Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport ................ 34
4.4.1.9) Numerical Models ................................................................................................................. 34
4.4.1.10) Proposed Corrective Action ................................................................................................. 34
4.4.1.11) Maps, Figures, Tables .......................................................................................................... 39
4.4.1.12) Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 39
5. MONITORING PLAN ...................................................................................... 40
5.1 Selection and Approval of Monitoring Plan ................................................................ 40
5.2 Deliverables ................................................................................................................. 41
5.2.1) Minimum Elements of the Monitoring Plan .................................................................. 41
5.2.1.1) Title Page ............................................................................................................................... 41
5.2.1.2) Discussion of Sampling Results .............................................................................................. 41
5.2.1.3) Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................................... 42
5.2.1.4) Tables..................................................................................................................................... 42
5.2.1.5) Maps and Figures................................................................................................................... 43
5.2.1.6) Survey of Potential Receptors ............................................................................................... 44
5.2.1.7) Appendices ............................................................................................................................ 44
6. TERMINATION OF CORRECTIVE ACTION .............................................................. 45
7. CLOSURE AND ISSUANCE OF "NO FURTHER ACTION REQUIRED". ............................. 48
7.1 Site Closure ................................................................................................................ 48
7.2 Reclassification of Groundwater ................................................................................ 48
8. EXTERNAL RESOURCES ................................................................................... 50
8.1 Soils: Remediation Goals- Soil Screening- Background Concentrations .................... 50
8.2 Pesticides .................................................................................................................... 50
8.3 ASTM Standards .......................................................................................................... 50
8.3.1) Site Characterization ...................................................................................................... 50
8.3.2) Site Assessment.............................................................................................................. 51
8.3.3) Environmental Sampling ................................................................................................ 51
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION iv

9. EXHIBITS .................................................................................................... 52
EXHIBIT 1. FACILITY-SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT AND
REMEDIATION ....................................................................................................... 54
E1.1 Pesticides or Agricultural Chemical Operations......................................................... 54
E1.1.1) General ....................................................................................................................... 54
E1.1.2) Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................... 54
E1.1.3) Addressing Contaminated Sites ................................................................................. 56
E1.2 Facilities Permitted under G.S.87-88 (Well Construction Act) .................................. 58
E1.2.1) General ....................................................................................................................... 58
E1.2.2) Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................... 58
E1.2.3) Addressing Contaminated Sites ................................................................................. 58
E1.3 Non-Discharge, Discharge (NPDES), Residual Solids, and Animal Waste Facilities, and
Other Activities Permitted by DWR ........................................................................................ 59
E1.3.1) General ....................................................................................................................... 59
E1.3.2) Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................... 59
E1.3.3) Addressing Contaminated Sites ................................................................................. 59
E1.4 Other .......................................................................................................................... 60
EXHIBIT 2. REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ................................................................... 61
Statutes ................................................................................................................................... 61
Rules ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Policies and Guidelines ........................................................................................................... 62
EXHIBIT 3. CERTIFICATIONS, FORMS ........................................................................ 64
E3.1 Certification for the Submittal of a Site Assessment (CSA) ....................................... 64
E3.2 Certification for the Submittal of a Corrective Action Plan (CAP) ............................. 65
E3.3 Certification for the Request to Terminate a Corrective Action Plan ...................... 66
E3.3.1) Groundwater Restored to the Level of the Standards ...................................................... 66
E3.3.2) No Significant Contaminant Reduction and Groundwater Can Be Rendered Potable ...... 67
E3.3.3) No Significant Contaminant Reduction and Groundwater Cannot Be Rendered Potable 69

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION v

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. WQROS (Regional Office and Central Office Locations) ............................................................ 3
Table 2. Examples of DWR Permitted and Non-Permitted Activities Addressed in this Document ....... 4

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION vi

ACRONYMS
CAP – Corrective Action Plan
CSA – Comprehensive Site Assessment
DEQ - North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality
DHHS - North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
DWM – Division of Waste Management (under DEQ)
DWR - Division of Water Resources (under DEQ)
EMC- Environmental Management Commission
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
G.S. – North Carolina General Statute
IHSB - Inactive Hazardous Sites Branch (under DWM)
K – Hydraulic Conductivity
MNA – Monitored Natural Attenuation
NCAC - North Carolina Administrative Code
NPDES – National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
PAHs - Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PCBs - Polychlorinated Biphenyls
RP - Responsible Party
T - Transmissivity
WQROS – Water Quality Regional Operations Section (under DWR)
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION vii

------This page was intentionally left blank -------

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 1

GUIDELINES FOR THE
INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF
SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

1. INTRODUCTION
This document has been prepared with the intent of assisting the public and state agency staff with the
regulatory expectations associated with soil and groundwater contamination incidents under the current
purview of the DEQ Division of Water Resources (DWR). References to other agencies are given for
contamination incidents for which the DWR is not responsible.
Applicable regulatory requirements are cited and include supplemental text that attempts to explain the
regulatory expectations for helping responsible parties, environmental consultants, and others comply
with those requirements. This document is non-binding, unenforceable, and subordinate to the
applicable rules and statutes referenced herein.
This document was not designed as an instructional manual or step-by-step process guide. Rather, it was
designed to be informative and to provide technical resources for implementing regulatory requirements.
Subject matter expertise is necessary to conduct comprehensive site assessments (CSA) and implement
corrective action plans (CAPs). The actions, criteria, procedures, and technical references in this
document are provided to describe how the regulatory requirements may be met. They are based on
similar guidance documents, common standards of practice, and scientific study. Alternative actions or
procedures may also produce the intended results specified in the regulatory requirements.
Although these Guidelines provide comprehensive coverage of potential contamination incidents and
responses for DWR program areas, there may be situations where this guidance may not be sufficient, or
situations that may not be directly applicable. Please contact the DWR Water Quality Regional Operations
Section (WQROS) for questions or additional information.

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 2

1.1 Background
The 15A NCAC 02L Classification and Water Quality Standards Applicable to the Groundwaters of North
Carolina (2L Rules) were established to define the requirements that must be met when a discharge or
release results in, or has the potential to result in, an increase in concentrations of contaminants above
the state groundwater standards under 15A NCAC 02L .0202 (2L Standards). The rule applies to permitted
and non-permitted facilities, and is administered by the Environmental Management Commission and the
DWR1. Because the 2L Rules generally do not provide details on how to implement a given requirement,
the DWR has developed this set of guidelines to assist the responsible party (RP).
1.2 Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to RP involved in the investigation and remediation
of discharges or releases regulated by the DWR, as indicated in the 2L Rules2. This document provides
guidance for the sections of the 2L Rules that are related to soil and groundwater assessment and
remediation, including Sections .0106 (Corrective Action), .0110 (Monitoring), .0111 (Reports), and .0114
(Notification Requirements). These guidelines are meant to serve as a supplement to the 02L Rules and
outline DEQ’s expectations of the work needed to comply with these rules. They are not a substitute for
the 2L Rules, nor do they supersede the rules or any other relevant policy documents or memoranda.
The document is divided into eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Required Actions after a Discharge to
Soil and Groundwater of the State; (3) Comprehensive Site Assessment; (4) Corrective Action; (5)
Monitoring Plan; (6) Termination of Corrective Action; (7) Closure and Issuance of “No Further Action
Required”; (8) External Resources; and (9) Exhibits (1, 2, and 3). Policies and Guidelines cited throughout
this document are listed in Exhibit 3 and available at the Division of Water Resources website.
Guideline updates may be found at the DWR website: http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wq/aps.
Questions about this document or requirements related to a specific release should be directed to the
WQROS regional office that oversees the county in which the site is located (Table 1).

1 In 2006, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (now DEQ) revised the soil and groundwater
contamination incident responsibilities of the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) and the Division of Waste Management (DWM).
Those responsibilities were outlined in a Memorandum of Agreement signed in 2007 by both divisions. In 2013, DWQ was
merged with the DWR.
2 The 2L Rules establishes the notification, site assessment, corrective action, monitoring, and reporting requirements for
permitted and non-permitted facilities at which a release has occurred. It also establishes groundwater quality standards; the
data required for approval of alternate cleanup levels, natural attenuation, or termination of corrective actions; the conditions
in which contaminated groundwater may be reclassified; and the conditions in which current remedial activities shall be
abandoned in favor of new technologies.

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 3

Table 1. WQROS (Regional Office and Central Office Locations)

Address Telephone
Number
Asheville 2090 U.S. 70 Highway,
Swannanoa, NC 28778 [phone]
Fayetteville 225 Green Street, Suite 714
Fayetteville, NC 28301-5043 [phone]
Mooresville 610 East Center Avenue, Suite 301,
Mooresville, NC 28115 [phone]
Raleigh 3800 Barrett Drive,
Raleigh, NC 27609 [phone]
Washington 943 Washington Square Mall,
Washington, NC 27889 [phone]
Wilmington 127 Cardinal Drive Extension,
Wilmington, NC 28405 [phone]
Winston-Salem 450 West Hanes Mill Road, Suite 300,
Winston-Salem, NC 27105 [phone]
Central Office 1636 Mail Service Center,
Raleigh, NC 27699-1636 [phone]
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 4

1.3 Definition of Contamination Incidents
Rule 15A NCAC 02L .0102(4) defines "contaminant" as “any substance occurring in groundwater in
concentrations which exceed the groundwater quality standards specified in Rule 0202 of this Subchapter.”
Contamination incidents will be defined as events, activities, or other causes of increased concentrations
of substances or water quality parameters above the 2L Standards. Such contamination incidents require
assessment and corrective action to restore groundwater quality as described in 15A NCAC 02L .0106.
1.4 Contamination Incident Management
Contamination incidents requiring assessment and corrective action are managed by different state
agencies depending on its origin and their classification as “permitted” or “not permitted” as described in
15A NCAC 02L .0106(c), (d), and (e). Table 2 lists examples of permitted and non-permitted activities
where contamination incidents can arise that are managed by the DWR and are specifically addressed in
this document. “Non-permitted” activities mean certain activities which may result in exceedances of 2L
groundwater quality standards for which a permit has not been issued by the DEQ, or has been designated
as “permitted by Rule” or has “deemed permitted” status under current North Carolina Rule or Statute.

Table 2. Examples of DWR Permitted and Non-Permitted Activities Addressed in this Document
Permitted Activities Non-Permitted Activities
Animal Waste Management Agricultural Operations - Chemical Fertilizer, Pesticide
Discharge (NPDES) Naturally Occurring Contamination
Non-Discharge Land Application including Residuals and Spray Irrigation
Underground Injection Control
Well Construction
Wastewater Collection Systems

For guidance on assessment and remediation of sites under the purview of the DWM, refer to the
Memorandum of Agreement of 2007 and to the following DWM websites:
 Contaminant Assessment and Remediation Guidance for Inactive Hazardous Sites -
http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wm/sf/ihs/ihsguide
 UST Section - http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wm/ust/guidance
 Superfund Section - http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wm/sf
 Solid Waste - http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wm/sw
 Hazardous Waste - http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wm/hw
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 5

2. REQUIRED ACTIONS AFTER A DISCHARGE TO SOIL & GROUNDWATER OF THE
STATE
2.1 Compliance With 15A NCAC 02L .0106(b)
Rule 15A NCAC 02L .0106 (b) states, “Any person conducting or controlling an activity that results in the
discharge of a waste or hazardous substance or oil to the groundwaters of the State, or in proximity
thereto, shall take action upon discovery to terminate and control the discharge, mitigate any hazards
resulting from exposure to the pollutants and notify the Department, as defined in 15A NCAC 02C .0102,
of the discharge.”
This rule is applicable to both permitted and non-
permitted activities that result in, or has the potential to
result in, an exceedance of the 2L Standards. As stated in
15A NCAC 02L .0106(b), following the discovery of a
discharge, the RP is required to take action to terminate and
control the discharge, prevent and mitigate any hazards,
and notify the DWR of the discharge. For purposes of 15A
NCAC 02L .0106 (b), the term "notify the Department"
means notification within a 24-hour period unless there are
extenuating circumstances documented by the RP. If the
release occurs outside of normal business hours, the RP
should call the after-hour emergency phone number: 1-
800-858-0368 as soon as they can, but within 24 hours of
the occurrence of the discharge.
Reporting requirements to the DWR are not a substitute for
other reporting requirements by North Carolina General
Statute, the Division of Emergency Management, or any
other local, state, or federal agency. The procedures to
report discharges of untreated wastewater and to publish
the notice of discharge of untreated wastewater and waste
can be found in G.S. § 143-215.1C The procedure to report
discharges of pesticides regulated by the North Carolina
Pesticide Board can be found in G.S. § 143-215.85.

Notification of a Discharge to DWR
 Date and time of discovery;
 Phone number of person to be contacted
concerning the release;
 Responsible party’s name, address,
location, phone number, and directions to
site;
 Nature of release: type of substance
released, quantity released and source of
release;
 Document the presence of free product (if
known);
 State how the release was discovered (e.g.,
odors, sample results, staining, etc.);
 Document the action taken to stop the
release;
 Document the number of water supply
wells within 1,500 feet of the release;
 Any other relevant information pertaining
to the release or suspected release.
 Latitude and longitude of release with a
precision level within 1 minute.

After-hour Emergency phone number
1-800-858-0368
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 6

2.2 Compliance With 15A NCAC 02L .0106(c)
This rule is applicable to contamination incidents resulting from activities which have not been permitted
by the DWR, including all non-permitted facilities. Non-permitted Incident sites managed by the DWR are
those with contamination related to naturally occurring conditions and agricultural activities. All other
non-permitted incidents are under the purview of the DWM, per Memorandum of Agreement signed in
2007.
If the release occurs at a time when it is not possible to report the release to the DWR within 24 hours
due to weekends or holidays, the morning of the next business day may be acceptable. The RP shall also
respond to the incident in accordance with 15A NCAC 02L .0106(f), which is discussed below. The site
assessment required to be submitted to the DWR is discussed in Section 3 of this document.
The activities covered under this rule do not have permits and therefore do not have an established waste
boundary with the associated review and compliance boundaries (as described under 15A NCAC 02L .0107
and .0108). Consequently, corrective action for groundwater restoration will be the entire site where
exceedances of the 2L Standards occur including the source area. Corrective action options are discussed
in Section 4 of this document.
Comprehensive Site Assessments (CSAs) and Corrective Action Plans (CAPs) are required to be submitted
to the DEQ. However, for non-permitted activities, the RP is also required to submit the CAP to the Health
Director and the Chief Administrative Officer of the political jurisdictions of the county or counties where
the contamination has occurred in accordance with 15A NCAC 02L .0114. The Chief Administrative Officer
would be the Mayor, Chairman of the County Commissioners, the County Manager, the City Manager, or
other individual of equal or similar position as appropriate. Notification must be made by certified mail.
Renotification will be required if subsequent CAPs or CAP addendums with significant changes to
proposed site actions are submitted.
2.3 Compliance With 15A NCAC 02L .0106(d)
This rule is applicable to violations of the 2L Standards where activities are performed under the authority
of a permit originally issued by the DWR on or after December 30, 1983. Permitted facilities have a
defined waste disposal area and review and compliance boundaries that were established at the time of
permitting by the DEQ Secretary or DWR Director per 15A NCAC 02L .0107 and .0108. To determine
compliance with this rule, the RP may be required to establish a groundwater monitoring network that
has a background well (or wells) and down-gradient wells placed at the review boundary and/or
compliance boundary. Monitoring frequency of the review boundary wells should be at an appropriate
interval to monitor contaminant movement, which is usually quarterly but not less than annually.
Monitoring well locations and monitoring frequencies should be agreed upon by the permittee and the
applicable DWR Regional Office.
If an exceedance of the 2L Standards is detected at or beyond the review boundary, “the [RP] shall
demonstrate, through predictive calculations or modeling, that natural site conditions, facility design, and
operational controls will prevent a violation of standards at the compliance boundary.” The DWR provides
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 7

guidance through the Groundwater Modeling Policy regarding predictive calculations and modeling as it
pertains to the 15A NCAC 02L and 15A NCAC 02T regulations. Alternately, the RP may submit a plan for
alteration of existing site conditions, facility design, or operational controls that will prevent a violation at
the compliance boundary, and implement that plan in consultation with the DWR regional office.
Although it is not stated in the rule, the RP should notify the applicable DWR Regional Office within 24
hours of detecting the exceedance to coordinate the appropriate response. An exceedance at the review
boundary may require additional down-gradient wells to be installed at the compliance boundary.
Monitoring well locations and monitoring frequencies should be agreed upon by the permittee and the
applicable DWR Regional Office.
If an exceedance occurs at or beyond the compliance boundary, the RP shall respond in accordance with
15A NCAC 02L .0106(f) either prior to or concurrently with the required CSA (discussed below and in
Section 3 of this document). A CAP is required following the CSA and is discussed in further detail in
Section 4 of this document.
2.4 Compliance With 15A NCAC 02L .0106(e)
This rule is applicable to violations of the 2L Standards at or beyond the compliance boundary where
activities are performed under the authority of a permit originally issued by the DWR prior to December
30, 1983. The required actions are the same as in Rules 15A NCAC 02L .0106(c)(1) through (4). The
activities covered under this Rule are afforded a review and compliance boundary and the focus of the
groundwater restoration CAP is the area outside the compliance boundary where exceedances of the 2L
Standards occur.
2.5 Compliance With 15A NCAC 02L .0106(f)
This rule describes the initial response actions for activities covered under 15A NCAC 02L .0106(c), (d),
and (e). These actions are required to be conducted prior to or concurrent with the preparation of the
CSA described in Section 3 of this report.
15A NCAC 02L .0106(f)(1) – Contact the local authorities and fire department immediately if there is a
need for the prevention of fire, explosion, or the spread of noxious fumes due to the release.
15A NCAC 02L .0106(f)(2) – Abatement, containment, or control of the migration of contaminants would
be to minimize the area of contamination and prevent runoff into surficial water bodies and migration
into groundwater.
15A NCAC 02L .0106(f)(3) and (4) – The term “control” means demonstrating the physical ability to direct,
restrain, or dominantly influence the contaminated media. In some cases where site conditions preclude
the possibility of source remediation and an impermeable barrier exists, the impermeable barrier may be
considered to provide control of the secondary contamination sources. It must be demonstrated that an
engineered cap will prevent surface water from leaching contaminants from the source area resulting in
2L Standard violations. Conversely, demonstrating complete delineation of all soil contamination and
providing an acceptable corrective action for its remediation may satisfy the meaning of control.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 8

3. COMPREHENSIVE SITE ASSESSMENT
A CSA is required for contamination incidents at permitted facilities when groundwater contamination
occurs at or beyond a compliance boundary as specified in 15A NCAC 02L .0106(d) and (e), and for
activities that result in exceedances of 2L Standards at non-permitted facilities as specified in 15A NCAC
02L .0106(c). For this requirement, the CSA shall follow the format in 15A NCAC 02L .0106 (g), which
states that the CSA shall include, “(1) The source and cause of contamination; (2) Any imminent hazards
to public health and safety, as defined in G.S. 130A-2, and any actions taken to mitigate them in
accordance with Paragraph (f) of this Rule; (3) All receptors and significant exposure pathways; (4) The
horizontal and vertical extent of soil and groundwater contamination and all significant factors affecting
contaminant transport; and (5) Geological and hydrogeological features influencing the movement,
chemical, and physical character of the contaminants.” To comply with NCAC 02L .0106 (g), it is necessary
that the CSA include, at a minimum, the requirements specified in the following sections. The specific
format of the CSA is described in Section 3.6 of this document.
3.1 Determination of the Source and Cause of Contamination
15A NCAC 02L .0106 (g) (1) requires that the CSA must determine the source and cause of contamination.
Specifically, the RP must determine the spatial extent and nature of the release, the period over which it
occurred, and the total estimated mass or volume that entered the environment, including any
degradation products. This initial step is an important and necessary part of the overall CSA, particularly
in evaluating hazards, receptors, exposure pathways, and horizontal and vertical extent of contamination.
3.2 Actions to Mitigate Hazards to Public Health and Safety
15A NCAC 02L .0160(g)(2) requires that the CSA must include a description of the cause and extent of the
release and the initial responses taken and/or intended to be taken to mitigate threats to human health.
The objective is to ensure that the environment and the health and safety of all persons, on and off-site,
will not be adversely affected by the release, and that corrective actions will be in conformity with all
applicable federal and state regulations.
The following information should be included in the CSA:
 A description of the specific measures taken to comply with 15A NCAC 02L .0106(f).
 A copy of the notification of the release to the following:
 the local health Director and the chief administrative officer of the local political
jurisdictions specified in rule 15A NCAC 02L .0114 (Notification Requirements);
 press release, or notification to nearby residents.
3.3 Identification of Receptors and Exposure Pathways
15A NCAC 02L .0106(g)(3) requires the RP to collect information on potential receptors. A receptor map
typically includes all public and private water supply wells, public water supply lines, reservoirs, surface
water intakes, surface waters, recharge areas, subsurface structures and designated wellhead protection
areas within a 1,500-foot radius of the source area. If the map becomes too cluttered, a table listing the
potential receptors should be compiled and keyed to their locations labeled on the receptor map.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 9

3.4 Determination of the Extent of Contamination
15A NCAC 02L .0106(g)(4) requires a determination of the horizontal and vertical extent of soil and
groundwater contamination. For groundwater, this requires delineation of contaminants to the
concentrations specified in 15A NCAC 02L .0202, at a minimum. For soil, this requires delineation of
contaminants using the Preliminary Soil Remediation Goals (PSRG) and Transport Model for the Protection
of Groundwater3.
3.4.1) Groundwater Contamination Delineation
Determination of the vertical and horizontal extent of groundwater contamination should begin with an
understanding of the site geology and hydrogeology and the development of site conceptual model. It is
important to know which way the groundwater is flowing to best positon the wells both up-gradient and
down-gradient of the suspected contamination. A discussion of background wells is included in Section
3.4.1.1. Wells should be screened within the different flow regimes and aquifers depending on the
geology and hydrogeology of the site (i.e. saprolite, transition zone, and bedrock). An appropriate number
of wells should be installed to understand the subsurface heterogeneities and preferential pathways,
especially if contamination is suspected in bedrock.
Ideally, to have a complete delineation of contamination, side-gradient and down-gradient well(s) will be
placed where sampling demonstrates no detectible concentrations of the suspected contaminants.
However, in some cases, the vertical and horizontal extent may not be able to be fully delineated due to
obstructions such as buildings, water bodies, site conditions that prevent access with a drill rig, or site
access restrictions. In these cases, it may be appropriate to estimate the extent of contamination via
groundwater modeling. For more information on groundwater modeling policy and expectations, consult
the DWRs Groundwater Modeling Policy.
Different approaches may be appropriate for different site conditions, contaminants, risk to receptors,
etc. Final determination of the appropriate delineation option should be coordinated with DWR staff.
The regional office may require additional monitoring wells to define the horizontal and vertical extent of
contamination. Once determined, the horizontal and vertical extent of contamination is to be illustrated
in plan-view and cross-section maps for each contaminant. Each map shall include the location,
concentrations, and collection date of the sample collected. Section 3.6. 14 of this document provides
information for the preparation of the figures to be included in the CSA.

3 The PSRG document is listed among the Screening documents in the Risk Evaluation Resources website. Verify that the most
updated version is used since the PSRG is updated periodically.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 10

3.4.1.1) Determining Groundwater Background Concentrations
Groundwater at some sites may naturally contain constituents4 at concentrations above the 2L Standards
for Class GA, GSA, or GC groundwater. For this reason, it is important for the RP to assess the ambient
groundwater quality and distinguish it from groundwater impacted by a site release. Ambient
groundwater quality is controlled by local geology and geochemistry and may vary spatially across a site,
area, or region. As such, “normal” background concentration ranges for a given constituent may vary
considerably from site to site. While published background ranges are useful for general comparisons,
the only sure way to determine local background conditions is to collect and analyze ambient samples
that are unaffected by site-related or other anthropogenic
releases. To the extent possible, background samples should
be collected as follows:
 within a hydrogeologic unit similar to that found in
the contaminated area,
 hydraulically upgradient and outside the influence of
site activities or other contaminant sources,
 in immediate proximity to the site, and
 within the same groundwater horizon (depth/zone)
as compliance data.
The number of background wells and samples will be driven in
part by the size, geologic complexity, and hydrologic
complexity of the site, the potential need for statistical
analysis of compliance versus background well data, and (or)
other goals of the CSA. Background should be established for
each contaminant of concern.
Background conditions will normally be relatively easy to
establish. However, at some sites the determination of
background may be more difficult. These may include larger, complex sites, or sites where background
concentrations are similar to or above the 2L Standards, or permit limits. They may also include sites
where the local geology contains the same inorganic constituents as the permitted wastes.
Background data should be collected and analyzed in a scientifically defensible manner to withstand
technical and regulatory scrutiny. The publication Evaluating Metals in Groundwater at DWQ Permitted
Facilities: A Technical Assistance Document for DWQ Staff should be consulted when determining
background concentrations in support of CSA, CAP, and (or) statistical analysis efforts, provided that,
when calculating background concentrations, outliers should be treated as specified in ProUCL (2015)(
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/proucl_5.1_user-

4 Naturally occurring constituents typically include inorganics such as iron, manganese, barium, zinc, strontium, vanadium, the
“common ions”, and others. Less common naturally occurring constituents include arsenic, uranium, and radium
Establishing Background Conditions
 Samples should be collected in
immediate proximity to the site,
 A minimum of 10 sample events
is recommended for background
well datasets used for formal
statistical comparison to
compliance well datasets,
 Background should be
established for each contaminant
of concern.
 Background data should be
collected and analyzed in a
scientifically defensible manner to
withstand technical and regulatory
scrutiny.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 11

guide.pdf). The DWR Director is responsible for making a final determination of local background
concentrations based on data collected and provided by the RP5.
3.4.2) Soil Contamination Delineation
Soils that are or were in contact with the waste source can become contaminated as well. Contaminated
soil can be a secondary source of groundwater contamination. Hence, 15A NCAC 02L .0106(f) requires
removal, treatment, or control of secondary pollution sources that would be potential continuing sources
of pollutants to the groundwater, such as contaminated soils and non-aqueous phase liquids.
In addition to defining the lateral extent of contamination in soil, understanding the vertical extent of soil
contamination is important for evaluating risks to human health and understanding the potential for soil
contamination to leach to groundwater. In general, soil sample analysis for contaminants like some
metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxin, and pesticides should be collected in the top
3 or 4 inches, but most organics, especially volatile organics, and some metals should be collected at a
depth of 9 to 12 inches for soils.
Different approaches may be appropriate for different site conditions, contaminants, risk to receptors,
etc. Final determination of the appropriate delineation option should be coordinated with DWR staff.
The regional office may require additional soil samples to define the horizontal and vertical extent of
contamination. Once determined, the horizontal and vertical extent of contamination is to be illustrated
in plan-view and cross-section maps for each contaminant. Each map shall include the location,
concentrations, and collection date of the sample collected. Section 3.6.1.14 of this document provides
information for the preparation of the figures to be included in the CSA.
3.4.2.1) Determining Soil Background Concentrations
Natural background data should be collected within a geologic unit and soil type similar to that found in
the contaminated area, from a comparable soil profile depth, hydraulically upgradient and outside the
influence of site activities or other contaminant sources, and close to the site.
The EPA publication “Guidance for Comparing Background and Chemical Concentrations in Soil for CERCLA
Sites” contains information for the characterization of background concentrations and the evaluation of
background data sets in comparison to site contamination data that could also be applicable to DWR sites.
3.4.3) Surface Water and Sediment Contamination Delineation
Surface water quality must be adequately assessed to determine compliance with surface water quality
standards. In accordance with G.S. 130A-310.68 (b)(2), “The site-specific remediation standard for surface
waters shall be the water quality standards adopted by the Commission” (15A NCAC 02B “Surface Water
and Wetland Standards” [2B Standards]). Consequently, all remedial measures, including risk-based

5 Rule 15A NCAC 02L .0202(b)(3) indicates that “Where naturally occurring substances exceed the established standard; the
standard shall be the naturally occurring concentration as determined by the Director”.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 12

remedies, need to be designed to ensure that surface water quality criteria are met, and the best uses of
the surface waters are protected. For wetlands, both soil/sediment and standing water should be
assessed. A “multiple lines of evidence” approach will help the RP assemble the appropriate information
to demonstrate that proposed remedies are protective of the 2B Standards.
The RP needs a thorough understanding of the fate and transport of contamination in all media
including any points or zones of contaminant discharge to surface water, including potential
contaminant degradation products. A conceptual site model should be developed to convey a
thorough understanding of the contaminants of concern and their source; the chemical, geological,
and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer; and the extent, transport, and current and future
conditions of the contaminant plume to allow critical decision making regarding surface water
protection.
If the lines of evidence comprising the conceptual site model suggest that contaminated groundwater has
the potential to affect surface water or sediment, then the groundwater contaminant discharge zones
and/or the surface water need to be sufficiently characterized as part of the conceptual site model. When
such characterization becomes necessary, sampling of discharge zones or surface water and sediment
should be of sufficient extent, frequency, and duration to determine, based on multiple lines of evidence,
if surface water or sediment is contaminated. Contaminants in the discharging plume may have the
potential to accumulate in the bottom sediment, the substrate, or the banks of a surface water body, by
sorption, precipitation, accumulation in pore water, or biological activity. In such cases, the human health
risks associated with sediment contamination are addressed in the same manner as risks from
contaminated soil, whereas risks to ecological receptors will need to be characterized by other
methodology.
Groundwater, pore water and sediment samples should be collected from locations spanning the full
width of the area where a plume is known or predicted to discharge into a surface water body. In addition,
surface water, pore water and sediment samples should be collected from a sufficient number of
upstream, downstream or offshore locations to determine whether groundwater is contaminating the
surface water and, if so, to understand any attenuation away from the seepage face. The number of
samples should be statistically significant to support decisions regarding compliance with the 2B
Standards. Seasonal variability in base flow, discharge conditions and potential tidal influences need to
be considered when developing a sampling plan.
The DWR’s internal guidance “Evaluating Impacts to Surface Water from Discharging Groundwater
Plumes” describes a strategy to collect data for the evaluation of contaminated groundwater discharges
to surface water. Characterization of the groundwater to surface water pathway at a site is necessary to:
 Determine if corrective action alternatives under 15A NCAC 02L .0106 (k), (l), and (m) may be
pursued by evaluating by evaluating if 15A NCAC 02B .0200 (02B) regulatory standards are
exceeded in surface water as the result of groundwater discharge, and
 Locate strategic groundwater and surface water sampling locations to support site assessment
and remedial action performance monitoring networks.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 13

3.4.3.1) Determining Surface Water and Sediment Background Concentrations
To meet CSA requirements in 15A NCAC 02L .0106(g), surface water sampling may be required by 15A
NCAC 02L .0106(k)(5), l(6), and m(2)(c) to document conditions of potentially impacted surface waters.
Sampling locations will include likely impacted areas as well as upstream and downstream areas. CSA
sampling may include routine groundwater sampling at specified well locations to monitor potential
impacts to surface water conditions over time. CSA sampling may also include a focused evaluation in
specific areas of surface water that may be potentially impacted. Additional samples may be necessary
for verification of surface water impacts. CSA sampling is continued until contamination is delineated and
an understanding of site conditions is developed. For more information, refer to the DWR’s internal
guidance “Evaluating Impacts to Surface Water from Discharging Groundwater Plumes”.
3.5 Features Affecting the Fate and Transport of Contaminants
15A NCAC 02L .0106(g)(5) requires identifying and understanding the geologic and hydrogeologic factors
that affect contaminant fate and transport which is a critical component of any CSA and CAP. Subsurface
contaminant movement depends on the chemical properties of the contaminants and the physical,
chemical, and biological characteristics of the site. Fate and transport refers to the physical and chemical
nature, solubility/mobility, and movement of a given constituent. Understanding fate and transport is
particularly important since it may significantly affect the outcome of groundwater monitoring,
groundwater and contaminant transport modeling, human and environmental risk assessment, and
corrective action planning. The factors that affect contaminant fate and transport involve physical and
(or) chemical processes and generally fall into one of three categories:
 Factors that affect whether the contaminant will be soluble/mobile or insoluble/immobile,
 Factors that affect the rate and direction of groundwater flow, and
 Factors that affect the migration of contaminant mass as it moves through the groundwater flow
system.
Each factor affecting contaminant fate and transport is dependent upon local conditions and, to the extent
possible, should be evaluated at a site scale and each constituent should be considered individually. The
evaluation should be included as part of the CSA. The following publication should be consulted when
identifying and evaluating factors that affect fate and transport: Evaluating Metals in Groundwater at
DWQ Permitted Facilities: A Technical Assistance Document for DWQ Staff.
3.5.1) Factors that Affect the Solubility/Mobility of a Contaminant
The concentration of a groundwater contaminant will generally decrease as it migrates due to dilution,
adsorption to matrix materials, or physical/chemical degradation. The distance over which contaminant
concentrations decrease to acceptable levels will depend on the chemical properties of the contaminant,
the physical properties of the saturated zone, and the magnitude of the contamination. The following
lines of evidence should be used to evaluate groundwater contaminant plume behavior:
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 14

 The type of contaminant and its concentration and distribution. In some cases, a contaminant
may occur at a high concentration that is saturated with respect to the groundwater system. In
this case, the contaminant may precipitate out of solution and become immobile. Also,
depending on the type of contaminant, it may degrade to a different “daughter” contaminant
(tetrachloroethylene to vinyl chloride, for example) or change its oxidation state to a more
mobile/toxic form of the same contaminant (chromium III to chromium VI, for example).
 The type of co-occurring constituents and their concentration and distribution. Co-occurring
constituents may affect the contaminant of concern in various ways. Co-occurring constituents
may vie for limited sorption sites and thereby result in the desorption and mobility of the
contaminant of concern. A soluble co-occurring constituent may, in some cases, serve as a
sorptive, mobile host for an otherwise insoluble contaminant that then becomes mobile in
groundwater (a colloidal host is one example). And a precipitated co-occurring constituent may,
in some cases, serve as a sorptive host for an otherwise soluble contaminant that then becomes
immobile in groundwater. In each of these cases, the concentration and characteristics of the
groundwater constituents play a role in mobility.
 The geochemical conditions in the subsurface (pH, redox potential, ionic strength, and others)
 The type of solid phase host surfaces available for contaminant retention and their amount and
distribution
These factors may be measured and understood through source, leachate, groundwater, and surface
water sampling, and sampling of the solid phase of soil, sediment, and core.
3.5.2) Factors Affecting Groundwater Movement
Groundwater movement is controlled by the distribution of hydraulic gradients, hydraulic conductivities,
and porosities across the site in porous media, and by the morphology and degree of connectivity of
fractures in fractured bedrock settings. Sufficient water level data should be collected to calculate
horizontal and vertical gradients and groundwater flow velocities across the property. Consideration
should be given to the following physical site characteristics that affect these properties, and thus affect
groundwater behavior:
 Local geology and hydrogeology
 groundwater flow system framework
 groundwater flow horizons and their orientation, thickness, and properties
 confining units, if present
 basement of flow system
 bedrock fractures and other preferential flow zones
 lithology
 geologic structures
 geologic heterogeneities or anomalies


DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 15

 Site features
 Man-made utility conduits
 Impervious cover
 Surface water impoundments
 Geomorphology
 Recharge and discharge environments
 Tidal influences to coastal surface waters
 Pumping wells: past, current, future
These factors are important because they influence groundwater velocity, direction, and discharge
location. They may be measured and understood by coring, geologic mapping, stream mapping, land use
mapping, well installation, water level measurements, aquifer tests, solid phase sampling, and others.
For sites with potentially impacted receptors and sites where data is needed to properly design
remediation systems, aquifer pumping tests may be required to determine values of aquifer parameters.
For sites where potential receptors have not been identified, an aquifer pumping test may not be required
to obtain estimated values for hydraulic conductivity (K) and transmissivity (T). In these cases, an
alternative means for estimating aquifer characteristics may be adequate. For example, it may be
acceptable at some sites to perform textural analysis on soil samples collected from the zone(s) of
contamination and to base conservative estimates of aquifer characteristics on published values of K
corresponding to the soil types present. Any observed soil or relict rock structures should be considered
for potential effects on contaminant transport. In addition, there are several sources of scientific
literature that provide methodologies for estimating K from grain size distribution data.
Alternatively, or in addition to soil data, the use of slug test data may be used to estimate K in the
immediate vicinity of the tested well. It is important to recognize for assessment and monitoring purposes
that dissolved contamination generally migrates in the most transmissive media. Therefore, slug tests
should be conducted in the zone(s) through which contamination is migrating. For aquifers with
significant heterogeneity, several slug tests should be performed to obtain a range of values for
contaminant transport rates.
3.5.3) Factors Affecting the Migration of Contaminant Mass
Factors that affect contaminant mass flow rate and direction as it moves through the groundwater system
include:
 solubility/mobility of the contaminant along the flow path
 groundwater flow rate and direction
 distribution of the contaminant source and its release history
 the type and volume of contaminant released
 porosity, bulk density, and other properties of the subsurface
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 16

Each of these factors may influence contaminant mass and time it takes to reach a given receptor, such
as a supply well or receiving stream. These factors may be understood by reviewing site records, collecting
solid phase samples, conducting groundwater modeling, and others.
If natural attenuation is being considered as a possible remedial alternative, then the RP should collect all
the necessary geochemical data during the site assessment phase of work. When groundwater
monitoring wells are being installed, consider taking soil samples from the vadose zone and rock cores to
have analyzed for geochemical parameters. Another consideration is collecting this data along
groundwater flow paths or transects. This can aid in the development of groundwater models developed
for the CAP and could save the RP from having to re-mobilize drilling rigs to the site later to collect data
to support remedial design.
3.6 Deliverables: CSA
The elements to be included below are for CSAs required in response to any contamination incident
resulting from a DWR permitted or non-permitted activity. CSAs in response to other DEQ permitted or
non-permitted activities may be required by the individual agency to have different content.
The CSA Report must be submitted to the appropriate regional office as soon as practicable or in
accordance with a schedule established by the DWR. The DWR Regional Offices will review the CSA and
may request additional information be provided to support the CSA and aid in their review. Once the
Regional Office has determined that the CSA is sufficient, the RP will be required to proceed with
preparation and submission of the CAP, as appropriate.
For contamination incidents resulting from DWR permitted and non-permitted activities, the CSA must
include, at a minimum, the information listed below.
3.6.1) Title Page
1. Site name, location, groundwater incident number (if assigned), permit number;
2. Date of report;
3. RP and/or permittee, including address and phone number;
4. Current property owner including address and phone number;
5. Consultant/contractor information including address and phone number;
6. Latitude and longitude of the contaminated site; and
7. Seal and signature of NC-certified P.E. or P.G., as appropriate.
3.6. 2) Executive Summary
The Executive Summary should provide an overview of the pertinent site information to acquaint the
reader with the who, what, when, where, why and how for site activities to date.
1. Source information
 Type of contaminants
 Source of the release
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 17

 Amount of release (volume, estimated or known)
2. Initial abatement/emergency response information.
3. Receptor information
 Water supply wells;
 Public water supplies (wells, surface water intakes, supply lines);
 Surface water bodies;
 Wellhead protection areas;
 Subsurface structures
 Land use.
4. Sampling/investigation results:
 Nature and extent of contamination;
 Maximum contaminant concentrations;
 Site hydrogeology.
5. Conclusions and recommendations.
3.6. 3) Table of Contents
1. First page number for each section listed.
2. List of figures (all referenced by number and placed in a single section following contents text).
3. List of tables (all referenced by number and placed in a single section following contents text).
4. List of appendices.
3.6. 4) Site History and Source Characterization
1. Provide a history of property ownership and use. Indicate dates of ownership, uses of the site,
and potential sources of contaminants.
2. Discuss the source(s) of contamination, including primary and secondary sources.
3. Indicate the land use processes occurring onsite. (i.e. manufacturing, agricultural, or industrial)
4. For permitted activities, describe nature of activity, permitted waste, application of all instances
of over-application/irrigation of wastes or water. If applicable, indicate the estimated volume of
the release.
5. Summarize assessment activities and corrective actions performed to date including emergency
response, initial abatement, primary and secondary source removal.
6. Discuss geographical setting and present/future surrounding land uses.

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 18

3.6. 5) Receptor Information
1. Provide a site map showing labeled well locations within a minimum of 1,500 feet of the known
extent of contamination. Key to the table and maps described.
Note: As the known extent of contamination changes, the receptor survey must be updated to reflect the
change. This applies throughout the Receptor Information section.
2. In table format, list all water supply wells, public or private, including irrigation wells and unused
wells, (omit those that have been properly abandoned in accordance with 15A NCAC 2C .0100)
within a minimum of 1,500 feet of the known extent of contamination. Note whether well users
are also served by a municipal water supply.
3. For each well, include:
a. well owner and user names, addresses and telephone numbers,
b. If known, indicate the well number (or name), use of the well, well depth, well casing
depth, well screen interval, and distance from source of contamination.
Note: It will often be necessary to conduct any or all of the following in order to ensure reliability in a water
supply well survey:
 Call the city/county water department to inquire about city water connections;
 Visit door-to-door (make sure that you introduce yourself and state your purpose to
residents prior to examining their property) to obtain accurate description of water usage,
and if some residents are not at home, ask surrounding neighbors about the water usage
at those residences. Even if a public water line is available, some residents still use their
well water and/or are not connected to the public water system; and
 Search for water meters and well houses.
4. Site map showing location of subsurface public and private structures (e.g., sewers, utilities,
conduits, basements, septic tanks, drain fields, etc.) within a minimum of 1,500 feet of the known
extent of contamination;
5. Table of surrounding property owner addresses;
6. Discuss the availability of public water supplies within a minimum of 1,500 feet of the source area,
including the distance and location to the nearest public water lines and the source(s) of the public
water supply;
7. Identify all surface water bodies (e.g., ditch, pond, stream, lake, river) within a minimum of 1,500
feet of the source of contamination;
8. Determine the location of any designated wellhead protection areas as defined in the Safe
Drinking Water Act: 42 U.S. Code § 300h–7 within a minimum of 1,500 feet of the source of
contamination. Identify and discuss the location of the water supply well(s) for which the area
was designated a wellhead protection area, and the extent of the protected area. Include
information about the well owner, well-construction specifications (especially at screened
intervals), pumping rate and pumping schedule. Information regarding designated wellhead
protection areas may be obtained by contacting the DWR’s Public Water Supply Section at 919-
707-9100;
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 19

9. Discuss the uses and activities (involving possible human exposure to contamination) that could
occur at the site and adjacent properties. Examples of such activities and uses include but are not
limited to use of a property for an office, manufacturing operation, residence, store, school,
gardening or farming activities, recreational activities, or undeveloped land;
10. For contamination in the Coastal Plain, determine whether the incident is in an area where there
is recharge to an unconfined or semi-confined aquifers that is being used or may be used as a
source of drinking water. Identify and describe the aquifers below and, if applicable, above the
source of contamination based on a review of scientific literature on the regional hydrogeology
and well construction records and lithological logs for wells in the area. All aquifers below the
surficial aquifer may not be necessary for analysis. DWR Regional Office Staff will provide specific
guidance for the unique circumstances of each incident.
 Include information on the depth of each aquifer below land surface, including the lithology,
hydraulic conductivity, and the difference in hydraulic head between the surficial aquifer and
each subsequently deeper aquifer as may be dictated by the scope of the investigation;
 Include the occurrence and orientation of any preferred pathways that may influence
contaminant migration;
 Discuss the local and regional usage and the draw down from major pumping influences for
each aquifer as may be dictated by the scope of the investigation;
 Specify the distance from the source of contamination to major discharge areas such as
streams and rivers. Cite all sources and references used for this discussion;
 Specify if site is an area that may be effected by tidal influences.
3.6. 6) Regional Geology and Hydrogeology
Provide a brief overview of the regional geology and hydrogeology that includes details on major aquifers,
confining units, hydraulic head, structural features like faults, intrusions, and subsurface geologic features.
Cite all references.
3.6. 7) Site Geology and Hydrogeology
Describe the soil and geology encountered at the site. Use the information obtained during assessment
activities such as lithological descriptions made during drilling, probe surveys, etc. This information should
correspond to the geologic cross sections required in Section 3.6. 14 (Maps and Figures). Based on the
results of the groundwater investigation, describe the site hydrogeology, including a discussion of
groundwater flow direction, hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity and groundwater velocity. Discuss
the effects of the geologic and hydrogeological characteristics on the migration, retardation, and
attenuation of contaminants.
3.6. 8) Soil and Sediment Sampling Results
Using figures and tables to the extent possible, describe all sampling performed to date and provide the
rationale for sample locations, number of samples collected, etc. Include the following information:
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 20

1. Location of samples;
2. Date of sampling;
3. Type of samples (from excavation, borehole, Geoprobe, etc.);
4. Sample collection procedures (split spoon, grab, hand auger, etc.)
5. Depth of samples below land surface;
6. Sample identification
7. Types of sample analyses performed;
8. Sample laboratory analytical results (the laboratory reports should list any contaminant detected
above the method detection limit and the laboratory detection limit); and
9. Identify any sample analytical results that exceed the applicable cleanup levels (refer to
Preliminary Soil Remediation Goals (PSRG) and Transport Model for the Protection of
Groundwater)
Note: Information provided for this section should correspond to the sampling location and sampling
results maps required in Section 3.6. 14 (Maps and Figures).
3.6. 9) Groundwater and Surface Water Sampling Results
Using maps, figures and tables to the extent possible, describe the groundwater and surface water
sampling performed to date and provide the rationale for sample locations based on source and
contaminant type, number of samples collected, etc. Include the following information:
1. Location of water samples and monitoring wells;
2. Date of sampling;
3. Sample collection procedures (bailer, pump, etc.);
4. Sample identification and whether samples were collected during initial abatement, CSA, etc.;
5. Types of sample analyses performed;
6. Sample laboratory analytical results (the laboratory report should list any contaminant detected
above the method detection limit and the laboratory detection limit; and
7. Identify all sample analytical results that exceed the (2L Standards and 2B Standards including any
constituents with Interim Maximum Allowable Concentrations[IMACs]).
Note: Information provided for this section should correspond to the sampling location and sampling
results maps required in Section 3.6. 14 (Maps and Figures).
3.6. 10) Hydrogeological Investigation
Describe the hydrogeological investigation performed including all methods, procedures and calculations
used to characterize site hydrogeological conditions. The following information should be discussed (use
maps, figures, and tables to the extent possible):
1. Groundwater flow direction;
2. Hydraulic gradient (horizontal and vertical);
3. Hydraulic conductivity;
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 21

4. Groundwater velocity;
5. Contaminant velocity;
6. Slug test results;
7. Aquifer test results;
8. Plume’s physical and chemical characterization; and
9. Fracture-trace study if groundwater in bedrock is impacted.
3.6. 11) Groundwater Modeling Results
Groundwater modeling or predictive calculations may be necessary at some sites to verify, based on site
specific hydrogeological conditions, whether groundwater contamination poses a risk to receptors and
to determine an appropriate cleanup level. Modeling should illustrate the input data used to complete
the model and will generally be required for natural attenuation proposals. The criteria to be used when
modeling groundwater flow and contaminant transport can be found at the Division’s Groundwater
Modeling Policy and in Section 4.3.4 (Modeling of Contaminant Fate and Transport).
Note: Input data for models should be derived from site specific information with limited assumptions or
estimates. All assumptions and estimated values including degradation rates must be conservative
(predict reasonable worst-case scenarios) and must be well documented.
3.6. 12) Discussion
1. Nature and extent of contamination, including primary and secondary source areas, and impacted
groundwater and surface water resources;
2. Maximum contaminant concentrations;
3. Contaminant migration and potentially affected receptors
3.6. 13) Conclusions and Recommendations
If corrective action will be necessary, provide a preliminary evaluation and discussion of remediation
alternatives appropriate for the site. Note that for impacts to groundwater associated with permitted
activities in paragraph 15A NCAC 2L .0106(d), corrective action pursuant to 15A NCAC 2L .0106(k), (l) and
(m) may not be applicable, unless provided for pursuant to 15A NCAC 2L .0106(c) or through a variance
from the Environmental Management Commission (EMC).
3.6. 14) Maps and Figures
1. A 7.5-minute USGS topographic quadrangle map showing an area within a minimum of a 1,500-
foot radius of the source of contamination and depicting the site location, all water supply wells,
public water supplies, surface water intakes, surface water bodies, designated well head
protection areas, and areas of recharge to deeper aquifers in the Coastal Plain that are or may be
used as a source for drinking water;
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 22

2. Site map identifying the locations of source areas, site boundaries, buildings, all water supply wells
within a minimum of 1,500 feet, named roads/easements/right-of-way, subsurface utilities,
product or chemical storage areas, basements and adjacent properties, scale and north arrow;
3. At least two geologic cross sections through the saturated and unsaturated zones intersecting at
or near right angles through the contaminated area using a reasonable vertical exaggeration.
Indicate monitoring well/sample boring/sample locations and analytical results for soil samples.
Identify the depth to the water table. Provide a site plan showing the locations of the cross
sections;

4. Site map(s) showing the monitoring wells.
5. Site map(s) showing the elevation of groundwater in the monitoring wells and the direction of
groundwater flow. Contour the groundwater elevations. Identify and locate the vertical datum
(arbitrary 100’, USGS, NGVD) or benchmark. Indicate the dates that water level measurements
were made. There should be one map for each series of water level measurements obtained;
6. Site map(s) showing the results of all soil sampling conducted. Indicate sampling identifications,
sampling depths, locations and analytical results;
7. Site map(s) showing the results of all groundwater sampling conducted. Indicate sampling
locations, monitoring well identifications, sample identifications, and analytical results;
8. Groundwater contaminant iso-concentration contour maps in plan view. Contour line for
applicable 2L standard should be shown in bold; and
9. Groundwater contaminant iso-concentration contour cross-sections.
Note: If possible, use a single base map to prepare site maps using a map scale of 1 inch = 40 feet (or a
smaller scale for large sites, if necessary). Maps and figures should include conventional symbols,
notations, labeling, legends, scales, and north arrows and should conform to generally accepted practices
of map presentation such as those enumerated in the US Geological Survey pamphlet, "Topographic
Maps".
3.6. 15) Tables
1. List all water supply wells, public or private, including irrigation wells and unused wells, (omit
those that have been properly abandoned in accordance with 15A NCAC 2C .0100) within a
minimum of 1,500 feet of the known extent of contamination. For each well, include the well
number (may use the tax map number), well owner and user names, addresses and telephone
numbers, use of the well, well depth, well casing depth, well screen interval and distance from
the source of contamination;
2. List the names and addresses of property owners and occupants within or contiguous to the area
containing contamination and all property owners and occupants within or contiguous to the area
where the contamination is expected to migrate;
3. List for each monitoring well, the monitoring well identification numbers, date water levels were
obtained, elevations of the water levels, the land surface, top of the well casing, screened interval
and bottom of the well.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 23

4. List the results for groundwater samples collected including sample location; date of sampling;
sample collection procedures (bailer, pump, etc.); sample identifications; sample analyses;
laboratory detection limits; and sample analytical results (list any contaminant detected above
the method detection limit in bold);
5. For facilities with an existing monitoring well network sampled as part of permit requirements,
include a table of all historical groundwater monitoring data;
6. List the results for soil samples collected including sample location; date of sampling; sample
collection procedures; sample identifications; sample analyses; laboratory detection limits; and
sample analytical results (list any contaminant detected above the method detection limit in
bold);
3.6. 16) Appendices
1. Boring logs and lithological descriptions;
2. Well construction records;
3. Standard procedures used at site for sampling, field equipment decontamination, field screening,
etc.;
4. Laboratory reports and chain-of-custody documents;
5. Copies of any permits or certificates obtained, permit number, permitting agency, and
6. Slug/pumping test data; and
7. Certification form for CSA (E3.1 Certification for the Submittal of a Site Assessment (CSA).
4. CORRECTIVE ACTION
The purpose of a CAP is to propose a remediation strategy for the cleanup of contaminated media based
on the information gathered and knowledge gained from the CSA. Thus, it is extremely important to make
sure that all of the site geologic, hydrogeologic, and geochemical information necessary to support the
selected remedial option in the CAP was gathered and presented in the CSA.
4.1 Risk-Based vs. Non-Risk-Based Remediation
Selection of a path for remediation begins with a choice between pursuing a risk-based or non-risk-based
approach. The RP should contact the appropriate DWR Regional Office to discuss these two options
before proceeding with preparing the CAP.
4.1.1) Risk-Based Option
In 2015, House Bill 765 proposed amendments to many session laws, including G.S. 130A 310.68 through
310.77, that expanded the risk-based remediation option to include virtually all regulated sites, except
those subject to remediation pursuant to the Coal Ash Management Act of 2014 and the requirements of
animal waste management systems. Risk-based remediation allows calculation of site-specific cleanup
levels that are designed to protect public health and the environment based on the current and
anticipated future use of a property. A guidance document “Technical Guidance for Risk-based
Environmental Remediation of Sites” has been prepared to assist the public and state agency staff with
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 24

the regulatory expectations associated with risk-based remediation of environmental contamination
incidents.
It should be noted that, for risk-based remediation, a formal CAP is not required; however, certain
documents will need to be submitted to DEQ such as:
 Owner permission forms
 Draft Notice of Intent to Remediate
 Mailing List
 Fee estimate worksheet
 A site map showing the extent of contamination, sample points, and owners and usage of
adjoining properties.
Refer to the following DEQ website for more information on the risk-based remediation option:
https://deq.nc.gov/permits-regulations/risk-based-remediation.
4.1.2) Non-Risk Based Option
The non-risk-based option requires site cleanup to the 2L Standards or natural background levels that will
allow any future use of the property (“non-restrictive” use), including residential use. Corrective action
for non-risk-based sites may include active remediation, passive remediation, MNA, or some combination
of these. Active remediation includes methods such as groundwater extraction, pump and treat, or
injection. Passive remediation includes methods such as permeable reactive barriers and grout curtains.
The ultimate goal of corrective action under the 2L Rules, with the exception of corrective action under
15A NCAC 02L .0106(k), is to bring soil and groundwater contaminant concentrations to below applicable
2L standards (“non-restrictive” use of the resource), regardless of whether active or passive remediation
is utilized.
Pursuing corrective action under the 2L Rules will require the submittal of a CAP. Requirements for a CAP
are presented under Section 4.3 of this document.
4.2 Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA)
MNA relies on natural processes to decrease or “attenuate” concentrations of contaminants in soil and
groundwater. Those processes are different for organic and inorganic contaminants. Organics attenuate
primarily through biodegradation to less toxic daughter constituents while inorganics attenuate primarily
through other mechanisms such as dispersion, sorption, and, in some cases precipitation or co-
precipitation. MNA can be approved for bedrock and soil, but only under certain circumstances as
discussed in the following subsections.
It is recommended that this section in MNA be consulted along with the following documents (Monitored
Natural Attenuation Guidelines):
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 25

1) MNA for organic contaminants: The Division of Environmental Management “15A NCAC 2L
Implementation Guidance” published in December 1995. This document provides direction on
the implementation of selected sections of 02L, including 02L .0106 (l) (MNA) for organics.
2) MNA for inorganic contaminants: The Division of Water Resources “Monitored Natural
Attenuation for Inorganic Contaminants in Groundwater: Guidance for Developing Corrective
Action Plans Pursuant to NCAC 15A .0106 (l)”, published in 2017.
4.2.1) MNA in Bedrock
Approval may be granted for some sites where no potential receptors are identified on a case-by case
basis and if all of the following conditions are met:
 The CAP certifies that contamination exceeding the 2L Standards is not predicted to migrate
beyond an established compliance boundary;
 Implementation of the CAP will not result in impacts to receptors or surface water;
 The CSA demonstrates a knowledge of where the contamination is located in the subsurface;
 The CAP proposes a monitoring plan sufficient to tract the migration of the plume and to sever as
a warning system to protect potential receptors; and
 Public notification has been made to all owners and occupants of properties that could potentially
impacted by the migration of the plume.
4.2.2) MNA of Soil
MNA of soil contamination may be approved if all of the following conditions apply:
 The soil contamination has not caused groundwater contamination concentrations to exceed the
2L Standards;
 Leachate from the contaminated soil is not predicted to create a 2L Standard violation at any time
in the future;
 The contaminant has the capacity to degrade or attenuate under site specific conditions;
 Soil remediation by other methods is not economically reasonable or technically feasible due to
site conditions and/or the nature of the contaminant; and
 The contaminated soil will not pose a threat to human health due to soil ingestion, inhalation, or
absorption through skin contact.
4.3 Non-Risk-Based CAP Requirements Under the 2L Rules
Specific content of a CAP is presented in Section 4.6 of this document. However, in general, CAPs shall
include:
 A description of the proposed corrective action and the reasons for its selection;
 Specific plans, including engineering details where applicable, for restoring groundwater quality;
 A schedule for the implementation and operation of the proposed plan; and
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 26

 A monitoring plan for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed corrective action and the
movement of the contaminant plume.
Once received, staff will review the CAP submittal for completeness and provide feedback if clarification
or additional information is needed. The regional office may deny approval of the CAP if any of the
elements specified have not been included or have not been adequately addressed. The regional office
will not approve the CAP until it is determined that the report is complete. When a complete and
appropriate CAP has been received, staff will recommend it to the Secretary of the DEQ, or his delegate,
for approval. The approval of any CAP does not preclude the need to obtain permits for remedial actions,
when applicable. Staff of the DWR can provide specific guidance as needed. Questions regarding
technical aspects of CSA or CAP should be directed to the appropriate regional office or central office.
The DEQ Secretary must evaluate the CAP and consider the following:
 The extent of any violations,
 The extent of any threat to human health or safety,
 The extent of damage or potential adverse impact to the environment,
 The time and costs estimated to achieve groundwater quality restoration, and
 The public and economic benefits to be derived from groundwater quality restoration
The following subsections describe the requirements for CAPs submitted under the 2L Rules.
4.3.1) 15A NCAC 02L .0106(j)
This rule applies to DWR permitted and non-permitted activities and allows for corrective action to be
done by active or passive remediation. Corrective action shall be implemented using a remedial
technology demonstrated to provide the most effective means for restoration of groundwater quality to
the 2L Standards taking into consideration the site-specific geological and hydrogeological conditions.
However, per 15A NCAC 02L .0106(o), if at any time the Secretary determines that a new technology is
available that would remediate the contaminated groundwater to the 2L Standards, the Secretary may
require the RP to evaluate the economic and technological feasibility of implementing the new technology
in an active groundwater CAP in accordance with a schedule established by the Secretary.
4.3.2) 15A NCAC 02L .0106(k)
This rule applies to non-permitted DWR activities and activities permitted prior to December 30, 1983 and
provides a means by which a RP may seek approval to actively remediate groundwater to a level other
than the 2L Standards. The CAP must present a listing of proposed alternate cleanup levels during the
active remediation phase for all contaminants detected above the 2L Standards. Once these levels are
achieved, active remedial actions may terminate.
The CAP submitted under this rule must include a description of site-specific conditions; however,
reference to previously-submitted reports (such as the CSA) is acceptable. All historical sampling data
should be summarized and presented in figures and tables. Documentation that groundwater in the area
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 27

of the plume has not been identified for future use or development by a state or local government
planning process must be included. The CAP must also include information on the availability of public
water supplies in the affected area can be obtained from the DWR Public Water Supply Section.
A CAP requested under this rule shall demonstrate all of the following:
 That all sources of contamination have been removed or controlled pursuant to 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(f). Demonstrating complete delineation of the soil contamination and secondary sources
of contamination and providing an acceptable plan for the remediation or control of all sources
may satisfy the meaning of “controlled” as it pertains to this rule;
 That the time and direction of contaminant travel can be predicted with reasonable certainty.
The technical basis for the determination of rate and direction of groundwater flow used in
modeling and/or calculations must be provided. The direction of contaminant transport should
be predicted based on groundwater hydraulic head measurements and should take all nearby
pumping and recharge and discharge influences into account. The rate of contaminant transport
should be estimated directly from empirical site data or predicted using an appropriate model
following the guidance provided in the Division’s Groundwater Modeling Policy and in Section
4.3.4 (Modeling of Contaminant Fate and Transport). Site monitoring will be required to
determine if natural attenuation is occurring and to test the validity of the site conceptual model;
 That the contaminants have and will not migrate onto adjacent properties unless the adjacent
property owners have provided written consent for the trespass, or the adjacent properties are
served by a public water supply system that is isolated from the contamination. To be considered
for approval, the CAP must demonstrate that at least one of the three conditions described under
15A NCAC 02L .0106(k)(3) is true. The term “served” means connected to an approved public
water supply. Suitable water supplies must meet the regulatory definition of a public water supply
and be approved by the DWR Public Water Supply Section. Documentation, preferably a letter
from the utility company, should be provided indicating which households are on public water.
The CAP must certify that public water supply is dependent on surface waters or hydraulically
isolated groundwater, as applicable.
A map must be provided that shows the current plume boundary as well as all adjacent properties
and those down gradient properties where the plume is expected to migrate. Any supply wells
on those properties must be located on the map. An indication of which properties are predicted
to be impacted and the technical basis for this determination must also be provided. In addition,
a map must be provided that shows the predicted maximum extent of the contaminant plume.
When applicable under 15A NCAC 02L .0106(k)(3)(B), the CAP must include documentation of the
property owner’s written consent allowing contamination to migrate onto their property;
 That the 2L Standards will be met at a location no closer than one year time of travel up-gradient
of an existing or foreseeable receptor, based on travel time and the natural attenuation capacity
of subsurface materials or on a physical barrier to groundwater migration that exists or will be
installed by the RP. All existing and foreseeable receptors must be identified on the base map.
Receptors may include but are not limited to utility lines, public and domestic water supply wells,
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 28

surface waters, and regions of groundwater that have been identified for planned resource
development by state or local governments;
 That, if the contaminant plume is expected to intercept surface waters, the groundwater
discharge will not possess contaminant concentrations that would result in 2B Standards
violations. If the contaminated groundwater plume is predicted to discharge to surface waters,
the CAP must document the technical basis for predicting that such discharge will not result in 2B
Standards violations. The classification of the surface water body must also be included in the
CAP. If the contaminant plume is already discharging to surface water, the CAP should include
recent laboratory analytical results from that surface water body. Samples should be collected
upstream and downstream of the discharge area, if applicable. All surface water quality data
should be provided in table format with a map of sample locations, laboratory reports, and chain-
of-custody forms attached;
 That public notice of the request has been provided in accordance with 15A NCAC 02L .0114; and
 That the proposed CAP would be consistent with all other environmental laws.
4.3.3) 15A NCAC 02L .0106(l)
This rule applies to non-permitted DWR activities and activities permitted prior to December 30, 1983 and
allows for natural attenuation of contaminated groundwater until the affected groundwater conforms to
the 2L Standards. The rule does not apply to sites requiring any ongoing active groundwater remediation.
However, for sites which have already undergone active groundwater remediation and which meet the
criteria of this rule, approval may be requested to remediate the remaining contamination by natural
attenuation.
Documentation that groundwater in the area of the plume has not been identified for future use or
development by a state or local government planning process must be included. To be granted approval
to remediate any site by natural attenuation, it must be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Director
that the contaminant(s) in question can be remediated to their 2L Standards within an acceptable period
of time. The period of time considered acceptable for remediation will depend on a number of site-
specific parameters; therefore, it will vary between sites. The CAP should include an estimate of the
approximate amount of time it will take for natural attenuation to render groundwater quality at the site
to achieve compliance with applicable 2L groundwater quality standards.
A CAP requested under this rule shall demonstrate all of the following:
 That all sources of contamination have been removed or controlled pursuant to 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(f). Demonstrating complete delineation of the soil contamination and secondary sources
of contamination and providing an acceptable plan for the remediation or control of all sources
may satisfy the meaning of “controlled” as it pertains to this rule;
 That the contaminant has the capacity to degrade or attenuate under site-specific conditions.
Please refer to the DWR’s Monitored Natural Attenuation Guidelines (1995 for organics and 2017
for inorganics).
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 29

 That the time and direction of contaminant travel can be predicted based on based on subsurface
conditions and the contaminant’s physical and chemical properties. The direction of contaminant
transport should be predicted based on groundwater hydraulic head measurements and should
consider all nearby pumping and recharge and discharge influences. The technical basis for
determining values for aquifer parameters used in modeling of contaminant transport must be
provided. The rate of contaminant transport should be estimated directly from empirical site data
or predicted using an appropriate model. Please refer to the DWR’s Groundwater Modeling
Policy;
 That contaminant migration will not result in any violations of the 2L Standards at any existing or
foreseeable receptors. All existing and foreseeable receptors must be identified on the base map.
Receptors may include but are not limited to utility lines, public and domestic water supply wells,
surface waters, and regions of groundwater that have been identified for planned resource
development by state or local governments;
 That the contaminants have not and will not migrate onto adjacent properties. To be considered
for approval, the CAP must demonstrate that at least one of the three conditions described under
15A NCAC 02L .0106(l)(5) is true. The term “served” means connected to an approved public
water supply. Suitable water supplies must meet the regulatory definition of a public water supply
and be approved by the DWR Public Water Supply Section. Documentation, preferably a letter
from the utility company, should be provided indicating which households are on public water.
The CAP must certify that public water supply is dependent on surface waters or hydraulically
isolated groundwater, as applicable.
Provide a map showing the current and predicted plume boundary as well as all adjacent
properties and those down gradient properties where the plume is expected to migrate (the map
shall depict the predicted maximum extent of the contaminant plume). Any supply wells on those
properties must be located on the map. An indication of which properties are predicted to be
impacted and the technical basis for this determination must also be provided. When applicable
under 15A NCAC 02L .0106(k)(3)(B), the CAP must include documentation of the property owner’s
written consent allowing contamination to migrate onto their property;
 That, if the contaminant plume is expected to intercept surface waters, the groundwater
discharge will not result in contaminant concentrations that would result in 2B Standards
violations. If the contaminated groundwater plume is predicted to discharge to surface waters,
the CAP must document the technical basis for predicting that such discharge will not result in 2B
Standards violations. The classification of the surface water body must also be included in the
CAP. If the contaminant plume is already discharging to surface water, the CAP should include
recent laboratory analytical results from that surface water body. Samples should be collected
upstream and downstream of the discharge area, if applicable. All surface water quality data
should be provided in table format with a map of sample locations, laboratory reports, and chain-
of-custody forms attached;
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 30

 That the person making the request will put in place a groundwater monitoring program that,
based on subsurface conditions and the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant, will
accurately track the degradation and attenuation of contaminants and contaminant by products
within and down gradient of the plume and to detect contaminants and contaminant by products
prior to their reaching any existing or foreseeable receptor at least one year's time of travel up-
gradient of the receptor and no greater than the distance the groundwater at the contaminated
site is predicted to travel in five years. Monitoring requirements are spelled out under 15A NCAC
02L .0110. A further discussion of monitoring plans is included in Section 5 of this document.
 That all necessary access agreements needed to monitor groundwater quality pursuant to 15A
NCAC 02L .0106(l)(7) have been or can be obtained. If property owners will not grant access,
please contact the applicable DWR Regional Office to determine how to proceed.
 That public notice of the request has been provided in accordance with 15A NCAC 02L .0114(b);
and
 That the proposed CAP would be consistent with all other environmental laws.
4.3.4) Modeling of Contaminant Fate and Transport
Contaminant fate and transport calculations or computer modeling will often be necessary to predict
plume migration. This is particularly important if it cannot be demonstrated that the rate at which
contaminants are entering the dissolved phase has reached steady-state equilibrium with natural
attenuation processes and that the plume is not expanding. Predictive calculation or modeling will be
used to provide assurance that potential receptors will not be impacted, that monitoring plans are
adequate to track plume migration, and that all potentially impacted parties are identified and notified as
required under 15A NCAC 02L .0114.
The contaminants of concern must be chosen so that the behavior of the entire plume can be modeled
conservatively based on those compounds. Modeling contaminant transport requires identification of
the distribution and concentrations or mass fraction of the contaminants of concern for any residual
contaminated soil, aquifer material, or free product present at the site. The concentration of the
contaminants of concern may be used to calculate leachate concentrations and to predict contaminant
fate and transport using analytical or numerical (computer) models. A decaying source may be used in
numerical models to simulate a source area which is undergoing remediation.
Because all models are based on simplifying assumptions about the site, implementation of CAPs based
on modeling will rely on site monitoring. The monitoring network will provide an early warning system
and will provide data necessary to evaluate the accuracy of model predictions. Computer modeling efforts
must be well documented to be considered acceptable. At a minimum, this documentation must include:
 The name, version, and developer of the model,
 The type of sites for which the model was designed and/or is applicable,
 Critical assumptions inherent to the model,
 Critical conceptual assumptions and estimates of input values made by the modeler,
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 31

 A description of the range of values used and the results of sensitivity analysis on critical data
inputs to the model, and
 A graphical representation and narrative explanation of the modeling results.
Note: All assumptions and estimated values must be documented in the CAP to be conservative.
Conservative estimates are values that predict worst-case scenarios. The RP is encouraged to obtain on-
site measurements of as many model input parameters as possible.
The DWR provides guidance through the Groundwater Modeling Policy regarding predictive calculations
and modeling as it pertains to the 15A NCAC 02L and 15A NCAC 02T regulations. The policy has a dual
purpose:
 Provide guidance to investigators in selecting and using appropriate groundwater models for
both permitted sites and incident investigations; and
 Provide guidance for regulators to use in evaluating the adequacy of groundwater modeling
results submitted by investigators.
4.4 Deliverables: CAP
The elements to be included below are for CAPs in response to any contamination incident resulting from
a DWR permitted or non-permitted activity. CAPs in response to other DEQ permitted or non-permitted
activities may be required by the individual agency to have different content.
4.4.1) Minimum Elements of the CAP Report
4.4.1.1) Title Page
1. Site name, location, and groundwater incident number (if assigned), permit number
2. Date of report;
3. RP and/or permittee including address and phone number;
4. Current property owner information, including address and phone number;
5. Consultant/contractor information, including address and phone number;
6. Contaminant release information including date discovered, estimated quantity, cause of release,
and source of release;
7. Latitude and longitude of the contaminated site; and
8. Seal and signature of certifying P.E. or L.G., as appropriate.

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 32

4.4.1.2) Executive Summary
The Executive Summary should provide a brief overview of the pertinent site information (i.e., provide
sufficient information to acquaint the reader with the who, what, when, where, why, and how for site
activities to date).
1. Source information
 Type of contaminants;
 Source of contamination; and
 Amount of contaminant release (volume, estimated or known).
2. Initial abatement/emergency response information:
 How release was controlled;
 Soil removal, quantity, and disposition; and
 Free product removal.
3. Sampling/investigation results:
 Nature and extent of contamination;
 Maximum contaminant concentrations; and
 Applicable soil cleanup levels.
4. Proposed remedy for soil and groundwater contamination
 Selected remedy; and
 Schedule for implementation.
4.4.1.3) Table of Contents
1. List each section with page numbers.
2. List of figures (all referenced by number and placed in a single section following content text).
3. List of tables (all referenced by number and placed in a single section following contents text).
4. List of appendices.
4.4.1.4) Introduction
1. Background, purpose, and scope of CAP (e.g., response to Notice of Violation (NOV), remediation
of soil, groundwater, surface water, vapors, etc.)
 State cause and source(s) of contamination;
 Discuss the cleanup levels that apply to the discharge or release and describe how the cleanup
levels were determined;
 State the contaminants that exceed the cleanup levels; and
 Indicate whether free product is present and include thickness.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 33

2. Regulatory basis for corrective action (i.e. 2L requirements, other requirements, etc.)
3. Remediation goals for soils, groundwater, surface water, and sediments.
4. Criteria used to evaluate remediation alternatives (i.e. protection of human health and the
environment, compliance with laws or legal settlement agreement, long term effectiveness and
permanence, reduction of toxicity and mobility, cost, community acceptance, etc.)
5. Summary of initial remedial actions to date
 Include soil treatment/disposal (quantities and methods);
 Indicate disposal location for the contaminated soil;
 Include free product recovery information (quantities and methods);
 Include any other corrective actions taken; and
 Specify additional quantities of soil, free product, etc. that need to be remediated.
6. Reference previous reports submitted (e.g., Site Assessment (CSA), etc.):
 Cite titles, report dates, and dates that reports were submitted to the Regional Office;
 From the CSA, attach the following as appendices:
 Groundwater elevation maps;
 Maps and cross sections indicating the horizontal and vertical extent of contamination for
soil, free product and dissolved groundwater contamination;
 Tables containing groundwater elevations and other field measurements (dissolved
oxygen, pH, temperature, specific conductivity, etc.); and
 Tables containing all previous sampling results for soil and groundwater.
Note: Do not attach a copy of any report as an appendix
Reference any previous permits and/or certificates (e.g., certificate of approval, soil remediation
permits, interim discharge permits, etc.):
 Cite permit number and permitting agency; and
 Cite permit approval and issue dates.
4.4.1.5) Facility Description
1. History of land use and operations
2. Waste streams
3. Existing permits
4. History of groundwater and permitted effluent monitoring
5. Source areas that require corrective action: Provide an overview of source areas at a facility,
including rationale for combining more than one source area because of proximity, similar waste
characteristics, and common receptors that support development of the site conceptual model in
this manner.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 34

4.4.1.6) Background Conditions
Determine background conditions for soil, groundwater, and surface water
4.4.1.7) Receptor Information
1. Summarize information provided in the CSA on water supply wells, public water supplies, surface
water, wellhead protection areas, deep aquifers in the Coastal Plains, subsurface structures, and
land use; and
2. From the CSA report, attach the following, updating information as necessary:
 Maps and figures of receptor locations; and
 Table listing the names and addresses of property owners and occupants within or contiguous
to the area containing contamination and all property owners and occupants within or
contiguous to the area where the contamination is expected to migrate.
4.4.1.8) Site-Wide Conceptual Model of Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport
Provide a summary with maps and figures to describe site conditions at the facility.
4.4.1.9) Numerical Models
Provide a summary on numerical models used to assess groundwater flow, contaminant
movement, and remediation alternatives. For each model used include: overview of model
development, model assumptions and limitations, and conclusions. Model results should be
included in the appendices.
4.4.1.10) Proposed Corrective Action
Each source should be described with respect to contaminant of concern distribution, migration
pathways, and receptors related to its specific waste footprint to support evaluation of remedial
alternatives.
1 . Objectives
 State goals and expected accomplishments of the CAP (e.g., free product recovery,
containment or retardation of plume migration, reduction of contaminant concentrations,
protection of nearby water supplies, etc.); and
 Specify cleanup levels for soil and/or groundwater and provide the basis for their
determination.
 Describe how the proposed remedy will provide source removal and/or control to reduce COI
concentrations within a reasonable timeframe and ultimately protect human health and the
environment.
2. Evaluation of remediation alternatives, for each remedial option evaluated discuss:
 System process;
 Feasibility;
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 35

 Limitations;
 Options for discharge/disposal of groundwater following treatment including property access
agreements, if applicable;
 Possibility of connecting adjacent property owners to municipal water as an alternative to
groundwater remediation and provide cost comparison;
 Selected remedy and rationale for selection
 Results of treatability studies, if applicable
 How proposed remedy meet remediation goals
 Estimate of time required to meet remediation goals
 Recommended interim activities to support implementation
 Detailed description of remedy
 Conceptual model and design of the remedy (i.e. how will system reduce COI
concentrations and protect human health and environment?)
- COIs addressed by the remedy
- COIs not addressed by the remedy
 Process flow diagrams for all major components of remedy
 Engineering designs with assumptions, calculations, specifications, etc.
 For 2L (l) CAP, provide requirements outlined in DWR MNA guidelines
 For 2L (k) CAP, provide requirements outlined in 02L rule
 Proposed effectiveness sampling and reporting plan during remediation
- Proposed wells for trend analysis
- Proposed trend analysis (statistical method) and decision metrics
 Permits needed for proposed remedy
 Schedule and cost of implementation
 Additional site characterization needed to support proposed remedy
 Measures to ensure the health and safety of all persons on and off site
 Description of all other activities and notifications being conducted to ensure compliance with
2L, and other relevant laws and regulations
 Proposed progress (i.e. “effectiveness”) reports and schedule
 Contingency plan in case of insufficient remediation performance
 Decision metrics (triggering events) for implementation
 Description of contingency remediation plan and basis for its selection
 Permits needed to implement contingency plan
 Schedule and cost of implementation, if needed
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 36

 Certifications (sealed and notarized professional statements of “true, accurate, and
complete”)
 If relevant to discussion, costs including capital expenses, yearly operation, and maintenance
and monitoring costs.
3. Proposed Remediation
Note: Follow format below for soil, sediment, and groundwater remediation. Address remediation of
other media (e.g. surface water, vapor) in similar format, as necessary.

 Soil - Using figures, maps and tables as necessary, describe and provide specifications for the
proposed remediation as appropriate including:
 On-site Treatment
- Estimated volume to be treated;
- Additional site data needed;
- Pilot tests to be performed (test results, if pilot test already completed);
- System design and process;
- Estimate of time required to achieve soil remediation goals;
- Radius of influence of system and estimated rates of contaminant removal;
- Anticipated flow rates and pressures for soil vapor extraction 9if ;
- Anticipated effluent concentration after each unit of treatment;
- Evaluation of effectiveness of remediation method;
- Operation and maintenance plan (include schedule and discussion on measures
to reduce operation and maintenance such as use of automated controls and
remote telemetry);
- Monitoring and sampling plans (include proposed sampling locations, analytical
methods, sampling frequency and reporting frequency);
- Limitations (including access issues, technological feasibility, etc.) and proposed
measures for dealing with these limitations;
- Disposal of any waste (e.g., spent carbon) generated; and
- Permits needed (Attach copies of completed permit applications. Original permit
applications should be submitted to the permitting agency and should not be
attached to the CAP).
 Off-site Treatment/Disposal
- Treatment/disposal method;
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 37

- Estimated volume to be treated or disposed;
- Name and address of treatment/disposal facility;
- Analytical results for any pre-treatment/disposal samples; and
- Permits needed (Attach copies of completed permit applications. Original permit
applications should be submitted to the permitting agency and should not be
attached to the CAP).
 Soil Post Remediation Sampling/Monitoring
- Describe the sampling that will be performed to document that soil has been
cleaned up to applicable cleanup levels.
 Groundwater - Using figures, maps and tables as necessary, describe and provide
specifications for the proposed remediation action as appropriate, including:
 Estimated volume to be treated;
 Additional site data needed including proposed aquifer tests and sample collection for
analysis of natural attenuation parameters, provide tests results if already complete;
 Groundwater modeling (modeling results, if groundwater modeling already completed).
The minimum documentation required for modeling includes:
- Name, version and developer of the model;
- Type of site for which the model is applicable;
- Critical conceptual assumptions and estimates of input values;
- Calibration process;
- Range of values used and the results of sensitivity analysis on critical data inputs;
and
- Graphical representation and narrative explanation of the modeling results;
 Pilot tests to be performed (test results, if pilot test already completed);
 System design and process;
 Estimate of time required to meet applicable groundwater quality standards;
 Radius of influence of system and estimated rates of contaminant removal;
 Anticipated flow rates and pressures for groundwater recovery (i.e., both after stripper
and after carbon), air sparging, and groundwater injection;
- Anticipated effluent concentration after each unit of treatment;
- Evaluation of effectiveness of remediation method;
- Operation and maintenance plan (include schedule and discussion on measures
to reduce operation and maintenance such as use of automated controls and
remote telemetry);
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 38

- Monitoring and sampling plans (include proposed sampling locations, analytical
methods, sampling frequency, and reporting frequency);
- Options for discharging treated groundwater;
- Limitations (including access issues, technological feasibility, biofouling, etc.) and
proposed measures for dealing with these limitations;
- Disposal of any waste (e.g., spent carbon) generated; and
- Permits needed (Attach copies of completed permit applications. Original permit
applications should be submitted to the permitting agency and should not be
attached to the CAP).
Note: For a CAP proposing remediation by natural attenuation, a plan for monitoring the progress of
the contaminant degradation process must be incorporated into the remediation proposal above.
 Groundwater Post Remediation Sampling/Monitoring
- Describe the sampling plan that will be performed to document and verify that
groundwater has been cleaned up to applicable cleanup levels.
 New and Emerging Technologies - Innovative strategies for soil and groundwater remediation
may incorporate new and emerging technologies to meet corrective action goals as
potentially more cost-effective, timely, and more efficient means of reducing contamination
to the level of the acceptable standards. New and emerging remediation technologies may be
considered when they can be demonstrated to be economically and technologically feasible
as specified in 15A NCAC 02L .0106(o). The Director’s determination for implementing new
and emerging technologies must consider factors in Paragraph (h) of this Rule:
 A description of the proposed corrective action and reasons for its selection.
 Specific plans, including engineering details where applicable, for restoring groundwater
quality.
 A schedule for the implementation and operation of the proposed plan.
 A monitoring plan for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed corrective action and
the movement of the contaminant plume.
 The plans for implementation of a corrective action using new and emerging remediation
technologies must identify well-defined and measurable remediation objectives, such as
a reduction in mass discharge rate from a contaminant source. Other performance
parameters should be developed to provide an evaluation of remediation objectives.
These performance parameters should be used to establish baseline operating
conditions, monitor the efficacy of a remediation system, and provide a strategy to
potentially optimize operations. General information about the soil and water chemistry
that may be useful when analyzing the results should be collected as part of the
remediation system operation.

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 39

4. Cost Estimate
Provide a cost estimate for performing the proposed remediation including costs for labor,
pilot tests, aquifer tests, sampling and monitoring, equipment, operation and maintenance,
permits, waste disposal, etc.
5. Schedule
 Provide a detailed schedule for implementing the proposed remediation including but not
limited to:
 Collection of additional data (aquifer tests, natural attenuation parameters, etc.);
 Performance of any pilot tests:
 Submittal of necessary permit applications;
 Excavation of soil;
 Treatment system installation and activation;
 Operation and maintenance;
 Monitoring;
 Estimated time frame to achieve cleanup goals (include basis for this determination); and
 Project completion.
4.4.1.11) Maps, Figures, Tables
Provide maps, figures, and tables as necessary to describe in detail the proposed remediation
including, the area and volume of soil to be treated/excavated, the area and volume of
groundwater to be remediated, and if applicable, the location of the treatment system and a
detailed map of the system design and layout (include all major components of the system).
4.4.1.12) Appendices
1. Attach all figures, tables and maps from CSA (update as necessary); and
2. Provide the following, if applicable
 Cost estimates for remediation alternatives evaluated including estimates and quotes;
 Detailed design specifications of system components;
 Pump curves and performance charts;
 Design calculations;
 Pilot and aquifer test data/calculations (if already completed);
 Groundwater modeling results (if already completed); and
 Copies of completed permit applications.

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 40

5. MONITORING PLAN
5.1 Selection and Approval of Monitoring Plan
Per 15A NCAC 02L .0110, a monitoring plan shall be developed and established that adequately assesses
the progress of the approved corrective action plan and to verify that the remediation process is working
as proposed. The monitoring plan shall include:
1. A sufficient number of monitoring points, including groundwater monitoring wells and surface
water locations as appropriate, to detect and monitor the movement of contaminants;
2. A monitoring schedule based on the physical and chemical characteristics of the contaminants,
reaction rates, discharge rates, and site-specific hydrogeology;
3. A list of constituents to be analyzed and the anticipated laboratory analytical methods. The list
of constituents should include the target contaminants as well as any additional parameters that
may provide an indication of the progress of remediation.
Monitoring of natural attenuation may be based on direct or indirect evidence. Direct evidence would
include monitoring data which shows the plume decreasing in volume and concentration. Indirect
evidence includes, but not limited to, a demonstration of the following:
 Decreases in terminal electron acceptors
 Increases in the byproducts of microbial respiration
 Increase in the presence of bacteria capable of degrading the contaminants
Specific groundwater parameters that may be appropriate to monitor natural attenuation (but are not
required) include:
 Contaminant concentrations
 Concentrations in intermediate compounds formed by incomplete degradation of chemicals
 Nutrient concentrations
 pH
 Redox potential (EH)
 Terminal electron acceptors (e.g. oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, Iron (Fe3+), Manganese (Mn4+ and Mn3+),
etc.)
 Byproducts of microbial respiration (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, Iron (Fe2+), Manganese (Mn2+),
etc.)
If the plume can be shown to be steadily decreasing, it may only be necessary to monitor for the
contaminants of concern. If the plume is discharging, or is predicted to discharge, to surface water, then
surface water samples must be collected and analyzed periodically to monitor for impacts. A description
of the methods used for all analyses and field measurements and justification of their applicability to the
site based on specific site conditions must also be provided. For field measurements, the instrument type
and calibration method should also be provided.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 41

Corrective action sites will generally be monitored quarterly for the first year followed by less frequent
monitoring. The DEQ Director will consider all reasonable, site-specific monitoring proposals. The
predicted rate of contaminant transport and proximity to potential receptors should be considered when
proposing a monitoring schedule.
The monitoring plan shall be prepared under the responsible charge of a Professional Engineer or Licensed
Geologist and submitted to the regional office for approval following acceptance of the corrective action
plan.
5.2 Deliverables
5.2.1) Minimum Elements of the Monitoring Plan
5.2.1.1) Title Page
1. Site name, location, groundwater incident number (if assigned), permit number;
2. Date of report;
3. RP and/or permittee, including addresses and phone numbers;
4. Current property owner information, including address and phone number;
5. Consultant/contractor information, including address and phone number;
6. Contaminant release information including the date discovered, estimated quantity of release,
cause of release, and source of release;
7. Latitude and longitude of the contaminated site; and
8. Seal and signature of certifying P.E. and L.G., as appropriate.
5.2.1.2) Discussion of Sampling Results
1. Summary of analytical results and free product thickness(s) (if applicable).
2. Description of current plume size and location (graphically illustrate changes in plume size or
migration).
 Include the following for active remediation monitoring reports:
 Summary of remediation activities to date;
 Remediation system status (list dates of up-time and down-time);
 Treatment system monthly sampling and operational data;
 Total gallons of water treated during the period;
 Monthly operation and maintenance costs;
 Mass of contaminant removed (lbs/day for the system);
 Future remediation activities;
 Gallons of recovered product; and
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 42

 Discharge/non-discharge/POTW permit number, expiration date, updated permit,
monitoring requirements, and schedule.
 Include the following in all monitoring reports:
 Description of the proximity of the plume to the nearest potential receptor(s);
 Groundwater flow direction;
 Predictive rate of contaminant transport; and
 Other field data obtained during monitoring (groundwater elevations, dissolved oxygen,
temperature, pH, redox potential, conductivity, and other electron acceptors as
required).
5.2.1.3) Conclusions and Recommendations
1. Monitoring reports during active remediation indicate the progress of cleanup, evaluate the
performance and efficiency of the remediation system, and may indicate necessary changes or
modifications to the system.
2. For a Pre-CAP Monitoring Report or a Natural Attenuation Monitoring Report, outline the
attenuation progress and plume status (i.e., change in plume size, shape, etc.).
3. Include interpretations of submitted data.
5.2.1.4) Tables
Note: Tables should list constituent concentrations in the same unit used in the 15A NCAC 02L .0202 (2L
Standards) and indicate the respective 2L standard for listed analytes and laboratory detection limits.
1. Table of sampling data for reported sampling event only;
2. Table of historical sampling data from the site, including data from reported sampling event;
3. Table of groundwater elevations obtained for reported sampling event;
4. Table of historical groundwater elevations;
5. Provide a free product recovery table which provides depth to free product and thickness for each
well, and historical information (thickness of product in each well, total amount of product
recovered);
6. Table of field measurements (e.g., dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, redox potential, specific
conductivity, etc.); and
7. Table of monitoring well construction data including date constructed, total depth, date of
abandonment (if applicable), elevations of top of casing, land surface, water level, screened
intervals, etc.
NOTE: The measured point at top of casing must be permanently marked or noted in the field.
The table of groundwater elevations should be part of the groundwater elevation map, if space
allows.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 43

5.2.1.5) Maps and Figures
All reports submitted to the DWR should use graphical methods of data presentation to the greatest
extent possible. Furthermore, the text of reports should provide a concise synthesis of this graphical
information that clearly communicates the professional’s own interpretations of the data.
Note: If possible, a single base map should be used to prepare potentiometric maps, iso-contour maps,
etc. Maps and figures submitted to the DWR should include conventional symbols, notations, labeling,
legends, scales, and north arrows. The map should use a scale of 1 inch = 40 feet (or smaller scale for larger
sites, if necessary) feet and conform to generally accepted practices of map presentation such as a USGS
Geological Survey pamphlet, “Topographic Maps”.

1. Base map (include bar scale and north arrow):
 Draw all elements of the map to scale;
 Identify property boundaries and all site features;
 Indicate potential receptors (existing or new);
 Label streets, highways, roads, etc.; and
 Label surface waters, creeks, etc.
2. Groundwater elevation map for reported sampling event:
 Draw all elements of the map to scale;
 Use data from groundwater monitoring wells;
 Indicate groundwater flow direction; and
 Plot elevations (in feet) of groundwater, corrected for presence of free product, if applicable.
3. Attach historical groundwater elevation maps.
4. Include a topographic map indicating the location of the site, contaminant plume, and the location
of all water supply wells, surface water bodies, wellhead protection areas, etc. (indicate the 1,500-
foot boundary with circle).
5. Dissolved-concentration map(s) and dissolved-concentration cross sections (vertical iso-
concentration plots), for individual contaminants exceeding 2L Standards, if sufficient data exists.
Note: For all applicable plots, a 15A NCAC 2L standard contour must be shown in bold. Constituent
concentrations should be in the same unit used in the 15A NCAC 02L .0202 (2L Standards)
6. Free product plume map measured in feet, if applicable.
7. Concentration versus water level (hydrograph to reveal groundwater fluctuation through the
“smear” zone).

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 44

8. Concentration versus time graph(s)
 Graph(s) showing contaminant concentrations versus time plotted for all wells sampled
(for individual contaminants exceeding 2L Standards only); and
 Graph that outlines free product thickness (if applicable).
Note: Concentration should be expressed in the same unit in the 15A NCAC 02L .0202 (2L Standards),
the respective 2L standard should be indicated. Time units should be months.
9. Include the following for active remediation monitoring reports only:
 Graph showing total contaminant removal per monitoring well; and
 Graph showing total pounds recovered by means of groundwater recovery.
Note: Calculations should be based on average pounds per hour.
5.2.1.6) Survey of Potential Receptors
This section is required only for incident sites where receptors have been impacted or where
receptors are threatened. Provide all data and status updates since the previous monitoring
report was prepared for the following:
1. All water supply wells within 1,500 feet of the contaminant plume. Include historical and current
sampling data;
2. Current information concerning provision of bottled water; point-of-entry treatment systems,
and/or and connection of properties to municipal water line(s); and/or
3. Surface water bodies, wellhead protection areas, confined coastal plain aquifers, utility lines,
vaults, basements, etc.
5.2.1.7) Appendices
1. Copies of laboratory analytical reports (laboratory name and certification number, well numbers,
sampling date, analysis date, analytical methods, and method detection limits should be indicated
on reports).
Note: Field procedures relating to sample collection techniques, sample containers, sample
preservation, equipment decontamination and field measurement procedures, should comply with the
most current version of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region IV Science and
Ecosystem Support Division (SESD) Field Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures. This
information is available from the USEPA Region IV SESD at:
http://www.epa.gov/region4/sesd/fbqstp/.
2. Chain-of-custody forms for all samples (all transfers).
3. Copies of field data sheets.
4. Calculations (if applicable).
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 45

6. TERMINATION OF CORRECTIVE ACTION
Corrective action may be terminated under the following conditions:
1. Groundwater has been restored to the appropriate 2L standards (Refer to Section 7.1).
2. Continued corrective action will not result in reduction of contaminant concentrations and the
remaining contaminated groundwater can be rendered potable by treatment using readily
available and economically reasonable technologies as provided for in rule 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(n). For this option the Director may designate the remaining area of degraded groundwater
(RS: Restricted Designation) as described in rule 15A NCAC 02L .0104.
3. When continued corrective action will not result in reduction of contaminant concentrations and
the remaining contaminated groundwater cannot be rendered potable by treatment using readily
available and economically reasonable technologies. As provided for in rule 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(n), the Director may consider a request for reclassification of the groundwater to a GC
classification as described in rules 15A NCAC 02L .0201(3) and 15A NCAC 02L .0319.
For condition 2 above, Rule 15A NCAC 02L .0.06(m) allows for any RP conducting an approved CAP to
request termination of corrective action prior to achieving the 2L Standards. This rule applies to DWR
non-permitted activities or DWR activities permitted prior to December 30, 1983. The CAP must
demonstrate that continued operation of the remediation system will not result in a significant decrease
in dissolved contaminant concentrations. The following is the minimum information needed to consider
such a request:
 A discussion of the duration of the corrective action, the total project cost, projected annual cost
for continuance and evaluation of the success of the corrective action;
 An evaluation of alternate treatment technologies that could result in further reduction of
contaminant levels, projected capital, and annual operating costs for each technology;
 The effects, including health and safety impacts, on groundwater users if contaminant levels
remain at levels existing at the time corrective action is terminated;
 A demonstration of the following:
o That continuation of corrective action would not result in a significant reduction in the
concentration of contaminants. This demonstration shall show the duration and degree
of success of existing remedial efforts to attain standards. For this Part, a "significant
reduction" is demonstrated by showing that the asymptotic slope of the contaminants
curve of decontamination is less than a ratio of 1:40 over a term of one year based on
quarterly sampling.

The asymptotic slope is used as a means of determining the rate at which remediation is
progressing. It must be demonstrated that current remedial efforts have produced their
maximum result in terms of lowering the concentration of contaminants. The slope is
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 46

determined from the curve representing the concentration of the dissolved contaminant
over time. Concentrations should be shown in milligrams per liter and time should be
shown in months. The absolute value of the slope of the curve of decontamination (which
is a negative slope) must be less than or equal to one unit of chemical contamination
remediated during the course of 40 months, and greater than or equal to zero. Therefore,
if the absolute value of the slope is calculated to be equal to or less than a ratio of 1:40,
then the requirement has been met.

A minimum of four quarters of monitoring data must be used to graph and evaluate the
curve. Using the ratio of one milligram per liter over 40 months, the decrease in
concentration of a contaminant in groundwater cannot exceed 300 micrograms per liter
in the previous 12-month period to eligible for approval. If a “best fit” curve is used to fit
the data, the CAP must include an explanation of the type of statistical analysis
performed.

The demonstration of asymptotic slope must be made for each contaminant detected
above the 2L Standards. Additionally, the slope determination must be made for data
from all existing monitoring wells which have contaminants above the 2L Standards.
Groundwater samples used for determining the slope must be collected from properly
constructed monitoring wells. Data collected from remediation wells cannot be used.

o That contaminants have not and will not migrate onto adjacent properties, or that such
properties are served by an existing public water supply system dependent on surface
waters or hydraulically isolated groundwater; or the owners of such properties have
consented in writing to the request;
The term “served” means connected to an approved public water supply. Suitable water
supplies must meet the regulatory definition of a public water supply and be approved by
the DWR Public Water Supply Section. Documentation, preferably a letter from the utility
company, should be provided indicating which households are on public water. The CAP
must certify that public water supply is dependent on surface waters or hydraulically
isolated groundwater, as applicable.
A map must be provided that shows the current plume boundary as well as all adjacent
properties and those down gradient properties where the plume is expected to migrate.
Any supply wells on those properties must be located on the map. An indication of which
properties are predicted to be impacted and the technical basis for this determination
must also be provided. In addition, a map must be provided that shows the predicted
maximum extent of the contaminant plume. When applicable under 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(k)(3)(B), the CAP must include documentation of the property owner’s written
consent allowing contamination to migrate onto their property;
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 47

o That, if the contaminant plumes are expected to intercept surface waters, the
groundwater discharge will not possess contaminant concentrations that would result in
violations of the 2B Standards. If the contaminated groundwater plume is predicted to
discharge to surface waters, the CAP must document the technical basis for predicting
that such discharge will not result in 2B Standards violations. The classification of the
surface water body must also be included in the CAP. If the contaminant plume is already
discharging to surface water, the CAP should include recent laboratory analytical results
from that surface water body. Samples should be collected upstream and downstream
of the discharge area, if applicable. All surface water quality data should be provided in
table format with a map of sample locations, laboratory reports, and chain-of-custody
forms attached;

o that public notice of the request has been provided in accordance with Rule .0114(b) of
this Section; and

o that the proposed termination would be consistent with all other environmental laws.;
and

 The Secretary shall not authorize termination of corrective action for any area that, at the time
the request is made, has been identified by a state or local groundwater use planning process for
resource development. Documentation that groundwater in the area of the plume has not been
identified for future use or development by a state or local government planning process must be
included.
The Secretary may authorize the termination of corrective action, or amend the corrective action plan
after considering all the information in the request. In making the authorization, the Secretary shall
consider health and safety impacts on all existing and foreseeable receptors and the impacts the
contaminated plume may have if it reaches them. Upon termination of corrective action, the Secretary
shall require implementation of a groundwater monitoring program that, based on subsurface
conditions and the physical and chemical properties of the contaminants, will accurately track the
degradation and attenuation of contaminants at a location of no less than one year's predicted time of
travel up-gradient of any existing or foreseeable receptor. The monitoring program shall remain in
effect until there is sufficient evidence that the contaminant concentrations have been reduced to the
level of the appropriate standards. For the purpose of this Part, "sufficient evidence" means that
sampling and analyses demonstrate that contaminant concentrations have been reduced to the level of
the appropriate standards on multiple sampling events.

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 48

7. CLOSURE AND ISSUANCE OF "NO FURTHER ACTION REQUIRED".
7.1 Site Closure
Site Closure is the termination of regulatory oversight activities related to a discharge. It may occur when
information is provided to document that site remediation has achieved the cleanup levels or
appropriate standards specified by the DWR. When sites that have been undergoing active remediation
can demonstrate that groundwater has been remediated to below the 2L Standards, the responsible
parties may petition the Division for closure.
Analytical results of groundwater samples collected over four consecutive quarters documenting no
contamination above the 2L Standards or IMACs while a remediation system is in operation, and four
quarters after remediation has ceased are generally required.
Closure of sites with soil contamination may be approved by the appropriate DWR Regional Office if
documentation indicates that no contamination in excess of the appropriate action or clean up levels
remains in the ground. The DWR will then issue a “No Further Action Required” letter to the RP.
Non-permitted sites (only pesticide-contaminated sites) have two additional options for site closure:
 Responsible Parties which have documented violation of the 2L Standards may seek approval to
terminate active remediation, prior to achieving the 2L Standards. 15A NCAC 2L .0106(m)
outlines this procedure.
 Responsible parties which have documented violation of the 2L Standards may seek a variance to
corrective action requirements, as outlined in 15A NCAC 2L .0113.
7.2 Reclassification of Groundwater
All groundwater in North Carolina is classified as “GA” or “GSA” in which the best usage is a potential
source of drinking water supply for humans. The only distinction between the two classifications is the
amount of natural chloride concentrations; GA is less than 250 milligrams per liter and GSA is greater than
250 milligrams per liter and may require treatment before consumption. The “GC” classification is for
groundwater that is unsuitable for human consumption, does not meet the criteria for GA or GSA, and for
which efforts to improve groundwater quality would not be technologically feasible, or in the best interest
of the public. The GC classification can only be established by the Environmental Management
Commission.
15A NCAC 02L .0104 establishes a temporary groundwater restricted designation of “RS” that is intended
to warn the public that the groundwater may not be suitable for use as a source of drinking water without
treatment. When groundwater has been contaminated by human activities, the DWR Director may
designate an area of groundwater as RS under any of the following conditions:
 The DWR Director has approved a CAP or termination of corrective action and it is evident that
the approved plan(s) will not result in restoration of the resource without an extended period of
time; or
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 49

 A statutory variance to the 2L Standards has been granted in accordance with 15A NCAC 02L
.0113.
It should be noted that groundwater occurring within a compliance boundary is deemed RS per 15A NCAC
02L .0104(b).
The RP can submit an application to designate contaminated groundwater outside the compliance
boundary as RS. In this case, the RP must provide written verification that all property owners within and
adjacent to the proposed RS area have been notified of the requested RS designation. Determination of
the RS boundary must be performed using predictive calculations or contaminant fate and transport
modeling. A description of the methodology used, assumptions made, and a discussion of the applicability
of the modeling to the site are required. The boundary shall also be located at least 250 feet away from
the predicted edge of the contaminant plume and shall include any areas into which the plume is expected
to migrate. The RP should also provide a monitoring plan (as described in Section 5 of this document) for
approval.
Once the application is received, the DWR must provide public notice of the intent to designate any
groundwater as RS per 15A NCAC 02L .0104(f). If the DWR Director determines there is a need for a public
hearing, they must issue a public notice and hold a public hearing in accordance with G.S. 143-215.4(b)
and 15A NCAC 02L .0113(e).
If the RS designation is approved, the RP must establish the monitoring program. If during the monitoring
period, contaminant concentrations increase, additional remedial actions or monitoring may be required.
The term “increase” refers to an increase in concentration levels at the time the RS designation was
approved.
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 50

8. EXTERNAL RESOURCES
8.1 Soils: Remediation Goals- Soil Screening- Background Concentrations
 Preliminary Soil Remediation Goals (PSRG) and Transport Model for the Protection of Groundwater (Verify
that the most updated version is used since the PSRG is updated periodically.
 Soil Screening Guidance (EPA): https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-soil-screening-guidance
 Guidance for Comparing Background and Chemical Concentrations in Soil for CERCLA Sites
8.2 Pesticides
 Guidance for Evaluating Residual Pesticides on Lands Formerly Used for Agricultural Production:
https://www.oregon.gov/deq/FilterDocs/GuidanceEvalResidualPesticides.pdf
 California’s Interim Guidance for Sampling Agricultural Properties (Third Revision):
http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/palmdale/documents/2011-02-02_Exhibits_FSA_TN-59585.pdf
 Nitrate contamination in groundwater on an urbanized dairy farm:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es071551t
 Guidance for Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection for Use in Developing a Quality
Assurance Project Plan EPA QA/G-5S: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
06/documents/g5s-final.pdf
 The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters – Nutrients and Pesticides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1225, U.S.
Geological Survey, 1999. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1225
 Area-Wide Contamination Task Force Report, Washington State Department of Ecology, June 30, 2000,
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/tcp/area_wide/Final-Report/PDF/TF-Report-final.pdf
 Findings and Recommendation for the Remediation of Historical Pesticide Contamination, New Jersey Dept.
of Environmental Protection. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/special/hpctf/final/hpctf99.pdf
8.3 ASTM Standards
List of ASTM Standards Related to Environmental Site Characterization:
https://www.astm.org/BOOKSTORE/COMPS/PDFS/ENVSIT06.pdf
8.3.1) Site Characterization
5878 – 08 - Standard Guides for Using Rock-Mass Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes
E1689 − 95 (Reapproved 2014) - Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites
E1528 – 14 - Standard Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
D6312 − 98 (Reapproved 2012) - Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Groundwater
Detection Monitoring Programs
D6235 − 04 (Reapproved 2010) - Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and
Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 51

D6032 – 08 - Standard Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of Rock Core
D5979 − 96 (Reapproved 2014) - Standard Guide for Conceptualization and Characterization of Groundwater
Systems
D5921 − 96 (Reapproved 2010) - Standard Practice for Subsurface Site Characterization of Test Pits for On-Site Septic
Systems
D5745 – 09- Standard Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-Term Measures or Early Actions for Site
Remediation
D5730 – 04 – Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the
Vadose Zone and Groundwater
D 5717 – 95e1- Standard Guide for Design of Ground-Water Monitoring Systems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers
D5408 − 93 (Reapproved 2010) - Standard Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site; Part One—
Additional Identification Descriptors
D5409/D5409M − 93 (Reapproved 2010)- Standard Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site;
Part Two—Physical Descriptors
D5410 − 93 (Reapproved 2007) - Standard Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site; Part
Three—Usage Descriptors
D5254/D5254M − 92 (Reapproved 2010) - Standard Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a
Groundwater Site
D5092 − 04 (Reapproved 2010) - Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
D2113 – 14 - Standard Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site Exploration
D653 – 14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D 420 – 98 (Reapproved 2003) - Standard Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction
Purposes
8.3.2) Site Assessment
D 6233 – 98 (Reapproved 2003) - Standard Guide for Data Assessment for Environmental Waste Management
Activities
E1527 – 13 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1903 – 11 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process
8.3.3) Environmental Sampling
D4448 − 01 (Reapproved 2013) - Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 52

9. EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1. Facility-Specific Requirements for Soil and Groundwater Assessment and
Remediation
E1.1) Pesticides or Agricultural Chemical Operations
E1.2) Facilities Permitted under G.S.87-88 (Well Construction Act)
E1.3) Non-Discharge, Discharge (NPDES), Residual Solids Facilities, Animal Waste
Facilities
E1.4) Other
Exhibit 2. Regulations and Policies
Exhibit 3. Certifications, Forms
E3.1) Certification for the Submittal of a Site Assessment (CSA)
E3.2) Certification for the Submittal of a Corrective Action Plan (CAP)
E3.3) Certification for the Request to Terminate a Corrective Action Plan

DEQ DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 53

------This page was intentionally left blank -------

EXHIBITS PAGE- 54

EXHIBIT 1. FACILITY-SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER
ASSESSMENT AND REMEDIATION
E1.1 Pesticides or Agricultural Chemical Operations
E1.1.1) General
Soil and groundwater assessments in North Carolina indicate that lands formerly used for agricultural
purposes have the potential to be impacted with metals, nutrients, pesticides, herbicides, solvents, and
petroleum products at levels that may pose an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment.
Although limited in extent, the NCAC provides the regulatory basis to require assessment and risk
abatement where necessary. Regarding pesticides, the application rate associated with some crops (i.e.,
fruit) coupled with the persistent nature or half-life can increase the probability of impact and retention
onsite.
E1.1.2) Regulatory Framework
The DWR has the responsibility and regulatory authority for managing incidents resulting from the
application of agricultural chemicals or other agricultural by-products, excluding impacts resulting from
spills, pesticide mixing areas, improper application or disposal of such chemicals. Incidents not under the
jurisdiction of the DWR are managed by the DWM’s IHSB or EPA.
Incident types managed by the DWR are typically initiated by the detection of metals, pesticides or
nitrates in supply wells and/or by a planned change in land use such as the residential development of
land formerly used for agriculture. Agricultural land uses where soil or groundwater impacts have been
observed in North Carolina include fruit orchards, row crop cultivation fields, greenhouses, nurseries,
dairies, etc. As a result, the release types (e.g., application of pesticides in a manner prescribed) the
identification of a RP is often either difficult or irrelevant due to exemptions in rule. The fundamental
goal of addressing legacy pesticides, metals and other wastes associated with former agricultural
operations in the existing regulatory framework is risk exposure abatement.
Pursuant to NCAC, agricultural operations are afforded certain exemptions. Agricultural operations are
exempt from assessment and certain types of corrective action as required in 15A NCAC 02L .0106(c) if
the impacts to soil and groundwater are the result of normal (i.e., no spills, no over-application, and in
accordance with manufacturer’s or USDA recommendations, etc.) application or deposition of agricultural
chemicals. The mitigation of hazards, however, can be required under 15A NCAC 02L .0106(b) for
applicable contaminants.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 55

Per 15A NCAC 02L .0106(b), any person conducting or controlling an activity which results in the discharge
of a waste or hazardous substance or oil to groundwater of the State, or in proximity thereto, shall take
immediate action to terminate and control the discharge, mitigate any hazards resulting from exposure
to the pollutants and notify the DWR of the discharge. Mitigation of hazards may range from soil removal,
providing an alternative source of potable water, deed recordation or restrictions, homeowner
notification, etc.
The DWR will also partner with appropriate agencies in the investigation of legacy agricultural chemical
impacts such as DHHS, DWM, EPA and the Department of Agriculture. In that regard, 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(p) states that where the 2L Standards are exceeded because of the application of pesticides or other
agricultural chemicals, the DWR Director or his designee shall request the Pesticide Board or the
Department of Agriculture to assist the DWR in determining the cause of the violation. If the violation is
determined to have resulted from the use of pesticides, the DWR Director shall request the Pesticide
Board to take appropriate regulatory action to control the use of the chemical or chemicals responsible
for, or contributing to, such violations, or to discontinue their use.
Although not regulatory driven, developers and buyers of land formerly used for agricultural operations
should evaluate their potential liability regarding the potential presence of former agricultural chemicals.
Adequate due diligence should include, at a minimum, a thorough review of historic land use coupled with
soil sampling, especially in those areas where planned land use may result in human exposure to soil
and/or groundwater such as residential, recreational, educational or day care development.
Contaminant Types Associated with former Agricultural Lands
In North Carolina, a range of contaminant types have been identified at former agricultural lands
including, but not limited to the following:
 Nitrates associated with former dairy operation;
 Chlorinated solvents and petroleum constituents used to dissolve and disseminate pesticides and
herbicides;
 Inorganics including pesticides containing arsenic, lead, and copper;
 Organochlorines and associated metabolites including DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, aldrin,
lindane (gamma-BHC), toxaphene, DDD, DDE, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate,
endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, 1,2 dichloropropane, etc.
 Organophosphates including malathion, parathinon, methyl parathion, and diazinon;
 Others including atrazine, paraquat and carbaryl.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 56

When evaluating land for assessment, consider the above-listed contaminants as well as a review of the
literature associated with the former land use.
E1.1.3) Addressing Contaminated Sites
Due to the varied nature of historical site use, the range of potential agricultural chemicals that may be
present, specific guidance regarding assessment and risk abatement is developed on a site-specific basis
under the review of the DWR if necessary. Below are several key considerations when evaluating land
formerly used for agriculture purposes:
 Thoroughly research historic land use of the property. Sources of information that may be of
assistance include USGS topographic maps that can indicate locations with possible agricultural
use, historic aerial photos often available through various agencies such as your local Soil and
Water Conservation office, interviews with local people familiar with the property, contacting
local extension agents, regulatory agencies such as the DWR, local health departments, etc.
Careful review of historic aerial photos will assist in locating potential mixing areas and identify
other important features to consider when sampling such as drip lines in former orchards.
 Soil, stream , stream sediment, drainage ditch sediment and groundwater sampling should be
consider if legacy or persistent pesticides were thought to have been used on the property, animal
waste or animal activity was concentrated in certain areas of the property, relict piping or other
signs of pesticide mixing are present, pesticides are present in similarly used or situated property
in the area or the property was known to have been used for row crop cultivation, fruit orchards,
nurseries, greenhouses, etc.
 Collect representative soil samples consistent with the historical land use which may include a
wide range of pesticides, herbicides, and metals for some land use types such as fruit orchards.
Other former agricultural sites such as dairies may necessitate a narrower range of analyses such
as nitrates only. Metals to be sampled for include antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium,
chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, silver, thallium,
vanadium and zinc. When sampling metals, some of which are naturally occurring, it is imperative
to collect background samples to determine the level of naturally occurring metals. Background
samples should be collected in an area offsite or an area where agricultural chemicals or wastes
were not applied. Specific methods of grid sampling, composite sampling, etc. may be discussed
with regional office staff prior to assessment to ensure sampling adequacy (Refer to Section 3.4.1).
 Analytical methods required for soil and sediment include SW-846 Method 8260 for VOCs, SW-
846 Method 8270 for SVOCs, and EPA method or methods published in Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater having the lowest detection limits for metals, pesticides
and herbicides.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 57

 Analytical results of soil sampling may be evaluated using EPA Region 3 or 9 Screening Level Tables
and/or DWM’s IHSB preliminary soil remediation goals (PSRG): Preliminary Soil Remediation Goals
(PSRG) and Transport Model for the Protection of Groundwater (The PSRG document is listed
among the Screening documents in the Risk Evaluation Resources website. Verify that the most
updated version is used since the PSRG is updated periodically). When evaluating soil results,
compare to appropriate proposed land use (i.e. residential or industrial). Secondly, results should
be compared to soil-to-groundwater maximum contaminant concentration (see table below and
DWM’s IHSB). The DWR Regional Office incident manager will provide additional guidance on a
site-by-site basis. The DWR may also have the results reviewed by the DHHS Division of
Environmental Health for analysis and recommendations. If soil results are greater than soil-to-
groundwater MSCC, then an assessment of groundwater should be undertaken and results
compared to the 2L Standards and reviewed by DHHS staff.
 If soil results are greater than EPA Screening Levels for intended land use, mitigation of hazards
may be required.
 Groundwater sampling should be considered and may be required by the DWR if soil contaminant
levels exceed the soil-to-groundwater values. If a water supply well is already present on the
property, the well should be sampled. As with any groundwater assessment, a representative
number of wells may be necessary to accurately characterize groundwater conditions.
Groundwater evaluation is critically important in areas where water supply wells will be used as
the sole potable water source. When sampling groundwater, apply standard well sampling
procedures for purging and collecting field parameters. Contact your DWR Regional Office for
additional guidance. Groundwater analytical results should be compared to the 2L Standards. If
the groundwater results exceed the 2L Standards, report the results to the DWR. In some cases,
if the water samples are collected from a water supply well, the results may be provided to the
DHHS Division of Environmental Health by the DWR Regional Office for evaluation.
 References included in Section 8.2: Pesticides may be applicable to address your site.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 58

E1.2 Facilities Permitted under G.S.87-88 (Well Construction Act)
E1.2.1) General
Wells are built to establish a connection between the subsurface and the land surface for a variety of
purposes. Wells may be used to supply potable water for drinking or to test for contaminated water as
part of a groundwater remediation strategy. Wells may also be used to inject fluids into the subsurface
to learn how water moves in the subsurface or to restore the quality of contaminated groundwater.
Contamination incidents may be associated with wells due to improper construction methods,
inappropriate use such as waste disposal, or deterioration of materials over time.
E1.2.2) Regulatory Framework
The NC Well Construction Act (General Statute Chapter 87, Article 7) provides the regulatory authority
and framework for establishing well construction standards for the protection of public health and
groundwater resources. Well Construction Standards are given in the 15A NCAC 02C .0100 and .0200
Rules. Both rules require wells to be maintained and abandoned if they are not properly maintained.
E1.2.3) Addressing Contaminated Sites
The NC Well Construction Act provides the authority to require remedial action for any violations of the
Act or rules adopted pursuant to it. Section 87-91 – Notice of Violation; Remedial Action Order states, in
part, that “An order requiring remedial action shall specify the action to be taken, the date by which the
action must be completed, the possible consequences of failing to comply with the order, and the
procedure by which the alleged violator may seek review of the order.” Such remedial or corrective action
may vary according the specific instances, but injection well rule 15A NCAC 02C .0206(b) may be a useful
starting point.
For injection wells, rule 15A NCAC 02C .0210 specifically addresses waste disposal via wells, which refers
to rule 15A NCAC 02C .0206(b) for corrective action. This corrective action rule specifically addresses
noncompliance with well construction standards or 2L or 2B Standards caused by the operation of
injection wells. The requirements are basically a condensed version of the requirements specified in 15A
NCAC 02L .0106.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 59

E1.3 Non-Discharge, Discharge (NPDES), Residual Solids, and Animal Waste
Facilities, and Other Activities Permitted by DWR
E1.3.1) General
This Exhibit addresses contamination incidents occurred from conducting or controlling an activity which
is performed under the authority of Non-Discharge, Discharge (NPDES), Residual Solids, and Animal Waste
permits (refer to Section 1.3 for a list of activities permitted by the DWR).
E1.3.2) Regulatory Framework
1. Compliance with the 15A NCAC 02L requirements described in Sections 1 through 6.
2. Compliance with rule 15A NCAC 02T .0105(j) for the closure permitted facilities (except animal
waste operations which are described in item 3, below). 15A NCAC 02T .0105(j) requires the
“proper closure” of permitted waste treatment systems (or parts thereof, such as lagoons, storage
ponds, etc) before that permit (or parts thereof) can become inactive. The following guidelines
provide clarification of what “proper closure” entails:
 Guidelines for the Closure of Permitted Wastewater Ponds and Lagoons:
http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=edc99438-42a1-4e53-b3ae-
bb6768d7a557&groupId=38364
 Guidelines for the Closure and Abandonment of Single Family Residence Irrigation
Facilities: http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=f1c083fe-25dc-
482d-aa67-7d3f722ed81f&groupId=38364
3. Compliance with rule 15A NCAC 02T .1306 for the closure of animal waste facilities.
 Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation Practice Standard Waste Facility
Closure CODE 360: http://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/NC/NC360Closure_04-
2012.pdf
E1.3.3) Addressing Contaminated Sites
Contamination from permitted facilities requires the installation of monitoring wells on the review and
compliance boundaries. If exceedances are detected between the review and compliance boundaries,
then 15A NCAC 02L .0106(d)(1) applies. If exceedances are detected at or beyond the compliance
boundary, then 15A NCAC 02L .0106(d)(2) applies and a CSA must be done and a CAP must be
implemented (refer to sections 1 through 6). For permitted facilities with no prior groundwater
monitoring requirements, consult with the Policy for Compliance Evaluation of Long-Term Permitted
Facilities with no Prior Groundwater Monitoring Requirements.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 60

E1.4 Other
If you are unsure if regulatory oversight for a contamination incident lies with the DWR, contact your DWR
Regional Office for guidance regarding assessment and corrective action requirements. Refer to Section
1 for a summary of the DWR’s regulatory oversight and to the Memorandum of Agreement (Transfer of
Incident Management Responsibilities from the Division of Water Quality to the DWM).

EXHIBITS PAGE- 61

EXHIBIT 2. REGULATIONS AND POLICIES
Statutes
G.S. 87, Article 7 – NC Well Construction Act
G.S. 87, Article 7A – NC Well Contractors Certification Act
G.S. 143-215.1 – Control of sources of water pollution; permits required
G.S. 143-215.1A – Closed-loop groundwater remediation systems allowed
G.S. 143-214.1 – Water; water quality standards and classifications; duties of Commission
G.S. 143-214.2 – Prohibited discharges
G.S. 143-215.1C - Report to wastewater system customers on system performance; report discharge of
untreated wastewater to the Department; publication of notice of discharge of untreated wastewater
and waste.
G.S. 143-215.85 – Procedure to report oil discharges or discharges of pesticides regulated by the North
Carolina Pesticide Board
Coal Ash Related Regulations- General Assembly of North Carolina Session 2013. Senate Bill 729.
Information on requirements for closure plans begins on page 16 (§ 130A-309.212. Closure of coal
combustion residuals surface impoundments).

Rules
15A NCAC 02B—Surface Water and Wetland Standards
15A NCAC 02C – Well construction standards
.0100 – criteria applicable to water supply and certain other wells
.0200 – criteria applicable to injection wells
15A NCAC 02H—Procedures for Permit: Approvals
15A NCAC 02L .0100-.0300 – Groundwater quality classifications and standards
15A NCAC 02T – Waste not discharged to surface water
15A NCAC 02U – Reclaimed water

EXHIBITS PAGE- 62

Policies and Guidelines
The following policies are found on the Division of Water Resources website unless otherwise noted:
Memorandum of Agreement between the Division of Water Quality and the Division of Waste
Management (MOA) In 2006, NCDENR (now DEQ) revised the soil and groundwater contamination
incident responsibilities of the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) and the Division of Waste Management
(DWM). Those responsibilities were outlined in a Memorandum of Agreement signed in 2007 by both
divisions.
Hydrogeologic Investigations and Reporting Policy: This policy describes how to conduct hydrogeologic
investigations and report the results. This document is applicable regardless of any references to a specific
regulatory program, permit, or rule.
Performance and Analysis of Aquifer Slug Tests and Pumping Tests Policy: This policy describes how to
collect information about aquifer hydraulic properties and includes guidance on selecting the most
appropriate method as well as conducting and evaluating such tests. This document is applicable
regardless of any references to a specific regulatory program, permit, or rule.
Groundwater Modeling Policy: This policy describes the criteria to be used when modeling groundwater
flow, contaminant transport, and other aspects of conducting CSA and evaluating the effectiveness of
CAPs. This document is applicable regardless of any references to a specific regulatory program, permit,
or rule.
Policy for Compliance Evaluation of Long-Term Permitted Facilities with no Prior Groundwater Monitoring
Requirements: This policy is used to determine whether 2L Standards have been exceeded at the
compliance boundary for facilities with no prior groundwater quality requirements. If the permitted
facility is determined to be in non-compliance, adherence to the corrective action requirements specified
in 15A NCAC 02L .0106 is required.
Guidelines for the Closure of Treatment Ponds and Lagoons: This policy describes closure requirements
for waste treatment and storage impoundments except those used for the management of coal ash and
animal waste. The closure of animal waste lagoons must be done in accordance with the NC NRCS
Standard No. 360.
Recommended Well Purge Volumes: This policy describes procedures for obtaining fresh groundwater
from wells in a way that increases the likelihood of obtaining good samples and obtaining accurate
analytical results.
Metals Determinations Required By 15A NCAC 02L: This policy describes the procedures for preparing
and analyzing water samples for metals analyses to determine compliance with the requirements of the
2L Standards.
Evaluating Impacts to Surface Water from Discharging Groundwater Plumes: This guidance document is
intended to aid WQROS staff in developing a strategy to collect data for the evaluation of potentially
contaminated groundwater discharges to surface water.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 63

Monitored Natural Attenuation Guidelines: (1) 15A NCAC 2L Implementation Guidance’, Division of
Environmental Management, December, 1995; and (2) Monitored Natural Attenuation for Inorganic
Contaminants in Groundwater: Guidance for Developing Corrective Action Plans Pursuant to NCAC 15A
.0106 (l), 2017.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 64

EXHIBIT 3. CERTIFICATIONS, FORMS
E3.1 Certification for the Submittal of a Site Assessment (CSA)

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
Certification for the Submittal of a Site Assessment

Responsible Party and/or Permittee: ____________________________________
Contact Person: _____________________________________________________
Address: ___________________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:__________ Zip Code: __________
Site Name: _______________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State: ________ Zip Code: ________
Groundwater Incident Number (applicable): ___________

I,_______________________, a NC-Licensed Professional Engineer/Professional Geologist (circle one) for
____________________________________________(firm or company of employment) do hereby certify that the
information indicated below is enclosed as part of the required Site Assessment (CSA) and that to the best of my
knowledge the data, assessments, conclusions, recommendations and other associated materials are correct,
complete and accurate.
(Each item must be initialed by the certifying licensed professional)
1. __________ The source of the contamination has been identified. A list of all potential sources of the
contamination is attached.
2. __________ Imminent hazards to public health and safety have been identified.
3. __________ Potential receptors and significant exposure pathways have been identified.
4. __________ Geological and hydrogeological features influencing the movement of groundwater have
been identified. The chemical and physical characters of the contaminants have been
identified.
5. __________ The CSA sufficiently characterizes the cause, significance and extent of groundwater and
soil contamination such that a Corrective Action Plan can be developed. If any of the above
statements have been altered or items not initialed, provide a detailed explanation. Failure
to initial any item or to provide written justification for the lack thereof will result in immediate
return of the CSA to the responsible party.
(Affix Seal, Sign, and Date)

EXHIBITS PAGE- 65

E3.2 Certification for the Submittal of a Corrective Action Plan (CAP)

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
Certification for the Submittal of a Corrective Action Plan Under 15A NCAC 02L .0106(d)(e)

Responsible Party and/or Permittee: ____________________________________
Contact Person: _____________________________________________________
Address: ___________________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:__________ Zip Code: __________
Site Name: _______________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State: ________ Zip Code: ________
Groundwater Incident Number (if applicable): ___________

I,____________________________, a NC-Licensed Professional Engineer/Professional Geologist (circle one) for
____________________________________________(firm or company of employment) do hereby certify that the
information indicated below is enclosed as part of the required Corrective Action Plan (CAP) and that to the best of
my knowledge the data, assessments, conclusions, recommendations and other associated materials are correct,
complete and accurate.

(Each item must be initialed by the certifying licensed professional)

1. __________ A description of the proposed CAP is provided and reasons for its selection.
2. __________ Specific plans for restoring groundwater quality to the level of the standards, including
engineering details, where applicable, and identification of any permits that may be needed.
3. __________ A schedule for the implementation and operation of the proposed plan.
4. __________ A monitoring plan capable of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed corrective action
and the movement of contamination in the subsurface.

(Affix Seal, Sign, and Date)

EXHIBITS PAGE- 66

E3.3 Certification for the Request to Terminate a Corrective Action Plan
E3.3.1) Groundwater Restored to the Level of the Standards

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
Certification for the Request to Terminate a Corrective Action Plan
Groundwater Restored to the Level of the Standards

Responsible Party and/or Permittee: ____________________________________
Contact Person: _____________________________________________________
Address: ___________________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:__________ Zip Code:__________
Site Name: _______________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:________ Zip Code: ________
Groundwater Incident Number (if applicable): ___________

I,____________________________, a NC-Licensed Professional Engineer/Professional Geologist (circle one) for
____________________________________________(firm or company of employment) do hereby certify that the
information indicated below supports termination of the required Corrective Action Plan (CAP) and that to the best of
my knowledge the data, assessments, conclusions, recommendations and other associated materials are correct,
complete and accurate.

(Each item must be initialed by the certifying licensed professional)

1. __________ A demonstration that corrective action was implemented in accordance with the approved
CAP.
2. __________ Analytical data demonstrating that contaminant concentrations in all monitoring wells have
decreased to concentrations at or below the level of the standards for at least four
consecutive quarters.

(Affix Seal, Sign, and Date)

EXHIBITS PAGE- 67

E3.3.2) No Significant Contaminant Reduction and Groundwater Can Be Rendered Potable

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
Certification for Request to Terminate a Corrective Action Plan Under 15A NCAC 02L .0106(n)
No Significant Contaminant Reduction and Groundwater Can Be Rendered Potable

Responsible Party and/or Permittee: ____________________________________
Contact Person: _____________________________________________________
Address: ___________________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:__________ Zip Code:__________
Site Name: _______________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:________ Zip Code: ________
Groundwater Incident Number (if applicable): ___________

I,____________________________, a NC-Licensed Professional Engineer/Professional Geologist (circle one) for
____________________________________________(firm or company of employment) do hereby certify that the
information indicated below supports termination of the required Corrective Action Plan (CAP) and that to the best of
my knowledge the data, assessments, conclusions, recommendations and other associated materials are correct,
complete and accurate.

(Each item must be initialed by the certifying licensed professional)

1. __________ A demonstration that corrective action has been implemented in accordance with the
approved CAP.

2. __________ A discussion of the duration of the corrective action currently in progress, the total project
cost, projected annual cost for continuance, and an evaluation of the success of the
corrective action.

3. __________ An evaluation of alternate treatment technologies that could result in further reduction of
contaminant levels at the site. Projected capital and annual operating costs for each
technology are included.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 68

4. _________ Potential problems generated if contaminant levels are allowed to remain at current
levels. The discussion includes human health and safety as well as environmental
concerns.

5.___________ Demonstration that continuation of corrective action will not result in a significant reduction
in the concentration of contaminants using the criteria specified in rule 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(m)(2)(A). Data showing the degree of success of remedial efforts are enclosed. A
plot of the curve of decontamination (contaminant concentration versus time) that shows an
asymptotic slope and calculations that demonstrate the slope to be less than 1:40 are also
included.

6 .___________ A demonstration that the remaining contaminated groundwater can be rendered potable by
treatment using readily available and economically reasonable technologies. Such
treatment technologies and representative costs are also included.

7.__________ A request that the Director of the Division of Water Resources reclassify as RS the
groundwater that is the subject of this CAP termination request. The reclassification request
meets the criteria specified in rule 15A NCAC 02L .0104.

(Affix Seal, Sign, and Date)

EXHIBITS PAGE- 69

E3.3.3) No Significant Contaminant Reduction and Groundwater Cannot Be Rendered Potable

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
Certification for Request to Terminate a Corrective Action Plan Under 15A NCAC 02L .0106(n)
No Significant Contaminant Reduction and Groundwater Cannot Be Rendered Potable

Responsible Party and/or Permittee: ____________________________________
Contact Person: _____________________________________________________
Address: ___________________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:__________ Zip Code:__________
Site Name: _______________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State:________ Zip Code: ________
Groundwater Incident Number (if applicable): ___________

I,____________________________, a NC-Licensed Professional Engineer/Professional Geologist (circle one) for
____________________________________________(firm or company of employment) do hereby certify that the
information indicated below supports termination of the required Corrective Action Plan (CAP) and that to the best of
my knowledge the data, assessments, conclusions, recommendations and other associated materials are correct,
complete and accurate.

(Each item must be initialed by the certifying licensed professional)

1. __________ A demonstration that corrective action has been implemented in accordance with the
approved CAP.

2. __________ A discussion of the duration of the corrective action currently in progress, the total project
cost, projected annual cost for continuance, and an evaluation of the success of the
corrective action.

EXHIBITS PAGE- 70

3. __________ An evaluation of alternate treatment technologies that could result in further reduction of
contaminant levels at the site. Projected capital and annual operating costs for each
technology are included.

4. _________ Potential problems generated if contaminant levels are allowed to remain at current levels.
The discussion includes human health and safety as well as environmental concerns.

5.___________ Demonstration that continuation of corrective action will not result in a significant reduction
in the concentration of contaminants using the criteria specified in rule 15A NCAC 02L
.0106(m)(2)(A). Data showing the degree of success of remedial efforts are enclosed. A
plot of the curve of decontamination (contaminant concentration versus time) that shows an
asymptotic slope and calculations that demonstrate the slope to be less than 1:40 are also
included.

6 .___________ A demonstration that the remaining contaminated groundwater cannot be rendered potable
by treatment using readily available and economically reasonable technologies. Such
treatment technologies and representative costs are also included.

7.__________ A request that the Director of the Division of Water Resources reclassify the groundwater
that is the subject of this CAP termination request as GC as described in rules 15A NCAC
02L .0201(3)(c) and 15A NCAC 02L .0319. This reclassification request includes
documentation, data, analysis, and other information justifying the request.

(Affix Seal, Sign, and Date)

------This page was intentionally left blank -------