TAR_SummaryFinal

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Ta r -Pa m l i c o ri v e r
Basinwide wa T e r Qu a l i T y ma n a g e m e n T Pl a n
2010 su m m a r y
in T r o d u c T i o n
This 2010 document is the fourth five-year update of the Tar-Pamlico River Basinwide Water
Quality Plan. Previous basinwide plans for the Tar-Pamlico River Basin were completed in 1994,
1999, and 2004 and are available from the DWQ Basinwide Planning website. This basin plan was
written to provide guidance for watershed stakeholders, municipal planners, natural resources
regulators, and other environmental professionals with identifying and addressing water quality
stressors, sources, and emerging issues. This document can be used in conjunction with the
Supplemental Guide to Basinwide Planning which provides general information about water quality
issues and DWQ programs.
.
The next and fifth update to this plan is set to be completed in 2014. National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits were issued in 2009 and will be reviewed for renewal again
in 2014. Basinwide biological and lake sampling last occurred in the Tar-Pamlico River Basin in
2007 and will be conducted again in 2012. Collaborative efforts to integrate water quality and quantity in river basin planning will continue as the Division of Water Resources develops a
basinwide hydrologic model and water resources plan (Action Plan # 1).
The Tar-Pamlico River Basin spans over 6,148 square miles making it necessary for planning
purposes to divide the basin into subbasins. The Division of Water Quality changed how these
subbasins are grouped to conform to the federal system of river basin management. Previously,
DWQ had its own set of subbasins and numbering system, but is now using the federal cataloging
unit know as hydrologic unit codes (HUCs). This report is organized by chapters at the 8-digit
hydrologic unit or subbasin level. The conversion from DWQ subbasins to 8-digit hydrologic units
is illustrated in Figure 1. In using the federal system slight changes had to be made to the basin
boundary with an addition of 619 acres from the Neuse, Pasquotank, Roanoke, and White Oak
basins, as shown in Figure 2.
This plan includes five chapters covering water quality information for each of the subbasins:
- Chapter 1, Upper Tar River Subbasin HUC 03020101,
- Chapter 2, Fishing Creek Subbasin HUC 03020102,
- Chapter 3, Lower Tar River Subbasin HUC 03020103,
- Chapter 4, Pamlico River Subbasin HUC 03020104,
- Chapter 5, Pamlico Sound Subbasin HUC 03020105,
along with chapters focusing on special topics:
- Chapter 6, Nutrient Sensitive Waters Strategy,
- Chapter 7, Agriculture & Water Quality,
- Chapter 8, Ecosystem Enhancement Program,
- Chapter 9, Forestry & Water Quality and
- Chapter 10, Source Water Assessment Program.
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Fi g u r e 1. DWQ Su b b a S i n S
Fi g u r e 2. Su b b a S i n bo u n D a r y Ch a n g e S be t W e e n ba S i n S
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ov e r v i e w
The Tar-Pamlico River Basin is the fourth largest river basin in North Carolina and is one of only
four river basins whose boundaries are located entirely within the state. The Tar River originates
in north central North Carolina in Person, Granville and Vance counties and flows southeasterly
until it reaches tidal waters near Washington and becomes the Pamlico River and empties into
the Pamlico Sound. The entire basin is classified as Nutrient Sensitive Waters (NSW).
The Tar-Pamlico River Basin’s estimated developed area is ~7%, agriculture ~28%, and wetlands
and forested areas ~55% (remaining 10% is open water) based on 2001 National Land Cover
Data (Figure 3). This basin is rural when compared to the Neuse River Basin, which is similar in
size and hydrology. Development and population growth center around Greenville, Rocky Mount
and smaller municipalities within commuting distance to Raleigh, while other municipalities
have experienced negative growth. A better account of population growth will be available upon
completion of the 2010 census
Hy d r o l o g i c Fe a T u r e s
There are an estimated 2,520 miles of mapped freshwater streams, and many more miles of
small unmapped ephemeral, intermittent and perennial streams located within the basin. The
basin includes an estimated 3,977 acres of freshwater reservoirs and lakes, ~663,540 estuarine
acres, and ~17 miles of Atlantic coastline. Wetland and swamp systems are located throughout
Tar-Pamlico River Basin. The basin starts in the eastern Piedmont physiographic region with about
two-thirds of the basin in the Coastal Plain.
Streams in the Piedmont are typically low gradient with sluggish pools separated by riffles with
occasional small rapids. Piedmont soils are highly erodible and are underlain by fractured rock
formations that have limited water storage capacity. Piedmont streams tend to have low summer
Fi g u r e 3. ta r -Pa m l i C o ri v e r ba S i n Su b b a S i n la n D Co v e r (nlCD 2001)
Coastal Plain
Piedmont
Tar R.
Headwaters
Subbasin
HUC 03020101
Fishing Creek
Subbasin
HUC 03020102
Tar River
Subbasin
HUC 03020103
Pamlico River
Subbasin
HUC 03020104
Pamlico Sound
Subbasin
HUC 03020105
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flows and limited ability to assimilate oxygen-consuming wastes. There are no natural lakes
in the Piedmont, but there are a few reservoirs that serve as water supplies and flood control
structures. Old millponds and beaver impoundments are scattered across this region.
Streams in the Coastal Plain are slow-moving blackwater streams, low-lying swamps and
productive estuarine waters. The swamp streams often stop flowing in the summer and are
stained by tannic acid. These streams have limited ability to assimilate oxygen-consuming
wastes. Swamp streams often have naturally low dissolved oxygen and pH. Coastal Plain soils
are deep sands that have high groundwater storage capacity. Natural lakes include the remnants
of bay lakes in the lower Coastal Plain. Also, because of low flow conditions, wind and tides
saltwater intrusion in the Tar River has been documented up to Greenville.
The Pamlico Sound estuarine system is somewhat protected from oceanic influences because
of the Outer Banks. The estuary dynamics, including tidal, climatic, retention time and nutrient
loading conditions, enable eutrophication processes within the Pamlico River. Due to excessive
levels of nutrients resulting in massive algal blooms and fish kills the entire Tar-Pamlico River
Basin was designated as Nutrient Sensitive Water (NSW) in 1989.This designation resulted in
the development and implementation of a nutrient management strategy to achieve a decrease
in total nitrogen (TN) by 30% and no increase in total phosphorus (TP) loads compared to 1991
conditions.

Nutrient Sensitive Water Strategy
Nutrient enrichment of the waterbodies within this basin continues to be the main water quality
issue and the focus of regulatory and strategy related activities. Water quality standards have
not been met in the Pamlico River Estuary even though implementation of the NSW strategy by
WWTP dischargers, municipal stormwater programs, and agriculture have occurred. A review
of the NSW strategy including implementation activities, progress towards meeting the loading
goals and additional actions are discussed in Chapter 6.
A statistical analysis was performed by DWQ and the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and
total phosphorus (TP) had no trends in the Tar River. Further trend analyses of the nitrogen
series components indicated a decrease in nitrite+nitrate (NO2+NO3), a decrease in ammonia
(NH3) and an increase in Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) concentrations. The data suggests the
increasing trend in TKN cancels out the decreasing trend in NO2+NO3, resulting in no trend for
TN. The increase in TKN is likely caused by an increase in organic nitrogen as NH3 concentrations
have decreased. Analyses of estimated daily loads resulted in no trend for TP, TN and TKN, while
decreasing trends for NH3, NO2+NO3 and flow were calculated. Specific details about this trend
analyses are found in Chapter 6.
The trend analyses point toward a rise in organic nitrogen. This warrants identifying sources and
reducing inputs of organic nitrogen throughout the basin. It is likely that there are other nutrient
sources besides those regulated under the NSW strategy that are contributing. Some nonpoint
sources may have not been accounted for or are exceeding the original source contributions.
Potential sources that need more research in regards to their potential contributions include
groundwater and atmospheric deposition (Action Plan # 2 & Research Needs).
It is recognized that basin factors (e.g., groundwater, atmospheric deposition, nutrient recycling)
may contribute to the results seen in these analyses and conditions in the estuary. The
effectiveness and progress of strategy implementation may be better gauged by expanding the
analysis outside of the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) compliance point (Washington) and
focusing on specific watersheds. Further analysis of existing data and additional years of data
collection will provide greater certainty as to the effect of the strategy on the estuary (Action Plan
# 3).
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Po i n T so u r c e
The Tar Pamlico Basin Association (TPBA) currently has 15 members representing 20 discharge
facilities accounting for 98% of the known effluent flow to the basin. The TPBA began water
quality monitoring at 36 stations on a monthly basis in March 2007. The TPBA members do not
have individual permit nutrient limits but instead function under a collective nutrient cap to meet
their reduction requirements of the NSW strategy. EPA is requiring individual nutrient limits by
2014, which will require DWQ and TPBA to conduct additional technical studies (e.g., determine
delivery rates for each discharger, develop individual TN and TP allocations) (Action Plan # 4).
To date, the TPBA has consistently been under their nutrient cap limits. The remaining 2% of
effluent flow is from 18 small facilities that have permits limits based on their size and capability.
no n -P o i n T so u r c e
Agriculture
The progress achieved by the agriculture sector in implementing the Tar-Pamlico Agriculture
Nutrient Control Strategy Rule is well documented in the Annual Agricultural Progress Reports
submitted to the EMC every fall since 2003. As of 2002, the agriculture sector exceeded its
collective 30% nutrient reduction goal and in 2008 reported a 50% reduction in estimated
nitrogen loss to the basin through a combination of BMP implementation, crop shifts, fertilization
rate reductions, and loss of overall cropland acres. During implementation, additional research
regarding BMP effectiveness has improved nutrient accounting. Further improvement to the
accounting process and identification of additional agricultural sources that may be contributing
nutrients that are not accounted for under the current strategy (e.g., more detailed yearly
reports capturing the addition, loss or transfer of nutrients, pasture BMPs, tile drainage, ammonia
emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations, aquaculture facilities, and the expanding
poultry industry) are necessary to continue progress in meeting the overall Tar-Pamlico nutrient
loading reductions. (Action Plan # 2,5,6 & 7).
Stormwater
A better understanding of stormwater contributions could assist in refining the NSW
implementation strategy. There is a need to target existing development retrofit opportunities
and develop a comprehensive stormwater program that captures new development and
construction activities in areas not currently subject to regulation (Action Plan # 8). Approximately
55% of the basin is covered by either Phase II or the NSW stormwater rules, 1% is covered by
solely ORW or Water Supply Watershed stormwater regulations, 19% by Coastal stormwater rules
and 23% of the basin has no stormwater program (Figure 4). Nutrient stormwater controls are in
place for only 54% of the basin.
The Tar-Pamlico stormwater rule
establishes a nutrient export goal
of 4.0 lbs/ac/yr of TN and 0.4 lbs/
ac/yr of TP for new residential and
commercial development projects
within the planning and zoning
jurisdictions of six of the largest and
fastest-growing local municipalities
and five counties within the basin.
The municipalities are: Greenville,
Henderson, Oxford, Rocky Mount,
Tarboro, and Washington. The
counties are: Beaufort, Edgecombe,
Franklin, Nash, and Pitt. Each
of these local governments has
successfully implemented its
Fi g u r e 4. St o r m W a t e r Pr o g r a m Co v e r a g e
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stormwater program since 2006 and continues to achieve nutrient export targets through a
combination of onsite BMPs and off site nutrient offsets.
su B B a s i n wa T e r Qu a l i T y su m m a r i e s a n d signiF ican T is s u e s
uP P e r ta r ri v e r Su b b a S i n 03020101
Modest water quality improvements have been made in this subbasin.
Water Quality is generally good with fecal coliform bacteria and turbidity
as noted stressors. The new 2010 impairments are most likely associated
with drought conditions. Nutrient data indicates organic nitrogen has
increased over the last several years in this subbasin. Additional efforts
are needed to reduce total nitrogen and total phosphorous contributions from this subbasin.
Collecting nutrient data from ambient stations representing all watersheds should be a priority
to help be able to identify nutrient source watersheds. This subbasin has endangered aquatic
mussel species requiring protection (Action Plan # 9). The lower end of Fishing Creek remains the
waterbody with the most stressors (e.g, turbidity, copper, zinc, fecal coliform bacteria) in this
subbasin. However, substantial restoration and protection activities have been implemented on
Fishing Creek and should result in improved conditions in the future.
FiShing Cr e e k Su b b a S i n 03020102
Overall water quality in this rural subbasin is excellent. This subbasin
is a priority for aquatic threatened and endangered species protection.
It is recommended that biological samples be taken during normal flow
conditions to evaluate potential ORW reclassification (Action Plan # 9).
The main stressors to water quality include fecal coliform bacteria and
incidences of low dissolved oxygen.
lo W e r ta r ri v e r Su b b a S i n 03020103
This subbasin funnels water from the Tar River tributaries before
entering the Pamlico Estuary and therefore collectively delivers higher
concentrations of stressors (e.g., nutrients) directly to the estuary.
Nutrient concentrations from ambient stations within this subbasin
indicate TP remaining steady and below the 1991 concentrations, while
TN concentrations have increased slightly. Water quality on an individual stream basis has
improved; specifically the removal of Chicod Creek from the Impaired waters list is a success due
to TMDL and agricultural BMPs implementation. Non-point source and development pressures
continue to be a concern in the entire subbasin. Threatened and sensitive aquatic species have
been found in the main stem of the Tar River in this subbasin.
Pa m l i C o ri v e r Su b b a S i n 03020104
Water quality in this subbasin is primarily impacted by nutrient loading
and resulting chlorophyll a impairment in the estuary. The current
chlorophyll a impairment extends from just below Washington in the
Pamlico River to Saint Claire Creek, similar to the 1994 conditions. DWQ
also recently began assessing for metal toxicity, resulting in several new
impairments because of copper levels.
Pa m l i C o So u n D Su b b a S i n 03020105
Water quality concerns in this subbasin are focused on shellfish harvesting
and recreational uses. A majority of the Impaired water for shellfish
harvesting occur in prohibited shellfish growing areas and not based on
collected fecal coliform data. Swanquarter Bay is Impaired for recreational
uses due to enterococcus data.
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Action Plan
Full implementation of the nutrient reduction strategy has been a measured process and was
reached in 2006. Point sources continually have met their targeted nutrient loading caps from
the early 1990’s. The agriculture community has reduced their estimated nitrogen loss from
cropland and pastureland by an average 45%, since 2002. Almost 2,000 fertilizer applicators
have received nutrient management training and the six local governments covered under the
stepped Stormwater Rule have all adopted and implemented local stormwater programs to limit
nitrogen and phosphorus inputs from stormwater runoff resulting from new development. Despite
this successful implementation, water quality standards in the Pamlico River Estuary are not
being met.
The Pamlico Estuary is a very complex and dynamic system. Climatic variability plays an
important role in the mobilization, processing, and delivery of nutrients to the Estuary. Estuarine
water quality response is affected by climatic events causing variability that obscures clear
trends in nutrient loading and the estuary’s response to these loads, despite reductions to point
and nonpoint source loads. Due to the decades of chronic overloading, the time lag required
for nonpoint source input reductions to be fully expressed, and the likelihood of nutrient cycling
within the estuary, it may be some time before current reductions in nutrient loading will reflect
improved water quality.
DWQ staff have begun an evaluation of the limitations of the current strategies and identified
opportunities for developing a better understanding of the nutrient dynamics for both the Tar-
Pamlico and Neuse River systems. While further analysis of existing data and additional data
collection will provide greater certainty as to the effect of the strategies on the estuaries, existing
strategy’s limitations and the other basin factors that contribute to estuarine conditions must be
recognized. Listed below are the overarching recommendations and research needs identified
in this plan which will be pursued during this next basin plan cycle. It is important to note that
at this time, DWQ is not reassessing the TMDL or suggesting that the current NSW rules be
modified.
Action Plan
re c o m m e n d a T i o n s & go a l s ac T i o n s ne e d e d re s P o n s i B l e gr o u P s da T e
1) Water Resources Plan
Continue to work with Division of Water Resources on the
development of the Tar-Pamlico River Basin Hydrologic
Model and Water Resources Plan.
Participate in planning
meetings and
identify coordination
opportunities for water
quality and quantity
planning
Division Water
Resources and DWQ-
Basinwide Planning
Unit
2014
2) Atmospheric Deposition
Assess atmospheric nitrogen contributions to the
watershed and develop recommendations on better
characterization of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and
emission source regulatory considerations.
Specifically address better characterization of the
contribution of ammonia emissions from Concentrated
Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO).
Workgroup with DWQ &
DAQ
DWQ-Nonpoint Source
Unit & Basinwide
Planning Unit & DAQ
2014
3) Watershed Monitoring and Trends
Identify additional monitoring locations and parameter
needs. Conduct additional trend and loading analyses
upstream of the Pamlico River Estuary focusing on smaller
watersheds. Better characterize basin nutrient sources
and relative contributions.
Agreement on
monitoring station needs and available resources
needed to extend
nutrient monitoring
DWQ- Basinwide
Planning, TMDL & Modeling Unit,
Environmental
Sciences Section,
Coalition Coordinators
& Tar Pamlico Basin Association
2014
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Action Plan
re c o m m e n d a T i o n s & go a l s ac T i o n s ne e d e d re s P o n s i B l e gr o u P s da T e
4) Fate and Transport Model/Analysis
Develop a fate and transport model or other analyses to
determine individual NPDES nutrient limits.
Identify appropriate
nutrient data needs and
flow data requirements
DWQ- NPDES
Wastewater Unit, Non
Point Source Unit,
TMDL & Modeling Unit,
Coalition Coordinators
& Tar Pamlico Basin
Association
2014
5) Agriculture Nutrient BMP Tracking
More detailed reporting on tracking changes of BMPs and
additional BMPs to offset new or increased sources of
nutrients from agricultural operations.
Reconvene with
Division of Soil & Water
Conservation (DSWC)
and Basin Oversight
Committee (BOC) to
explore plausibility of
providing more detailed
reports.
DWQ-Nonpoint Source
Unit & Basinwide
Planning Unit &
Division of Soil & Water
Conservation
2014
6) Poultry Potential Nutrient Source
Continue to evaluate the impact of the Rose Acres egg-
laying operation on the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife
Refuge and the surrounding aquatic ecosystem. Develop recommendations on how to reduce the impacts from this
and other large poultry operations.
Summarize research
findings to support
future policy options and
permit needs.
USFW, DSWC, BOC
DWQ-Basinwide
Planning Unit, &
Animal Feeding
Operations,
2012
7) Aquaculture Facilities
Continue follow-up actions on hybrid striped bass farms
and other fish farms in the lower Basin to improve their
effluent quality and better quantify their impact to the
Estuary. If warranted, include their nutrient contributions
in the Basin’s accounting of progress towards meeting
nutrient reduction goals.
Identify fish farms with
potential impacts to
surface waters.
DWQ-WaRO, DSWC 2014
8) Stormwater
•Assess stormwater runoff impact in areas within the
basin that are currently not under any stormwater
program.
•Evaluate the magnitude of nitrogen loading in runoff
from existing developed areas and assess the need to
further address this source under the strategy.
•Review stormwater and sediment and erosion control
compliance activities; assess need for additional staff for
inspection and enforcement needs.
Establish a DWQ working
group to evaluate
programs and nutrient
control issues.
DWQ- Nonpoint Source
Unit & Stormwater
Permitting Unit
2014
9) Threatened and Endangered Species
Continue development of threatened and endangered
species management plans.
Review EPA ammonia
toxicity standards, DWQ
regulatory programs
and plausibility of
development of
statewide mussel
species management
plan and/or rules.
DWQ- Classifications
and Standards &
Basinwide Planning
Unit
2014
ad d i T i o n a l re s e a r c H ne e d s
Evaluate impacts to riparian buffers•
Explore additional nutrient offset options to be included in the NSW Point/Nonpoint Phase IV Agreement.•
Implement monitoring to better characterize the nature, magnitude and trends in atmospheric and groundwater •
derived nutrient contributions to the Tar-Pamlico River Estuary.
Assess nutrient residence time in the estuary.•
Characterize the location, geographic extent and functionality of tile drains under agricultural fields.•
Quantify the potential magnitude of nutrient loading from spray fields, directly from animal housing and holding, •
and waste storage facilities on CAFOs.
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ad d i T i o n a l re s e a r c H ne e d s c o n T .
Characterize the geographic extent and quantify the potential magnitude of nutrient loading from dry litter •
poultry facilities, animal housing and waste storage.
Characterize the potential for groundwater contamination and transport of nutrients from biosolids and •
wastewater land application fields to the surface waters of the Tar-Pamlico Basin.
Quantify the nitrogen contributions from conventional on-site wastewater treatment systems to surface waters of •
the Tar-Pamlico Basin.
Better quantification of BMP effectiveness (agricultural and stormwater BMPs); improve accounting tools.•
Characterize nutrient loading from various pasture management practices which leads to a better understanding •
of pasture’s nutrient contributions and the value of different management options.
Quantify the magnitude in which pharmaceuticals are impacting aquatic life. Pharmaceuticals and organic waste •
compounds were found in the Tar River as reported in a 2009 USGS study1. .
Identify the local Drainage Districts and understand their current role in controlling water flow and drainage •
issues. Work with the Districts to develop recommendations on how to protect water quality in these areas.
Prepared By:
NC Department of Environment & Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality, Planning Section
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
For additional information please contact:
Heather Patt - Basin Planner
[phone]
[e-mail]
http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wq/ps/bpu
This document was approved and endorsed by the NC Environmental Management
Commission on January 13, 2011 to be used as a guide by the NC Division of Water
Quality in carrying out its Water Quality Program duties and responsibilities in the Tar-
Pamlico River Basin.
Public input and contributing information was provided by:
- NC DENR agencies- Division of Water Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
Natural Heritage Program, Ecosystem Enhancement Program, Division of Environmental
Health, & Division of Forest Resources.
- Franklin County, Greenville, Pamlico-Tar River Foundation, PCS Phosphate, Pitt County, Rocky
Mount, Tar-Pamlico Basin Association, Tar River Land Conservancy, Upper Coastal Plain COG,
US Fish & Wildlife Service, Warren County, & Warrenton.
1 Ferrell, G.M., 2009, Occurrence of selected pharmaceutical and organic wastewater compounds in effluent and water
samples from municipal wastewater and drinking-water treatment facilities in the Tar and Cape Fear River basins,
North Carolina, 2003-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1046: 45 http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2009-
1046.