8_Appendices1B_Biology

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1B

Appendix 1B
Biological Assessment
Macroinvertebrate and Fish Site Sample Results
The full report is available on the DWQ Environmental Sciences Section website:
http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wq/ess/reports
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)21.4
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.3
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)27
pH (s.u.)5.9
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
L TENNESSEE R OFF SR 1629 GB50 08/04/10 Good-Fair
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.000000 -83.381667 2-(1)a Broad Basins
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
Stream Classification Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C250.6
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
50 (Fallow Fields)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None
Visible Landuse (%)25 0 25 0
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)16
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)10
Riffle Habitat (16)7
Bank Erosion (7)3
Bank Vegetation (7)3
Light Penetration (10)2
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)58
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Sand, gravel, cobble, silt with a trace of boulder
Bioclassification
08/04/10 11014 72 24 5.72 4.61 Good-Fair
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Taxonomic Analysis
Numerous intolerant EPT taxa were collected in 2010 that were not present in 2000 and include the mayflies Paraleptophlebia spp., Neoephemera
purprea , the stonefly Leuctra spp., and the caddisflies Polycentropus spp ., Lype diversa, and Neophylax consimilis. In addition, many pollution tolerant
chironomids which were abundant in 2000 were completely absent in 2010 and include Cricotopus bicinctus , C. fugax , C. infuscatus. These data
suggest more favorable water quality conditions in 2010 relative to 2000.
Data Analysis
This sampling location is below Commissioner Creek. The large improvement in the benthic macroinvertebrate metrics at this location since the 2000
collection strongly suggests improved water quality at this location.
Fair09/11/00 8303 67 15 6.35 4.08
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)27.9
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.4
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)35
pH (s.u.)6.5
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)12
Pool Variety (10)4
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
L TENNESSEE R SR 1113 GB24 08/05/10 Good
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
SWAIN 2 06010202 35.326389 -83.523611 2-(26.5)b Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B 375 1800 50 0.4
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)90 ------10 ---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
Town of Franklin WWTP NC0021547 1.65
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Riffle Habitat (16)14
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)4
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)80 Substrate mostly cobble (50), boulder (20), and bedrock (20); some silt (10)
3.36 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI Bioclassification
08/05/10 11090 89 39 4.19
08/05/04 9461 95 42 4.04 3.03 Good
3.81 Good
08/09/99 7957 75 31 4.59 3.44
Taxonomic Analysis
The decrease in EPT richness (15 taxa) occurred as a result of a net loss of baetid mayflies including the intolerant Baetis pluto and Acentrella turbida as
well as the rare Iswaeon davidi. However, the rarely collected Heterocloeon petersi has occurred at this site over the past 11 years. As expected in a
large, productive river, flat-headed mayflies were abundant and were represented by 6 taxa and included the first basinwide site record of Epeorus vitreus.
Caddisflies were rich with 22 taxa, the most this site has seen during basinwide sampling. Hydropsychids dominated and, along with other net-spinning
caddisflies, were very abundant. First basinwide records for this site included Leucotrichia pictipes, a species typical of warm water, open-canopied
rivers, Ceraclea ancylus, and two species of Pycnopsyche. Stonefly richness was half of that found in 2004 (2 vs. 4 taxa) and consisted entirely of riffle
dwelling perlid stoneflies. Perlids are long-lived (2 years) as larvae so their presence over the last 16 years suggests overall stable habitat and water
conditions.
Data Analysis
This most downstream site on the Little Tennessee River occurs in southeastern Swain county well below Franklin. The river at this point has two
channels. The east channel was sampled in 2004 and the west channel sampled in 2010. These channels are very different as the east channel is
primarily bedrock and the west has a good mix of substrates. Overall habitat in the west channel was good, particularly root mats and riffles, although
pools were somewhat lacking. The specific conductance was low for a river downstream of a WWTP and the pH was also low for a large productive river.
The BI was slightly elevated over the 2004 value (but remained lower than even earlier samples) and the EPT richness decreased, albeit only slightly.
Water quality in the Little Tennessee at this site remains Good although it tends to fluctuate slightly, possibly contingent on the flow regime.
Good
07/13/94 6587 82 39 4.46
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)24.1
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.8
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)27
pH (s.u.)6.9
Channel Modification (5)5
I t H bit t (20)9
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
L TENNESSEE R SR 1651 GB10 08/04/10 Good
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.122222 -83.377778 2-(1)b Broad Basins
Stream Classification Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C400.7
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)30 10 50 10
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None
Instream Habitat (20)9
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)7
Bank Erosion (7)3
Bank Vegetation (7)3
Light Penetration (10)2
Left Riparian Score (5)3
Right Riparian Score (5)1
Total Habitat Score (100)45 Substrate Sand, silt, gravel, cobble, trace of boulder
Bioclassification
08/04/10 11015 93 35 5.03 4.12 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Good
10/20/99 7993 62 29 4.16 3.27 Good-Fair
07/22/04 9435 93 37 5.30 3.62
Taxonomic Analysis
There were numerous pollution intolerant taxa present in the 2004 and 2010 samples that have not been present from the previous three samples. These
taxa include the mayflies Baetisca carolina , Drunella allegheniensis , Epeorus vitreus , Leucrocuta spp . and the caddisflies Brachycentrus spinae,
Hydroptila spp., Rhyacophila fuscula , and Neophylax consimilis. The presence of these taxa suggest improved water quality at this site relative to the
1985-1999 monitoring period.
Data Analysis
Since the 1985 Fair bioclassification and the 1987 and 1999 Good-Fair ratings, invertebrate collections at this site in 2004 and 2010 have resulted in two
consecutive Good bioclassifications. Since 2004, the EPT diversity has been stable and much higher than EPT data obtained in the previous three
collections. The 2004 and 2010 data suggest improved water quality at this location relative to the 1985, 1987, and 1999 samples.
Good-Fair
08/06/85 3536 52 18 5.48 4.66 Fair
08/05/87 4196 64 20 5.59 4.73
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)22.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)6.1
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)35
pH (s.u.)6.4
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)10
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)25 25 50 0
Stream Classification Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B250.5
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.235000 -83.395833 2-(26.5)a Broad Basins
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
L TENNESSEE R NC 28 GB35 08/05/09 Good
()0
Bottom Substrate (15)3
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)10
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)8
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)58
Taxonomic Analysis
Several EPT taxa were present for the first time in 2009 and included the mayflies Iswaeon anoka, Plauditus dubius GR, and the caddisfly
Brachycentrus spinae . The addition of these intolerant taxa coupled with the simultaneous reduction of several pollution tolerant taxa (such as the
chironomids Ablabesmyia mallochi, Cricotopus bicinctus , and Cryptochironomus fulvus) resulted in a the lowered BI (and EPTBI) in 2009. These trends
may indicate improving water quality in this watershed.
Data Analysis
The EPTS, BI, and EPTBI have all been improving since 1987 . The 2009 sample resulted in the highest EPTs, the lowest BI and the lowest EPTBI
observed at this location and also resulted in an improved bioclassification of Good. THe first non Good-Fair rating at this site. The improving invertebrate
metrics indicate gradually improving water quality and is supported by the specific conductance data which has also been improving (128 µS/cm in 1999,
37 µS/cm in 2004, and 35 µS/cm in 2009). The 2005 assessment of this site noted that the drastic decline in conductivity from 2005 relative to 1999 may
have been related to a reduction in local gem mining activities.
Good-Fair
08/06/87 4197 75 28 5.37 4.29 Good-Fair
07/26/94 6621 57 27 4.88 4.07
Good-Fair
08/24/99 7978 86 32 5.27 3.65 Good-Fair
07/22/04 9448 71 32 5.07 4.13
Bioclassification
08/05/09 10791 85 37 4.66 3.55 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate bedrock, boulders, sand, gravel and sand
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)24.9
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.7
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)25
pH (s.u.)6.7
Bioclassification
MIDDLE CR SR 1635 GB49 08/03/10 Excellent
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.052222 -83.374444 2-8 Broad Basins
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
C; Tr 1930 7 0.3
Stream Classification Elevation Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
25 (residential)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Visible Landuse (%)25 0 50 0
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)14
Bottom Substrate (15)11
Pool Variety (10)8
Riffle Habitat (16)14
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)3
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)1
Total Habitat Score (100)68
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate rubble, boulder, sand, silt and gravel
2.37
Bioclassification
08/03/10 11013 38 2.77 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Taxonomic Analysis
The 1999 sample produced the lowest EPT taxa richness ever recorded at this location. Since the 1999 collection, several new records of intolerant taxa
were present in both 2004 and 2010 and include the mayflies Baetis tricaudatus, Serratella serrata, Paraleptophlebia spp, the stonefly Perlesta spp and
the caddisflies Ceratopsyche bronta, Nectopsyche exquisita , Lype diversa, Rhyacophila fuscula, and Neophylax consimilis .
Data Analysis
The new records of intolerant invertebrates collected in 2004 and 2010 suggest that water quality improved after the 1999 Good-Fair collection. The
relatively stable EPTS and EPTBI from 2004 and 2010 suggest that the water quality is also generally stable.
Excellent
08/24/99 7979 25 3.94 Good-Fair
07/22/04 9427 43
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)18.3
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.5
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)21
pH (s.u.)6.1
Bioclassification
TESSENTEE CR SR 1684 GB46 07/30/09 Excellent
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.066944 -83.368056 2-9 Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
14.4 7 0.3
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Visible Landuse (%)25 25 50 0
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)15
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)3
Total Habitat Score (100)73
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Boulder, bedrock, cobble, gravel and sand with a trace of silt
Bioclassification
07/30/09 10788 52 2.70 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Taxonomic Analysis
There are numerous intolerant taxa that have been present at this location since monitoring commenced in 2004 and included the mayflies Drunella
allegheniensis , Serratella serratoides, Epeorus vitreus, the caddisflies Micrasema wataga, Glossosoma spp, Dolophilodes spp , Nyctiophylax celta and
the long-lived stoneflies Acroneuria abnormis and Paragnetina immarginata.
Data Analysis
The consistent Excellent bioclassifications and persistent intolerant benthic macroinvertebrate community (and long lived stoneflies) suggests stable and
favorable water quality in this catchment. This conclusion is further supported by the specific conductance data which has been low and quite similar
through time at 18 µS/cm in 2004 and 21.3 µS/cm in 2010.
Excellent07/22/04 9430 47 2.36
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)19.1
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.9
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)16
pH (s.u.)5.9
Channel Modification (5)5
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)50 50 0
B;Tr 12.1 2100 7 0.2
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.062778 -83.400556 2-10 Broad Basins
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
Bioclassification
COWEETA CR SR 1114 GB45 07/29/09 Excellent
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)16
Bottom Substrate (15)14
Pool Variety (10)10
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)3
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)92
Taxonomic Analysis
A stable, diverse, and pollution intolerant EPT fauna resides in Coweeta Creek. Abundant intolerant taxa collected in 2009 that characterize this site
include the mayflies Epeorus vitreus, Paraleptophlebia spp, the stoneflies Tallaperla spp, Perlesta spp, and the caddisflies Ceratopsyche bronta, C.
sparna , Lepidostoma spp and Dolophilodes spp.
Data Analysis
Coweeta Creek has been sampled here on four occasions with each sample producing an Excellent bioclassification. The majority of the watershed is
undisturbed forest, in part, associated with Coweta Creek Hydrological Laboratory. A protected, forested watershed combined with a minimally disturbed
riparian zone and instream habitat have resulted in a temporally stable, diverse, and pollution intolerant macrobenthic community.
Excellent07/27/94 6622 ---39 ---2.75
Excellent
08/21/99 7948 ---39 ---2.88 Excellent
07/22/04 9429 ---45 ---2.62
Bioclassification
07/29/09 10787 ---41 ---2.73 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate mostly cobble and gravel
WS‐III;Tr 2110
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)18.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.5
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)33
pH (s.u.)6.0
Channel Modification (5)5
Bioclassification
CARTOOGECHAYE CR SR 1146 GB40 07/28/09 Good
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.156389 -83.455556 2-19-(1)Broad Basins
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
57.0 17 0.0
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m) Stream Depth (m)
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Visible Landuse (%)25 75 0 0
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear/turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)14
Bottom Substrate (15)12
Pool Variety (10)8
Riffle Habitat (16)12
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)2
Light Penetration (10)5
Left Riparian Score (5)4
Right Riparian Score (5)0
Total Habitat Score (100)68 Substrate boulder, cobble, gravle, sand, and silt
Bioclassification
07/28/09 10784 30 3.24 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Good
08/24/99 7977 41 2.81 Excellent
07/21/04 9446 31 3.03
Taxonomic Analysis
With the exception of the 1999 sample, the invertebrate composition at this location is remarkably unifrom. In fact, 23 common EPT species have been
collected at this site in at least three of the four total collection events and include the pollution intolerant mayfles Drunella allegheniensis , Serratella
serrata, Epeorus vitreus, the stoneflies Acroneuria abnormis , Leuctra spp., and the caddsiflies Brachycentrus appalachia , Dolophilodes spp, and
Neophylax consimilis .
Data Analysis
With the exception of the Excellent rating from 1999, the water quality at this site has been very stable. Indeed, the specific conductance has also been
very uniform through time with a measurement of 33 µS/cm in 1999, 31 µS/cm in 2004, and 33 µS/cm in 2009. The biological uniformity is further
demonstrated in that 40% of all the taxa ever collected at this location have been collected in at least three of the four total collections.
Good07/27/94 6623 30 2.91
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)22.4
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)6.2
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)46
pH (s.u.)5.4
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)16
B tt S b t t (15)6
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
CULLASAJA R US 64 GB48 08/03/10 Good-Fair
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.068889 -83.188889 2-21-(0.5)a Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
Stream Classification Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
WS‐III; Tr 5 0.3
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)45 0 0 30
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Bottom Substrate (15)6
Pool Variety (10)10
Riffle Habitat (16)7
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)2
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)69 Substrate sand, silt, gravel, and cobble with a trace of bedrock and boulder
Bioclassification
08/03/10 11010 91 29 5.15 3.83 Good-Fair
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Fair
07/25/01 8537 41 10 6.67 6.04 Fair
07/21/04 9433 58 14 5.67 4.73
Taxonomic Analysis
The EPT diversity at this site has more than doubled since the the most recent sample in 2004 and represents the highest EPT diversity ever observed
here. EPT taxa collected here for the first time included the mayfly Centroptilum spp., the intolerant and long-lived perlid stoneflies Acroneuria abnormis,
Paragnetina immarginata, and the caddisflies Micrasema wataga , Glossosoma spp ., Hydroptila spp., Oxyethira spp., Triaenodes marginatus ,
Neophylax consimilis, and N. mitchelli. The addition of these taxa, and particularly of the long-lived perlid stoneflies, indicates that water quality at this
location has improved relative to previous years.
Data Analysis
All four previous samples resulted in Fair bioclassifications. This site improved substantially from earlier samples with every benthic macroinvertebrate
metric showing improvement. Of interest is the pH. The 2010 observations were substantially lower than the 2000 (6.7), 2001 (6.7) and 2004 (6.8)
measurements and suggests a reduction in non-point pollution inputs which tend to have neutral to high pH characteristics. Indeed, many sites in this
basin with minimal non-point pollution have very low pH values. Examples of this can be seen at Snowbird Creek (SR 1120) and Tellico Creek (SR 1367)
with 2010 pH measurements of 5.6 and 4.9 respectively.
Fair
06/23/99 7869 47 14 5.63 4.88 Fair
08/28/00 8280 65 18 6.25 5.27
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)24.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)6.8
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)29
pH (s.u.)6.3
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)18
B tt S b t t (15)13
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)50 0 25 0
Stream Classification Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B; Tr 12 0.5
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.125278 -83.285278 2-21-(5.5) Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
CULLASAJA R SR 1678 GB79 08/03/10 Excellent
Bottom Substrate (15)13
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)3
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)3
Right Riparian Score (5)1
Total Habitat Score (100)81
Taxonomic Analysis
There are numerous pollution intolernat taxa that have been present at this location at each of the five collections and include the mayflies Epeorus
vitreus , Maccaffertium ithaca, M. pudicum , Neoephemera purprea , the stoneflies, Tallaperla spp., Acroneuria abnormis , Paragnetina immarginata,
Pteronarcys spp., and the caddisflies Ceratopsyche morosa, and C. sparna. In addition, several taxa were collected for the first time at this location in
2010 and included the intolerant mayflies Heterocloeon curiosum, Procloeon spp., Drunella allegheniensis and the caddisfly Triaenodes perna . The new
intolerant taxa collected in 2010 further support the trend of improving community metrics observed at this station since monitoring commenced in 1991.
Data Analysis
The consistent Excellent bioclassifications, high species diversity and low biotic indices are all indicative of a pollution intolerant invertebrate community
typical of a largely undisturbed watershed. These conclusions are further supported by the low specific conductance values observed (20 µS/cm in 1999,
29 µS/cm in 2010). Overall, the benthic invertebrate community metrics (S, EPT, BI and EPTBI) have generally been improving since the first sample in
1991.
Excellent
10/15/91 5749 95 48 3.67 2.90 Excellent
07/26/94 6602 85 42 3.60 2.73
Excellent
10/15/96 7214 86 45 3.31 2.36 Excellent
06/22/99 7862 90 50 3.36 2.29
Bioclassification
08/03/10 11012 103 51 3.26 2.35 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate boulder, cobble, gravel, with a trace of sand and bedrock
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)24.6
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.6
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)33
pH (s.u.)7.1
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
CULLASAJA R SR 1668 GB39 08/03/10 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.164444 -83.325833 2-21-(5.5)Broad Basins
Stream Classification Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B; Tr 2100 20 0.4
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)50 25 25 0
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None N/A N/AB; Tr
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
S()
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)12
Bottom Substrate (15)10
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)14
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)2
Left Riparian Score (5)4
Right Riparian Score (5)1
Total Habitat Score (100)63
ST EPT BI EPT BI
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Sand, silt, gravel, cobble and bedrock.
Bioclassification
08/03/10 11011 116 50 4.30 3.08 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID
08/05/04 9462 86 42 4.27 3.42
Data Analysis
The 1999 and 2010 samples were structurally quite similar. The slight decline in bioclassificaton seen in 2004 was largely due to the lack of certain taxa
collected in 1999 and 2010. These taxa included the mayflies Leucrocuta spp, Stenacron pallidum , and the caddisflies Micrasema bennetti ,
Hydropsyche venularis, Ceraclea ancylus, Neureclipsis spp, Nyctiophylax spp and Polycentropus spp . With the ossible exception of Hydropsyche
venularis and Micrasema bennetti , these taxa are generally restricted to slow pools along the stream margin. Their presence in 1999 and 2010 and
absence in 2004 suggests that this habitat type was poorly developed or absent during the 2004 sample. Therefore, the slight decreased in
bioclassification seen in 2004 was likely not related to a water quality change but may have been the result of reduced habitat availability, possibly related
to low flow conditions. This assertion is supported by the water quality data as specific conductance was 22 µS/cm in 2004 and 33 µS/cm in 2010.
Good
08/10/99 7961 99 51 3.74 3.09 Excellent
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)17.8
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.9
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)13
pH (s.u.)5.7
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)100 0 0 0
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2) Elevation (ft) Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C;Tr 5.5 3320 10 0.2
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.075278 -83.260278 2-21-8 Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
TURTLE POND CR SR 1620 GB47 08/20/09 Excellent
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)11
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)84
Taxonomic Analysis
Several taxa were collected for the first time at the site in 2009. Most notable was Micrasema sprulesi, for which the BAU has fewer than 25 records.
Other taxa collected for the first time included the stonefly Sweltsa spp and the caddisflies Goera calcarata, Mystacides spp, Molanna blenda, and
Rhyacophila minor.
Data Analysis
Turtle Pond Creek is approximately three miles northwest of Highlands and about 0.5 stream-miles above the confluence with Cullasaja River. Though
the site has a significant amount of sand, a diverse benthic community was supported. All benthic macroinvertebrate metrics have been stable at this
location since monitoring commenced in 1999 and all bioclassifications have been Excellent.
Excellent
06/22/99 7866 ---42 ---1.90 Excellent
07/23/04 9428 ---49 ---2.10
Bioclassification
08/20/09 10827 ---46 ---2.24 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate mix of cobble, sand, boulder, and gravel
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)21.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.5
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)49
pH (s.u.)6.6
Channel Modification (5)3
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)50 25 25 0
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
10.0 5 0.3
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.234444 -83.398333 2-27 Broad Basins
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
IOTLA CR SR 1372 GB33 08/04/09 Good
Channel Modification (5)3
Instream Habitat (20)16
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)0
Riffle Habitat (16)10
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)4
Right Riparian Score (5)0
Total Habitat Score (100)58
Taxonomic Analysis
Several intolerant taxa absent from the 1994 Good-Fair sample but present at each of the four subsequent Good collections included the mayflies
Telagonopsis deficiens , Heptagenia marginalis , the stonefly Perlesta spp , and the caddisfly Triaenodes ignitus.
Data Analysis
With the exception of the 1994 Good-Fair sample, Iotla Creek at this location has rated Good on four separate occasions. There has been very little shift
among the invertebrate community since the 1994 sample and suggests very stable and generaly favorable water quality in this catchment. This
conclusion is further supported by the stable conductivity at each observation (49 µS/cm in 2009, 39 µS/cm in 2007 , 40 µS/cm in 2004, and 42 µS/cm in
1999).
Good
07/27/94 6624 21 4.28 Good-Fair
08/10/99 7960 35 3.50
Good
07/22/04 9449 73 32 4.66 3.86 Good
05/24/07 10188 31 3.62
Bioclassification
08/04/09 10790 83 32 4.63 3.92 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate boulder, silt, sand, and cobble
C;Tr 1980
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)19.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.5
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)26
pH (s.u.)5.9
Channel Modification (5)4
Site Photograph
Water Clarity turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)25 50 25 0
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
26.0 6 0.2
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.262500 -83.409444 2-29 Broad Basins
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
COWEE CR NC 28 GB31 07/29/09 Excellent
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)6
Left Riparian Score (5)0
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)70
Taxonomic Analysis
Several pollution intolerant taxa absent from the 1994 Good-Fair sample have been present in the subsequent samples and include the mayflies
Serratella serrata , Heptagenia marginalis, Leucrocuta spp., Paraleptophlebia spp ., the stonefly Leuctra spp ., and the caddisflies Brachycentrus
nigrosoma, Lepidostoma spp., and Oecetis persimilis.
Data Analysis
This site improved to Good in 1999 and then improved to Excellent in 2004 and has remained Excellent in both of the subsequent collections. The only
small difference in the community noted at this location since 2004 was the very slight increase in the EPTBI. However, the data suggest no significant
change in the water quality since 2004.
Good
07/26/94 6620 24 3.31 Good-Fair
08/10/99 7962 35 2.37
Excellent
07/22/04 9451 38 2.82 Excellent
05/23/07 10187 43 2.81
Bioclassification
07/29/09 10786 40 2.94 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate Boulder, cobble, gravel
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)20.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.3
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)20
pH (s.u.)6.0
Channel Modification (5)4
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
BURNINGTOWN CR SR 1371 GB30 08/04/09 Excellent
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.266389 -83.473056 2-38 Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B;Tr 24.8 1950 10 0.2
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)50 25 25
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)15
Bottom Substrate (15)10
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)1
Total Habitat Score (100)77 Substrate mix of bolder, rubble, gravel and sand
Bioclassification
08/04/09 10789 --- 37 --- 3.41 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Excellent
08/10/99 7959 ---39 ---3.06 Excellent
08/03/04 9477 ---43 ---3.12
Taxonomic Analysis
Few differences existed with the common and abundant EPT taxa between the 2004 and 2009 samples. Although some changes in the benthic
community in 2009 included the absence of the caddisfly Micrasema watauga (abundant in 2004 and common in 1999) and the stonefly Pteronarcys spp
(common in 2004 and 1999, and abundant in 1994) but absent in 2009. The rest of the differences between 2004 and 2009 at Burningtown Creek
involved the absence/presence of rare taxa. Despite the few differences the EPT community here appears diverse and generally pollution intolerant.
Data Analysis
Burningtown Creek rated Excellent in 2009, the same rating it received in 2004 and 1999. Though EPT diversity remains high here, the Biotic Index has
steadily increased since first being sampled in 1994 suggesting that the benthic community is becoming slightly more pollution tolerant over time.
Good07/26/94 6619 ---30 ---2.89
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)17.7
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.5
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)23
pH (s.u.)5.6
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)15
Bottom Substrate (15)12
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Visible Landuse (%)50 50 0 0
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
12.0 6 0.2
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 1 06010202 35.281944 -83.507500 2-40 Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
TELLICO CR SR 1367 GB28 07/29/09 Excellent
Bottom Substrate (15)12
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)3
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)2
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)81
Taxonomic Analysis
Although several intolerant taxa were present in 2009 and included the mayflies Drunella conestee , Epeorus vitreus and the stoneflies Tallaperla spp,
Acroneuria abnormis , Paragnetina immarginata, there were several edge-dwelling caddisflies that were absent or reduced in abundance in 2009 relative
to previous collections. These taxa included Brachycentrus spinae, Goera spp and Pycnopsyche spp. The absence or reduction in these taxa may be
related to a reduction in their favored habitat due to drought induced low flows. However, changes in water chemistry cannot be ruled out.
Data Analysis
Although there is a large trout farm approximately 1.8 miles upstream, there appears to be little impact to the benthic macroinvertebrate community as
this site continues to rate Excellent and harbors many intolerant taxa. It is possible that dilution effects of several tributaries located between this location
and the trout farm is having a positive influence on the invertebrate community. However, the EPTs in 2009 was the lowest on record and corresponded
to a small increase in the specific conductance (23 µS/cm in 2009) which was elevated relative to the 1999 (16 µS/cm) and 2004 (17 µS/cm)
observations. A reduction in flow in 2009 relative to earlier samples may support the elevated conductivity data due to a weakening in tributary dilution
effects. Further, a reduction in flow also supports the lack of the edge-dwelling caddisfly taxa. Additional monitoring at this location is strongly
recommended.
Excellent07/14/94 6586 84 43 3.24 2.37
Excellent
08/09/99 7958 108 54 3.30 2.24 Excellent
08/03/04 9476 93 44 3.29 2.33
Bioclassification
07/29/09 10785 93 40 3.07 2.35 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate Boulder, cobble, gravel, sand and a trace of silt
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)21.9
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)9.2
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)17
pH (s.u.)6.3
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)15
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
NANTAHALA R FSR 437 GB42 07/21/04 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 3 06010202 35.126944 -83.619167 2-57-(0.5) Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B; Tr, ORW 52 3065 22 0.4
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)80 10 0 10 ---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Bottom Substrate (15)15
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)5
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)88 Substrate mostly boulder, cobble and gravel with some sand and silt
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
07/21/04 9445 92 49 2.90 1.60
7976 100 49 3.11 2.02
Bioclassification
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
07/26/94 6627 77 48 2.40 1.95 Excellent
08/24/99
07/10/91 5655 94 54 2.34 1.48
Taxonomic Analysis
Sampling in 2010 yielded the highest EPT richness yet in this upper reach of the Nantahala River. The EPT community at this site included some
previously uncollected taxa including the rare mayfly Litobrancha recurvata as well as the mayflies Procloeon spp and Epeorus subpallidus. The
stonefly community was very similar to that seen in previous samplings. Caddisflies previously uncollected included the silt-loving Phylocentropus, the
uncommon long-horned Triaenodes taenius and the stone casemaker Psilotreta frontalis. Non-EPT benthos was rich, particularly in chironomids, but not
abundant.
Data Analysis
The Nantahala River at FSR 437 straddles the Macon County-Clay County line and is upstream of Nantahala Lake. It's waters are derived from small
mountain streams that reside within Nantahala National Forest, and thus has colder water than many other rivers of similar size. While both total and EPT
richness increased, the respective biotic indices also increased over previous values although not dramatically. However, habitat and physico-chimical
parameters were very supportive of a diverse macroinvertebrate fauna which was the productive and intolerant community one would expect from a
stream supplementally classified as ORW. This site retains an Excellent bioclassification.
08/04/10 11016 108 56 3.01 1.93
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)12.8
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)9.6
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)25
pH (s.u.)6.3
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)20
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
NANTAHALA R OFF US 19-74 BE QUEENS CR GB8 08/04/09 Good
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
SWAIN 3 06010202 35.286111 -83.667500 2-57-(22.5)b Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B;Tr 142.0 1960 20 0.3
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)66 33 0
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
()
Bottom Substrate (15)12
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)5
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)85 Substrate mostly rubble with some boulder and gravel
Bioclassification
08/04/09 10782 93 37 3.90 2.42 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Good
08/23/99 7953 ---35 ---2.25 Good
07/20/04 9438 83 35 4.19 2.26
Taxonomic Analysis
A diverse EPT community resides in this section of the Nantahala River although there is little difference among the taxa found in 2009 from previous
collections. Among the dominant taxa that appear year after year include the mayflies Serratella deficiens, Maccafffertium modestum, M. ithaca, the
stoneflies Leuctra spp and Isoperla holochlora, and the caddisflies Micrasema watauga and Glossosoma spp. Although more taxa were found in 2009
than any of the previous six collections, very few taxa new to this location were collected.
Data Analysis
This segment of the Nantahala River rated Good in 2009, the same rating it has received since 1993. It was first sampled in 1984, rating Good-Fair,
followed by the same rating two years later. This portion of the Nantahala River is highly regulated with daily releases that greatly influence water
chemistry, water depth and velocities. Though some edge taxa are limited here, overall, the macroinvertebrate community has adjusted to this artificial
hydrologic regime and is currently stable.
Good
11/15/93 6419 65 32 4.07 2.15 Good
07/26/94 6617 71 36 3.64 2.15
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)19.6
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.9
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)28
pH (s.u.)6.8
Channel Modification (5)3
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)10
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
ALARKA CR SR 1185 GB17 07/29/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Swain 2 06010202 35.378611 -83.472222 2-69-(2.5) Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 25.0 1952 9 0.2
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)20 80 ------
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Bottom Substrate (15)10
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)78 Substrate Cobble, boulder, and gravel with some bedrock, sand, and silt
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
07/29/09 10769 110 53 3.59 2.66
9453 101 46 3.88 2.67
Bioclassification
Excellent
2.99
Excellent
08/09/99 7956 86 51 3.62 3.03 Excellent
08/02/04
Taxonomic Analysis
Sampling resulted in the highest total taxa richness and EPT levels yet seen in this stream since it was added as a basinwide site. Approximately half of
the EPT collected were mayflies (26 taxa) of which at least one third were abundant. Two intolerant mayflies (Ephemeroptera) not collected since 1994,
Baetisca spp and Brachycercus spp, were collected in 2009. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) were rich and abundant as a group while the caddisflies were
dominated by Brachycentrus spinae and hydropsychids. Additionally, five intolerant caddisflies were collected for the first time here and
includedCeraclea spp, Mystacides spp, Rhyacophila carolina, and Neophylax mitchelli.
Data Analysis
While the watershed is primarily forested, the main stem of Alarka Creek is followed closely by a road resulting in mostly residential development along
the stream channel. It was noted that since the last sampling event, native rock was removed from the channel downstream of the site (see photo above)
by landowners adjacent to the stream to armor the immediate banks and to construct a gabion. This removed a significant amount of local habitat but did
not affect the bioclassification. Sampling in 2009 resulted in the lowest biotic index ever measured in this stream. In fact, Alarka Creek has never rated
lower than Excellent and maintains this rating in 2009 indicating that the water quality is very stable.
Excellent07/11/94 6580 91 48 3.70
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)18.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.2
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)28
pH (s.u.)5.1
Channel Modification (5)3
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)8
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
WHITEOAK CR SR 1397 GB36 07/28/09 Good-Fair
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
MACON 3 06010202 35.221944 -83.615278 2-57-45b Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C;Tr 7.1 3300 7 0.2
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)00100
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)3
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)3
Total Habitat Score (100)71 Substrate mix of boulders, rubble, gravel and silt
Bioclassification
07/28/09 10783 57 21 4.84 1.73 Good-Fair
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Good-Fair
08/09/90 5426 60 20 5.83 2.20 Fair
07/21/04 9443 63 26 4.53 2.34
Taxonomic Analysis
Only three EPT, all caddisflies, were abundant at this site on Whiteoak Creek in 2009 and included Glossosom spp, Ceratopsyche sparna, and
Lepidostoma spp. Low EPT taxa richness combined with high numbers of pollution tolerant taxa such as oligocheates, leeches, chironomids, and other
dipterans reflect an organically enriched aquatic environment. Large numbers of the filter feeding black fly, Simulium sp, were collected in summer 2009
and 2004, an increase from 1990 suggesting that additional organic particulates are entering Whiteoak Creek. This is the only site in the Little
Tennessee Basin where the dipeteran Limnophora spp was collected in 2009. This taxa resides in the aquatic mosses that dominate the benthos in this
enriched aquatic environment.
Data Analysis
Whiteoak Creek rated Good-Fair in 2009, the same rating it received in 2004. Since first being sampled in 1988, this waterbody has rated Fair twice and
Good-Fair four times. This segment is located downstream of a trout farm, which appears to be adversely affecting the benthic community. Previous
BAU investigations (B-, 881209, B-900220, B-900720, B-050218) clearly documented the effects of untreated wastewater here. Abnormally large and
thick mats of aquatic plants have been a historic issue in Whiteoak Creek from 1998 to present. These mats consisted mostly of Hylotheca mucosa with
some Vaucheria spp intermixed. Hyloceca mucosa is a widespread green alga usually occurring in acidic, oligotrophic aquatic environs. The degraded
condition of this waterbody persists 1.5 miles downstream to Whiteoak Dam.
Good-Fair
01/23/90 5159 83 39 3.91 2.26 Good-Fair
05/15/90 5278 79 35 4.06 1.96
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)17.9
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.6
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)24
pH (s.u.)6.6
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)18
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)70 20 ---10 (road)
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 9.2 1739 8 0.2
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Graham 2 06010202 35.390833 -83.624444 2-115 Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
PANTHER CR SR 1233 GB16 07/29/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)14
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)3
Total Habitat Score (100)86
Taxonomic Analysis
The EPT richness in Panther Creek increased by more than 25% over 2004 levels to reach the highest richness yet measured in this waterbody. Although
increases were seen in all three insect orders, it was primarily driven by increases in caddisfly taxa. Many taxa were new records for this stream and
included the mayflies Diphetor hageni and Epeorus dispar , the stonefly Beloneuria spp and the caddisflies Mystacides spp and Triaenodes perna/helo .
Data Analysis
This site on Panther Creek is about 0.25 miles upstream of Fontana Lake. The high gradient stream follows a road and is impacted mostly by residential
development and runoff, although the watershed is only lightly developed. In-stream habitat and physico-chemical parameters were good and no
sediment problems or riparian issues (except for a road corridor) were noted. Previous observations of high periphyton biomass were not seen during
2009 sampling. The only non Excellent bioclassification observed at this site was in 2004 and that assessment was short of Excellent by just one EPT
taxon. Overall, the water quality at this location has been quite stable through time.
Excellent07/13/94 6585 ---37 ---1.93
Good
08/10/99 7963 ---39 ---2.15 Excellent
08/04/04 9457 ---35 ---2.07
Bioclassification
Excellent07/29/09 10701 ---45 ---2.13
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate Cobble, gravel, and boulder with some bedrock
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)18.6
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.3
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)54
pH (s.u.)6.8
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)15
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
STECOAH CR SR 1237 GB14 07/29/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Graham 2 06010202 35.395556 -83.679167 2-130 Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 8.9 1801 5 0.3
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)20 60 20 ---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Instream Habitat (20)15
Bottom Substrate (15)12
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)3
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)79 Substrate Cobble and gravel with some boulder and gravel
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
07/29/09 10700 --- 41 --- 3.18
9458 --- 30 --- 2.94
Bioclassification
Excellent
3.51
Good
08/11/99 7964 --- 39 --- 2.94 Excellent
08/04/04
Taxonomic Analysis
EPT richness increased by more than 33% from that measured in 2004 and was the highest observed here since sampling commenced. In addition, the
stonefly community was the richest ever measured in Stecoah Creek with eight taxa collected while only five were collected in 2004.
Data Analysis
Stecoah Creek is a tributary to Fontana Lake and drains the northeastern portion of Graham County. Almost the entire stream corridor is developed for
both residential and agricultural use leaving the forested landscape mostly around small tributaries to Stecoah Creek. At the time of sampling, flows were
high and water was turbid making sampling difficult. Although benthic substrate was good, riparian vegetation was narrow or absent and some erosional
areas were noted. Stecoah Creek has cycled between Good and Excellent since 1994 suggesting that water quality in this stream, though relatively
stable, may be adversely affected by non-point source runoff during high flow years and positively affected during times of drought when non point
pollution inputs are lower. This was likely the case in 2009.
Good07/13/94 6584 ---29 ---
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)17.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.6
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)12
pH (s.u.)6.4
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)20
Bottom Substrate (15)13
Pool Variety (10)6
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)90 ------10 (gravel road)
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
WS-IV; Tr, ORW, CA 44.8 1720 22 0.4
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Swain 2 06010202 35.473611 -83.722778 2-146-(19) Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
HAZEL CR NR MOUTH GB3 07/28/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)90
Taxonomic Analysis
A very high total of 61 EPT were recorded in Hazel creek in 2009, similar to the 2005 EPT richness. The benthic community composition was very similar
to previous years and was composed of many pollution sensitive taxa. While most of these taxa were previously collected, a few were collected for the
first time in Hazel Creek including only the second NC record of the flatheaded mayfly Epeorus subpallidus and the third NC record of the baetid
Acentrella barbarae which was described from Great Smoky Mountain National Park in 2006. Other newly collected taxa included the caddisflies
Phylocentropus spp , Molanna spp , and Oligostomis pardalis .
Data Analysis
Hazel Creek drains a southeastern portion of Great Smoky Mountain National Park into Fontana Lake. Hazel Creek is paralleled by a gravel road for
much of its length but otherwise has a completely forested watershed. While the sampling site is near the historic town of Proctor which was flooded to
create Fontana Lake in 1944, very little evidence of the urbanization of Hazel Creek remains. Habitat was excellent and flows were normal creating a
succession of riffles and pools for macroinvertebrate colonization. Historically high total taxa, EPT richness and EPT abundance (332) values were
obtained in 2009. Although the biotic index did increase slightly in 2009, this was largely due to the collection of 11 beetle taxa (most of which are
pollution tolerant species). Overall, the benthic macroinvertebrate metrics have remained remarkably stable at this location and is the result of the entirely
protected and forested nature of the watershed.
Excellent
07/12/94 6583 95 47 2.81 1.85 Excellent
08/11/99 7967 106 56 2.89 1.87
Excellent
08/03/04 9456 96 46 3.29 2.17 Excellent
08/03/05 9682 108 60 3.00 2.14
Bioclassification
07/28/09 10696 118 61 3.17 2.13 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate Cobble and boulder with gravel and sand, some silt
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C;Tr
SR 1635
Location
8 digit HUC
06010202 -83.36361111
7
04/30/09
Mottled Sculpin (36%) Most Abundant Species 2009
65 Cobble, gravel, sand, siltSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
19
16
58
23
5.8
Clear
5
16
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
13.4
8
3
1
10
7
4
4
7
9.1
Yellowfin Shiner, Mountain Redbelly Dace,
Brown Trout, Redbreast Sunfish
Bioclassification
Excellent
Good
NCIBISample Date
562004-44
Sample ID
2009-24
Gains -- Whitetail Shiner, Mountain Redbelly Dace, Western Blacknose Dace, Brown Trout, Greenfin Darter
Losses -- Rainbow Trout, Largemouth Bass. All species gained or lost were represented by 1-3
individuals/species; Rainbow Trout represented only by young-of-year and excluded from the sample.
04/30/09
05/17/04
0.4
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
85
None
2115
Forested/Wetland Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- drains southern Macon County and a small portion of northern Rabun County, GA; tributary to the Little Tennessee River; site is ~ 1.1 miles
above the creek's confluence with the river; no municipalities within the watershed. Habitats -- primarily runs, plunge pools, snags, narrow riparian zone
along the right bank in residential use. Water Quality -- pH less than the water quality standard of 6.0 s.u. in 2004 and 2009. 2009 -- the collection of one
individual of Greenfin Darter improved the rating from Good to Excellent; except for the darter metric, all other metric scores were comparable to reference
site values (i.e., score = 5). 2004 & 2009 -- 21 species are known from the site, including 11 species of cyprinids, 5 exotic species, 4 intolerant species, 2
species of darters, and the Smoky Dace (Special Concern); dominant species has been the Mottled Sculpin (38% and 36%); no reproducing trout
populations found at this lowermost site.
Rural Residential
15
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle
0
Subbasin
1
Latitude
35.05194444
Agriculture
Elevation (ft)Drainage Area (mi2)
12.2
Date Station ID
GF19
Site Photograph
Excellent
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
0
Waterbody
MIDDLE CR
AU Number
2-8
County
MACON
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Broad Basins
Longitude
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Left Bank Stability (7)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
Waterbody
TESSENTEE CR
AU Number
2-9
County
MACON 35.06527778
Good
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Crystaline Ridges & Mtns.
Longitude
-83.37777778
04/30/09
Date Station ID
GF28
95-38 16
Site Photograph
Forested/Wetland
25 (feedlot & cattle pasture)0
NPDES Number
---
Sample Date
52
Subbasin
1
Latitude
Agriculture Other (describe)
No
Reference SiteStream Width (m)
7
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- drains southern Macon County; no municipalities within the watershed; tributary to the Little Tennessee River; site is ~ 0.6 miles above the
creeks' confluence with the river. Habitats -- riffles, runs, silty shorelines, side snags, deep chutes; narrow riparian zone along the right shoreline in
residential land use; unstable banks. Water Quality -- low specific conductance in 2004 and 2009. 2009 -- more fish collected than at any other site in
2009; 2.6 times more fish collected in 2009 than in 2004 (1,476 vs. 578), especially in the numbers of Mottled Sculpin (40%), Central Stoneroller (18%),
River Chub (11%), Tennessee Shiner (7%), and Yellowfin Shiner (7%); Hatchery Supported Trout Waters, no trout collected except young-of-year Brown
Trout. 1995-2009 -- 23 species known from the site, including 9 species of cyprinids, 6 exotic species, 4 intolerant species, 2 species of darters, and the
Smoky Dace (Special Concern); dominant species has been the Mottled Sculpin (20, 39, and 40%); no reproducing trout populations found at this
lowermost site; no substantial changes in this community among the three monitoring periods.
Rural Residential
15
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle
Gains -- Fatlips Minnow, Creek Chub, Snail Bullhead, Green Sunfish, Losses -- Golden Redhorse. All
species gained or lost were represented by 1individual/species, except for Creek Chub (n = 13) and Golden
Redhorse (n = 10).
04/30/09
05/18/04
0.4
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
60
Elevation (ft)
Snail Bullhead, Green Sunfish, Redbreast
Sunfish
Bioclassification
Good
Good
NCIBI
52
56 Good
None
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
13.5
8
5
1
10
2004-46
10
Sample ID
2009-25
2
4
7
9.4
18
6.1
Clear
5
18
Mottled Sculpin (40%) Most Abundant Species 2009
70 Cobble, gravel, sand, siltSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
19
16
05/03/95
2040
Drainage Area (mi2)
14.8
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C;Tr
SR 1636
Location
8 digit HUC
06010202
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C;Tr
SR 1524
Location
8 digit HUC
06010202 -83.3075
8
77 Cobble, bedrock, boulder, gravel, silt, sandSubstrate
Species Total
19
20
50
31
6.9
Clear
4
18
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
16.2
10
2
2
9
16
7
4
5
9.1
Bioclassification
Good
Good
NCIBISample Date
562004-51
Sample ID
2009-26
45
Elevation (ft)
None
2070
Drainage Area (mi2)
Forested/Wetland
20
Watershed -- drains the east-northeast region of Macon County; tributary to the Cullasaja River; site is ~ 0.6 mile above the creek's confluence with the
river. Habitats -- swift flow; riffles, runs, plunge pools, side snags, narrow riparian zones (road and pasture) contributing to a fairly open canopy. 2009 --
almost twice as many fish collected in 2009 than in 2004 (1,132 vs. 590), especially the numbers of Central Stoneroller and Mottled Sculpin, but only one
individual of one darter species; increase in the abundance of Central Stoneroller and River Chub are indicative of upstream nonpoint nutrient runoff and
enrichment. 2004 & 2009 -- 22 species known from the site, including 10 species of cyprinids, 5 intolerant species, 3 species of darters, but all darter
species represented only by one individual per species, and the Smoky Dace (Special Concern); Mottled Sculpin is the dominant species (44% and 29%);
stream is supporting its supplemental designation as trout waters (Tr). Possible upstream nonpoint nutrient runoff and decline in the NCIBI score warrant
continued monitoring in 2014.
Rural Residential
15
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle Gains -- Fatlips Minnow and Gilt Darter. Losses -- Green Sunfish, Greenfin Darter, Tuckasegee Darter. All
species gained or lost were represented by 1 or 2 individuals/species.
04/30/09
05/20/04
Subbasin
1
Latitude
35.16611111
Agriculture Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
0.5
Site Photograph
Good
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
040
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Crystaline Ridges & Mtns.
Longitude
04/30/09
Date Station ID
GF14
Most Abundant Species 2009 Central Stoneroller (31%), Mottled
Sculpin (29%) Exotic Species 2009 Rainbow Trout, Redbreast Sunfish
Waterbody
ELLIJAY CR
AU Number
2-21-23
County
MACON
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C
off SR 1378
Location
8 digit HUC
06010202 -83.39805556
5
River Chub (26%) Most Abundant Species 2009
69 Cobble, boulder, sand, siltSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
22
18
48
41
5.7
Slightly turbid
5
17
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
15.3
6
4
2
8
10
4
5
8
8.9
Yellowfin Shiner, Brown Trout, Redbreast
Sunfish, Green Sunfish
Bioclassification
Good
Good-Fair
NCIBISample Date
442004-48
Sample ID
2009-27
0.4
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
40
Elevation (ft)
None
1995
Drainage Area (mi2)
Forested/Wetland
10
Watershed -- drains north-central Macon County, including the area around the Macon County airport; tributary to the Little Tennessee River; site is ~ 0.2
miles above the creek’s confluence with the river. Habitats -- heterogeneous habitats (riffles, runs, sandy bottom pools, and snags, undercuts, boulder
crevices, rip/rap); lower one-third of the reach had a higher gradient and better habitats than did the upper two-thirds of the reach. Water Quality -- in 2004
and 2009 pH less than the water quality standard of 6.0 s.u and conductivity elevated for a mountain stream. 2009 -- one specimen of the Federally
Endangered Spotfin Chub was collected; site's proximity to the river may increase the diversity metrics and rate the community higher (Good) than what it
should be (Good-Fair) more fish, total species, species of darters and cyprinids collected in 2009 than in 2004; abundance of River Chub and Central
Stoneroller are indicative of upstream nonpoint nutrient runoff and enrichment. 2004 & 2009 -- 25 species known from the site, including 10 species of
cyprinids and 4 species of darters; dominant species is the River Chub (23% and 26%).
Rural Residential
40
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle
Gains -- Spotfin Chub, Telescope Shiner, Fatlips Minnow, Creek Chub, Black Redhorse, Brown Trout,
Tuckasegee Darter. Losses -- Mountain Brook Lamprey, White Sucker, Bluegill. All species gained or loss
were represented by 1-34individuals/species, except for Telescope Shiner (n = 16).
05/01/09
05/19/04
020
Subbasin
1
Latitude
35.23444444
Agriculture Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
05/01/09
Date Station ID
GF15
Site Photograph
Good
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
Waterbody
IOTLA CR
AU Number
2-27
County
MACON
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Broad Basins
Longitude
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
Waterbody
BRUSH CR
AU Number
2-46
County
SWAIN
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Longitude
04/29/09
Date Station ID
GF2
Site Photograph
Good
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
00
Subbasin
2
Latitude
35.31777778
Agriculture Other (describe)
Yes
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- drains southern Swain County; tributary to the Little Tennessee River; site is ~ 0.2 miles above the creek's confluence with the river and
within the state-owned Needmore Tract; no municipalities within the watershed. Habitats -- riffles, runs, plunge pools; wide riparian zones providing
excellent canopy over the stream; silt-covered rocks contributing to the very turbid conditions when walking in the stream. 2009 -- total species richness
and diversities of cyprinids and darters were slightly lower than expected, all other metric scores were comparable to reference site values (i.e., score = 5);
38 specimens of the Federally Endangered Spotfin Chub were collected. 2004 & 2009 -- 20 species known from the site, including 9 species of cyprinids,
6 intolerant species, and 2 species of darters; seasonal migrants from the river include Whitetail Shiner, Telescope Shiner, and Spotfin Chub; dominant
species in 2004 were Mottled Sculpin (25%) and Warpaint Shiner (16%). Upstream nonpoint sediment runoff sources should be investigated.
Rural Residential
0
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle
Gains -- Spotfin Chub, Telescope Shiner, Black Redhorse, Rainbow Trout. Losses -- Smoky Dace, Western
Blacknose Dace, Redbreast Sunfish, Green Sunfish, Smallmouth Bass. All species gained or lost were
represented by 1-4 individuals/species, except for Spotfin Chub (n = 38) and Telescope Shiner (n = 12).
04/29/09
05/19/04
0.3
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
100
Elevation (ft)
None
1830
Drainage Area (mi2)
Forested/Wetland
7.5
Bioclassification
Good
Good
NCIBISample Date
502004-50
Sample ID
2009-23
8
14
7
7
10
9.9
Species Total
15
16
52
29
6.6
Clear
5
18
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
06010202 -83.51555556
6
87 Cobble, boulder, silt, gravel, sandSubstrate
16.7
8
5
5
Most Abundant Species 2009 Whitetail Shiner (18%), Warpaint Shiner
(18%)Rainbow Trout Exotic Species 2009
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C
off SR 1129
Location
8 digit HUC
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
Waterbody
STECOAH CR
AU Number
2-130
County
GRAHAM
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Longitude
Date Station ID
GF26
Site Photograph
Not Rated
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
025
Subbasin
2
Latitude
35.39527778
Agriculture Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- drains northeastern Graham County; tributary to Fontana Reservoir; site is ~ 1.5 miles above its mouth; no municipalities within the
watershed. Habitats -- extensive riffles, chutes, plunge pools; degraded riparian zones and unstable banks; livestock with access to stream above the
reach; more upstream development (i.e., campground and mobile homes) than in 2004. Water Quality -- conductivity elevated for a mountain stream in
2004 and 2009; pH less than the water quality standard of 6.0 s.u. in 2009. 2009 -- community is dominated by omnivores+herbivores (Central Stoneroller
and River Chub); Mottled Sculpin, an indicator of cold-cool water, constituted only 3% of the fish; darters absent; Hatchery Supported Trout Waters, three
stocked Brown Trout collected (236-313 mm TL). 2004 & 2009 -- 12 species known from the site, but no darters; site appeared to be degraded by straight-
piping or nonpoint-source runoff which may be contributing nutrients to this stream; dominant species are River Chub (36% and 33%) and Central
Stoneroller (14% and 19%). Stream is supporting its supplemental designation as trout waters (Tr), but the dominance by River Chub and Central
Stoneroller, the silt on the substrate, and the widening of NC 28 in the Stecoah Valley warrants continued monitoring of this site in 2014.
Rural Residential
30
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle Gains -- Green Sunfish (n = 8), Smallmouth Bass (n = 1). Losses -- none.
04/28/09
06/03/04
0.4
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
45
Elevation (ft)
None
1810
Drainage Area (mi2)
Forested/Wetland
9
Rainbow Trout, Green Sunfish
Bioclassification
Not Rated
Not Rated
NCIBISample Date
---2004-68
Sample ID
2009-19
15.4
10
3
1
10
16
2
4
10
10.0
39
5.8
Clear
5
18
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
River Chub (33%) Most Abundant Species 2009
79 Cobble, boulderSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
12
10
---
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C;Tr
SR 1237
Location
8 digit HUC
06010202 -83.67805556
5
04/28/09
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)20.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.1
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)10
pH (s.u.)5.5
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)14
Pool Variety (10)8
Riffle Habitat (16)6
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)9
Left Riparian Score (5)2
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)79
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
TUCKASEGEE R SR 1140 GB38 08/17/09 Good
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Jackson 2 06010203 35.200110 -82.991800 2-79-(0.5)Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
WS-III,B;Tr,ORW 11 3260 14 0.4
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)90 0 0 10 (road)
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate mostly boulder, cobble, sand; some gravel and silt also present
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Bioclassification
08/17/09 10818 ---35 ---2.42 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Excellent
07/19/99 7906 ---46 ---1.86 Excellent
08/02/04 9473 ---36 ---1.83
Taxonomic Analysis
Excluding the more intensive Full-Scale sample obtained in 1989, the number of Ephemeroptera collected in 2009 was generally within the range for
the other EPT samples. However, both Plecoptera and Trichoptera were reduced in 2009, by 2-3 and 3-4 taxa respectively. The most conspicuous
absence from the sample collected in 2009 is Arctopsyche irrorata--this stressor-sensitive species was common in each of the four prior samples.
Another sensitive species, Malirekus hastatus , was also uncollected for the first time in 2009.
Data Analysis
This uppermost benthic basinwide site on the river is within five miles of the headwaters and about 15 miles west of Brevard. The site was sampled
using Full-Scale methods in 1989, then with EPT methods during each of the following sampling events. If a single additional taxon had been
collected at the site in 2009 the classification would have remained at Excellent and therefore, despite the Good bioclassification in 2009, it is evident
that water quality in this catchment has remained stable since sampling commenced in 1989.
Excellent
09/13/89 5077 101 47 3.50 1.79 Excellent
09/01/94 6696 ---39 ---2.26
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)17.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)9.2
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)27
pH (s.u.)6.0
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)15
Bottom Substrate (15)11
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)12
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)3
Light Penetration (10)2
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)63
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
TUCKASEGEE R SR 1378 GB19 07/30/09 Good
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Jackson 2 06010203 35.368889 -83.263333 2-79-(40.5)Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B 347.0 1952 50 0.5
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)---90 ---10 (road)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
Jackson County WWTP (Tuckasegee Water and Sewer Authority)NC0039578 3.5
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Cobble and boulder with some bedrock, gravel, sand, and silt
3.52 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
84 44 4.27 3.44
Bioclassification
07/30/09 10770 75 43 4.29
Excellent
07/21/99 7932 75 40 4.34 3.73 Good
08/04/04 9484
Taxonomic Analysis
A small reduction in both total and EPT richness occurred in 2009. Conspicuously absent in 2009, after being present since 1984, were the mayflies
Maccaffertium modestum and Neoephemera purpurea. Only 13 Trichoptera were collected in 2009 as compared to 21 in 2004 although most missing
taxa were rare in previous samples. The paucity of midge taxa was largely responsible for the reduction in the total taxa richness.
Data Analysis
This large river site receives effluent from the municipalities of Sylva, Webster, and Dillsboro and drains almost the entirety of Jackson County. A difficult
site to sample in any year, this site was assessed during higher flows and was not completely wadeable. Habitat was typical for a large river and, except
for the lack of sufficient riparian vegetation, had no significant deficiencies. Since the inception of sampling in 1984, the Tuckasegee River has improved
from Good-Fair (1984) to the current rating of Good. Had sampling produced one more EPT, this site would have rated Excellent in 2009. This suggests
that the water quality is not declining despite the slight drop to Good in 2009. This conclusion is further supported by the very stable biotic index and
EPTBI measured here since 1990.
07/14/94 6591 100 47 4.38 3.32 Excellent
08/10/90 5366 86 43 4.10 3.20 Good
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)25.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.2
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)26
pH (s.u.)7.5
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)14
Pool Variety (10)7
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)40 20 30 10
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
WS-III; Tr 40 2200 14 0.3
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
JACKSON 2 06010203 35.305000 -83.126111 2-79-28-(2.5) Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
CANEY FK SR 1740 GB27 08/02/04 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
Pool Variety (10)7
Riffle Habitat (16)14
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)3
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)82
08/02/10 11088 107 52 3.13
Excellent
07/20/99 7912 97 53
Taxonomic Analysis
The benthic community in Caney Fork has remained very speciose over the past 20 years. While EPT richness slowly decreases, total richness is
trending up, due primarily to an increase in odonate and dipteran richness. These two groups contributed to the increase in the biotic index seen in the
last 10 years (relative to the EPT BI), although this is partially offset by fewer Chironmidae larvae in 2010. The EPT fauna has consistently remained,
over 4 basinwide cycles, both similar and productive (most likely due to the open canopy). Mayflies were dominated by baetids and included Caney
Fork's first record of Iswaeon anoka as well as the flat-headed mayfly Epeorus vitreus. Intolerant species of hydropsychid net spinners, such as
Ceratopsyche morosa , dominated, in terms of abundance, the caddisfly community suggesting slight enrichment. Finally, the stoneflies remained
amazingly stable with the same 6 taxa recorded over the last 15 years.
Data Analysis
Caney Fork, along with its tributary Moses Creek, drains a small portion of east-central Jackson County, a mostly forested landscape, and ultimately
feeds into the Tuckasegee River. Caney Fork, for most of it's length, is paralleled by roadway and is lined by agricultural fields and residences. It is
therefore lacking any significant riparian vegetation and is often denuded on both sides of the stream. However, most of the watershed is forested thereby
protecting the Excellent water quality that has persisted in Caney Fork over the last two decades. Other than loss of riparian vegetation (complete loss in
some areas), no glaring problems were noted with either physico-chemical parameters or in-stream habitat. Small amounts of silt were recorded but
appear to have a minimal effect on the benthos despite the occurrence of some substrate embeddedness.
07/15/94 6593 93 56 3.01 2.38
3.26 2.50
Bioclassification
Excellent
2.20
Excellent
Excellent
08/02/04 9474 107 54 3.39 2.33
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate good mix of cobble (40),gravel (30), boulder (20), and sand (10)
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)21.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.2
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)26
pH (s.u.)5.6
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)14
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
MOSES CR SR 1739 GB26 08/02/10 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
JACKSON 2 06010203 35.314722 -83.125556 2-79-28-8 Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
WS-III; Tr 8 2280 6 0.2
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)70 20 ---10 ---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Bottom Substrate (15)14
Pool Variety (10)5
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)2
Right Riparian Score (5)3
Total Habitat Score (100)81
ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate mostly cobble (50) and boulder (25), with some gravel (10)
Bioclassification
08/02/10 11089 --- 42 --- 1.64 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID
1.57 Excellent
08/02/04 9475 ---46 ---1.38
Taxonomic Analysis
The decrease in EPT richness seen in Moses Creek in 2010 from the previous 2004 high was due to the net loss of 4 mayflies taxa largly represented in
part by spiny crawlers (Drunella cornutella) and flat-headed mayflies (Leucrocuta spp, Rhithrogena spp, and Stenacron pallidum). Both stonefly and
caddisfly richness remained stable (8 and 18 taxa, respectively). While the stonefly community was similar to the previous 2 samplings (with the addition
of Amphinemura spp but the loss of Isoperla holochlora), a slight shift was seen in the caddisfly community. Filterers, particularly net-spinners such as
hydropsychids, became more dominant in both richness (with the addition of Ceratopsyche alhedra and C. morosa) as well as abundance. Furthermore,
brachcentrid caddisflies were much less common with 2 species, Brachycentrus nigrosoma and Micrasema wataga, disappearing altogether.
Data Analysis
Moses Creek is a tributary of Caney Fork which, in turn, drains into the Tuckasegee River. This stream has a catchment that is largely forested with only
the lower segment paralleling a rural residential road. Moses Creek is one of the few streams in the LTN that saw a loss of EPT taxa from the previous
sampling cycle, although this loss was relatively small. These losses were primarily seen among very intolerant taxa thus affecting the EPT BI which,
while low, is the highest yet seen for this stream. While very little silt was seen, it was noted that riparian loss was occurring due to residential lawns,
some upstream agriculture, and the nearby road. However, habitat was good overall and the specific conductance, while not exceedingly low like that of
an undisturbed stream, was not problematic. Water quality in Moses Creek remains solidly Excellent.
Excellent
07/20/99 7913 ---37 ---
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)19.8
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.2
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)32
pH (s.u.)6.9
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)14
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)9
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)4
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)3
Total Habitat Score (100)61
Taxonomic Analysis
EPT richness values have steadily increased in Cullowhee Creek to the current levels of 52 taxa since the inception of sampling in 1994. However, the
EPT biotic index has also increased leading to the conclusion that as more taxa are collected, a higher proportion of the total taxa are more tolerant to
urban stressors. This is seen in both the presence of facultative taxa like the mayfly Procloeon as well as the absence or rarity of previously occurring
intolerant taxa like the mayfly Serratella carolina and the caddisfly Rhyacophila fuscula. Some taxa recorded for the first time at Cullowhee Creek
included the mayflies Stenacron pallidum and Rhithrogena fuscifrons and the caddisflies Micrasema bennetti and Oligostomis pardalis. Plecoptera were
both taxa rich (8) and abundant. The rare mayfly, Epeorus subpallidus, was collected for only the 5th time in the state.
Data Analysis
Cullowhee Creek drains a small portion of western Jackson County and eventually drains into the Tuckasegee River. The sampling site lies above
Cullowhee and Western Carolina University amid light urban development reflected by the lack of significant riparian vegetation and the high degree of
embedded substrate in the stream. High levels of sand (25%) and silt (10%) have removed the interstitial spaces needed for some taxa to persist. High
productivity was noted as evidenced by the presence of copious amounts of the macrophyte Podostemum ceratophylum (riverweed), which is known to
increase macroinvertebrate abundance (high in this stream at 264) and provide substrate for epiphytic algae and rufugia for invertebrates. Although
Cullowhee Creek was rated as Excellent in 2009, habitat degradation is a serious issue and may negatively affect the fauna in the future if watershed
development continues unabated.
Good08/31/94 6681 ---32 ---2.44
Excellent
07/20/99 7914 ---43 ---2.91 Excellent
08/04/04 9481 ---47 ---2.61
Bioclassification
Excellent07/30/09 10773 ---52 ---3.07
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Cobble and sand with some gravel and boulder, silty
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)10 60 ---30 (park)
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 18.9 2123 5 0.2
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Jackson 2 06010203 35.288333 -83.181667 2-79-31a Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
CULLOWHEE CR SR 1001 GB29 07/30/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)19.0
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.6
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)33
pH (s.u.)6.1
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)16
Bottom Substrate (15)7
Pool Variety (10)5
Riffle Habitat (16)14
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)4
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)70
Taxonomic Analysis
An increase in both mayfly and caddisfly taxa from 2004 levels brought the EPT richness to the highest level seen here. Many species absent in 2004
were collected in 2009 including many sensitive taxa like the mayflies Brachycercus spp , Heterocloeon curiosum, and Serratella serrata as well as the
caddisflies Brachycentrus spinae and Setodes spp. Other sensitive species were collected for the first time such as the burrowing mayfly Ephemera spp
(indicative of silt pools), and the caddisflies, Nyctiophylax spp, Lype diversa , and Fattigia pele. Fewer beetle and odonate taxa were collected in than in
previous samplings which helped to reduce the biotic index.
Data Analysis
Savannah Creek, a tributary to the Tuckasegee River, drains a moderately developed landscape. Many segments of the stream are channelized and have
had much of the riparian vegetation reduced or completely removed. The lower segment of the stream follows a road and has had most of the woody
vegetation removed, consequently limiting habitat and resources for colonizing macroinvertebrates. Sedimentation was evident in the stream as
embeddedness of bottom substrate was severe and large pools of silt and bank erosion were present. Slightly turbid water, normal in streams with
development in the catchment, was also noted. Despite the habitat and watershed challenges, Savannah Creek rated Excellent for the first time in 10
years as evidenced by increased EPT richness and a significantly lower overall biotic index. This improvement was likely the result of reduced non point
inputs of pollution due to drought effects.
Excellent07/26/94 6603 77 40 3.78 3.06
Good
07/21/99 7930 53 32 3.72 3.36 Good
08/04/04 9482 91 40 4.15 3.11
Bioclassification
Excellent07/30/09 10772 83 45 3.59 3.06
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Cobble and sand with some bedrock and gravel, extremely silty
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)60 30 ---10 (road)
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 40.7 2004 12 0.2
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Jackson 2 06010203 35.345833 -83.237500 2-79-36 Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
SAVANNAH CR SR 1367 GB23 07/30/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)18.6
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.9
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)39
pH (s.u.)6.1
Channel Modification (5)3
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)6
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)12
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)4
Light Penetration (10)9
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)1
Total Habitat Score (100)64
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
SCOTT CR UPS SR 1556 GB167 07/30/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Jackson 2 06010203 35.368889 -83.249444 2-79-39 Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 58.9 1968 9 0.3
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)---90 ---10
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
Sylva WWTP (Tuckaseigee Water and Sewer Authority)NC0020214 0.5
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Gravel and cobble with some boulder and sand, silty
3.34 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
---37 ---3.23
Bioclassification
07/30/09 10771 98 46 4.12
Excellent
08/04/04 9483 74 35 4.07 3.23 Good
08/09/07 10309
3.65 Good-Fair
07/21/99 7931 70 36 4.07 3.09
Taxonomic Analysis
A significant increase in both total taxa and EPT richness has occurred since the last basinwide assessment in 2004. An almost 33% increase in EPT
can be accounted for by additional mayflies and caddisflies occurring since 2004. In particular, the number of baetid mayfly species has more than
doubled since monitoring began in 1994. Flat-headed mayflies were also abundant as a group with Rhithrogena exilis re-occurring for the first time in 15
years. Stonefly richness has remained relatively stable over time, varying between five and eight taxa (seven in 2009). In contrast, the caddisfly
community was comprised of 16 taxa, almost double what was collected in 1994. Hydropsychids were the dominant caddisfly group and was represented
by four species. Also, both beetle and midge richness increased in 2009, in part responsible for the increased total taxa richness and biotic index.
Data Analysis
Lying in northeastern Jackson County, many of Scotts Creek's tributaries drain unimpacted mountain slopes. However, the lower portion of this watershed
is largely urbanized and passes through both downtown Sylva and Dillsboro before draining into the Tuckasegee River. Additionally, the stream is
followed closely by major roads for much of it's length. The sampling site is on a reach that is channelized and stabilized with concrete riprap (see photo)
and is next to the Great Smoky Mountain Railroad parking lot. The habitat score reflects the embeddedness and lack of riparian vegetation. Downstream
of the Sylva WWTP, the specific conductance was low, although water levels were higher than normal due to recent rains. While the total taxa and EPT
richness increased, the biotic index also increased slightly. However the occurrence of 46 EPT helped Scott Creek attain its first Excellent rating for a
basinwide cycle. The water quality has increased steadily since sampling began although high fecal coliform levels and turbidity have historically been
problems in this waterbody. The Tuckasegee WSA has recently repaired old and leaking sewer lines within the catchment possibly contributing to the
higher water quality seen starting in 2007.
Good
07/14/94 6592 68 28 5.19
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)20.1
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.9
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)26
pH (s.u.)6.7
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)14
Pool Variety (10)5
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)5
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)1
Total Habitat Score (100)84
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
CONNELLY CR SR 1177 GB13 07/29/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Swain 2 06010203 35.430556 -83.365278 2-79-52 Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 13.4 1869 7 0.2
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)50 50 ------
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
Smoky Mountain Country Club NC0084441 0.12
Site Photograph
Water Clarity slightly turbid
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Mostly cobble mixed with gravel and boulder, some bedrock
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
07/29/09 10713 ---44 ---2.46
9480 ---34 ---2.82
Bioclassification
Excellent
3.00
Good
07/21/99 7933 ---44 ---3.06 Excellent
08/03/04
Taxonomic Analysis
An EPT richness of 44 taxa collected in 2009 is the same as that obtained in 1999 but was significantly higher than that observed in 2004. This increase
was driven in part by an additional 7 mayfly taxa (22) over 2004 levels (15) and is the same number of mayfly taxa that were collected in 1999. Coupled
with this increase in richness is the decrease in the EPT biotic index to the lowest value recorded for this stream since sampling began in 1994. The
absence of some tolerant baetid mayflies such as Baetis flavistriga and the addition of intolerant ephemerellid mayfly taxa, including Drunella
allegheniensis , Serratella carolina, and Serratella serratoides, is responsible for the low EPT biotic index. Moreover, all but one taxa of the 7 Plecoptera
taxa collected were abundant. The caddisfly community observed was similar to previous years with the first record of Hydatophylax argus at this site
occurring in 2009.
Data Analysis
Connelly Creek is a small tributary to the Tuckasegee river and drains a small portion of southeastern Swain County. Only the lower portion of the
watershed is developed, consisting mostly of residences and a golf course, leaving the vast majority of the upper watershed n forest. The stream follows
a road for much of its length which has reduced or removed the riparian on one side for much of the segment. However, overall habitat was good and the
stream banks were stable with little erosion. EPT richness levels rebounded to 1999 levels thereby increasing its bioclassification to Excellent after rating
Good in 2004. Although this site was Good in 2004, that sample was only two EPT taxa short of receiving an Excellent bioclassification thus indicating
temporally stable water quality in this catchment.
Excellent07/14/94 6589 94 42 3.57
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)16.8
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)6.1
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)15
pH (s.u.)6.0
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)20
Bottom Substrate (15)15
Pool Variety (10)8
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)4
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)95
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
BRADLEY FK US 441 GB1 07/29/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Swain 2 06010203 35.563333 -83.309722 2-79-55-12-(11)Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B; Tr, HQW 19.6 2254 12 0.3
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)100 ---------
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate a mix of boulder, cobble, and gravel with some bedrock and sand
1.70 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
79 47 2.61 2.02
Bioclassification
07/29/09 10694 86 48 2.50
Excellent
07/22/99 7935 67 39 2.58 1.75 Excellent
08/03/04 9479
1.27 Good
10/12/95 6981 69 42 1.95 1.40
Taxonomic Analysis
The highest EPT richness and total taxa richness (ST) ever measured in this stream occurred in 2009. Increases in Plecoptera and Trichoptera over
previous samples were partly responsible for these increases and almost all taxa observed were intolerant or facultative species. One mayfly observed
Epeorus subpallidus, has never before been identified from this stream and is in fact only the 4th record of this species in NC. Of the EPT collected
during this sampling event, the mayfly Leptophlebia spp, the uncommon stonefly Agnetina capitata, and the caddisflies Ceraclea flava and Fatiggia pele
were also not collected prior to 2009.
Data Analysis
Bradley Fork, a tributary to the Oconaluftee River, is located within Great Smoky Mountain National Park and as such has a completely undeveloped and
forested watershed. This stream has high recreational usage among the public as it lies next to a campground just inside the park border. The 2009
sample produced a very low biotic index of 2.50, which is the lowest biotic index recorded for a basinwide sample at this site since sampling began in
1994. In addition, richness values for both total taxa and EPT have increased in the last ten years. These metrics indicate a stream with very high water
quality and is consistent with an all forested and protected watershed. Bradley Fork received an Excellent bioclassification for the third straight basinwide
cycle and the fourth straight sampling event.
Excellent
09/01/94 6682 ---31 ---
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)23.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)6.0
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)21
pH (s.u.)8.2
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)11
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)12
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)4
Left Riparian Score (5)2
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)73
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
OCONALUFTEE R SR 1359 GB11 07/27/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Swain 2 06010203 35.461389 -83.353611 2-79-55-(16.5)Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 284.0 1842 45 0.4
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)30 50 ---20 (road)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Cobble and gravel with some boulder and sand, silty at times
3.11 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
106 51 3.95 2.97
Bioclassification
07/27/09 10695 98 47 4.07
Excellent
07/22/99 7934 104 53 3.93 3.20 Excellent
08/05/04 9485
3.22 Excellent
07/14/94 6590 86 46 4.05 2.99
Taxonomic Analysis
A varied EPT community resides in this river although over the last ten years the fauna has become less rich. The reduction in EPT is exhibited in the
loss of some baetid mayfly taxa such as Acentrella and Plauditus and in the loss of the hydropsychid caddisfly taxa Diplectrona modesta and
Hydropsyche morosa although, overall, hydropsychids were the dominant group in the river. Both the stonefly community composition and richness were
maintained from prior years with the exception of the loss of Agnetina, which was not found for the first time in 15 years of sampling. Taxa collected in
2009 that have never before been collected from this site included the mayfly Heterocloeon anoka and the caddisflies Micrasema bennetti and
Glossossoma nigrior.
Data Analysis
The Oconaluftee River, a large tributary to the Tuckasegee River, drains the eastern portion of Great Smoky Mountain National Park. The lower segment
of this river is tracked on both sides by roads (including US 19) and receives large amounts of urban runoff from Cherokee. High development pressures
have introduced sediments into the river and removed large amounts of riparian vegetation. Podostemum ceratophylum was extremely abundant and
retained sand and silt which were subsequently released during sampling resulting in large plumes of turbid water. Substrates were also partially
embedded although not completely so. Despite a lower EPT richness relative to prior samplings, EPT abundance (282) was the highest ever recorded
and supports the hypothesis of increased secondary production associated with the high Podostemum biomass. The Oconaluftee River has maintained
its Excellent rating thanks in large part to the high quality, unimpacted streams (including Bradley Fork) in it's upper watershed.
Excellent
07/26/89 5029 88 47 4.13
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)19.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.8
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)14
pH (s.u.)4.8
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)13
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
20
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)80 ---------
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
WS-II, B; Tr, HQW 40 1815 14 0.2
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
SWAIN 2 06010203 35.466111 -83.431111 2-79-63-(16) Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
DEEP CR W DEEP CR RD GB5 08/06/10 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
Bottom Substrate (15)13
Pool Variety (10)5
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)4
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)91
Taxonomic Analysis
The second highest EPT richness ever measured in this stream occurred in 2010. Increases in Ephemeroptera over previous samples were partly
responsible and almost all taxa observed were intolerant or facultative species. One mayfly collected, Acentrella barbarae, originally described from
GSMNP, has been recorded only seven times in NC, almost all of the records from park streams. EPT collected from this stream for the first time
included the baetid mayfly Pseudocloeon propinquum , the uncommon stone Agnetina capitata, and Triaenodes ignitus, the only long-horned caddisfly
found (other leptocerid taxa previously collected in Deep creek were absent in 2010).
Data Analysis
This site on Deep Creek, a tributary to the Little Tennessee River, is located at a campground within Great Smoky Mountain National Park and as such
has a mostly forested watershed. This beautiful stream has high recreational usage among the public and is popular as a tubing spot. The very low EPT
BI of 2.33, which is the highest yet recorded for a basinwide sample at this site, is indicative of a very intolerant EPT community. Also, EPT richness is
second only to that recorded in 1999. Habitat was very good although the lack of large pools is characterized by the presence of one continuous riffle.
These metrics indicate a stream with very high water quality. Deep Creek has maintained an Excellent rating for the last 20 years.
Excellent07/11/94 6579 ---41 ---1.93
Excellent
08/09/99 7954 ---47 ---2.09 Excellent
08/02/04 9410 ---43 ---1.79
Bioclassification
Excellent08/06/10 11093 ---45 ---2.33
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate mix of cobble (35), boulder (30), and gravel (25); some sand (10)
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)20.1
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.7
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)15
pH (s.u.)5.5
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)12
Pool Variety (10)6
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
DEEP CR SR 1340 GB7 08/06/10 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
SWAIN 2 06010203 35.442500 -83.440278 2-79-63-(21) Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
B; Tr 43 1750 13 0.4
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)---70 30 ------
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
y( )
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)1
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)83 Substrate mix of cobble (30), boulder (20), gravel (20), sand (20); silty (10)
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
08/06/10 11094 --- 49 --- 2.26
9452 --- 38 --- 1.73
Bioclassification
Excellent
2.11
Excellent
08/09/99 7955 ---45 ---2.36 Excellent
08/02/04
Taxonomic Analysis
Gains seen in EPT richness between the 2004 and 2010 basinwide samplings were driven by increases in both mayflies (+7) and caddisflies (+4) while
stoneflies remained stable. The increase in mayflies was driven by an surge in baetid richness and included the first Deep Creek record of Heterocloeon
spp. and Acentrella nadineae. The appearance of the mayflies Baetisca spp and Ephemera spp in 2010 and the absence of both Epeorus vitreus and
Rhithrogena exilis , after 15 years of abundance, may be attributable to additional sediment inputs into the stream. Stoneflies were dominated by perlids
and the rare Agnetina capitata was collected. The caddisfly community was notable for the absence of Brachycentrus spinae which had been abundant
in the three previous basinwide samples and the addition of Hydatophylax argus (1st Deep Cr. record) and Oligostomis pardalis (1st Deep Cr. record),
two caddisflies that prefer slower, less turbulent waters.
Data Analysis
The SR 1340 sampling site on Deep Creek is approximately 3 miles below the site in GSMNP and drains the east-central portion of the park. EPT levels
in 2010 rebounded from a twenty year low to the second highest richness recorded. Additionally, the EPT BI, while not the lowest recorded at this site,
indicates a very intolerant EPT community resides here. As evidenced by the specific conductance measured, little impact can be seen from the 3 miles
of commercial, agricultural, and residential properties between this reach and the upstream park reach. While less available habitat is present for
colonization and more silt occurs in-stream than the park reach (most likely due to the agriculture), the additional sediment input and habitat deficiencies
are not severe enough to affect the EPT fauna dramatically. Deep Creek at SR 1340 maintains it's excellent water quality for 2010. It is recommended
that this site be dropped from Basinwide rotation as further upstream development seems unlikely.
Excellent07/11/94 6578 ---50 ---
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)21.2
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.1
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)12
pH (s.u.)4.7
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)20
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
NOLAND CR NR MOUTH GB6 07/28/10 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
SWAIN 2 06010203 35.454167 -83.527778 2-90 Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr 20 1780 6 0.2
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)100 ------------
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
()
Bottom Substrate (15)14
Pool Variety (10)9
Riffle Habitat (16)15
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)96
ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate mix of cobble (35), boulder (30), and gravel (25), some sand (10)
Bioclassification
07/28/10 11092 45 45 1.31 1.31 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID
1.63 Excellent
08/03/04 9454 35 35 1.57 1.57
Taxonomic Analysis
Sampling in 2010 resulted in the highest yet recorded EPT richness in Noland Creek. An dramatic increase was seen in in caddisfly richness (+9) over
that which was collected in 2004. Also, the EPT BI decreased for the second straight cycle time due in part to the presence of some very intolerant
species of caddisflies that were not previously collected, including the uncommon Rhyacophila acutiloba and Neophylax mitchelli.The highest richness of
Plecoptera was observed in 2010 with eight taxa collected with the majority of taxa abundant. New taxa occuring in 2010 included the rarely collected
mayflies Epeorus subpallidus and Acentrella barbarae, which was described from GSMNP in 2006. The caddisfly Molanna spp was also previously
unrecorded from Noland Creek.
Data Analysis
Noland Creek lies within the southcentral portion Great Smoky Mountain National Park and drains into Fontana Lake. It is an undeveloped and forested
watershed. The habitat of Noland Creek is exceptional and consists of a series of cascades, riffles, and pools. The 2010 EPT BI is the lowest recorded in
the entire LTN basin during the current basinwide cycle, even among other GSMNP sites. The EPT richness for 2010 is also the highest yet seen at this
site. These metrics, coupled with the low specific conductance, indicate the very stable and intolerant benthic community one would expect from a
stream with little to no anthropogenic disturbance. The low pH is partially attributable to the Anakeesta soils that are interspersed throughout the park.
Noland Creek rates Excellent for the second time in 11 years.
Good
08/11/99 7966 40 40 1.63
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)18.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)8.5
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)10
pH (s.u.)6.2
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)18
Bottom Substrate (15)13
Pool Variety (10)10
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)95
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
FORNEY CR NR MOUTH GB4 07/28/09 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
Swain 2 06010203 35.468611 -83.566111 2-97 Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C; Tr, ORW 28.0 1788 10 0.5
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)100 ---------
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
None ------
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate Boulder and cobble with some bedrock and gravel, very little silt
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
07/28/09 10697 81 52 2.47 1.64
9455 78 44 2.62 1.80
Bioclassification
Excellent
1.49
Excellent
08/11/99 7965 81 46 2.59 1.58 Excellent
08/03/04
Taxonomic Analysis
Sampling in 2009 resulted in the highest yet recorded EPT richness in Forney Creek. An increase was seen in each EPT order over that which was
collected in 2004. In addition, the EPTBI decreased to pre 2004 levels due in part to three species of the intolerant mayfly Drunella and four species of
the intolerant caddisfly Rhyacophila. The highest richness of Plecoptera was observed in 2009 with 10 taxa collected with the majority of taxa either
common or abundant, including the rarely collected stonefly Agnetina capitata. New taxa occurring in 2009 included only the 3rd NC record of the mayfly
Epeorus subpallidus and the 4th NC record of mayfly Acentrella barbarae, which was described from Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GSMNP) in
2006. The caddisflies Hetroplectron americanum, Phylocentropus spp , and Ceraclea flava were also previously unrecorded from Forney Creek. Only 14
Chironomidae taxa were collected in 2009.
Data Analysis
Forney Creek lies within and drains the south-central portion of GSMNP into Fontana Lake. It is an entirely undeveloped and forested watershed. The
habitat of this stream is as expected for a stream in a natural setting and consists of a series of riffles, cascades, and pools with excellent riparian zones.
The biotic index and EPTBI has remained low with little variation and total taxa richness has likewise varied little over the last 15 years. These metrics,
coupled with a high EPT richness, indicate the very stable benthic community one would expect for a stream whose catchment is completely
encompassed within the GSMNP.
Excellent07/12/94 6581 79 46 2.43
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
Waterbody
CANEY FK
AU Number
2-79-28-(2.5)
County
JACKSON
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Crystaline Ridges & Mtns.
Longitude
Date Station ID
GF4
Site Photograph
Good
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
020
Subbasin
2
Latitude
35.30472222
Agriculture
Elevation (ft)Drainage Area (mi2)
50.2
Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- located in east-central Jackson County where it drains the Great Balsam Mountains; tributary to the Tuckasegee River; no municipalities
within the watershed. Habitat -- lower one-third of the reach has hay field and a road along its right and left shorelines, respectively, but is protected further
upstream by a narrow forested buffer; narrow riparian zones provide minimal shading; instream habitats consist of riffles, runs, and chutes with good side
pools. Water Quality -- pH in 2004 and 2009 slightly less than the water quality standard of 6.0 s.u.; specific conductance in 2004 and 2009 was 21 and
19 µS/cm, respectively. 2009 -- slightly lower total species and darter diversities than expected; all other metric scores were comparable to reference site
values (i.e., score = 5). 2004 & 2009 -- 18 species known from the site, including 9 species of cyprinids, 4 intolerant species, but only 3 species of darters,
and the Smoky Dace (Special Concern); dominant species is the Mottled Sculpin (37% and 53%); no tolerant species have ever been collected at the site;
no evidence of reproducing populations of trout at this lowermost site; no appreciable change in the fish community, instream and riparian habitats, or water
quality between assessment periods.
Rural Residential
0
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle
Losses -- Tuckasegee Darter, Black Redhorse, Rainbow Trout. Gains -- Mirror Shiner, Western Blacknose
Dace. All species gained or lost were represented by 1-4 individuals/species; Rainbow Trout represented only
by young-of-year and excluded from the sample.
04/27/09
06/01/04
0.6
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
80
None
2170
Forested/Wetland
None
Bioclassification
Good
Good
NCIBISample Date
562004-62
Sample ID
2009-17
18.8
13
3
2
6
16
7
3
4
8.5
19
5.9
Clear
5
19
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Mottled Sculpin (53%) Most Abundant Species 2009
78 Cobble, boulder, bedrockSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
15
16
52
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
WS-III,Tr
SR 1738
Location
8 digit HUC
06010203 -83.13777778
14
04/27/09
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
Waterbody
CULLOWHEE CR
AU Number
2-79-31a
County
JACKSON
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Crystaline Ridges & Mtns.
Longitude
Date Station ID
GF13
Site Photograph
Good
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
25 (school yard)0
Subbasin
2
Latitude
35.29666667
Agriculture Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- drains southwestern Jackson County; tributary to the Tuckasegee River; no municipalities in the upstream watershed. Water Quality --
specific conductance in 2004 and 2009 was 33 and 30 µS/cm, respectively. Habitat -- higher quality riffles than in 2004; increased left bank stability and
quality of the riparian zone has improved since 2004 by becoming more stable and densely vegetated; fairly open canopy; debris dams trapping much of
the finer sediments in the upper one-third of the reach; instream habitats of riffles, runs, and deep snag pools. 2009 -- ~ 1.7 times more fish collected in
2009 than in 2004 (648 vs. 391), primarily Mottled Sculpin (387 vs. 190); very slight increase in darter diversity and a lower percentage of tolerant fish were
the reasons for the slight increase in the NCIBI score and rating; Hatchery Supported Trout waters, one stocked Brook Trout collected (360 mm TL), all
other Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout were wild; slightly lower cyprinid and darter diversities and percentage of omnivores+herbivores than expected; all
other metric scores were comparable to reference site values (i.e., score = 5). 2004 & 2009 -- 17 species known from the site, including 7 species of
cyprinids, but only 2 species of darters; dominant species is the cold-cool water indicator Mottled Sculpin (49% and 60%); stream is supporting its
supplemental designation as trout waters (Tr). No appreciable change in fish community or water quality between assessment periods.
Rural Residential
0
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle Losses -- none. Gains -- Tuckasegee Darter, 1 individual.
04/27/09
06/02/04
0.4
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
75
Elevation (ft)
None
2110
Drainage Area (mi2)
Forested/Wetland
19.5
Brown Trout, Rainbow Trout
Bioclassification
Good
Good-Fair
NCIBISample Date
462004-63
Sample ID
2009-16
12.1
11
3
5
10
16
7
5
5
8.9
30
6.2
Clear
5
18
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Mottled Sculpin (60%) Most Abundant Species 2009
85 Cobble, gravel, siltSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
17
16
50
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C;Tr
SR 1545
Location
8 digit HUC
06010203 -83.18111111
10
04/27/09
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
Waterbody
SAVANNAH CR
AU Number
2-79-36
County
JACKSON
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Crystaline Ridges & Mtns.
Longitude
Date Station ID
GF23
Site Photograph
Excellent
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
025
Subbasin
2
Latitude
35.3375
Agriculture Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- drains northwestern Jackson County, paralleling much of NC 116 and US 23/441 all the way to the creek's headwaters; no municipalities
within the watershed; tributary to the Tuckasegee River. Habitat -- same as in 2004; minimal canopy; the riparian zones were in pasture, and an attempt
had been made to stabilize portions of the banks with rip/rap and concrete slabs; swift & deep riffles, chutes, runs, and plunges. Water Quality -- pH in
2009 was less than the water quality standard of 6.0 s.u.; specific conductance in 2004 and 2009 was 28/29 µS/cm. 2009 -- although the creek is not
Hatchery Supported Trout Waters in its lower reaches, one stocked Brown Trout (275 mm TL) was collected; all other Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout were
wild; increased diversity and a slightly more balanced trophic structure in 2009 accounted for its Excellent rating. 2004 & 2009 -- 18 species known from
the site, including 8 species of cyprinids and 4 intolerant species, but only 2 species of darters; dominant species is the Mottled Sculpin (39% and 36%);
only one tolerant fish (White Sucker) has ever been collected at the site; no evidence of reproducing populations of trout at this lowermost site.
Rural Residential
25
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle Losses -- none. Gains -- White Sucker, Brown Trout, Smallmouth Bass. All species gained were represented
by 1 or 2 individuals/species.
04/28/09
06/02/04
0.6
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
50
Elevation (ft)
None
2025
Drainage Area (mi2)
Forested/Wetland
36.5
Brown Trout, Rainbow Trout
Bioclassification
Excellent
Good
NCIBISample Date
502004-64
Sample ID
2009-18
12.1
12
1
2
6
15
4
3
4
10.2
29
5.4
Clear
3
18
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Mottled Sculpin (36%) Most Abundant Species 2009
68 Cobble, boulder, rip/rapSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
18
15
58
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C;Tr
NC 116
Location
8 digit HUC
06010203 -83.23694444
11
04/28/09
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)22.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.8
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)13
pH (s.u.)5.3
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)20
Bottom Substrate (15)14
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
TWENTY MILE CR NC 28 GB2 08/05/10 Excellent
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
SWAIN 2 06010204 35.466944 -83.877500 2-178-(4) Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Stream Depth (m)
C; TR, HQW 15 1300 9 0.2
Visible Landuse (%)100 ---------
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)
------
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Site Photograph
()
Pool Variety (10)9
Riffle Habitat (16)15
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)4
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)96 Substrate mostly cobble (35), boulder (25) and gravel (25)
Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
1.82
Bioclassification
08/05/10 11091 --- 41 --- 2.06 Excellent
Sample Date
Twenty Mile Creek lies within and drains North Carolina's western portion of Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GSMNP) and ultimately joins the Little
Tennessee River (Cheoah Reservoir) downstream of Fontana Dam. It has an undeveloped (hiking trails aside) and forested catchment. The habitat of this
picturesque stream is as expected for a stream in a natural setting and consists of a series of cascades, riffles, and plunge pools. 2010 marks only the
second sampling of this stream. Typical of undisturbed mountain streams, the specific conductance was very low. Also, while the EPT biotic index was
higher than in 2004, it still indicates a very intolerant EPT community. Species richness was much higher than in 2004 and may be partially attributed to
the presence of woody debris and microhabitat which was mostly absent in 2004. With such a high gradient it is likely that rain events would transport
woody debris and further lead to increased scour which would reduce benthic populations. Twenty Mile Creek garnered its first Excellent rating.
Good08/04/04 9459
Taxonomic Analysis
A total increase of 12 EPT was recorded in 2010 over 2004 sampling results. All three orders saw an increase in richness but the caddisflies increased
the most (E - 4, P - 2, T - 6). Additions to the caddisflies were 4 net-spinning species and included the relatively uncommon Ceratopsyche macleodi.
Additional caddisfly taxa recorded included Ceraclea ancylus, Rhyacophila atrata, and Goera spp. Baetid mayflies help contribute to the increase seen
in mayfly richness in 2010 and included only the fifth NC record of Acentrella barbarae, a mayfly originally described from GSMNP. An increase in the
number of flat-headed mayflies was also see with both Heptagenia marginalis and Leucrocuta spp being collected. The stonefly fauna remained stable
from 2009 and included Perlesta spp, a stonefly that typically emerges near the end of July.
Data Analysis
---29 ---
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)20.8
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.0
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)40
pH (s.u.)6.3
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)6
Riffle Habitat (16)12
Bank Erosion (7)6
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)4
Right Riparian Score (5)4
Total Habitat Score (100)77
Taxonomic Analysis
Both EPT and overall taxa lists from 1999, 2004 and 2009 were very consistent. Most of the abundant taxa found in 2009 were abundant in previous
samples (e.g. the mayflies Baetis flavistriga , B. intercalaris and Epeorus vitreus ; the stoneflies Lecutra spp and Paragnetina immarginata; a nd the
caddisflies Glossosoma spp , Ceratopsyche sparna, Cheumatopsyche spp and Dolophilodes spp).
Data Analysis
This section of the Cheoah River rated Good in 2009, the same rating as in 2004. This site is located in one of only two free-flowing sections of the
Cheoah River. There is little evidence that the WWTP is significantly suppressing benthic macroinvertebrates in this reach as a sample upstream of the
WWTP did not differ from a downstream sample in 1994. Moreover, approximately half a mile upstream of the 2009 sampling location are two historical
sites spanning five samples. These data originate in 1983 and suggest water quality in this reach (both upstream and downstream of the WWTP) is
Good and occasionally Excellent.
Good
08/12/99 7969 89 48 3.43 2.77 Excellent
07/19/04 9437 84 38 3.96 3.15
Bioclassification
07/27/09 10779 93 40 4.18 3.17 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
Town of Robbinsville WWTP NC0025879 0.63
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate mixture of bedrock, boulder, rubble, gravel and silt
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)80 0 0 20
C;Tr 55.0 1960 12 0.3
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
GRAHAM 4 06010204 35.331944 -83.807778 2-190-(3.5)Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
Bioclassification
CHEOAH R OFF SR 1138 UPS MOUNTAIN CR GB133 07/27/09 Good
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date
2000
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)18.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)7.8
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)40
pH (s.u.)6.2
Channel Modification (5)4
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none
Visible Landuse (%)25 50 25 0
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Road Other (describe)
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
WS‐III; Tr 28.6 9 0.2
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
GRAHAM 4 06010204 35.320556 -83.802500 2-190-2-(0.5) Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
TULULA CR SR 1275 GB22 07/28/09 Good
Channel Modification (5)4
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)8
Pool Variety (10)4
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)5
Bank Vegetation (7)6
Light Penetration (10)7
Left Riparian Score (5)2
Right Riparian Score (5)2
Total Habitat Score (100)73
Taxonomic Analysis
With the exception of the 1999 Excellent bioclassification, the overall trend in the invertebrate data suggest Good water quality in this catchment. Indeed,
there are numerous intolerant taxa that have been present from each of the four collections and include the mayflies Epeorus vitreus , Leucrocuta spp ,
Paraleptophlebia spp, the caddisflies Brachycentrus spinae, Lepidostoma spp, Rhyacophila fuscula, as well as the long-lived stoneflies Acroneuria
abnormis and Paragnetina immarginata .
Data Analysis
In general, the benthic macroinvertebrate data suggest stable and Good to Excellent water quality in this catchment since the initial 1994 collection
although the 2009 sample was borderline Excellent and produced the second highest EPTs recorded. Indeed had just one more EPT taxa been collected
this site would have received an Excellent bioclassification in 2009.
Good07/25/94 6615 78 34 3.81 3.01
Good
08/12/99 7968 85 40 3.57 2.69 Excellent
07/19/04 9436 60 31 3.23 2.73
Bioclassification
07/28/09 10780 88 39 3.77 2.70 Good
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Substrate Boulder, cobble, gravel and sand
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)17.6
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)6.9
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)10
pH (s.u.)4.9
Channel Modification (5)5
Instream Habitat (20)19
Bottom Substrate (15)13
Pool Variety (10)9
Riffle Habitat (16)16
Bank Erosion (7)7
Bank Vegetation (7)7
Light Penetration (10)10
Left Riparian Score (5)5
Right Riparian Score (5)5
Total Habitat Score (100)96
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLE
Waterbody Location Station ID Date Bioclassification
SNOWBIRD CR SR 1120 GB25 07/28/09 Excellent
AU Number Level IV Ecoregion
GRAHAM 4 06010204 35.289167 -83.900278 2-190-9-(15.5)Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
County Subbasin 8 digit HUC Latitude Longitude
Stream Classification Drainage Area (mi2)Elevation (ft)Stream Width (m)Stream Depth (m)
C;Tr 16.9 2220 7 0.2
Forested/Wetland Urban Agriculture Other (describe)
Visible Landuse (%)100 0 0
Site Photograph
Water Clarity clear
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
Substrate mostly boulder and rubble with some gravel and sand
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)NPDES Number Volume (MGD)
none ------
Bioclassification
07/28/09 10781 ---52 ---2.13 Excellent
Sample Date Sample ID ST EPT BI EPT BI
Excellent
08/12/99 7970 ---52 ---2.57 Excellent
07/20/04 9442 ---48 ---2.06
Taxonomic Analysis
A diverse and pollution intolerant EPT community continues to populate Snowbird Creek. Overall there has been little change in the benthic community
composition from the first sample collected here, in 1990. However, two noticeable differences in this years sample were the absences of the caddisfly
Ceratopsyche sparna (abundant in 1990, 1999 and 2004) and the mayfly Maccaffertium ithaca (abundant in 1990, common in 1999, 2004).
Nevertheless, Snowbird Creek contains several highly pollution sensitive taxa such as the caddisflies Apatania spp, Ceratopsyche alhedra and the
mayflies Ephmerella crenula and Drunella allegheniensis.
Data Analysis
Snowbird Creek rated Excellent in 2009, the same rating it received in each of its three prior samples. The very consistent Excellent bioclassifications are
indicative of the minimally disturbed forested watershed present here.
Excellent06/20/90 5320 ---49 ---1.80
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
WS-III,Tr
SR 1260
Location
8 digit HUC
06010204 -83.79444444
11
04/29/09
Central Stoneroller (36%) Most Abundant Species 2009
85 Cobble, boulder, bedrockSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
15
14
48
25
5.6
Clear
5
18
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
14.5
13
5
3
8
16
4
6
7
10.1
Rainbow Trout, Redbreast Sunfish
Bioclassification
Good
Good-Fair
NCIBISample Date
462004-69
Sample ID
2009-22
Gains -- Black Redhorse, Redbreast Sunfish, Bluegill. Losses -- Creek Chub, Tangerine Darter. All species
gained or lost were represented by 1 or 2 individuals/species.
04/29/09
06/04/04
0.5
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
80
None
2035
Forested/Wetland Other (describe)
No
Average Depth (m)
Watershed -- drains the southeastern corner of Graham County; US 129 and a railroad parallel the creek throughout its length. Habitats -- slick rocks,
plunge pools in mid-channel, bluegreen algal mats covering many of the rocks; most of the habitats were of high quality, except at the upper reach along
the right shoreline where there was no canopy and the riparian zone was a manicured residential lawn. Water Quality -- pH less than the water quality
standard of 6.0 s.u. in 2004 and 2009. 2009 -- total species richness was slightly lower than expected, especially among darters (n= 2) and minnows (n=6);
very slight decline in the percentage of omnivores+herbivores from 51% to 49%) resulted in the very slight increase in NCIBI score and rating; Hatchery
Supported Trout Waters, four stocked Brook Trout collected (200-291 mm TL); Rainbow Trout were all wild (n=28). 2004 & 2009 -- the presence of
bluegreen algal mats and the percentages of omnivores+herbivores (i.e., Central Stoneroller and River Chub) which were much greater than expected
continued to indicate possible upstream straight-piping or nonpoint-source erosion contributions of nutrients; 17 species known from the site including 7
species of minnows and 3 species of darters; dominant species have been Central Stoneroller (31% and 36%) and Mottled Sculpin (24% and 26%); stream
is supporting its supplemental designation as trout waters (Tr).
Rural Residential
10
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle
10
Subbasin
4
Latitude
35.30722222
Agriculture
Elevation (ft)Drainage Area (mi2)
27.4
Date Station ID
GF29
Site Photograph
Good
Reference Site
NPDES Number
---
Stream Width (m)
0
Waterbody
TULULA CR
AU Number
2-190-2-(0.5)
County
GRAHAM
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Longitude
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
WS-III;Tr
SR 1214
Location
8 digit HUC
06010204
Waterbody
SWEETWATER CR
County
Mottled Sculpin (34%) Most Abundant Species 2009
89 Bedrock shelves, cobble, boulderSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
13 52
Rainbow Trout
10.0
32
5.8
Clear
5
19
5
4
8
16
Sample ID
2009-21
7
6
9
Bioclassification
Good
NCIBISample Date
Other (describe)
None
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
13.4
10
040
Elevation (ft)
1995
Drainage Area (mi2)
13.6
Forested/Wetland
This is the first fish community sample collected at this site. Watershed -- drains east-central Graham County; NC 143 parallels much of the creek; no
municipalities within the watershed; tributary to the Cheoah River. Habitats -- ledges and plunge pools, riffles, runs, poor quality riparian zones in terms of
invasive plants and trash from the highway; swift flow and slippery rocks. Water Quality -- pH less than the water quality standard of 6.0 s.u. 2009 -- total
species richness was slightly lower than expected, especially among darters (n=2) and minnows (n=7); other abundant species included River Chub (20%)
and Central Stoneroller (16%); very low percentage of tolerant fish (1%); intolerant species included Rainbow Trout, Rock Bass, and Greenfin Darter;
stream is supporting its supplemental designation as trout waters (Tr); and water quality is generally Good.
Rural Residential
10
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle N/A
04/29/09
NPDES Number
4
Latitude
35.324966
No
Reference SiteStream Width (m)
-83.79335 2-190-3-(0.5)
0.5
Site Photograph
Good
---
7
Average Depth (m)
AU Number
50
Agriculture
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
GRAHAM
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Longitude
04/29/09
Date Station ID
GF36
Subbasin
Water Quality Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
pH (s.u.)
Water Clarity
Channel Modification (5)
Instream Habitat (20)
Bottom Substrate (15)
Pool Variety (10)
Riffle Habitat (16)
Erosion (7)
Bank Vegetation (7)
Light Penetration (10)
Left Riparian Score (5)
Right Riparian Score (5)
Total Habitat Score (100)
GRAHAM
Bioclassification
Level IV Ecoregion
Southern Metasedimentary Mountains
Longitude
04/28/09
Date Station ID
GF37
Subbasin
Site Photograph
Not Rated
---
6
Average Depth (m)
AU Number
0
Agriculture
---
Upstream NPDES Dischargers (>1MGD or <1MGD and within 1 mile)
4
Latitude
35.417284
No
Reference SiteStream Width (m)
-83.874636 2-190-29
0.4
This is the first fish community sample collected at this site. Watershed -- drains northern Graham County; no municipalities within the watershed;
tributary to the by-passed reach of the Cheoah River between its confluence with Calderwood Lake and Lake Santeetlah. Habitats -- Sand Hills-like with
tannin stained water, a substrate primarily of sand, wide forested riparian zones of American Holly and Mountain Laurel, and Fissidens common on coarse
woody debris; side pools, runs, and riffles; gradient changes dramatically ~ 0.5 miles below the site with steeper gradients and waterfalls. Water Quality --
low conductivity; pH less than the water quality standard of 6.0 s.u. 2009 -- naturally depauperate (species diversity and abundance) community; fewest
fish collected than at any other site in 2009 (n=186); Mottled Sculpin and darters absent; Hatchery Supported Trout Waters; no reproducing populations of
trout were found, but no evidence of water quality impairment.
Rural Residential
0
Volume (MGD)
Data Analysis
Visible Landuse (%)
Species Change Since Last Cycle N/A
04/28/09
NPDES Number
100
Elevation (ft)
1830
Drainage Area (mi2)
12.7
Forested/Wetland
Bioclassification
Not Rated
NCIBISample Date
Other (describe)
None
Habitat Assessment Scores (max)
16.2
8
0
4
5
6
10
Sample ID
2009-20
7
6
10
9.1
19
5.6
Clear, tannin stained
5
18
Creek Chub (46%) Most Abundant Species 2009
79 Sand, cobble, gravel, bedrock, siltSubstrate
Exotic Species 2009
Species Total
6 ---
Rainbow Trout, Brown Trout
FISH COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Stream Classification
C;Tr
SR 1242
Location
8 digit HUC
06010204
Waterbody
YELLOW CR
County