HomeMy WebLinkAboutSec B Ch 3 03-08-32
Section B - Chapter 3
Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32
Lower, Middle and Upper Little Rivers, Lake Hickory, Lookout Shoals Lake
and Lake Norman
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3.1 Subbasin Overview
This subbasin is located in the Northern Inner Piedmont
and Southern Outer Piedmont ecoregions with the
extreme northwestern headwaters of several streams in
the Eastern Blue Ridge Foothills ecoregion. The
southeastern portion of this subbasin (east of the Lower
Little River and south of the Catawba River) is flatter and
more characteristic of Piedmont areas than the northern
section.
Subbasin 03-08-32 at a Glance
Land and Water Area
Total area: 706 mi2
Land area: 647 mi2
Water area: 59 mi2
Population Statistics
Pop. Density: 257 persons/mi2
Land Cover (percent)
Counties
Municipalities
2000 Est. Pop.: 180,804 people Highly erodible soils and moderate gradients contribute
large amounts of sediment in the Little River watershed.
However, a majority of the subbasin remains forested.
Major reservoirs in this subbasin include Lakes Hickory
and Norman and Lookout Shoals Lake. Because of these
impoundments, a greater percentage of this subbasin is
classified as a water supply watershed than any of the
other subbasins, highlighting the increased pressure
placed on the resource by ever expanding populations. In
fact, the populations of Alexander, Catawba, Iredell,
Lincoln and Mecklenburg counties are all expected to
increase by over 20 percent by the year 2020 (Table A-6).
Forest/Wetland: 57%
Surface Water: 9%
Urban: 3%
Agriculture: 34%
Alexander, Burke, Caldwell,
Catawba, Iredell, Lincoln and
Mecklenburg
There were 24 benthic macroinvertebrate community
samples and 13 fish community samples (Figure B-3 and
Table B-5) collected during this assessment period. Two
sites improved; 12 sites remained the same; two sites had
a lower bioclassification, and three sites were sampled for
the first time during this assessment period. Data were
also collected from three ambient monitoring stations as
well. Refer to 2003 Catawba River Basinwide
Assessment Report at http://www.esb.enr.state.nc.us/bar.html and Section A, Chapter 3 for more
information on monitoring.
Cajah Mountain, Catawba,
Claremont, Connelly Springs,
Conover, Cornelius, Davidson,
Granite Falls, Hickory, Hildebran,
Hudson, Huntersville, Lenoir,
Long View, Mooresville, Newton,
Rhodhiss, Sawmills, Taylorsville
and Troutman
Sixteen facilities monitor effluent toxicity, some having multiple discharges. Four dischargers
had problems with toxicity, although three were very small dischargers with a permitted flow
less than 0.02 MGD. This group of discharges was associated with either groundwater
remediation or contact cooling water.
Section B: Chapter 3 – Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 125
Table B-5 DWQ Assessment and Use Support Ratings Summary for Monitored Waters in Subbasin 03-08-32
Biological Ambient Other 2004 1998
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Hickory below
elevation 935)11-(51) WS-IV & B CA 263.1 ac. AL C2600000 nce L-1 ce NR FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Hickory below
elevation 935)11-(53) WS-IV & B CA 1,232.8 ac. AL C2600000 nce L-1 ce NR FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Hickory below
elevation 935)11-(59.5) WS-V & B 2,093.6 ac. AL C2600000 nce L-1 ce NR FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Norman below
elevation 760)11-(74) WS-IV CA 265.3 ac. AL C3420000 nce L-3 nce S FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Norman below
elevation 760)11-(75) WS-IV & B CA 31,331.6 ac. AL C3420000 nce L-3 nce S FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lookout Shoals Lake below
elevation 845)11-(67) WS-IV 182.7 ac. AL L-2 nce S FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lookout Shoals Lake below
elevation 845)11-(68.5) WS-IV CA 95.4 ac. AL L-2 nce S FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lookout Shoals Lake below
elevation 845)11-(72) WS-IV & B CA 577.8 ac. AL L-2 nce S FS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lookout Shoals Lake below
elevation 845)11-(73.5) WS-IV & B CA 175.4 ac. AL L-2 nce S FS
Duck Creek 11-62-2-(4) C 4.4 mi. AL
B-4 GF--97
B-4 G--02
F-3 G--02 S ST
Use Support RatingData Type with Map Number
and Data Results
CategoryWaterbody Assessment
DWQ
Classification Length / Area
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 127
Table B-5 DWQ Assessment and Use Support Ratings Summary for Monitored Waters in Subbasin 03-08-32
Biological Ambient Other 2004 1998
Use Support RatingData Type with Map Number
and Data Results
CategoryWaterbody Assessment
DWQ
Classification Length / Area
Elk Shoal Creek (East Side)11-73-(0.5) WS-IV 7.8 mi. AL
B-7 GF--97
B-7 GF--02
F--5 E--97
F-5 G--02 S ST
Gunpowder Creek
(Old Mill Pond)11-55-(1.5) WS-IV 13.4 mi. AL
B-1 GF--97
B-1 GF--02 SST
Horseford Creek 11-54-(0.5) WS-IV 0.4 mi. AL SB-2 P--02 I-
Lower Little River 11-69-(0.5) C 14.0 mi. AL
F-4 G--97
F-4 F--02 C2818000 nce I FS
Lower Little River 11-69-(5.5) WS-IV 8.6 mi. AL
B-5 G--97
B-5 GF--02 SFS
Lyle Creek 11-76-(3.5) WS-IV 6.3 mi. AL
B-8 GF--97
B-8 GF--02 S FS
McLin Creek 11-76-5-(3) WS-IV CA 0.7 mi. AL
B-9 GF--97
B-9 GF--02 S FS
Middle Little River 11-62 C 21.5 mi. AL
B-3 GF--97
B-3 F--02
B-3 GF--03
F-2 G--97
F-2 E--02 S ST
Muddy Fork 11-69-4 C 6.8 mi. AL
B-6 GF--97
B-6 F--02
B-6 GF--03 S ST
Silver Creek 11-56-(2) WS-IV CA 0.8 mi. AL SB-3 GF--02 S -
Upper Little River
(Cedar Creek)11-58-(5.5) WS-IV 9.8 mi. AL
B-2 G--97
B-2 G--02
F-1 GF--97
F-1 GF--02 SFS
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Hickory below
elevation 935)11-(53) WS-V & B 1,232.8 ac. REC C2600000 nce S -
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 128
Table B-5 DWQ Assessment and Use Support Ratings Summary for Monitored Waters in Subbasin 03-08-32
Biological Ambient Other 2004 1998
Use Support RatingData Type with Map Number
and Data Results
CategoryWaterbody Assessment
DWQ
Classification Length / Area
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Hickory below
elevation 935)11-(59.5) WS-V & B 2,093.6 ac. REC C2600000 nce S-
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Norman below
elevation 760)11-(74) WS-IV CA 265.3 ac. REC C3420000 nce S -
CATAWBA RIVER
(Lake Norman below
elevation 760)11-(75) WS-IV & B CA 31,331.6 ac. REC C3420000 nce S -
Lower Little River 11-69-(0.5) C 14.0 mi. REC C2818000 ce NR -
Assessment Unit Number - Portion of DWQ Classified Index where monitoring is applied to assign a use support rating.
Use Categories:Monitoring data type: Use Support Ratings 2004:
AL - Aquatic Life F - Fish Community Survey E - Excellent S - Supporting, I - Impaired, NR - Not Rated
REC - Recreation B - Benthic Community Survey G - Good
SB - Special Benthic Community Study GF - Good-Fair Use Support Ratings 1998:
L - Lakes Assessment F - Fair FS - fully supporting, ST - supporting but threatened
P - Poor PS - partially supporting, NS - not supporting
NR - not rated, N/A - not applicable
nce - no criteria exceeded
ce - criteria exceeded
Bioclassifcations:
Ambient Data
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 129
There are three ambient monitoring sites in this subbasin: two on Lakes Hickory and Norman,
and one on the Lower Little River. There were few unusual measurements at the two lake sites,
although high algal production sometimes produced high dissolved oxygen concentrations and
pH readings. Elevated fecal coliform bacteria concentrations and high turbidity levels were
noted on the Lower Little River after rainfall events.
Recent biological data produced Good or Good-Fair bioclassifications for most monitored
streams in this subbasin. However, a Fair bioclassification was recorded for a section of Middle
Little River and for Muddy Fork. Fish data also produced a Fair bioclassification for a section of
the Lower Little River. The Fair bioclassification for the Middle Little River seemed to be due
to low flow in 2002 and did not indicate a significant water quality problem. This finding was
reinforced by the Excellent fish community bioclassification given to the river. Muddy Fork,
however, showed signs of organic loading from nearby animal operations. The cause of the Fair
bioclassification for the headwaters of the Lower Little River (above the Town of Taylorsville
WWTP) was unknown, although a sand-dipping operation was noted just above the sampling
reach.
Based upon benthic macroinvertebrate data, water quality was fairly stable in this subbasin. The
majority of the between-year changes in bioclassification were associated with between-year
changes in flow. These changes fell into three categories:
1. Streams where drought conditions resulted in loss of flow. These streams showed a
decline during the extreme drought. Example: Middle Little River.
2. Streams which maintained flow under drought conditions and were influenced mainly
by nonpoint source pollution. These streams improved under drought conditions due
to a reduction in nonpoint source runoff. Example: Duck Creek.
3. Streams influenced by point source dischargers. These streams declined under
drought conditions due to higher instream waste concentrations. Example: the
downstream segment of the Lower Little River below the Town of Taylorsville.
Lake Hickory has been sampled by DWQ since 1981. This reservoir was consistently evaluated
as eutrophic based on summer samples from 1981 to 1992. Since then, however, the reservoir
has been most frequently evaluated as mesotrophic. High productivity was indicated in August
2002, but no visible algal blooms were observed.
Lookout Shoals Lake is a small run-of-the-river lake with a retention time of only nine days. It
has been sampled by DWQ since 1981, and the trophic state has fluctuated from oligotrophic to
eutrophic depending on the nutrient loading and flow conditions. The reservoir’s water quality is
thought to be more reflective of releases from upstream impoundments than conditions in the
immediate, surrounding watershed.
Lake Norman is the largest of the Catawba River reservoirs. It has been monitored by Duke
Power since the 1970s, and DWQ has sampled the reservoir since 1981. This reservoir has
consistently been evaluated as oligotrophic with low nutrient values and low algal production.
A nuisance aquatic plant, Myriophyllum aquaticum, infested the upper ends of Lake Hickory and
Lookout Shoals Lake. This plant can interfere with recreational and industrial uses of the lakes.
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 130
Lookout Shoals Lake was drawn down in the fall of 2002 in an attempt to control the spread of
this plant.
Hydrilla, another nuisance aquatic plant, was found in Lake Norman. This macrophyte is
invasive, can decrease fish habitat, and can impact recreational activities such as swimming and
boating. It also has the potential of clogging intakes of water treatment plants. In an effort to
manage its growth, Duke Power is treating the infestation with herbicide.
Waters in Parts 3.3 and 3.4 are identified by assessment unit number (AU#). This number is
used to track defined segments in the water quality assessment database, 303(d) Impaired waters
list, and the various tables in this basin plan. The assessment unit number is a subset of the
DWQ index number (classification identification number). A letter attached to the end of the
AU# indicates that the assessment is smaller than the DWQ index segment. No letter indicates
that the assessment unit and the DWQ index segment are the same.
Use support ratings are summarized in Part 3.2 below. Recommendations, current status and
future recommendations for waters that were Impaired in 1999 and newly Impaired waters are
discussed in Part 3.3 below. Supporting waters with noted water quality impacts are discussed in
Part 3.4 below. Refer to Appendix III for use support methods and more information on all
monitored waters.
3.2 Use Support Assessment Summary
Use support ratings in subbasin 03-08-32 were assigned for aquatic life, fish consumption,
recreation and water supply. There is no fish consumption advice for waters in this subbasin;
therefore, all waters are rated No Data for Fish Consumption. All water supply waters are
Supporting on an Evaluated basis based on reports from DEH regional water treatment plant
consultants. Refer to Table B-6 for a summary of use support ratings by use support category for
waters in the subbasin.
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 131
Table B-6 Summary of Use Support Ratings by Use Support Category in Subbasin 03-08-32
Use Support
Rating
Aquatic Fish Water Recreation Life Consumption Supply
Monitored Waters
101.4 mi Supporting 0 34,923.2 ac 032,628.1 ac
Impaired 14.5 mi 0 0 0
0.7 mi Not Rated 0 14.0 mi 03,589.4 ac
14.0 mi 116.6 ac 00Total 34,923.2 ac 36,217.5 ac
Unmonitored Waters
Supporting 10.4 0 36,217.5 ac
260.8 mi mi 0
Impaired 000 0
Not Rated 10.6 mi 0 0 0
453.2 mi 439.1 mi. No Data 315.6 mi 036,217.5 ac 1,294.3 ac.
Total 336.6 mi 453.2 mi 439.1 mi 260.8 mi
36,217.5 ac 1,294.3 ac 36,217.5 ac
Totals
453.2 miAll Waters 36,217.5 ac 36,217.5 ac
453.2 mi 453.2 mi 260.8 mi
36,217.5 ac 36,217.5 ac
Note: All waters include monitored, evaluated and waters that were not assessed.
The following waters were identified in the 1999 basin plan as Impaired or are newly Impaired
based on recent data. The current status and recommendations for addressing these waters are
presented below. These waters are identified by assessment unit number (AU#). Refer to the
overview above for more information on AUs.
3.3.1 Horseford Creek [AU# 11-54-(0.5) and 11-54-(3)]
3.3 Status and Recommendations of Newly and Previously Impaired
Waters
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
Horseford Creek is a tributary to Lake Hickory. It is formed from the confluence of Frye and
Cripple Creeks, which both originate in the City of Hickory. The drainage area of Horseford
Creek is fairly small (4.7 mi2); the watershed is 100 percent urban, and there are no NPDES
dischargers. In response to a citizen complaint, a benthic macroinvertebrate sample (site SB-2)
was collected in September 2002 from Horseford Creek in the City of Hickory. This stream had
good habitat, but water quality problems associated with urban runoff produced a Poor
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 132
bioclassification. Therefore, the 1.1 mile segment from Frye Creek to Lake Hickory is Impaired
for aquatic life.
This unusual combination of good habitat and poor biological integrity suggests that even
favorable instream habitat cannot compensate for the toxic effects of poorly controlled urban
runoff. Local citizen groups should cooperate with city officials and local business leaders to
develop a plan for reducing the impacts of urban runoff. Please refer to Section A, Chapter 4,
Part 4.11 for information on ways to reduce those impacts.
3.3.2 Lower Little River [AU# 11-69-(0.5)]
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
This stream’s watershed drains the northeast portion of the Brushy Mountains and northwestern
Alexander County, northwest of the Town of Taylorsville. It is a tributary to Lookout Shoals
Reservoir. In 2002, a new sand dipping operation was functional above the sampling reach.
Additionally, resource agency staff has noted significant sediment deposits at the mouth of the
Lower Little River where it enters the Catawba River/Lookout Shoals Lake headwaters.
The surface waters discussed in this section are not Impaired. However, notable water quality
problems and concerns have been documented for some waters based on this assessment. While
these waters are not Impaired, attention and resources should be focused on these waters to
prevent additional degradation or facilitate water quality improvement. Waters in the following
section are identified by assessment unit number (AU#). See overview for more information on
AUs.
A precipitous bioclassification decline from Good to Fair occurred at fish community site F-4.
Therefore, aquatic life is Impaired in this 14.0-mile reach from its source to Stirewalt Creek. A
less severe decline was also documented downstream in the benthic community at site B-5. This
site declined from Good to Good-Fair between 1997 and 2002. Further investigations into the
major sources of sediment in this watershed should be conducted in order to find opportunities
for sediment control BMP installations. Opportunities for cooperation between local and county
planners should also be pursued to expedite the implementation of such BMPs.
3.4 Status and Recommendations for Waters with Noted Impacts
3.4.1 Lake Hickory [AU# 11-(51), 11-(53), and 11-(59.5)]
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
Lake Hickory is a run-of-river impoundment located between Lake Rhodhiss and Lookout
Shoals Lake on the Catawba River. The lake was filled in 1928 and is operated by Duke Power.
Approximately one-half of the drainage area is forested and another one-third is agricultural.
The major tributaries into Lake Hickory are the Catawba River, Middle Little River and
Gunpowder Creek. The waters of the lake are used to generate hydroelectric power, for public
water supply, and for recreational purposes. Lake Hickory is classified from the Rhodhiss Dam
to the US Highway 321 bridge on the Catawba River as WS-IV B CA, and from the US
Highway 321 bridge to Oxford Dam as WS-V and Class B. There are several municipal
wastewater dischargers located in the reservoir’s immediate watershed. These discharges, as
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 133
well as nonpoint source pollution, have contributed to the eutrophic conditions observed over the
years. Because of algal blooms, taste and odor problems, and dissolved oxygen percent
saturation values greater than 120 percent, aquatic life use support in Lake Hickory (3,589 acres)
is Not Rated.
The water quality in Lake Hickory is driven by a variety of stressors including runoff from rural
and urban areas, NPDES discharges, and perhaps most notably, the discharge from Lake
Rhodhiss. The intimate link between these two reservoirs was made more evident by the
continuance of taste and odor issues in Lake Hickory during the summer of 2002 until the algal
populations died back in Lake Rhodhiss. This close relationship leads DWQ to the conclusion
that a regional watershed management plan, encompassing the drainages of both Lake Hickory
and Lake Rhodhiss, must be developed to address the water quality concerns in each reservoir.
Because such a strategy would be applied across multiple subbasins, please refer to Section A,
Chapter 4, Part 4.7.2 for more information on a regional watershed plan.
3.4.2 Muddy Fork [AU# 11-69-4]
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
Muddy Fork originates in north central Alexander County and is a tributary to the Lower Little
River. Muddy Fork is currently rated as Supporting, but has very poor habitat, generally lacking
riffles and pools. The immediate riparian zones are used for cattle grazing and cattle have direct
access to this 6.8-mile stream. A major industrial discharger has an outflow several miles above
the sample site. The stream received a Good-Fair bioclassification in 1997, a Fair in 2002, and
Good-Fair again in 2003 during a resample effort. Problems seem to be caused by organic
loading, possibly from cattle wastes. DWQ recommends Muddy Fork be considered for
installation of agriculture BMPs, including cattle exclusion fencing.
3.4.3 Middle Little River [AU# 11-62]
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
The watershed of the Middle Little River drains western Alexander and eastern Caldwell
counties, including the southwest portion of the Brushy Mountains. Site B-3 has shown a steady
decline in bioclassification over the past 10 years: Good in 1992, Good-Fair in 1997, and Fair in
2002. A resample to verify the Fair rating resulted in a Good-Fair bioclassification. Therefore,
this stream continues to be rated Supporting, although it demonstrates significant habitat
degradation. It is likely that these impacts are the result of poor land use practices. DWQ will
continue to monitor this stream and recommends further work be done to determine the cause of
habitat degradation in this stream.
3.4.4 Gunpowder Creek [AU# 11-55-(0.5) and 11-55-(1.5)]
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
Gunpowder Creek drains the southeastern portion of the City of Lenoir before passing through
Granite Falls and emptying into Lake Hickory. The City of Lenoir operates a wastewater
treatment plant on this 13.4-mile long creek. The stream is currently Supporting its designated
use with a Good-Fair bioclassification at site SB-1 in both 1997 and 2002. However, heavy
sedimentation has resulted in habitat degradation. DWQ will continue to monitor this stream and
recommends further work be done to determine the cause of habitat degradation in this stream.
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 134
3.4.5 Lookout Shoals Lake [AU# 11-(72) and 11-(73.5)]
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
Lookout Shoals Lake, situated between Lakes Hickory and Norman, is one of the smaller
impoundments on the Catawba River. The lake is operated by Duke Power and is used for
hydropower generation, public water supply, and public recreation. The lake’s water quality is
more reflective of releases from upstream impoundments (Lake Hickory and Lake Rhodhiss)
than conditions in the immediate watershed. It is, therefore, likely that effective management in
the Lake Rhodhiss and Lake Hickory watersheds coupled with tailwater management by Duke
Power will help prevent water quality degradation in Lookout Shoals Lake. Please refer to
Section A, Chapter 4, Part 4.7.2 for more information on a regional watershed plan.
In 2002, the upper end of the lake was infested with Myriophyllum aquaticum, the same species
that is thriving in Lake Hickory. To control the spread of Parrot Feather, Duke Power drew
down the water level to a target of 20 feet below full pool in November 2002. But due to rainfall
in December, the water level rose to 14.3 feet below full pool in early January 2003. The pool
level was brought to its normal operation level of three feet below full pool by February 2003 to
accommodate annual fish spawning. Thus, the efficacy of the drawdown will probably be minor.
Duke Power, along with stakeholders and DWQ, will continue to develop and implement a
Parrot Feather management program for the reservoir (see Section A, Chapter 4, Part 4.7.4).
3.4.6 Lake Norman [AU# 11-(74) and 11-(75)]
Current Status and 2004 Recommendations
Lake Norman, the state’s largest man-made reservoir, is located between Lookout Shoals and
Mountain Island Lakes on the Catawba River. The lake is operated by Duke Power and is used
to generate hydroelectric power at Cowans Ford Dam and for multiple purposes at the Marshall
Steam Station and the McGuire Nuclear Plant. The lake is also used for public water supply and
recreation.
In 1999, approximately 25 acres of Hydrilla were discovered in the reservoir by Duke Power
staff. This invasive macrophyte has the potential for rapid growth with the subsequent loss of
swimming and boating areas. It also has the potential to clog intakes of water treatment and
power generation plants. A survey conducted in October 2002 by Duke Power staff found
Hydrilla as far upstream as the NC 150 bridge. There is also the potential for Parrot Feather,
Myriophyllum aquaticum, to become established in Lake Norman via introduction from
contaminated boat trailers or from plant fragments floating downstream from Lookout Shoals
Lake. The occurrence of Hydrilla and the potential for Parrot Feather infestation pose an
immediate threat to recreation, water supply use, and power generation uses in the lake.
The area around Lake Norman is also experiencing the inevitable water quality impacts
associated with rapid development and increased recreational use. Elevated dissolved oxygen
levels, elevated nutrient and metal levels, and boating congestion have all been noted on the lake
(NCDENR-DWQ, June 2003). Lake Norman’s massive volume has allowed the lake to absorb
these human induced impacts and maintain reasonable water quality. But ultimately, the
increased demands on the lake’s aquatic resources could overwhelm its ability to accommodate
them, resulting in declining water quality. Now is the time to implement management strategies
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 135
that will offset the impacts of development and possibly avoid critical water quality situations as
seen on other lakes in the Catawba River Chain Lakes and in other river basins (see Section A,
Chapter 4, Part 4.7).
Over the next basinwide planning cycle, DWQ will look for opportunities to develop appropriate
and cost-effective management strategies. Please refer to the sections on Urbanization, FERC
Relicensing, and Local Involvement (Section A, Chapter 4, Parts 4.7 and 4.8) for more
information. Duke Power, along with stakeholders and DWQ, will continue to develop and
implement an invasive plant management program for the reservoir (Section A, Chapter 4, Part
4.7.4).
Section B: Chapter 3 - Catawba River Subbasin 03-08-32 136