20221671 Ver 1_RSP - USACE Comment Response Letter - March 2023_20230303

US Army Corps of Engineers
Wilmington District
Asheville Regulatory Field Office
ATTN: Amanda Fuemmeler- Jones, Regulatory Specialist
151 Patton Avenue, Room 208
Asheville, NC 28801-5006
March 4, 2023
SUBJECT: RESPONSE TO COMMENTS/QUESTIONS
Woodfin Riverside Park & Wave (Corps Action ID#: SAW-2021-02163)
Dear Ms. Jones,
On December 1, 2022, the Town of Woodfin (Town) submitted an application for an Individual Permit from the US
Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for purposes of constructing an artificial whitewater wave in the French Broad River.
On February 6, 2023, the USACE provided the Town with a compilation of state and federal agency comments on the
application as well as their own specific comments and requests for additional information. Below, we provide an official
response to USACE comments/requests in red text; standalone additional information requested by the USACE and
referenced in our responses is attached to this letter.
1. Aquatic life passage concerns— please provide any completed studies that document if/how aquatic life passage
will be affected by this project.
The final Fish Passage Specifications memo (A. Ficke and C. Craft, GEI Consultants, 2023) is attached.
2. Sediment transport concerns — please provide any completed studies that document if/how sediment transport
will be affect[ed] by this project.
Incidental to the CLOMR application process and the need to address sediment transport, S20 conducted a
desktop analysis of historic aerial imagery of the project reach to assess significant geomorphic changes in the
last 20+ years. The analysis indicated that the banks are generally highly vegetated and stable, with shallow
bedrock present in the channel. The study did not identify any obvious locations of aggradation or degradation in
the reach even with the presence of multiple structures including the Craggy Dam downstream and the
abandoned railroad piers at the project site. The analysis concluded that the channel is not affected by sediment
transport due to the absence of detectable sediment related issues over time at these structures. For these reasons,
an advanced sediment transport analysis was not conducted as part of the proposed project.
3. Section 7 ESA Consultation — Based upon information submitted to date and knowledge of presence of federally
endangered/threatened species and their habitat, several species may be affected by this project. The Corps has
determined that this project 'may affect but not likely to adversely affect" (MANLAA) the following species:
Gray bat (Myotis grisescens) and Northern Long Eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis). The Corps will serve as the
lead federal agency to coordinate informally with USFWS on these species and additional conditions (e.g. tree
clearing moratoriums, lighting, etc.) will likely be needed/drafted to ensure no adverse effect to these species. We
have also determined that the project may affect the Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana), however the
extent of this affect has not been determined at this time. Please provide any documents to include the results of
mussel surveys in the project area so that we can coordinate with USFWS on a final affect determination and the
next coordination steps. If determined that the project will adversely affect the Appalachian Elktoe, a Biological

Assessment (BA) will be required to be drafted and submitted to USFWS for review as referenced in their
January 6, 2023 comment letter (enclosed).
We agree with the comment; the project has the potential to affect certain listed species. The Town is open to
discussing additional conditions to ensure that the project has no adverse effect on the aforementioned listed bat
species.
A final Mussel Survey Report (T. Fox, Dewberry, 2023) was prepared and is attached; the report details the
results of mussel surveys conducted within the project's area of effect.
Per USACE and USFWS recommendations, Equinox is currently preparing a BA to address potential effects to
the aforementioned listed species of bats and mussels.
4. Alternatives Analysis: Please provide a detailed discussion of alternative site locations to include river reaches
in/around Asheville as well as specific sites that were evaluated within the Asheville reach chosen. The
discussion should also provided selection criteria that was used to determine which sites were considered the
most practicable based on the applicant's purpose/need. Please provide an electronic copy of a previous 2016
study entitled "Site Visit and Conceptual Design Study" which covers some alternatives and should be expanded
to address the above comment. Specifically, please include a discussion to the site known as the "The Ledges"
and whether it was considered a viable alternative site/location for the Wave.
The purpose of this project is to enact part of the Town of Woodfin's (the applicant) larger greenway & blueway
vision and is a direct response to a voter -passed bond referendum, which underlines the need for the project. It
will celebrate, re -imagine, expand upon, and improve an existing riverfront recreational amenity, Woodfin's
Riverside Park, with updated features such as a greenway, park space with expanded facilities, improved river
access, and creation of a standing whitewater wave in the French Broad River. The Town of Woodfin expects to
see a positive economic impact from these improvements from an increase in tourism due to the amenities. The
following narrative describes the selection process driven by the Town and informed by S2O Engineering that led
to the current site being proposed for the project.
A group of paddlers from the Asheville/Woodfin area have been working on bringing whitewater recreation to
the area for a number of years. This process has included various whitewater design teams including
McLaughlin Whitewater Design Group, who suggested a project near Jean Webb Park; Recreation Engineering
and Planning, who looked at a similarly located site, and S2o Design and Engineering that has looked at a variety
of sites along the river including Jean Webb Park, Bowen Bridges, and Pearson Bridge (S2o, 2015). Each of
these efforts included consultation with the USACE.
Given the lack of momentum in the French Broad within the City Limits of Asheville, paddlers began to look at
sites downstream. Woodfin was eager to host the whitewater park as a part of its larger Greenways effort that will
connect the community to Asheville along the river, amongst other places. The project -based goals of the
applicant can be simply summarized: to leverage the outdoor community in the Asheville area to create a
dynamic in -stream recreation destination that will improve the quality of life for people who live within the
Town, but will also draw tourism and economic impact from visitors the park.
The current site was selected based on a conceptual design study conducted in 2016 entitled "Site Visit and
Conceptual Design Study"; this study is attached per USACE request. This study evaluated and created concept
designs for a number of sites along the French Broad starting from downtown Asheville and analyzing the reach
downstream to Woodfin Three alternatives including the do-nothing option were considered. They were
evaluated for alignment with applicant preferences, recreational opportunity development potential, and hydraulic
feasibility.

The do-nothing alternative was not considered further primarily because it did not meet the applicant's project
objectives of improved community access to in -stream recreation opportunities and the resulting economic
benefits.
The second alternative, known as The Ledges or Ledges Park, is located approximately 5.10 river miles
downstream of the proposed option in the community of Alexander, NC. It did not meet the applicant's location
preferences because it was not located within the jurisdictional limits of the Town of Woodfin. It also did not
align with recreational needs of the community; paddlers who regularly use The Ledges were outspoken in their
opposition to the development of a standing wave at that location because they felt it would change the character
of the existing natural geomorphological features offered by Ledges. However, The Ledges were found to be
hydraulically feasible for the establishment of a standing wave.
The third alternative, located at Riverside park but at a more downstream location than the current proposed
option, is within the jurisdictional limits of the Town of Woodfin and therefore aligned well with the applicant's
location preferences. It was conceptually designed and then hydraulically modeled but found to be infeasible due
to perceived impacts to the regulatory floodplain that would result from the creation of an in -stream feature at
that location.
The fourth alternative, the current location at Riverside Park, is also within the jurisdictional limits of the Town
of Woodfin, satisfying the applicant's location preferences as well as connecting into existing recreational
resources under Town ownership. Additionally, the paddling community was highly supportive of the
development of a wave at the Riverside Park location as it would not impact the character of existing nearby
paddling areas. Finally, following conceptual design and hydraulic modeling, the site was found to be feasible,
and thus was selected as the preferred alternative. The site has many advantages, one of which is that it includes
the conversion of a former industrial site along the river corridor. The project can also be built at the Riverside
Park location without having a negative impact on the regulatory floodplain.
5. Craggy Dam Removal — please address the viability of the project in the event that the Craggy Dam is removed.
In the event that Craggy Dam is removed at some point in the future, the proposed wave at Riverside Park can
remain viable, however at least one supplemental grade control will likely need to be installed downstream of the
project to maintain the design tailwater elevation below the wave and ensure proper functionality.
6. Access from Norfolk -Southern Railway Side — please provide a discussion/update if permission has been
received to construct a portion of the Wave from property owned by Norfolk Southern immediately adjacent to
an existing rail line.
The Town of Woodfin has sent an engagement letter to Norfolk -Southern requesting a review of engineered
plans. If accepted, the Town will then pay Norfolk -Southern an associated review fee, whereupon they will begin
the process. The timeline for engineering review is currently unknown. Assuming the review goes well and
Norfolk -Southern will allow the construction to proceed, additional engagements and payments will be required
by the Town to accommodate Norfolk -Southern' s onsite safety standards and the cost of personnel.
7. FEMA Approval — please provide an update on if FEMA approval has been received or when approval is
expected.
A CLOMR application was submitted December 21, 2022, and review comments from FEMA were received on
February 15, 2023. Responses to FEMA comments are due May 16, 2023, at the latest.

8. Safety Plan — please address how safety will be managed during and post -construction.
Safety during construction will be managed by the Contractor. Details are included in the High -Water
Contingency Plan which was developed in response to NCDWR comments (full comment response including
said Plan are attached).
Safety after construction will be the Town's responsibility and has yet to be fully defined. Typically, post -
construction safety tactics involve the establishment of educational signage denoting hazards, recommended
safety equipment, rules, mapping put-in/take-out and wave features, etc. The Town may also choose to close the
park at high water, or allow the public to use the Wave at their own risk regardless of river levels. As the project
progresses a specific Safety Plan will be completed.
9. DWR Request for Additional Information dated January 5, 2023 (enclosed)— please copy the Corps on your
response. The Corps shares the same concerns/has similar questions.
The Corps has been copied on the response to NCDWR's request for comment.
We appreciate your consideration of the above responses and attached information. Please do not hesitate to
contact me with any questions or further requests for information.
Sincerely,
C) Wadi/ ea2S4,12,
Owen Carson, Botanist / Senior Ecologist
Equinox
37 Haywood Street, Suite 100
Asheville, NC 28801
[phone] extension 204

Consulting
Engineers and
Scientists
Memo
To: Dane Palmer and Riley Adams, S2o Design and Engineering
From: Ashley Ficke and Chris Craft, GEI Consultants
Cc: Scott Shipley, S2o Design and Engineering
Date: March 3, 2023
Re: Fish Passage Specifications for Woodfin Wave Whitewater Park
GL I Consultants
INTRODUCTION
The French Broad River supports a highly diverse aquatic community. The fish assemblage
currently contains approximately 31 species from seven families, but 35 additional species
are either present in upstream stream reaches or tributaries or were historically present and/or
are being reintroduced to the system. The French Broad River also supports two mussels of
conservation concern: the Federally Endangered Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta
raveneliana) and Creeper (Strophitus undulatus), a North Carolina State Species of Special
Concern. All mussels have parasitic larvae and rely on fish hosts to complete their life cycles.
Appalachian Elktoe targets specific fish species as hosts, whereas Creeper are generalists.
An increased interest in river systems in urban areas has led to a subsequent increase in
riverfront revitalization projects. Many of these projects include whitewater parks (WWPs).
Whitewater parks have the potential to disrupt fish movements, although they are not
typically as problematic as dams and grade control structures. Consideration of fish passage
needs during the design process can often alleviate the potential for whitewater parks or
specific features within these parks to function as barriers to fish passage. GEI was retained
by S2o Design and Engineering to develop specifications for the fish bypass in the Woodfin
Wave WWP, to allow upstream passage of the diverse resident fish assemblage.
METHODS
The best opportunity biologists have to provide design specifications for whitewater parks
lies in searching and synthesizing the abundant literature on fish swimming performances. To
maximize the probability of successful fish passage, the resident fish assemblage can be
categorized into swimming "guilds." These guilds consist of groups of species that have
similar swimming performances and behaviors, and therefore similar requirements for fish
passage. Once the guilds are developed, specifications for hydraulic characteristics such as
depth, velocity, and turbulence can be tailored for the guild with the most exacting
specifications for each characteristic. For example, a "big river fishes" guild containing
species that avoid shallow water can be used to set minimum depths at low flows, and a
"small -bodied fishes" guild can be used to develop recommendations for shallow, wetted
margins that would allow them to move upstream. In a situation where the fish assemblage is
species -rich, each guild may incorporate large numbers of species. Alternatively, a guild
might represent a single species in depauperate headwater systems.
Memo Page 1
GEI Consultants, Inc.
4601 DTC Boulevard, Suite 900, Denver, CO 80237
303.662.0100 fax: [phone]
www.geiconsultants.com

till Memo 1 Page 2 March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
The following fishes were chosen as representative species for each swimming guild.
Selection of these species was based on availability of swimming performance data, presence
in the French Broad River, and ecological significance of the species. The species list
provided by the State of North Carolina and the guilds that were developed for them are
included in an attachment at the end of this document.
Small -bodied fishes: The swimming abilities of 16 common North American fishes from
seven families were used to develop representative specifications for small -bodied fishes.
The slowest of these species were Stonecat (Noturus flavus) and Johnny Darter (Etheostoma
nigrum), both of which were capable of sprinting at approximately 2 ft/s (Ficke 2015).
Mottled Sculpin (Cottus bairdii) was also considered during development of specifications.
This species is not known to be present in the project area, but it is a host for Appalachian
Elktoe (NCWC 2021), so providing for passage of this species was essential. This species
can sprint for extremely short distances at nearly 3 ft/s (Aedo et al. 2009), but its sustained
swimming ability is limited by large fins, which produce substantial drag (e.g., Webb 1998).
Mottled Sculpin are benthic and can use several station -holding techniques to rest when
challenged by high water velocities (Aedo et al. 2009).
The available data on swimming performance for small -bodied species that are surface -
oriented suggest that their swimming and sprinting abilities are similar to those of other
small -bodied species that have different water column preferences. For example, Inland
Silverside (Menidia menidia) can swim at approximately 10 body lengths/second
(approximately 1 ft/s) for prolonged periods (i.e., up to 25 minutes, Arnott et al. 2006).
Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) can swim at similar relative speeds; their
swimming ability is somewhat lower than other tested species (sprinting speeds of
approximately 1 ft/s, Li et al. 2017) because of their small sizes. The swimming abilities of
these two species are comparable to those of other small -bodied species with documented
prolonged swimming and sprinting performances (e.g., Ficke 2015, Prenosil et al. 2016).
Studies involving multiple small -bodied fishes tested under the same conditions indicate no
substantial difference between the swimming performance of small -bodied species with
different preferences for water column position. Therefore, top -water specialists such as
Western Mosquitofish and Inland Silverside were included in the guild with the remainder of
the small -bodied species.
Fortunately, most small -bodied fishes will utilize shallow, low -velocity water on channel
margins if main channel velocities are challenging (e.g., Schwartz and Herricks 2005).
Continuous pathways with water velocities between 0 and 2 ft/s within the fish bypass will
allow fish passage for this guild.
Anguilliform swimmers: Lamprey are anguilliform or "eel -like" swimmers; this mode of
swimming is less efficient. Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) was used as a
surrogate species in absence of available swimming data for the three native lampreys
1 Although adult Western Mosquitofish are smaller (and thus slower) than adults of many other species native to
the French Broad River, they should still be able to utilize the slow, shallow margins of the fishway, where
depth -averaged velocities range from 0 — 2 ft/sec.

kel Memo l Page 3 March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
currently and historically present in the watershed. A 200 mm Pacific Lamprey2 can swim at
2 ft/s for an average of 38 seconds (DiRocco and Gervais 2021; Katopodis and Gervais
2016). Because of their eel -like shape, these fishes would be able to use the same shallow,
low -velocity water to ascend the fishway as the small -bodied fishes.
Sunfishes: Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). The swimming ability of this sought-
after native game fish has been well -documented. This species is also ecologically significant
because it serves as a host for multiple mussel species. The remaining sunfishes in the project
area were included in the small -bodied fishes guild because of their smaller size and limited
swimming abilities (e.g., Jones et al. 2011). Smallmouth bass in voluntary studies involving a
large raceway (over 150 ft. in length) showed that upstream passage success and the
probability that fish would try to move upstream decreased dramatically as water velocities
exceeded 4 ft/s (Peake and Farrell 2005). Therefore, availability of water depths of 1 ft or
more (to provide sufficient depth for large individuals) and velocities of 4 ft/s or less will
allow passage for this species.
Fusiform river fishes: Because its swimming ability is well -studied, White Sucker
(Catostomus commersonii) was used to develop specifications for larger, fusiform (i.e.,
streamlined) river fishes, such as suckers and large minnows. Adults can sprint for
approximately 60 s at 10 body lengths per second (BL/s, Castro -Santos 2005). This indicates
that adult White Sucker can negotiate the bypass if water velocities are less than 6 ft/s over a
distance of 40 ft. Therefore, if bypass specifications for Smallmouth Bass are met, White
Sucker will also be able to utilize the bypass.
This guild also includes a number of redhorse species (Genus Moxostoma). The swimming
performance of these species is poorly studied, but one study of intraspecific comparisons
was available. The slowest of the three species, Silver Redhorse (M. anisurum) was able to
swim at 2 — 3 body lengths per second for an approximate median of 100 s (Hatrey et al.
2014). Thus, an adult Silver Redhorse that was 300 mm long should be able to swim at
velocities of approximately 2 ft/s. However, the tests used in this study probably also
underestimated swimming ability, because all three redhorse species have been able to
successfully ascend a vertical slot fishway, which generally requires short periods of
negotiating high water velocities.3 Nevertheless, if fishway water velocities of 0 — 2 ft/s at
depths of 1 ft should allow passage of the redhorses present in the French Broad River.
Redhorses are also benthic, or bottom -oriented species, so they would likely be able to
negotiate depth averaged velocities greater than 2 ft/s, because water velocities tend to be
lower near the substrate, particularly in hydraulically rough channels (e.g., Knighton 1988).
Big River Fishes: Specifications for big river fishes were developed using studies of
sturgeon in prototype fishways. Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are present in the
project area, and reintroduction of Paddlefish (Polydon spathula) has begun in the watershed.
Therefore, specifications that allow passage of this species are critical to project success.
Adult Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus) in U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
2 While adults of this species attain lengths of nearly 900 mm, adults of the species in the Broad French River
do not usually exceed 200 mm in length (MDFW 2022; NDEC 2022; Williams and Williams 2005).
3 The primary goal of the study was to compare swimming ability between Moxostoma species, not numerically
estimate them.

titil Memo 1 Page 4 March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
prototype fishways could negotiate water velocities of 6 ft/s for 40 ft. with a 47% success
rate, and field studies of habitat preferences indicated that adults of this species will utilize
habitats with velocities of up to 6 ft/s (White and Mefford 2002). A 2007 study of fish
passage also indicated that White Sturgeon (A. transmontanus) could sprint faster than 6 ft/s
for short distances (Webber et al. 2007). No swimming performance data are available for
adult Paddlefish.
Sturgeon and Paddlefish should be able ascend the fishway if velocities between 4 and 6 ft/s
are available in the low -flow channel. However, the big river fishes guild also includes a
number of deeper -bodied fishes, such as Quillback and River Carpsucker, which may have
reduced swimming performance compared to more fusiform species. A 1982 study of
Missouri River fishes indicated that aerobic swimming velocities of Bigmouth Buffalo
(Ictiobus cyprinellus) and River Carpsucker (Carpoides carpio) were approximately 2 ft/s
(Schmulback et al. 1982). While no sprinting performance data are available for these
species, it is likely that their swimming abilities are underestimated, as commonly occurs
with studies conducted using swimming flumes (e.g., Peake and Farrell 2006). For example,
the aerobic swimming ability of Shovelnose Sturgeon was documented to be 2.5 ft/s in the
Schmulback et al. study, but volitional trials indicate that this species can negotiate much
higher water velocities for significant distances (see following section for details). Successful
passage of the deeper -bodied fishes in this guild was assumed if velocities of 2 — 3 ft/s
occurred at depths of 1 ft or more.
The recommendations for each guild described above were compared against 2D
hydrodynamic model output provided by S2o Design and Engineering to determine if
fishway specifications for all guilds were met for the proposed design. When specifications
were not met, GEI discussed with S2o, and the fish bypass design was revised accordingly by
S2o. This iterative process was used to develop the 60% design. The 60% design was
modified in response to comments received from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission using the same process and with updated fish passage specifications.
RESULTS:
FISH PASSAGE AT LOW FLOWS
Examination of current model output indicates that all specifications have been met for
passage of the fish guilds present in the project area (Table 1). The velocities shown below
(Figure 1) were modeled at a cross section that was midway between the top and bottom of
the fishway. This location was chosen because velocities are highest and depths lowest at this
location.
Small -bodied fishes and anguilliform swimmers: This cross section contains multiple
locations where water depths are between 0.5 and 1 ft and water velocities are less than 2 ft/s
(Figure 1a; Figure lb). This should allow passage of small -bodied fishes and anguilliform
swimmers.
Sunfish and fusiform fishes:
Water velocities less than 4 ft/s at depths of 1 ft or more are predicted to be present on the
margins of the low -flow notch of the bypass (Figure 1 a; Figure lb). The side slopes of the
bypass were decreased during a design revision so that the cross -sectional shape was more

pi Memo 1 Page 5 March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
trapezoidal than rectangular; this created a larger area of low -velocity water on each side of
the low -flow notch. Smallmouth Bass and fusiform river fishes should be able to utilize the
margins of the bypass to ascend it.
Big -river fishes: Sturgeon and paddlefishes should be able to utilize the fish bypass, even if
they are large enough to be restricted to the center of the low -flow notch. Water velocities
throughout the fish bypass do not exceed 6 ft/s at a flow of 1,000 cfs (Figure la; Figure lb).
To the extent possible, boulder clusters will be placed near the side slopes of the low -flow
notch to allow fish that prefer deeper water and slower water velocities. These will be placed
in a manner that allows fish to rest periodically while ascending the fishway, so they will not
become exhausted. For example, because sturgeon are known to move distances of 40 ft
against water velocities of 6 ft/s, boulder clusters will be installed every 20-30 ft to permit
frequent resting.
Table 1.—Predicted fish passage success for species representing the swimming guilds
develoued for the French Broad River.
Species
Guild
Successful Passage?
Stonecat, Johnny
Darter, Mottled
Sculpin
Small -bodied fishes
Yes — based on availability of water with velocities
between 0 and 2 ft/s on shallow margins of bypass
Pacific Lamprey
Anguilliform swimmers
Yes — based on availability of water with velocities
between 0 and 2 ft/s on shallow margins of bypass.
Adult Smallmouth
Sunfishes
Yes — based on availability of water with velocities
< 4 ft/s on bypass benches and on margins of low -
flow notch.
Bass
White Sucker
Fusiform fishes
Yes —based on availability of water with velocities
< 4 ft/s on bypass benches and on margins of low -
flow notch.
Lake Sturgeon
Big -river fishes
Yes — based on availability of water with velocities
< 6 ft/s in low -flow notch.

a, Memo Page 6
193S-
1934
1933
1932
193!
1930
1929
!0 l5 20 00
March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
— ;34)pll1-9EV9'19]042o22P1:_AM
A�
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20
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Figure la. —Modeled velocities at a representative cross section of the proposed fish bypass at
1,000 cfs.
veledly oe'Elyptlf 33- Middle'
6-
5-
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Figure 2b.—Modeled velocities at a representative cross section of the proposed fish bypass at
1,000 cfs.
FISH PASSAGE AT HIGHER FLOWS
95
SS

Memo Page 7 March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
The preceding fish passage predictions were based on examination of predicted conditions at
1,000 cfs. This flow is common throughout much of the year, including during much of the
spring spawning season, when directed migrations are more common. Further, discussions
with S2o staff suggest that velocity changes with an increase in flow to 1,200 or 1,400 cfs
would not have a substantial effect on water velocity. Thus, fish passage should occur over
most of the observed flow range in the project area.
At flows of 2,250 cfs, which are similar to expected median flows in the high flow months of
March and April, fish passage specifications were met for larger fishes, but they would have
had to use the shallower areas outside of the low -flow notch to ascend the fishway (Figure
2a; Figure 2b). Passage of small -bodied fishes and anguilliform swimmers would have been
limited to the margins of the areas outside of the low -flow notch. The reduced predicted
passage success at the structure at flows of 2,250 cfs led to structural modifications as
described in the following section.
Wacky against Tarraln lcolon1 on'6ygsa XS • MOdr'
1935-
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Figure 2a.—Modeled velocities at a representative cross section of the proposed fish bypass at
2,250 cfs.

a, Memo Page 8
Velocity on'Bypass x5 - Middle'
Suoon rill
March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
Figure 2b.—Modeled velocities at a representative cross section of the proposed fish bypass at
2,250 cfs.
MODIFICATIONS BASED ON FEEDBACK FROM NORTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE
RESOURCES COMMISSION
The original 60% design has been modified based on comments received from the North
Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Primarily, a different range of flows was
examined to ensure that fish passage was possible during a larger and more biologically
relevant range of flows. The new analysis focused on a flow of 2,250 cfs, which is similar to
the median flow during the months of March and April; additional flows were not modeled
because according to the 2D hydrodynamic models, fish passage efficiency was likely to
decrease as flows increase (due to higher velocities).
To improve fish passage efficiency at higher flows, the slope of the shallow areas outside of
the low flow notch was reduced from 3.5% to 1.75%, and the slope of the low flow notch
was reduced to 0.5% (Figure 3). Although water velocities remain high in the low flow notch
of the fishway, the increased depth in the shallow areas will allow its use by some fishes with
preferences for deeper water (Figure 4). For example, volitional fish passage trials indicate
that water depths of 1.5 ft are sufficient to facilitate passage of Shovelnose Sturgeon (White
and Mefford 2002).
The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission also requested that large roughness
elements/resting areas in the fishway imitate local geomorphology; specifically, it was
requested that rock ledges or shelves that protrude from the streambed be mimicked in the
fishway design. Thus, boulder rows were included in the fishway (Figure 5), as these are
analogous to rock ledges but do not create a rise in 100-year flood elevations or cause
unusual flow conditions in the fishway.

Memo I Page 9
March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
Figure 3. — Slopes of the low flow notch and the shallow areas in the revised bypass
design.
NEXT STEPS
The bypass would be constructed with boulders that were grouted to 50% of their height,
with the remainder of the void filled with native substrate. The presence of native substrate
and interstitial spaces would help increase the probability of successful passage for benthic
(i.e., bottom -oriented) species such as darters, Mottled Sculpin, and larger species such as
redhorses. However, the fishway will contain larger "roughness elements" such as boulder
rows and/or boulder clusters to facilitate passage at higher flows (Figure 5). These features
will provide resting opportunities, particularly for fish utilizing the deeper, higher -velocity
water in the low -flow notch. The type and placement of the roughness elements will be based
on a combination of hydraulic laboratory studies and field studies that provide information
on how to increase passage success.

Memo I Page 10
March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
Figure 4a.—Modeled velocities on the fish bypass, with boulder clusters, at 2,250 cfs.
1935-
1994 -
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1929 -
10 15 2C
Velocity .y.in.t Tm.in kolonl an 'Bypass MS. Middle
50 55 60 B5
51211011 RI
75
202301 I 1-RE 1/13' 15188203 92:30120.
—WM111 A5h1main_E111'a161494BEV$' hole
BO 85
Figure 4b.—Modeled velocities at a representative cross section of the proposed fish bypass,
with boulder clusters, at 2,250 cfs.

Memo Page 11
March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
Raised Boulder
Fences 12"-18"
Protrusion
Figure 5. — Boulder "rows" added to the fishway to mimic local geomorphic conditions and
facilitate passage.

a Memo Page 12 March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
REFERENCES
Aedo, J., M. Belk, and R. Hotchkiss. 2009. Morphology and swimming performance of Utah
fishes: critical information for culvert design in Utah stream. Utah Department of
Transportation, Research Division, UT-09.12. Salt Lake City, UT.
Arnott, S. A., S. Chiba, and D. O. Conover. 2006. Evolution of intrinsic growth rate:
metabolic costs drive trade-offs between growth and swimming performance in Menidia
menidia. Evolution 60(6):1269-1278.
Castro -Santos, T. 2005. Optimal swim speeds for traversing velocity barriers: an analysis of
volitional high-speed swimming behavior of migratory fishes. Journal of Experimental
Biology 208:421-432.
Di Rocco, R, and R. Gervais. 2021. SPOT: Swim Performance Online Tools. Available
from http://www.fishprotectiontools.ca/.
Ficke, A. 2015. Mitigation measures for barriers to Great Plains fish migration. PhD
Dissertation. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO.
Hatry, C., J. D. Thiem, T. R. Binder, D. Hatin, P. Dumont, K. M. Stamplecoskie, J. M.
Molina, K. E. Smokorowski, and S. J. Cooke. 2014. Comparative physiology and relative
swimming performance of three redhorse (Moxostoma spp.) species: associations with
fishway passage success. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 87(1):148-159.
Jones, E. A., A. S. Jong, and D. J. Ellerby. 2008. The effects of acute temperature change on
swimming performance in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus. Journal of Experimental
Biology 211(9):1386-1393.
Katopodis, C, and R Gervais. 2016. Fish Swimming Performance Database and Analyses.
DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2016/002., 550. Available from http://www.dfo-
mpo. gc. ca/csas-sccs/Publications/ResDocs-DocRech/2016/2016_002-eng.html.
Knighton, D. 1998. Fluvial Forms and Processes: a new perspective. Hodder Education
Group, London. 400p.
Li, J., X. Lin, Z. Xu, and J. Sun. 2017. Differences in swimming ability and its response to
starvation among male and female Gambusia affinis. Biology Open 6:625-632.
MDFW. 2022. American Brook Lamprey Lethenteron appendix. Massachusetts Division of
Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. Available online:
mass.gov/doc/american-brook-lamprey/download.
Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) 2004. Lampsilis fasciola fact sheet. Michigan
State University Board of Trustees.
https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/zoology/Lampsilis_fasciola.pdf. Accessed 10/21.
NDEC. 2022. Mountain Brook Lamprey. New York Department of Environmental
Conservation Species Assessment. Available online:
https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/26031.html.

Et Memo Page 13
March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
Peake, S. J. and A. P. Farrell. 2005. Postexercise physiology and repeat performance
behaviour of free-swimming smallmouth bass in an experimental raceway. Physiological and
Biochemical Zoology 78(5):801-807.
Schmulbach, J. C., D. H. Tunink, and A. E. Zittell. 1982. Swimming performance of fishes
endemic to the Missouri River in South Dakota. Biological Services Program. U.S. Fish and
Wildl. Serv., Kearneysville, WV 107 pp.
Schwartz, J. S. and E. E. Herricks. 2005. Fish use of stage -specific fluvial habitats as refuge
patches during a flood in a low -gradient Illinois stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 62:1540-1552.
Webb, P. W. 1998. Swimming. Pages 3-14 in Evans, D. H. (ed). The Physiology of Fishes,
2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Webber, J. D., S. N. Chun, T. R. MacColl, L. T. Mirise, A. Kawabata, E. K. Anderson, T. S.
Cheong, L. Kavvas, M. McGee Rotondo, K. L. Hochgraf, R. Churchwell, and J. J. Cech Jr.
2007. Upstream swimming performance of adult white sturgeon: effects of partial baffles and
a ramp. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:402-408.
White, R. G. and B. Mefford. 2002. Assessment of behavior and swimming ability of
Yellowstone River Sturgeon for design of fish passage devices. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Science and Technology Program.
Williams, M. G. and L. R. Williams. 2005. Conservation Assessment: Ohio Lamprey. USDA
Forest Service, Eastern Region. Available online:
http s ://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/F SE DOCUMENTS/fsm91 _0543 81.pdf

E. Memo Page 14 March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
ATTACHMENT 1: FISH SWIMMING GUILDS, FRENCH BROAD RIVER

Consulting
Engineers and
Scientists
GEL..
Species
Family
Guild
Status
American Brook Lamprey
Petromyzontidae
Anguilliform
1
Ohio Lamprey
Petromyzontidae
Anguilliform
1
Lake Sturgeon
Acipenseridae
Big river
1
Quillback
Catostomidae
Big River
1
River Carpsucker
Catostomidae
Big River
1
Flathead Catfish
Ictaluridae
Big river
1
Paddlefish
Polyodontidae
Big river
1
Black Redhorse
Catostomidae
Fusiform River
1
Golden Redhorse
Catostomidae
Fusiform River
1
River Redhorse
Catostomidae
Fusiform River
1
Silver Redhorse
Catostomidae
Fusiform River
1
Smallmouth Buffalo
Catostomidae
Fusiform River
1
Smallmouth Redhorse
Catostomidae
Fusiform River
1
White Sucker
Catostomidae
Fusiform River
1
Smallmouth Bass
Centrarchidae
Fusiform River
1
Common Carp
Cyprinidae
Fusiform River
1
Creek Chub
Cyprinidae
Fusiform River
1
Grass Carp
Cyprinidae
Fusiform River
1
Chain Pickerel
Esocidae
Fusiform River
1
Muskellunge
Esocidae
Fusiform River
1
Channel Catfish
Ictaluridae
Fusiform River
1
White Catfish
Ictaluridae
Fusiform River
1
Brown Trout
Salmonidae
Fusiform River
1
Rainbow Trout
Salmonidae
Fusiform River
1
Northern Hogsucker
Catostomidae
Small -bodied
2
Green Sunfish
Centrarchidae
Small -bodied
2
Redbreast Sunfish
Centrarchidae
Small -bodied
2
Mottled Sculpin
Cottidae
Small -bodied
2
Bigeye Chub
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
1
Blacknose Dace
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
1
Blotched Chub
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
1
Central Stoneroller
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
1
Fatlips Minnow
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
1
Golden Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
2
Highland Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
2
Longnose Dace
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
2
Mimic Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
2
Mirror Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
2
1 = currently present in project area, 2 = present in vicinity of project area, 3 = not currently present
but reintroductions are planned or in discussion
Memo I Page 15
GEI Consultants, Inc.
4601 DTC Boulevard, Suite 900, Denver, CO 80237
303.662.0100 fax: [phone]
www.geiconsultants.com

Memo I Page 16
March 3, 2023
S2o Design and Engineering
Species
Family
Guild
Status
River Chub
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Saffron Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Silver Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Spotfin Chub
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Telescope Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Tennessee Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Warpaint Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Whitetail Shiner
Cyprinidae
Small -bodied
3
Brown Bullhead
Ictaluridae
Small -bodied
3
Flat Bullhead
Ictaluridae
Small -bodied
3
Banded Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
1
Blotchside Logperch
Percidae
Small -bodied
1
Fantail Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
1
Gilt Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
2
Greenfin Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
2
Greenside Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
2
Logperch
Percidae
Small -bodied
2
Olive Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
2
Redline Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
2
Sickle Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
3
Swannanoa Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
3
Tangerine Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
3
Wounded Darter
Percidae
Small -bodied
3
Mountain Brook Lamprey
Petromyzontidae
Small -bodied
2
Black Crappie
Centrarchidae
Sunfish
3
Bluegill
Centrarchidae
Sunfish
3
Largemouth Bass
Centrarchidae
Sunfish
3
Rock Bass
Centrarchidae
Sunfish
3
White Crappie
Centrarchidae
Sunfish
3
1 = currently present in project area, 2 = present in vicinity of project area, 3 = not currently present
but reintroductions are planned or in discussion

Site Visit and Conceptual Design Study
Woodfin Whitewater Wave
Woodfin , N.C.
September, 2016
Prepared for:
Advocates for the Woodfin Whitewater Wave
Town of Woodfin
Prepared by:
Scott Shipley, P.E.
S2o Design and Engineering
318 McConnell Drive
Lyons, CO, 80540
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540
1

Executive Summary
The Town of Woodfin Is underway with visionary plans to revitalize its riverfront with construction a
greenway, improved access to and utilization of the French Broad River by a broad range of users, and
by adding a new park fronting the river near Silverline Plastics. The Advocates for the Woodfin
Whitewater Wave and the Town of Woodfin commissioned S2o Design and Engineering to perform a
site visit and conceptual study to determine the feasibility of installing a safe and enjoyable whitewater
feature as a possible enhancement to that revitalization plan. Towns that have installed well -designed
in -stream whitewater features have shown that the a project like the one being considered at Woodfin
can add strong recreational appeal to active users of varying skill levels and add tremendous spectator
interest from shore. This is especially true when the whitewater venues are located alongside public
parks that include connected trails and greenways, parking, restrooms, and other amenities. The entire
package of improvements being contemplated by Town leaders and advocates, including a whitewater
feature, should significantly enhance appeal of the Woodfin riverfront.
S2o Design identified three potential project sites for the whitewater project: at the existing Riverside
Park, at the proposed Silverline Park, and just below the Craggy Dam. It was found that it is feasible to
design and install whitewater features at each of the project sites, with the designs varying in complexity
and cost in order to adapt to conditions at the sites and assure no increased risk during major flood
events. Specific designs were developed for each site, with preliminary opinions of probable costs
formed for each design option. The Riverside Park location was identified as the preferred location due
to anticipated favorable hydraulic conditions for the creation of a whitewater feature, its location next
to the Riverside Park whose existing infrastructure would be complemented by in -stream recreation, as
well as the ability to site the structure immediately above the pool created by Craggy Dam which
enhances user safety. Additionally, the Craggy Dam likely results in a backwater flooding behavior
indicating that a natural fixed grouted rock structure could be installed with a No -Rise Certification
rather than requiring a mechanical Obermeyer articulating structure, reducing costs and improving
aesthetic appeal substantially. Two designs are considered at the Riverside Park site —the more natural
fixed rock and grout structure (preferred) at an estimated total project cost of $1.6 million, and in the
event it would be required in order to meet flood -safety requirements, a mechanical Obermeyer gated
structure at $2.4 million. The Silverline site is anticipated to require an Obermeyer gated structure in
order to meet flood safety requirements, and project cost there is estimated at $2.0 million. A
conceptual design for a continuous whitewater recreation channel was developed for the site just
downstream of Craggy Dam. It would be a significantly more complex structure with project cost of $8.0
million, exclusive of parking and other associated amenities that would be required. Project advocates
have made it clear that this whitewater channel alternative below Craggy Dam is not likely to be actively
considered as currently feasible, but it might in the long-term future.
Federal regulations and required permitting will not allow any design or project to result in increased
flood impacts during major flood events. Flood studies and detailed project modeling will be used to
assure that any project selected will meet the rigorous flood permitting requirements of FEMA and the
US Army Corps of Engineers.
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

With each design recommended for consideration at the Riverside and Silverline Park sites, a
whitewater wave would be created that would be exciting and enjoyable to a broad range of users. As
the flow characteristics of the French Broad River offers relatively large flow rates, the creation of a
larger and more appealing wave is possible, making this a substantial attraction to the river community.
By-pass channels can be included as well as convenient on -shore access ramps and paths to assure that
novices can enjoy the outdoor recreation in a safe and enjoyable environment. S2o has extensive
experience designing whitewater waves and whitewater parks worldwide, and believes that Woodfin
has the opportunity to create a truly world -class whitewater amenity.
The Conceptual Design study found that the creation of a Woodfin Whitewater Wave is feasible with the
Riverside Park site being the preferred alternative, and a draft timeline of the proposed project is
included herein.
3
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Contents
Executive Summary 2
Introduction: 6
Section 1: Whitewater Parks 7
Whitewater Parks Defined 7
The Whitewater Design Process 8
Design Factors for Whitewater Facilities: 10
Stability 11
Costs 11
Typical Economic Impacts of Whitewater Parks 12
Section 2: Site Information 12
Woodfin and Asheville, NC 12
The Study Reach• 13
Channel Morphology 15
Flow information• 16
Flood Modeling Within the Reach 19
Project Sites 19
Woodfin Riverside Park Site 19
Proposed Silverline Park Site 24
Additional Considerations 27
Historic Structures 27
Endangered Species 27
Section 3: Proposed Improvements 29
Project Objectives 29
The Woodfin Riverside Park Site 30
Conceptual Design 30
Design Functionality 33
Opinion of Probable Costs 36
Proposed Silverline Park Site 37
Conceptual Design 37
Design Functionality 39
Costs of Construction• 43
4
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Physical Modelling 44
Section 4: Process and Permitting 44
Process 44
Federal and State Permitting: 44
Buncombe County• 45
Town of Woodfin: 45
Construction Requirements Analysis: 45
Other Construction Issues: Endangered Species Act: 46
Site Evaluation 47
Conclusion 48
Appendix A: Additional Alternative Designs 49
Riverside Park Dual U-Structure 49
Riverside Park Articulating Structure 52
The Craggy Reservoir Dam Site (Metropolitan Sewer District Dam) 55
Conceptual Design 57
Opinion of Probable Cost 61
Appendix B: Buncombe County Permitting Checklist 62
Appendix C — Preliminary Schedule and Associated Costs 70
Bibliography 75
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Introduction:
The Town of Woodfin is located just north of Asheville in North Carolina. The region was formerly a
center of industry and commerce with ties to the Vanderbilts. Following an era of industrial decline, the
city has experienced a shift in business practices, becoming a mountain destination in the heart of the
Appalachians. Asheville's city center is now a tourist destination with walking malls, boutique
restaurants and revitalizing the Arts district. Continuing from this, the Town of Woodfin and the City of
Asheville is aiming to grow its reputation as a destination for active outdoor recreation. The city
developed a series of greenways and parks creation along the French Broad River. These greenways will
soon extend down the French Broad and create a connection to Woodfin along the river, while
Woodfin's own greenway will extend to meet Asheville's with the Town currently building a second
town park along the river. There is interest in including a whitewater park in either the old, or new,
Town Parks in order to create an anchor attraction that draws visitors north from Downtown Asheville.
Whitewater parks are community parks that are centered on the river. The parks include waves, eddies,
and other features that are attractive to in -stream users to pursue recreational kayaking, surfing, and
floating. These parks, surrounded by trails and recreational areas, have not only achieved their original
objective of attracting paddle sports enthusiasts, but have often exceeded expectations by becoming
focal points for their communities and recreational destinations for outdoor tourism. Whitewater parks
often play host to major events centered on slalom or freestyle competitions or host river festivals that
feature local arts and culture. In addition, Whitewater Parks can have a positive economic impact on
the local community, as visitors spend money at local restaurants, lodging, and retail establishments.
Some cities, like Golden, Colorado; and Reno, Nevada have reported impacts on the local economy,
from tourism generated by the park, on the order of millions of dollars per year.
The timing for the project is ideal. The Town has recently developed plans for riverfront revitalization,
including construction a 3.5-mile greenway, and an additional 1.5-mile greenway, adding a new park,
and developing funding for the revitalization effort. A bond referendum will go before Woodfin voters
in November of 2016 to support funding. There are indications that additional funding may be available
from public and private grants and other types of financial support.
This study was commissioned by the Advocates for the Woodfin Whitewater Wave to determine the
viability of creating recreational improvements in this reach of the French Broad. The objective of this
study is to identify the feasibility of a potential whitewater park within the reach extending from the
proposed Silverline Park to the Craggy Dam located along the downstream end of the old Woodfin Town
Park.
6
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Section 1: Whitewater Parks
Whitewater Parks Define
Figure 1: The Hawea Surf Park is a natural -river type surf park, placed in the Hawea River, NZ
Whitewater Parks are river parks in which the whitewater has been designed in order to create a
regional attraction'. In some cases whitewater parks are built in natural rivers and consist of natural
rock "drop structures". At higher flows these parks create waves, eddies, deflectors and other features
conducive to recreational, instructional, and often competition -level kayaking as well as rafting. At
lower flows these features are less powerful and allow for all -types of in -stream usage including tubing
and other float traffic. The parks are designed to function in a number of ways providing streamside
access for fishermen and other visitors to the park as well as viewing for spectators and spaces for the
general public to gather and recreate on the banks as well as in the water.
In other cases —cases where natural flow and gradient sufficient for whitewater do not exist—
whitewater rapids are artificially created through the use of pumps and purpose-built channels. These
systems recirculate water in the same manner that theme parks or fountains draw from a single source,
and do not rely on the flows of nearby rivers and streams.
Figure 2 shows a Whitewater Park in use. These types of whitewater parks are typically designed to host
all types of users from highly experienced competitors who come to these whitewater venues for
Olympic -standard events to families and tourists who come to these venues to experience whitewater
for the first time. The venues provide for commercial rafting wherein visitors are able to buy a rafting
pass and take a guided raft trip down the channels, as well as recreational kayaking, floating, streamside
seating and events.
1 Whitewater Parks, like many specialty fields, have a language all their own. Definitions for typical terms are
shown in Appendix B
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Figure 2: A pumped whitewater park features commercial rafting as well as a number of other active outdoor activities.
Both in -stream and pumped whitewater parks can become significant regional attractions that draw
people not just from surrounding states, but from throughout the country and world. Often the visitors
are drawn not just for the whitewater, but for the events that are hosted at these parks.
Designing whitewater parks to accomplish all of these objectives is a process. Often the process is
iterative and includes opportunities for local stakeholders to comment and update the designs. The
following section details this process.
The Whitewater Design Process
Figure 3: Whitewater Parks are designed for many differing kinds of users.
Whitewater Parks typically require several stages of design. These stages include:
a) Feasibility/Conceptual Design —this is the first must -do part of a project. This phase is tasked
with determining whether a particular project is possible and, if so, how it could look and
function and what the approximate costs of the project would be. If done right this part of the
project is very powerful as it provides the client with the materials necessary to pursue funding
8
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

and grants. Deliverables include a report and design documents such as a conceptual design
and cost estimate, tasks required to complete a project, and permit requirements.
b) Flood Modeling —There is no existing and usable model of record for this reach of the river.
Creating an effective existing conditions model will allow S2o to put specific dimensions to the
concepts and to further refine probable costs for the project. This phase of design will require
some surveying as well as some computer modeling using HEC-RAS software. This phase can be
done separately, or as the first step of Preliminary Design.
c) Preliminary Design —this phase gets to the heart of the design elements of project. If the
Feasibility phase is about identifying what needs to be done to complete a project, Preliminary
Design is about doing them. It is a phase tasked with completing the necessary actions required
to finalize the design functionality and layout and to gather and process the data necessary to
undertake detailed design. Preliminary Design often includes all of the tasks related to
preparing for permitting, surveying, creating baseline models, meeting with stakeholders and
agencies to define constraints and objectives, and completing design documents to the
permitting level.
d) Permitting —permitting is a process that permeates most of the design phases. It is typical to
work with regulatory authorities during the preliminary design phase to establish criteria and
priorities for the project. Permit applications are typically submitted following the completion
of Preliminary Design. Some permits, as outlined below, have lengthy review times for specialty
projects such as Whitewater Parks.
e) Detailed Design —the detailed design is about getting to the nuts -and -bolts of the project. Now
that the project has been defined and adapted to the constraints and objectives laid out in
Preliminary design the project is ready for detailed calculations and modeling. Often the level of
computations and modeling is defined by the nature of the project. In some cases, such as the
Holme-Pierrepont Whitewater Park, the project can be accomplished with 1-dimensional
modeling. In other cases, such as the Calgary Whitewater Park, detailed physical models were
undertaken.
f) Construction Documentation —this is the "after -design" phase. Documents are created that
help define the project for the contractor including all sections, details, specifications and bid
items. Often the whitewater park designer will work with the client or the community to step
through these processes.
g) Project Bidding and Construction —the project is put to bid by the project owner and a
contractor is selected and contracted.
h) Construction Oversight and Inspection —this is the dirty work. In this phase the contractor and
the design team work together to build the project to our exacting specifications. Often we
have representatives in the field virtually full-time to ensure an accurate build that is
aesthetically beautifully and highly functional!
i) Course Commissioning —the final phase and the one where we finally get to get wet! Paddling
experts get in the water and test the project, often tuning wave characteristics and project
features until the project is fully functional and meets design objectives.
9
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

The process of design is informed by the input given from local stakeholders and regulatory agencies
and is typically based on a standard of care that is evolving for this new industry. The following section
details the many design factors which impact a project.
Design Factors for Whitewater Facilities:
Figure 4: A before and after view of the Hawea Whitewater Park
Figure 4, above, shows the improvements made to the Hawea Whitewater Park. This park, much like
the proposed French Broad Whitewater Park(s) was created in a relatively low slope river. Design can
be a challenge in some river environments due to the many factors that make up a river's morphology.
Whitewater Parks are a new phenomenon and typical design standards are just beginning to be created.
There are some standards and guidelines which lend guidance to the design of in -stream whitewater
parks that often define the character of whitewater parks in a given reach. The most comprehensive set
of standards defined for Whitewater Parks was set by the Colorado Board of Professional Engineers.
The Board found that the following tasks should be standard for whitewater park design:
a) Plans specifications and calculations should contain the following information:
Existing and proposed topography
Exact dimensions and proposed elevations/distances for any of the improvements
Methods of water control and erosion control during construction, or any type of
construction phasing.
b) Calculations should contain the following:
- Structure calculations
- Stability analysis
- Seepage analysis
- Backwater calculations
- Analysis of sequent depths and hydraulic jump movement tendencies for smaller or larger
flows
- Calculations for smaller or larger flows other than the design flows.
c) Technical Specifications should include the following
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

- Stability analysis
Backfill
- Water control
Erosion control
Un-grouted rock/rip-rap or landscaping
Stability
The structures which are built in the riverbed need to be stable and robust and need to be anchored in
such a way that they are not moved by flows up to the 100-year flood event. Typical design guidelines
for these types of drop structures are found in the Denver Urban Drainage Handbook (Urban Drainage
Criteria Manual, 2013).
Experience shows that the structures tend to fail from scour/erosion and piping. These failure modes
are a function of the soils upon which the structure is built with bedrock, for example, being the most
stable foundation for a structure, and clay or sandy soils being the most problematic. In order to
determine stability a geotechnical analysis is typically conducted and a scour and piping analysis are
undertaken as a part of the design process.
Guidelines for the stability of drop structures can be found in the Urban Drainage and Flood Control
District Handbook called the Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual (Urban Drainage Criteria Manual,
2013).
Costs
There are many factors that could affect the cost of a particular Whitewater Park. These factors include
physical constraints, such as the nature of the soils or the width of the river. Structures built on
unstable soils, if feasible, require extensive construction in order to construct a stable platform for the
drop structure. In some cases this includes expensive requirements such as sheet -pile cut-off walls.
Width of the river can also affect costs. Typical drop structures are founded on arched structures
anchored into the bed and banks of the river. Arches are typically exponentially more expensive with
width. An efficient drop structure is typically located in a narrow part of the river such that project costs
are not prohibitively high.
The scope of the project can also affect costs. Some projects, such as whitewater parks at the base of
dams, are necessarily large in scope and require multiple structures. Other projects are created in
locations ideally suited to smaller scale improvements. In some cases a phased approach is
recommended such that manageable portions of the project are completed per phase.
Location of the park in relation to sensitive ecosystems can also be a factor. Parks that are planned in
critical habitat are more difficult to design and permit and often require extensive review periods and
costly redesign. Selection of a site that is already impacted and that could benefit from the inclusion of
a whitewater park to provide, for example, fish passage, can have the opposite affect and make
permitting and approvals easier to attain.
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Typical Economic Impacts of Whitewater Parks
Whitewater Parks that have been built in similar Towns and Cities in the United States have become
significant attractions. They bring enthusiasts and spectators alike to the residing communities, and
have significant economic impacts through increased property values, direct spending at the site,
tourism dollars, and dollars spent at local restaurants, shops and businesses. A whitewater park like
the one proposed in Asheville can attract tourists and have an economic impact that is measured in the
hundreds of thousands of dollars per year. In -stream whitewater parks located in Colorado have had
impacts as high as $7-9 million dollars per year. Table 1 illustrates some typical economic impacts of
these parks:
Table 1: Economic Impacts of Whitewater Parks (per year in US Dollars) (Multiple sources)
Economic Impacts of Whitewater Parks
River
Location
User Days
Additional Spending
Total Impacts
(Millions)
Clear Creek
Golden, CO
13,000-14,000
$910,000-$1.1
Million
$1.3-2.2 Million
Blue River
Breckenridge, CO
1,200-2,300
$220,000-$460,000
$0.4-$1.1 Million
Gore Creek
Vail, CO
1000-2,300
$3.5 Million
$3.5-$4 Million
Sacandaga River
Saratoga/Warren County, NY
17,600-25,400
$1.8-$2.8 Million
$2.3-$3.7 Million
Cuyahoga River
Kent, OH
10,000-40,000
$200,000-$800,000
$0.5-$1.7 Million
Yampa River
Steamboat Springs, CO
75,700
$4.9 Million
$7.2 Million
The impacts of these parks are manifold and are based on regular usage at the Whitewater Park, as well
as instructional programs, competitions, festivals, and other attractive events. Freestyle events that
occur in Colorado every year can bring millions of dollars into the local economy on a single weekend
alone. For example, the TEVA games in Vail, CO have a documented yearly economic impact of $3.5
million dollars. In addition to creating economic impacts, these events also help to market a particular
community as an outdoor town and whitewater destination.
Section 2: Site Information
Woodfin and Asheville, NC
Woodfin is a town of approximately 6,000 people located along the French Broad to the north of the
City of Asheville. The Town was formerly a manufacturing center with some remaining manufacturing
and distribution facilities located along the French Broad. Many of the residents of Woodfin live in the
Town and commute to jobs in Asheville or in the surrounding region.
Woodfin is located adjacent to Asheville, which is a city of approximately 83,000 people located in the
mountains of Western North Carolina. The larger metropolitan area surrounding Asheville includes the
cities of Hendersonville and Waynesville with a total population of over 400,000 people. Asheville is
located at the confluence of the Swannanoa and French Broad Rivers in the Blue Ridge Mountains. It has
many national rankings from a variety of sources including, "One of the Best Outside Towns" from
Outside Magazine (Motsinger) as well as one of the top whitewater destination in the US (Kahn)
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

.Asheville has many waterfalls, swimming holes, and rafting opportunities nearby and can be considered
to be at the center of Appalachian whitewater with famous boating destinations such as the Nantahala
Outdoor Center, the narrows of the Green, the Chattooga, and other popular destinations in the near
region in addition to the French Broad.
There are a number of significant cities in the region that contribute to Asheville's, and potentially
Woodfin's, growing tourist economy. The Asheville area is located approximately 125 miles from
Charlotte, the largest City in North Carolina, and approximately 200 miles from both Atlanta, GA and
Knoxville, TN. This park could potentially become a significant regional attraction, drawing visitors from
neighboring states to the Town of Woodfin Figure 5 illustrates a 200 mile radius around the Town of
Woodfin (Free Demographics).
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Figure 5: There are a significant number of large Cities that contribute to Asheville's tourist economy (Free Demographics).
The Study Reach:
The study reach is a stretch of the French Broad River that follows a proposed (and currently being
implemented) greenway that extends from Woodfin along the river towards Asheville. An earlier study
looked at potential sites in the Arts District; however this study analyzes sites at the downstream end of
the proposed greenway located in Woodfin. Figure 6 shows the location of potential sites in Woodfin.
The study reach is located along the French Broad River between the proposed Silverline Park site and
the Craggy Dam.
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Figure 6: The project area with respect to Asheville's City limits and the River Arts District
Three potential sites were identified within the project reach. The three sites include the proposed
Silverline Park Site, the Riverside Park Site, and the Craggy Dam which is located at the Metropolitan
Sewage Treatment Plant Site Dam (MSTP). The site locations are shown below in Figure 7. Design for
these sites was highly dependent upon the river's morphology in this reach.
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Figure 7: The proposed project areas are located in Woodfin immediately south of the Craggy Dam. The three sites included in
this study are the Riverside Park Site, the Proposed Silverline Park Site and the Craggy Dam.
Channel Morphology
From its headwaters, high in the Appalachian Mountains, the French Broad River cuts through gently
sloping topography with relatively expansive floodplains along the river's southern reaches upstream of
Asheville, NC. Here average bed slopes are as little as 3 feet per mile. Downstream of Asheville the river
channel narrows and bed slopes increase to between 16 to 30 feet per mile as the river descends into a
series of gorges as it approaches the Tennessee State line.
Similar to the New River, the French Broad cut through the Appalachians as they rose up around it. Here
the mountains are primarily composed of metamorphic rock that was uplifted during relatively recent
collisions between two continental crusts.
The French Broad River in this reach is moderately sized river that is characterized as generally broad
(hence the name) and slow moving. The riverbed is largely bedrock with apparent outcroppings
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

throughout the reach. There has been significant development in the river corridor including several
road bridges and road development along both sides of the river.
Within downtown Asheville, extending down to Woodfin, the French Broad flows through a combination
of residential and commercial zones downstream of its confluence with the Swannanoa River. Here
there is extensive infrastructure within the active channel and floodplain including residential and
industrial developments, railroad lines and facilities, bridge crossings, roads, and utilities.
There are a significant number of structures within the floodplain including numerous aging industrial
buildings and warehouses. Some of these buildings have been restored and currently function as
commercial properties. Others are abandoned and decrepit and are in need of removal or
redevelopment. Some of these structures, or aging and abandoned flood berms/fill areas in the project
area reside in the active floodway and removal of these buildings/fill from the floodway will decrease
flood risks to adjacent property and allow for the restoration of a green buffer between the Town and
the French Broad.
Additionally, there is a significant dam at the downstream end of the project reach. By inspection, the
dam is approximately 12' high with a flat, even crest and creates an impoundment that is several
hundred yards in length (The Old Woodfin Town Park is located along this impoundment). Reports from
local kayakers suggest that the dam impoundment extends further upstream as the flows rise in the
French Broad suggesting a rising backwater effect from the dam (Hunt, 2016).
Flow information:
The French Broad in this reach sees significant average flows and can have large flood events. Figure 8
shows the mean monthly flow data for the French Broad River at Asheville according to the USGS Gauge
03451500. Flow rates are shown in Cubic Feet per Second (CFS):
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Flows In the French Broad River at Woodfin, NC. (cfs)
USGS Gauge 03451500
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 8: Average Monthly Flows on the French Broad River at Woodfin (cfs)
Figure 8 shows flows that are significant throughout the year with peak flows that average almost 3,000
cfs in the spring and flows that average greater than 1500 cfs throughout the remainder of the year.
These flows are higher, on average, than most whitewater parks in America and are sufficient to create
attractive whitewater within a whitewater park that features sufficient drop.
Flooding within the French Broad river system typically occurs in the spring following seasonal rain or in
the summer or fall during tropical storm events. The flood of record occurred on July 16th 1916, with an
estimated magnitude of 110,000 cfs, whereas the mean annual flood event is calculated as 16,663 cfs.
The most significant floods in recent history occurred on September 8th, 2004 with an associated
magnitude of 43,100 cfs and flooding on May 6th 2013 with an associated magnitude of 23,200 cfs.
Finding a low water period of time with a lesser risk of flood events will help to set the likely window of
construction for this facility.
As can be seen, flood flows in this reach are significant and dangerous. The size of these floods is of
concern to this project and significant flood modeling will be required to understand the impacts of the
proposed structures within the floodplain. Table 2 shows the 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 year return
flood flows for the French Broad at the Asheville Gauge. Note that the regulatory 100 year flood
discharge is 63,000 cfs at Pearson Bridge on the French Broad River (Flood Risk Information System,
2014). This calculation represents a higher level of recurrence analysis than used in the available data in
Table 2:
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Table 2: Flood Recurrence Intervals in the French Broad River (OSU, 2014)
Recurrence Interval (years)
2
5
10
25
50
100
200
Flow Rate (cfs)
11,551.86
17,764.19
22,724.91
30,021.74
36,275.41
43,269.49
51,113.03
Table 2 shows that significant flooding events occur on a regular basis. A histogram of historical flood
levels in the French Broad River is shown in Figure 9.
140000
O • 120000
0
0
7
100000
C
,1 0• 60000
Cr 61
N
m
8S L
. ▪ ▪ 60000
Y
40000
20000
0
USGS 03451500 FRENCH BROAD RIVER AT ASHEVILLE, NC
0
o e
0 0 0
0 0 0o 0 o # rn,of
1904 1916 1928 1940 1952 1964 1976 1988 2000 2012
Figure 9: Peak Stream flows on the French Broad River at Woodfin, NC
Figure 9 shows the peak flood each year for the period of record at the USGS gauge in Asheville. The
figure describes a river in which historic flows in the reach regularly exceed 20,000 cfs with many near or
around 40,000 cfs. The size of these floods within the French Broad River corridor suggests several
project concerns. Woodfin is a part of the Federal Flood Insurance Program (FIS) which places several
limitations on the proposed project. In order to understand the limitations it is important to understand
how the FIS delineates the river corridor.
Floodplain—The Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, regulates development within
the 100 year floodplain of the river. The 100-year floodplain is defined as the area that has a 1
percent chance of being flooded in any given year. One of the purposes of the Flood Insurance
Study is to determine the boundaries and elevation of the 100-year floodplain at each location
along the area of study. The area inundated during the 100 year flood is defined as the 100 year
floodplain. Development is limited in the 100 year floodplain.
Floodway—within the 100 year floodplain an FIS defines a sub -area known as the active
floodway. The regulatory floodway is designated as the river and adjacent lands required to
dissipate flows without increasing the base flood elevation by a certain height, typically 1 ft
(Floodway). The floodway, also known as the conveyance zone, is the portion of the floodplain
which the government preserves in order to ensure that the river actively conveys flood flows
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through the river corridor. Development within the active floodway is typically limited to
changes that do not cause a rise to the 100 year flood elevation. Such a project can receive a
"no rise" floodplain development certificate. This is a typical permit approval for whitewater
parks. In some limited cases a rise within the active floodway can be allowed. This requires an
extensive Letter of Map Revision (LOMAR) process with FEMA. One of the requirements of
approval for a LOMAR is no negative flood impacts to insurable structures within the floodplain2.
Given the wide and flat nature of the French Broad in the study reach, creating a significant whitewater
feature without causing a flood impact will be a challenge. The combination of this geometry with
significant flood flows and a number of insurable structures located in the floodplain requires a project
that artificially creates drop at a given location at average flows while not causing an impact to the 100-
year flood elevation. This will be a design challenge that likely requires an innovative design approach.
Flood Modeling Within the Reach
The existing flood models for the reach are antiquated and done in an earlier version of floodplain
modeling software. These HEC-2 models are limited in accuracy and difficult to update. S2o
recommends that an updated flood modeling exercise be undertaken and that this model be used to aid
in the design of in -stream structures. This task would include creating an "existing conditions model" of
an extended reach of the riverbed with accompanying bathymetric survey. Depending on the results of
the study, it may also be advisable for the City to undertake a Letter of Map Revision Process with FEMA
in order to adjust the regulatory floodplain to match the new and more accurate study.
The flood modeling task, which is shown in the cost estimates below as a separate task, could be
undertaken prior to beginning preliminary design or as the first part of the preliminary design process.
The costs for this task have been subdivided to provide the client flexibility in the timing and funding
source of this task.
Project Sites
A site visit was conducted by S2o representatives on 6th of July, 2016. S2o toured the river from Jean
Webb Park downstream to the Craggy Dam. Three sites along the French Broad in the study reach were
identified as possible locations for a Whitewater Park. This study builds on a previous study that also
identified three sites located closer to Asheville's Arts District.
Woodfin Riverside Park Site
The preferred location to construct the proposed Woodfin Whitewater wave is in conjunction with the
Woodfin Riverside Park. It has the most ideal hydraulic properties of the three potential sites, its
location relative to the Craggy Dam means it likely will not cause a rise in water surface elevations, and it
has much of the existing infrastructure required for a central park. As will be detailed in subsequent
chapter, the combination of these factors lead it to be the least costly and most functional option of the
four proposed alternatives.
2 A full description of required permits is shown below in the permitting section of this report.
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Site Description
Figure 10: The Riverside Park Site is located along an impoundment created by the Metropolitan Water Treatment dam.
The Woodfin Riverside Park site is located along Riverside Drive just upstream of the Metropolitan
Water Treatment Facility, and is the preferred location for the proposed Woodfin Whitewater Wave.
The dam at this location causes an impoundment that creates still water along the river for the bulk of
this reach. At the upstream end of the Riverside Park are the footings of a former railroad bridge that
crossed the river. At this site there is adequate drop and flow to create a whitewater drop structure.
There are several advantages to this site including that there are existing parking, picnic facilities,
restrooms and trail facilities at the site. This provides for the entire access and support infrastructure
required for the proposed whitewater park. Some of the current infrastructure at this site can be seen
in Figure 11:
Figure 11: The Riverside Park
This location, according to discussions with a local paddler (Hunt, 2016), is backwatered by the Craggy
Dam. S2o is investigating the flood characteristics of this location, however if true, the backwater effect
of the dam will likely make this site feasible in rock as opposed to the moveable dam structures utilized
above and at other locations. In high flow events, water is likely backed up above the Craggy Dam,
creating a still reservoir of higher WSE's further upstream. Anecdotally, this backwater effect will 'drown
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

out' any whitewater structure installed at the Woodfin Riverside Park. This phenomenon will be
investigated further in the modelling phase of the project, but it is anticipated that the result of this
effect will be that any whitewater structure will not cause a rise to the 100 year floodplain, such that the
dual U-structure is a feasible option for this project site.
Figure 12 shows the aerial image of the Riverside Park Site:
Figure 12: Aerial image of the Riverside Town Park Site including the railroad bridge abutments ( (Google, 2015) A
The aerial picture of the site shows that the dominant feature is the former train bridge footings. The
site features riparian growth along both banks, although there are some low lying buildings on the
western bank of the river upstream of the Old Leicester Rd Bridge.
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Land Ownership
Figure 13: Land Ownership at the Riverside Park site. (Buncombe County, 2014)
Land Ownership at the site is relatively simple with the railroad right of way on river left and the two
northernmost lots being owned by the Town of Woodfin. Construction easements are likely required
for the river left side of the project and any work performed must not interfere with the running of the
railway. Table 3 lists land ownership in the project area:
Table 3: Land Ownership at the Riverside Park Site (Buncombe County, 2014)
Pinnum
Owner
973003288400000
Town of Woodfin
r
973004411700000
Town of Woodfin
It is important to note that this study does not state that these lands will be acquired nor that
this is the City's current intention. The study merely states that, in order for construction to
occur, ownership or easements are required at the project location.
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Flood Impacts
Figure 14: Flood Zoning Information for the Riverside Park site (FEMA, 2016)
FEMA mapping shows that there are insurable structures in the floodplain located upstream of the Old
Leicester Rd Bridge. Per floodplain requirements the proposed whitewater structures can have no
measurable impact to the 100 year flood elevations at these buildings.
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Proposed Silverline Park Site
Site Description
Figure 15: The Silverline Park will be located on an existing, and largely undeveloped, piece of land adjacent to the French
Broad.
The Silverline Park Site is located on Town -owned land located just downstream of the Silver -Line
Plastics manufacturing facility. The proposed park is undeveloped at this time with early concepts for
the park designs slated for the coming year. The proposed Greenways project is funded in this location
and will provide trails and park improvements in this reach. Figure 16 illustrates the layout of this site:
ri2p3sed New v or Pl T'iJil Pdfk I
Figure 16: Aerial Image of the Silverline Park Site (Google, 2015)
The river in this reach is very broad and flat. S2o did not see any recognizable drop sufficient to support
a whitewater structure at this site. However, S2o did see appreciable drop located just downstream of
the park adjacent to Riverside Drive and located just downstream of the commercial business property
for Garbage Disposal Services, Inc. The location of this business can be seen below in the section
regarding property ownership in the reach. Figure 17 shows this riffle crest at low flows:
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Figure 17: The proposed Silverline Park Site.
The amount of drop available at the Silverline Park site is minimal but can be compared to other
whitewater parks around the world. A typical minimum amount of drop for whitewater parks is
approximately 1.5 feet for the amount of flow present at the site. While a survey has not yet been
completed at this site, a site inspection reveals that there is approximately 2-4 feet of drop in this reach.
There may be enough gradient at this site to support more than one drop.
The site features significant bedrock and will require some excavation as well as construction. The drop
is located in an area of the river that also features a bend in the river which can affect the hydraulics of a
whitewater feature. The feature will need to be located and oriented in a way that minimizes inertial
effects at the drop.
Land Ownership
Figure 18: Land Ownership surrounding the Silverline Park Site. (source: (Buncombe County, 2014)
Land Ownership at the site is simplified by few landowners. The entirety of the river left bank
throughout the project area is owned by the Norfolk Southern Railroad. The river right side features
land owned by the Town of Woodfin with Silverline Plastics, Inc, located upstream of the Silverline Park
Site, and Garbage Disposal Services, Inc. located downstream of the new park site. The remainder of the
right bank is NCDOT right of way, but for a small sliver of a lot owned by Dorothy Brock. A construction
25
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

and access easement will likely be required from Ms. Brock if in -stream structures are located
downstream of the Garbage Disposal Services. The downstream portion of the river left bank is also
owned by the Town of Woodfin. However, the area on river left from just downstream of the Haywood
Bridge extending upstream throughout the reach of this site is owned by Progress Energy of the
Carolinas and Carolina Power. (Buncombe County, 2014)
Table 4 shows land ownership at the project site:
Table 4: Land Ownership near Silverline Park Site (Buncombe County, 2014)
Pinnum
Owner
973042045600000
Doster & Dorothy Brock
973042617500000
Garbage Disposal Services, Inc.
973051299800000
Town of Woodfin
973052411300000
American Eagle Investments
973061233700000
Silver Line Plastics
It is important to note that this study does not state that these lands will be acquired nor that
this is the City's current intention. The study merely states that, in order for construction to
occur, ownership or easements are required at the project location.
Flood Impacts
For all Flood Insurance Rate Maps provided by FEMA Table 5 shows the naming convention used to
delineate the varying flood risk areas.
Zone AE: Floodway Areas: The floodway is the channel of a stream plus any adjacent floodplain areas
that must be kept free of encroachment so that the 1% annual chance flood can be carried without
substantial increases in flood heights.
Shaded Zone X: Other Flood Areas: Areas of 0.2% annual chance flood; areas of 1% annual chance flood
with average depths of less than 1 foot or with drainage areas less than 1 square mile; and areas
protected by levees from 1% annual chance flood.
Unshaded Zone X: Other Areas: Areas determined to be outside the 0.2% annual chance floodplain.
Table 5: FEMA FIRM Naming Convention for Flood Risk Areas
FEMA Zone
Percent Chance
Name Convention
AE
1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Floodplain
X
0.2 % Annual Chance Flood Hazard
500 year Flood Event
Figure 19 shows the flood insurance mapping for the Silverline Park Site:
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

aau.ecC,YALVOIs.o,
• r
Or-
hitim
.0'
Figure 19: Flood Zoning Information for Silverline Park Site. (Buncombe County, 2014)
The flood hazard area shown in Figure 19 is significant to this project. Figure 19 features three flood
delineations. Of significance is the fact that the whitewater park, which will be located in the active
floodway, is situated in a reach in which there are a significant number of insurable structures. Figure
19 shows that the floodplain extends to Riverside Street and includes all of the aforementioned adjacent
property owners. Recall that it is a requirement for construction that the proposed park does not cause
an impact (a measurable rise) to any insurable structures in the project area.
Additional Considerations
Historic Structures
The National register of Historic Places lists several locations that are registered as historic places in
Buncombe County (Wikipedia, 2014). However, none of these historic structures are near the project
site.
Endangered Species
A list of all endangered species in the region according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is shown in
Table 6. The species highlighted in red are those that are either threatened (T) or endangered (E). All
others are listed as Federal Species of Concern (FSC), and are not defined in the federal Endangered
Species Act. This category is defined in North Carolina, by the Asheville and Raleigh Field Offices of the
US Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) "as those species that appear to be in decline or otherwise in need
of conservation and are under consideration for listing or for which there is insufficient information to
support listing at this time. Subsumed under the term "FSC" are all species petitioned by outside parties
and other selected focal species identified in Service strategic plans, State Wildlife Action Plans, or
Natural Heritage Program Lists" (Endangered Species, Threatened Species, Federal Species of Concern
and Candidate Species, Buncombe County, NC, 2014).
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Table 6: List of Endangered Species for Buncombe County.
Common Name
Scientific name
Federal Status
Vertebrate:
Allegheny woodrat
Neotoma magister
FSC
Bog turtle
Clemmys muhlenbergii
T (S/A)
Carolina northern flying squirrel
Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus
E
Cerulean warbler
Dendroica cerulea
FSC
Eastern small -footed bat
Myotis leibii
FSC
Gray bat
Myotis grisescens
E
Hellbender
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
FSC
Mountain blotched chub
Erimystax insignis eristigma
FSC
Northern long-eared bat
Myotis septentrionalis
P
Northern saw -whet owl (Southern Appalachian population)
Aegolius acadicus pop. 1
FSC
Pygmy salamander
Desmognathus wrighti
FSC
Red crossbill (Southern Appalachian)
Loxia curvirostra
FSC
Southern Appalachian eastern woodrat
Neotoma floridana haematoreia
FSC
Southern water shrew
Sorex palustris punctulatus
FSC
Yellow -bellied sapsucker (Southern Appalachian population)
Sphyrapicus varius appalachiensis
FSC
Invertebrate:
Diana fritillary (butterfly)
Speyeria diana
FSC
French Broad crayfish
Cambarus reburrus
FSC
Spruce -fir moss spider
Microhexura montivaga
E
Vascular Plant:
Blue Ridge Ragwort
Packera millefolium
FSC
Cain's reedgrass
Calamagrostis cainii
FSC
Darlington's spurge
Euphorbia purpurea
FSC
Fraser fir
Abies fraseri
FSC
French Broad heartleaf
Hexastylis rhombiformis
FSC
Gray's lily
Lilium grayi
FSC
Gray's saxifrage
Saxifraga caroliniana
FSC
Mountain catchfly
Silene ovata
FSC
Mountain heartleaf
Hexastylis contracta
FSC
Piratebush
Buckleya distichophylla
FSC
Spreading avens
Geum radiatum
E
Sweet pinesap
Monotropsis odorata
FSC
Nonvascular Plant:
Lichen:
Rock gnome lichen
Gymnoderma lineare
E
The project will need to consult with Fish and Wildlife to ensure that there is not habitat for species of
concern in the project area. If there is habitat for concern, the project will need to work with Fish and
Wildlife to determine if the project, in design or implementation, can minimize impacts in an acceptable
manner.
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Section 3: Proposed Improvements
Project Objectives
Figure 20: Spectators watching the Animas River Days event.
The project has multiple objectives. The primary objective with which S2o was originally tasked is to
create an in -stream Whitewater Park in Woodfin to create outdoor branding and positive economic
impacts to the region while creating a recreational amenity that could be used by many types of
boaters.
The design of these whitewater features will need to meet the current regulatory requirements for work
within waters of the United States. In so doing, it will need to show no net negative impact to the
regulatory floodplain and will need to be of a design and construction method that is foreseen to allow
for permitting under the Federal Clean Water Act. Additionally, the designs should be designed to allow
for the restoration of in -stream and riparian habitat as well as the migration of fish upstream through
the site. In Woodfin, where digital flood models of a current standard do not exist, this is problematic in
the conceptual stages. A flood model must be created in order to better understand the impacts of this
project or a design must be created that can reasonably expected to have no impact to 100-year flood
elevations in any scenario. This is the design approach taken by S2o in this instance.
The park, or parks, depending on which locations are chosen for construction, will create recreational
whitewater through drop structures that are designed to allow for surfing and river running as well as to
create eddies, chutes, wave trains, and fish habitat that will be attractive to whitewater boaters, tubers,
fishermen and other recreational users of the river.
Though shown in concept only in these drawings, the final design should include parking and access
improvements to allow for the general public as well as boating enthusiasts to responsibly access and
utilize the site. These access points should include areas for access and egress to the river via designed
and maintained pathways and should contemplate use by a wide range of visitors including tubers and
other "float through" traffic. All access and recreational areas are restricted to in -stream and the river
right side of the river, with no accessible areas on river left so as not to intrude on the railway's right of
way. The two primary proposed designs are shown below, with additional designs for potential long
term plans listed in Appendix A.
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

The Woodfin Riverside Park Site
This is the preferred location for the Woodfin Whitewater Wave. The hydraulic conditions by way of
gradient and flow are the most suitable for a whitewater feature, its location relative to the Craggy Dam
indicates that any in -stream structure will have minimal negative impact on the floodplain, and it has
much of the required park infrastructure already in place. Ideally, the existing park infrastructure of a
trail network, picnic tables and other amenities could be enhanced in this project, with the whitewater
structure becoming a focal point of the area to provide viewing opportunities and a place for events and
community gatherings.
Conceptual Design
The preferred conceptual design for the Woodfin Whitewater Wave is a single spanning U-structure
located at the Riverside Park Site. The structure will be located adjacent to existing park amenities,
including restrooms and enhanced pathways, with terracing rock lining the banks for comfortable
spectating areas. Beach areas will be encouraged above and below the Wave, to provide both a
welcoming area to spectate or relax, as well as an open river access point to both put in and take out of
the river. The conceptual design is shown in Figure 21 and again in detail in Figure 22.
ni.CIIl1I•I.•
I••F 11115•URI
;YUI�Fi�v.i,•r * .1,•.5,1...0.4P
I€h411 I%.1.
iX11M14.IY.-I .Irx.,.II'Ir I. •
1 4.,.r I+I 11 ..I -.'I.
Figure 21: Layout for Riverside Park Site.
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540
30

I. XISHING PARK!RAIL U! LJiFK 4
n cia TERNWID SEi 1)NJG
laVER1JVEI €N.►K
rte,CKTfRP\ 1NG
RAIL no DTf(AOcS
Figure 22: Detailed view of the proposed structure at the Riverside Park site
A single spanning structure has numerous advantages. A single structure capitalizes on the entire flow of
the river, leading to a more attractive whitewater feature for river goers, creating a larger pool on the
downstream end of the structure which provides an area of still water for enhanced safety and recovery
while similarly benefit from the backwater effect of the Craggy Reservoir during large flood events. Local
river users in the Woodfin and Asheville region have expressed this as their preferred option, and are
anticipated to gain substantial utility from the proposed development.
It is likely that a rock structure could be created at the Riverside Park and that a pneumatically
adjustable gate would not be required'. The type of drop that S2o recommends for this feature is called
a "U-Structure". U-Structures are versatile structures that can be designed to provide a basic hydraulic
feature at lower flows that then grows in size and power as the flows in the river increase. The
proposed structure, as shown above, would be a full width U-Structure that feature high, medium, and
low flow channels as well as an overflow area for high volume flooding events. The size of each of these
channels would be scaled based on historic flows in the river to provide the maximum benefit a
common flow rates.
The structure would be built out of native rock from the area and would be anchored into the bed and
banks of the river. While the structure would not be tunable using pneumatic structures, some amount
of tuning could be done as follow up construction in subsequent years. This tuning would allow the
wave to evolve into its final configuration, if needed. These structures are modelled in great detail to
3 While it is likely, 52o is unsure of the viability of a rock structure at this site. As such, Appendix A includes an
adjustable feature for this site with accompanying cost estimate.
31
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 180540

provide an accurate depiction of how the full scale structure will interact with the full range of expected
flow conditions. Though these designs are typically installed on lower volume rivers with a significantly
shorter bankfull width, such as the Arkansas River through Buena Vista and Salida in Colorado, there are
examples of these same structures being used with great success such as in Glenwood Springs in
Colorado.
This design is pending the full hydraulic investigation into the backwater effect of craggy dam, but it is
expected that the backwater effect will fill in over the proposed whitewater structure in high flow
events, such that the structure will not cause a rise in the 100 year flood elevations. As a result, the non-
adjustable rock structures are listed as the first preference for their cost efficiency. Though, a separate
design for this site is shown in Appendix A featuring adjustable head gates to pass flood waters should
the hydraulic study show the rock structures as unfeasible.
32
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Design Functionality
This U-Structure is used to create a river wide "drop" and can be used to constrict lower flows to
increase the velocity and power of the water. By adjusting the gradient of the flow over the U-drop a
wave or hydraulic can be formed. The structure also features elevated wings that are positioned along
both riverbanks. These wings provide an eddy for easy recirculation to the wave. This structure is also
beneficial to the in -stream habitat. The gradient of the drop keeps a pool below the structure scoured
and creates a natural habitat for fish and aquatic life.
is;;ter:
3ti
Direction of Flow
Figure 23: Typical plan view of a U-structure
This structure is very stable and will accommodate high volume/high velocity flows. The structure
features an arched shape laid in the plane defined by the riverbed with its footing sunk into the
riverbank to bear these loads.
The structure is a tiered with a series of steps across its span to allow for use at a variety of water levels.
The low flow channel can be designed to provide deep passage and a usable hydraulic feature during
typical low flows. During the mid -range flows the low flow channel and part of the high flow would be
submerged. During run-off the high flow channel would create a larger, more usable hydraulic feature
(a hydraulic jump or wave train), and at extreme flood the river will overflow the shoulders of the
33
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

structure. The downstream side of these shoulders are stepped to provide seating during normal flows
and to prevent the formation of dangerous hydraulics during extreme flooding.
At low flows the U-Structure will make a beginner/intermediate feature that is consistent and that
provides for a beginner/intermediate experience that includes side surfing, surfing, spins and other basic
maneuvers. More experienced paddlers will come at these levels and take part in surfing as well.
Depending on the depth of flow at these lower flows, these more experienced paddlers will be able to
attempt more advanced maneuvers such as cartwheels, loops, and other dynamic tricks in addition to
basic surfing. As flows increase so too will the power of the wave feature. At higher flows the feature
will become an attraction that draws boaters from the surrounding region. At these flows the wave
feature will grow in power, height, and width. Paddlers will seek out the wave to pursue
expert/advanced kayaking on a large whitewater feature that will be characterized as a wave/hole. The
feature will provide for surfing, advanced freestyle, basic river crosses and navigation (below the main
feature), as well as eddy service on both sides of the flow. Some typical whitewater park images for this
type of feature are shown below.
Figure 24: A typical U-Structure created by 52o.
34
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Figure 25: The U-Structure is used by many different types of watercraft.
Figure 26. The U-Structure wave will grow in power and width as the flows increase
35
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Opinion of Probable Costs
The expected cost of construction for this structure is shown in Table 7.
Table 7: Opinion of Probable Cost of Riverside Park Site.
Project: Asheville Whitewater Park Opinion of Probable Cost
Estimated Construction Costs of Riverside Park Site
Issue Date: 9/15/2016
Developed By: JR
Description
Quantity
Unit
Unit Cost
Item Total Cost
Site Setup
Traffic Control
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Install & Maintain Best Management Practices
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Operate & Maintain Water Control
2.0
LS
$ 75,000.00
$ 150,000.00
Whitewater U-Structure
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Bedrock Removal
555.0
CY
$ 350.00
$ 194,250.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
185
CY
$ 22.00
$ 4,070.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
300.0
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 9,000.00
Furnish & Install Mirafi 180n Filter Fabric
694.4
SY
$ 8.00
$ 5,555.56
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Axis)
1853.7
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 157,564.50
Riprap Pool Amoring
925.9
CY
$ 75.00
$ 69,444.44
Furnish & Install Concrete Grout, Including Rebar, & Marine Epoxy
166.5
CY
$ 272.00
$ 45,288.00
Unclassified Hauloff
740
CY
$ 20.00
$ 14,800.00
Terracing, Steps and Circulation Path
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Axis)
1390.3
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 118,173.38
Excavate & Grade Native Aluviam
555
CY
$ 50.00
$ 27,750.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
450.0
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 13,500.00
Furnish & Install Mirafi 180n Filter Fabric
1041.7
SY
$ 8.00
$ 8,333.33
Furnish & Install crusher fines Walkways
6100
SF
$ 0.30
$ 1,830.00
Unclassified Hauloff
555
CY
$ 20.00
$ 11,100.00
Additional Included Items
Physical Model
1
LS
$ 120,000.00
$ 120,000.00
Additional Excavator Time as directed byS2o
80
HR
$ 220.00
$ 17,600.00
PROJECT SUBTOTAL
$ 986,259.21
Contingency (25%)
$ 246,564.80
CONSTRUCTION SUBTOTAL
$ 1,232,824.01
Bathymetric/TopographicSurvey
$ 12,328.24
Engineering Design
$ 73,969.44
Hydraulic Modeling
$ 12,328.24
Permitting 404, 401
$ 24,656.48
Permitting Floodplain
$ 24,656.48
Construction Bonding/Ins
$ 36,984.72
Mob and Demob
$ 36,984.72
Construction Stakeout
$ 6,164.12
Construction Monitoring
$ 98,625.92
TOTAL PROJECT COST OPINION
$ 1,559,522.37
36
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Proposed Silverline Park Site
Conceptual Design
In addition to the Riverside Park Site, a location of a Proposed Silverline Park was also investigated. The
layout of this design is shown in Figure 27 while the structure is shown in detail in Figure 28.
I141"4I9 DIN Mrs uw
I .
iIiirrogi
W
.�•.h n.11I:I.
_- —
Figure 27: Proposed layout at the Silverline Park Site
37
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

RAILROAD TRACK
CROSSING POINT
RIVER OVERLOOKS
ROCK TERRACING
PRIVATE PROPERTY
Figure 28: Rendering of the Whitewater Park at the Bowen Bridges Site.
In this design, a fixed U-structure is shown alongside the re -configurable Obermeyer gate option. The U-
structure features the same design benefits detailed in the primary Riverside Park design. As this project
site is further upstream from the Craggy Dam, and out of the expected range of the backwater effect,
further design efforts were made to accommodate the 100 year flood without causing a rise in the
known water surface elevations. This design features an adjustable Obermeyer Dam which can be raised
to provide the necessary head difference over the structure to create a whitewater feature, but the
gates can be designed to lower automatically in the event of high flow, preventing any negative impact
on the water surface elevations. Additionally, higher quality whitewater features can be configured
using the adjustable RapidBIocTM system.
38
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Design Functionality
SMYME-PP.D-RAH: # I
I
Figure 29: Each of the designs utilizes a layout that constricts the river using Obermeyer Gates into a main wave forming chute.
The pneumatic design would consist of a main wave feature in the central portion of the structure. In
the conceptual design of this project the main feature would be a RapidBlocsTM compatible feature in
which the wave could be adjusted and configured to an optimum shape. This would allow for a dynamic
feature that was tuned during low -flow events and that was than adaptable to evolve as the sport
evolves.
YIKrE M. G4,6�Lfi
E.
S.G'4a71W7
iohh,h view
dh yilI YIi
■WIORMI.L
COINACIED
6PRIJCPIPAL RI
EK&T!4 !
9t'.14rt4
RAPPINLOCK RAMP - SECT]ON {TYP, )
CALE. 1,L15
Figure 30: The wave forming chute utilizes RapidBlocs(m) to create a reconfigurable wave.
The remainder of the overflow portion of the river would be an articulating dam feature known as an
Obermeyer Gate. These types of pneumatically adjustable gates can be raised and lowered and can be
further configured to deflate automatically during large flooding events. During low and normal flows
39
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

the articulating gates could be used to raise the water surface elevation by 1'-2' thereby creating drop
over the main wave feature that does not exist in the current configuration. Lowering of the gates
would also allow for fish passage, flood conveyance, or the passage of other watercraft either through
two chutes (water allowing) or during times when surfing is not occurring at the venue. The amount of
articulating structure that is required will be designed during the detailed design phases and can be
minimized to save on project costs. The remainder will be faced in natural rock from the region in order
to create an environmentally friendly and aesthetically pleasing structure.
NS BARS“ 14'
O-C. EACH WAY
RIPRAP APRON
EXIS TINIG
BEDROCK
HINGED
STEEL PLATE
COMPACTED
STRUCTURAL FILL
OBERi1EYER GATE - SECTION OW.)
SCAL E: I:Z.5
PNEUMATIC
:LADDER
S LIDING
S UPPORT ARM
WATER SURFACE
EL:VA710N
f
CCINCRETF
FOOTFP
T
CONCRETE SLAB
& STEMWALL
J
Figure 31: The Obermeyer gates are articulated pneumatically using an airbag that lifts the main plate of the structure.
One of the key technologies that make this design approach viable is the use of the Obermeyer-type
gate. This gate, shown in Figure 32, allows the river to be modulated but then, at higher flood flows,
collapses and has no impact on flood water surface elevations.
40
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Figure 32: The Obermeyer gates are actuated pneumatically. S2o proposes to use a more natural appearing version of this
gate.
The gates would provide many functions. By utilizing the versatility provided by the actuators:
• Certain gates could be open for providing a bypass to the wave for the existing tubing.
• Certain gates could be opened for maintenance at the site
• Certain gates could be actuated to allow for fish passage.
• All of the gates could be collapsed to provide for capacity during a flood event or to create a flat
water site in the event of a safety issue.
• Certain gates could be actuated for adjusting the character of the wave.
While Figure 32 shows a large amount of concrete and mechanical items, S2o proposes a design that
would be more natural appearing and that would be further camouflaged by excess water flowing over
the gates. Additionally, while the gates are currently shown as a river -wide implementation in the
concept drawings, detailed design would allow S2o to minimize the amount of Obermeyer gate used,
thereby minimizing costs as well as improving the overall aesthetics.
This design for the project significantly contributes to the safety of the park. The expert feature can be
configured in the main flow while beginner bypasses can be configured on the side of the river.
41
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

The role of the novice channel is important to this design. The novice channel will operate in parallel
with the main feature and will provide for the existing usage in the river including tubing, rafting, and
inexperienced hard boaters. This novice channel will provide a class I -II option that can be easily
navigated.
Additionally, differing gates can be actuated in the event there is an issue in order to aid in the rescue
effort. This type of design is ideal for accommodating existing users, such as tubers and rafters, while
allowing for expert level boaters to use a more advanced feature. The design of both the main feature
and the novice channel will include roughened bed elements along the banks to provide for fish passage.
Design of these features will be done in cooperation with local governmental authorities to ensure
compatibility with native species.
42
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Costs of Construction:
The opinion of probable cost of this option is shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Opinion of Probable Cost
Project: Asheville Whitewater Park Opinion of Probable Cost
Estimated Cost of Construction of Silverline Park Site
Issue Date:9/15/2016
Developed By: JR
Description
Quantity
Unit
Unit Cost
Item Total Cost
Site Setup
Traffic Control
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Install & Maintain Best Management Practices
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Operate & Maintain Water Control
2.0
LS
$ 50,000.00
$ 100,000.00
Adjustable Whitewater Structure
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Furnish & Install Rapidblocks
1.0
LS
$ 75,000.00
$ 75,000.00
Furnish & Install Unistrut Rails
930
LF
$ 3.05
$ 2,836.50
Furnish & Install Pneumatic Gates
94
LF
$ 4,000.00
$ 376,000.00
Bedrock Removal
300
CY
$ 350.00
$ 105,000.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
181
CY
$ 22.00
$ 3,989.33
Furnish, Install, & Finish Concrete Ramp (CDOT Class D)
154
CY
$ 300.00
$ 46,311.11
Furnish & Install #5 Rebar
5820
LF
$ 2.00
$ 11,640.00
Unclassified Hauloff
154
CY
$ 20.00
$ 3,087.41
Riprap Pool Armoring
85
CY
$ 75.00
$ 6,388.89
Fixed Whitewater Structure
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Bedrock Removal
211
CY
$ 350.00
$ 73,815.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
70
CY
$ 22.00
$ 1,546.60
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
114.0
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 3,420.00
Furnish & Install Miraf 180n Filter Fabric
1603.5
SY
$ 8.00
$ 12,827.78
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Axis)
704.4
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 59,874.51
Riprap Pool Amoring
140.7
CY
$ 75.00
$ 10,555.56
Furnish & Install Concrete Grout, Including Rebar, & Marine Epoxy
55.0
CY
$ 272.00
$ 14,960.00
Unclassified Hauloff
280
CY
$ 20.00
$ 5,600.00
Terracing, Steps and Circulation Path
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Axis)
1787.9
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 151,970.96
Excavate & Grade Native Alluviam
357
CY
$ 50.00
$ 17,843.25
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
114.0
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 3,420.00
Furnish & Install Miraf 180n Filter Fabric
1339.6
SY
$ 8.00
$ 10,716.67
Furnish & Install crusher fines Walkways
13645
SF
$ 0.30
$ 4,093.50
Unclassified Hauloff
357
CY
$ 20.00
$ 7,137.30
Additional Included Items
Additional Excavator Time as directed by S2o
80
HR
$ 220.00
$ 17,600.00
Physical Modelling
1
LS
$ 120,000.00
$ 120,000.00
PROJECT SUBTOTAL
$ 1,271,634.36
Contingency(25%)
$ 317,908.59
CONSTRUCTION SUBTOTAL
$ 1,589,542.95
Bathymetric/Topographic Survey
$ 15,895.43
Engineering Design
$ 95,372.58
Hydraulic Modeling
$ 15,895.43
Permitting 404, 401
$ 31,790.86
Permitting Floodplain
$ 31,790.86
Construction Bonding/Ins
$ 47,686.29
Mob and Demob
$ 47,686.29
Construction Stakeout
$ 7,947.71
Construction Monitoring
$ 127,163.44
TOTAL PROJECT COST OPINION
$ 2,010,771.8
43
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Physical Modelling
Physical modeling is recommended for the sites detailed in earlier sections. Given the amount of
investment into a single structure S2o recommends that the physical model be undertaken in order to
ensure the maximum utility and of the proposed project. Permitting can occur in parallel with the
Physical Model Study. Following permitting S2o recommends completing detailed design and
construction documents.
Section 4: Process and Permitting
Process
This study has evaluated three sites and suggested one possible design solution for each that would
meet the site constraints and requirements and that would provide a recreational attraction. This is not,
however, a completed design that is ready to be constructed. Typically our design process would
incorporate Preliminary Design, Detailed Design and Construction Documents design phases. Following
the preliminary phase permits would be submitted and would need to be attained. This may require
some design adjustment. It is also suggested, given the lack of available information and extensive flood
risks in the corridor, that the City also undertake a floodplain modeling exercise which would include
some regulatory process with FEMA as well. The design and permitting phases of a project of this type
are typically approximately 2 years but can be accelerated if required.
Once construction documents have been completed and the permits have been attained the project will
need to be constructed. Typical construction times for a project of this size would be approximately 4
months. Construction typically takes place during the months when the flows are lower and when there
is less impact to in -stream species. Construction windows are often set by permitting authorities.
The project will require Federal, State, and Local permits in order to be completed. At a minimum the
project will require:
Federal and State Permitting:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
Clean Water Act, 404/401 Permits (Joint Application): Although there are numerous federal and state
laws that affect wetlands, the Clean Water Act (CWA) is the main regulatory tool. There are two sections
of the CWA that are of particular significance:
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act enables the USACE to grant permits for certain activities within
waterways and wetlands. Construction projects affecting wetlands in any state cannot proceed until a
§404 permit has been issued. In deciding whether to grant or deny a permit, the Corps must follow
certain guidelines, which are discussed below.
Section 401 of the Clean Water Act gives EPA the authority to prohibit an activity, including a
construction project, if it can adversely impact water quality or have other unacceptable environmental
44
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

consequences. For most states, EPA has delegated this authority to state environmental agencies. In
North Carolina, the Division of Water Resources (DWR) is the state agency responsible for issuing 401
water quality certifications (WQC). When the state issues a 401 certification (which is required for any
federally permitted or licensed activity that may result in discharge to waters of the U.S.), this certifies
that a given project will not degrade Waters of the State or violate State water quality standards. (North
Caronlina Division of Environment and Natural Resources, 2014)
Whitewater Parks typically require an individual (404) permit which can be a lengthy review process that
includes review of all impacts of the park to the environment including both in -stream and riparian zone
as well as impacts to affected stakeholders. It would be typical that other departments, such as the
Department of Environmental Conservation, fish and wildlife, and others would be consulted as a part of
the process
Buncombe County:
Buncombe County provides a complete checklist covering permitting and planning requirements for any
development within county limits. To see the full checklist refer to Appendix B. While all steps must be
completed on this checklist the main planning requirements include contacting Buncombe County
Planning Department regarding both zoning requirements and flood zone information. The permitting
requirements are also outlined in this document. The main items of importance to this project include:
• Stormwater Management Permit (If disturbing >1 acre of land)
• Erosion Control Permit (If disturbing >1 acre of land)
• Floodplain Development Permit
• Building Permit
A number of tasks will be required in order to attain these permits including a detailed site survey with
wetland delineation, a flood model to establish no -rise, and design drawings stamped by a licensed
professional engineer. Other studies may be required in order to assess habitat, environmental, or
other impacts.
Town of Woodfin:
The Town would require a floodplain development permit (in some Towns the floodplain development
authority is the County) that shows no flood impacts to other properties, and a grading permit. The
contractor will typically also require a stormwater run-off permit prior to the onset of construction.
Construction Requirements Analysis:
The construction of whitewater parks typically requires a detailed construction plan. Whitewater Parks
normally require a large staging area for materials, access to and from the riverbed, and the ability to
control the water through temporary berms or dams that will create a dry work area.
45
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Figure 33: The Durango Whitewater Park was constructed in 2014 during a low water time period and using water control to
maintain a dry work area per 404 and 401 permitting.
The type of construction shown in Figure 33 wherein water is diverted away from the work area is
typical of in -stream construction of Whitewater Parks. Typically low flows are required for this type of
work. In a river of the size of the French Broad water control can be a significant cost item.
Another typical concern for Whitewater Parks has to do with fish passage up and down the structure.
S2o will work with regulatory agencies during the design phases of this project to ensure that the
structures are passable by native fish species in the reach.
River access is also a concern. The contractor will require a staging area as well as vehicle access to the
riverbed. Often this requires restoration of the bank areas as the construction project is completed.
Other Construction Issues: Endangered Species Act:
Endangered Species in the area could limit construction access and construction timing. This will require
consultation with the Fish and Wildlife service as outlined above.
46
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Site Evaluation
Figure 34: An eleven -year old boater surfs the Hawea wave during competition.
In order to aid the City in evaluating the proposed sites and selecting a preferred solution or solutions,
S2o has created a site -selection matrix which evaluates the proposed designs against the objectives and
challenges of this project. This matrix is shown below:
Table 9: Site Selection Matrix
Consideration
Riverside
Silverline
Craggy Dam
1
Parking and Access
+
0
-
2
Potential Flood Impacts
+
0
+
3
Relative Costs
+
0
-
4
Land Ownership
+
+
-
5
Recreational Opportunity
+
+
+
6
Economic Impacts
+
+
+
7
Accomodates or Enhances Existing uses
+
+
+
The matrix evaluates the sites against seven differing criteria. Based on the information available S2o
recommends that the Riverside Park site be considered the preferred alternative. This site has ample
opportunity for expanded park amenities, parking, and access. The acquisition of this site will allow for
47
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

further expansion of the Town's greenways as well as opportunities for new business development.
These acquisitions also allow for decreased impacts to the floodplain.
Conclusion
Figure 35: Spectators watching rafters surf the wave.
A whitewater park is proposed in the Town of Woodfin, NC on the French Broad River. Three sites were
investigated and were found to be feasible. Of these three sites the preferred site is the Riverside Park.
This site will meet project objectives and will have complementary benefits in terms of expanded
parkland, parking and access, flood mitigation, and economic development. At this stage, it is expected
to be able to meet the project objectives a grouted rock structure will be sufficient, but alternate
designs with adjustable head gates have also been investigated.
48
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Appendix A: Additional Alternative Designs
Riverside Park Dual U-Structure
A dual spanning set of two U-Structures is also proposed for the Rivierside Park Site. While this design
does not fully encompass the available flow and stream power into one single wave, the design allows
for two separate waves to exist, which would be tuned to allow for recreation at a variety of flow rates.
Similarly, one of the structures would be tuned to cater for more advanced river goers, with a more
dynamic and powerful wave and the other structure could cater for more novice users. The conceptual
layout of this design is shown in Figure 36 and again in detail in Figure 37.
Figure 36: Layout for Riverside Park Site with the dual U-structure
49
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

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F AIHI111.41LL1
FINER IiREEPFWAY
Figure 37: Detailed view of the proposed dual structure at the Riverside Park site
The associated costs with this design option are shown in Table 10.
50
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Table 10: Opinion of Probable Cost for Dual U-Structure Design.
Project: Asheville Whitewater Park Opinion of Probable Cost
Estimated Construction Costs of Riverside Park Site
Issue Date: 8/30/2016
Developed By: JR
Description
Quantity
Unit
Unit Cost
Item Total Cost
Site Setup
Traffic Control
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Install & Maintain Best Management Practices
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Operate & Maintain Water Control
2.0
LS
$ 75,000.00
$ 150,000.00
Fixed Whitewater U-Structure River Left
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Bedrock Removal
333.0
CY
$ 350.00
$ 116,550.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
111
CY
$ 22.00
$ 2,442.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
180.0
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 5,400.00
Furnish & Install Mirafi 180n Filter Fabric
416.7
SY
$ 8.00
$ 3,333.33
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Ms)
1112.2
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 94,538.70
Riprap Pool Amoring
351.9
CY
$ 75.00
$ 26,388.89
Furnish & Install Concrete Grout, Including Rebar, & Marine Epoxy
99.9
CY
$ 272.00
$ 27,172.80
Unclassified Hauloff
444
CY
$ 20.00
$ 8,880.00
Fixed Whitewater U-Structure River Right
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Bedrock Removal
150.0
CY
$ 350.00
$ 52,500.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
250
CY
$ 22.00
$ 5,500.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
253.2
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 7,596.00
Furnish & Install Mirafi 180n Filter Fabric
586.1
SY
$ 8.00
$ 4,688.89
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B A>ds)
1564.5
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 132,984.44
Riprap Pool Amoring
537.0
CY
$ 75.00
$ 40,277.78
Furnish & Install Concrete Grout, Including Rebar, & Marine Epoxy
140.5
CY
$ 272.00
$ 38,223.07
Unclassified Hauloff
250
CY
$ 20.00
$ 5,000.00
Terracing, Steps and Circulation Path
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Ms)
1501.5
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 127,627.25
Excavate & Grade Native Al luviam
599
CY
$ 50.00
$ 29,970.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
253.2
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 7,596.00
Furnish & Install Mirafi 180n Filter Fabric
1125.0
SY
$ 8.00
$ 9,000.00
Furnish & Install crusher fines Walkways
6100
SF
$ 0.30
$ 1,830.00
Unclassified Hauloff
599
CY
$ 20.00
$ 11,988.00
Additional Included Items
Physical Model
1
LS
$120,000.00
$ 120,000.00
Additional Excavator Time as directed byS2o
80
HR
$ 220.00
$ 17,600.00
PROJECT SUBTOTAL
$ 1,073,087.14
Contingency(25%)
$ 268,271.79
CONSTRUCTION SUBTOTAL
$ 1,341,358.93
Bathymetric/Topographic Survey
$ 13,413.59
Engineering Design
$ 80,481.54
Hydraulic Modeling
$ 13,413.59
Permitting 404, 401
$ 26,827.18
Permitting Floodplain
$ 26,827.18
Construction Bonding/Ins
$ 40,240.77
Mob and Demob
$ 40,240.77
Construction Stakeout
$ 6,706.79
Construction Monitoring
$ 107,308.71
TOTAL PROJECT COST OPINION
$ 1,696,819.05
51
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Riverside Park Articulating Structure
A fully adjustable whitewater structure is also proposed at the site of the Riverside Park should the
hydraulic modelling component of design deem the grouted rock structure unfeasible for flood passage.
This structure would consist of two concrete slabs with reconfigurable obstacles with the collapsible
Obermeyer dams between them. The conceptual layout is shown Figure 38 and again in detail in Figure
39.
1x1 hn.5 M AL S
1 IT Fill [1. jt1W
II IA al IvI• FIRENKCS54:47M4E
pirum inwaye71s11 r+me Binh
15 Ill..•, 1. In.Y -1I I, Ili
j 4.11.11.,v iuw
Figure 38: Layout of Riverside Park with adjustable head gate option
52
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

RAILROAD TWAO(S.
F�+ IS 1E ffIA(31*w
F
B0AI RAM!'
LXI511NLi(-A MI% i
HOCK F EARACE D 5EA I ING
RNFR siVI RI Of
R1XX FFFIRACING
RAILROAD TRACKS
FFE.Nt11 WOAD
RIVER t I1EEI!W Y
Figure 39: Detailed drawing of adjustable whitewater structure.
Both the whitewater features in this design are fully adjustable to configure to a variety of flow rates
and river user, while the Obermeyer dams allow for safe, unimpeded passage of the 100 year flood.
An opinion of probable cost is shown in Table 11.
53
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Table 11: Opinion of Probable Cost
Project: Asheville Whitewater Park Opinion of Probable Cost
Estimated Construction Cost for Riverside Park Articulating Feature
Issue Date: 8/25/2016
Developed By: JR
Description
Quantity
Unit
Unit Cost
Item Total Cost
Site Setup
Traffic Control
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Install & Maintain Best Management Practices
1.0
LS
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Operate & Maintain Water Control
2.0
LS
$ 50,000.00
$ 100,000.00
Adjustable Whitewater Structure RL
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Furnish & Install Rapidblocks
1.0
LS
$ 75,000.00
$ 75,000.00
Furnish & Install Unistrut Rails
420
LF
$ 3.05
$ 1,281.00
Furnish & Install Pneumatic Gates
80
LF
$ 4,000.00
$ 320,000.00
Bedrock Removal
200
CY
$ 350.00
$ 70,000.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
174
CY
$ 22.00
$ 3,829.63
Furnish, Install, & Finish Concrete Ramp (CDOT Class D)
68
CY
$ 380.00
$ 25,952.59
Furnish & Install #5 Rebar
2505
LF
$ 2.00
$ 5,010.00
Unclassified Hauloff
174
CY
$ 20.00
$ 3,481.48
Riprap Pool Armoring
37
CY
$ 75.00
$ 2,777.78
Adjustable Whitewater Structure RR
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Furnish & Install Rapidblocks
1.0
LS
$ 75,000.00
$ 75,000.00
Furnish & Install Unistrut Rails
930
LF
$ 3.05
$ 2,836.50
Furnish & Install Pneumatic Gates
94
LF
$ 4,000.00
$ 376,000.00
Bedrock Removal
150
CY
$ 350.00
1.$ 52,500.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
181
CY
$ 22.00
$ 3,989.33
Furnish, Install, & Finish Concrete Ramp (CDOT Class D)
154
CY
$ 300.00
$ 46,311.11
Furnish & Install #5 Rebar
5820
LF
$ 2.00
$ 11,640.00
Unclassified Hauloff
154
CY
$ 20.00
$ 3,087.41
Riprap Pool Armoring
85
CY
$ 75.00
$ 6,388.89
Terracing, Steps and Circulation Path
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Axis)
1001.0
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 85,084.83
Excavate & Grade Native Alluviam
599
CY
$ 50.00
$ 29,970.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
253.2
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 7,596.00
Furnish & Install Ntirafi 180n Filter Fabric
1125.0
SY
$ 8.00
$ 9,000.00
Furnish & Install crusher fines Walkways
6100
SF
$ 0.30
$ 1,830.00
Unclassified Hauloff
599
CY
$ 20.00
$ 11,988.00
Additional Included Items
Additional Excavator Time as directed by S2o
80
HR
$ 220.00
$ 17,600.00
Physical Model
1
LS
$ 120,000.00
$ 120,000.00
PROJECT SUBTOTAL
$ 1,494,154.55
Contingency(25%)
$ 373,538.64
CONSTRUCTION SUBTOTAL
$ 1,867,693.19
Bathymetric/Topographic Survey
$ 18,676.93
Engineering Design
$ 112,061.59
Hydraulic Modeling
$ 18,676.93
Permitting 404, 401
$ 37,353.86
Permitting Floodplain
$ 37,353.86
Construction Bonding/Ins
$ 56,030.80
Mob and Demob
$ 56,030.80
Construction Stakeout
$ 9,338.47
Construction Monitoring
$ 149,415.46
TOTAL PROJECT COST OPINION
$ 2,362,631.9
54
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

The Craggy Reservoir Dam Site (Metropolitan Sewer District Dam)
Site Description
The Craggy Reservoir Dam Site, more commonly known as the Metropolitan Sewer District Dam) is
perhaps the most challenging of the proposed sites, but also provides the most opportunity for
improvements. Advocates have made it clear that this site might best be considered as potential project
for the long-term future, and not the focus of any current initiative. The site features a dam of
approximately 12 feet in height with continued slope in the riverbed downstream of the proposed
project area. The site features more drop and therefore available power than any other location in the
reach.
The site comes with challenges however. Figure 40 shows the site layout:
Figure 40: Aerial image of the Craggy Reservoir Dam Site (note: the northerly direction is to the right of this image). (Google,
2015)
In this image it can be seen that the current configuration of the river features a railroad track along the
left bank and a hydro -canal along the right bank. The canal and associated hydro -generation and water
55
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

treatment works create a challenge to access and utilization. While solvable, solutions at this site will
need to provide for access, egress, and areas from which to view the whitewater channel.
Land Ownership
Figure 41: The floodplain at the Craggy Dam Site (FEMA, 2016)
The image below shows the parcel numbers and land ownership information for the land surrounding
the potential whitewater park.
The river left bank is again dominated by the railroad right-of-way. The river right bank is shown as
being in the road right-of-way but by inspection it can be inferred that the hydro -generating facility has
construction access and land -ownership or easements along the right bank. Consultation with both of
these entities will be required prior to determining the full feasibility of this site. Table 12 provides land
ownership information for the land surrounding the proposed project site.
Table 12: Land Ownership information for land surrounding the Craggy Reservoir Dam Site
Pinnum
Owner
973018274400000
Metro Sewage District
973017688100000
Progress Energy of the Carolinas
973017371000000
Metro Sewage District
973007366600000
Craggy Land Co, Inc
It is important to note that this study does not state that these lands will be acquired nor that
this is the City's current intention. The study merely states that, in order for construction to
occur, ownership or easements are required at the project location.
56
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Flood Impacts
This reach is also extremely flood prone. The active floodway is contained within the riverbed in this
reach but the floodplain is wide and flat. The 100 year floodplain features a central island there much of
the development exists but there are insurable structures within the 100 year floodplain adjacent to the
site. As with all of the sites identified along this reach, flood risks will be significant.
Figure 42: The floodplain at the Craggy Dam Site (FEMA, 2016)
Conceptual Design
The conceptual design of the proposed whitewater park at the site of the Craggy Dam is shown in Figure
43.
57
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

LL+hO
1111 iiMIEF I� LIHII L IJ1
PASAF.Iw 1L
SFIO{1
LHfi 1 I M1 ILh VuvI111141 it
• LLINFW1U 141.1 %I •1] II4I4.11
RITFPLIFPIME R1.65,11F RCIIM
* EEr#FIRFE+II III
b m-cur i 1. "Ed..", Fur 1
I WIN MIA N S MIN MF14¢RIR,
F1MIdl1i PAW!11,.M1lii
IIL11.35L' FIJ,, ti
Figure 43: Layout of the proposed whitewater park at the Craggy Reservoir.
The Craggy Reservoir Site is different than the Riverside Park and the Silverline Park in that an existing
dam of approximately 12 feet in height is located at the site. The whitewater park proposed for this site
would be a side -channel -type whitewater park that created an extended ramp of flow along the path of
the existing hydro -channel located at the site. This channel could be designed to accommodate varying
flow rates, and be of varying lengths (slopes) depending on priorities identified in the design stages.
The type of whitewater created in these types of channels is different than that seen at the U-drops
shown above. In lieu of a single wave, a more extended reach of whitewater will be created similar to
the type of whitewater that the Olympic Games are competed on. Figure 44, shown below, shows an
image of how this kind of whitewater channel could look:
58
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Figure 44: A purpose built whitewater channel with a moveable obstacle system
Typically these types of channels provide multiple benefits at a dam site. The primary benefit is that
they create a hydraulic link between the river downstream of the dam and the pond upstream. This link
allows for fish passage up the dam and connects the reach. Additionally, the same link allows boaters to
navigate the dam without having to portage on either the water treatment plant side or the railroad
tracks side of the river. The channels require less water (approximately 350-500 cubic feet per second)
than in -stream whitewater parks and can be shut off for maintenance or to reconfigure the rapids.
These types of channels are also used for a variety of different competitions/festivals including national
and international -level events.
It is also versatile in terms of how the use of the park can be controlled for different users. If the hydro -
plant needs the water, then the channel can be closed to push the full amount of flow into the hydro -
channel for power generation. If the water is too high for boating then a set -amount can be allowed
into the channel for a controlled experience at reasonable flows. The channel can be opened in full to
help lower the effective flood level during flooding events. Figure 45, shown below, shows an image of
another dam with a similar bypass channel:
59
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Figure 45: A bypass -channel whitewater park in Prague, CZ
As seen from the construction drawings, a U-drop structure is also shown alongside the base of the
channel. This is a further optional feature, with similar design characteristics to the whitewater
structures detailed in earlier chapters, and can be installed in conjunction with the extended channel.
60
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Opinion of Probable Cost
The expected cost of construction for this structure is shown in Table 13.
Table 13: Opinion of Probable Cost
Project: Asheville Whitewater Park Opinion of Probable Cost
Estimated Construction Costs of Craggy Dam Site
Issue Date:8/26/2016
Developed By: JR
Description
Quantity
Unit
Unit Cost
Item Total Cost
Site Setup
Traffic Control
1.0
LS
$ 15,000.00
$ 15,000.00
Install & Maintain Best Management Practices
1.0
LS
$ 10,000.00
$ 10,000.00
Operate & Maintain Water Control
2.0
LS
$100,000.00
$ 200,000.00
Whitewater Channel
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
1.0
EA
$175,000.00
$ 175,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 25,000.00
$ 50,000.00
Compacted Fill
6666.7
CY
$ 35.00
$ 233,333.33
Furnish, Install, & Finish Concrete Channel
5920
CY
$ 375.00
$ 2,220,000.00
Furnish & Install #5 Rebar
120750
LF
$ 2.00
$ 241,500.00
Furnish & Install Rapidblocks
1.0
LS
$400,000.00
$ 400,000.00
Furnish & Install Unistrut Rails
32000
LF
$ 3.05
$ 97,600.00
Furnish & Install Pneumatic Gates
94
LF
$ 4,000.00
$ 376,000.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
181
CY
$ 22.00
$ 3,989.33
Unclassified Hauloff
5920
CY
$ 20.00
$ 118,400.00
Riprap Pool Armoring
108
CY
$ 75.00
$ 8,125.00
Axed Whitewater Structure
Install Equipment Access Ramps & Roads
2.0
EA
$ 1,500.00
$ 3,000.00
Reclaim Equipment Access Ramps, Roads, & Staging Areas
2.0
EA
$ 2,500.00
$ 5,000.00
Bedrock Removal
450.0
CY
$ 350.00
$ 157,500.00
Excavate & Grade Native Alluvium
888
CY
$ 22.00
$ 19,536.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
360.0
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 10,800.00
Furnish & Install Mirafi 180n Filter Fabric
833.3
SY
$ 8.00
$ 6,666.67
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B Axis)
1112.2
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 94,538.70
Riprap Pool Amoring
301.7
CY
$ 75.00
$ 22,630.20
Furnish & Install Concrete Grout, Including Rebar, & Marine Epoxy
99.9
CY
$ 272.00
$ 27,172.80
Unclassified Hauloff
888
CY
$ 20.00
$ 17,760.00
Terracing, Steps and Circulation Path
Bridges
2
LS
$ 125,000.00
$ 250,000.00
Furnish & Install Boulder (Avg 36" B tads)
1070.2
Tons
$ 85.00
$ 90,967.24
Excavate & Grade Native Alluviam
641
CY
$ 50.00
$ 32,042.00
Furnish & Install Bedding Material
519.6
Tons
$ 30.00
$ 15,588.00
Furnish & Install Mirafi 180n Filter Fabric
1202.8
SY
$ 8.00
$ 9,622.22
Furnish & Install crusher fines Walkways
2000
SF
$ 0.30
$ 600.00
Unclassified Hauloff
641
CY
$ 20.00
$ 12,816.80
Additional Included Items
Additional Excavator Time as directed byS2o
80
HR
$ 220.00
$ 17,600.00
Physical Model
1
LS
$120,000.00
$ 120,000.00
PROJECT SUBTOTAL
$ 5,062,788.29
Contingency (25%)
$ 1,265,697.07
CONSTRUCTION SUBTOTAL
$ 6,328,485.36
BathymetricITopographic Survey
$ 63,284.85
Engineering Design
$ 379,709.12
Hydraulic Modeling
$ 63,284.85
Permitting 404, 401
$ 126,569.71
Permitting Floodplain
$ 126,569.71
Construction Bonding/Ins
$ 189,854.56
Mob and Demob
$ 189,854.56
Construction Stakeout
$ 31,642.43
Construction Monitoring
$ 506,278.83
TOTAL PROJECT COST OPINION
$ 8,005,534.0
61
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Appendix B: Buncombe County Permitting Checklist
Buncombe County Permitting Center
Checflrsl for eireparoppteti irr Bkre xrbe. Carardy
PT acrs r.rrreraber try os` ab-orrt oenJdifrrk* forrJ7t orfaes ass rcireled tii.itir #doh tevr8-W irs d
L orrkict ruciir Department f rsleei below .
[III Pf, li NrNG NTr%t;:F,
Step 1 : Deed Reatrdct.o.. i teal C.IIwiiauta
▪ Contact your tilosiug attorney to deiermina if there are any deed Tea -Iridium ar
subdivisi txi covenants which may limit else develo niarit of the property. TO locate a
copy of your deed, t-oittoct the Buaoambe C +until 11,exist i al Dods yell ic4
(250-4300) located at 35 14'uotlrm Strdet_ Suite 226_ Adleville. 1 ort15 Carolina 28801.
Step 7= 114'40 Now Woc a silts
[�Contacl U.S. IIi'A Region 4 Suliertund Division i 1- t7O-241-1754 rr
44ww.ana.e.ov;drewirojindtk,hlml.
❑Contact the Divisiurt of 'game Management with the N.C. DKpaninant of
Environment and Natural R ewnrce,s at [phone] or bttn:r: uv;tstenotrw. ore,
Inrormation Jim shorfi'dhiave beJbrig you calk_
DThe property's. Lot. identirdaii.vn number (PIN) or iIrect address.
▪ is the property located near a Nam -dons waste site?
Step 3: ?tiring
Q ]f the pr perty i9 located oubiide of a municipality or a municipality's. Extra
Tamtanal Jurisdiction. canxaci the 8uncwnhe Compri Planninit at 250-4&30.
information you Molitor t rm Woreyou call:
E The property A tax identification number (PIN) which can be found owing the
Courty's Geographical Information SyM.4:m (GIS).
hnp:::www_ nincombecouni erg sovcmm clepsrgis'disclaimcr_aspx and is also listed
an yaurian hill. If you arc unahlc to locate the PJN far the property, please ha3a ilic
owner's none, street address, and:or deed #iookrplai hook and pagc reference aviilahL,
62
318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Ouemons to ask,
❑ Is the properly rorrcti for the project you inland to build or plaec?
❑ Are awe any selbstek. height rertrietinnR, or limitw nra di4tur#1 d and impcni{,us
surfaces -that 1 need to be aware of?
❑ Willa site plan be requirod as part of my submittal for zoning r iew?
Does my project constitute a Conditional Use and require approval by the lid of
Adjustment prior to consiru burr? C'ondit:orrth Uses: vuiy hip zoning thsiriC1 bra include
mrch rlerrrs asll: amit} developments abope a certain nio bar of urrafs, more than hi r
prirR pal structur-er on a lr1i. buPrirngs grater Man 35, 0OFJ #quire fr i f sfae, #ste.
Step 1: Other DL clopment Regulations
❑ Contact the Buncombe County Plaiminlz I]roarimcnt at 250-483O.
rrrJarrnarinru+r + .sho+,fd htr beJivey-rw Bali:
❑ The property's tax identification number (PIN) ar Str el address
Gliest:orra lr+ ask.-
Q Is the property located in the Iv Water Supply 'Watershed (i.e.- ivy Township or
Eastern Flat Creek Township?)
17 AN there any develop -writ ncgulaiions that apply to my proje t' (Lc-. junkyard,
suhdtvision, adult -oriented bu;iness, communication Wwem Manufactured bonne parks.
stormwater ordinance)
Q If building a r.raining wall or r twining k4a]I .s icm. ik the wall subject to the
Starldarck of the R staining Wall Ordinance (separate from Building Code standards)?
Step S: Flood Zone
Wtlie property i in close proximity to a stream or river:
Contact the Buncombe County jalannini: Dcparlrnent at 2S0-4ti3O
fne/orrneationyr?rl .shar.drl;VW 14vr-eyo call:
❑ '17te property's Lit identification number (PIN) or street address
Chie,rNoi 10 ask.
❑ Is the property in a floodway or 11)nle_rr tloudplain?
63
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Step 6: Sewerage
To determine if public sewer is available!
E. Contact the Engineering Division of the Metropolitan Sewerage Distiicl at 251-4781
located al 2028 liiveniide Drive
rr7vrtsrotion;nu shoaald haw before. you calf;
▪ 17te property"s ta_x identification number (PIN or street address
C.kuagroons to ask..
▪ Is public sewer er existing or available for this IxPo eriy?
Ifpublic brwer is not avaitable!
❑ Apply fora site evaluation from Buncombe County Environmental Health al
254- 01 b located al 30 Valley Strad
frrformatian }era should ha' a Wore apply: g of En r n ni raf Heath;
Q The property's; tax identification number (PIN)
Q A plat crr tin: map of the property which is available through public access query or
from Environmental Malik. Land Records, Planning, or Permits and lrepeetioatx
17 The number of hcdr+xrns f..51010 prolxxiod home e or the number of re2it rooms ail.
COrilirktreiild project (commercial project%may require additional information)
Regrrsn the following_
0 Site evaluation for septic tank system (fee involved)_ or contract with a private soil
scientist
Step 7: Water
Them are severed wafer Wifr rags irs Buncombe C'ottrar} _ Please ca7xtfo f th& opprop bars aeitflr}'=
D.A.f...he,iN Water ReFourees, cparun bit at 251-1122.
Q Woodfm Water District at 253-5551_
Q Town ofWeaoeroille Public V4'urhs at 645-7116_
❑ Town of it tack Mountain 'Water Administration at 419-4300,
leaf-ono:ion is a shandd haw before you
calf:
EL The propert0 tax identification number (PIN) or Rircct addre
64
318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

estwwns to ask
▪ is municipal water available for this property?
1'11E PEIZMFI 11 (4'1'AGJ
Step 11.1 sturtnuater Management
nagement
itequirod when disturbing an ire or nwre for r idca{tial dzvctopment of ort lard si'l.0 ui ficrc or
rnerre Ior commercial devciepmint as described in Chapter _ Article V1I {}Ithe ]3unvonabc
County Code ofOrdinance. f any /and ckutirlisarice Is planned for the pr rpnse of-irrstaIfirrg
Ircfrash rcrure for a srah iuisiorr, preliminary salVivision approval mum be obtained prior ro land
d istrrrbarree, If h project is beefed within a ,roravd area which regui'ares irrrpertiar s red
d rsrrrrbcd surface, ±a:oing approval' truest be obtaonedprwr to any land disturbance.
D Contact Buncombe Cotmty Stornswater Mariasement Office at 25(]-4847!_
Q Yi4it I r mare information:
http_ rwwyw_buncombecountv_ora� governiai,: depts.P]annin storrnwaterhtw
frrjbrr:roticttys r, shei .td hawse befor-,oec ball_
❑ The property's tax identification number (PIN) or street address
o Number of acres disturbed
Q 'rye ofdevelopment {residen al_ commercial, industrial it institutional)
Regrdesr rhreiroffowlrrg:
Stornrwatcr Managcntcnl Permit application packcl or visit the Buncombe County
Stom]Water Management website
h tp_ mw.buuomhecount} arkg.overningfilept%.Plat,ninrs.tonrtwuter_aspxand go to
`Forms'
Step ?: Erosion Control
Tf disturbing an acre or mere of land;
❑ Contact Buncombe County Erosion ton Control at 25O-4 4f8.
❑ visit the website for more information:
lttip,+lwww,buncornbew }unto,ore>aavemiit,'detfis?t'lannin ErosionCantroLasnx
lrgiremaIion yorr shoatfc!hare irefare otr calf:
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

El The property's tax identification number {PIN) or street address
❑ Number of acres to be disturbed
lrsst theplicnlyng.
Erosion Control permit application pa ket or visit the Buncombe County Erosion
Control vsebsite
{I.np :+www.batt2onibeeDumv.e,,,vknsirrb.?deins:Planning.LressionCotilroE.asjsx}andgo
to -Poarn$_"
Step 3; Fbindplain+ Sirenms vnd Wetlands
Whcii developing within the 100-year tlixtdlltain, u 'Flood Dcveliapmen[ Permit is required, are
described in Chaprti r .14 of the Buncombe County Coda Of Ordinances.
❑ Contact Buncombe Courtly planninz 1).-narlment ai
250- 4830,
inforrlrafi'on}avia shouldbm+e beforyoucar.:
❑ The rm+perly's tax identification number (PIN) r street address
1f disturbing streams or wetlands:
• Cnntacl the I:_ . Army Corr cal Engindcrs at 27I-7980 fauribtliarmation on
relevant requirements_
❑ Comsat NCDENR Water Quality Section at 296-4500 tier information of
relevant rsquircrnen#Ls,
Step 4.. Street Address
if the property does not have an established city xtylc Stroet address (sired name and house
not rural role p.nd box number);
❑ Contact the Buncombe County Strad Addressing Department at
250-484S.
1rr/6rrrrcriro r you Amid have before yarncall:
El The property's taxi deal i1 ication ntenhe (PIN)
1,4NaliOil Orplanncd driveway
AdA ddrekaieki OFneighhoring frrtporties (helpful information, WI net
required)
Re pew the following:
• Street addrcas for the property
Step 5: Sewerage
If public sewer is itliailable,
❑ Contact the Ettglneeriatg Division of the ?Metropolitan Sewerage
District at25]-4781_
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Re oast the, following.-
1 ewer tap application and fee information
If public sewer ig not available and the property, has been determined suitable for a peptic tank
0 _apply for an Authorization to Construct al Llwiiicontbe County
LSnYirottatedital I kalif" (250-5016) located at 30 Valley Street.
forfaarmaiwn _Km ,4 miler how hefbre appiyIng aw Em.iroramerrraf f ie fth;
eT1ie propeily's lax idantilacation ntsnther(PIN)
A plat or ta.7k map of life PtoperI1' which is zoiailaLhlI 1Ferough pLLhIIC accmis gum or
from Environmental Health, Land Recall:L., Planning, o,r Permits & Inspections
❑ the number of bedrooms oldie proposed home or tltc number of cnp]oyvcs of n
commercial project (commercial projects may require additional uri'ormiliori)
R vest the following;
Application. for Authorixation to Construct (fee involved)
❑ Flags for identifi-ing lot and house corners
infOrBlen r? +vu should have beh'are accreting with the Environmental Health Specialist at the
HPIacrntii1 of 4 IA .garner flags far properties oft tee& or less
Placement of 4 house comer flags
El I< nuwvletigtot'location of!driveway
❑ f Mow .ledge or malice stlun.'c (well or mLLuicipal +Niter)
Step 61 Water liVeD (Nine! Septic s}'tem must b.e permitted prior to thin warp)
]F municipal %valor is not avjilkhlo:
❑ Cot a licensed water a all drilling eoitraett'. ,A permit iti required from f lurkeornbe
Comity. The septic tank .uthorii.Rtion to Construct will indi mite proper distance From the
scptie tank systent., and any existing bodies of water.
Step27 Building 15ermllt
111 Apply for a building permit from l wancombe County Permits 4 [lisped igas (250-5360)
located at 30 Valley Street in downtown Asheville (fee involved).
fr?torvraxtron Nu should have regirrdrrrg the properly anti the proposed structure before
applying at Permits & inspxcaeri rrs,
'hurt Factuieed I1 me
❑ 11so property's tax identification number (PIN)
❑ The propert 's iitrccl addre s
Tlie Property's lot nurnher ilk! a nurinufaciured liorric pork
The hnnta'w maritliactur r
The home's year buih
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

El The honk"s model number
❑ Tlk home's box size
El The home's base cost
❑ "11 a home's type of heat
El .11te name of the setup contractor who will place the haste
El Sewage approval from NiSD or Environmental Health
❑ 'Water approval from the Asheville Regional Water Authority if
applicable
71se prop lily's i&N identification numhe>+(P(PIN)
The property's strut address
Thehomes iypc of heal
.Frun rids of building plans
Tlic name of the building contractor
The name of the electrical subcontractor
❑ The name of the plumbing su%contractor
HIlse name of the mechanical subcontractor
Sewage approval from ' iSD or Environmental Health
O Water approval from the Asheville Regional Water Authority if
applicable
CouinsLrci al
❑ 'he property's tax identification number (PIN)
The property' e area addre
lunge run Netx of building plaauc With A endix ii
A s`rtE plat,
The name of the building comractor
The name of the cicetriial sulxxrotr4Iet(r
The rim= of the plumbing sulicc ntraotor
The rramc of the mechanicaI subcontract Or
❑ Scw'agc approval from \1 D or Environmental Health
❑ 1,4'a~tcr approval from the Asheville Regional VIValer ,Aulhorny if
applicable
Ste: Zoning
Bring building permit to 13ustcanbe County Planning Department (150-4830) al 46
Valley Street in downtown Asheville
Ifprowy is. located in one of the following zwed areas
Town of BIltiri to Forest - Town Adrminiif;lraItor, Nelsons Smith (274-0g2.4)
Town. of Went rr rille or the Wei ervllle 1TJ - Zoning Department
Shelby Shicldm (643-7I 16 )
T+yaw n u rWood1in - Town Administrator. ,Tagop Young ( 5;3-4RR7)
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

❑ Obtain zoning pennit from the appropriate authority and submit to .Buncombe County
Punks 8: Inspections.
Step 9; Driveway Permit
11 i it project is LxatnutiercEal or multifamily and connects to a public road
❑ Obtain a drivewav perm from the North Carolina Department of 'iranr portatioit* District
F,nginaeritig office (298-2741),
Step >k li: fire liYllardtal Certification
Topic rojccl cmnnnrrclaI conslrocEion:
submit ti iinguis]ting lu the Fir-c larslial's ()nice Jirr revit w prior Eo
insta]lalinmL
❑ Submit fire alarm plans to the Fire Mars.ha]'s Office for approval prior to installation. A
cerlificalk of completion will he issued after aoccplancc tests have hacn completed.
❑ For specifics ❑n exit ]!igMs and lire cxlinguishors. {}rrel ued maticrs.'contact the Fire
Marshal's Office at 2.50-6620,
I/the protect includes the 8ubdhskawon of land, the }wire Marshal'sOffice muse inspect and
(approve rood design andor ocrstrng maces on the property praor to the frrnaf plot buret~
approved and recorded
❑ Contact the Fire Marshal's Office at 250-6620 for road Yeview and approval.
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Appendix C - Preliminary Schedule and Associated Costs
Key Project Dates
Phase
Tasks
Estimated Costs - Riverside
Rock Structure
Estimated Costs - Silverline
Adjustable Structure
Woodfin Leaders
Assess Community Interest
September 2016—December
and Local Advocates
Assess funder Interest
0
0
2016
Assess Project and
Funding Potential
Bond Referendum November 8th
Hydraulic Modelling - Existing Conditions
$6,164.12
$7,947.71
January 2017 - May, 2017
Preliminary Design
Bathymetric/Topographic Survey
$12,328.24
$15,895.43
Phase
Engineering Design - Prelim Design
Assessment
$14,793.89
$19,074.52
Engineering Design - Develop plans
Preliminary Design
sufficient for Permitting and Development
of Physical Model
$29,587.78
$38,149.03
June 2017 —August 2017
(30%)
Hydraulic Modelling - Proposed
$4,931.30
$6,358.17
Conditions
Engineering Design - Update to Project
Cost Estimates
$3,698.47
$4,768.63
404, 401 Permitting - Submit to
September 2017 - November
Regulatory Agencies for Permitting
$24,656.48
$31,790.86
2018
Permitting Phase
Engineering Design - Make Necessary
Adjustments to Preliminary Design
$7,396.94
$9,537.26
Physical Model
Physical Modelling- Development of
$120,000.00
$120,000.00
August 2018 - November
Development and
1/14th Laboratory Scale Model
2018
Detailed Design
(90%)
Engineering Design - Adjustments to
Preliminary Design
$14,793.89
$19,074.52
Engineering Design - Design and
Construction Drawings Completed
$3,698.47
$4,768.63
November 2018 —January
Design Submittal
Hydraulic Modelling - FinalHydraulicsfor
2019
(100%)
No -Rise
$1,232.82
$1,589.54
Floodplain Permitting
$24,656.48
$31,790.86
Construction
Gather and Evaluate Contractor Bids
January 2019 —April 2019
Drawings,Bid,and
Finalization of Cost Estimates Based On
0
0
Contract for
Construction
Contractor Bids
Construction Materials
$866,259.21
$1,151,634.36
Contractor
Construction Bonding
$36,984.72
$47,686.29
May 2019 —August 2019
Mobilization and
Mob and Demob
$36,984.72
$47,686.29
Construction
Construction Stakeout
$6,164.12
$7,947.71
Construction Monitoring
$98,625.92
$127,163.44
25% Contingency - Construction
N/A
Contingency
Materials and Physical Modelling
$246,564.80
$317,908.59
Sunday, September 01, 2019
Commissioning
Ribbon Cutting and Opening of Project for
0
0
Public Use
Total Project Cost
$1,559,522.37
$2,010,771.83
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

Appendix D: Glossary
These terms are often used in the white water parks business. Let us know if you are left wondering
about a term or phrase —we'll add it to the list!
2-Dimensional Flow Models: Flow models such as River 2d show the nature and distribution of flows.
Flow 2d models are often useful for establishing fish passage by adjusting the design to meet flow
criteria established with permitting authorities.
3-Dimensional Flow Models: Flow models such as Fluent or Flow 3d that use computational fluid
dynamics to compute virtually every characteristic of the flow including vortices, turbulence, water
surface character, and more. These models are often less informative and more expensive than creating
an actual physical model.
Business and Market Analysis: A study that establishes what the market potential for a whitewater
park is in a given community including total expected visitorship and the character and demographics of
these visitors. We also use research data to establish price point and complementary amenities. Based
on this information we create a business and operations model for the client. Our models are very
robust and have, without comment, been reviewed by independent as well as state and banking
reviewers in preparation for grant and loan funding. Beware of freebie and cheap "general purpose"
business models. These are the only white water park business models that provide operators and
financiers the information that they need, for their project, to make it happen.
Class I -VI: Whitewater rapids can be classified according to difficulty and risk. A generally accepted
classification system typically uses roman numerals between I and VI with I being the easiest to navigate
and appropriate for beginners with obvious lines and very little power and class VI being the most
difficult with steep and powerful lines that are difficult to attain and maintain even for the best expert
boaters.
Dangerous "Keeper" Hydraulic: Hydraulic jumps vary in power and character. In general the gamut of
hydraulic jump types varies from glassy green wave to a hydraulic jump that features dangerous
recirculating currents that swimmers have difficulty existing. The designers challenge in whitewater
park design is to create a whitewater feature that has sufficient power to be a play feature, but not so
much power that it creates a hazard to beginner boaters.
Economic Impact Study: A study completed in cooperation with a PhD in economics. We study the
economics of the region surrounding the park and establish, based on published data (or surveyed data
if published data does not exist) what the economic impact of a whitewater park will be to a host
community in terms of total dollars, increased tax revenue, increased average incomes, increased jobs,
and other pertinent economic metrics.
EPDUK: S2o's design partner in Great Britain. S2o and EPDUK partnered together on several projects
including the London Olympic Park Project.
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Floodplain Analysis: A process that undertaken to understand the effect of a whitewater park on a
floodplain at a particular project site. Often the floodplain analysis is conducted hand -in -hand with the
project design to minimize or eliminate flooding impacts.
Freestyle Feature: A surf or play feature of sufficient size and power to be used for Freestyle, or trick
kayaking, competitions.
Freestyle kayaking: A type of whitewater competition in which paddlers surf in a wave or hydraulic and
perform tricks over a set time period. The paddlers are scored according to style, difficulty, and number
and variety of tricks. Large events such as the Teva Mountain Games, which are held in the Nick Turner
(now of S2o) designed pneumatically adjustable play feature can have an economic impact of $3.5
million dollars in a single weekend event!
HEC-RAS Model: a one dimensional flow model developed by the Army Corps of Engineers to predict
flood elevations in rivers. This software has limited applications to Whitewater Design —particularly
within floodplains.
Kayak Park: A whitewater park designed specifically for kayaking. Many of the freestyle whitewater
parks are custom designed to create waves and play -holes specifically for kayaking
Physical Model: A Froude scaled model that is hydraulically scaled (using the Froude number
relationship) to mimic the behavior of a full-sized river. If done properly this model can accurately
predict wave size, height, and shape as well as depths, velocities, and other pertinent course features.
Play Features: Similar to Surfing Features. Surfing features in whitewater parks are waves or hydraulic
jumps which are conducive to surfing a kayak, stand-up-paddleboard (SUP) or surf board. These waves
are called standing waves and remain stationary in the current (in comparison to waves in the ocean
which transit a body of water and break on the beach).
Run -Of -The -River Type Features: Whitewater Park features which are a challenge or that augment the
experience of running the river. These features contrast with Freestyle and Play features in that they
provide a navigational challenge to varying levels of boater.
Slalom kayaking: A type of whitewater competition in which kayakers are timed going through a set
course of slalom gates (poles hung from wires above the river/channel). Paddlers are timed and scored
with the winner posting the fastest time. Large events, such as the 2008 Olympic Team Trials can have
as many as 30,000 spectators in a single weekend and can have millions of dollars in economic impact to
a hosting town or city.
Slalom Racing/Slalom Features: Whitewater Slalom Racing is a timed event wherein kayakers race
through a set of 18-25 slalom gates hung in a whitewater rapid. Athletes are scored based on total
running time plus assessed penalties for touching or missing the gates. Slalom Features are features
that are conducive to setting challenging slalom courses.
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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

Surfing Features: Similar to Play Features. Surfing features in whitewater parks are waves or hydraulic
jumps which are conducive to surfing a kayak, stand-up-paddleboard (SUP) or surf board. These waves
are called standing waves and remain stationary in the current (in comparison to waves in the ocean
which transit a body of water and break on the beach).
Swift water Rescue Park: a park designed specifically to help train rescue authorities in swift water
rescue. These parks can hold cars, trees, and platforms in the main flow and can be turned off in an
instant if a rescue or scenario becomes dangerous.
White water Park Design: The planning, design, market and business analysis, and creation of
construction documents for a white water park.
Whitewater Raft: a watercraft that is inflatable that is typically designed to carry paddlers through a
whitewater rafting. Rafters can be commercial rafters as a part of a for -profit business, or private
rafters, who own or acquire their own inflatable watercraft.
Width, Depth, And Aspect Ratio When Referring to Whitewater Features: Constructed whitewater
features —in particular freestyle features —typically span the river or channel in which they were built.
These features, in order to meet permit and FEMA requirements need to match existing river
morphology in the reach. As a rule the existing bed therefore defines the width, depth, and aspect ratio
of the existing river bed and the designer often checks, by inspection, that the selected location is
appropriate for improvements given the existing aspect ratio of the river.
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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540

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318 McConnell Drive 1 Lyons, CO 1 80540

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318 McConnell Drive I Lyons, CO 180540