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Home My WebLink About20140268_Phase IIb EA (Rodanthe Breach) - December 2013_20150317Administrative Action Environmental Assessment and Section 4(f) Evaluation US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration North Carolina Department of Transpartation NC 12 - Rodanthe Breach Long-Term Improvements Bonner Bridge Replacement Project Phase Ilb Federal-Aid No. BRNHF-0012(56) NCDOT Project Definition: 32635 STIP Project No. B-2500B Dare County, North Carolina Submitted Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act 42 U.S.C. � 4332(2)(c) and 49 U.S.C. � 303 Cooperating Agencies US Coast Guard/LTS Ariny Corps of Engineers US Fish and Wildlife Service/National Park Service / Z Z �3 r, Dat ��13 /� Ric1��r� W. Hancock, P.E. Manager Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit North Carolina Department of Transportation �'✓R ��_ Date , 0 _John F. Sullivan III, P.E, �,��— Division Administrator Federal Highway Administration The following persons may be contacted for additional information concerning this document: John F. Sullivan III, P.E. Federal Highway Administration 310 New Bern Avenue, Suite 410 Raleigh, North Carolina 27601 (919) 856-4346 Richard W. Hancock, P.E. Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit North Carolina Department of Transportation 1548 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1548 (919) 707-6000 The proposed project is the construction of a bridge to replace the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge in Dare County, the demolition and removal of Bonner Bridge, and improvements to NC 12 between the community of Rodanthe and Oregon Inlet.. This EA focuses on the improvement of NC 12 in the vicinity of the Rodanthe breach (that formed during Hurricane Irene in August 2011) and the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot. It identifies and assesses changes in the setting and the project in this area since the approval of the project's Record of Decision in December 2010 and analyzes two detailed study alternatives, including a preferred alternative far improving NC 12 in this area. Comments on this EA are due by at the above address. and should be sent to Richard W. Hancock, P.E. NC 12 - Rodanthe Breach Long-Term Improvements Bonner Bridge Replacement Project Phase Ilb Federal-Aid No. BRNHF-0012(56) NCDOT Project Definition: 32635 STIP No. B-2500B Dare County, North Carolina Administrative Action Environmental Assessment Documentation prepared by: Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. in association with: CZR, Incorporated FDH Engineering, Inc. I'�- 2-13 �. Date J�l-� Page,'�E1ICP, CEP P r•sc�ns Brinckerhoff, Inc. �•crject Manager �� '�'� � �, � a� ...........................�.�. Jf�H��! M. F�,��;�_ �•,..93i]�!��23� � :��. . �. � �A��,_ �Fi�p ••��Q� ��Al PR'��'�5 for the: North Carolina Department of Transportation 12• - 3 Date /Z-Z� 13 D ate � Brian Yamamoto,� North Carolina Department of Transportation Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit ��lC¢A�R �f'�l�i Consultant Group Leader (Eastern Section) -.,��'�,��»��;� C�� = : qq '�.�, .•� � = , a�AL 'r� _ • 33295 ' _ . • Elizal�i'eth A. Smyre, P.E. � �,��• �'N c�,�;•� �"� ,� ;� . �fl�k� . y�`�, Project Deve op�mentrand En�vi o mentalatic�n ��'f��1,�� ,A��,��,'�� Analysis Unit Project Planning Engineer NC 12 Replacement of the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge (Bridge No. 11) over Oregon Inlet Federal-Aid Nos. BRS-2358(15), BRNHF-0012(55), BRNHF-0012(56) NCDOT Project Definition: 32635 TIP Project Nos. B-2500, B-2500A, B-2500B Dare County, North Carolina PROJ ECT COM M ITM ENTS All Project Commitments listed in Appendix A of the Phase IIa Record of Decision (ROD) are in effect. The following text lists the Project Commitments (using the same commitment numbers that were used in the Phase IIa ROD) with direct applicability to the Phase IIb. No new commitments have been added or revised. Highway Design Branch and Technical Services Division 2. Bicvcle Accommodations. The Cape Hatteras National Seashore (Seashore) management plan supports the use of bicycles along NC 12. All bridges associated with the detailed study alternatives (including the Selected Alternative[s]) would have 8-foot (2.4-meter) wide shoulders that would be safer for bicycle and pedestrian traffic than Bonner Bridge's 2-foot (0.6-meter) wide shoulders. In addition, a bicycle- safe bridge rail on the bridges also would provide increased safety for bicyclists. New roadway would have 4-foot (1.2-meter) paved shoulders, which would be safer for use by bicycle and pedestrian traffic than the existing NC 12's unpaved shoulders. Highway Design Branch and Division 1 3. Use of Work Brid�es. During construction of the project, steps taken to minimize turbidity (when possible and practicable) would include the use of work bridges (rather than barges, which would require dredging) for movement of construction equipment in shallow areas where submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is present. If SAV is in waters deep enough to float a barge without dredging, the use of a work bridge would not be necessary. Work bridges also would be used to carry construction equipment over intertidal marsh areas (black needlerush and smooth cordgrass). Dredging generally would only be used in depths less than 6 feet (1.8 meters) where SAV is not present. Work bridges will be used to cross SAVs. Neither dredging nor haul roads would be used in SAVs. 4. Sedimentation and Erosion Control. All waters in the project area are classified as SA waters (Class A salt waters) with a supplemental classification of High Quality Environmental Assessment iii December 2013 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Page 1 of 7 Waters (HQW). The most stringent application of the Best Management Practices (SMPs) is expected where highway projects affect receiving waters of special designation, such as HQW. Also, impacts to adjacent areas of SAV and/or wetlands should be minimized. Therefore, sedimentation and erosion control measures shall adhere to the Design Standards in Sensitive Watersheds [15A NCAC 04B.0124 (b)- (e)]. Prior to construction, the design-build contractor will submit the proposed sediment and erosion control plans for each stage of construction to the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) and permitting agencies for review. 5. Pile Placement. Bridge piles in open water would be jetted to the tip elevation (depth of the tip of the pile). Bridge piles over land would be jetted or driven. Potential damage to wetlands, SAV, and Oregon Inlet from jetting spoils will be minimized to the extent practicable. Highway Design Branch, Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit, and Division 1 8. Design Coordination. NCDOT would invite NPS and USFWS, as well as the other agencies represented on the project's National Environmental Policy Act/Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (NEPA/Section 404) Merger Team (a full list of agencies on the Merger Team is shown on page 8-6 of the 2008 FEIS), to participate in the development of project design and mitigation strategies as a part of the permit application process for each phase of the project 11. Night-time Construction. Because construction activities could occur 24-hours-a- day, construction areas could be lit to daylight conditions at night. NCDOT would work with NCDENR-DMF, NMFS, NPS, and USFWS to determine other areas near project construction where night lighting would need to be avoided or limited. Night lighting also would not be used close to areas where people sleep, including the campground at the northern end of the project area and the Rodanthe area at the southern end. Night lighting also will meet the requirements specified to protect sea turtles contained within Commitment 26.a. 12. Manatee Protection. Construction contracts would require compliance with USFWS's Guidelines for Avoiding Impacts to the West Indian Manatee: Precautionary Measures for Construction Activities in North Carolina Waters (June 2003). 13. Sea Turtle and Smalltooth Sawfish Protection. NCDOT will comply with NMFS's March 23, 2006, Sea Turtle and Smalltooth Sawfish Construction Conditions (NMFS, 2006) that restrict in-water construction-related activities when these protected species are observed in the project area. However, NMFS and NCDOT agree that bridge construction or demolition activities do not need to stop when a protected Environmental Assessment iv December 2013 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Page 2 of 7 species is sighted in the proximity of construction if the construction activities are not in the water. The in-water moratorium prohibits pile installation and removal and activities associated with bridge construction and demolition when listed species are present in the water, but does not restrict terrestrial activity. 20. Atlantic and Shortnose Sturgeon. Conservation measures to protect shortnose sturgeon would include no hopper dredging and measures to minimize habitat degradation. Such measures would include Best Management Practices (BMPs) involving use, storage, and disposal of construction/demolition materials to minimize short-term turbidity or water quality degradation during over-water construction in Oregon Inlet and during periodic maintenance. Construction and demolition activities associated with Phase I of the project would be completed as quickly as possible in order to minimize deterring spawning sturgeon from entering Oregon Inlet. In addition, the project would incorporate BMPs to reduce habitat degradation from stormwater runoff pollution. The same conservation measures will be applied to the Atlantic sturgeon. Highway Design Branch, Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit, Division 1, Right-of-Way Branch, and Technical Services Division 21. Utilities. Project development and construction activities would be coordinated with utility providers in the project area in order to prevent interruption of local utility services. The following utility providers currently serve the project area: Dare County (water service); Sprint Communications (telephone service); Charter Communications (cable television service); and Cape Hatteras Electric Membership Association (electric power service). Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit 23. Pro�rammatic Agreement. As per the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, FHWA, the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), and NCDOT, along with the consulting parties (Dare County, the North Carolina Aquarium Society, USFWS, NPS, and the Chicamacomico Historical Association), developed a Programmatic Agreement (PA) stipulating measures that FHWA will ensure are carried out during the design and construction of the Selected Alternative to mitigate adverse impacts to the historic cultural resources. The final PA (see Appendix D of the 2010 ROD) was signed by the signatory agencies on November 15, 2010 and amended in August 2013 (see Appendix E of the Phase IIa ROD). NCDOT would carry out the stipulations in this agreement. 24. Seabeach Amaranth. Since the favored habitat of the seabeach amaranth is highly ephemeral, a survey of the project area would be conducted for the habitat of this Environmental Assessment v December 2013 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Page 3 of 7 species at least one year prior to initiating bridge construction activities. It would occur as needed for each construction phase Highway Design Branch, Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit, Division 1, and Bridge Management Unit 25. Pi�ing Plover. NCDOT will implement the following nondiscretionary measures that include the terms and conditions outlined in the Biological and Conference Opinions (USFWS, 2008): All construction equipment and personnel must avoid all bird closure areas within the Seashore and Refuge. All future routine maintenance activities of bridge structures that would occur within or adjacent to current or future plover nesting areas must occur outside the nesting season (April 1 to July 15). All future repair work on bridge structures that would occur within or adjacent to current or future plover nesting areas must occur outside the nesting season (Apri11 to July 15) unless emergency or human safety considerations require otherwise. In this event, the area must be surveyed for nesting plovers and avoided to the extent possible. b. During the construction of Phases II, III and IV of the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative (if it is implemented under the NC 12 Transportation Management Plan �Selected Alternative]), keep all construction equipment and activity within the existing right-of-way unless granted approval by the US Fish and Wildlife Service through a revised protected species Biological Opinion. Do not moor any construction barges within 300 feet (91.4 meters) of the following islands: Green Island, Wells Island, Parnell Island, Island MN, Island C, the small unnamed island immediately east of Island C, Island D, and Island G(see Figure 1 in the Biological and Conference Opinions in Appendix E of the 2008 FEIS). c. All dredge spoil excavated for construction barge access must be used to augment either existing dredge-material islands or to create new dredge-material islands for use by foraging plovers. This must be accomplished as per the specifications of the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. If the dredge material is used outside the current defined action area, the action area is assumed to be expanded to cover the beneficial placement of the material. Environmental Assessment vi December 2013 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Page 4 of 7 d. To the maximum extent practical, while ensuring the safety of the traveling public, limit or avoid the use of road signs or other potential predator perches adjacent to plover nesting or foraging areas. Where signs or other structures are necessary, determine if alternative designs would be less conducive for perching on by avian predators (gulls, crows, grackles, hawks, etc.). For example, minimize or avoid the use of large cantilever signs in favor of smaller and shorter designs. 26. Sea Turtles (green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, and loggerhead sea turtle�. NCDOT will implement the following nondiscretionary measures that include the terms and conditions outlined in the Biological and Conference Opinions (USFWS, 2008): a. All construction equipment and personnel must avoid all marked sea turtle nests. Construction material and equipment staging areas must not be located seaward of the artificial dune. All future routine maintenance activities of bridge structures that would occur within or adjacent to current or future sea turtle nesting habitat, and which would require vehicles or equipment on the beach or the use of night lighting (excluding navigation lights required by the US Coast Guard), must occur outside the nesting season (May 1 to November 15). All future repair work of bridge structures that would occur within or adjacent to current or future sea turtle nesting habitat, and which would require vehicles or equipment on the beach or the use of night lighting (excluding navigation lights required by the US Coast Guard) must occur outside the nesting season (May 1 to November 15) unless emergency or human safety considerations require otherwise. In this event, the area must be surveyed for sea turtle nests and avoided to the extent possible. b. Provide an opportunity for USFWS or a USFWS designee to educate construction contractor managers, supervisors, foremen and other key personnel and resident NCDOT personnel with oversight duties (division engineer, resident engineer, division environmental officer, etc.) as to adverse effects of artificial lighting on nesting sea turtles and hatchlings, and to the importance of minimizing those effects. c. During turtle nesting season (May 1 to November 15), use the minimum number and the lowest wattage lights that are necessary for construction. Environmental Assessment vii December 2013 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Page 5 of 7 During turtle nesting season, portable construction lighting must be amber- colored LED lights with a predominant wavelength of approximately 650 nanometers (preferred) or low pressure sodium-vapor type (with USFWS approval). During turtle nesting season, utilize directional shields on all portable construction lights, and avoid directly illuminating the turtle nesting beach at night. During turtle nesting season, all portable construction lights must be mounted as low to the ground as possible. During turtle nesting season, turn off all lights when not needed. d. For Phases II, III, and IV if developed as defined by the Phased Approach/ Rodanthe Bridge Alternative (if it is implemented under the NC 12 Transportation Management Plan f Selected]), on the ocean side, design the bridge structure in a manner which will shield the beach on the east side from direct light emanating from passenger vehicle headlights. For the small portion of Phase I over land on Hatteras Island, retrofit the bridge structure at the time that Phase II connects with Phase I. The specific design of the bridge will be developed in consultation with USFWS prior to re-evaluation of the environmental document for Phase II. e. Avoid retrofitting the bridges and approach roads with permanent light fixtures in the future (excluding navigation lights required by the US Coast Guard). In addition, NCDOT does not anticipate the use of explosives during construction or demolition of the existing bridge. NCDOT's contractor will use pipeline or clamshell dredging, rather than a hopper dredge to minimize effects to sea turtles. No permanent light fixtures will be installed on the bridge or the approaches (with the exception of navigation lights as required by the US Coast Guard). Photogrammetry Unit and Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit 27. Submer e� d Ac�uatic Vegetation (SAV) Surve�. The dynamic nature of the area around Oregon Inlet and the new Pea Island inlet (closed as of May 2013) results in ephemeral habitats, particularly in shallow water and shoreline areas. Consequently, NCDOT would obtain new SAV information for use by the contractor in construction access planning. All surveys for SAV in the vicinity of Oregon Inlet will follow protocols endorsed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries. Environmental Assessment viii December 2013 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Page 6 of 7 Project Development and Environmental Analysis Unit 28. Section 4(f). If a later phase of the Parallel Bridge Corridor with NC 12 Transportation Management Plan Alternative (Selected) requires the use of a Section 4(f) property, then FHWA would complete an additional Section 4(f) analysis prior to FHWA's approval of the later phase. The 2009 Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation would be reviewed to verify the status of Section 4(f) resources, the effects(s) from the proposed response strategies on the Section 4(f) resource, "use" determinations, and, if necessary, a revised least overall harm analysis. 30. Re�lacement of Public Parkin� Lot Near Pea Island Inlet (new). Upon completion of construction of Phase IIa, the parking lot on the east side of NC 12 will be removed by NCDOT, along with all construction materials, including concrete, asphalt, contaminated soils, and any other material not naturally belonging on the site. NCDOT will construct a replacement parking lot at a new site near the northern terminus of the Phase IIb project per the direction of the USFWS. The site would be selected by the Refuge manager with input from NCDOT upon completion of the Phase IIb project. Upon project completion, the maintenance of the parking lot would be the responsibility of the Refuge. Environmental Assessment ix December 2013 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Page 7 of 7 Table of Contents PROJECT COMMITMENTS ................................................................................................... iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Purpose of the Environmental Assessment ....................................................1-2 1.2 Description of PBC/TMP Alternative ..............................................................1-5 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF PHASE IIB ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS .............................. 2-1 3.0 2.1 NC 12 Alternatives Included in the Parallel Bridge Corridor with the PBC/TMP Alternative .........................................................................2-1 2.2 Scoping ..................................................................................................................2-2 2.3 Other Alternatives Considered Based on Public and Agency Comment During Scoping .................................................................. 2-5 2.4 Phase IIb Detailed Study Alternatives (Bridge on New Location and Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement) ................................................2-6 2.4.1 Detailed Study Alternative Selection .................................................... 2-6 2.4.2 Development of Phase IIb Preliminary Design for Bridge on New Location Alternative .................................................... 2-8 2.4.3 Development of Phase IIb Preliminary Design for Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative ......................... 2-9 2.5 Phase IIb Detailed Study Alternatives Cost and Financing ..................... 2-11 2.6 New Studies ....................................................................................................... 2-13 2.6.1 Phase II New Studies Presented in the Phase IIa EA ....................... 2-13 2.6.2 Ongoing and Additional Phase II New Studies ................................ 2-14 DESCRIPTION OF PHASE IIB DETAILED STUDY ALTERNATIVES AND IDENTIFICATION OF PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE .......................................... 3-1 3.1 Description of Bridge on New Location Alternative .................................... 3-1 3.2 Description of Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative ........ 3-2 3.3 Phase IIb Preferred Alternative ........................................................................3-5 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL UPDATE .....................................................................................4-1 4.1 Updated Affected Environment ....................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Community Characteristics ................................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Cultural Resources .................................................................................. 4-3 4.1.3 Parks and Recreation/Wildlife Refuges ................................................ 4-3 4.1.4 Coastal Conditions .................................................................................. 4-3 4.1.5 Biotic Communities, Wetlands, and Open Water Habitat ................ 4-7 Bonner Bridge Replacement EA xi NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table of Contents (continued) 4.1.6 Protected Species ................................................................................... 4-10 4.1.7 Essential Fish Habitat ........................................................................... 4-11 4.2 Updated Impacts of the Phase IIb Detailed Study Alternatives ..............4-12 4.2.1 Community Impacts ............................................................................. 4-15 4.2.2 Visual Impacts ....................................................................................... 4-17 4.2.3 Cultural Resource Impacts ................................................................... 4-20 4.2.4 Parks and Recreation Impacts ............................................................. 4-20 4.2.5 Natural Systems Impacts ...................................................................... 4-24 42.6 Noise Impacts ........................................................................................ 4-34 4.2.7 Air Quality Impacts .............................................................................. 4-39 4.3 Effect of the Phase IIb Detailed Study Alternatives on the PBC/TMP Alternative .......................................................................................4-43 4.3.1 Updated Impacts in the Phase IIb Area ............................................. 4-43 4.3.2 Updated Costs ....................................................................................... 4-44 4.3.3 Impact of Implementation of All Phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative ........................................................................... 4-44 4.4 Phase IIb Permits and Approvals ................................................................... 4-45 5.0 SECTION 4(F) EVALUATION FOR PHASE IIB ......................................................5-1 5.1 October 2009 Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation Findings as Updated in the Phase IIa EA ........................................................................ 5-2 5.2 Proposed Detailed Study Alternatives for Phase IIb .................................. 5-3 5.3 Section 4(f) Properties in the Phase IIb Project Area ....................................5-3 5.3.1 Description of Properties ........................................................................ 5-3 5.3.2 Effect of Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy on Section 4(f) Properties in the Phase IIb Project Area .......................... 5-5 5.4 Impact to Section 4(f) Properties ...................................................................... 5-5 5.4.1 Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge .................................................... 5-6 5.4.2 Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico LifeSaving Station .................................................................................. 5-9 5.5 Analysis of Avoidance Alternatives .............................................................. 5-10 5.5.1 Alternatives Previously Considered that are Not Avoidance Alternatives ........................................................................5-10 5.5.2 Avoidance Alternatives Previously Considered ............................... 5-11 5.5.3 Potential for Additional Phase IIb Avoidance Alternatives............ 5-11 5.5.4 No-Build Alternative ............................................................................ 5-12 5.5.5 Avoidance Alternatives Conclusion ................................................... 5-12 Bonner Bridge Replacement EA xii NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table of Contents (continued) 5.6 Effect on the Least Harm Analysis ................................................................. 5-13 5.6.1 Factor #1: The ability of the alternatives to mitigate adverse impacts to each Section 4(f) property (including any measures that result in benefits to the property) .............................. 5-13 5.6.2 Factor #2: The relative severity of the remaining harm, after mitigation, to the protected activities, attributes, or features that qualify each Section 4(f) property for protection....... 5-14 5.6.3 Factor #3: The relative significance of each Section 4(f) property .. 5-15 5.6.4 Factor #4: The views of the official(s) with jurisdiction over each Section 4(f) property ............................................................ 5-15 5.6.5 Factor #5: The degree to which each alternative meets the purpose and need for the project .................................................. 5-15 5.6.6 Factor #6: After reasonable mitigation, the magnitude of any adverse impacts to resources not protected by Section 4(f) ............ 5-15 5.6.7 Factor #7: Substantial Differences in costs among the alternatives............................................................................................. 5-18 5.6.8 Conclusion ..............................................................................................5-18 5.7 Effect on All Possible Planning to Minimize Harm ...................................5-19 6.0 COMMENTS AND COORDINATION ........................................................................ 6-1 6.1 Public Meetings and Activities .............................................................. 6.1.1 Citizens Informational Workshops for Scoping ....................... 6.1.2 Phase IIa Public Hearings ........................................................... 6.1.3 Newsletters .................................................................................... 6.1.4 Toll-Free Telephone Number ..................................................... 6.1.5 Web Sites ....................................................................................... 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-3 6.2 NEPA/Section 404 Merger Team Meetings and Outcomes ......................... 6-3 6.3 Endangered Species Act Consultation ............................................................ 6-6 6.4 Essential Fish Habitat Coordination ................................................................ 6-7 6.5 Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act Coordination........ 6-7 6.6 List of Agencies, Organizations, and Persons to Whom Copies of the Environmental Assessment are Sent ...................................... 6-9 7.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 7-1 8.0 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... S-1 A. NEPA/404 CONCURRENCE FORMS, AGENCY CORRESPONDENCE, AND MEETING SUMMARIES ................................................................................... A-1 Bonner Bridge Replacement EA xiii NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table of Contents (continued) B C. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT MATERIALS AND CORRESPONDENCE ................ B-1 RESPONSE TO SCOPING COMMENTS ON POTENTIAL PHASE IIB ALTERNATIVES.......................................................................................................... C-1 D. 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE ......................................................................... D-1 E. RELOCATION REPORTS .......................................................................................... E-1 Bonner Bridge Replacement EA xiv NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach List of Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 6 Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Phase IIb Detailed Study Alternatives Cost ................................................ 2-12 Comparison of Existing (2012) and FEIS (2008) Biotic Communities........ 4-9 Relocations....................................................................................................... 4-15 Impacts to Biotic Communities in the Phase IIb Project Area .................. 4-26 Noise Abatement Criteria Noise Abatement Criteria (Hourly Equivalent A-Weighted Sound Level Decibels — dB(A)) ........................... 4-36 Average Daily VMTs in the Phase IIb Project Area ................................... 4-41 Comparison of Key Impacts of the Phase IIb Alternatives ....................... 5-16 Phase IIb Impacts, Mitigation Measures, and Current Status .................. 5-22 List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure D-1 Parallel Bridge Corridor with NC 12 Transportation Management PlanAlternative .................................................................................................1-3 Phase IIb Alternatives Considered ................................................................. 2-3 Phase IIb Detailed Study Alternatives ........................................................... 2-7 Comparison of Bridge on New Location Alternative and „Bridge South" from 2010 EA ....................................................................... 2-10 Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement with Frontage Roads .................. 3-4 Land Use in Rodanthe Area ............................................................................ 4-2 Land Use in Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge ........................................ 4-4 Photosimulation of the Bridge on New Location Alternative .................. 4-18 Photosimulation of Bridge within Existing NC 12 EasementAlternative ..................................................................................... 4-19 Comparison of FEIS and Updated Forecast 2060 High-Erosion Shoreline Locations........................................................................................................... D-1 Bonner Bridge Replacement EA xv NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 1.0 Introduction The Parallel Bridge Corridor with NC 12 Transportation Management Plan Alternative (PBC/TMP Alternative) is the Selected Alternative for the NC 12 Replacement of the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge over Oregon Inlet (Bonner Bridge Replacement Project), which is included in the State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) as STIP Project No. B-2500. The components of the PBC/TMP Alternative are detailed in the December 2010 Record of Decision (ROD). It consists of Phase I, which is the replacement of the Bonner Bridge over Oregon Inlet, and future phases that provide for the long-term maintenance of NC 12 from Oregon Inlet to Rodanthe. The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) has started work on Phase I of the PBC/TMP Alternative; a design-build contract for the construction of the new bridge was awarded in July 2011. A ROD was released in October 2013 for Phase IIa, an improvement in the existing NC 12 easement beginning at the southern end of the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge's (Refuge) South Pond and extending 2.4 miles south, including a 2.1-mile-long bridge. It would bridge Pea Island inlet (formed in 2011 and now closed). The project phase under consideration in this document is Phase IIb of the PBC/TMP Alternative. As discussed in Section 3.3.2 of the 2010 ROD, the PBGTMP Alternative did not specify a particular action at that time on Hatteras Island beyond the limits of Phase I because of the inherent uncertainty in predicting future conditions within the dynamic coastal barrier island environment. Instead, the PBGTMP Alternative addresses the study and selection of future actions on Hatteras Island beyond the limits of Phase I through a comprehensive NC 12 Transportation Management Plan (TMP). The TMP is guiding the implementation of future phases of the project through 2060. By actively monitoring the conditions in the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area and delaying final decision-making as set forth in the TMP, the environmental impacts beyond Phase I can be better quantified, minimized, and mitigated. This process is somewhat analogous to a tiered National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) study, in that the entire end-to-end impacts have been studied, but the detailed selection of a portion of the action is being delayed. The measures incorporated into the TMP to assist in the study and selection of future actions on Hatteras Island beyond the limits of Phase I are described in detail in Section 1.2. In addition to the measures incorporated into the TMP related to guiding the implementation of future phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative, Project Commitment 16 in Appendix A of the 2010 ROD (as updated in the Phase IIa ROD) indicated that final decisions on future phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative would be developed through interagency collaboration and under the requirements of NEPA as project area conditions warrant. Hurricane Irene hit the North Carolina coast on August 27, 2011, and breached NC 12 in two locations: in northern Rodanthe at the Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot (the "Rodanthe breach") and within the Refuge approximately 6 miles south of Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 1-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Oregon Inlet (the "Pea Island inlet"). Hurricane Irene was a powerful and destructive tropical cyclone that affected a significant portion of the east coast of the United States, as well as the Caribbean. As a result of the damage caused by the storm within the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area and the "temporary" nature of the current repairs, NCDOT initiated Phase II (B-2500A and B-2500B) of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) to implement long-term improvements to NC 12 in the two breach areas pursuant to the 2010 ROD. This Environmental Assessment (EA) is intended to fulfill the requirements of NEPA for the Rodanthe breach area (B-2500B or "Phase IIb"). A separate EA was released in February 2013 and a ROD was released in October 2013 for the Pea Island inlet area (B-2500A or "Phase IIa"). The proposed Phase Iib is consistent with the objectives for later phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative as described in Section 3.3.2 of the 2010 ROD. The project area for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) is shown in Figure 1, along with the locations of Phases I and II (both IIa and IIb) of the PBC/TMP Alternative. The Phase IIb (B-2500B) project area also is shown in Figure 1. The Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area starts at the southern tip of Bodie Island and extends south to the community of Rodanthe. The boundaries of the project area were chosen to include the Bonner Bridge over Oregon Inlet, as well as NC 12 between Oregon Inlet and the community of Rodanthe, an area that is at risk because of shoreline erosion. The Phase IIb project area includes the area between about the southern end of the 2.1-mile section of NC 12 in the southern half of the Refuge that is not expected to be threatened by shoreline erosion prior to 2060 and NC 12's intersection with Myrna Peters Road (SR 1492) in Rodanthe. This area includes the Rodanthe breach that was created by Hurricane Irene in August 2011, as well as the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot and two areas identified in the 2008 Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) as geologically susceptible to breaches (see Figure 1). 1.1 Purpose of the Environmental Assessment The purpose of this EA for Phase IIb is to identify and assess changes in the setting, project, and impacts that may have occurred since the 2010 ROD for the PBGTMP Alternative was issued on December 20, 2010. This EA for Phase IIb is established on the previous NEPA documentation for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) as its basis. The previous NEPA documentation includes: • Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) and Section 4(f) Evaluation signed in September 2008 (2008 FEIS). • Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation signed in October 2009. • Environmental Assessment signed in May 2010 (2010 EA). Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 1-2 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach ��:� 345 �Q�r, < � �� WANCHESE � �J � Roar�oke I.slarad , � Q � � � 0 O O �.�'�`,� � D o ,� � � b �1 � U :� � � � • � Bodie � Island �� Ducic - � Island � �! � � �\', I`,'� �� 2. o �� Coast Guard �� °. Station and Oregon .� J � Inlet Marina � �O �.:: � •: y �i+� ;.�3 s � � � 0 r � LEGEND ,'.,� Parallel Bridge Corridor � Known Submerged Aquatic Vegetation � Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge* � Hot Spots 0 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Navigation Chart - Project Area Depths less than 6 feet (1.8m) � Approx. 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SS \\\\4\\\\\\\\ \''' ,�� \\\\\\4\\\\\ \'.`-- ^r \\1\\\\\\\\\ \ti'•. ♦��t� � ♦��ti�•..�.,�. , . . . . . ♦��..... . . . � ♦k��+.�-. ♦��+.��. ♦\\�y �: Hatteras � " Islancl ,..... 4\\\�.'. 4\\t�.'. ..,,., . : �. „ ,,.�, . . .,, �. .. •. •. •. �. .......�. ..,,..••. \\\\4\�. .....� .ti.�. '�... . Sandbag Area Hot Spot � , 4 � 1 � 1 � 1 , �I� I , \ , o�� _� . ��L (5 e Emergency / Ferry Dock � 0 1 2KM 0 1 2 Miles � � � � Pea Island Inlet ��"'��': Phase Ilb ��. : Project Area �� % Rodanthe 'S' '� Curves Hot Spof e ; er �,0: � , _� �4�� RODANTHE PARALLEL BRIDGE CORRIDOR WITH NC 12 Figure TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PLAN ALTERNATIVE 1 Record of Decision that selected the PBC/TMP Alternative issued in December 2010 (2010 ROD). • Environmental Assessment for Phase IIa signed in February 2013 (Phase IIa EA). • Record of Decision for Phase IIa issued in October 2013 (Phase IIa ROD). The findings of these documents are incorporated into this EA by this reference. The Phase IIa EA and the Phase IIa ROD are available on the compact disc (CD) that accompanies this EA, at the public review locations listed in Section 6.6, and on the NCDOT web site at http://www.ncdot.gov/projects/bonnerbridgephase2. The purpose of this EA also is to provide documentation of compliance with NEPA in accordance with the PBC/TMP Alternative. The limits of the Phase IIb project area in the context of the PBC/TMP Alternative are shown in Figure 1. This EA includes the following: • A description of the Phase IIb alternative screening process, including the steps followed (including scoping), alternatives considered, screening findings, and several additional studies conducted in the project area. A description of the two detailed study alternatives for Phase IIb (Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative and Bridge on New Location Alternative) that were selected by the project's NEPA/Section 404 Merger Team for detailed study. (See Section 6.2 for a description of the Merger Team process and Section 6.2.6 of the Phase IIa EA for a description of the November 14, 2012 Merger Team meeting at which these two alternatives were selected.) The decisions at the November 14, 2012 meeting relevant to Phase IIb are described in Section 6.2 of this EA. The Concurrence Point No. 2 and 2A form for Phase IIb is included in Appendix A of this EA. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative is identified as the Preferred Alternative in this EA. An update of the assessment of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, including a description of changes in the environmental setting since the release of the 2010 ROD; a description of the impacts of the two detailed study alternatives; a discussion of costs and financing; and a discussion of the effects that the changes in setting, Phase IIb impacts, and costs and financing findings have on the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) as a whole. Changes in the environmental setting since the release of the 2010 ROD are primarily associated with on-going beach erosion and storm activity, including the formation of the Rodanthe breach during Hurricane Irene in August 2011 (which was closed by NCDOT during repairs to NC 12) and on-going challenges of keeping NC 12 open at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot during storm events. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 1-4 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach An evaluation of the October 2009 Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation (Revised 4(f) Evaluation) that includes: a summary of the findings from the October 2009 Revised 4(f) Evaluation, a brief description of the two proposed detailed study alternatives for Phase IIb, a description of the three Section 4(f) properties in the Phase IIb project area, a discussion of the impacts to those Section 4(f) properties (a use or constructive use would occur at only one of the three properties), an analysis of avoidance alternatives, the least harm analysis, and all possible planning to minimize harm. A summary of public and agency scoping conducted during the consideration of Phase II, including responses to scoping comments directly associated with Phase Iib. The public and agency scoping program for Phase II was described in detail in Chapter 6.0 of the Phase IIa EA. Responses to scoping comments related to Phase IIa and Phase II in general also were presented in that document. Comments related to Phase IIb that were raised at the Phase IIa public hearings and during the Phase IIa comment period also are presented. An analysis of and preliminary conclusion on the need to prepare a supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The findings contained within this EA and subsequent review of this EA by the public and environmental resource and regulatory agencies will be used to determine whether or not these changes or circumstances would result in significant environmental impacts in the Phase IIb project area that were not evaluated in the 2008 FEIS, the 2010 EA, and the 2010 ROD, as well as to finalize a Selected Alternative for Phase IIb. If the agency conclusion is that these changes or circumstances would result in significant environmental impacts not evaluated in the previous NEPA documentation, then a supplemental EIS will be prepared. FHWA and NCDOT will make this EA available to provide resource agencies and the public an opportunity to review and comment. Comments received will be reviewed and taken into account prior either to the determination to prepare a supplemental EIS or to the approval of a ROD for Phase IIb, which will identify the Selected Alternative for Phase IIb. 1.2 Description of PBC/TMP Alternative The PBC/TMP Alternative was identified in the 2010 ROD as the Selected Alternative for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500). The PBGTMP Alternative includes the replacement of the existing Bonner Bridge with a new Oregon Inlet bridge parallel to and west of the Sonner Bridge as Phase I of the project, as well as the Phase IIa project selected in the October Phase IIa ROD. A design-build contract for Phase I was awarded in July 2011. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 1-5 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach The PBC/TMP Alternative calls for the study and selection of future actions on Hatteras Island beyond the limits of Phase I through a comprehensive NC 12 Transportation Management Plan. The PBC/TMP Alternative includes the following measures described in Section 3.3.2 of the 2010 ROD beginning on page 12: • NCDOT will fund and implement an on-going coastal monitoring program on Hatteras Island within the project study area (i.e., Oregon Inlet to Rodanthe). The data to be gathered includes the extent and location of geomorphological features, the relationship of NC 12 to those features, overwash occurrences, NC 12 maintenance data, dredge disposal and beach nourishment projects undertaken, and storm event data. The results presented in the monitoring program's annual reports will be used to determine when planning of future phases of the project should begin. The program was initiated in early 2011. • NCDOT will fund and implement a periodic Refuge habitat/NC 12 vulnerability forecasting study in consultation with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) with at least a five-year recurrence. Through this program, NCDOT and USFWS will work together to develop and assess alternative future scenarios including possible site-specific events and remedies. This program is based on the on-going findings of the coastal monitoring program (as discussed in Section 2.6.3 of the Phase IIa EA). With the current focus on developing for implementation the Phase II projects, the vulnerability forecasting component of the PBC/TMP Alternative has not yet formally begun. The coastal monitoring program results to date have, however, identified potential areas within the Refuge where NC 12 is vulnerable. These areas likely will be the initial focus of the first vulnerability forecasting study. • NCDOT and FHWA will use the results of the coastal monitoring program and the periodic Refuge habitat/NC 12 vulnerability forecasting study to determine when the environmental review for each phase (e.g., Phase III) should be initiated and what alternative actions should be studied in detail. This assessment will be performed after the completion of each report prepared as part of the coastal monitoring program and after each iteration of the vulnerability study. In other words, based on the measures included in the PBC/TMP Alternative, the conditions in the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area will be constantly re-assessed to determine whether the next project phase should be implemented until the full PBC/TMP Alternative is completed. • The NEPA/Section 404 Merger Process will be used to study, select, and finalize future phases. The NEPA/Section 404 Merger Process is described in Section 6.2. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 1-6 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 2.0 Description of Phase Ilb Alternatives Analysis 2.1 NC 12 Alternatives Included in the Parallel Bridge Corridor with the PBC/TMP Alternative The alternatives listed below were previously assessed within the Parallel Bridge Corridor in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. They are included in the PSC/TMP Alternative as potential phases beyond Phase I and are representative of the range of potential impacts of the PBC/TMP Alternative. Section 2.10 of the 2008 FEIS describes these Parallel Bridge Corridor alternatives in detail. In addition, Section 2.1 of the 2010 EA describes updates to the designs of several of these alternatives so as to address agency concerns about impacts to the Rodanthe Historic District. These PBC/TMP Alternatives are: • Nourishment Alternative — NC 12 would remain in its current location and beach nourishment (combined with dune enhancement) would be used to maintain an adequate protective beach and dune system. Nourishment would occur in four locations, likely repeated at four-year intervals. • Road North/Bridge South Alternative — NC 12 would be relocated as a road west of the forecast 2060 high-erosion shoreline in the north end of the Refuge. At the south end of the Refuge and in Rodanthe, NC 12 would be placed on a bridge west of Hatteras Island. • All Bridge Alternative — NC 12 would be relocated onto a bridge west of the forecast 2060 high-erosion shoreline in the north end of the Refuge. At the south end of the Refuge and in Rodanthe, NC 12 would be placed on a bridge west of Hatteras Island. • Phased Approach Alternatives — NC 12 would be elevated in its current easement onto a series of bridges within the Refuge and in Rodanthe. There are two options for the Phased Approach in Rodanthe. The Phased Approach/Rodanthe Nourishment Alternative includes a bridge that ends just south of the Refuge boundary and the use of beach nourishment to stabilize NC 12 in Rodanthe. The Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative includes a bridge in Rodanthe that ends just north of the Rodanthe Historic District (no beach nourishment). The Selected Alternative in Phase IIa, the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, elevates NC 12 in its current easement in the area in the Refuge near the Pea Island inlet. All of these alternatives remain potential options for future phases, reflecting several basic approaches to addressing project need, including: addressing the threat to existing Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach NC 12 by protecting the road from the natural forces (e.g., ocean overwash and beach erosion) that create the need for improvements, moving the road west on a road away from the shoreline affected by current and future erosion, and moving NC 12 to a bridge either in the existing easement or west away from the shoreline affected by current and future erosion. Based on the original alternatives listed above, four alternatives were considered as possible long-term improvements for the Phase IIb Rodanthe breach study area. As a Phase IIb alternative, all four alternatives would extend from within the Refuge south to the intersection of NC 12 and Myrna Peters Road (SR 1492) in Rodanthe. This distance includes the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot and two areas identified in the 2008 FEIS for this study area as geologically susceptible to breaches (see Figure 1). The four alternatives considered for study in the Rodanthe breach study area are: 1. Beach Nourishment 2. Bridge on New Location (from Road North/Bridge South and All Bridge alternatives) 3. Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement (part of Phase II of Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative) 4. Sridge within Existing NC 12 Easement and Beach Nourishment (part of Phase II of Phased Approach/Rodanthe Nourishment Alternative) In the remainder of this EA for Phase IIb, these alternatives will be identified by their Phase IIb descriptive names above rather that the names used in previous environmental documentation. These four alternatives, which were assessed in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA, are illustrated in Figure 2. This Phase IIb EA does not address alternatives to the PBC/TMP Alternative that were suggested during scoping for Phase II (i.e., the Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor, the Ferry Alternative, a bridge from Rodanthe to either Stumpy Point or Roanoke Island, and the Seven-Mile Sridge Alternative). Section 2.3 of the Phase IIa EA describes these alternatives and the reasons each was not studied in detail in Phase II. Appendix C of the Phase IIa ROD responds to additional comments advocating these alternatives that were received during the public review process for the Phase IIa EA. Consideration of these comments did not result in a change in the decision not to study these alternatives in detail for Phase II. 2.2 Scoping Scoping activities completed as part of Phase II included an October 18, 2011 Merger Team meeting, an October 2011 Peer Exchange meeting, and three Citizens Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-2 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach ,::; ■ Y �_ �� `� A � � ^ � .# \�� ps � �� ; �,}? +'. � �� , b f . �.�; ti .�s ��! • �.i, "; � .. . o ' ;� � r y�r " uW � END OF BRIDGE WI EXISTING NC 12 EA AND BEACH NOURI ■ Bridge on New Location �Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement and Beach Nourishment ■ Beach Nourishment Aerial date: April 13, 2013 �� `° � � � __ ,.} =� � � �'�"� �r � .. � � . � , _ .� -[ �.. . .�.- .-_--d- _ . j nauuua� vr ��',_ � � ��'-. r . '� -- � ! � 0 025 0.50 APPROXIMATE SCALE IN MILES PHASE Ilb ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED Figure 2 Informational Workshops: • The October 18, 2011 Merger Team meeting was an informational/scoping meeting. The purposes of the meeting were for NCDOT to inform the Merger Team members about the initiation of Phase II following Hurricane Irene, as well as to allow agency representatives to provide scoping comments on impact issues and alternatives related to the two breach sites (i.e., Pea Island inlet and Rodanthe). The action items identified at the meeting were to: further address the merits of a Ferry Alternative (see Section 2.3.2 of the Phase IIa EA), consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 regarding the Atlantic sturgeon (see Sections 4.1.4 and 4.2.4.4 of the Phase IIa EA and Section 4.1.6 and 4.2.5.4 of this EA), revisit the cost and financing of a bridge in the Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor (see Section 2.6.1 of the Phase IIa EA), and consider a "Seven-Mile Bridge Alternative" (see Section 2.3.4 of the Phase IIa EA). This meeting is described in Section 6.2.2 of the Phase IIa EA. • The purposes of the October 24 and 25, 2011 Peer Exchange meeting were to get feedback from a panel of coastal scientists and engineers on the four Parallel Bridge Corridor alternatives under consideration for the Phase IIa and IIb project areas, as well as to get their suggestions on other potential alternatives for consideration (see Section 2.6.2 of the Phase IIa EA for a summary of the Peer Exchange meeting). In response to this request, the USFWS-Refuge representative suggested a"Seven-Mile Bridge Alternative" as a possible additional option. The USFWS-Refuge representative also mentioned this option at the October 18, 2011 Merger Team meeting. Section 2.3.4 of the Phase IIa EA presents a detailed discussion of the Seven-Mile Bridge Alternative, including the additional coordination that took place with USFWS-Refuge related to this alternative). • Citizens Informational Workshops were held in Manteo (December 5, 2011) at the Dare County Administration Building, in Rodanthe (December 6, 2011) at the Rodanthe-Waves-Salvo Community Center, and in Ocracoke (January 5, 2012) at the Community Center. The purposes of the three workshops were to provide the public with an opportunity to review and revisit the alternatives considered in the 2008 FEIS and the 2010 EA, to consider their potential implementation at the two breach sites, and to suggest other alternatives that might be considered. Environmental issues also were discussed. These workshops are described in Section 6.1.1 of the Phase IIa EA. Scoping comments were made related to project need and timing, reconsideration of the Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor, reconsideration of a Ferry Alternative, consideration of bridges to Rodanthe originating at either Stumpy Point or Roanoke Island, potential impacts and merits of relocating NC 12 on a bridge either in a new NC 12 easement (within the Refuge or Pamlico Sound) or in the existing easement, potential impacts and merits of relocating NC 12 as a surface road, potential impacts and merits of beach Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-4 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach nourishment, concerns about the length of the temporary bridge, utility relocation along NC 12, the potential impacts of a"Seven-Mile Bridge" Alternative, and the legality of phased decision-making. Workshop materials and public scoping comments are included in Appendix B. These items also appeared in Appendix B of the Phase IIa EA. Public Hearings were held to obtain public input on the Phase IIa EA in Manteo (March 11, 2013) at the Dare County Administration Building, in Rodanthe (March 12, 2013) at the Rodanthe-Waves-Salvo Community Center, and in Ocracoke (March 13, 2013) at the Community Center. Public comments also were made on Phase IIb during the Phase IIa Public Hearings (see Appendix C). These comments included: an inquiry about the possibility for an emergency bridge solution prior to implementation of Phase IIb, immediate need for beach nourishment to address challenges with keeping NC 12 open at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot, preference for an immediate long-term solution that would support the community, preference for an immediate short-term solution that would support tourism until a permanent solution is reached, concerns about impacts to businesses properties under each of the Phase IIb alternatives, reconsideration of beach renourishment to sustain recreation in the Rodanthe area, request to consider alternatives that would further reduce the visual impact of a bridge in Pamlico Sound, opposition to a bridge within the existing NC 12 easement, preference for an alternative that would bypass Rodanthe to the west in Pamlico Sound, and opposition to short-term cosmetic fixes. 2.3 Other Alternatives Considered Based on Public and Agency Comment During Scoping Some public and agency scoping comments received at and following the December 2011 and January 2012 Citizens Informational Workshops for Phase II suggested that three alternatives previously rejected as detailed study alternatives be revisited: the Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor Alternative, the Ferry Alternative, and a bridge from Rodanthe to either Stumpy Point or Roanoke Island. A fourth, the Seven-Mile Bridge Alternative, was suggested in the context of agency scoping. These alternatives were all re-considered or considered. Detailed discussions of the analyses for each alternative are provided in the Phase IIa EA in the following sections: • Section 2.3.1 — Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor • Section 2.3.2 — Ferry Alternative • Section 2.3.3 — Bridge from Rodanthe to Either Stumpy Point or Roanoke Island • Section 2.3.4 — Seven-Mile Bridge Alternative Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-5 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach The conclusion was reached that all four alternatives are unreasonable because they do not meet the project purpose and need, are not affordable, and/or because of potential environmental impacts. Appendix C of the Phase IIa ROD responds to additional comments advocating the first three alternatives that were received during the public and agency review process for the Phase IIa EA. The responses to those comments re- affirmed the reasons each was not a reasonable alternative. 2.4 Phase Ilb Detailed Study Alternatives (Bridge on New Location and Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement) 2.4.1 Detailed Study Alternative Selection At the November 14, 2012 Merger Team meeting, the Team reached consensus that, from among the alternatives described in the previous sections, the Bridge on New Location and the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement alternatives (see Figure 3) would be carried forward as the detailed study alternatives for Phase IIb. FHWA, NCDOT, US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR)-Division of Water Quality (DWQ) (now within NCDENR-Division of Water Resources [DWR]), the Narth Carolina Department of Cultural Resources (NCDCR), and NCDENR-Division of Coastal Management (DCM) signed the Merger Team concurrence forms. USEPA, USFWS, USFWS-Refuge, NMFS, the National Park Service (NPS), NCDENR-Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF), and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) abstained (see Section 6.2 for the Merger Process definition of abstention). The concurrence form is included in Appendix A of this Phase IIb EA. The Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would involve building a bridge on new location (part of Road North/Bridge South Alternative) or building a bridge in the existing NC 12 easement (portion of Phase II of Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative). The Bridge on New Location Alternative, including the bridge and its associated roadway approaches, is approximately 3.0 miles in length. The bridge portion of this alternative is approximately 2.6 miles in length. The reasons the Bridge on New Location Alternative was selected as a detailed study alternative are: it would avoid the entire area considered geologically susceptible to breaches in the Phase IIb project area (see Figure 3) and it would be less vulnerable to potential future changes in Hatteras Island resulting from shoreline erosion than the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. Finally, it would remove the NC 12 transportation corridor from a portion of the Refuge, allowing natural coastal processes to resume in that portion of the Refuge, which is consistent with current Refuge management policy. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-6 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach —� � � � �n �. A � Ati � �� `DF,/ / . * ��t �� I - 1 ✓ � �' �� ` _ ' ��,� �' ;, ^� � ,� ��.:�'��;�'` ��'�� x �. x�`�_. ,�.� � - ,!� :'y . �� r+. �y ; . _, W. : .,y �' ,� ,�.,.. 12 �•� .. "� �- '/� f r,`.r .�..�ta � ■ Bridge on New Location Bridge within Existing � NC 12 Easement Aerial date: April 13, 2013 � r.w.•�r srrw..� • • - , - . .---�°-- 0 025 0.50 APPROXIMATE SCALE IN MILES Figure PHASE Ilb DETAILED STUDY ALTERNATIVES 3 The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative is approximately 2.5 miles in length, including the roadway approaches to the bridge. The bridge portion of this alternative is approximately 2.3 miles in length. The reasons the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative was selected as a detailed study alternative are that it would bridge over the entire area considered geologically susceptible to breaches in the Phase IIb project area (see Figure 3) and it would not require a change in the existing NC 12 easement within the Refuge. The Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are described further in Chapter 3.0, and potential impacts are discussed in Section 4.2. The remaining alternatives discussed in Section 2.1 and the reasons that each was eliminated from further consideration are: • Beach Nourishment — This alternative was eliminated because of uncertainties related to the availability of a suitable sand source over the project's estimated 50- year life (i.e., through 2060); it would not adequately protect NC 12 from potential future breaches/ inlets (either from the ocean or sound-side [such as Hurricane Irene] storm surges, although the dunes associated with this alternative would reduce the risk of a breach occurring in this area since NC 12 would remain at-grade; it would not allow natural island processes to occur; and, based on the opinions of USFWS representatives, it is not likely to be found compatible with the Refuge's mission and purpose. It also was a recommendation of the October 2011 Peer Exchange coastal expert panel that a long-term beach nourishment program not be implemented in the Phase IIb project area because of the high rate of shoreline erosion in this area (See Section 2.6.1). Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement and Beach Nourishment — This alternative was eliminated because its nourishment component presented concerns similar to the Beach Nourishment Alternative. The primary difference is that although the availability of a suitable sand source is a concern, this alternative would require less sand over the project's estimated 50-year life (i.e., through 2060) than the Seach Nourishment (only) alternative, because a smaller area of beach would be nourished. 2.4.2 Development of Phase Ilb Preliminary Design for Bridge on New Location Alternative The preliminary design for the Bridge on New Location Alternative assessed in this EA incorporates two changes from the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South Alternative that was assessed in the 2010 EA. First, the northern end was refined in consultation with Refuge representatives to identify an alignment that minimized the use of new Refuge lands while conforming to NCDOT design standards. The alignment assessed in this EA would require 2.79 acres of new easement in the Refuge. The alternative is designed to be entirely on structure when it leaves the existing NC 12 easement so that the direct impact to Refuge habitat would be limited to bridge piles and shading from the bridge deck. Second, because in order for the alternative to Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-S NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach continue to meet horizontal curve design speed requirements after the first change, the alignment was further shifted approximately 930 to 950 feet further to the west in Pamlico Sound. (See Figure 4.) The Bridge on New Location Alternative both begins and terminates more than 230 feet soundward of the 2060 high erosion shoreline forecast in 2012, NCDOT's preferred criterion for minimizing the potential for impacts from shoreline erosion prior to 2060. 2.4.3 Development of Phase Ilb Preliminary Design for Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative The preliminary design for the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative assessed in this EA incorporates three refinements from the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative assessed in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. One design refinement is within the Refuge, while the other two are in Rodanthe. Within the Refuge, the bridge is lower in height. The additional site analysis performed for necessary bridge heights by NCDOT for the Phase IIa project area applies to Phase IIb in the Refuge (see Section 4.2.1 of the Phase IIa EA on page 4-16). This analysis was done in coordination with members of the committee who originally developed Hurricane Katrina storm surge safety requirements. Based on the results of this analysis, it was determined that it would be sufficient for the Phase IIb bridge to have 15.8 feet of clearance between mean high water and the bottom of the superstructure, instead of 25 feet. In addition, the deck would be at 25 feet above mean sea level instead of 33.5 feet. Within Rodanthe, the bridge also is lower in height but not as low as in the Refuge. In Rodanthe, motor vehicles operating on the one-way frontage roads parallel to the bridge need to make u-turns under the bridge (see Figure 5 in Section 3.2 below). The frontage roads would be provided to maintain access to private property on either side of NC 12. The bridge clearance in Rodanthe needs to be high enough to accommodate large trucks that might need to make a u-turn under the bridge. In Rodanthe, the Phase IIb bridge would have a minimum of 17 feet of clearance for motor vehicle traffic (between the ground and the bottom of the superstructure). The deck would be 30 feet above mean sea level instead of the 33.5 feet in the earlier design. Also within Rodanthe, the design assessed in the 2010 EA ended the main (33.5-foot- high) bridge at a point approximately 680 feet north of Myra Peters Road (SR 1492). The design assessed in the 2010 EA avoided adverse impacts to the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station and Rodanthe Historic District, but did not achieve the project goal of placing the end of the main bridge 230 feet soundward of the forecast 2060 high-erosion shoreline used for the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. Under the 2010 design, the main bridge Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-9 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach COMPARISON OF BRIDGE ON NEW LOCATION ALTERNATIVE Figure AND "BRIDGE SOUTH" FROM 2010 EA 4 ended approximately 250 feet seaward of the forecast 2060 high erosion shoreline (between the forecast 2040 and 2050 high erosion shorelines). A slip ramp (ramp on the sound side of and parallel to the main bridge) was used to bring traffic down to the ground level before NC 12 reaches the historic district. The intent was that if high erosion rates manifested themselves, or a breach occurred that put the slip ramp-to- grade at risk, then, following additional environmental analysis, a new ramp could be built off the end of the full height bridge and/or the full height bridge could be extended. In terms of impacts to the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station and Rodanthe Historic District, the then-forecast 2060 high erosion shoreline placed almost all of the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station and approximately half of the Rodanthe Historic District in the Atlantic Ocean. FHWA and NCDOT planned to reassess the condition of these historic resources prior to the implementation of any extension of this alternative southward in response to shoreline erosion. As shown in Figure D-1 in Appendix D, the erosion in the Rodanthe area through 2060 is now forecast to be less than was forecast for the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. This provides an opportunity to alter the south end of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative to eliminate the slip ramp and bring the bridge down to grade before the Rodanthe Historic District. This design reduces the community impacts that had resulted from the wider NC 12 right-of-way needed to accommodate both the main bridge and the slip ramp. In Rodanthe, the revised main bridge ends approximately 140 feet west of the 2060 high erosion shoreline forecast using data through 2012. The approach bridge and fill then extend from the end of the main bridge. The revised design also does not meet the original goal of placing the end of the main bridge 230 feet soundward of the forecast 2060 high-erosion shoreline, but it offers a reasonable balance for this alternative between that goal and the objective of minimizing impacts to the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station, and the Rodanthe Historic District. The northern end of this alternative is more than 230 feet soundward of the forecast 2060 high erosion shoreline. 2.5 Phase Ilb Detailed Study Alternatives Cost and Financing Based on the revised designs, NCDOT updated the construction cost estimates for the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives. Consistent with the cost estimates included in the 2008 FEIS, a"low" and "high" construction cost estimate was prepared to reflect a range of possible structure types and construction techniques. These estimates are shown in Table 1 and are subject to change as the final design is developed. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-11 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table 1. Phase IIb Detailed Study Alternatives Cost Bridge on New Location Bridge within Existing NC 12 Type of Cost Alternative Easement Alternative Low H i h Low H i h Construction $198,000,000 $231,000,000 $153,000,000 $181,000,000 Ri ht-of-Wa $5,100,000 $33,350,000 Utilitiesl $244,650 $1,153,250 TOTAL $203,344,650 $236,344,650 $187,503,250 $215,503,250 1NCDOT pays utility relocation costs when its projects directly affect utilities outside NCDOT's existing right-of-way or directly affect utilities within NCDOT's existing right-of-way where the utility's easement rights pre-date NCDOT's right-of-way ownership. Phase IIb would be funded through existing federal and state funding sources available to transportation projects and allocated to NCDOT's Division 1' in the STIP. In addition, FHWA advised NCDOT that a portion of the cost of Phase II(including Phase IIa and Phase IIb) may be eligible for reimbursement under federal Emergency Relief2 (ER) funding. The amount of ER funding available for Phase II will depend upon the scope of the long-term solution as compared to the original damage as a result of the storm. FHWA estimates that 30 percent of the long-term solution at the Rodanthe site (Phase IIb) will be eligible for ER funding; however, the ER funding is provided through a reimbursement process and is not necessarily a guaranteed funding source. Phases I(Bonner Bridge Replacement), IIa (Pea Island inlet), and IIb (Rodanthe breach) have all been allocated funding in the current (2012 to 2018) STIP. Therefore, the construction of Phase I could proceed as soon as relevant legal and permitting matters are resolved. NCDOT's current construction objectives call for being ready to construct long-term improvements at Pea Island inlet (Phase IIa) in winter 2013 and being ready to award a design-build construction contract for the long-term improvements at the Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot (Phase IIb) in spring 2014. NCDOT plans to be ready to begin construction on both Phases IIa and IIb when relevant legal and permitting matters are resolved. 1 NCDOT Division 1 includes the following counties: Bertie, Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Dare, Gates, Hertford, Hyde, Martin, Northampton, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington. z The FHWA Emergency Relief Program is a special program from the Highway Trust Fund for the repair or construction of federal-aid highways and roads on federal lands that have suffered serious damage as a result of natural disasters or catastrophic failures from an external cause. The funding supplements the commitment of resources by states to help pay for unusually heavy expenses resulting from extraordinary conditions (i.e., damage to highways must be severe, occur over a wide area, and be unusually expensive to the highway agency). Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-12 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 2.6 New Studies 2.6.1 Phase II New Studies Presented in the Phase Ila EA The Phase IIa EA documented the following four new studies associated with Phase II: New Cost Estimates for the Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor are presented in Section 2.3.1 (beginning on page 2-5). Peer Exchange Meeting held in October 2011 to discuss the impacts of Hurricane Irene as well as engineering and scientific concerns over proposed long-term options for NC 12; a summary of the meeting discussions and main conclusions related to Phase IIa are presented in Section 2.6.2 (beginning on page 2-29). Findings pertaining to Phase IIb are: — The Panel agreed that the two breaches resulting from Hurricane Irene were not caused by a storm surge from the ocean side, but rather from the sound side. Also, they agreed that the storm surge flooded man-made ditches to the west of the Rodanthe breach location and continued to the ocean to create the Rodanthe breach. — The Panel noted that because of the high shoreline erosion rate in the Phase IIb project area, a bridge within the existing NC 12 easement would ultimately result in the structure being in the ocean a notable distance from shore, as compared to other locations where this alternative might be used. Thus, the Panel agreed that from this perspective, the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be not the best long-term solution at the Rodanthe breach site. — The Panel agreed that from a coastal engineering perspective, placing NC 12 on a bridge in Pamlico Sound (Bridge on New Location Alternative) would be a better option than the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative because it would be less vulnerable to potential future changes in Hatteras Island resulting from shoreline erosion and breach formation. — The Panel recommended that beach nourishment should not be used as a long- term solution at the Rodanthe breach site because it would not address the area's susceptibility to inlet formation and because of the area's high rate of shoreline erosion. — The Panel indicated that the Bridge on New Location Alternative should be considered, but the Panel acknowledged that impacts to the Refuge, wetlands, and homes within Rodanthe are concerns with that alternative. • Updated 2060 Shoreline Forecast and Other Coastal Conditions Updates are presented in Section 2.6.3 (beginning on page 2-32). The 2060 high erosion forecast Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-13 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach completed in 2011 as compared to the shoreline forecast used with the 2008 FEIS is presented in Appendix D of the Phase IIa EA for the project area from Oregon Inlet to Rodanthe. A new shoreline forecast adding 2012 erosion data was completed in 2013 and is illustrated in Appendix D of this EA along with the two previous forecasts. Where forecast lines overlap, the most recent is shown. The biggest change from the 2011 forecast is in Rodanthe where the 2060 high erosion shoreline is approximately 40 to 80 feet further east. • Bird survey results are presented in Section 2.6.4 (beginning on page 2-33). 2.6.2 Ongoing and Additional Phase II New Studies 2.6.2.1 On-Going Bird Surveys Semimonthly (twice a month) bird surveys conducted by NCDOT began in October 2011 to record shorebird utilization of the new habitat created by the formation of the Pea Island inlet. Beginning in 2013, the monthly bird surveys included the entire length of the Refuge and the Bodie Island spit on the north side of Oregon Inlet until that area was closed for nesting birds. According to NPS data, four American oystercatcher nests were in the spit closure, but no piping plover or black skimmer nests were found. Piping plovers were observed at the spit area and in the area behind the (former) US Coast Guard station on the south side of Oregon Inlet beginning in March 2013. As many as seven piping plovers were observed at one time in the area behind the (former) US Coast Guard station. American oystercatchers, black skimmers and least terns were observed nesting in this area. As of July 2013, there were five nesting closures on the Refuge's beach between Oregon Inlet and Rodanthe; most were for least terns, but at least one was for American oystercatcher. NCDOT staff observed two American oystercatcher chicks in this closure on June 20, 2013. Also on this date, at least 531east terns were observed inside the closures. Three nesting closures were south of the Pea Island Inlet area in the Phase IIb project area, including one for an American oystercatcher nest and two (one east of NC 12 and one west of NC 12) for primarily least terns (personal communication Dennis Stewart, USFWS, refuge biologist, 17 September 2013). In July, August, and September of 2013, NCDOT biologists observed four piping plovers foraging in the area around the temporary bridge at Pea Island inlet (Phase IIa area). As of the end of September 2013, no piping plovers have been observed in the Phase IIb project area by NCDOT biologists. Since the Pea Island inlet closed in May 2013, the area near the sound has become a location where many other birds rest and forage. These include greater yellowlegs, great egrets, snowy egrets, great blue and tricolored herons, white ibis, and black skimmers. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-14 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 2.6.2.2 USACE Rodanthe 'S' Curve Interim Maintenance Environmental Assessment USACE was contracted by NCDOT to develop and conduct a one-time beach nourishment project that would be designed to help reduce the impact of storms on NC 12 at the Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot for approximately three years. This project is a maintenance activity and is not a part of the Sonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500), but this project is within the Phase IIb project area. A public notice was posted on July 1, 2013 at http://www.saw.usace.army.mil/Missions/ RegulatoryPermitProgram /PublicNotices/tabid/10057/Article/15690/saw-2013-01129.aspx. USACE approved the EA for the project on October 15, 2013. USACE concluded that the project would have no significant impacts. Two alternatives to the nourishment program were considered: Maintain NC 12 on its existing alignment with protective sandbags and dunes within the existing NCDOT easement. • Install a temporary bridge west of the existing easement within the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge. Nourishment was found to be the preferred alternative. To complete the project with the preferred nourishment alternative, USACE estimates that 1.7 million cubic yards of material would be needed. After investigating sand sources within Oregon Inlet and offshore at Wimble Shoals, USACE identified sand sources within Wimble Shoals as appropriate for the project. Sand placement would be accomplished by means of hydraulic dredging, including hopper and/or cutterhead suction dredging. The discharge pipe would be floated from a seaward station to the nourishment project area beach face where heavy equipment (e.g., bulldozers, front end loaders) would move and grade the discharged sand into the desired beach profile. The project is estimated to be completed within 60 to 90 days from initiation and is projected to begin no earlier than November 2013. The work would be conducted 24 hours throughout a seven day work week. The beach nourishment project design focuses the majority of the sand berm placement within an B4OOO linear foot area located around the Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot/Mirlo Beach area. The final beach width berm throughout the 8,000 foot critical zone would be 130 feet. North and south of this critical zone, the project would begin transitioning with a tapered berm back to the existing shoreline. The northern transition zone would include dune construction that is approximately 1,800 feet long. The total length of the project, including the critical zone and transition areas, would be approximately 11,300 feet. The sand utilized for this the beach nourishment project would come from an approved borrow source that is currently being sampled for compatibility with the native beach Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-15 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach sand in the project area. The proposed beach nourishment project would only utilize borrow sand that meets federal and state compatibility requirements. NCDOT has coordinated with NMFS and NCDENR-DMF for consultation on impact minimization. Essential fish habitat (EFH) consultation requirements under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act have been initiated. USACE has determined that the proposed project would not affect historic resources present in the proposed beach nourishment area. USACE has determined that the effects determination for the proposed project is May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect federally listed endangered or threatened species or their formally designated critical habitat. USACE has initiated consultation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 2-16 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 3.0 Description of Phase Ilb Detailed Study Alternatives and Identification of Preferred Alternative 3.1 Description of Bridge on New Location Alternative NC 12 would leave the existing NC 12 easement within the Refuge at a point approximately 1.8 miles north of the Refuge boundary with Rodanthe and enter Pamlico Sound. The bridge would be in Pamlico Sound between 0.3 and 0.4 mile off-shore until a point north of the emergency ferry terminal, where the relocated NC 12 would turn east and enter Rodanthe. This alternative would re-join NC 12 just north of the Liberty gas station/Island Convenience Store. The alternative is approximately 3.0 miles long. It is designed such that it is on a bridge when it leaves the existing easement in the Refuge, and it continues on a bridge for most of its length until coming back to the ground in Rodanthe. The bridge is approximately 2.6 miles long. This alternative would bypass the two areas considered geologically susceptible to breaches at the south end of the Refuge and in Rodanthe, as well as the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot (see Figure 3). The proposed design of the Bridge on New Location Alternative has the following characteristics: • Two 12-foot lanes with 8-foot shoulders on the bridge, similar to Phase I and Phase IIa of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500). The same would be true on the road portion. Four feet of the 8-foot shoulder would be paved. The roadway and the bridge would be located within a 100-foot right-of-way or easement. • 110- to 120-foot main spans with 60-foot approach spans. • Approach fills at each end of the bridge. At the north end in the Refuge, a 590-foot- long fill section would include a retaining wall where needed to keep approach fills within the existing NC 12 easement. At the south end in Rodanthe, an 840-foot-long fill section with fill side slopes only. • Existing NC 12 between the intersection of the Bridge on New Location Alternative and existing NC 12 in Rodanthe and the Refuge boundary would be retained and maintained by NCDOT as a local road serving adjacent development. This road would end at the Refuge boundary and a means for vehicles to turn around would be provided. Existing NC 12 would be removed from the Refuge boundary north to the point where Bridge on New Location Alternative connects to existing NC 12 in the Refuge. Approximately 1.8 miles of existing NC 12 pavement within the Refuge Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 3-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach would be removed and that portion of the transportation easement would be returned to the Refuge. • Pile foundations with a pile cap supporting the spans between the foundations. • There would be 15.8 feet of clearance under most of the bridge spans above mean high water (17 feet from zero elevation), as with Phase IIa. The bridge deck would be at an elevation of approximately 25 feet. • Bicycle safe bridge rail. • Runoff would be collected from the ends of the Phase IIb bridge and piped to a riprap apron, which would drain to roadside swales to promote infiltration. Bridge drainage for the main bridge spans would be from deck drains (openings) at the outer edges of the deck. The bridge would be high enough to allow wind to disperse the deck drain discharge before it reaches the ground or inlet surface. Roadway runoff would drain into roadside ditches. Construction activity would be primarily confined to the existing or new easement/right-of-way except at the northern end (in the Refuge), where a temporary construction easement would be needed for a temporary traffic maintenance road to take traffic around the bridge approach. This temporary easement would be approximately 0.63 acre in size. • Construction is anticipated to last between 3 and 3.5 years. 3.2 Description of Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (see Figure 3), would involve building a bridge in the existing NC 12 easement to replace the existing surface road. The total length of this alternative is approximately 2.5 miles. The bridge component, approximately 2.3 miles in length, would bridge two areas considered geologically susceptible to breaches at the south end of the Refuge and in Rodanthe, as well as the Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot (see Figure 3). This alternative starts approximately 1.7 miles north of the Refuge boundary with Rodanthe. It continues to the south and ends at a point on NC 12 approximately 170 feet north of Myrna Peters Road (SR 1492). The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative has the following characteristics: • Two 12-foot lanes with 8-foot shoulders on the bridge, similar to Phase I and Phase IIa of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500 and B-2500A). • Located on the ocean side of the NC 12 easement. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 3-2 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach • 110- to 120-foot main spans with 60-foot approach spans. • Approach fills at each end of the bridge (including an approximately 360-foot-long fill section at the south end of the bridge and a 410-foot-long fill section at the north end) with the fill held by a retaining wall where needed to keep approach fills within the NC 12 easement/right-of-way. Access to properties adjacent to the bridge in Rodanthe would be provided by a one- lane, one-way frontage road on each side of the NC 12 bridge. The two frontage roads would flare out and connect with NC 12 at a four-legged intersection at the south of the end of the project. Crossovers to provide access between the two frontage roads underneath the NC 12 bridge were assumed to be provided in two locations: just south of the Refuge boundary and across from Cross of Honor Way (SR 1445). The frontage roads and a typical crossover are illustrated in Figure 5. Pile foundations with a pile cap or footer cast on top of the piles at the existing ground line topped by a pier used to support bridge spans. In the Refuge, there would be 15.8 feet of clearance under most of the bridge spans above mean high water (17 feet from zero elevation), as with Phase IIa. The bridge deck would be at an elevation of approximately 25 feet. In Rodanthe, the bridge would have a minimum of 17 feet of clearance for u-turning motor vehicle traffic (between the ground and the bottom of the superstructure). The bridge deck would be at an elevation of approximately 30 feet. New right-of-way would be required on each side of the existing NC 12 easement for at-grade frontage roads that provide access to side streets and properties adjacent to the existing NC 12 easement. Additional right-of-way also would be needed for bulb-outs to accommodate turning traffic at intersections connecting the two one- way frontage roads to NC 12. The total new right-of-way purchased would be 2.83 acres. The purchase of utility easements 15 feet wide on either side of NC 12 also is assumed. These easements would tota12.50 acres. An alternative would be to mount electrical and telephone lines on the bridge. The easements primarily would be used to relocate poles carrying electrical and telephone lines with no re-grading of land expected. However, 0.48 acres of the 2.5 acres also would serve as a construction easement for grading the final slopes. • Bicycle safe bridge rail mounted on a 36-inch parapet to partially block headlights that otherwise could affect the success of turtle nesting on the beach. • Runoff would be collected from the ends of the Phase IIa bridge and piped to a riprap apron, which would drain to roadside swales to promote infiltration. Bridge drainage for the main bridge spans would be from deck drains (openings) at the outer edges of the deck. The bridge would be high enough to allow wind to disperse the deck drain discharge before it reaches the ground or inlet surface. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 3-3 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach GUARDRAIL PILE CAP ON�-WAY FRONTAGE ROAD NORTHBOUND ONE-WAY FRONTAGE ROAD NORTHBOUND BRIDGE WITHIN EXISTING NC 12 EASEMENT WITH FRONTAGE ROADS Figure 5 Construction activity would be primarily confined to the existing NC 12 easement, including a temporary traffic maintenance road. However, approximately 2.06 acres of temporary construction easement would be needed to construct Phase IIb in the Refuge. In Rodanthe, 0.48 acre of the 2.5-acre utility easement also would be used for grading final slopes. — In the Refuge, an approximately 5-foot-wide temporary construction easement would be needed for the entire length of the project on the sound side of the existing NC 12 easement. The purpose of this narrow easement would be primarily to provide room for construction workers to erect erosion control measures (fencing) along the edge of the existing NC 12 easement. A pile jetting pipe would be placed between NC 12 and the Pamlico Sound on a 10-foot wide temporary easement at what is currently expected to be three locations in the Refuge. — In Rodanthe, the 0.48 acre of regrading in the utility easement would occur just south of the Refuge border. • Construction is anticipated to last between 2 and 3 years. 3.3 Phase Ilb Preferred Alternative The Preferred Alternative is the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. It is preferred because it is entirely within the existing NC 12 easement and as such, would require no new permanent NC 12 easement in the Refuge and avoids impacts in Pamlico Sound. Both detailed study alternatives would have differing types and levels of impact on important project area features, including impacts to the Refuge (both as a wildlife refuge and a historic resource), the community of Rodanthe, protected species, EFH, and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). These impacts were taken into consideration in identifying the Phase IIb Preferred Alternative. A final decision on the alternative to be implemented (Selected Alternative) will be made after public and agency review of this Phase IIb EA and will consider input from stakeholders. Consideration will be given to comments received during the review period, including the views and preferences of official(s) with jurisdiction over the management of the Refuge (USFWS-Refuge), the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) under the Historic Preservation Act of 1966, USFWS and NMFS under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, the NMFS and Fisheries Management Council/Commissions (FMC) under Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and other state and federal environmental resource and regulatory agencies. Additionally, consideration will be given to input from the residents, business owners, and property owners of the portion of Rodanthe affected, along with other public comments. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 3-5 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach The final decision and the reasons for the selection will be documented in a Phase IIb ROD. The project's NEPA/Section 404 Merger Team would be involved in the decision. The Merger Team process is described in the introduction to Section 6.2. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 3-6 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 4.0 Environmental Update 4.1 Updated Affected Environment This section updates affected environment information presented in Chapter 3 of the 2008 FEIS for the Phase IIb project area illustrated in Figure 1. The need for updates is primarily the result of storms, particularly Hurricane Irene in August 2011, and other coastal processes that caused changes in the affected environment. The effects of Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 also are considered based on field observations and post-Hurricane Sandy aerial photography. This chapter includes updated information on: • Community characteristics • Cultural resources • Parks and recreation/wildlife refuges • Coastal conditions � Wetlands and open water habitat • Protected species • Essential fish habitat (EFH) 4.1.1 Community Characteristics According to Section 3.1.2 of the 2008 FEIS, commercial development in Rodanthe exists along NC 12 and consists mostly of small service stations (including the Island Convenience Store/Liberty service station in the Phase IIb project area), as well as general stores, realty agencies, restaurants, and businesses for recreational activities. Residential development focuses on the oceanfront on the east and Pamlico Sound on the west. The development primarily consists of large, multiple-story, multiple- bedroom rental vacation home neighborhoods; however, there also are scattered neighborhoods of smaller, often one-story, permanent homes. The Chicamacomico Life Saving Station, a museum listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), is located on the east side of NC 12 in the project area. The Rodanthe-Waves-Salvo Community Center is located on the west side of NC 12 in the project area. Land use in the Rodanthe portion of the project area is shown on Figure 6. The primary changes in land use since the 2008 FEIS and 2010 ROD have been the construction of some new vacation homes, the loss of some vacation homes due to storm events and shoreline erosion, and the construction of a recreational campground. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 0 � � � p BRIDGE Midgett's Campground Cemetery Junk Car Storage Liberty Service Station Emergency Ferry Dock Rodanthe-Waves-Sa Ivo CommunityCenter North Beach Beach Mart . : `s _ ., Auto Repair Business I i �' � � y h � � � Chicamacomico Life Saving Station Dare County Water Treatment Plant Trailer Park � � 4.1.2 Cultural Resources There are three resources within the Phase IIb project area listed on or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP): • Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) (eligible) • Chicamacomico Life Saving Station (listed) • Rodanthe Historic District (eligible) These resources were described in detail in Section 3.4.1 of the 2008 FEIS, beginning on page 3-28. The Refuge within the Phase IIb project area is shown on Figure 3. The boundaries of the Life Saving Station and the Rodanthe Historic District are shown in Figure 6. Hurricanes Irene and Sandy had no effect on the features of the three resources that make them eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. 4.1.3 Parks and Recreation/VVildlife Refuges The Phase IIb project area is partially within the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge), whose jurisdiction substantially overlaps with that of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore (Seashore) (See Figure 7). The Refuge is characterized by ocean beach, dunes, upland, fresh and brackish water ponds, salt flats, and salt marsh. It is inhabited by an extensive number of bird species, as well as a variety of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. A variety of recreational opportunities also exist within the Refuge, including fishing, birding, surfing, walking, kayaking, and going to the beach (sunbathing). The detailed characteristics of the Refuge are described in Section 3.5.2 of the 2008 FEIS, beginning on page 3-40. Except for sand overwash and associated dune loss and damage (both considered by USFWS-Refuge staff to be a part of acceptable natural processes), Hurricanes Irene and Sandy had a minimal effect on the Refuge in the Phase IIb project area. Effects in the Phase IIb project area included NCDOT construction activities and detours (in 2012 and 2013) following Hurricane Irene to close the breach opened by the hurricane, restore the sandbag-filled dune just north of Rodanthe, and repair/clear and re-open NC 12. For repairs following Hurricane Irene, a CAMA major permit and a USFWS Special Use Permit were obtained. NCDOT also prepared a CE for this work to fulfill the requirements of NEPA. The sandbag filled dune and NC 12 were again repaired following Hurricane Sandy. 4.1.4 Coastal Conditions Coastal processes drive the physical changes in the Phase IIb project area. This section discusses existing conditions and trends in the Phase IIb project area, including: • Rodanthe breach resulting from Hurricane Irene and potential for breaching • Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-3 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach LAND USE IN Figure PEA ISLAND NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE 7 • Forecast shoreline changes through 2060 Existing coastal conditions for the entire Phase II project area are described in Section 3.6 of the 2008 FEIS; this discussion includes the location of floodplains, Oregon Inlet migration, changes in the Oregon Inlet gorge (deepest part) alignment and location, historical shoreline changes, factors that drive inlet and shoreline changes, the Hatteras Island shoreline through 2060 (based on data through June 2004), potential breach locations, and forecast Oregon Inlet movement through 2085. Recent updates related to the formation of Pea Island inlet, potential for Pea Island inlet migration or closure (closed as of the date of this Phase IIb EA), Pea Island inlet depth, and natural factors affecting inlet and shoreline changes are presented in the Phase IIa EA in Section 4.1.2 beginning on page 4-3. Many of the decisions related to phasing and the starting and ending points of various phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative were based on a forecast 2060 high-erosion shoreline from Oregon Inlet to Rodanthe and locations geologically susceptible to breaches. The 2060 high-erosion shoreline forecast was updated in 2012 using shoreline change data through the end of 2011 (Overton, 2013) and discussed in Section 4.1.2.6 of the Phase IIa EA, beginning on page 4-8. A new shoreline forecast adding 2012 erosion data was completed in 2013 and is illustrated in Appendix D of this EA along with the two previous forecasts. Where forecast lines overlap, the most recent is shown. The biggest change from the 2011 forecast is in Rodanthe where the 2060 high erosion shoreline is approximately 40 to 80 feet further east. Changes between the 2060 high-erosion shoreline assumed in the 2008 FEIS and the updated forecast for the Phase IIb project area are presented for the Phase IIb project area in this section. 4.1.4.1 Rodanthe Breach In August 2011, Hurricane Irene created breaches on NC 12 at two locations: within the Refuge (Phase IIa project area) and within northern Rodanthe (Phase IIb project area, including the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot). Hurricane Irene produced a soundside (western shore) storm surge. The Rodanthe breach occurred immediately north of Rodanthe at the southern limit of the Refuge. As a part of restoring NC 12, NCDOT closed the breach by filling it in with sand obtained from a site in Avon. NCDOT prepared a Categorical Exclusion (CE) for this work to fulfill the requirements of NEPA. The CE, approved in September 2011, demonstrated that this work would have no significant environmental impact. Other actions taken as a result of Hurricane Irene to restore NC 12 at the Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot are described in the next section. During the Peer Exchange meeting in October 2011 (described in Section 2.6.2 of the Phase IIa EA3), panel members agreed that the two breaches resulting from Hurricane 3 On October 24 and 25, 2011, NCDOT assembled a panel of coastal science and engineering experts from FHWA, USACE, USFWS-Refuge, and several universities. The purposes of the Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-5 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Irene were not caused by the storm surge on the ocean side. Also, they agreed that the storm surge flooded man-made ditches to the west of the Rodanthe breach location and continued to the ocean to create the Rodanthe breach. The Phase IIb project area contains two adjoining locations considered geologically susceptible to breaching that encompass most of the Phase IIb project area (see Figure 3). These potential breach sites were described in Section 3.6.3.4 of the 2008 FEIS beginning on page 3-59. 4.1.4.2 Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot In August 1991, the NCDOT sponsored a research project conducted by North Carolina State University to identify critical sections of North Carolina's coastal highways and options available for maintaining these highway corridors. The study concluded that NC 12 has six critical sections, or "hot spots," between Oregon Inlet and the southwestern tip of Ocracoke Island. Three of the hot spots are at the north end of Hatteras Island (within the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project [B-2500] project area): Canal Zone, Sandbag Area, and Rodanthe 'S' Curves. The Phase IIb project area, which includes the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot, has the highest erosion rates in the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area. The 2011 Peer Exchange meeting panel affirmed that erosion rates in Rodanthe (in particular, at the Mirlo Beach subdivision) were amongst the highest rates along the North Carolina coast. The subsurface rock structure (Wimble Shoals) in the vicinity of the northern Rodanthe area concentrates wave energy in the area and leads to wave refraction that contributes to high beach erosion and vulnerability for breaches. This also contributes to the susceptibility of the area to ocean flooding and overwash. Since 2006, NCDOT has conducted a series of repairs at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot to restore/maintain NC 12 following major storm events: November 2006 — Installed a 900-foot section of sandbag-filled dune adjacent to NC 12 to protect the roadway. November 2009 — Following Hurricane Ida, relocated approximately 1,860 feet of the roadway 23 feet west, remaining within the existing NC 12 easement in the Refuge. The 900 feet of sandbags built in 2006 were removed and replaced, and an additional 350-foot section of sandbag-filled dune was installed on the south end of the original 900 feet (total of 1,250 feet). In association with this effort, a beach habitat restoration (nourishment) project took place at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot in 2010. The meeting were to: 1) evaluate the changes in the setting at both Pea Island and at Rodanthe as a result of Hurricane Irene, 2) provide engineering advice regarding the design constraints of long- term options at both locations. and 3) identify any concerns regarding the future maintenance of NC 12. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-6 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach beach habitat restoration was done at the request of USFWS, through a condition of the 2006 Special Use Permit authorizing the original sandbag project. • August 2011— Severe damage to the sandbag-filled dune area occurred as a result of Hurricane Irene; the dune was rebuilt following the storm. March 2013 - Some sandbag-filled dune loss occurred during Hurricane Sandy (October 2012) and was repaired. The Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot is currently the location on northern Hatteras Island where NC 12 appears to be most vulnerable to storm damage. 4.1.4.3 Forecast Shoreline Changes through 2060 in the Phase IIb Project Area As part of the coastal monitoring program, updated coastal conditions data for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area were collected starting in early 2011. Background information and improvements to methodology, which are applicable to both the Phase IIa and Phase IIb projects, are discussed in detail in Section 4.1.2.6 of the Phase IIa EA (beginning on page 4-8). In comparison to the 2008 FEIS shoreline forecasts (using data through June 2004), the updated 2060 high-erosion shoreline (using data through 2012) in the Phase IIb project area shows similar forecast erosion in the Refuge portion of the Rodanthe'S' Curves Hot Spot and less erosion (approximately 300 to 570 feet less) in Rodanthe. The current shoreline in the vicinity of the Refuge boundary is between the 2020 average-erosion shoreline and the 2010 high-erosion shoreline presented in the 2008 FEIS. A comparison of the 2060 high-erosion shoreline forecast from the 2008 FEIS (using data through June 2004), the updated forecast using data through 2011, and the updated forecast using data through 2012 is shown for the Phase IIb project area in Figure D-1 in Appendix D. 4.1.5 Biotic Communities, Wetlands, and Open Water Habitat Wetlands and open water habitat are discussed in Section 3.7.4 of the 2008 FEIS, as well as Section 4.1 of the Natural Resources Technical Report (CZR, Incorporated, 2008). A total of 20 biotic communities were mapped within the entire Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area based on field surveys conducted between 2003 and 2005, including ten wetland biotic communities and one jurisdictional open water community. In 2012, NCDOT updated the wetland delineations. Section 404 jurisdictional and Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA) coastal wetland boundaries were updated, and NPS wetland boundaries were determined. The revised wetland boundaries were approved by USACE, NCDENR-DCM, and NPS. The Phase IIb impact assessment presented herein uses these new wetland delineations. It should be noted that these updates were completed and approved prior to Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. A Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-� NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach review of aerial photography after Hurricane Sandy showed that in the Phase IIb project area affected, new areas of overwash sand appeared, likely affecting a small amount of wetland that was recently delineated. However, the total amount of overwash areas was not calculated, nor was the depth of the overwash sand evaluated. Depending on the depth of the sand, wetland communities could quickly recover or be turned into upland communities. As part of this updated analysis of jurisdictional areas within the Phase IIb project area, some of the upland communities listed in the 2003 and 2005 survey results were consolidated, and some wetland communities were also merged (e.g., black needle rush, brackish marsh, and smooth cordgrass became marsh) because of the complex and mosaic nature of the occurrence of these communities. In addition to marsh, several of the previously described wetland biotic communities (salt shrub and grassland and a combination of the two, and maritime shrub and grassland and a combination of the two) were designated as additional CAMA variant communities. The CAMA designation identifies communities that receive tidally influenced flooding and contain species subject to regulation as "coastal wetlands," a category of Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC). These CAMA variant communities, plus the marsh community, contain "AEC coastal wetlands" which are subject to NCDENR-DCM jurisdiction under CAMA, as well as Section 404. Within the Phase IIb project area, Section 404 jurisdictional areas occur within 18 wetland biotic communities and four open water communities (see Table 2). Open water categories consist of open water, pool, ditch, and culvert. Pools include several small interdunal ponds between NC 12 and the primary dune field. Pools are not regularly connected to other waters and are mostly permanent or frequently flooded. Rainfall is the most common source of input for the pools. Ditches and culvert areas are mostly maintained areas found in association with NC 12. All other open water areas include the waters of Pamlico Sound, nearshore ocean, and some ditches that are directly connected to the sound. Open water includes intertidal areas (including mud flats) and some man-modified areas (i.e., dug-out or excavated areas within natural marsh). A comparison of the previous biotic communities mapping and the updated mapping within the approximate 1028-acre Phase IIb project area (see Table 2) shows Section 404 jurisdictional wetland areas (all wetlands, including CAMA wetlands) decreased 23.61 acres from 235.77 acres to 212.16 acres with the 2012 delineation and jurisdictional waters (open water, culverts, ditches, pools) increased by 39.26 acres from 351.57 acres to 390.83 acres. Additionally, areas regulated as CAMA AEC areas (CAMA Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-S NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table 2. Comparison of Existing (2012) and FEIS (2008) Biotic Communities within the Phase IIb Project Area Biotic Community Existing (2012) FEIS (2008) (acres) (acres) Open water 382.68 342.13 Open water-culvert 0.02 0.00' Open water-ditch 1.06 0.00' Open water-pool 7.07 9.44 Upland beach 45.49 45.98 Upland dune 80.84 91.22 Upland man-dominated 157.49 14718 Upland maritime grassland 69.78 11.73 Upland maritime shrub thicket 37.47 96.57 Upland maritime shrub/grassland 34.29 0.00 Upland reed stand 0.29 0.00 Upland salt shrub/grassland 0.00 16.43 Upland overwash 0.00 31.43 Wetland black needlerushz 0.00 51.69 Wetland man-dominated 0.30 4.15 Wetland maritime grassland 18.26 24.07 Wetland maritime shrub thicket 34.34 59.11 Wetland maritime shrub/grassland 30.95 0.00 Wetland marsh 12.69 0.00 Wetland reed stand 1.60 3.96 Wetland salt grassland 8.02 0.00 Wetland salt shrub thicket 2.23 0.00 Wetland salt shrub/grassland 13.62 68.60 Wetland smooth cordgrassz 0.00 14.51 Wetland overwash 0.00 9.68 CAMA marsh 63.07 0.00 CAMA wetland maritime grassland 5.97 0.00 CAMA wetland maritime shrub thicket 0.17 0.00 CAMA wetland maritime shrub/grassland 4.62 0.00 CAMA wetland salt grassland 3.04 0.00 CAMA wetland salt shrub thicket 0.73 0.00 CAMA wetland salt shrub/grassland 11.74 0.00 CAMA wetland salt/shrub grassland 0.81 0.00 TOTAL 1028.64 1,027.88 lArea included within open water-pool category. zCAMA coastal wetlands in 2010 EA. Note: The difference in the two totals reflects rounding. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-9 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb - Rodanthe Breach communities in the 2012 delineation and wetland black needlerush and wetland smooth cordgrass in the previous delineation) increased by 23.95 acres from 66.20 acres to 90.15 acres. In general, most changes between the two evaluations are associated with shrub thickets (upland and wetland), which occupied 15.15 percent of the project area in the 2008 FEIS, but occupy about 7.20 percent of the Phase IIb project area in 2012. The reduction in the area of maritime shrub thickets may be as a result of less protection from salt spray and/or storm damage, allowing grasses to become co-dominant or more prevalent within these former shrub-dominated communities. Many areas formerly occupied by maritime shrub thickets are now occupied by maritime shrub/grassland, salt shrub/grassland, salt grassland, and maritime grassland communities. 4.1.6 Protected Species The Biological Assessment (BA) (FHWA and NCDOT, 2008) for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500), as well as Section 3.7.7 of the 2008 FEIS, addressed 12 species granted protection under Section 7 of the ESA of 1973 and critical habitat for one species, the piping plover, which occurs near Oregon Inlet. These protections were designated by USFWS and/or NMFS, a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In February of 2012, one additional species beyond those assessed in the 2008 BA, the Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), was designated as "endangered" and granted protection by NMFS. The Atlantic sturgeon was discussed in Section 4.2.4.4 of the Phase IIa EA and in a 2013 technical memorandum for the Atlantic Sturgeon (CZR Incorporated, 2013). As previously documented, the Phase IIb project area offers habitat for the following protected species: • Piping plover foraging habitat (beach) • Roseate tern (beach and interdune) • Five species of sea turtles: — Hawksbill sea turtle (ocean) — Kemp's ridley sea turtle (ocean and sound) — Leatherback sea turtle (ocean, sound, and beach) — Green sea turtle (ocean, sound, and beach) — Loggerhead sea turtle (ocean, sound, and beach) • Two species of sturgeon — Shortnose sturgeon (ocean and sound) — Atlantic sturgeon (ocean and sound) Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-10 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach � Seabeach amaranth (beach and dunes) New foraging and potential nesting habitat for piping plovers and other beach nesting birds was created as a result of Hurricane Irene and subsequent storms, including Hurricane Sandy. The open, bare sandy overwash areas east and west of NC 12 serve as ephemeral habitat areas that provide potential nesting habitat for the piping plover and other early successional beach nesters, such as the least tern (Sternula antillarum), the American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus), and several other waterbird species. There is little ideal habitat for piping plovers in the Phase IIb project area. Several least tern nesting colonies, which sometimes nest in association with piping plovers, were documented in the NCDOT bird surveys referenced in Section 2.6.4 of the Phase IIa EA (conducted from December 2011 through November 2012) along NC 12 between Oregon Inlet and the new Pea Island inlet. Updates to the bird surveys through August 2013 are presented in Section 2.6.2.1 of this EA. Many least terns and at least one pair of American oystercatchers also used as a nesting area in 2012 the area formerly occupied by the Refuge headquarters buildings, just south of the Pea Island inlet. More nests were found in 2013, but none were piping plover nests. The Phase IIb project area was not surveyed during 2012 but was in 2013. 4.1.7 Essential Fish Habitat Since the preparation of the Essential Fish Habitat Assessment (CZR, Incorporated, 2008) for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500), as well as Section 3.7.6.3 of the 2008 FEIS (beginning on page 3-91), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) is no longer managed by the South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council (SAFMC). No new species have become managed by SAFMC or other state or federal fisheries management entities. Red drum are still managed by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC), which serves as a deliberative body, coordinating the conservation and management of the states' shared nearshore fishery resources and the NC Division of Marine Fisheries. Essential fish habitat in the Phase IIb project area has not substantially changed since the 2008 FEIS. It includes soundside wetlands (estuarine emergent), submerged aquatic vegetation in the sound (seagrass), and open water in the sound (estuarine water column). In general in the Phase IIb project area, waters less than 6 feet deep within Pamlico Sound are considered potential SAV habitat. The North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission (NCMFC) defines SAV habitat as an area that is currently vegetated with one or more appropriate (native) SAV species, or an area that has been vegetated by one or more appropriate species within the past 10 annual growing seasons and meets the average growing conditions needed (water depth of 6 feet or less, average light availability [Secchi depth of 1 foot or more], and limited wave exposure). The total Pamlico Sound (open water) impacts reflect the impact to SAV habitat. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-11 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Evaluation of SAV in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA was based on general DENR-DMF maps generated with pre-2000 aerial data (the latest available at the time). NCDOT conducted on-site SAV surveys in the Rodanthe area in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013 and generated a SAV map using 2012 aerial photography. NCDOT SAV data from 2009 through 2013 have documented more SAV in the Rodanthe area compared to the pre- 2000 DENR- DMF SAV maps used in 2008 and 2010. Some of the additional SAV coverage documented by NCDOT is likely the result of better aerial mapping tools and data and more extensive on-site surveys by NCDOT. Based on the 2012 aerial SAV mapping, all open water of the Pamlico Sound crossed by the Phase IIb Bridge on New Location Alternative contain either "patchy" or "sparse" SAV. On-site surveys from this area in 2013 documented that 88 percent of the surveyed plots contained SAV, and of the plots with SAV, shoal grass (Halodule wrightii) was found in 55 percent of the plots, widgeon grass (Ruppia maritime) was found in 55 percent of the plots, and eel grass (Zostera marina) was found in 46 percent of the plots. The surveys found that 45 percent of the plots surveyed had 60 percent or greater coverage. The 2013 SAV survey data also found that the southern half of the Bridge on New Location Alternative alignment over the sound was comprised of generally deeper water depths dominated by eel grass and widgeon grass, while the northern half consisted of shallower water with firmer and sandier substrate and was dominated by shoal grass. 4.2 Updated Impacts of the Phase Ilb Detailed Study Alternatives This section updates the impact discussions presented in Chapter 4 of the 2008 FEIS and Section 2.3.3 of the 2010 EA. It focuses on updates relevant to Phase IIb of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500). The characteristics of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives evaluated in this EA, the Bridge on New Location Alternative and the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, would be similar to what was defined in the 2008 FEIS as the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South and as the Phased Approach/ Rodanthe Bridge alternatives, respectively. Changes in impacts are associated with minor changes in the characteristics of the project area and refinements to the 2008 designs of the two detailed study alternatives. In general, these changes reduced or did not substantially change impacts. As a result of changes in project area conditions and in the designs of the detailed study alternatives, some impacts have changed since they were last presented in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. This section addresses changes in the following types of impacts: • Community impacts • Visual impacts Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-12 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach � Cultural resource impacts • Parks and recreation impacts • Natural systems impacts • Noise impacts • Air quality impacts Indirect and cumulative impacts findings contained in Section 4.12 of the 2008 FEIS are unchanged. In terms of indirect impacts, as discussed in Section 4.12.5 of the 2008 FEIS, construction of a project in the Parallel Bridge Corridor would not induce changes in development trends, because the project does not have an economic development purpose and is consistent with local area land use plans. In addition, it would not serve a specific land development, would be unlikely to stimulate land development having complementary functions, and would be unlikely to influence substantial intraregional land development location decisions since it would replace an existing two-lane facility with a new two-lane facility. Finally, it is not being introduced to an area with notable natural features that could be lost to development. In terms of cumulative impacts, based on discussions in Section 4.12.6 of the 2008 FEIS: Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would not interfere with the Outer Banks Task Force's goal to implement a long-term solution to the effect of shoreline erosion and ocean overwash on NC 12 at the three hot spot locations in the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area. The Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would in fact implement a long-term solution to the effects of shoreline erosion and ocean overwash on NC 12 at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot. • Phase IIb would change access within the Refuge in that there would be no direct access to the Refuge between the ends of either detailed study alternative, as described in Section 4.2.4. • Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would not interfere with the benefits to USACE dredging offered by Phase I of the PSC/TMP Alternative. • Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would not change the potential impact of the PBC/TMP on the preservation of the (former) Oregon Inlet US Coast Guard Station. Phase IIb would help maintain access to the station from the southern part of Hatteras Island. • Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would not change the need to retain the terminal groin at Oregon Inlet that is associated with the PBC/TMP Alternative. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-13 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach � With Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, the options for future relocation of utilities along NC 12 (moving them back multiple times in response to shoreline erosion or moving them back once to beyond the 2060 high-erosion shoreline) would still be available. • With the Phase IIb Bridge on New Location Alternative, the cumulative effects of habitat loss or changes on the ecological integrity of the Outer Banks would be nearly identical to the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South Alternative assessed in the 2008 FEIS. Like the Road North/Bridge South Alternative, the Phase IIb Bridge on New Location Alternative would, at the south end of the Refuge and in Rodanthe, place NC 12 on a bridge west of Hatteras Island. This alternative would have direct impacts to natural habitat in the sound; however, the natural shoreline erosion process would be allowed to take place without affecting the integrity of NC 12. • With the Phase IIb Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, the cumulative effect of habitat loss or change on the ecological integrity of the Outer Banks would be nearly identical to the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative assessed in the 2008 FEIS. Like the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative, the Phase IIb Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would place NC 12 on a bridge in the existing easement, resulting in the least initial direct impact to natural habitat as compared to the other PBC/TMP Alternative future phase options. Natural shoreline processes would be allowed to take place. The shoreline would erode underneath the bridge. Like the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative, ultimately the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would have portions located over the beach and in the ocean, with the associated direct impacts described later in Sections 4.2.4.2 and 4.2.5. NCDOT also plans an NC 12 maintenance action associated with efforts to stabilize and maintain the reliability of NC 12 at the Rodanthe'S' Curve Hot Spot until the proposed Phase IIb long-term project is implemented. As an interim measure, it would likely involve one round of beach nourishment. The USACE approved an EA for this interim measure on October 15, 2013. USACE concluded that this project would have no significant impacts. Other options considered were a temporary bridge or continuing to maintain the existing sandbag dune (for which a CE was done in the context of obtaining the Special Use Permit for the dune from the USFWS). Beach nourishment was chosen as the preferred alternative. The 2008 FEIS examined likely maintenance activities on NC 12 until the PBGTMP Alternative was completed (Section 4.6.8.6, beginning on page 4-68) and their potential impacts (Section 4.7.8, beginning on page 4-115). The listing of potential maintenance activities was developed by the study team's coastal engineer; based on coastal data available at the time, the need for interim nourishment was not forecast. The 2008 FEIS Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-14 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach did, however, assess a long-term Nourishment Alternative and its impacts are addressed in Chapter 4 of the 2008 FEIS. An interim nourishment program essentially would be one round of nourishment in one part of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area. Therefore, the potential impacts of nourishment in the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot area are addressed in the 2008 FEIS and were taken into consideration in the selection of the PBC/TMP Alternative in the 2010 ROD. 4.2.1 Community Impacts This section discusses changes in relocation and other community impacts associated with the two detailed study alternatives since the 2008 FEIS, as updated in the 2010 EA. These changes result primarily from changes in the design of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative made in response to the 2060 high erosion shoreline forecast completed in 2013. In addition, one business building now contains fewer businesses than previously counted, and a camping trailer park (business) has been built within the proposed right-of-way of the Bridge on New Location Alternative. The two detailed study alternatives would result in the relocations shown in Table 3. Table 3. Relocations Detailed Study Alternatives Homes Businesses 2010 EA (Table 2-1 on page 2-7) Bridge on New Location (Bridge South) 2 5 Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement (Phased 6 7 Approach/Rodanthe Bridge) Current Conditions/Detailed Study Alternatives Design Bridge on New Location 21 2 Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement 5 2 1This number does not include the relocation of camping trailers parked in the camping trailer park (one business relocation). The owner of this business indicated that of the 23 sites, approximately 12 to 14 are rented on a long-term (yearly) basis, but that in accordance with Dare County regulations, the sites are not used for permanent residence. Seven are currently occupied within the acquisition area of this alternative. All but five of the 23 sites are affected by the Bridge on New Location Alternative. Updated NCDOT relocation reports, particularly addressing 2013 preliminary designs for the detailed study alternatives, are included in Appendix E. Consistent with relocation information documented in the 2008 FEIS, updated reports indicate that impacts to minorities, large families, disabled persons, or others who would have special problems being relocated would not be substantial. No special relocation services would be necessary. Residential relocations would not cause a housing shortage. There Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-15 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach is adequate decent, safe, and sanitary housing that is expected to be available during the relocation period. There is a concern that if any of the residential buildings displaced contain permanent residents, the replacement housing could be up to 5 to 10 miles away because of the predominance of vacation homes in the Rodanthe area. Suitable sites for relocation of the displaced businesses are also available and business services would still be available after project implementation. Detailed information on the NCDOT policy to ensure comparable replacement housing and the North Carolina Board of Transportatiori s programs to minimize the inconvenience of relocation is provided in Section 4.1.1 of the 2008 FEIS. The owner of the business building that houses an auto repair shop and the new camping trailer park (business) is also the owner of the Liberty gas station/Island Convenience Store in the same area on the west side of existing NC 12. The southern termini of both detailed study alternatives are located in this area. The business building was damaged in Hurricane Irene; it had previously housed several businesses, but currently houses only an auto repair shop. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement would require taking the Liberty gas station/ Island Convenience Store and auto repair business, while the Bridge on New Location would require the taking of the auto repair business and the campground. The owner of these businesses has indicated a preference for the Bridge on New Location Alternative because of a desire to preserve the Liberty gas station/ Island Convenience Store, which is the family's main source of income. Further, the Liberty gas station/ Island Convenience Store is an important part of the Rodanthe community. Local residents depend on it for gas, groceries, and other necessities. It provides a gathering spot for locals during non-tourist season months. The relocations do not represent a new significant impact because they are lower than identified in the 2010 EA. A gravesite on Seagull Street would be avoided by both detailed study alternatives. Table 2-1 of the 2010 EA also noted that what is now the Bridge on New Location Alternative could cross a cemetery, but that no known gravesites would be affected. Both the 2010 Bridge South design and the 2013 Bridge on New Location design show the bridge approach passing close to the cemetery. The associated new right-of-way includes a"cut-out" that follows the cemetery boundary so that the right-of-way does not take a portion of the cemetery property. This is important. Without this "cut-out," any known graves in this portion of the cemetery would need to be relocated. If graves were to be relocated, there appears to be available space in the western part of the cemetery for the relocation of graves. If the Bridge on New Location Alternative becomes the Selected Alternative, NCDOT would conduct research and field surveys to determine precisely where graves are located to ensure no unmarked graves are unintentionally disturbed. If a decision were made to relocate gravesites, the relocation would take place under North Carolina Statute 65-106, Removal of Graves. As required Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-16 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach by law, descendents would be contacted, to the extent possible, prior to moving graves. Descendents would be involved in relocation location decision. 4.2.2 Visuallmpacts With either detailed study alternative, a new bridge would affect the viewshed within Rodanthe, although the affected views would differ between the alternatives. The visual impacts described below do not represent significant new impacts. These impacts were documented in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA, and are generally unchanged. 4.2.2.1 Bridge on New Location Alternative Section 4.3.1.2 of the 2008 FEIS indicated the Bridge on New Location Alternative would result in substantial changes to panoramic and unobstructed views of the Pamlico Sound from homes along the sound's shoreline (and second-story homes farther away from the Sound) in Rodanthe. The Rodanthe area bridge would be approximately 1,200 to 2,500 feet from the soundside shoreline and the homes located along the shoreline. Exceptions would be two homes that would be adjacent (80 and 150 feet away) to the bridge where it crosses the shoreline in Rodanthe. The design assessed in the 2010 EA was approximately 1,200 to 1,600 feet from the shore with the exception of the same two homes. The greater distance from the shoreline was an additional outcome of the alignment adjustment made in the Refuge. Because of the greater distance, the bridge would appear thinner and the visual impact would be somewhat less than documented in the 2010 EA. The intactness and unity of the view would be split by the line of the Rodanthe area bridge across the full 180 degrees of the view. At night, the lights of motor vehicles would be visible. Roadway lighting is not planned for the proposed bridge. An aerial representation of the Bridge on New Location Alternative is shown in Figure 8. 4.2.2.2 Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative Section 4.3.1.2 of the 2008 FEIS on page 4-29 indicated that the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would substantially affect the Rodanthe area, introducing an elevated roadway into the community. This also was true for the revised design assessed in the 2010 EA and is the case for the Phase IIb Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. A representation of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative is shown in Figure 9. Over 50 residential and/or business structures are located along NC 12 between the Refuge boundary and the proposed southern end of the bridge and would have direct views of the bridge. The bridge also would be seen from most homes west of the properties adjacent to NC 12, with sightlines between, and sometimes above, the homes and businesses that line NC 12. The elevated structure would impede the viewshed of the primary viewers looking east towards the Atlantic Ocean and ocean-side viewers looking west toward the sound. Views could be blocked by the bridge as high as the Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-17 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach N ��►� , � � ti �� --- ��'- �•�,,�1 � � �- • .►' �N ' I i Z a t I o n� � .,.... � a �� I�- . ��-c,j X � �+, t�, ` �tr,��,, n f �.r l�, ,�. y 4.ut�}� �h Sr�''�� c. �'`� � '<i, d� w[ -k�� r �� rs � ��y ��}�� ,rr.�'.�t �°ti. �L.3 M';'�..4 ,` l�y��,l �: �. ' � ��,�n �,�y� .��'� w 7 T.t.� 4 �) ; �.�y�.� � a -�.�::� � w� , o( � _ �s� ,, �� '-- ' ��'-i.,.--_ . . . � �_,�._–__— `�' ��'��, ��. � � - � �w�,, . �� ;�� _ �..,y�.� �� ; � .R. 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' _ �_ _ r�� -.�:- ,- . --�``� _` . - � v { . � � � � -. �� Project &25006 ,.� ,' ~ . � Proposed Bridge on NC 12 County_ Dare Aerial View Looking North � Bndge wdhm Existing NC 12 EasementAliemative � �� ,�..,�., .�.._, PHOTOSIMULATION OF BRIDGE Figure WITHIN EXISTING NC 12 EASEMENT ALTERNATIVE 9 third or fourth story. At an elevation of approximately 30.0 feet above mean sea level (approximately 26.5 feet above ground), the bridge would be a dominating presence at ground level, particularly for those homes and businesses close to it. Despite the slightly lower height compared with the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA design (see Section 2.4.3), the combination of the bridge's height, length, structural characteristics, and materials would still present a structure not in keeping with the existing character of the area. As indicated in the 2008 FEIS in Section 4.3.1.2 on page 4-30, the potential for beach erosion is severe in the Rodanthe area. Sy 2060, as a result of the beach eroding under the bridge, the majority of the bridge would be located in the ocean and would be a presence within ocean views for properties currently located to the west of NC 12. 4.2.3 Cultural Resource Impacts This section describes the effects of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives on cultural resources, in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Part 800). The cultural resource impacts described below do not represent significant new impacts. These impacts were documented in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA and are generally unchanged. Both detailed study alternatives would have an Adverse Effect on the Refuge. The nature of the Adverse Effect would be the visual impact on the historic landscape of the Refuge and loss of access to Refuge features. As discussed in Section 4.4.1.2 of the 2008 FEIS (beginning on page 4-36), bridges in the Refuge would be a sizable new, elevated, linear, man-made feature. Although adverse, the impact of Phase IIb would be less with the Bridge on New Location Alternative, in that the bridge would be within the Refuge for approximately 0.4 mile. With the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, a bridge would be introduced to Refuge views for approximately 1.8 miles. As indicated in Table 2-1 of the 2010 EA, the Bridge on New Location Alternative (labeled in the table as Road North/Bridge South) and Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (labeled as Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge) would have No Adverse Effect on the Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station since the alternatives would be outside the district. Although the alternatives would be within the view of the resources, this view also includes modern commercial and residential structures. The current designs of the detailed study alternatives also remain outside the district and remain in a view that includes modern commercial and residential structures. 4.2.4 Parks and Recreation Impacts The parks and recreation resource impacts described below do not represent significant new impacts. These impacts were documented in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA and did not substantially change with the design refinements associated with the two detailed study alternatives for Phase IIb. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-20 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 4.2.4.1 Land Use The Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would affect land from the Refuge in a manner similar to the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South Alternative and the portion of the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative within the Phase IIb project area. Impacts would be: • Bridge on New Location Alternative: — 2.79 acres of new permanent NC 12 easement — 19.27 acres of existing NC 12 easement returned to the Refuge and restored — 0.63 acres of temporary construction easement in the Refuge for a temporary traffic maintenance road to take traffic around the proposed bridge approach • Brid�e within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative: — No new permanent NC 12 easement — 2.06 acres of temporary construction easement in the Refuge. In the Refuge, an approximately 5-foot-wide temporary construction easement would be needed for the entire length of the project on the sound side of the existing NC 12 easement. The purpose of this narrow easement would be primarily to provide room for construction workers to erect erosion control measures (fencing) along the edge of the existing NC 12 easement. A pile jetting pipe would be placed between NC 12 and the Pamlico Sound on a 10-foot wide temporary easement at what is currently expected to be three locations in the Refuge. The easement in Rodanthe would be needed to provide room for construction equipment to operate when completing grading in the NC 12 right-of-way. 4.2.4.2 Recreational Use As with the Bridge South and Phased Approach alternatives discussed in the 2008 FEIS in Section 4.5.3 (beginning on page 4-44), direct motor vehicle access to the Refuge would be eliminated for the length of the bridge component of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives (see Figure 3). Sacrificing direct motor vehicle access in favor of eliminating the need for artificial dunes to maintain a surface road is the preference of USFWS, which has indicated in the past that it will provide for some form of replacement access to the Refuge and its facilities where direct access from a surface road is lost in Phase II and in future phases of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500). As the beach erodes as a part of natural coastal processes, the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative's bridge would be located first over the beach and then in the ocean. As a result, several recreational activities that occur in this area, including Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-21 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach fishing, hiking, surfing, wind surfing, kite boarding, swimming, ocean kayaking, and birding, would be affected both by the presence of the bridge and the loss of direct Refuge access, as discussed in Section 4.5.3.3 of the 2008 FEIS. As with the Phased Approach alternatives discussed in the 2008 FEIS and the Phase IIa Selected Alternative, bridge piles in the ocean could change the types of fish that congregate around the shore. To the extent that certain sections of the bridged roadway would be over the beach, beach and water activities would be affected, but not precluded where it is safe, by the presence of the bridge and bridge piles. Once the bridge piles are located in the ocean, the ability to surf in the area affected would be eliminated. Ultimately this would be the case for almost all of the entire 2.27-mile Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative bridge. The piles would change how and where the waves break, which would interfere with the swells in such a way that the waves would no longer be conducive to good surfing. In addition, the presence of bridge piles in areas where the bridge would be less than 150 feet from shore would be a safety hazard to surfers and other recreational ocean users. The economic impact of eliminating the paved road access to the Refuge was assessed (2008 FEIS, Section 4.1.5.3, beginning on page 4-12). It was determined that on average, the losses of tourism associated with loss of access to the Refuge "would not have a major economic impact on the Outer Banks/Dare County area." Recreational user surveys conducted for the economic analysis, as documented in Section 3.5.2.4 of the 2008 FEIS (beginning on page 3-43), observed fishing (particularly from the catwalks on Bonner Bridge and the terminal groin/sea walls at Oregon Inlet), birding, surfing, beach use (sunbathing), walking, and kayaking as activities in the Refuge (see Table 3-10 of the 2008 FEIS, page 3-44). Visitors also visited the Refuge's visitor center. As indicated in the 2008 FEIS study, the key question in terms of the economic impact to the Outer Banks economy is what resource/activity is lost, or to which access is reduced or lost, and whether there is no other location on the Outer Banks to participate in the activity. Visitor survey results in Section 4.1.5.3 of the FEIS (page 4-12) found that without any paved road access to the Refuge, 9 percent of Refuge visitors would not visit the Refuge and had no other location on the Outer Banks to conduct their activity. They would thus not visit the Outer Banks and this loss of visitors would have an economic impact. There are other locations on the Outer Banks, including Hatteras Island, and specifically the Seashore, where one can use a beach (sunbathing), walk, kayak, and go birding along a beach and other natural habitats. Thus, the loss of use of beach area for these activities because of bridge piles on the beach or offshore is not expected to have a notable economic impact on Dare County beyond the impact associated with changed access. Regarding surfing, during the Phase IIa scoping comments, the Outer Banks Chapter of the Surfrider Foundation submitted a petition (with 1,148 signatures) in favor of giving consideration to design options that, at a minimum, provide continued, if not improved, Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-22 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach access to the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot area for surfing. The petition did not indicate support for a particular alternative, but it stated that the 'S' Curves Hot Spot area is a top surfing spot in the United States. It also emphasized the contribution of surfing to the local economy. There are other locations on the Outer Banks, including Hatteras Island, and specifically the Seashore, where one can surf. Therefore, the loss of use of beach area in the Refuge and at the 'S' Curves Hot Spot as a surfing opportunity because of bridge piles on the beach or offshore is not expected to have a notable economic impact on Dare County beyond the impact associated with changed access. Of the Refuge activities listed above, three can occur only in the Refuge: 1) fishing from the catwalks on Bonner Bridge (under Seashore jurisdiction) and terminal groin/seawalls at Oregon Inlet, 2) birding at the managed impoundments and Oregon Inlet, and 3) visiting the visitor center. The first is a unique place to fish. The managed impoundments are unique in terms of the habitat provided and the diversity and number of bird species using these areas. In addition to the impoundments, both sides of Oregon Inlet and adjacent habitats often attract birds not commonly seen in other places and are targeted by visiting birders. The visitor center is inherent to USFWS- Refuge's mission. None of these locations is associated with the beach or specifically the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives. Fishing from the catwalks was discussed in Section 4.5.3.2 of the 2008 FEIS (beginning on page 4-46) and revisited in Section 2.3.2.1 of the 2010 EA (page 2-17). Phase I of the PBC/TMP Alternative will leave a part of Bonner Bridge in place as a pier that could be used for recreation (specifically, fishing) and provide direct road access to an existing parking lot. This parking lot is used by those who fish at Oregon Inlet, whether from the existing catwalks or terminal groin/seawalls, and those who do birding at Oregon Inlet. Formal consultation with NMFS in 2013 yielded a new concern related to the effect of existing fishing at Oregon Inlet on protected sea turtles. NMFS indicated that there is evidence that at least four sea turtles have been hooked during recreational fishing in Oregon Inlet since 1989 and one hooking occurred from the existing bridge catwalks in 2012. As such, NCDOT will install "no fishing" signs to not allow fishing on the catwalks during Oregon Inlet replacement bridge construction to satisfy NMFS concerns and for safety reasons. To satisfy NMFS concerns, "no fishing" signs also will be installed on the portion of Bonner Bridge that will be left in place as a pier. If and when a decision is made to allow fishing on the pier, FHWA will initiate Section 7 consultation with NMFS prior to the "no fishing" signs being removed. (See Protected Species under Section 3.5.1 of the Phase IIa ROD, pages 25 and 26.) If fishing is not allowed on the pier, there could be an economic impact on Dare County because fishing at Oregon Inlet is a unique fishing opportunity that cannot be found elsewhere in Dare County. That impact, however, is accounted for within the 9 percent loss of Refuge visitors associated with changed access presented in the 2008 FEIS in Section 4.1.5.3. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-23 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach From the perspective of birding at the impoundments, none of the alternatives assessed in the 2008 FEIS that are a part of the PSC/TMP Alternative would preclude birding at the impoundments, although to the extent direct road access is lost as future phases of the PBGTMP Alternative are built, users will have to rely on alternate access provided by USFWS-Refuge, as USFWS-Refuge has indicated it would do. This is documented in the second paragraph of page 4-12 of the 2008 FEIS. Finally, the visitor center could be moved. In any event, the visitor center will likely eventually be moved because its site is forecast to be in the ocean by 2060. As noted above, if paved road access to the Refuge were lost completely, such as with the Pamlico Sound Bridge Alternative, 9 percent of Refuge visitors may choose not to come to the Outer Banks, which would have the associated economic impact documented in 2008 FEIS Section 4.1.5.3 (page 4-12). A fu119 percent loss of Refuge visitors would not be the case with the PBC/TMP Alternative in that it would retain direct road access to at least two locations based on 2060 shoreline forecasts: Oregon Inlet and between Phase IIa and Phase IIb where, based on shoreline forecasts, no improvements to NC 12 are needed. However, at this time there is a possibility that fishing would not be allowed from the part of Bonner Bridge left as a pier because of a past history of protected sea turtles being hooked by fishing at Oregon Inlet. Overall, from the perspective of access, the loss of visitors to the Refuge would be less than 9 percent with the PBGTMP Alternative. 4.2.5 Natural Systems Impacts The natural systems impacts described below do not represent significant new impacts. Similar impacts were documented in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA and did not substantially change with the design refinements associated with the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives or with changes in the affected environment that have occurred since the release of those documents. 4.2.5.1 Surface Waters and Water Quality As discussed in Section 4.7.2 of the 2008 FEIS on page 4-75 and Section 4.7.22 of the 2008 FEIS on page 4-82, waters associated with Pamlico Sound are classified as SA waters (Class A saltwaters) with a supplemental classification as High-Quality Waters (HQW). Construction-related water quality impacts to the open water of the sound could result in temporary increases in turbidity and a potential decrease in dissolved oxygen; however, given the dynamic nature of the waters in the sound, a temporary increase in turbidity likely would not be notable as the flux of water through the sound would reduce the potential for any permanent water quality problems. Construction of the entire Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would occur over land; therefore, direct water quality impacts during construction would not occur. Most of the Bridge on New Location Alternative would be built over water in Pamlico Sound; therefore, direct water quality impacts during construction would occur. Impacts would Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-24 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach be minimized by not using dredging during bridge construction and by containing pile jetting spoil. As discussed in Section 4.7.2.2 of the 2008 FEIS beginning on page 4-82, runoff from the bridges would be a potential source of pollutants to the Atlantic Ocean (in the case of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alterative, when beach erosion results in its presence in the ocean) and Pamlico Sound (Bridge on New Location Alternative). To minimize the potential impact of project pollutants, a Post-Construction Stormwater Program (PCSP) would be developed in association with NCDENR-DWR (formerly NCDENR-DWQ) and other state and federal environmental resource and regulatory agencies during final bridge design and in the process of obtaining related permits. NCDOT's PCSP for the Phase IIb bridges is expected to be the same as the stormwater management plan set forth for Phase I(the new Oregon Inlet bridge) and Phase IIa. Runoff would be collected from the ends of a Phase IIb bridge and piped to a riprap apron, which would drain to roadside swales to promote infiltration. Bridge drainage for the main bridge spans would be from deck drains (openings) at the outer edges of the deck. The bridge would be high enough to allow wind to disperse the deck drain discharge before it reaches the ground or water surface. Best Management Practices (BMPs) discussed in Section 4.7.2.2 of the 2008 FEIS (pages 4-83 to 4-84) would apply to both alternatives. 4.2.5.2 Biotic Communities Biotic communities in the study area would be impacted permanently and temporarily as a result of project construction. The impacts to biotic communities in the Phase IIb project area are presented in Table 4. Fill/pile and shading are two types of permanent impacts or effects associated with the project. Permanent fill impacts involve changing the ground surface by earth moving or placement of fill. Piles are a key component of bridge foundations or bents upon which bridge spans rest. Permanent pile impacts are the area of land used by the piles if the pile cap that connects the piles together is immediately under bridge spans and above the ground. When the pile cap is at ground level or at the surface of open water, then the area of the pile cap is considered the area of permanent impact. Shading is the area of bridge deck less the pile impacts. Consistent with the bridge foundation design used for the in-easement (preferred) alternative for the Phase IIa project, pile caps at ground level are assumed for the Phase IIb Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. With the Bridge on New Location Alternative, either location for the pile cap could be used. In the 2010 EA, the pile cap was assumed to be just below the bridge spans in the impact assessment for the Road North/Bridge South Alternative. Thus, the permanent impact of both configurations of the bridge foundation described above is presented for the Bridge on New Location Alternative. This distinction in permanent impacts is shown in Table 4. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-25 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table 4. Impacts to Biotic Communities in the Phase IIb Project Area Subject Bridge within Existing NC 12 Bridge on New Location to Easement Alternative Alternative Biotic Section Permanent Community 404 Permanent Permanent Temporary Fill and Permanent Temporary Jurisdic- Fill and Pile Shading Easement Shading Easement tions? (acres) (acres) (acres)' �acres)2 (acres) (acres)' Open water Yes 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.11 (2.88) 11.23 (8.46) 0.00 Open water- culvert 1'es 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 Open water- yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 ditch Open water- pool 1'es 0.02 0.00 0.03 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 Upland beach No 0.01 0.00 0.05 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 Upland dune No 0.44 1.09 0.35 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 Upland Man- Dominated No 2.86 7.57 0.37 3.02 (3.05) 0.35 (0.32) 0.00 Upland maritime No 0.15 1.07 1.13 0.01 (0.15) 0.51 (0.37) 0.45 grassland Upland maritime shrub No 0.24 0.05 0.06 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 thicket Upland maritime No 0.04 0.27 0.29 0.01 (0.12) 0.44 (0.33) 0.18 shrub/grassland Upland reed No 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 stand Wetland man- yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 dominated Wetland maritime Yes 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.43 (0.43) 0(0) 0.00 grassland Wetland maritime shrub Yes 0.00 0.00 0.04 0(0.04) 0.33 (0.3) 0.00 thicket Wetland maritime Yes 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.01 (0.01) 0.04 (0.04) 0.00 shrub/grassland Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-26 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb - Rodanthe Breach Table 4(concluded). Impacts to Biotic Communities in the Phase IIb Project Area Subject Bridge within Existing NC 12 Bridge on New Location to Easement Alternative Alternative Biotic Section Permanent Community 404 Permanent Permanent Temporary Fill and Permanent Temporary Jurisdic- Fill and Pile Shading Easement Shading Easement tions? (acres) (acres) (acres)' (acres) (acres) (acres)' Wetland marsh Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 Wetland reed stand Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 Wetland salt yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0.01) 0.08 (0.07) 0.00 grassland Wetland salt shrub thicket Yes o.00 o.00 o.00 o�o� o�o� o.00 Wetland salt Yes o.00 o.00 o.00 o�o� o.o� �o.o�� o.00 shrub/grassland CAMA marsh Yes 0.00 0.00 0.05 0(0.03) 0.12 (0.09) 0.00 CAMA wetland maritime Yes 0.00 0.00 0.03 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 grassland CAMA wetland maritime shrub Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 thicket CAMA wetland maritime Yes 0.00 0.00 0.04 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 shrub/grassland CAMA wetland Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 salt grassland CAMA wetland salt shrub Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 thicket CAMA wetland salt Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0.04 (0.04) 0.00 shrub/grassland CAMA wetland salt/shrub Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0(0) 0(0) 0.00 grassland TOTAL BIOTIC 3.81 10.05 2.54 3.59 (6.72) 13.22 0.63 COMMUNITY IMPACTS (10.09) 'Impacts within the 2.54 acres of easement far the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (2.06 temporary construction easement in the Refuge and 0.48 acres of utility easement in Rodanthe used in final grading) and 0.63 acres of temporary construction easement for the Bridge on New Location Alternative only. As indicated in the text above, there also would be temporary impacts within the existing NC 12 easement. The majority of the temporary impacts in the existing NC 12 easement are in upland, previously disturbed/maintained areas in the man-dominated community. zThe numbers not in parentheses assume the pile cap is immediately under the bridge spans. The numbers in parentheses assume the pile cap is a ground level or at the surface of open water. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-27 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb - Rodanthe Breach With the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, permanent impacts to biotic communities would occur within the existing NC 12 easement. This alternative would permanently impact 3.81 acres of biotic communities with fill and piles and would shade another 10.05 acres. Of the 3.81 acres of permanent impacts, approximately 75.1 percent (2.86 acres) would occur in man-dominated areas. Of the 10.05 acres of shading impacts, 75.3 percent (7.57 acres) would occur in man-dominated areas. Most of temporary impacts (total of 2.54 acres) are in upland (mainly grassland); 0.07 acre are in open water and 0.22 acre are in wetland. With the Bridge on New Location Alternative, most of the permanent impacts to biotic communities would occur outside of the existing NC 12 easement. This alternative would permanently impact 3.59 acres of biotic communities with fill and piles and would shade an additional 13.22 acres. The fill and pile impact of 3.59 acres assumes the pile cap would be just under the bridge on new location spans (not in the water and would not result in permanent impact), which was assumed in the 2010 EA in calculating pile impacts for the Road North/Bridge South. The area of the bridge's pile caps is estimated to be 6.72 acres, which as indicated above would be a reasonable representation of the fill and pile impact on land and in the sound if during final design, the decision was made to place the pile cap at ground and water level. The larger fill and pile impact would reduce the shading impact to 10.09 acres. Of the permanent fill and pile impact of 3.59 acres, approximately 84.1 percent (3.02 acres) would occur in man-dominated areas and 0.03 percent (0.11 acres) would occur in open water. The 0.63 acre of temporary easement impacts to biotic communities would occur within upland maritime grassland and upland maritime shrub/grassland. 4.2.5.3 Wetlands and Open Water Habitat Given that the two detailed study alternatives are located similarly to their counterparts in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA, their impacts to wetland and open water habitat would be similar. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would permanently impact 0.05 acre of wetlands and 0.02 acre of open waters (pool) with fill and pile; no wetlands or open waters would be impacted by shading. This alternative would temporarily impact 0.01 acre of wetlands (maritime grassland) and 0.03 acre of open waters (pool). Neither permanent nor temporary CAMA wetland impacts would occur. The Bridge on New Location Alternative would permanently impact 0.44 acre of wetlands and 0.11 acre of open waters with fill and pile. If the pile caps were placed at ground or water level, this alternative would impact 0.52 acre of wetlands and 2.88 acres of open water. Shading (the area of the bridge deck less the pile area) would affect 0.68 acre of wetlands and 11.23 acres of open water. If pile caps were placed on the ground Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-28 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb - Rodanthe Breach or at water level, shading would affect 0.61 acre of wetlands and 8.46 acres of open water). This alternative would permanently impact less than 0.01 acre of CAMA wetlands with fill and pile (0.03 if using the larger pile cap area) and would shade 0.16 acre of CAMA wetlands (0.13 acre if using pile cap area). There would be no impact to wetlands, including CAMA wetlands, from temporary fill. 4.2.5.4 Protected Species Protected species and habitat for protected species addressed in the 2008 BA occur in the Phase IIb project area. Descriptions and details on these species and associated habitat are found in the 2008 FEIS (Section 4.7.9), the 2008 BA, as well as the 2013 technical report on the Atlantic Sturgeon (CZR, Incorporated, 2013). Updated information is found in the 2013 technical memorandum on threatened and endangered species for Phase IIa (FHWA and NCDOT, 2013) and a similar document was prepared for Phase IIb (FHWA and NCDOT, 2013). The current status of consultation under Section 7 of the ESA of 1973 is described in Section 6.3. Protected S�ecies in an AQUatic Environment. The direct effects common to all sea turtles identified in Section 7.2.1 of the 2008 BA remain applicable. The effects of noise, lighting, and turbidity described in the 2008 BA for construction in Oregon Inlet also would be applicable to the Phase IIb Bridge on New Location Alternative because this alternative would include a bridge over Pamlico Sound, but because sea turtles occur less frequently in the Bridge on New Location Alternative area, the chance of an effect is less likely. There would be no dredging associated with in-water construction with this alternative. Shading and fill do not have a direct impact on sea turtles because they are mobile organisms and can find other aquatic habitat. Pamlico Sound open water habitats would be affected by jetting of piles with either detailed study alternative. In the case of the Bridge on New Location Alternative, open water habitats would be subject to jetting during construction; these effects would be primarily short-term and are not likely to adversely affect sea turtles. Jetting spoil would be contained. For the Phase IIb Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, NCDOT is planning to pump water from Pamlico Sound to the NC 12 easement to use in jetting piles. The pumping of water would be continuous while the jetting equipment is running, and the volume of water needed to be pumped would be about 1,000 to 1,500 gallons per minute. The internal diameter of the jetting pipes likely would be about 2 to 2.5 inches and at least two pipes likely would be used. Turtles in the water likely would avoid the area where the water is disturbed by the pumping of water into the jetting pipes. As documented in Appendix A of the 2008 BA for the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (then the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative), the potential impacts with Phase IIb to sea turtles in the aquatic environment also would occur when the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative bridge piles are in Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-29 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach the ocean as a result of shoreline erosion. These impacts are highway run-off and predation on hatchlings by fish attracted to piling habitat. The direct effects of the project on the shortnose sturgeon remain largely unchanged from those listed in Section 8.2.1 of the 2008 BA and also would apply to the Atlantic sturgeon. The effects of construction activities in Pamlico Sound with the Phase IIb Bridge on New Location alternative would be similar to the effects of the construction of the Phase I bridge over Oregon Inlet. Both would generate a short-term localized increase in noise, turbidity, and siltation. Again, there would be no dredging associated with in-water construction for Phase IIb, and NCDOT is planning to either pump water from Pamlico Sound or jet piles in Pamlico Sound depending on the detailed study alternative selected. However, the rarity of shortnose and Atlantic sturgeon in Albemarle and Pamlico sounds, and their preference for deep spots during the day and tidal flats at night in the summer and early fall (Jackson et al., 1992), makes the possibility that project construction in Pamlico Sound would adversely affect this species discountable. In addition, any occurrence of this species within the construction area likely would be short- term and in conjunction with annual spring migrations, further discounting the prospect that project construction in Pamlico Sound would adversely affect these species. As was indicated above for sea turtles, the Phase IIb Bridge on New Location Alternative would permanently affect open water habitat in the Pamlico Sound by piles or shading (including SAV). Piles would permanently occupy a discountable portion of the potential soft-bottom habitat for the shortnose and Atlantic sturgeon in Pamlico Sound. Piles associated with the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would ultimately be in the Atlantic Ocean as a result of shoreline erosion. Sturgeon could be affected by highway runoff with bridges over Pamlico Sound or the Atlantic Ocean. Piles and highway runoff in either Pamlico Sound or the Atlantic Ocean are unlikely to have any adverse effects on either of the two sturgeon species because they are mobile organisms and can find other adjacent available aquatic habitat. NMFS issued a letter on September 30, 2013 (see Appendix D of the Phase IIa ROD) concluding formal consultation with FHWA on sea turtles and sturgeon. The focus of the letter was on Oregon Inlet, where sea turtles and sturgeon are known to occur, and the proposed Phase I replacement bridge over Oregon Inlet. The letter did not indicate that a potential for impact to sea turtles or sturgeon existed for Phase IIb with either detailed study alternative. Unlike the catwalks that provide fishing access at Oregon Inlet, no fishing access facilities are planned as part of Phase IIb bridges. The biological conclusion of May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project's (B-2500) PBC/TMP Alternative would not change because of the characteristics of the Phase IIb alternatives. Protected S�ecies on Land. The Phase IIa and Phase I areas include beach habitat suitable for nesting sea turtles. The Phase IIb project area also includes the same type of Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-30 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach beach habitat. The effects of those projects and the PBC/TMP Alternative as a whole on nesting sea turtles were described in the other the documents listed in the first paragraph of this section. Because Phase IIb project impacts to sea turtles and their habitat on land would be similar to those previously described in the other the documents listed in the first paragraph of this section, there is no change in the effects determinations for sea turtles for either Phase IIb detailed study alternative. The Phase IIa and Phase I areas include habitat suitable for seabeach amaranth and the effects of the projects on the plant and its habitat were described in the documents listed in the first paragraph of this section. The Phase IIb project area also includes habitat suitable for seabeach amaranth, and because the project impacts are similar to or less than those previously evaluated in other documents, there is no change in the biological conclusion of May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect. The Phase IIb Bridge on New Location Alternative would not have any impacts on the plant or its habitat because no construction would occur on the beach. The Phase IIb Bridge within Existing Easement would affect 0.01 acre beach habitat with fill and pile and 0.05 acre with temporary impacts, and 0.25 acre of dune with fill and pile and 0.35 acre with temporary impacts. An additiona11.09 acres of dune would be shaded by the bridge. Seabeach amaranth has not been documented in the Phase IIb project area. The Phase IIa area and the Phase I area include open water and adjacent shorelines that include habitat suitable for piping plover nesting. The Phase IIb project area does not include preferred nesting habitat. Monthly bird surveys have been conducted by NCDOT biologists since January 2013. As of the date of this EA, no nests of piping plover have been recorded in the Phase IIb area. While potential nesting and foraging habitat has increased in the vicinity of the Pea Island inlet north of Phase IIb since the 2010 ROD, an incidental take of piping plover nests during construction would not increase because no nests or nesting behavior have been documented near the Pea Island inlet or the Phase IIb project area. Therefore, the biological conclusions for the piping plover addressed in the 2008 BA and the Phase IIa EA also are assumed to remain unchanged as a result of the Phase IIb alternatives. 4.2.5.5 Essential Fish Habitat The potential impacts (short-term, long-term, permanent, and potential species-specific) to EFH addressed in the 2008 FEIS (Section 4.7.6.2) beginning on page 4-104 and the Essential Fish Habitat Assessment (CZR, Incorporated, 2008) as it relates to Phase I (replacement of the Bonner Bridge) would be similar for the two detailed study alternatives since both areas have the same EFH types. In addition, Phase I and the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would involve the same type of activities in those habitats. The Bridge on New Location Alternative, and to a lesser extent, the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, would affect EFH in Pamlico Sound. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative also would affect EFH once Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-31 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach shoreline erosion results in the bridge being in the ocean. Permanent EFH impacts would be the result of pile presence and bridge shading. As indicated in Section 4.1.7, in general in the Phase IIb project area, waters less than 6 feet deep within Pamlico Sound are considered potential SAV habitat. Based on the 2012 aerial SAV mapping, all the open water of the Pamlico Sound crossed by the Phase IIb Bridge on New Location Alternative contain either "patchy" or "sparse" SAV. The pile impact to EFH and SAV habitat in Pamlico Sound (open water) would be 0.11 acre assuming the pile cap would be just under the bridge spans, which was assumed in the 2010 EA in calculating pile impacts. The total area over the sound of the bridge's pile caps is estimated to be 2.88 acres, which although not set on the bottom, would be a reasonable representation of the pile cap impact to EFH/SAV habitat if during final design, the decision was made to place the pile cap at water level. The shading impact (if the pile cap is placed directly under the bridge) to EFH/SAV habitat would be 11.23 acres. If 2.88 acres is the open water pile cap impact, the shading impact would be 8.46 acres. See the introduction to Section 4.2.5.2 for the reasons two different pile and shading impacts are presented for the Bridge on New Location Alternative. The bridge deck and pile presence impacts listed above would result in some loss of EFH (under the piles) and in changes in light levels of the area underneath the bridge and for some distance surrounding the bridge. These changes are expected to have a minimal adverse effect on EFH, managed species, and SAV functions because of the extensive distribution of SAV throughout the area and because the bridge would be over 15 feet above mean high water. SAV beds in this area are naturally patchy and function as fragmented communities of varying density. With the Bridge on New Location Alternative, temporary construction-related impacts on marine and estuarine waters could result from noise and turbidity, sediment removal, and burial of organisms. Although some minor adverse impacts to EFH would occur during the construction phases, the impacts would be temporary and are not expected to result in significant short-term or long-term adverse effects on managed species. A primary potential for construction impact within EFH for the Bridge on New Location Alternative would be the pile jetting process, including increased turbidity and burial of organisms by jetting spoil surrounding the pile being jetted into place. Jetting uses high pressure water from pipes adjoining a pile to move the soil away from the tip of the pile, allowing the pile to move into the hole created. When the high pressure water is turned off, the surrounding soil settles around the pile. The soil that is displaced by the pile is referred to as spoil. The water that is used in the jetting process would come from the sound; as the USFWS and other agencies have previously indicated, the placement of pipes and pumps associated with the jetting process cannot be placed on the ocean beach. Depending upon the size of the pile and the depth at which it needs to be placed, one bridge pile can be jetted into place in approximately 60 Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-32 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach minutes. Jetting operations likely would to occur over approximately half of the construction period; and they would occur year round. Phase I of the PSC/TMP Alternative also will involve jetting piles within EFH. A mitigation measure agreed to with environmental resource and regulatory agencies in Phase I permit documents that could be considered for the Bridge on New Location Alternative is minimizing turbidity and water quality degradation by containment of the jetting spoil as a requirement in the contractor's contract. Primary and secondary containment systems could capture as much of the jetting water as possible and re-use it within the jetting operation in SAV and wetland areas. All spoil will be disposed of in an approved waste area. NCDOT will work with NCDENR-DCM, USFWS-Refuge, and other agencies as needed on minimizing jetting impacts to EFH, as well as jetting spoil disposal. With the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, jetting water would be taken from the sound, likely at three locations, and would be transported through pipes for use in jetting piles on land. This also will be done during the construction of the Selected Alternative for the Phase IIa project. For the Phase IIa project, to minimize impacts in the sound, a screen will be used on the intake of the jetting water pumping operations to prevent the intake of larval species. Jetting spoils will be disposed of within the NC 12 easement unless the Refuge accepts them for Refuge use. These disposal measures also could apply to Phase IIb's Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. There would be no other EFH impacts associated with the initial construction of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Alternative. Again, NCDOT will work with NCDENR-DCM, USFWS-Refuge, and other agencies as needed on minimizing jetting impacts to EFH, as well as jetting spoil disposal. Impacts to EFH from Phase IIb's Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (plus any future phases involving a bridge in the existing NC 12 easement) would eventually occur in the ocean as a result of shoreline erosion placing these alternatives in the ocean. The impacts to EFH from bridge presence in the ocean are described in Section 4.7.6.2 of the 2008 FEIS on page 4-107. These impacts would include changes related to water quality, water flow, sediment grain size and topography, bridge shading, and potential long-term impacts resulting from bridge maintenance activities for portions of the bridge that over time would be located in the surf zone. A Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would result in approximately 11.00 acres of shading area over the Atlantic Ocean in 2060 as a result of shoreline erosion. There is a potential to reduce habitat quality for larval and adult fish, as well as reduce invertebrate species abundance and diversity. In addition, the introduction of bridge piles would provide a type of hard substrate previously unavailable in the surf zone, thereby increasing habitat complexity. Currently, the only wetland impact associated with the Sridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be 0.05 acre of Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-33 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach wetland maritime shrub/grassland, and the only open water impacts would be 0.02 pile and fill and 0.03 temporary impact to open water-pool. 4.2.6 Noise Impacts In accordance with Title 23 Code of Federal Regulations Part 772, "Procedures for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise and Construction Noise" (23 CFR 772) and the NCDOT Traffic Noise Abatement Policy (July 13, 2013), each Type I highway project must be analyzed for predicted traffic noise impacts. In general, Type I projects are proposed federal or federal-aid highway projects that involve any of the following: construction of a highway or interchange on new location; improvements of an existing highway that either substantially changes the horizontal or vertical alignment or increases the vehicle capacity; or projects that involve either new construction or substantial alteration of transportation facilities such as weigh stations, rest stops, ride- share lots or toll plazas. Traffic noise was addressed previously for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) in Section 4.10 of the 2008 FEIS beginning on page 4-150 and in Table 1 of the 2010 ROD on page 17. Traffic noise impacts were determined through implementing the current Traffic Noise ModelO (TNMO) approved by FHWA (Version 2.5 released in 2004) and by following procedures detailed in 23 CFR 772 and the NCDOT Traffic Noise Analysis and Abatement Manual. When traffic noise impacts are predicted, examination and evaluation of alternative noise abatement measures must be considered for reducing or eliminating these impacts. Temporary and localized noise impacts also likely will occur as a result of project construction activities. Construction noise control measures are incorporated into the project plans and specifications. 4.2.6.1 Traffic Noise Impacts and Noise Contours Predicted traffic noise impacts for the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, as well as the No-Build Alternative and existing conditions, are shown in Table 5(NCDOT, Table 5. Predicted Traffic Noise Impacts by Alternative Traffic Noise Im acts Residential Churches/ Schools, gusinesses Alternative (NAC B, 66 etc. (NAC C, 66 dBA �NAC E, 71 dBA Total dBA or or greater 8� D,51 dBA or greater) reater or reater Existin Conditions 1 0 0 1 No-Build Alternative (2025) 2 0 0 2 Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternatives (Build 6 0 0 6 2025) Bridge on New Location 2 0 0 2 Alternative(Build 2025) 'Per TNM°2.5 and in accordance with 23 CFR 772 Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-34 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 2013b). The Table 5 findings take into consideration the potential for receptors (persons standing outside) to experience traffic noise impacts by either approaching or exceeding the FHWA noise abatement criteria (NAC) or by a substantial increase in exterior noise levels as defined in the NCDOT Traffic Noise Abatement Policy, for any activity category listed in Table 6. All the impacts indicated in Table 5 result from traffic noise impacts that approach (1 dB(A) below the NAC criteria) or exceed the NAC. For the existing condition, one residential noise receptor was predicted to approach or exceed the FHWA NAC for Activity Category B. As shown in Table 1 of the 2010 ROD (page 17), the Road North/Bridge South Alternative would have resulted in three residential noise receptors that approach or exceed the FHWA NAC for Activity Category B; substantial noise increases would have occurred at an additional three residential receptors (including one of the three that exceeds the FHWA NAC for Activity Category B) and 1 business noise receptor (Activity Category E). As indicated in Table 5 above, the equivalent Bridge on New Location Alternative would result in two residential noise receptors that approach or exceed the FHWA NAC for Activity Category B; a substantial increase in noise levels between the existing condition and the design year is not predicted for any noise receptor. Therefore, the Bridge on New Location alternative has a lower traffic noise impact than the Road North/Bridge South Alternative included in the 2010 ROD. As shown in Table 1 of the 2010 ROD (page 17), the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative would have resulted in three residential noise receptors that approach or exceed the FHWA NAC for Activity Category B. As indicated in Table 5 above, the equivalent Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would result in six residential noise receptors that approach or exceed the FHWA NAC for Activity Category B. This higher traffic noise impact is likely the result of changes in the specific homes displaced, including homes formally displaced that now have noise impacts. No substantial increases in noise levels would occur at any receptors with either the Sridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative or its equivalent in the 2010 ROD. The maximum extent of the 71 and 66 dB(A)4 noise level contourss measured from the center of the proposed roadway is less than 20 and 56 feet, respectively, for the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. The maximum extent of the 71 and 66 4 dB stands for decibel. The A-weighted sound level is a measure of sound intensity with frequency characteristics that correspond to human subjective response to noise. For more detail, see the 2008 FEIS, Section 3.10.1.4 on page 3-112. 5 The 71 and 66 dB(A) noise contours are lines that illustrate the distance from each detailed study alternative where the noise levels of 71 and 66 dB(A) are expected to occur, and corresponds to the NAC for Activity Category E and B/C receptors, respectively. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-35 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table 6. Noise Abatement Criteria Noise Abatement Criteria (Hourly Equivalent A-Weighted Sound Level Decibels — dS(A)) Activity Activity Criteria' Evaluation Activity Description Category 2 Location Leq�h) Lands on which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary A 57 Exterior significance and serve an important public need and where the preservation of those qualities is essential if the area is to continue to serve its intended purpose. B3 67 Exterior Residential Active sport areas, amphitheaters, auditoriums, campgrounds, cemeteries, daycare centers, hospitals, libraries, medical facilities, parks, picnic areas, places of worship, playgrounds, C3 67 Exterior public meeting rooms, public or nonprofit institutional structures, radio studios, recording studios, recreation areas, Section4(f) sites, schools, television studios, trails, and trail crossings. Auditoriums, day care centers, hospitals, libraries, medical facilities, places of worship, public meeting rooms, public or D 52 Interior nonprofit institutional structures, radio studios, recording studios, schools, and television studios. Hotels, motels, offices, restaurants/bars, and other developed E 72 Exterior lands, properties, or activities not included in A-D or F. Agriculture, airports, bus yards, emergency services, industrial, F logging maintenance facilities, manufacturing, mining, rail yards, retail facilities, shipyards, utilities (water resources, water treatment, electrical), and warehousing. G -- -- Undeveloped lands that are not permitted. Source: NCDOT Traffic Noise Abatement Policy, effective July 20, 2011. �The Ley(h) activity criteria values are for impact determination only, and are not design standards for noise abatement measures. zThe equivalent steady-state sound level which in a stated period of time contains the same acoustic energy as the time-varying sound level during the same time period, with L�9(h) being the hourly value of L�q. 3Includes undeveloped lands permitted for this activity category. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-36 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach dB(A) noise level contours measured from the center of the proposed roadway is 20 feet and 75 feet, respectively for the Bridge on New Location Alternative. 4.2.6.2 No-Build Alternative Traffic Noise The traffic noise analysis also considered traffic noise impacts for the No-Build Alternative. If the proposed Phase IIb project is not built, two receptors are predicted to experience traffic noise impacts, and the future traffic noise levels will increase by approximately 3 dB(A). Based upon research, humans barely detect noise level changes of 2 to 3 dB(A). A 5 dB(A) change is more readily noticeable. Therefore, most people working and living near NC 12 would not notice this predicted increase. 4.2.6.3 Traffic Noise Abatement Measures Measures for reducing or eliminating the traffic noise impacts were considered for all impacted receptors of each alternative. The primary noise abatement measures evaluated for highway projects include highway alignment changes, traffic system management measures, establishment of buffer zones, noise barriers, and noise insulation (Activity Category D only). For each of these measures, benefits versus allowable abatement measure quantity (reasonableness), engineering feasibility, effectiveness and practicability and other factors are included in the noise abatement considerations. A highway alignment change is the only viable noise abatement measure of those listed in the previous paragraph. Highway alignment changes for traffic noise abatement involve modifying the alignment of a proposed road to minimize traffic noise at noise sensitive receptors. The selection of alternative alignments for noise abatement purposes must consider the balance between noise impacts and other engineering and environmental parameters. The Bridge on New Location Alternative reflects a viable option for locating the highway alignment to minimize noise impact, reducing impacts from six receptors (with the Sridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative) to two receptors. Traffic system management measures such as banning truck traffic, limiting times of operation, or lowering the speed limit are not considered viable options since NC 12 is the only through route on Hatteras Island. Costs to acquire buffer zones (essentially displacing the impacted receptors) would exceed the NCDOT base quantity value of $37,500 per benefited receptor, causing this abatement measure to be unreasonable. Noise barriers include two basic types: earthen berms and noise walls. These structures act to diffract, absorb, and reflect highway traffic noise. This project would remain an uncontrolled right-of-way access road, meaning that most noise-sensitive land uses would have direct access connections to the proposed project, and intersections would adjoin the project at grade. The traffic noise analysis confirmed that because regular breaks would be required for driveways and street intersections, any potential noise Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-37 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach barriers would not be reasonable or feasible as defined by the noise abatement measure feasibility criteria of the NCDOT Traffic Noise Abatement Policy. 4.2.6.4 Traffic Noise Summary The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would result in six residential noise receptor impacts compared to two for the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative. This is likely the result of changes in the specific homes displaced, including homes formally displaced that now have noise impacts. The Bridge on New Location Alternative would result in one less residential noise receptor impact (two instead of three) compared to the Road North/Bridge South Alternative, and no substantial noise level increases (compared to three substantial noise level increases for the Road North/Bridge South Alternative). Based on this preliminary study, traffic noise abatement is not recommended and no noise abatement measures are proposed. This evaluation completes the highway traffic noise requirements of 23 CFR 772. No additional noise analysis will be performed for this project unless warranted by a substantial change in the project scope, vehicle capacity, or alignment. In accordance with NCDOT Traffic Noise Abatement Policy, the federal and North Carolina governments are not responsible for providing noise abatement measures for new development for which building permits are issued after the Date of Public Knowledge. The Date of Public Knowledge of the proposed highway project will be the approval date of the Record of Decision (ROD). For development occurring after this date, local governing bodies are responsible to insure that noise compatible designs are used along the proposed project. 4.2.6.5 Construction Noise Construction noise was addressed in Section 4.13.3 of the 2008 FEIS beginning on page 4-173. Compared to the Bridge on New Location Alternative, the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would have greater construction noise impacts on daily activities in Rodanthe because construction would occur within Rodanthe, adjacent to the numerous homes and businesses lining NC 12. Except where it reaches the shore and enters Rodanthe, construction activities for the Bridge on New Location Alternative would be approximately 1,200 to 2,500 feet from the soundside shoreline and the homes located along the shoreline. In addition, the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would have a greater construction noise impact on the Refuge because it is within the Refuge and not primarily offshore in the sound like the Bridge on New Location Alternative. The predominant construction activities associated with this project are expected to be pile driving, impact hammers (jack hammer, hoe-ram), earth removal, hauling, grading, Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-38 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach and paving. Temporary and localized construction noise impacts likely will occur as a result of these activities. During daytime hours, the predicted effects of construction activities would be temporary speech interference for passers-by and those individuals living or working near the project. During evening and nighttime hours, steady-state construction noise emissions, such as from paving operations would be audible, and could cause impacts to activities such as sleep. Sporadic evening and nighttime construction equipment noise emissions such as from backup alarms, lift gate closures ("slamming" of dump truck gates), etc., would be perceived as distinctly louder than the steady-state acoustic environment, and would likely cause severe impacts to the general peace and usage of noise sensitive areas — particularly residences. Extremely loud construction noise activities such as the use of pile-drivers and impact hammers would provide sporadic and temporary construction noise impacts in the near vicinity of those activities. Such an impact could be mitigated by scheduling construction activities that would produce extremely loud noises during times of the day when such noises would create as minimal disturbance as possible. Generally, low-cost and easily implemented construction noise control measures could be incorporated into the project plans and specifications to the extent possible. These measures include, but are not limited to, work-hour limits, equipment exhaust muffler requirements, haul road locations, elimination of "tail gate banging", ambient-sensitive backup alarms, construction noise complaint mechanisms, and consistent and transparent community communication. 4.2.7 Air Quality Impacts Air quality impacts of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) were assessed in Section 4.9 of the 2008 FEIS beginning on page 4-141. That assessment concluded that the proposed project would not cause or exacerbate a violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), as established by the Clean Air Act of 1970 as amended. It further concluded that the Sonner Sridge Replacement Project (B-2500) conforms to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) and the goals set forth in the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) and the Final Conformity Rule. It further concluded notable changes in the emissions of Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) are not expected. An updated project-level qualitative air quality analysis was prepared for Phase IIb (NCDOT, September 20, 2013). This assessment of air quality impacts follows air quality assessment procedures as they relate to determining compliance with NAAQS and considering MSAT. No notable new air quality impacts were found. Specific findings of the new qualitative air quality assessment for Phase IIb are presented in the following sections. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-39 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 4.2.7.1 Attainment Status The project is in Dare County, which complies with NAAQS. The Phase IIb project will not add substantial new capacity or create a facility that is likely to meaningfully increase emissions. Therefore, it is not anticipated to create any adverse effects on the air quality of this attainment area. 4.2.7.2 Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT) Controlling air toxic emissions became a national priority with the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, whereby Congress mandated that the USEPA regulate 188 air toxics. The USEPA rule on the Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources (Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 37, page 8430, February 26, 2007) requires controls that will dramatically decrease MSAT emissions of motor vehicles through cleaner fuels and cleaner engines. Based on a FHWA analysis using USEPA's MOVES2010b motor vehicle emissions model (October 30, 2012), even if vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) increase by 102 percent (as assumed nationally from 2010 to 2050), a combined reduction of 83 percent in the total annual emissions for the priority MSAT is projected for the same time period. The FHWA developed a tiered approach with three categories for analyzing MSAT in NEPA documents, depending on specific project circumstances: 1. No analysis for projects with no potential for meaningful MSAT effects; 2. Qualitative analysis for projects with low potential MSAT effects; or 3. Quantitative analysis to differentiate alternatives for projects with higher potential MSAT effects. The Phase IIb project falls under Category 2 because it is intended to improve the operations of a highway, transit, or freight without adding substantial new capacity or without creating a facility that is likely to meaningfully increase emissions, and because the design year traffic is not projected to meet or exceed the 140,000 to 150,000 AADT criterion. Qualitative MSAT Anal,�. For Category 2 projects, a qualitative assessment of emissions projections is conducted. A qualitative MSAT analysis provides a basis for identifying and comparing the potential differences among MSAT emissions, if any, from the various alternatives. For each alternative in this EA, the amount of MSAT emitted would be proportional to the vehicle miles traveled, or VMT, assuming that other variables such as fleet mix are the same for the alternative. Average daily VMT in the Phase IIb project area is shown in Table 7. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-40 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table 7. Average Daily VMTs in the Phase IIb Project Area Alternative Average Annual Length(miles) Average Dail Traffic Dail VMT 2012 Existing 7,300 2.50 18,250 2032 No Build 10,900 2.50 27,250 2032 Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative • NC 12 on Bridge 10,900 2.50 27,250 • Frontage Road for Local Access 2,3001 0.74 1,702 Total VMT 28,952 Increase in VMT Over No-Build Alternative 6.2% 2032 Bridge on New Location Alternative • NC 12 on Bridge 10,900 3.00 32,700 • Existing NC 12 Used for Local Access 1,7001 0.64 1,088 Total VMT 33,788 Increase in VMT Over No-Build Alternative 24.0% 1Loca1 traffic volumes would vary over the length of the roads for local access with the greatest volumes at their intersection with NC 12 and the least volumes at the Refuge/Rodanthe border. To reflect that variation it was assumed that one-half the volume at the NC 12 intersection was representative of the average volume over the length of the roads for local access. Because of changing local traffic patterns, the estimated daily VMT would be 6.2 percent higher than the No-Build Alternative with the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. The daily VMT would increase by 24.0 percent with the Bridge on New Location Alternative, primarily because of the alternative's longer length (3.0 miles versus 2.5 miles). It is important to note, however, that with the Bridge on New Location Alternative, NC 12 traffic would for the most part be placed in the sound and away from residences sensitive to MSAT's. Thus, while MSAT emissions would increase because of the longer NC 121ength and changing local traffic patterns with the Bridge on New Location Alternative, the potential local impact of MSAT's would be substantially reduced over both the No-Build and the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative because of NC 12's relocation away from sensitive receptors. Finally, in the context of the fu1115.7-mile length of existing NC 12 in the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area, the increase in the length of NC 12 of 0.5 mile that is associated with the Bridge on New Location Alternative represents only a 3 percent increase in the length of existing NC 12, as well as the associated VMT and estimated MSAT emissions. The new alignment of NC 12 in Rodanthe with the Bridge on New Location Alternative also would have the effect of moving NC 12 traffic closer to homes and businesses Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-41 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach between the sound and its intersection with NC 12, the southern terminus. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would bring traffic closer to the upper story living areas of homes along NC 12 and local traffic on at-grade frontage roads closer to the same homes. Therefore, under each alternative there may be localized areas where ambient concentrations of MSAT could be higher. Regardless of the alternative chosen, emissions will likely be lower than present levels in the design year as a result of USEPA's national control programs that are projected to reduce annual MSAT emissions by over 80 percent from 2010 to 2050. Local conditions may differ from these national projections in terms of fleet mix and turnover, VMT growth rates, and local control measures. However, the magnitude of the USEPA- projected reductions is so great (even after accounting for VMT growth) that MSAT emissions in the Phase IIb project area are likely to be lower in the future in virtually all locations. Incom�lete or Unavailable Information for Project-Specific MSAT Health Im�acts Anal�sis. In FHWA's view, information is incomplete or unavailable to credibly predict the project-specific health impacts that would result from changes in MSAT emissions associated with a proposed set of highway alternatives. The outcome of such an assessment, adverse or not, would be influenced more by the uncertainty introduced into the process through assumption and speculation rather than any genuine insight into the actual health impacts directly attributable to MSAT exposure associated with a proposed action. Further, because of the limitations in the methodologies for forecasting health impacts, any predicted difference in health impacts between the detailed study alternatives is likely to be much smaller than the uncertainties associated with predicting the impacts. Consequently, the results of such assessments would not be useful to decision makers, who would need to weigh this information against project benefits. 4.2.7.3 Construction Air Quality The 2008 FEIS addressed construction-related impacts on air quality in Section 4.13.2 (page 4-173). Air quality impacts resulting from roadway construction activities are typically not a concern when contractors utilize appropriate control measures. During construction of the proposed project, all materials resulting from clearing and grubbing (removing plant roots), demolition, or other operations would be removed, burned, or otherwise disposed of by the contractor. Any burning done would be done in accordance with applicable local laws and ordinances and regulations of the North Carolina SIP for air quality in compliance with 15 NCAC 2D.0520. Care would be taken to ensure burning would be done at the greatest distance practicable from dwellings, and would not be done when atmospheric conditions are such as to create a hazard to the public. Operational agreements that would reduce or redirect work or shift times to avoid community exposures can reduce this impact. Burning would be performed under constant surveillance. Also during construction, measures would be taken to Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-42 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach reduce the dust generated by construction when the control of dust is necessary for the protection and comfort of motorists or area residents. 4.3 Effect of the Phase Ilb Detailed Study Alternatives on the PBC/TMP Alternative Changes since the findings of the 2010 ROD based on the above analysis of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are primarily associated with minor changes in the characteristics of the project area and refinements to the 2010 designs of the two detailed study alternatives. Changes in the characteristics of the Phase IIb project area resulted in the following effects: Updates to the forecast 2060 high-erosion shoreline, with reduced potential erosion (see Appendix D). • Altering the location of Hatteras Island habitat types. Hurricane Irene in August 2011 or Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 introduced few changed environmental elements to the Phase IIb project area. Beach erosion was associated with both storms. Beach erosion is taken into consideration in the 2008 FEIS and subsequent environmental documentation. Hurricane Irene created a breach, which was closed by NCDOT. The 2008 FEIS and subsequent environmental documentation take into consideration the potential for a breach in the Rodanthe area. The design characteristics of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would be similar to what was defined in the 2008 FEIS (as updated in the 2010 EA) as the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South Alternative (a bridge in the sound), and a portion of Phase II of the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Sridge Alternative (a bridge within the existing NC 12 easement). The minimal differences between the designs of the two bridge alternatives are described in Sections 2.4.2 and 2.4.3 of this EA. 4.3.1 Updated Impacts in the Phase Ilb Area The above changes in the setting and design introduced the following notable changes in potential impacts: • Reduced residential and business relocations. Lessened, but still sizable, visual impacts on the Refuge. Phase IIb bridge height was re-evaluated during design of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives (see Section 4.2.1) and is now lower than in the 2008 FEIS. Visual impacts contribute to the conclusion that the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would have an Adverse Effect on the Refuge as a historic resource. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-43 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach � Need for easements, including with the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative 2.5 acres of utility easement (0.48 acres of which also will be used for final grading) in Rodanthe and 2.06 acres of temporary contruction easement in the Refuge and with the Bridge on New Location Alternative 0.63 acre of temporary construction easement in the Refuge. Lower noise impacts than presented in the 2010 ROD for the Bridge on New Location Alternative (Road North/Bridge South in the 2010 ROD) and higher impacts with the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge in the 2010 ROD). The higher impact is likely the result of changes in the specific homes displaced, including homes formally displaced that now have noise impacts. 4.3.2 Updated Costs Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are expected to cost $187.5 to $215.5 million for the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative and $203.3 to $236.3 million for the Bridge on New Location Alternative. Details on the costs are shown in Table 1. Both detailed study alternatives are similar to alternatives assessed in the 2008 FEIS (as updated in the 2010 EA). Neither the Phase IIb setting nor design for the detailed study alternatives changed substantially since 2010 and thus, did not notably affect the overall cost of the PBC/TMP Alternative. Thus, no notable changes to the overall cost of the PBC/TMP are expected. 4.3.3 Impact of Implementation of All Phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative This section addresses how the implementation of either one of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would affect the potential total impact of all phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative. The construction of either one of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would have no potential effect on the environmental impacts of the implementation of all phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative (selected for implementation in the 2010 ROD) because both their southern and northern endpoints connect to a portion of existing NC 12 for which no changes are planned or expected to be needed prior to 2060, The northern terminus of both alternatives connects to a portion of NC 12 in the Refuge that is not threatened by shoreline erosion prior to 2060 and where the island is not susceptible to breaching. The southern terminus of both alternatives is at the southern end of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area. Thus, because there is no direct connection between Phase IIb and the locations where future phases of the PBC/TMP alternative would occur, the selection of either Phase IIb detailed study alternative would place no limits on the choices available for other future phases of the PBC/TMP alternative, including the use of nourishment, road on new location, bridge on new location, and bridge within the existing easement. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-44 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach In general, the PBC/TMP Alternative as described in the 2010 ROD calls for the study and selection of future actions on Hatteras Island beyond the limits of Phase I, and now beyond Phase II, through a comprehensive NC 12 Transportation Management Plan. This approach takes into account the inherent uncertainty in predicting future conditions within the dynamic coastal environment. The PBC/TMP Alternative and the components of its comprehensive NC 12 Transportation Management Plan are described in Section 1.2. The implementation of plan components began in early 2011 and will continue until the PBC/TMP Alternative is completed. Based on the above considerations, as well as the findings of Section 4.3.1, the expected nature and extent of environmental impacts of the potential future phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative are not expected to change with the implementation of either of one the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives. 4.4 Phase Ilb Permits and Approvals Construction of either one of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would require the permits and approvals listed below (with some differences between the two detailed study alternatives). Federal funding for this project is expressly conditioned upon compliance with all permitting terms and conditions. US Coast Guard Permit Under the authority of Section 9 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and the General Bridge Act of 1946 (as well as other legislation), the US Coast Guard (USCG) is responsible far approving the locations and plans for bridges and causeways over navigable waterways. NCDOT anticipates a USCG Permit under Title 33, Section 115.50 of the Code of Federal Regulations will be required for the bridge over Pamlico Sound with the Bridge on New Location Alternative. This permit would not be needed for the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. US Army Corps of Engineers Permits Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, USACE is responsible for issuing permits for discharges of dredged or fill material in waters of the United States, including fill placed in connection with bridge and road construction and the disposal of construction debris. The anticipated impacts to wetlands as a result of construction of the detailed study alternatives are discussed in Section 4.1.5. US Fish and Wildlife Service Permits and Approvals A special use permit would be required for the temporary construction easements necessary to construct either detailed study alternative and the new permanent easement associated with the Bridge on New Location Alternative. The exact terms and conditions, as well as appropriate compensatory mitigation, will be determined during the permitting process. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-45 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach US Park Service Permits and Approvals A special use permit could be required for the temporary construction easement and the new permanent easement necessary to construct the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative because this alternative is near the ocean just north of Rodanthe and could be outside USFWS jurisdiction but within NPS jurisdiction. The exact terms and conditions, as well as appropriate compensatory mitigation, will be determined during the permitting process. Coastal Area Management Act Permit A CAMA permit is required from NCDENR-DCM since either alternative would involve construction in AEC. NCDENR-Division of Water Quality Certification A 401 Water Quality Certification (as mandated under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act) would be required from NCDENR-DWR. The 401 certification process is coordinated with the 404 and CAMA processes and would be required with either detailed study alternative. NCDENR-Division of Water Quality Stormwater Permit Effective August 1, 2013, NCDOT is no longer required to submit State Stormwater permit applications for projects discharging stormwater runoff in High Quality Waters (HQW) and Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW) watersheds, because NCDOT is regulated under its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Other Permitting/Approval Actions and Consultations FHWA and NCDOT will continue to coordinate with the permitting agencies throughout the Phase IIb final design and permitting process and during construction. FHWA also will coordinate with USFWS and NMFS on any Section 7 of the ESA of 1973 concerns that arise during final design and construction; consultation under Section 7 will be re-initiated with either of these agencies if it becomes necessary. FHWA and NCDOT also will carry out the stipulations of the Section 106 National Historic Preservation Act Programmatic Agreement (Appendix E of the Phase IIa ROD) and will coordinate with the other Signatory and Concurring Parties, as necessary, during the final design, permitting, and construction processes. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 4-46 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 5.0 Section 4(f) Evaluation for Phase Ilb The purpose of this chapter is to assess whether the detailed study alternatives being considered for Phase IIb of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) in the Rodanthe area affects the findings of the October 2009 Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation (Revised 4(f) Evaluation) related to the entire PSC/TMP Alternative, by determining if the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, including the Preferred Alternative, would use Section 4(f) property and providing the information and analysis necessary for FHWA to approve any such use. The Revised 4(f) Evaluation was included in the 2010 EA as Appendix B, and its findings are summarized below in Section 5.1. The Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are described in Section 5.2. Section 4(f) of the USDOT Act of 1966, as amended (49 U.S.C. � 303), states that USDOT may not approve the use of land from a significant publicly owned park, recreation area, or wildlife and waterfowl refuge, or any significant historic site, unless a determination is made that the project will have a de minimis impact, or unless a determination is made that: 1. There is no feasible and prudent avoidance alternative, as defined in 23 CFR 774.17, to the use of land from the property; and 2. The action includes all possible planning, as defined in 23 CFR 774.17, to minimize harm to the property resulting from such use. The following sections are included in this chapter: • October 2009 Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation Findings • Proposed Detailed Study Alternatives for Phase IIb • Section 4(f) Properties in the Phase IIb Project Area • Impact to Section 4(f) Properties • Analysis of Avoidance Alternatives • Effect on the Least Harm Analysis • Effect on All Possible Planning to Minimize Harm Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 5.1 October 2009 Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation Findings as Updated in the Phase Ila EA As discussed in Section 4.0 of the 2010 ROD, the Revised 4(f) Evaluation determined that all six of the Parallel Bridge Corridor alternatives, including the PBC/TMP Alternative, would require a use of the Refuge. The Refuge qualifies as a Section 4(f) property because it is a wildlife refuge and a historic site that is eligible for the NRHP. The Revised 4(f) Evaluation concluded that Section 4(f) applies to the Refuge as a historic property (see pages 8 to 15 of the Revised 4(f) Evaluation [pages B-8 to B-15 of 2010 EA, Appendix B]). The Revised 4(f) Evaluation determined that Phase I would use approximately 3.2 acres of Refuge land. In addition, it was determined that for future phases, all of the Parallel Bridge Corridor alternatives considered may have a use of Refuge lands (see Table 1 of the 2010 ROD). The Revised 4(f) Evaluation also determined that all six of the Parallel Bridge Corridor alternatives, including the PBC/TMP Alternative, would use approximately 6.3 acres from the Seashore, but that Section 4(f) is not applicable to this impact because the road [now called NC 12] was concurrently and jointly planned and developed with the establishment of the Seashore (see page B-12 of the Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation in Appendix B of the 2010 EA). In addition to reaching the conclusions noted above, the Revised 4(f) Evaluation identified the location and characteristics of the Section 4(f) properties in the project area, described the applicability of Section 4(f) to these properties, discussed avoidance alternatives, presented a least overall harm analysis, and addressed the measures taken to minimize harm. Based upon the Revised 4(f) Evaluation, FHWA determined in the 2010 ROD that there was no feasible and prudent alternative to the use of land from the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge for the construction of Phase I of the project, and that the PBC/TMP Alternative would cause the least overall harm and includes all possible planning to minimize harm to the Refuge. Based upon the Revised 4(f) Evaluation and Chapter 5 of the Phase IIa EA, FHWA re-affirmed this finding in the Phase IIa ROD that there was no feasible and prudent alternative to avoid the use of the Refuge and that the PBC/TMP Alternative (including the Phase IIa Selected Alternative) causes the least overall harm. In addition, it was concluded that the PBC/TMP Alternative (including the Phase IIa Selected Alternative) includes all possible measures to minimize harm. This chapter addresses, for Phase IIb, the Section 4(f) considerations related to the Refuge, the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station, and the Rodanthe Historic District. No changes in the characteristics of these resources that alter their eligibility for inclusion in Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-2 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach the NRHP have occurred since the Revised 4(f) Evaluation, including the effects of Hurricane Irene (August 2011) and Hurricane Sandy (October 2012). 5.2 Proposed Detailed Study Alternatives for Phase Ilb FHWA and NCDOT propose to advance Phase IIb of the PBC/TMP Alternative as a long-term solution to a section of NC 12 damaged by Hurricane Irene and that regularly has been affected by wave overwash. The Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are consistent with the objectives for later phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative as described in Section 3.3.2 of the 2010 ROD. The Bridge on New Location Alternative would be approximately 3.0 miles in length. The bridge component would be approximately 2.6 miles. The reasons the Bridge on New Location Alternative was selected as a detailed study alternative are: it would avoid the entire area considered geologically susceptible to breaches in the Phase IIb project area (see Figure 3), it would be less vulnerable to potential future changes in Hatteras Island resulting from shoreline erosion, it would minimize visual impacts and avoid impacts to businesses and property, and it would remove NC 12 and its effects for 1.8 miles in the Refuge. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be approximately 2.5 miles in length. The bridge component would be approximately 2.3 miles. The reasons the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative was selected as a detailed study alternative are: it would avoid the entire area considered geologically susceptible to breaches in the Phase IIb project area (see Figure 3) and it would not require a change in the existing NC 12 easement within the Refuge. The characteristics of the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are described in detail in Chapter 3.0. 5.3 Section 4(f) Properties in the Phase Ilb Project Area 5.3.1 Description of Properties There are four Section 4(f) properties in the Phase IIb project area: the Cape Hatteras National Seashore (the Seashore), the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (the Refuge), the Rodanthe Historic District, and the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station. 5.3.1.1 Cape Hatteras National Seashore The Seashore stretches north to south across three islands: Bodie, Hatteras, and Ocracoke. The Seashore contains 30,319 acres of land and 70 miles of open, virtually unspoiled beach. The State of North Carolina donated approximately 10,000 acres of the Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-3 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Seashore's land in 1937. The characteristics of the Seashore are described in detail in Section 3.5.1 of the 2008 FEIS. The Revised 4(f) Evaluation determined that Section 4(f) is not applicable to impacts to the Seashore because the Seashore and the transportation facility now called NC 12 were concurrently and jointly planned and developed by the federal and state governments working together to preserve land for wildlife, while maintaining a means for safe and efficient vehicular transportation (see the Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation in Appendix B of the 2010 EA on page B-12). 5.3.1.2 Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge The Refuge is located within the Seashore on Hatteras Island north of Rodanthe. The primary purpose of the Refuge is to serve as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife. The Refuge is comprised of ocean beach, dunes, upland, fresh and brackish water ponds, salt flats, and salt marsh. The objectives of the Refuge are to: Provide nesting, resting, and wintering habitat for migratory birds, including the greater snow geese and other migratory waterfowl, shorebirds, wading birds, raptors, and neotropical migrants. • Provide habitat and protection for endangered and threatened species. • Provide opportunities for public enjoyment of wildlife and wildlands resources. Public use programs focus on interpretation, environmental education, wildlife observation, wildlife photography, and fishing. (Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge web site, August 18, 2008.) In addition to being a wildlife refuge, the Refuge also is a significant publicly owned recreation area and a significant historic site eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. The characteristics of the Refuge are described in detail in Section 3.5.2 of the 2008 FEIS. The Phase IIb project area is partially within the Refuge. The Revised 4(f) Evaluation concluded that Section 4(f) applies to the Refuge as a historic property, but not as a wildlife refuge because of joint planning (see pages 8 to 15 of the Revised 4(f) Evaluation [pages B-8 to B-15 of 2010 EA Appendix B]). 5.3.1.3 Rodanthe Historic District The Rodanthe Historic District boundaries are shown in Figure 6. The following six buildings and associated resources are included in the Rodanthe Historic District: the Levene W. (or Levine) Midgett House; the J. Frank Meekins Fish House; the (former) Rodanthe School; the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station; the Cornelius P. Midgett (or Payne) House, on its new site minus its boathouse and cemetery; and the John Allen Midgett House. The components of the district generally line the east and west sides of NC 12, in the Myrna Peters Road and Midgett Drive area. The principal access for most of these resources is NC 12. The Phase IIb project area would be north of the Rodanthe Historic District. Based on the finding of "No Adverse Effect" under Section 106, FHWA Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-4 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach determined that the PBC/TMP Alternative would not use this property under Section 4(f) (see the Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation in Appendix B of the 2010 EA on page B-16 and 5-17). 5.3.1.4 Chicamacomico Life Saving Station The Chicamacomico Life Saving Station is a National Register-listed resource contained with the Rodanthe Historic District, and is illustrative of a property type unique to the Outer Banks. The Station is the most complete of any of the life saving stations built along the North Carolina barrier islands. In addition to its original 1874 board-and- batten station and 1911 shingle-style facility, the Station contains a detached frame kitchen, cisterns, a flag tower, and several frame boathouses, all of which are well- preserved. The Phase IIb project area would be north of the Station. Based on the finding of "No Adverse Effect° under Section 106, FHWA determined that the PBGTMP Alternative would not use this property under Section 4(f) (see the Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation in Appendix B of the 2010 EA on page B-16 and B-17). 5.3.2 Effect of Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy on Section 4(f) Properties in the Phase Ilb Project Area A breach was created within the Phase IIb project area by Hurricane Irene immediately north of Rodanthe at the southern limit of the Refuge. Sand was used to close the Rodanthe breach in order to re-build the NC 12 roadbed. In addition, Hurricanes Irene and Sandy both destroyed a sandbag dune built in the Phase IIb project area to prevent high tides from overwashing NC 12 and damaging the road. This sandbag dune was first built in 2006. The sandbag dune is mostly within the NC 12 easement. Repair of storm damage to NC 12 in the portion of the Refuge within the Phase IIb project area and elsewhere in the Refuge did not change the Refuge's NRHP eligibility or the features contributing to this eligibility. Hurricanes Irene and Sandy, had little or no effect on the Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station, including the structures and other features associated with these resources' NRHP eligibility and listing. 5.4 Impact to Section 4(f) Properties The three potential uses of the Refuge as a historic resource are: permanent incorporation of land, temporary use, and constructive use as defined in regulations (23 CFR 774.17). Permanent incorporation of land would occur when land is permanently incorporated into a transportation facility. Temporary use is defined as a temporary occupancy of land that is adverse in terms of the statute's preservation purpose as determined by the criteria within 23 CFR 774.13(d). Constructive use is determined by the criteria within 23 CFR 774.15. A constructive use of a Section 4(f) property is only possible in the absence of a permanent incorporation of land or a temporary occupancy of the type that constitutes a Section 4(f) use. Constructive use occurs when the Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-5 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach proximity impacts of a project on an adjacent or near-by Section 4(f) property, after incorporation of impact mitigation, are so severe that the activities, features, or attributes that qualify the property for protection under Section 4(f) are substantially impaired. Substantial impairment occurs when the protected activities, features, or attributes of the Section 4(f) property are substantially diminished. As a general matter, this means that the value of the resource, in terms of its Section 4(f) purpose and significance, will be meaningfully reduced or lost. 5.4.1 Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge 5.4.1.1 Permanentlncorporation of Land The Bridge on New Location Alternative, once completed, would require permanent incorporation of land for the short section of the alternative (1,300 feet) that would be on a bridge outside the NC 12 existing easement until that bridge is over Pamlico Sound and outside the Refuge's property. The right-of-way for this relocation would use 2.79 acres of Refuge land. Permanent loss of wildlife habitat in the Refuge would be 0.01 acre of pile impact (0.30 acre if assuming the larger pile cap area). The bridge would shade approximately 1.13 acres in the Refuge (0.84 acre if assuming the larger pile cap area � The introduction of a bridge in the Refuge also would have visual impacts that were found to be an Adverse Effect on the Refuge under Section 106 of the Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as described below in Section 5.4.1.3. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be confined to the existing NC 12 easement. Thus, there would be no permanent incorporation of land for this alternative. 5.4.1.2 Temporary Occupancy With the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, it is currently expected that a Special Use Permit for 2.06 acres of temporary construction easement would be requested from the Refuge. This is expected to be comprised primarily of a narrow temporary easement for the entire length of the Phase IIb project on one side. The easement would be approximately 5 feet wide. The primary purpose of this narrow easement would be to provide room for construction workers to erect erosion control measures (fencing) along the edge of the existing NC 12 easement. In addition, pile jetting pipes would be placed between NC 12 and the Pamlico Sound on a 10-foot wide easement at what is currently expected to be three locations. No construction staging areas are currently expected to be requested in the Refuge. With the Bridge on New Location Alternative, a temporary easement of 0.63 acre would be needed for a temporary traffic maintenance road to take traffic around the northern end of the new bridge. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-6 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach A temporary occupancy does not constitute a Section 4(f) use when all of five conditions listed in 23 CFR 774.13(d) are satisfied. The five conditions and evidence that all five are met in the case of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are: Duration must be temporary, i.e., less than the time needed for construction of the project, and there should be no change in ownership of the land. Although the Special Use Permit would be for the duration of Phase IIb construction, no one part of the permitted temporary construction easement would be used for the entire duration of the project. For the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, the narrow 5-foot-wide easement would be used primarily during the installation and removal of erosion control fencing at the beginning and end of the construction period. The jetting pipe easements would be used only during bridge pile placement. For the Bridge on New Location Alternative, the temporary easement would be needed primarily near the end of the construction period when the Bridge on New Location Alternative is being connected into existing NC 12. 2. Scope of the work must be minor, i.e., both the nature and the magnitude of the changes to the Section 4(f) property are minimal. The scope of work for the 0.63 to 2.06 acres of temporary construction easement, depending on the alternative, is expected to be confined to use for the movement of construction personnel, placement of jetting pipes, or traffic maintenance. No features that contribute to the eligibility of the Refuge as a historic resource would be affected. 3. There are no anticipated permanent adverse physical impacts, nor will there be interference with the protected activities, features, or attributes of the property, on either a temporary or permanent basis. No features that contribute to the eligibility of the Refuge as a historic resource would be adversely affected physically either on a temporary or permanent basis. Coordination with the Refuge and the SHPO on the temporary easement will ensure this occurs. 4. The land being used must be fully restored, i.e., the property must be returned to a condition which is at least as good as that which existed prior to the project. The wildlife habitat used would be restored as per the conditions of the Refuge and its Special Use Permit. 5. There must be documented agreement of the officials with jurisdiction over the Section 4(f) resource regarding the above conditions (in this instance, Refuge and the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Officer [SHPO]). Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-� NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach This documentation is pending and will be resolved prior to the release of a ROD for the Phase IIb Project. With Phase IIa, the Refuge and SHPO agreed that a similar type of temporary impact was not a Section 4(f) use. Therefore, once the fifth condition is met, the temporary construction easement associated with the construction of either of the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would not constitute a Section 4(f) use. If the fifth condition is not met, a Section 4(f) evaluation will be prepared for this temporary impact. 5.4.1.3 Constructive Use Since the Bridge on New Location Alternative would permanently incorporate Refuge lands, a constructive use of Section 4(f) property would not occur. In the Revised 4(f) Evaluation, FHWA concluded that the Parallel Sridge Corridor with Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative would constructively use the Refuge as a historic property eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative has similar characteristics to part of Phase II of the Parallel Bridge Corridor with Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative, in that it is a bridge within the existing easement. The only difference between the two designs in the Refuge is the bridge height (the Phase IIb bridge would be lower). As indicated in the Revised 4(f) Evaluation on page 17 (page B-17 in the 2010 EA), FHWA based its conclusions on review of available documentation pertaining to why the Refuge is eligible for the NRHP: its significance, what elements of the historic landscape were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (and the extent to which those elements still exist and have not been altered), and the proximity of the alternative to the significant elements of the historic landscape that are still extant. FHWA also considered the extent to which the visual impact of the alternative could be lessened through mitigation measures, such as by requiring careful attention to the design details of the bridge structure, or through landscaping. FHWA found that: the historic landscape of the Refuge is a rare example of its type; it is nationally significant; a number of contributing elements are extant and in fair condition; although threatened by weather, the historic landscape is protected from development because of its location within the Seashore and Refuge; and the introduction of a bridge structure up to 33 feet in height across the entire length of the Refuge in a location nearly adjacent to most of the significant contributing elements that still exist (dikes and dunes) would be a substantial visual intrusion for which little mitigation is possible. Thus, the proximity impacts from this alternative would be so severe that the protected activities, features, or attributes that qualify the property for protection under Section 4(f) would be substantially impaired. As noted above, the Revised 4(f) Evaluation assumed a bridge deck height of 33 feet. However, bridge heights were re-evaluated during design of the alternative; as a result, Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-S NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach the bridge deck would be approximately 23 feet high for much of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative for the 1.8 miles it is within the Refuge. Despite the lower elevation of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative's bridge, the still-tall bridge structure would still stand in contrast with the natural character of the Refuge and its historic landscape. A relatively tall bridge has never previously been a part of Refuge views. The bridge would dominate views from the dunes lining the beach and, as the dunes naturally reduce in size, migrate with the shoreline, or disappear over time, it would also dominate views of the beach and ultimately, the ocean. It would be uncharacteristic of the existing undeveloped and protected setting of the Refuge that makes it rare along the eastern US seaboard in terms of views and a resource for recreational activities. Therefore, the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be a constructive use of the Refuge, just as was found for the Parallel Bridge Corridor with Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative in the Revised 4(f) Evaluation. 5.4.2 Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station The southern termini of both the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement and Bridge on New Location alternatives are located outside the Rodanthe Historic District and the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station property. This is consistent with the alternatives assessed in the Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation, the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge and the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South alternatives, respectively. Thus, there is no use of these properties by either of the detailed study alternatives. The location and design of the Bridge on New Location Alternative within the viewshed of the Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station would be virtually identical to the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South Alternative. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative within the viewshed of the Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station would be substantially lower than that of the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge. The Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge design maintained a bridge 33.5 feet above the existing ground elevation (mean sea level) to a point approximately 400 feet from the Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station boundaries. A slip ramp parallel to the 33.5-foot high bridge was used to bring traffic down to grade just before the boundaries. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would begin to drop from a height of 30 feet above the existing ground elevation approximately 1,180 feet from the Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station boundaries. (See Section 2.4.3 regarding the reasons for the change in bridge height from 33.5 to 30 feet.) The roadway would reach the existing ground elevation approximately 110 feet from the Rodanthe Historic District and Chicamacomico Life Saving Station boundaries. The changes in the design of the bridge Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-9 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach at the southern terminus reduce the visual impact on the District and Life Saving Station. The Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation indicated that the SHPO, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), and consulting parties concluded "No Adverse Effect" for all of the Parallel Bridge Corridor bridging alternatives on the Rodanthe Historic District and the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station. Given that the visual impact on the views from these two resources would be unchanged or less with the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives than their counterparts assessed in the Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation, the two Phase IIb detail study alternatives also would have "No Adverse Effect." Neither of the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would constructively use the Rodanthe Historic District and the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station. Phase IIb is at the southern end of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area. South of the Phase IIb and overall project area, NC 12 is not threatened by shoreline erosion between now and 2060, as indicated by the current 2060 high erosion shoreline shown in Figure D-1a. Therefore, future phases of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) are not expected to affect the Rodanthe Historic District or the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station. 5.5 Analysis of Avoidance Alternatives Circumstances have not changed such that feasible and prudent avoidance alternatives exist. This section addresses the avoidance alternatives considered in the 2008 Final Section 4(f) Evaluation (see Chapter 5 of the 2008 FEIS), in the Revised 4(f) Evaluation for the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500), and in the Phase IIa EA; an additional potential avoidance alternative applicable to Phase IIb only; and the No-Build Alternative. The focus of this analysis of avoidance alternatives is on the Seashore and Refuge, since the two detailed study alternatives avoid the Rodanthe Historic District and the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station. 5.5.1 Alternatives Previously Considered that are Not Avoidance Alternatives A ferry from Bodie Island at Oregon Inlet to Rodanthe or a bridge or ferry from Stumpy Point to Rodanthe would not be a Section 4(f) resource avoidance alternative. A mainland bridge terminal at Stumpy Point would cause environmental impacts to Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge (ARNWR) because of the anticipated upgrades to US 264 and SR 1100, such as wider lanes and shallower curves that would be required to safely accommodate increased traffic volumes. Such upgrades also would be required to accommodate increased traffic volumes traveling to a ferry terminal at Stumpy Point. (See Section 5.3.2 of the 2008 FEIS.) The development of a ferry terminal on Bodie Island at Oregon Inlet would require land from the Seashore, but as indicated in the 2009 Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation (see Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-10 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Appendix B of the 2010 EA beginning on page B-9) Section 4(f) is not applicable to the Seashore because there is a history of concurrent and joint planning between the Seashore and provisions for transportation facilities. However, ferry service is not a feasible and prudent alternative (as indicated in Section 2.3.2.6 of the Phase IIa EA on page 2-12) because: A Ferry Alternative that accommodates the current annual traffic demand, 2 million vehicles per year, would still diminish convenience to motorists because of vessel travel speeds and loading logistics. Motorists wishing to access Hatteras Island and Bodie Island would be forced to alter timing of trips or even forgo travel between the islands at times. The provision of basic emergency, medical, and public services also would be adversely affected. • Dredging that would be needed to construct and maintain an 18-mile-long route from the Oregon Inlet Marina Complex (Bodie Island) to Rodanthe would substantially and permanently impact SAV, shallow water habitat, primary and secondary nursery areas, and shell bottom habitat. • A Ferry Alternative would be far more expensive than any other transportation alternatives under consideration. 5.5.2 Avoidance Alternatives Previously Considered Section 5.5.1 of the Phase IIa EA re-considered avoidance alternatives addressed in the 2008 Final Section 4(f) Evaluation and the 2009 Revised Section 4(f) Evaluation, including the Rehabilitate Sonner Sridge Avoidance Alternative, Sridge from Rodanthe to Roanoke Island Avoidance Alternative, and Pamlico Sound Sridge Alternative. The FHWA concluded that its previous determinations on these alternatives remain valid; they would not be a feasible and prudent avoidance alternative as defined in 23 CFR 774.17. Comments on these conclusions were addressed in the Phase IIa ROD. No events have occurred since the release of the Phase IIa EA and ROD that would change FHWA's conclusions in the Phase IIa EA related to these alternatives. 5.5.3 Potential for Additional Phase Ilb Avoidance Alternatives The use of the Refuge described above in Section 5.4.1.1 with the Sridge on New Location Alternative would result from altering the alignment on NC 12 so that it would leave the existing NC 12 easement within the Refuge at a point approximately 1.8 miles north of the Refuge boundary with Rodanthe and enter Pamlico Sound. This would require 2.79 acres of new Refuge use and would result in the return of approximately 19.27 acres of existing NC 12 easement to the Refuge. The re-aligned NC 12 would be on a bridge, which would be a visual impact from the perspective of the Refuge as a historic resource. The constructive use of the Refuge described above in Section 5.4.1.3 with Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative results from a substantial visual intrusion. That Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-11 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach visual intrusion would be associated with the height of the bridge that makes up the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. In order for an avoidance alternative to be feasible and prudent, it must first meet the project's purpose and need. The third purpose presented in Section 12 on page 1-6 of the 2008 FEIS applies the Phase IIb project. It states: "Provide a replacement crossing that will not be endangered by shoreline movement through year 2050." There are four ways to meet the third project purpose: 1. Relocate all of NC 12 outside the Refuge. Relocate NC 12 outside the existing easement and west of the forecast high erosion shoreline on a bridge that spans the areas geologically susceptible to breaching. 3. Relocate NC 12 on a bridge within the existing NC 12 easement that spans the areas geologically susceptible to breaching and the portions of the easement that are forecast to be in ocean as a result of shoreline erosion. 4. Beach nourishment. All four of these strategies have been considered. The first is not feasible and prudent as re-affirmed above in Section 5.5.2. The other three are not avoidance alternatives, as they would all involve a use (either permanent or constructive) of Refuge land. Therefore, there are no new avoidance alternatives that can be considered specifically for Phase IIb. 5.5.4 No-Build Alternative With the No-Build Alternative, NCDOT would continue to keep NC 12 open within the existing NC 12 easement in the Phase IIb project area by maintaining and rebuilding the sandbag dune as needed and close any breaches that could open. Such an alternative would not be feasible and prudent because it would not meet the third project purpose presented in Section 1.2 of the 2008 FEIS: "Provide a replacement crossing that will not be endangered by shoreline movement through year 2050." The status quo would leave NC 12 in the Phase IIb project area under regular threat from shoreline erosion and severance during storm events. Further, the sandbag dune is permitted under North Carolina's Coastal Area Management Act as a temporary activity until a long-term improvement can be built; therefore, it cannot be maintained indefinitely. 5.5.5 Avoidance Alternatives Conclusion Therefore, based on the determinations from the 2008 FEIS/Final Section 4(f) Evaluation, the Revised 4(f) Evaluation, Chapter 5.0 of the Phase IIa EA, and the above findings, there is no feasible and prudent avoidance alternative to the use of the Section 4(f) property needed to construct Phase IIb of the PBC/TMP Alternative. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-12 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 5.6 Effect on the Least Harm Analvsis The 2008 FEIS, the 2010 EA, and the Revised 4(f) Evaluation all assessed the entire Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) from the south end of Bodie Island to Rodanthe. The least harm analysis presented on pages 22 to 27 of the Revised 4(f) Evaluation (pages B-22 to B-27 of the 2010 EA) concluded on page B-27 that the PBC/TMP Alternative was the alternative that causes the least overall harm. That least harm analysis used seven factors to reach a determination as to least overall harm. These factors are: 1. The ability of the alternatives to mitigate adverse impacts to each Section 4(f) property (including any measures that result in benefits to the property); 2. The relative severity of the remaining harm, after mitigation, to the protected activities, attributes, or features that qualify each Section 4(f) property for protection; 3. The relative significance of each Section 4(f) property; 4. The views of the official(s) with jurisdiction over each Section 4(f) property; 5. The degree to which each alternative meets the purpose and need for the project; 6. After reasonable mitigation, the magnitude of any adverse impacts to resources not protected by Section 4(f); and 7. Substantial differences in costs among the alternatives. As stated in Section 5.6 of the Phase IIa EA, no changes have occurred in the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area or its potential PBC/TMP Alternative phases related to those seven factors since the Revised 4(f) Evaluation that would alter FHWA's findings. The least harm analysis here focuses on whether the least harm to the Refuge would result from the Bridge on New Location Alternative (use) or Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (constructive use) or whether the two alternatives would result in substantially equal harm. Each of these factors is re-evaluated for the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives in the sections that follow. 5.6.1 Factor #1: The ability of the alternatives to mitigate adverse impacts to each Section 4(fi� property (including any measures that result in benefits to the property) The primary impact of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives on the activities, attributes, or features that qualify the Refuge for Section 4(f) protection as a historic resource would be the visual presence of the bridge. In addition, the two alternatives differ in terms of changes in the NC 12 easement. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-13 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 5.6.1.1 Visuallmpacts In terms of visual impact, as indicated in Section 5.4.1.3, this bridge would stand in contrast with the natural character of the Refuge and its historic features of dikes and dunes. It would be uncharacteristic of the existing undeveloped and protected setting of the Refuge that makes it rare along the eastern US seaboard in terms of views and a resource for recreational activities. The visual impact of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative on the historic landscape would extend through the Refuge for 1.8 miles. The same visual impact would be present with the Bridge on New Location Alternative for 0.4 mile. There are limited opportunities to directly mitigate the visual impact because the only complete mitigation would be to place NC 12 at grade or completely outside the Refuge, which is not feasible and prudent, as discussed in Section 5.5. Further, lowering the bridge below the storm surge also would not be prudent, because it would put the bridge spans at risk of damage during storms. In terms of mitigation, NCDOT, FHWA, and SHPO have agreed in the 2013 first amendment to the 2010 Section 106 Programmatic Agreement (PA) (see Appendix E of the Phase IIa ROD), to using a bridge rail with a bridge rail parapet height of 30 inches high for Phase I and up to 36 inches high for Phase IIa. The original PA in Appendix D of the 2010 ROD includes other mitigation stipulations related to management of NC 12, providing USFWS and NPS with copies of cultural resource technical reports, installing signs directing people to the Refuge's visitor center and points of historic interest in the Refuge, and providing exhibits and kiosks about the historic significance of the Civilian Conservation Corps' work efforts in the Refuge. 5.6.1.2 Changes in NC 12 Easement The Bridge on New Location Alternative would require permanent incorporation of land for the short section of the alternative (1,300 feet) that would be on a bridge outside the NC 12 existing easement until that bridge is over Pamlico Sound and outside the Refuge's property. An easement for this relocation would use 2.79 acres of Refuge land. However, 19.27 acres of existing NC 12 easement would be returned to the Refuge and restored, resulting in a net gain in Refuge land of 16.48 acres. With the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, no permanent changes would be made to the location of the existing NC 12 easement. There would be no net gain in Refuge land. 5.6.2 Factor #2: The relative severity of the remaining harm, after mitigation, to the protected activities, attributes, or features that qualify each Section 4(� property for protection. The primary impact of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives on the activities, attributes, or features that qualify the Refuge for Section 4(f) protection as a historic resource would be the visual presence of the bridge. This impact could not be directly mitigated for the reasons noted in Section 5.6.1. Also as indicated in Section 5.6.1, the severity of harm would be less with the Bridge on New Location Alternative on the Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-14 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Refuge as a historic resource because a bridge would be in the Refuge for 0.4 mile rather than 1.8 miles. This 1.4-mile difference would remain even if additional bridge were built beyond that associated with Phase I, Phase IIa, and the Bridge on New Location Alternative. 5.6.3 Factor #3: The relative significance of each Section 4(f� property The Refuge is the only Section 4(f) property used by the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives. Thus, this factor does not apply to this least harm analysis. 5.6.4 Factor #4: The views of the official(s) with jurisdiction over each Section 4(� property The State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), whose jurisdiction over the Refuge relates to its eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places, did concur at the November 14, 2012 Merger Team meeting with the selection of the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives. The SHPO has not expressed a preference for one alternative over another. The preference of the SHPO is expected to be an outcome of the SHPO's review of this EA during the public and agency comment period. Responsible officials for the Refuge (represented by the Refuge manager) in a letter dated July 22, 2013, indicated that a 2.87-acre use of the Bridge on New Location Alternative could likely be determined a minor modification of the existing NC 12 easement if adequate mitigation can achieve no net loss of habitat quantity and quality. The current estimate of Refuge use is 2.79 acres. The Refuge manager also indicated that the return and restoration of 18.68 acres of existing easement and nourishment of estuarine shoreline (later dropped from consideration after discussions with the Merger Team on July 15, 2013 [see Section 6.2]) would be appropriate for mitigation. The current estimate of existing easement that could be returned is 19.27 acres. The Refuge manager has not expressed a preference for one alternative over another. The preference of the Refuge is expected to be an outcome of the Refuge's review of this EA during the public and agency comment period. 5.6.5 Factor #5: The degree to which each alternative meets the purpose and need for the project Both Phase IIb two detailed study alternatives meet the purpose and need for the project to the same degree. Thus, this factor does not apply to this least harm analysis. 5.6.6 Factor #6: After reasonable mitigation, the magnitude of any adverse impacts to resources not protected by Section 4(f) A comparison of key impacts to resources not protected by Section 4(f) is presented in Table 8. For the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, the primary differences in the magnitude of adverse impact after mitigation for these resources are the impacts to Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-15 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table 8. Comparison of Key Impacts of the Phase IIb Alternatives Impact Type Bridge on New Location Alternative Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative Wetlands • Jurisdictional Wetlands (Permanent 0.44 acres 0.05 acres Fill) Rodanthe • Residential Relocation 2 5 • Business Relocation 2 2 Between the project terminus and the Local one-way frontage roads to serve • Local Access Changes Refuge boundary, existing NC 12 would homes and businesses currently served by serve homes and businesses NC 12; communi bisected b brid e Bridge substantial visual presence, Bridge within views of Pamlico Sound including homes less than 100 feet from • Visual Impacts (1,400 to 1,700 feet from the shore except bridge with traffic seen from third floor when approaching shore) windows. Also, frontage roads for local traffic at edge of existin right-of-way Water recreation use limited by bridge With shoreline erosion, beach and offshore • Recreation impacts presence in Pamlico Sound, particularly recreation on the Atlantic Ocean wind surfers and kite boarders ultimatel affected b brid e resence • Noise Sensitive Rece tors Affected 2 homes 6 homes • Cemeter Brid e ad'acent to cemeter No im act Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge • New Permanent NC 2.79 acres 0.00 acres 12 Easement • Existing NC 12 Easement Returned to 19.27 acres 0.00 acres Refu e • Temporary Construction 0.63 acres 2.06 acres Easement Loss of direct road access for 1.8 miles • Refuge recreation plus with shareline erosion, beach and Loss of direct road access for 1.8 miles Impacts offshore recreation ultimately affected by brid e ier resence Lights from the bridge are Likely to Adversely Affect sea turtle hatchlings; like Not Likely to Adversely Affect protected Phase IIa could be mitigated by an up to Protected Species 36-inch bridge rail parapet and species construction lighting type, which will be considered during Section 7 consultation for this ro�ect. Pamlico Sound is EFH and contains SAV or SAV habitat, would construct bridge Minar impact associated with pumping Essential Fish Habitat from work bridge and contain jetting pile jetting water from Pamlico Sound, (EFH)/Submerged spoils to minimize impact. There would mitigated by screening if needed. In 2060, Aquatic Vegetation be a permanent EFH impact of 11.34 when the bridge could be over the ocean, (SAV) acres, almost all associated with the there would be approximately 11.00 acres bridge deck shading EFH, SAV, and/or of EFH shading. SAV habitat. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-16 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach wetlands, the open waters of the Pamlico Sound, the community of Rodanthe, the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, protected species, and essential fish habitat: • For both Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, less than 1 acre of jurisdictional wetland would be filled. • In Rodanthe, the community impacts of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would involve: bisecting the community, changing local property access patterns, being a substantial visual presence in the midst of the community, displacing five homes and two businesses, and affecting six noise sensitive receptors. In the long-term, beach and off-shore recreation would be affected by bridge presence as a result of shoreline erosion. The community impacts of the Bridge on New Location Alternative would involve being within views of Pamlico Sound at a location 1,400 to 1,700 feet from the shore, displacing two homes and two businesses, and affecting two noise sensitive receptors. In addition, the bridge's presence in the sound would limit recreation use, particularly windsurfers and kite boarders. At the December 2011 public meeting in Rodanthe, those commenters indicating a preference for one of the two now detailed study alternatives were close to evenly divided, as documented in Section C.1.1 of Appendix C of this Phase IIb EA. • The Bridge on New Location Alternative would require 2.79 acres of new permanent NC 12 easement in the Refuge. The loss of habitat within the new easement would be minimized because NC 12 would be entirely on a bridge within the new easement; there is no other permanent fill of wetlands or other habitat within the proposed new easement. As mitigation, NCDOT would return approximately 19.27 acres of existing NC 12 easement to the Refuge, removing the pavement and restoring the habitat of the former easement per the direction of the USFWS. In a letter dated July 22, 2013, the Refuge manager indicated that the 2.87-acre use (later revised to 2.79 with design refinements) of the Bridge on New Location Alternative could likely be determined a minor modification of the existing NC 12 easement if adequate mitigation can achieve no net loss of habitat quantity and quality. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be confined to the existing NC 12 easement. No new permanent easement would be required. Both alternatives would result in the loss of direct road access to the Refuge for 1.8 miles. No Refuge facilities are in this area. As a result of long-term shoreline erosion, the Bridge on New Location Alternative would ultimately affect beach and off-shore recreation in this 1.8-mile-long portion of the Refuge. This impact could not be mitigated. Refuge representatives have not expressed a preference for one alternative over another. This impact to Atlantic Ocean beach and off-shore recreation would not occur with the Bridge on New Location Alternative. • The USFWS has previously indicated that the vehicle headlights from the bridge in proximity to the ocean beach necessitate a May Affect, Likely to Adversely Affect for Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-17 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach several species of sea turtles. In mitigation for this effect, NCDOT has agreed that Phase IIa will include an up to 36-inch high bridge rail parapet in order to minimize the impact of vehicle headlights on nesting sea turtles and sea turtle hatchlings. This approach could be used with Phase IIb, if needed. In addition, NCDOT will use a type of construction lighting that minimizes the impacts to nesting sea turtles, per commitment #26 in Appendix A of the Phase IIa ROD. SHPO also has agreed to the bridge rail height in association with the consideration of its contribution to the visual impacts described above under Factors #1, #2, and #4. These mitigation items likely would primarily apply to the Bridge in Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, which is currently either close to the beach or will be as a result of shoreline erosion. The Bridge on New Location Alternative would turn away from the beach, enter Pamlico Sound, and end in Rodanthe; thus, this mitigation may only be needed at the northern end of this alternative. Construction impacts, including jetting, would affect EFH for the entire length of the Sridge on New Location Alternative when it is in Pamlico Sound. Impacts would be minimized by not using dredging during bridge construction, but instead using a work bridge in areas too shallow for a work barge, and by containing pile jetting spoil. The Bridge on New Location Alternative also would permanently affect 11.23 acres of EFH, SAV, and/or SAV habitat, primarily by shading. Pile presence may result in changes to: water quality, water flow, sediment grain size and topography, underneath the bridge and for some distance surrounding the bridge. As a result of shoreline erosion, much of the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would eventually be over the ocean, affecting EFH habitat, including again impacts related to water quality, water flow, sediment grain size and topography, and bridge shading. Sest Management Practices (SMPs) would be used to mitigate water quality impacts for the two alternatives. The other permanent impacts could not be mitigated. The NCDENR-DMF, NMFS, and FMCs have expressed no preference of one alternative over the other as of the date of this Phase IIb EA. 5.6.7 Factor #7: Substantial Differences in costs among the alternatives The Bridge on New Location Alternative would cost $203.3 to $236.3 million and the Bridge within Existing Easement Alternative would cost $187.5 to $215.5 million. (See Table 1.) Thus, the Bridge on New Location Alternative would cost 8 to 10 percent more than the Bridge within Existing Easement Alternative. 5.6.8 Conclusion The least harm analysis presented in the Revised 4(f) Evaluation included in the 2010 EA concluded that the PBC/TMP Alternative was the alternative that causes the least overall Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-18 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach harm. The least harm analysis presented in this Section 5.6 focuses on whether the least harm to the Refuge would result from the Bridge on New Location Alternative (use) or Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative (constructive use) or whether the two alternatives would result in substantially equal harm. Based on a reconsideration and balancing of the seven factors above, FHWA and NCDOT have concluded that both alternatives offer the lesser harm on some impact considerations and greater harm on other impact considerations. Further, FHWA and NCDOT have concluded that, as with the consideration of the least harm to the Refuge as a historic resource in Factor #4, the views of the official(s) with jurisdiction over the management of the Refuge, USFWS under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, and the NMFS and FMCs under Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, as well as the residents, business owners, property owners of the section of Rodanthe affected, and other members of the public are important to finalizing a decision of least harm. The views of these stakeholders, as well as the SHPO, are being solicited by the distribution of this Phase IIb EA and will be taken into consideration in reaching a conclusion on least harm that will be documented in a Phase IIb ROD or supplemental EIS. 5.7 Effect on All Possible Planning to Minimize Harm The Revised 4(f) Evaluation identified project-specific minimization of harm efforts for Phase I and future phases of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500). Section 5.7 of the Phase IIa EA updated or re-affirmed the impacts and mitigation for Phase I and documented impacts and mitigation for Phase IIa. These findings have not changed substantially since the release of the Phase IIa EA with the following exceptions: bridge rail design, Refuge parking lot replacement, and replacement or maintenance of access to the Refuge boat ramp. The current status of these mitigation items is as follows: Bridge Rail Design — The USFWS, SHPO, FHWA, and NCDOT agreed to a bridge rail with an up to 36-inch high parapet as a Section 7 of the ESA of 1973 conservation measure related to a Likely Adverse Affect on protected nesting sea turtles. Refuge Parking Lot Replacement — The existing parking lot on the east side of the NC 12 and closest to the Pea Island inlet site would be fully removed along with all construction materials, including concrete, asphalt, contaminated soils, and any other material not naturally belonging on the site. At the end of construction, a replacement parking lot would be built and the existing kiosk would be relocated or reconstructed at a new site near the northern terminus of the Phase IIb project. • Refuge Boat Ramp Access or Replacement — The New Inlet boat ramp/parking lot on the west side of NC 12 would be fully restored by NCDOT following construction. An access road with a turnaround would be constructed from the southern terminus of the new Phase IIa bridge to the boat ramp parking lot, within the existing NC 12 easement to the greatest extent possible. The only part of the completed access road Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-19 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach that will be outside the existing NC 12 easement would be part of the intersection of the access road and NC 12. Table 7 of the Phase IIa EA summarized the measures to minimize harm that are also listed on pages 27 to 34 of the Revised 4(f) Evaluation (pages B-27 to B-34 of the 2010 EA) for Phase I and their current implementation status. As indicated, NCDOT has begun work on the mitigation commitments made in the Programmatic Agreement (PA) as amended that was signed by NCDOT, FHWA, SHPO, and ACHP. As noted in Table 7 of the Phase IIa EA, these commitments are currently being fulfilled and further efforts to minimize harm are proceeding. To the extent that the specific commitments to minimize harm apply to Phase IIb, they will be implemented by NCDOT and FHWA, including: • Under Section 106 of the Historic Preservation Act of 1966, stipulations in the PA presented in Appendix D of the 2010 ROD and its 2013 first amendment presented in Appendix E of the Phase IIa ROD, in particular the bridge rail (stipulation #IIA). • Under Section 7 of the ESA of 1973, commitments included in Appendix A of the Phase IIa ROD related to night-time lighting (#11), manatee protection (#12), sea turtle and sawfish protection (#13), and protected species conservation measures (#20, #24, #25, #26). • Related to EFH, commitments included in Appendix A of the Phase IIa ROD for the protection of SAVs (#3 and #27) and sedimentation and erosion control (#24). • Related to minimizing impact to the Refuge, the commitment included in Appendix A of the Phase IIa ROD related to design coordination (#8). NCDOT plans to minimize harm in relation to Phase IIb by: • Bridge on New Location Alternative — Confining construction to the existing NC 12 easement and the new easement, as well as limited temporary easements. Traffic would be maintained on the existing NC 12 roadway until construction is completed. — Return of 19.27 acres of existing NC 12 easement to the Refuge. — Adhering to the coastal and environmental monitoring commitment through the coastal monitoring program (Project Commitment #17 in Appendix A of the Phase IIa ROD). — Adhering to permit requirements with respect to dewatering and stormwater discharges (and not pumping to wetlands and beach). Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-20 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach — Minimizing discharge of contaminates and trash. — Working with USFWS, NMFS, and NCDENR-DCM to minimize the impacts of the spoil that would be generated from jetting the bridge piles (impacts, water source, and spoil disposal). • Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative — Confining all construction and traffic maintenance to the existing NC 12 easement and limited temporary easements. — Adhering to the coastal and environmental monitoring commitment through the coastal monitoring program (Project Commitment #17 in Appendix A of the Phase IIa ROD). — Adhering to permit requirements with respect to dewatering and stormwater discharges (and not pumping to wetlands and beach). — Minimizing discharge of contaminates and trash. — Working with USFWS, NMFS, and NCDENR-DCM to minimize the impacts of the spoil that would be generated from jetting the bridge piles (impacts, water source, and spoil disposal). Table 9 summarizes Phase IIb impacts and mitigation measures for the two detailed study alternatives, and their current implementation status. In addition to the general commitments listed above and in Table 9 for Phase IIb, FHWA and NCDOT will work with the appropriate agencies to develop and implement specific commitments that may come from planned additional consultation as the Phase IIb design and permit processes progress. Therefore, all possible planning to minimize harm has or will be done for Phase IIb. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-21 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Table 9. Phase IIb Impacts, Mitigation Measures, and Current Status Impacts/Miti ation Measures Status General NCDOT has actively coordinated with USFWS since Hurricane Irene in relation both to temporary repairs to Consultation with USFWS will NC 12 and the development of Phase IIa and Phase IIb (see be conducted throughout the Sections 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 of the Phase IIa EA, as well as Section final design process. 3.6 of the Phase IIa ROD, and Sections 6.2 and 6.3 of this EA). Coordination will continue through final design and the ermit rocess. Use of Refuge Lands Brid e on New Location Alternative Total Acres Used This alternative would have a permanent used of 2.79 acres of Refuge land and a temporary use of 0.63 acre. 19.27 acres of the NC 12 easement would be restored and Total Acres Returned returned to the Refu e. Miti ate wetlands acres filled The ermanent wetland im act would be 0.44 acre. Bridge within Existing Easement Alternative Total Acres Used This alternative would have no new permanent use of Refuge lands and a tem orar use of 2.06 acres. Total Acres Returned Not applicable since no permanent use of Refuge lands The permanent wetland impact would be .05 acre. No Mitigate wetlands acres filled mitigation is required. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 5-22 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 6.0 Comments and Coordination 6.1 Public Meetings and Activities 6.1.1 Citizens Informational Workshops for Scoping As a part of scoping for Phase II, three Citizens Informational Workshops were held in December 2011 and January 2012 to provide the public with an opportunity to review and revisit the alternatives considered in the 2008 FEIS and the 2010 EA for the locations that were later breached by Hurricane Irene (Pea Island and Rodanthe) and to obtain scoping feedback from the public regarding ideas, thoughts, and suggestions about those alternatives and other alternatives that might be considered. A summary of these workshops is presented in Section 6.1.1 of the Phase IIa EA, beginning on page 6-1. 6.1.2 Phase Ila Public Hearings Three Combined (Corridor and Design) Public Hearings were held on: March 11, 2013 at the Dare County Administration Building in Manteo. • March 12, 2013 at the Rodanthe-Waves-Salvo Community Center in Rodanthe. • March 13, 2013 at the Ocracoke Community Center in Ocracoke. The primary purpose of the public hearings was to receive public comment on the findings of the Phase IIa EA. Each public hearing used an informal open-house format with no formal presentation. Opportunities were provided for making both oral and written comments. The same project information was presented at all three meetings. A total of approximately 382 people attended the hearings. The public hearings updated the public on the status of the project since the release of the Record of Decision (ROD) in December 2010 (2010 ROD) and presented the Preferred Alternative for long-term improvements in the Pea Island inlet area (Phase IIa). A slideshow and handouts were provided. The meeting room included multiple stations where project staff responded to questions and comments from the public The primary station focused on the proposed Phase IIa Preferred Alternative design (Selected Alternative in the Phase IIa ROD). In anticipation of a high level of public interest, informational stations on other aspects of NC 12 were also provided, including: the status of Phase IIb (now the focus of this EA), the status of the Oregon Inlet Bridge replacement (Phase I), other future NC 12 improvement projects south of Rodanthe, and ferry service. Other stations included a social media table and an area to submit comments. The public comment period for the Phase IIa EA ended March 28, 2013. A total of 4,209 comments were received during the comment period; in addition, a petition was Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach received containing 1,700 signatures. The comments covered a range of issues, including the need for the project, the proposed new bridge at Pea Island inlet (Phase IIa Preferred Alternative), the long-term plans at Rodanthe, other needs along NC 12, and recreational use of the area. There also were comments about whether a long bridge (either a Pamlico Sound Bridge [Bodie Island to Rodanthe] or a bridge from the mainland or Roanoke Island to Rodanthe) should be considered. NCDOT received 150 individual written comments, and one oral comment was recorded during the public hearings. Most comments received were form e-mails sent at the request of either the Defenders of Wildlife in opposition to the project (1,597) or The Citizens Action Committee to Replace the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge in favor of the project (2,461). The North Carolina Conservation Network submitted a petition in opposition to the project containing 1,700 signatures. Many of the form emails included additional comments explaining the commenter's position. Of the 4,209 comments received, most comments expressed support for a long-term solution for NC 12, although they offered differing opinions about what the solution should be. A full discussion of and response to comments received from members of the public, in addition to comments received from non-governmental organizations and from federal and state environmental resource and regulatory agencies are presented in the Phase IIa ROD. Public comments and responses related directly to Phase IIb are repeated in Appendix C of this EA in Section C.3. 6.1.3 Newsletters NCDOT issued a Bonner Bridge Update newsletter in February 2013. The newsletter was mailed to everyone on the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project's (B-2500) mailing list, which includes Hatteras Island property owners, individuals on the Refuge's mailing list, and individuals who attended past Citizens Informational Workshops. The newsletter discussed the availability of the Phase IIa EA and described the Preferred Alternative (Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative) in the Pea Island inlet area. The newsletter also informed the public of the public hearings that were scheduled to be held March 11, 12, and 13, 2013, and indicated how to contact the study team, including the toll-free telephone number (see below). A copy of the newsletter is included in Appendix B. Another newsletter will be mailed prior to planned public hearings for Phase IIb. 6.1.4 Toll-Free Telephone Number The project's toll-free telephone number was provided in the February 2013 newsletter. It is answered by a senior member of NCDOT's consultant team (led by Parsons Brinckerhoff), and provides a means for citizens to obtain answers to questions about the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) and to make individual comments at any time during the study. The phone number is 1-866-803-0529, and it has been Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-2 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach available throughout the 2005 SDEIS, 2007 SSDEIS, 2008 FEIS, 2010 EA, 2010 ROD, Phase IIa EA, and Phase IIa ROD preparation portions of the study. This toll-free telephone number will continue to be open at least until the NEPA process associated with Phase IIb is complete. 6.1.5 Web Sites The newsletter provided a web site and social media resources by which those interested could view information about the damage to NC 12 caused by Hurricane Irene, Hurricane Sandy, and other storm events as well as NCDOT's efforts to temporarily restore NC 12 to service. The web sites and other social media resources are: • Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) Phase II Web Site — http://www.ncdot . gov/proj ects/b onnerbri dgephase2/ • NC 12 Projects Web Site — http://www.ncdot.gov/nc12/. (Note that this web page includes links to all NC 12-related NCDOT projects, including the Phase II link above and a link to information on Phase I, the new Oregon Inlet bridge.) • NC 12 Recovery Web Site — www.ncdot.org/travel/ncl2recovery • NC 12 Twitter Feed — http://twitter.com/NCDOT_NC 12 • Repairing NC 12 Blog — http://ncl2repairs.blogspot.com/ • NC 12 Facebook Page — https://www.facebook.com/NCDOT 6.2 NEPA/Section 404 Merger Team Meetings and Outcomes The NEPA/Section 404 Merger Process is a streamlining effort that helps to avoid duplication of effort between the NEPA and the Clean Water Act Section 404 processes, since USACE must meet the requirements of NEPA in order to issue a dredge and fill permit under the Clean Water Act. Stakeholders can reach concurrence or agreement; or the Merger Process also may involve instances of non-concurrence or abstention.b The goal of the Merger Process is to obtain stakeholder concurrence on key issues during the NEPA study so that those decisions do not need to be revisited during application for a USACE permit. The current Merger Team members are: NCDOT; FHWA; USACE; 6 The Merger Process guidelines define abstention as follows: "... abstain means that a team member does not actively object to a concurrence point but the agency representative does not sign the concurrence point form. The process may continue and the agency representative agrees not to revisit the concurrence point. Written justification for abstaining from a concurrence point should be provided to the project team within 5 days of the concurrence meeting." Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-3 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach USEPA; USFWS (Raleigh Office); USFWS—Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge; NMFS; NPS—Cape Hatteras National Seashore; NCDENR-DCM; NCDENR-DMF; NCDENR- DWR; NCWRC; NCDCR; and the Albemarle Rural Planning Organization (RPO). USCG is not a signing team member, but is sent information before and following all NEPA/Section 404 Merger Team meetings. The Merger Process includes the following concurrence points: Concurrence on purpose and need; 2. Concurrence on the alternatives to be evaluated in detail in the environmental document; 2A. Concurrence on the approximate length of any proposed bridges to minimize impacts to wetlands and streams, and preliminary alignment review for each detailed study alternative; 3. Concurrence on the Least Environmentally Damaging Practicable Alternative (LEDPA); 4A. Concurrence that all efforts were made to avoid and minimize harm to USACE jurisdictional resources (streams and wetlands) to the maximum extent practicable; 4B. Concurrence on the 30 percent complete hydraulic design; and 4C. Concurrence on permit drawings after the hydraulic design is complete and prior to Section 404 permit application. For more details on the Merger Process, see Section 8.3.1 of the 2008 FEIS. The following Merger Team Meetings have been held to date for Phase II of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500): • August 31, 2011 Merger Team Meeting: This meeting was held to determine issues and discuss response strategies for the emergency repair of the damage caused by Hurricane Irene to NC 12 on Hatteras Island in order to re-open NC 12 to traffic as early as possible. October 18, 2011 Mer�er Team Meetin�: This was an informational/scoping meeting for Phase II. The purpose of the meeting was for NCDOT to inform the Merger Team members about the start of the Phase II studies of long-term repairs at the two areas along NC 12 that were breached by Hurricane Irene in August 2011 (i.e., Pea Island inlet and Rodanthe). Agency representatives were asked to provide scoping comments related to impact issues and alternatives related to the two breach sites prior to NCDOT's initiation of these studies. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-4 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach December 15, 2011 Merger Team Meeting: This meeting was the initial Concurrence Point (CP) 2/2A meeting for Phase II of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (5-2500). The purposes of the meeting were to determine the alternatives to be studied in detail (CP 2) for Phase II at the two breach areas (i.e., Pea Island inlet and Rodanthe), as well as to discuss any additional bridging decisions associated with the detailed study alternatives (CP 2A). March 21, 2012 Mer�er Team Meeting: The purpose of this meeting was for the Merger Team to discuss consensus on CP 2/2A, 3, and 4A for the Phase IIa project and CP 2/2A for the Phase IIb project. Concurrence was not reached at this meeting. Further studies were undertaken to address concerns raised by USACE and other merger team members. The USACE indicated that NCDOT needed to complete a re- evaluation of the cost of the Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor to determine if the conclusion reached in the 2010 EA — that this alternative was not practicable from the perspective of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act or feasible and prudent from the perspective of Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act of 1966 — remained valid. Also discussed with the Merger Team was the agreement at the December 15 Merger Team meeting to look at the merits of a Seven-Mile Bridge, as suggested by USFWS, that would address both parts of the Phase II study area. May 16, 2012 Mer�er Team Meetin�: The purpose of the meeting was informational. NCDOT discussed with the Merger Team agencies, and received feedback regarding, a design for NCDOT's proposed Preferred Alternative for Phase IIa. The design issues discussed would likely affect the permit applications for the proposed project and would apply to the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives. These issues include the use of temporary construction easements, utility placement, and use of retaining walls, jetting, and other design-related issues. November 14, 2012 Merger Team Meetin�: This meeting occurred after the completion of additional studies requested at the May 21, 2012 meeting. The updated cost analysis requested was completed in October 2012. The analysis reaffirmed that NCDOT is unable to fully fund a Pamlico Sound bridge. The USACE indicated their agreement with this conclusion at a meeting between NCDOT, FHWA, and USACE on October 29, 2012. At the November Merger Team meeting, FHWA, NCDOT, USACE, NCDENR-DWQ (now NCDENR-DWR), NCDCR, and NCDENR-DCM signed the Phase IIa concurrence forms for CP2, CP2A, and CP3, as well as the Phase IIb concurrence form for CP2A. USEPA, USFWS, USFWS-Refuge, NMFS, NPS, NCDENR-DMF, and NCWRC abstained. Issues related to CP4A were also discussed. Concurrence was reached at this meeting that the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be the sole detailed study alternative for Phase IIa, and that two detailed study alternatives would be analyzed for Phase IIb: the Bridge on New Location Alternative and the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. Prior to this merger meeting, NCDOT met with FHWA and Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-5 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach USACE on October 29, 2012 to discuss the re-evaluation of alternatives for Phase II, including the financial feasibility of the Pamlico Sound Sridge Corridor. Tanuar� 30, 2013 Merger Team Meetin�: This meeting was held in order to finalize concurrence on CP4A and to discuss CP4B and CP4C for Phase IIa. All members of the Merger Team signed the CP4A concurrence form except for USEPA, which abstained. Tul� 25, 2013 Mer�er Team Meetin�: This meeting focused on potential mitigation for impacts in the Refuge with the Bridge on New Location Alternative. The USFWS-Refuge had indicated that the Bridge on New Location Alternative likely could be considered a minor modification of the existing NC 12 easement. It was stated that NCDOT and USFWS have agreed that the section of existing NC 12 easement that is bypassed by the Bridge on New Location Alternative would be restored and returned to the Refuge as mitigation. NCDOT noted that in previous mitigation discussions with the Refuge, an idea also had been proposed by the Refuge to "nourish" the estuarine (soundside) shoreline in order to build up and support the natural migration of Hatteras Island. The following concerns were raised by Merger Team members regarding this idea: it would impact SAV habitat, it would be costly and risky in terms of unknown benefits and impacts, and it was not needed from a USACE jurisdictional impacts perspective. The Merger Team agreed that a soundside nourishment program could be considered as an option for disposal of jetting spoils, but only after further coordination with the appropriate agencies. The Refuge representative urged NCDOT to "think outside the box" on means that might be used in the context of the Phase IIb project to facilitate accretion on the sound side of Hatteras Island. The summaries and concurrence forms for the meetings through November 14, 2012 were presented in the Phase IIa EA in Appendix A. The full meeting summary of the July 25, 2013 meeting is included in Appendix A of this Phase IIb EA. Summaries of additional meetings held with various agencies are included in Section 6.2 of the Phase IIa EA, beginning on page 6-3. The minutes and concurrence forms for the meeting on January 20, 2013 were presented in Appendix D of the Phase IIa ROD. Summaries of additional meetings held with various agencies are included in Section 3.6 of the Phase IIa ROD beginning on page 25. 6.3 Endangered Species Act Consultation As a part of finalizing the Phase II alternatives for implementation, including the Phase IIb project that is the subject of this EA, FHWA has consulted with USFWS and NMFS in compliance with Section 7 of the ESA of 1973. During the planning and permitting processes for Phase I and IIa, NCDOT coordinated with the USFWS and SHPO regarding specific design and construction issues, in Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-6 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach keeping with the existing Section 7 and Section 106 agreements. To minimize impacts to nesting sea turtles, NCDOT has committed to using approved lighting sources during construction of bridges within the Refuge, which include either amber-colored LED lights (preferred) or low-pressure sodium-vapor lights. Additionally, NCDOT, FHWA, USFWS, and SHPO agreed to a bridge rail design that is intended to shield sea turtle hatchlings from car headlights on bridges. The bridge rail design is illustrated in Figure 3 of the Phase IIa EA. The lighting commitment would apply to either of the two detailed study alternatives, while the bridge rail commitment most likely would apply only to the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement alternative. The railing design would have to be reviewed by USFWS and SHPO in compliance with the commitments. FHWA also has completed formal consultation with NMFS on potential impacts to sturgeon and sea turtles. Formal consultation concluded with the receipt of a letter from NMFS on September 30, 2013 (see Appendix D of the Phase IIa ROD). 6.4 Essential Fish Habitat Coordination As a part of finalizing the Phase II alternatives for implementation, including Phase IIb, FHWA will coordinate with NMFS regarding EFH. The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. � 1801 et seq.) requires federal agencies to consult with the US Secretary of Commerce on all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that might adversely affect EFH. This is done through NMFS. NMFS is represented on the NEPA/Section 404 Merger Team. As part of this coordination with NMFS for Phase IIb, NCDOT has developed an EFH Assessment Addendum. This report focuses on the potential for EFH impacts associated with the new Bridge on New Location Alternative, which was not evaluated in the 2008 EFH Assessment, but is similar to the Bridge South component of the Road North/Bridge South alternative evaluated in the 2008 FEIS. The Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, which was considered as a part of the Phased Approach Alternative in the 2008 EFH Assessment, also is addressed. In the Phase IIb project area (the southern end of the Refuge and the Rodanthe area), there has been no substantial change in EFH habitat since the 2008 FEIS. While Hurricane Irene created a breach in the Rodanthe area in August 2011, the breach was filled by NCDOT and no new EFH was established in this area. 6.5 Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act Coordination Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended (16 U.S.C. § 470f) affords consideration of those properties that are listed or eligible for listing in the NRHP. The Phase IIb detailed study alternatives are similar in characteristics to alternatives previously described in the 2008 FEIS and in the 2010 EA; the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative is similar to the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative, and the Bridge on New Location Alternative is similar to the Bridge Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-� NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach South component of the Road North/Bridge South Alternative. Both of the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would have an Adverse Effect on the NRHP-eligible Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge. The nature of the Adverse Effect is the visual impact on the historic landscape of the Refuge. This impact is described in Section 4.2.3 of this EA. As discussed in Project Commitment 23 in the Project Commitments in Appendix E of the Phase IIa ROD, FHWA, SHPO, ACHP, and NCDOT, along with the consulting parties (Dare County, the North Carolina Aquarium Society, USFWS, NPS, and the Chicamacomico Historical Association), developed a Programmatic Agreement (PA) stipulating measures that FHWA will ensure are carried out during the design and construction of the PBC/TMP Alternative to mitigate adverse impacts to the historic cultural resources. NCDOT, FHWA, and SHPO signed the Programmatic Agreement (PA) on historic resource impacts and mitigation in November 2010 (see Appendix D of the 2010 ROD). It was amended in 2013 to include a final agreement on the characteristics of bridge rails in the Refuge for Phases I and IIa (see the paragraph at the end of this section). NCDOT is in the process of fulfilling the commitments made in the PA, as amended, in parallel with preparations to start construction of Phase I of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500). The PA is applicable to the entire Project, and Stipulation #VI of the PA requires further consultation for future phases if there is: • A change in the historic status of properties. • Identification of a new alternative. • Change in an existing alternative that would result in a different "effects determination° for a historic property. • Selection of a new Preferred Alternative. None of these conditions apply to Phase IIb or to its current setting. A representative of SHPO (from NCDCR) who serves on the NEPA/Section 404 Merger Team, concurred with the detailed study alternatives for Phase IIb and has had an opportunity to indicate if any of the above conditions were met or indicate that additional consultation was desired. Stipulation #IIA of the PA discusses bridge design within the Refuge, in particular the design of the bridge rail. In accordance with this stipulation, further coordination about the bridge rail occurred in 2013 between NCDOT, USFWS, NPS, and SHPO. The agencies agreed on a parapet design of 30 inches high for Phase I and up to 36 inches high for the bridge railing through the Refuge with Phase IIa, which shields sea turtle hatchlings from headlight glare. This agreement resulted in the amendment to the PA presented in Appendix E of the Phase IIa ROD. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-S NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach . :� List of Agencies, Organizations, and Persons to Whom Copies of the Environmental Assessment are Sent The agencies and interest groups listed below will be sent a copy of this EA with a request for comments. These agencies and interest groups also were sent a copy of the 2008 FEIS, 2010 EA, 2010 ROD, Phase IIa EA, and Phase IIa ROD. The availability of the EA will be announced via a newsletter sent to those on the project's mailing list and in advertisements within local media outlets. The EA also will be available on the project web site (http://www.ncdot .gov/projects/bonnerbridgephase2/). Public hearings will be held to gather additional comments on the EA. Comments on the EA will be addressed in subsequent documentation. Federal Agencies Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Federal Emergency Management Agency US Army Corps of Engineers US Coast Guard-5th District US Department of Agriculture—Natural Resources Conservation Service US Department of Commerce—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—National Marine Fisheries Service US Department of Health and Human Services US Department of Housing and Urban Development US Department of the Interior—Office of the Secretary; US Fish and Wildlife Service (Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge and Raleigh Field Office); Keeper of the National Register; and National Park Service (Cape Hatteras National Seashore) US Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV (Environmental Review Branch) State Agencies North Carolina Department of Administration—State Clearinghouse and State Publications Clearing House (State Library) North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources—Division of Archives and History Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-9 Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources— Division of Air Quality; Division of Coastal Management; Division of Land Resources; Division of Marine Fisheries; Division of Parks and Recreation; Division of Water Resources NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Local Governments and Agencies Albemarle Regional Planning and Development Commission (Albemarle Rural Planning Organization) County of Dare—Chair, Dare County Commissioners; Dare County Manager; Emergency Management Agency Mayor of Duck Mayor of Kill Devil Hills Local Interest Audubon North Carolina Carolina Electric Cooperatives Center for Biological Diversity Coastal Wildlife Refuge Society Conservation Council of North Carolina Dare County Tourist Bureau Defenders of Wildlife Eastern Surfing Association, Outer Banks District Environmental Defense Fund Hatteras Village Civic Association National Parks Conservation Association Mayor of Kitty Hawk Mayor of Manteo Mayor of Nags Head Mayor of Southern Shores Oregon Inlet and Waterways Commission � North Carolina Coastal Federation North Carolina Fisheries Association Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce Pamlico — Tar River Foundation Sierra Club, North Carolina Chapter Southern Albemarle Association Southern Appalachian Biodiversity Project Southern Environmental Law Center Surfrider Foundation, Outer Banks Chapter Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-10 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Public Review Locations Dare County Libraries in Hatteras Fessenden Recreation Center in Buxton, Village, Kill Devil Hills, and Manteo, North Carolina North Carolina Dare County Planning and Inspections Satellite Office in Frisco, North Carolina Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 6-11 Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach NCDOT Resident Engineer's Office in Manteo, North Carolina Ocracoke School and Community Library in Ocracoke, North Carolina NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B 7.0 Conclusion This Environmental Assessment (EA) documents changes associated with the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500), as well as changes to the project environment, as they relate to the planned Phase IIb. From the analysis contained in Chapter 4.0, FHWA believes that the Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, including the Preferred Alternative, do not result in new, significant impacts to the human and natural environments not previously identified in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. This is the case because these alternatives represent portions of the Road North/Bridge South, All-Bridge, and Phased Approach alternatives assessed in their entirety in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. From the analysis contained in Chapter 5.0, FHWA believes that the conclusions in the 2009 Revised Final Section 4(f) Evaluation (included as Appendix B in the 2010 EA) remain valid for the PBC/TMP Alternative and the analysis in Chapter 5.0 does not suggest any new, significant impacts not previously identified in the 2008 FEIS, 2010 EA, and Phase IIa EA. It also concludes that both Phase IIb detailed study alternatives would offer the lesser harm on some impact considerations and greater harm on other impact considerations. Further, FHWA and NCDOT have concluded that as with the consideration of the least harm to the Refuge as a historic resource in Factor #4, the views of the official(s) with jurisdiction over the management of the Refuge, USFWS under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, and the NMFS and FMCs under Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, as well as the residents, business owners, property owners of the section of Rodanthe affected, and other members of the public are important to finalizing a decision of least harm. The views of these stakeholders, as well as the SHPO, are being solicited by the distribution of this Phase IIb EA and will be taken into consideration in reaching a conclusion on least harm that will be documented in a Phase IIb ROD or supplemental EIS. Based on this analysis and in coordination with state and federal environmental resource and regulatory agencies, FHWA believes that the changes identified and assessed in this EA for the two Phase IIb detailed study alternatives, including the Preferred Alternative (Sridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative), would not result in new, significant impacts not previously identified in the 2008 FEIS, 2010 EA, 2010 ROD, or Phase IIa EA. FHWA now seeks input on the content and tentative conclusions identified in this EA. Once public and agency input have been received and considered, FHWA will determine whether a Supplemental EIS will be prepared. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 7-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach 8.0 List of References CZR, Incorporated. 2008. Essential Fish Habitat Assessment for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. CZR, Incorporated. 2008. Natural Resources Technical Report for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. CZR, Incorporated. 2013. Essential Fish Habitat Assessment Addendum for Phase IIa of NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. CZR, Incorporated. 2013. Essential Fish Habitat Assessment Addendum for Phase IIb of NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2005. Administrative Action Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Section 4(f) Evaluation for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2007. Administrative Action Supplement to the 2005 Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Section 4(f) Evaluation for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2008. Administrative Action Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2008. Biological Assessment for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2010. Administrative Action Environmental Assessment for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2010. Administrative Action Record of Decision for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 8-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. June 2012. NC 12 Transportation Management Plan — Phase II, Peer Exchange Meeting for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2012. Technical Memorandum on the Effects of Parallel Bridge Corridor with NC 12 Transportation Management Plan Alternative for NC 12 Replacement of Herbert C. Bonner Bridge on Atlantic Sturgeon. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. May 2013. Threatened and Endangered Species Technical Memorandum for Pea Island Long-Term Improvements Bonner Bridge Replacement Project Phase IIa. Federal Highway Administration and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2013. Threatened and Endangered Species Technical Memorandum for Pea Island Long- Term Improvements Bonner Bridge Replacement Project Phase IIb. Jackson, J., K. Coder, R. Gilbert, T. Patrick, C. Rabolli, and L. Tankersley. 1992. Georgia's Endangered Animals and Plants. Cooperative Extension Service/University of Georgia, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Athens, GA. North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2013. Air Quality Analysis, NC 12 Long- Term Improvements in Rodanthe, Dare County. North Carolina Department of Transportation. 2013. Traffic Noise Analysis, NC 12 Long- Term Improvements in Rodanthe, Dare County. Overton, M. F. January 2013. Coastal Monitoring Program, NC 12 Transportation Management Plan, TIP Project B-2500, 2011 Update. Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. Overton and Fisher. June 2005. Parallel Bridge Corridor with NC 12 Maintenance — Shoreline Change and Stabilization Analysis. Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA 8-2 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach • NEPA/404 Concurrence Forms, Agency Correspondence, and Meeting Summaries A. NEPA/404 Concurrence Forms, Agency Correspondence, and Meeting Summaries CONCURRENCE POINT A AND 2A SIGNED FORM FOR PHASE IIB ......................... A-2 CORRESPONDENCE WITH PEA ISLAND NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE ........... A-3 MEETING SUMMARY FOR JULY 25, 2013 MITIGATION MEETING ....................... A-11 A-1 Secfio� �04fI�Y�PA I1'Ie�ger Fr��eci �'e�m Agr��rm�nt C�nc:urren�� P�i�f fda. 2: Altera��ive� to �e �i�tc�ied �z� l3etaid a�d Can�ur�~ence �'oin� 2�: I�r�c�ging Decisinr�� and .r'�[i�r�m�� Pr�je:,i No.Cl=i�' No./Nameli�e�c'ri�tion: Fecleral Prnje�cNumE�er: €3�ZS-2353(15) WEiS 1v�o.: 32Fi3� �'lP Prc�iectNi�mber. f3-2500�3 Bescfiptia�,: Fte�6acemeut vf the �-ierl�ert �. Bans�er �ridge (Brid�e �fo. 1 i} aver Q?regon Intet in �are Cauo�ty {Ahase [1 of the Parsllel C�ridge Ct�rridor w3th NC 1 Z'�'ransportati4n 14taixs�emQr�# P�sn} The �raject's �J.erger `��am ha�E cancuered on this da'te of �� ZO1Lthat the fc�llawsng afiematives �vsll be evaluated ��rther for the �adanihe '�reacI� cnm�onent �f Ph�.se Ii af t�e subject �rc�jei:t: • Bridge on N�w J.c�catic�n o I3rid�e within Existinb adC 1.2 Eas��xteni , r' � t,i�A�E NCD[J�� { ,� i�SEP:!1 r�bsta� � USF`�7a�5 A�sL�irt ,�-1 � �j'r � `" �/ , -� �.�-- N�:�7'4L' �-'-� P---�`�,- � NC��3'tC._ _ �bsiasss Q.�.� V�--- .. -r 41 , S�-IP{] �`�I�J':'��'ru�-�-� r'V �.c�,______� � � N�vf}�;S �bsE�it3_�.., 1�--- NC:DA�[F'_ Abstaxn �� Nf'S_.� �_ �bszain __� NC:DC.NI ��% ! ' � �13P1�'�VS-i'Il�f�'12 :��Std1la i�� ot i A-2 ��"�,� ��,�...�.., � � ��,� �x � .�.��: .� ��r��r� c�r- i�IoRT�-t CA�r�r��n .DEPARTIVT��1'T` QF TRA�ISP+QF�.TATI[��I �'A'I� MC'CRC7RY �o�+r:x�scx� J�Yy 1 � , �(� 13 Mike �3ryant U.S. �is� & W�ic�tife �ervice Pe� I��ar�d Nateai�al Wi��lif� Relii�e P.�C7. Box l�}{9 Mante�, Nr�rtl� Carn�i�� 27954 ��!v J, �i�n�rn S£['Rf:1'Altl' Subject: Mi�icar i'Vl��ification af'N� 1Z �,aserr�cnt i�r Ph�se IIb c�f �3anner Bric��e Re�lacernent Pr�ject (TIP Nc�. F�-25[1{�B), L��.re Cau�ty, I�nrth CarQliai� Dear Mi•. F3ryai�t: In 1'�c��eta�E�er 20 ] 2, tl�e Mer�er Team f�r t}�e su�ject �rc�,ject seleeted tw� b�•idge alterraatiucs t� l�e c�aa°rier� farwa�•al t�r dctailed study (sc.e F'i�tiire 1}. C3ne of t��e�e altea�natir�e�, c�llcd it�e 1�c�c��Ythe- Bi�ic�� i I�Pew Lr�cation altec•F�ati�e, in�rc�i�es tlie cc�nsti•uctir�n c�f'a bricige extending west nf tl�� ex�sti�i� NC: l2 F•aa�iway into I�amlicr� :�o�irzd. Cn�ist3°uctic�n e�t"this altern{�ti�re wc�ulEi req�i�re new easernent wi�hi�� the P�a Isl�nd N�tio�ial Wil�ilife ReI��;e (I�ef�u�e) betweeil tl7e existi�l� l�fC 12 e3sen�crti aric� t�ie Ref��gc's western �otinr�ary. Tf�i� l�tter is ta rec��test yaur views un w��ther th� new ea�;en�ent nee�ed �'or tl�e Rod�rithe- �3rici�e ai� New L�c3t�on altcrn�tive cc�uld likely �e cietermined a nait�e�r �nodific�iit�i� �f the existit�g �IC i 2 easer€�ezlt. We also rec�t�est yo€��° vie�w��s c�i7 the scale �n�1 n�tur-e of �i�}� rr�iti�aiic�ri tl��i n?ay be retatc:c� to such a C�CtL'I'II f,14?ciil C?I1. 1'�CUOT �s c:urrently ��-eparin�; �r� �n�'�rc�nn�cn�a� Asscssn�ent ��A) in orde�- ta �d�n�ify changes to tlie pr�jec:t aY�ea since t�7e 20l L� Recc�rc� c�f' Decisic�n 3�1d io assess t�i� ifnp<ict� af the twc� l�ric�ge alterr��ti�ves. Wliilc �I-IW� and NCD(]'I' will likely reco�-��n�eiic� a�refert�ec� �iternati�e in tl�e CA, kl�e Nler�er• T�ar�� u�i11 make tl3e fii7�1 ��ecisiail c�r� t�� rajeet's L.eas€ Envi�•�r�mentally llainagin� P�•actiea�le Aitern�tiv�e (LED�'�) after• t�Ye EA is isy�«ci ar�r� ��«ciate�l �rablie inval��ex1t i� c c�r��letcd. Tf t�xe I�te�cianthe� �3ric��e �r� l�iew Lcseatior� �Iternative is sel�ct�c� fc�r constructic�n, t£1e�1 NCI7C)T will cr�m�.�lele t�1e fir�aI desi�n fc�i- tZ�i� altc�•i3at�� rrd �ra�� subrnit a f�rmal reque�t t� yc�ur �g�ncy f��r � zl�ina�� i�c�c�ificati�il a[" the e��s�men�. A-3 MAILIMG ADDRE55: TE;:E?Har�e: 319-707-64a� LOCATIO�t: s�l{�, Q�y �i}RT�h+SEN7 ��F �t7AiVSPC3RFATIp�N FA?C: 919-255)-4224 {".,ENTi'i)RY i,�NT�Ft, F$UfLC]It+tG {i PftlJ.i�CT [i�Y�L4P41F.h�T ANrJ E9�1VIHdNY�1EiJTAL AfSALY54S 'WEBSl7E.' �'fl�ff gg�G'k% FiIC�GE QRIVE 754�8 �A1L SERV9CEi�ENTEft h1T7?$."//{:Q,�th�EC:P�lYfiUGT.GO�VIf?�SOURCFSI�NVIRpN RALEkGH �C 2�751{7 R,ai.EiGH NC 27689-i 548 nae,v raaJPaGC51�� rnUt r. nsPx B-25�OB E�se��ie�3t 1�aCy 1 �, 2�iF3 F'agc 2 of � Prc�pc��ec� ?`*1ew � asenzer�t Tl�e Rc�danti7e- Bi�id�� c�r� New Lacatia�� aItei�t�atir�e w�II reqtria•� a��rt�xi;n�te�y� 2.$7 acres of ne�� eas�zr,e��t ��e�t c�t� existir�g t�IC i 2�t ilte ��ro�c��ed brid�e's i�c�rthern terznin��s (see �'i��a�•c 2), The 1�rGati�ri �nci desi�� c�f t�ie r3c�rtl�eri� tern�inus was deveta�ec� ii� uc�nsuitatia3� wit�l ya�ar stat�, anci I`�CDC7T is �Sro�osin� �ii ali�nrnct�t t�Y�t nzinir,�izes impacts t� tt�e Ref��e ta tl�tc g�•eat�st exlent pc�ssi�ile wl�ile canfar�Y�in� tc� t�e de��•��ent's desi�n stanc��rds. Bascd on N�:I]O`i �tkrti�eys r�f the project c�rrie�or, the ��ro�osed nev�a easerr��,nt contains �I�e f'c�Iinwi��g 6iQtic �r�rainiuni3ics: U Iand Wetlan�i Maritime lr�sslanci Salt s�iru�I7r�s�land pvl�a•it�i�� shriYbl x�-tisslai�d Salt rass�an�l C�MA in�rsh Niar�tinzc shr•ubl rass�ai�d �vlar�ti��ae sl-:r�i6 t�iic�Cet NC;I�C?T is it� tl�e p�•c��.ess csf cal�.cxIati��g tlz� �creag� r�F i�n��ct �c��• c�ch �iotic c�rnn�ii�iity f�r ft�e ��•t��ec;�; ti�is ini'a��a�i�n will �?e ir�cltic��l in t��e upc�rning Et�.. IF� �dditi4�i, tl�e ��rppQSCCi �-�ew e�se3n�i}t wa�ilcl crc�5s tl�e s��ktlac�steri� cortZer c�t tl�c ft�rF�ler wettand n��tF�atic�n site tl�at ��v�s co�s�t��t�c�ed by NCI7Cl`I" in the rnid-1��0's. 1't�e �ttcrn�tive is �esign��l sca thEit I�C 12 wc�uld �e et�tirely on a st�-uc#u�-� ance ii lea�es t�ic exi�tiF�g NC 12 �asenler�t, s��ch tl��t any iia�p�cts ta tl�e�� are�.s vvc�ulc� k�e Z�n�itec� ta il�e pIa�.e�r�e��t of �ridge piles an�i slYadii�� ti�c�m ihe b�•ic��;e dGCk. Tl�e nor�hern rc�adway ap�ro��ch ar�d as�QC�ated till wflu'Id �� wil�ir� t�le ex��tin� NC: 12 easer��ent. Miti�at�on It is ��nderstc�nd t��t n�itigati�n fc�r the use c�f�new Ref�i�e Iar�d wc7ul� b� i-eq��irct� ii`tl�e t].S, �'ish 8� Wilc�life �c�°w�ice (U�rW�} app��fl�v�� ihe Ro��iiithc- B��i��e �n New Lracaiiraii �lict�r��tive as � inii�c�i- mc�difcatio;n to t�c exi�t�i�� e�.ser�l�nt. B�se�i �a�� isc�.issic��s dt�a�i�7� �. rr�cet�i�g with y�u an June 25; Z[} 13, NCI]C3T ��rc��c�s�s tl�e tc�Ilnwing ct�t�ceptua4 a�iti�aYic�rx measu�`es: R��rr�°n�,r� �,�:�istijr,�> hrC.° 1? h`cr,s•c�frtct�t: I3ascc� ��n t�te et�t'rent �relit�7ir�ary �lesi�n f�f t�i� altci•Fiative, ap��r�xiii7ately 1�.6$ acres ot tl�c existin� NC' 12 easen�e��t h�:tweeil the r�ort�7ert� �at'idge tet't�7it�t,�s anc�i t�le Reiube's Sc�utti�r�� krt�rcier witi� I�c�eianth�; ��otkIci iic� �on�er be; neec�ec� far �IC 12 �nd cc�uld bc retrat�t�ed tc� tl�e USF'WS. �nc� t�ie i�ew �rir��e i� o�ea� tc� traf�ic, NCD�T wc��lci resto�•e tl�� rea b� r�e�naving �a�Fer��ezat �Fiei sanc��a�s ai�.d c:car�ducting a��y �dditranal �rar�ing w�rk oa• ��antsr��; c�f nati��e species as �iire�t�cl �y ye��r office. .. B-25Qi]B Easer»ent .li�ly I l, 2U 13 l�age 3 of �1 Nc��r�•i,sl��zc�sa! nfE.stLrctr�ine ��'hr��elir�e: NCL][�T wottfcf wc�a�k �vitt� the USF'UV; at1�[ t�ie appro��riat� ��erinittii��; a�e�YCies tv cie�Tel�}� ��la1i tc� place cc�mg�rtit�le matei�ial alozl� tl�e CStL1Z1'lli� 5}1L11'�:Iltl� "Nv�ithin tlie �etu�e elc�rth of .[Z�dai�the. The it�ter�t �i� ih�s r�o�irisila��nt �v��ilei �e to ereate ac�ditic�a�al wctl�nd at•eas an tl�e we�t si��e c�f t�l� I��i-u�e and 4zic�ii�� t�ie islat��'s �lattii�•al ❑verwasil g�rc�cess. C)�iiy n�atea•ial eletermiiYed to be cn��pati��le by tl�� USrWS w�L�ici be pl�cec� alang ihe e5tuarine s��oreli:ie, tiiid �ll wc��k wt�t�ld l�e c�c�ne �.t th�: directinn oi`U�FWS st�ff. Jeitin�; s��il n��ri�l fc•om �ric1�G �.c�iistructioi3 �t Uotl� t2ie Pea Island iialet a�Y�i �tr�danthc sites, �1� be�cfi s��rid f�•�in t17e ��i•o��sed terl��oi-ary beacl� nourisl�nent �i-c�ject, cotald £�e used fai• tliis I.�ur��c�se. NCI�{�T will ne�� tc� w�rk wit�z t�te USFW� iti orc�er to c�etern�i��e liow the jettin� spc�il i7�aterial and tl�e t�e�ch sar7d cc�ulcl l�e t�-anns�aarted �az7d placeci alc�i��; tl�e- cst��ari��e shoreiine iii a rnanner that �7�inir�lizes ii�rthet• inzpacts tc� ih� �.efii�e. NCDOT` w�c�Li�d �l�o nc.cd appraval trorn tlie a�pi-c�pri��t� f�.cleral and stnte �ermittin� a�,ur�cies. In c�r•cler to �i�termii�e t11c fc3si�iility oi'tliis c�ptics�i, NC1)UT l�as schedr�lec� � cl�eeti��g with tlze a��i�Qpri�te pe�-i�iittin� a�ec�cie:� fns• '1'l�u�•sciay, Tuly 2S, 2U i 3 a� 1;U0 ��i�l ��t tf�e NCI�Q`1' Ccntury Ce��ter Cc�i�lplex in �.alei�;h. Youa- e�ffic� lYas l�een included ii� the invitatiozl tc� tt�is nzeeti��g. I�rosre�7�c'n_!_.� t� lyc�rrtter !1�'C.`I�CJT �i�1`ili�crliun �Sitc�: It� the e�ent tilal nourisl�rne�it oI'ihe cstuarine sh€�r�eline is ci�ter-mined not to be a feasible zniti�;atian option, NCI7C�T wc�uld wa�-k witl� the U�I?VL�S c�ri ap}�rc�}�ritite til�c�ates ta thc foi•mer NCD�T r�eilazid «�itigation site on t�ie west sidc c�f 1VC 12; these u�c�ates could 'ancl�acl� �it� gA�aditig aizc�lor �al�ritiK7g af a�ditional nati�e species. 'f'l��ti�l� a�ie site is witl�in the Ref'uge, �i�y work Qi� this sate ��o�ala nec:c3 tc� be coc�rc�in�ted witli th� U.S. Artny� Car��s of��l�inee��s, thc N.C. D��isini} of Co�tstal Mai�a�et�7ei7c, �nci c�tfYei- tzp��ro�?i-i�te agcncies, �s tliis site was d�;vclaped as wetlanci ra�iti��tic�n 1oz� a l�t•evi�L�s 1�CI7C�T ��i-aject. If tlle Rc�cl�inikle� B��rcl�e o�� l'�lew I.�cati�n alternative 'ss selec:teci by tki� Mea•�er Tearn as the �lternative f`r�r tllis phase c�f tlY�: ��rc�}ect, l�l�C7�`1' ��ill submit ��iet�iiie�� i•cr�uest P�r a ta�inor iiioditicatic�i� oi'tlie existir�� easeil�eilt cjncc the NEP�1 �a��cess is corn�?lete�. T�liis �•equest will include a mc;tes ai�r� �a��ncis descriptic�n �[� bc�d�7 t1�� prop�se� new e�sei�ier�t arici tlae e�isen�e��t to be �•etu�{ncd, a sian�mary af the ia�lpacts ta e�ch o� tl�� iotic �ori�n��ii7ities witl�i�� th� ��rn��asec� zlcw e�s�r��ei�t} anr� a c�etaited n�iti�ation �roposal ��asc�l on the ideas ��•opc�sec� iai t�lis letter. Whi�e NCI.�C�'I� �,�alizcs tl��t the U�1�`WS can�i��t rilake �n �fficaal diterir�ination ��i•i�i� t� the f'ull ap��iicati��i�, we �-�c��i�st yc�tfr input c�r� tl�� ikelihc�c�cl that this �lt�:z•r�ati�e cc��lc� l�e deemc;a t� iBiinc�r i1�c��ilicatic�k� ot�tl�e existi�z� �lC 12 e�sement. �,�Ie woulcl alsa ap�areciatc }rour in�a�Tt a�� t��c ap��rc�p�-iatc sGa�e an�i n�i�urc c�i� axiy �ssoci�ted aniti�;ation, incl�cirn� tll�; ineasures �ii�ctassed ixi tt�is lette�-. �,�'e ask thnt yc��i res}�c�nd tc� ��i� re,cluest f�y We�ciesday, J��lg� 31, 2013> �cr t�l��t we ni�y cc��lsicler your rc�spoil�� ii� t�ic: ElcWelopi�l�nt of`tlie CA far this pz•c�ject. A-5 B-25a0B �asei��c�7F auly I t, 2(313 P�ge 4 0[`�� 1'h��i�k ynu �or yc�t�r atterltio�a t� tl�is re:�ue:st. If yesu ha�ve ��y c�uestia��s �L�t�i�t t�is z•ecluest, pie�.se �c�ntact h�Is. F3eth Sz�Yyre, I'rc�4je�;t Plan��ii�� Lra��e�eer, at (9l9)7U7-G�43 ar �7S1I7,'�`+ti(1lI3Ct�U$.. F� V. � I IiC�I'e� �F, '�I't,s�� ' .� � I'�7�, �a �t;t' P�•�j t De ic��zn�e��f az�d I��zantnei�taI �1i�aly�is Ua�i1 CFJTIeas f1ti�.cl�mc;�Yts c�: (�lectrc�riie co�Y� wl att�chmcnts; Vicic�i• B�r�r��ar,1�CD�T-Teehnical Services Tc.�-ry Gibsor�, i`JCI3(�T- Di��sicar� c�I�Ili�hw��y� Debc�a�a�l I3ar��n�ir, I�C;U�C}T- �'rec��lstr�ictioii Je�°�•y .Icr�nin�s, I��UC}T'- U't�is�t�i�t 1 Re�� 1 Ia�isan, N�D[�T- PL�Et1 Pl1il Har�•is, �CI7C7T- PDEA Claa��nce Colcr��, �1-11�'�. .� -. �, - � A-/ � Z Q U H Q � X O � Q � 0 -� �� U '— O tn J 'X C 3 w � o � � E Z L y ry O 3W a d � N � � m� O -O- _6- U 0] 0] Z � ■ ¢ I� � T � VI W i a z � W J a � c � � � c W J H W C � W � a _ � INEW PEON NEW LOCA ION AL ERNATH EBRIDGE I Fi 2re I . • ��;�!ti —�Yr,M4 r` � 'i s";v - ��::� =4�F l .' P-'�.. �;5� '��+ ..��-' W �"+��x.�. . ��:��..�fv �Ill��{� '�'�.!" �� ]s�i`�ill@Il� �D� ��i� ��i'10�' F��S�I A��D V4ILDLTFF '��1��C� �Co�stal North �rnl�na N�tiuna11N�1d�iF�e Ref�es �omplex P�ost []l�`t�c�e Et��t X 9fi9 Man�es�� orth Car�lir� �79,�4 ��5z) ��-1131 473-i£,E,� [�aaE) r�iy� z�, za�� Gregr�� J, Thqr��e. h�tart��er I�arxh Carcr3ina aepar��tof'��a�xsp�etation PrE�j��# i3�velc�prnent ar��l �n�rir�n�enta1 Analy�is C�r�it i5�4� M�il Ser�+it2 C,'en�er I�leigh, ?+l�G �76�9-154,8 Su�j�ct; Fteq�e�t f�ra r�sp�onse on s��stcd Mino� �lo�ifi�[i�sn ol'1�� 1� E�i�emenkfc,r Ph�se Jl� �aFBonner Bri�l�� ,��I��r��nt Pru}��`t [TIP Nz�. ��5�}QB�. '�are Gount�, �Vort� Carolina ��ar i�r, TF�arpe: ln ye,�ir July ] 7, �[17 :� lekt�r �ca rr+� ccsnG�rnin� �� need F[�r a�e�� tas��t�tt�t fr�r• th� FtQd�r�t�te-�ri�Jge r�ro hle�+,� L+�c.��ion altcen��c f�r F"i��se C3�a ofth� R�nncr L�riE�� R+cpiaccr3��rrt E'rcaj�ct �'CEf' 74+�, 8-33�J{lB� in f�rw��e �4��nty h! ��a•th £��r�oiiria �rti i'ca lslaiid ?4ata�naf k�"�°ild�ifc hcfu�c you aske�i ti�1• r�ty� ��e�.�a�, �att deteCrnirti n� a�a�hethee t�re alt� r��rti+�� s �� rni nfar rn�r�if�c.�t.icrn cs�' t}�� e;�i�tirs� �t' i? e,,��ment ancl �n th� scake anci n.at��e ai aa3v rt�itigatinet t1a��t �,iay t�c r�c��t�c� [c� s��cf� a�etemr�irt�rtir�n, '�cs4a rec�4��sted �amn�� ts by� Jui�r :3�. L� i:3. 'Ch� pr�p�� nee�r �a:��m�a�e r��wir�w ?_�7 .�cres �r� e��er��nt ��t e�t exi�tiNg l�� 1� at th� pr�p�scd �rid�e�'s �t�rtl�er•n ttrrr�d��us. '1']�c Vac��[iary an� ��csia��i t�{�s tit��+cl��ec� �n co��u�ltauu35 �vit�3 ttt}� sr,.�ff �ttd ��E��esnrs th;r� t�e �l�s��r�1 s�ii�nrT�er�t rniiylrr�i�ew irit��a�ct� t�: tl�� F��ef��e ��a tht�e �i•e.�te�t �e�tent �a�r:ti-sih9e u��hile c-�mfcr�,�in� �o �J�[]OT's dcsi�n �ta��l�r�ls. It c�a��lc� �i€;ely� �� determrned a miii�sr macli�ic��ia�i of �h� exi�tid�g N�: 1� �aser�erit it �ileq��te ot�it��a�i�� cati �rhic� e n� nct is�ss a�F �fal�ir�t qu�Ytititv arYd q��litv, It a�pe��°s tc� �ae tt�ce�.��nP �ixr �;.9F�e� re��c�n�. As ye�u �ote, ��e n�e� �.�ith NEs, F��th Sm�Fi°e, N�.D{}�' �'�•��j��t E']�s�nin� Fn�i��r, ��n lune �5, �(}13 �+[�whSci� tirr�e w�e disc�ss�d t��i•�e c�atictpt�l�l 9niti;��i�n cne�sa�res, E a�+�oreciate t��t hz�I��T �vr��.lci re.st�+re �he �}x�ara�,-�r�i�xcl�. 1�3.f�A aca�e_� c,# �x�sti�� {: 1�` �.�scix�l.rt� that�,v�u14i n� i��7�c6 bc �bc��lcti Fs�t• �IC 1� �snc� tl�c n�c�� ir•id�e ds irpeEe t��rr tr�,�eac. '�'a.ru �l��cr�� tlyt� o��stc�ra�i�,�ti �s t•c�yta�.�i�a� �a��'cati�crlt �3�d sat7�k�;�� rad coii4��l�ein� �tiy a�siiti�a«�l ,�ra�lin� �.a��rlc vr �l�ntin� n��n��ti,,�� ,��iew ;�s,��reet�d �i� rzt� �if#ice. �'�� tr,rrn r�i r��a�rr3ti�aft iaoi �}�e�e �cr�� .�rcfulc� ts� ��r�ropriate nziti�atir�n. ��isc� �1�;pr��ia�e th�t Ni=I?i}T is ex��+irin� t�� r�{��C�sia�ti�ni �tf �*�t�l:irir�� shcfrrla�e t�u� ��e Ft��"�i�e �nd �ro�� sr�aft {�v�ll c�l! En t�+ tt7� i�l�� 25, �Q1� at P;(�4� pi�� scljcdulcd r��ectia�� on ti�is s�i�if�ct «�zf� tiae a�Oprcr�ri�te p�rmiktia�� :ogeneie�. "I'�sis t�r�yti {�t nnu�•isftin��3�t ��uld i�e .i�x��-�sd�r�i�te ottit3�3[ic�t7 ��;l�e�.e,ol I�� t�rr w�tl�jn�i im�sir�t�. i`m lesti ir��iit�rf [� �i1i��k� t}3;3C 1��r�v�rr��rtiCS Co t}fe I'�'st'rnet' h[(:�(]T 4�Pe�l�tid mit9�:9�icrn �it� c�n th� ��est �ic�e c�fi� hl{: j��vc�ulc� �e �i�t}�t`�a��t`iat�. T�fe Fi.�3tttge i� n3t'rc�tvi ng io� w�i�ith t�r�ir� ki��ti ion �[rot�a sht5r��_ lilo��n� sa�d, a��d, �c�ssibly, ov�r-;v�3s�i saMn�� a�°e tr�appecf i€w th2 �vetj�n�i i3aiti��t��rn �ite chan�in� it uti�c9• �ime t�, aa� u�,lao3ri site, t}tu� i�,�i�s� tlye w�tl�r�ti n�i�ifi�tion �.�alues, li�tiirr��ede�, th� r�:�tvs•al cu��t:�l py�ucesM �,��crui� �}°p�ws s�o�d t� the sou��d side sE��i°c �nd �a•a�� sa�usyd �icl� siyorc kine �s �h�e cs��at� sh��re tirt� �rra�es —�,]e�iri� w�tl�i€��i ;�:��•es ta �t7� R+�fi�ge, [ woul�i ��t.d ��turc in��r��tiat��n t� �onvottc� n�� ha� re�.v��ckin� an N�: 12 relc,cati�r�. f��alcr ��tl�nd rniti�a�ioal site ��ould icad t� � sustaiixabl�c� e�a� nc� la�ss af qv�tir�t+�� ;�r7c� qualit�,a rrf ]��hi t��k . . 3r� �ti�� juc�gcr7�i�t v�� rree� tl�� s�.eu33d .ai�r �i3rr�-� 6inr tr:F �rr��v k�`C..SC LS:� E�lltli �'3C�' F{7T Id355 [7T1 L�7� i]CE'ilCk St1C]FIC �313L. ThtknJ; �•r�u fr�r ��r�s�r �x��n�i�;� t€� r�l�+ �espr�ns�, lf ��1 h��e r�ue�eit�a�a :�ht��t tE�ia respcanse, pl��sc cr�tt�ce Litlyer �7cnnis :�t��w�r•t, �ef��t �b�ildiir�� 3�ic�ls�gist �ext �3�.1, :�ca��t 1..3nier, I�e,�utv Ftctt��c l��ae�a�ee� �czt "�Z� j. us rot� �t (25�} �7:�-1 � ;�� . �nc,ere�y, � �� l�ic�ael 1�_ E3ryant, F�ro�ect Leader Cc; �ei�ctr�nic �opY�: Vi�.��rr �arbt�ur,1�C�G�T Techn9cal 5�r3�ice� l�rry' �en�,ing�, N��7��' — D�visi�� 1 k3eth S�►y*r�, k�r4jeet F�at�ni�a� �n�ineer P�te ��rorr�e. FWS, R�� Sr�pervbsor �J7VIC1 �IE�C�f, FW5r Re�ianal CE�i�F �tE Re�,��es �- Sauth�ast Region �csn�er �3ridge - Ph�.�e Ilh rr�incxr mad & rctia��n L�t�ter tc� ��Fl�T 7-��-13.d�cx A-10 PAT MCCRORY GovrRNOx MEMO TO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: �ArE Note: Attachments referenced in ��G ��'� these minutes already included in this �� EA are not included with this , ''� ��, � `.a�`� � summary. '� �`� STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ANTHONY J. TATA SGCRLTARY July 25, 2013 B-2500B Meeting Attendees Beth Smyre, PE July 31, 2013 Meeting Summary- July 25, 2013 Meeting for Phase IIb of the Bonner Bridge- NC 12 Transportation Management Plan (TIP No. B-2500B) July 25, 2013 Mitigation Meeting: Discussion and Conclusions A meeting was held at 1:00 pm on July 25 in the Roadway Design Conference Room at NCDOT Century Center for the subject project. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss potential mitigation options for the use of Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge land associated with the Bridge on New Location Alternative associated with Phase IIb of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500B). The following people attended: Bill Biddlecome Tracey Wheeler David Wainwright Doug Huggett Cathy Brittingham Ron Lucas Kevin Hart (via teleconference) Fritz Rohde (via teleconference) Dennis Stewart (via teleconfe�ence) Scott Lanier (via teleconference) Thayer Broili (via teleconference) Steve Thompson (via teleconference) Beth Smyre Brian Yamamoto Bob Capehart Pablo Hernandez Leilani Paugh Kathy Herring Morgan Weatherford Chris Rivenbark MAILING ADDRESS: NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 'I S4S MAIL SERVICE CENTER Rn�eicH NC 27699-1548 USACE — Washington Field Office USACE — Washington Field Office NC Division of Water Quality NC Division of Coastal Management NC Division of Coastal Management FHWA NC Division of Marine Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service USFWS — PINWR USFWS — PINWR NPS NPS NCDOT — PDEA NCDOT — PDEA NCDOT — Division 1 NCDOT — Division 1 NCDOT — NES NCDOT — NES NCDOT — NES NCDOT — NES TELEPHONE: 919-707-600� FAX: 919-250-4224 WEBSITE: WWW.NCDOT.ORG/DOH/PRECONSTRUCT/PE/ 1�-11 LOCATION: CENTURY CENTER, BUILDING A 1000 BIRCH RIDGE DRIVE RALEIGH NC 2761 O July 25, 2013 B-2500B Meeting Summary July 31, 2013 Page 2 of 4 Michael Valiquette John Page Elise Bielen NCDOT- Geotechnica] Engineering Unit Parsons Brinckerhoff Parsons Brinckerhoff Beth Smyre opened the meeting by updating the group on the current progress of Phase IIb; she explained that the Phase IIb Environmenta] Assessment (EA) is currently underway and that two detailed study alternatives are under consideration: the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative and the Bridge on New Location Alternative (Figure 1). Beth stated that NCDOT is working towards a decision on which of these alternatives will be presented in the EA as the Preferred Alternative, and that each alternative has issues to be considered. Beth mentioned that the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative carries construction concerns, while the Bridge on New Location Alternative goes outside of the existing NC 12 easement in the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge). The USFWS- Refuge must determine whether the new easement can be considered a minar modification of the existing NC 12 easement. If the new easement is considered a minor modification, then NCDOT must provide the appropriate mitigation for the use of Refuge land. The USFWS- Refuge has indicated in a letter (attached) that the Bridge on New Location Alternative likely could be considered a minor modification of the existing easement. The remainder of the meeting focused primarily on the appropriate mitigation options for the use of Refuge lands. Beth indicated that NCDOT and USFWS have agreed that the section of existing NC 12 easement that is bypassed by the Bridge on New Location Alternative would be restored and returned to the Refuge. The new easement is estimated to require approximately 2.87 acres of new Refuge lands; approximately 18.68 acres of the existing NC 12 easement would be returned to the Refuge. Restoration of the existing easement will serve as a major portion of the mitigation required for the new easement. Beth informed the group tha� in previous mitigation discussions with the Refuge, an idea also had been proposed to "nourish" the estuarine (soundside) shoreline in order to build up and support the natural migration of Hatteras Island. Beth presented the current estimated fill, pile, and SAV impacts of the Bridge on New Location Alternative (see attached table) and noted that the wetland fill impacts shown in the table occur entirely at the southern terminus of the new bridge, outside of the Refuge. NC 12 would be entirely on a bridge within the new easement; therefore, any wetland impacts in the new easement would be due to the placement of bridge piles. Beth requested that the group discuss and give opinions on the possibility of soundside nourishment as mitigation for impacts to the refuge. The group discussed the following agency concerns with the nourishment proposal: • The National Marine Fisheries Service is concerned about impacts to SAV habitat and is against filling good SAV habitat with a nourishment program. Based on previous NCDOT surveys, the SAV habitat in near the Refuge terminus is patchy, and most of the SAV in the area is at the southern end of the Bridge on New Location Alternative. The water bottom in the area near the Refuge terminus is hard-packed sand, which is A-12 July 25, 2013 B-2500B Meeting Summary July 31, 2013 Page 3 of 4 not good SAV habitat. Staff at the National Marine Fisheries Service Beaufort lab may have expertise that could assist with this proposal. The USFWS-Refuge explained to the group that the islands are eroding from both the ocean and the soundside, and that the Refuge is running out of options for mitigating the impacts of NC 12. The nourishment idea was proposed as an innovative, experimental way to see if building up the land mass on the western shore could be encouraged. Offsite mitigation efforts do not help with the Refuge's issue of eroding land mass. • If the CAMA impacts remain as shown in the draft impact table (.03 acres of CAMA marsh impacted by piles), then DCM would not require compensatory mitigation for that type of impact. • Several NCDOT staff expressed concerns that a nourishment program of this nature would be costly and risky, considering the unknown benefits and potential impacts. Because the wetland impacts are relatively small in this area, it was suggested that the wetland acreage lost as a result of Phase IIb could be rolled into the planned mitigation for Phase I of the project. The USACE agreed that SAV habitat should not be filled for the sake of a soundside nourishment program, but that it could be done if the area is hard-packed and not good SAV habitat. The USACE questioned what, from a jurisdictional wetlands standpoint, is driving this discussion, considering the small number of wetlands impacts and the low level of mitigation required. There are two issues at hand: mitigation for use of the Refuge and mitigation for wetlands. The USACE noted that a permit would not be required for the pile impacts in Refuge wetlands, but only the fill impacts in Rodanthe. There was some discussion of using fill from dredging at the emergency ferry terminal in Rodanthe for a potential soundside nourishment program. The use of jetting spoils associated with B-2500B bridge construction or ocean sand gathered during the planned short-term nourishment program at the Rodanthe `S' Curves Hot Spot was also discussed. In summary, the group felt that the soundside nourishment program could be considered as an option for disposal of jetting spoils, but only after further coordination with the appropriate agencies. However, there may not be enough of a benefit to consider it as a mitigation measure. The nourishment program idea does not necessarily need to be tied into the Phase IIb project, and the group agreed to put the proposal aside for now and focus instead on wetlands mitigation. Dennis Stewart urged NCDOT to think outside the box on means that might be used in the context of the Phase IIb project to facilitate the accretion on the sound side of Hatteras Island. Note: NCDOT staff conducted an SAV su�vey of the Bridge on New Location Alternative alignment on July 30, 2013. The updated design of the alternative involved shifting the bridge west of its previously proposed location, farther into potential SAV habitat. Preliminary results of the su�vey indicate more SA V p�esent within the corridor with patchy to thick A-13 July 25, 2013 B-2500B Meeting Summary July 31, 2013 Page 4 of 4 coverage (greater than 60% coverage, on average) noted throughout the alignment. NCDOT will conduct additional surveys of the corridor and the results of the surveys will be discussed in the upcoming B-25008 EA. If anyone has any additions or corrections to this summary, please contact John Page at PB at (919) 836-4076 or by e-mail at pagej@pbworld.com. Attachments A-14 July 25, 2013 Rodanthe- Bridge on New Location Alternative New Easement Needed Easement to be Returned 2.87 acres 18.68 acres Fill Impacts Acres Wetland maritime grassland 1.29 Wetland maritime shrub/grassland 0.11 CAMA Wetlands 0 Tota I 1.40 Pile Impacts Wetland maritime shrub thicket 0.04 Wetland maritime shrub/grassland 0.00 Wetland salt grassland 0.01 Wetland salt shrub/grassland 0.00 CAMA marsh 0.03 Total .08 Open Water Shading SAV Impact* 8.56 Open Water Pile SAV Impact* 1.76 *Total open water impact multiplied by 0.63 A-15 • Public Involvement Materials and Correspondence B. Public Involvement Materials and Correspondence NOVEMBER 2011 NEWSLETTER ....................................................................................... B-2 DECEMBER 20ll AND JANUARY 2012 PUBLIC WORKSHOP HANDOUT ................ B-3 DECEMBER 2011 AND JANUARY 2012 PUBLIC WORKSHOP DISPLAY BOARDS .................................................................................. B-12 DECEMBER 20ll AND JANUARY 2012 PUBLIC WORKSHOP PRESENTATION SLIDE SHOW ............................................................................................ B-15 DECEMBER 20ll AND JANUARY 2012 PUBLIC SCOPING COMMENTS (ALPHABETICALLY BY LAST NAME) .............................................. B-24 SOUTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CENTER COMMENT LETTER ................... B-79 FEBRUARY 2013 NEWSLETTER ....................................................................................... 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O � H OA1 ��y� � ooOW ��0� �N �� 03 �� Dm �� m m �m , w � � �s - a`d N _ � d � � a w d � °« � h R QN 7 z �tmU W � N � N � � �CZ i L (a � � � � 0 U 'a � m V � � N � �a c O m y Z O F y w 7 c� � O � Z Q � � z W � � O U B-1 1 ° 0 N O N � fE C � a a � d .£ s T � � � N N T (6 Q m � � O � C W m � E a o � >_� w °' °' � �pU� V U � � �.L � >. O � N �a`cnc� i —z L� (p� m0� m � � a� �U�� z.-� 0 0 a � E 9 � E w h v � � � � �� s+ � � � � � � � � � � � �� ,.�P s NO(<5-... ly� d�2,... a, ¢'i LLI O 'b1S +. DEPP��; ` � � l � � n � � � � a�� .��: U = ' `� � . �� Wy,°� O � �� a � � �'° � ' �o �, 0 Z � � ----�-� x o= ��f-��NN �� O 'i"_ ii �,y,� � �o � � » E z � � 0 p � W LL � � � U �d��° ; ' o' �� _ � \ C � \ q' , — — � _ \� A` `� \ 0 � ,� 0�1 e �, ;�P `2�... REPLACEMENT OF THE HERBERT C. BONNER 6RIDGE (BRIDGE NO. 11) ON NC t2 OVER OREGON INLET �y y, . Io z' ,m o q 9 hC �cy� OQ ��T OF 7RPNyQ I Bonner Bridge Phase II Public Workshops December 5 and 6, 2011 r�� ,�;�� N,� �_zs�� B-�2 � � � _ � � � � � � � � _ � O � � � Q � � s NO(<5-... ly� d�2,... a, ¢'i LLI O � +. DEPP��; � � � m � � A � N A � - _ E - E c � � c E 0 3w 3w 0 3 � �m � m Sl � ��` � � _ _ '3 w E �°v ; a 3 rG z � z m z �� II a � � � -o a � 0 � W a a � � �- � z�.� "�'i�. :4+. 2 Z . S. ~ � �1 � � ��.��. =W. .� i � c�:cN'sz', 3� � = LL�=V�� (jr O �; � _. m� �� 0 W A � A.. I� � � � _� � - � � � _ � _ - _ . . . �,� �� - _ _ � ��_.�: � -. _`=� - �,,, - �•,'_. _ : j � Z z r o z S F, � �,�Q% �cy� o' ��T OF TPPN�'e� HEPLACEMENT OF THE HEFBEfiT C. BONNEfi BFiIDGE (BFi1DGE NO. 11) ON NC 12 OVEH OREGON INLEf ' ��AJQ � i��I�! ��'4N �I��Ql� �'la�'� R�roto Sir�a�a�ionat �� C- �c . r� aF �'i,��nrl :;�,ans ��' _ _ - �� __ - �_ °`�� '� - 'drw r�r�d5e �Ina.i��.� :,aut4,'� _1 � � �_�r` O ` A � V w a � �� Z* �'!b O \� BC�:H ��IA80 r I��'I:; i ..a�n �:7+ ��f.1,�i�_l �.rP� � il F� � � U Z TIP Projer[ No_ R-L500 0 N m? z°G a ; ti � � U � N : O a � c ; m � m' U m i � � 2 � � � a a m` �, s �. � I I >� � ;� ;: S 1 � i i s! � �; i ; n i J = ) _ > ! �; �� / :� >� � � � J � ' 'oo ia � i � � ' o i a � O J = N i ro > > �� ,� � �2 1• Public Workshop Schedule Dec 5t" in Manteo Dare Co. Administration Building Public Workshop — 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. Dec 6t" in Rodanthe Rodanthe-Waves-Salvo Community Center Public Workshop — 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. Jan 5t" in Ocracoke Ocracoke Community Center Public Workshop — 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. M�� % �� °,� ,;- ■ Public Workshops: December 5 and 6, 2011 and January 5, 2012 B-15 Public Wo rks h o ps � ��t � . ';n� � �;� � ��. -�,� � ' ;. � , • Informal — Speak one-on- one with project team members • Consists of several "Stations" • Opportunity to provide written comments '� `� 1 � Public Workshop Goals Introduce Phase II of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project Discuss the Pea Island and Rodanthe design options Hear your comments and concerns :. �+ = Pea Island Repairs • Installed temporary bridge at breach site • Installed sheet piles and sand bags to protect ends of bridge and roadway • Sand used to fill smaller breaches — --�s�� ;:: � �: I ' �� _ �� 0 • Parallel Bridge Corridor with NC 12 Transportation Management Plan — Phase I: Construction of new Bonner Bridge over Oregon Inlet — Coastal monitoring program — Phase II: Long-term solutions for both the Pea Island and Rodanthe breach sites B�� / _:, �- -�. �+t. .... � _ ;, ;�,� `�;, ��;,,� _ �, �� ,� :;�n::'� ,; ;�;� , ..: ��`.;,, �. ,, ,� �NOniNiNFill Alternatives: Pea Island • Beach nourishment • Bridge within easement ir ��ri�;�� , n�,i,,te�n, ...�L.�r',.i�,.� f. �..r.,�:�l��:ii �.��f • Bridge on new location • Road on new location c� ��:� „i !�•,�� ;i.., , a i� :,,.,,,. ._; i.• � . �. . ��. ,} - L'I Rodanthe Repairs • Used sand to fill in breaches • Stockpiled sand for dune reconstruction • Installed sand bags along the S-curves : :3 �, Impact Analysis • Natural environment — Wetlands, endangered species, habitat • Human environment — Property relocations, community services • Coastal conditions — Shoreline position, potential for another breach • Compatibility with federal lands • Funding � ,: Alternatives: Rodanthe • Beach nourishment • Bridge within easement • Bridge on new location � &riJg c�n - 'd�- � Ln:; �rir,r. yf, I��_ ' 'f � � �r;da wndi r Cxi �tir� �1C �2 Eauem•+n[ � 9rinqe wthin Existing geach Nounshment nud ��.1 f,our -tn�.. ii . i.. r,�,e�nt � , �_ - ------_ e� _ - - —C� _ . ---,�--- -- _------- : • � N ext Ste ps 1. Comments reviewed and addressed 2. State and federal agencies meet to discuss design options 3. NCDOT will complete any further studies and acquire permits 4. Contract awarded for Pea Island — August 2012 5. Contract awarded for Rodanthe — December 2012 Right-of-Way Acquisition • No private property acquired for Phase I • Phase II could require property acquisition and the relocation of homes and businesses in Rodanthe • See the right-of-way agent here tonight if you have questions �� : �� For More Information on NC 12: Hurricane Irene recovery efforts web page: www.ncdot.org/travel/nc12recovery Twitter: http://twitter.com/NCDOT_NC12 Blog: http://nc12repairs.blogspot.com/ Bonner Bridge Replacement Project web page: www.ncdot.org/projects/bonnerbridgerepairs Status of Phase I • Replacement of Bonner Bridge • Currently in the design stage • Start of Construction: January 2013 • �pen to traffic: Spring 2015 8-21 E :� �. ,, s..:... � I��f ..^:.PaPpMT E `�, �� ■ �� , .. 9...�:i�_ - �. � � � — �� a _ ` � y, b �- r�.:y �'� �S`l. �r�� y�ur comments in the box �� E-mail your comments Comments are being accepted until January 20, 2012; however, NCDOT encourages citizens to submit their comments as soon as possible 8-22 Mail your comments THIS PRESENTATION WI LL REPEAT I N 2 MINUTES Please Proceed to th e M a i n Are� :� n O � � a a n o '� T �y N � '� O v t0 N t 4 � O Q � o v t � v � v � a v � o � v .N N % � w m m T dj t T �' O a E O H LL � � u � .. d O = � LL H f H � v � � � � > � 0 C O C N 0 N � L � O � .�C C -o � L v > � ' O p N � 0 0 N � m m N N N W � � o � L �0 C � O (p w G C � v O O U � Y c 'i' � v o v '' - 3 E � N c v � � � "°-' _ � 3 v T r. � � � v � � _ �o � o� �° a� Y v 0 3 a o L � v O � 3 � 5 s E m v_ � G pp O t�J > _ � tp C � N O v _ .Y 4 � � O � 3 C � O '^ °' 3 Y � _ � w v 3 � N ^� N N O � = O y L m y m U N N w y c a� c v 'a L v � 3 � Y v m � > � N y � � c w 3 v « v N "O � b0 N n- � N � � u � O �u 3 v � � � v � > y _ w � � 3 m >, � 'o ` � � °-� o y = o " o a > � r� ✓1 L � y m N N a0 O G � Q c tV6 H H� THIS PRESENTATION WI LL REPEAT I N 1 MINUTE : .� C m � c Q C � 0 ) W �, a ca c d c v ti w U � u � n � O > I� � N � � V � O m Z � S O N p�p � ^ O N � .ti 2 �-i K � A n A n E O `o > � N �. 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'o '^ N @ y p N J � � u � u � a � � � a `o � � � � � d � 3 = x v o > C 41 � C� a�-I ��n � 3 � -o `o' �. � v -o � � !a _ O C -p � hU � i � � J C Ol y� ] o_� m-a � � � 0 3 w ° a, a v c -� `" °- •L• � c � !^ c �v v � Y � . +'�. � m v � o '--^ a �O ° � v v o � °' - -p N N � �� H 2 '6 �- O � .c 3 °c � m v>i N J C -6 � � > � O N � � � V1 ai y 3 � � � a o- o T a � � N � t0 � � X v� i i �� v � � � �O a p c aL+ N N v `o� 3 va - p Z O � � ' � v > �° � « � � °' G �p �, .0 C o � o o h � � .. � .- ;°. v w �- o a a y -O- °' t0 N � `o � 14 'o °' z v > > � ° > v Y o � y u � m �-° ai C� O N N L�� > O -O N > N � � � Y � d � � � +' � N '-� N N J � O � � G � � C � � � E � � v � N v�i +�+ � � � N � _ � O v y (° Y �' v � � � -O- - c o m - N N o �a Z 3 -o � °i � �o ° v � � v a.°_ v E o °� o � ° u a 'u z m,� 3 ra �a �=o v c c Y v Ua 0 a P: O � � H c E 0 E � � a v o z N � � rv v � o o Q ^' o � ° Q � � t o m v ,,, � � 9 � m v �; w � a v v° T H � � u � .. d LL H f H d � ' v i � � v � � '� � � Ul O v °1 v c � a O v � u � - T pKj i' � N N � � � G 41 C o � '3 U � O1 � ~ Y v � o "o m` v c � � 3 m v L y � 3 01 v � � � o Y c p s o � � .. - a> > � � U � G > ,� o v v � � � o o " `° � u � � v G v � � -p O = C C 0 3 �' o °1 > o 3 'o a �O �' o. o v � v � � - « _ � � °; 3 w -o � `0 0 � N 'O T � v C L O Q ++ a � X c o v v a u � N m v � `o „ �a � a �, � ` °; � s O N v °p -a c v � � " O � .O - S -6 C o v ' Q 3 -d o v c - •• °' `° _o °' v o � "° E m .3 0 L � > m � y v � � � v � N v � _ .- o � v 3 m n � v Y x o � � '� u 0 E � o Y - ` C v N o �° U L N Q �� o v N v 3 '°- o 0 N � � � v v � c v � 'a O 3 v � m -� ` -O- � v p�` O � L � O v c c c o ia o ' S m � Y C O � v ? L ai � u a a = v ai � y M N � C - O � L � i � N m t m o � � O N � yc .°1. w � v C O QI � Y L v O O � � y � o 3 > O = L � ++ 3 0- v � u o '� v c � O a. N � Y 0 `o v � > °' C i' p C N p� i C � o a v c H � t O � v c o 0 0 Y N U � o � v� � c O C T O v v � m v � C m � N > m � � O v °' o °1 n ,�. o p v `o - a � 0 Ov _ � 3 � O � � � v � 3 0 a � c � 3 o a v 0 0 NN _ y � w � y `o a, z � L � O v 'u v v � Y C O O i N v C -6 � y � ro v � a . 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E '3 � � w N ` � T �' C N C v � m -o E o .. � v o � � y � v � v a O N " � " � w � m � �,o� o r� v Y ¢ a `-' � � E > c v O j' `° G = O v o t0 � v n pp v O Q � � � C > -6 ._ � �] � tl�q O F� tD S B-43 N > 0 `o V 0 �n G v 3 Y Q 2 � �� c N N c � v � � v v Y v E �o `-' =0 3 N �p m ^ c � � � � v Y> a o � y _ � a w .� `o c .• v � > j v a a � � i c o °1 c v � v � 0 0 3 > -a v a' w v �a c 'a u � � N � w « v 3 0 t 'a• Y � v L > v °� Y� C � 3 � Q v v � � N v � C v � > _ v u � � O 0 v b9 v � L 3 � G u A v :: 3 � T v ^ ,s, m m� c '"' > � ou .. > c � d v > a� o Q n � � � v � v � v � v �o � a o a� � v �6 «' O 0 3 v a; � � � w y" � � v ~ "O > � 3 0 0 c � � � L 7 - _ >v °1 2 a a F � � m a o � Y � � o } _ > v Q �n v � Y U H � 0 O 'o � N > E � V � a a L N � O � � ti N ry � � rv � _ � w o O1 Qj N � � N C v�i � �" � O p c ; a � N A /� A � E 0 E Y � v c � � z c � « � � o v a � O d o � � o � � N � V � c � 0 0 � W 2 � � � v v ~ � -a O 3 N n n A n � L o '3 « m � � ' fl- > 3 'i+ � � ,n c - o L U � L O 3 ;� � v rn v rn N v o " E Q v C > v v E ,� v v > ,�- o - a �O E � v � �n `i v � m� w v v Y � 3 w o = s � � m � c .°- O N z 3 v � Y L � � h � O n � vv Y b-0 c � O � V � 3 � � m ti � c � ri � n ' � V C O N r�-I 4 v Q ai ,�. c � v v > T� E °' � E �+ � w o � i) N Q � T ~ v a 3 � z u � .. d LL H f H v -o > � v v '« Y v -o Y 3 � m v 0 3 � « v � ry G tYi yv, C 41 u � 'o v '_ u`n � n � o 0 3 3 � v o v � � o z v '^ o c � � O � v v � v � `o .� ¢ " v a Y v w E � L � y N C �U1 � tl° 3 � ° o +- a � _ � ' m � a � v � � u � y m � O '6 G � C N o 'v m � �N - O � � 3 � ,. � T Y � Ol j N °; � a, 'o « � 2� a °- 3 � y T Y .• � m y� � N Z o o p - on c -a �n � c v v � � � � 3 N o £ � v > m � N W N Q c Y 3�-0 +. �`o � � .'°. v � c � -o w� v T 3 v 3 0 � o � � ++ C w Ol C u O - � O � C i � �0 a. � p o = O O fl- v f0 c "a n N O v i N � � 3 � � o 0 v � E m .� n v w � � c > o ° aa �, > � � Y c � v o � � o `o o .� T U � a -o E � � � N � o � a v o ,L- --° m 1° � G � N � C v o v > 'o c c v O ] O � lJ - _ c0 0 w v a � o `a t � 3 2 � N v aY U v v � y > t � .� a 3 w T 3 N . 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Z n. ti�°� n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n i � o N _ � � c � y o � � � n v ° � � � o � � � � � v L s E T V O � m � O > � � O � -O O C C � � U a v�? � � � � M O � d' av'° v E � o y -c c N � O' N .��i � � C L ti _ � � � O .� C � Ip Q O F �� W N a� v C a3� � � � � m � � v c ' �o 0 E m o� � L 'p -O � i�`9 �' � ��a L C � T O tp .1 � ra � y� C p� D � � L N H � � Q L N � � U ✓ � �- i� a.0 � u C 13/1 Y Y N T N m� C j p E C E E� 3 N 1A V .� .s. c � N v c � v c o " o °' v � m � (3j a o � O ti � � .. � u - � Z � N � -p "O C v av' � � p _o ° � o 0 y � a � E � Q c v c t o � o �n +� � � c N � � T N � _ _ 'O W E C -6 � `i U � H � T � p` � .. 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"a `o c 0 o v 0 Z � � u al o i° a y O N d -6 � a � � a3i +L-� v oa = � a = � � c � � � T O � � v v m o � � v o � ui O c � m O bA p � n v O L 0 v � H °o O � L � N 3 Z Q E � 0 4 a « 0 a� � � -o t c � N > E � � C 0- ¢ � n n � n Lvi C yti � N .G 3 4 O c v 3 OO = a± � � _ � v 3 � s Y v v m � c m � O T O � � Y � � � 7 � � _ _« N . E � v � °1 � ai v`m 2� c ,� o C y � � � � h � o rs 'u > s v � y v O v y ,n t c C L u T � L � a� � 4 j 3 � G on - � m c v = > L CO '3 N T ta O � � � o m --° o ._ 3 � `v Y s _ v Q O i � � N N O = v N N Y - N C OO Y tp C C Y b0 E L L . a !� m � 3 " -O- _ � @ � y ' > -a c a� � � w c o .. N � � y � � � � O v � � G M - UJ +-' O N Y a v @ v E > � " � x o O >, v a � o � � � -Q E o - C11 � C> F- lD = n n� o°'n o n n n n g Q a O N � pj O O Q Q v � O � v � v � o v p w s a v m T �i � � V � .. d O = � LL H f H � d M N ri ti O n N v 7 C � � v G � O E � ,� vam ,. « � � v � � T � � � N O � ° w s � � v ti c v �� T 3 J � _ � v�i S U � .. d � d O 3 LL H f H � � �.. L � N N E � p] N - O j N � p � � C � Q U L � N m � � L �- L � O L o E 3 _ m p. U � O = O C "O t6 N'- � � � t L � C �'Em 3 a �L d' t a o U J � N p a 3 0� ��a � � �` L N QJ � d � y U C N O� p� � aa � o�-o H � �t o >. 3 U=� Z � U p� V O y r U N � -O l4 n C � C N � � N O o_ T d O � J N d m � � � N ��, 9 @ O � � N ~ � C � � O N C ] C � N O N � �'_ HR� � O � N O N L O O � O N � N N N N � U O N 0 0 � � L N � C L U N N � N L ~ � O r � O � � d = N a._ a7 'm - m � a� p� � N O O � C � -YOin � 0 0 � L r � O N O L G 0 � @ N a 'o 3 a c N � n O O N @ .s-. 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O 3 V � p� � Q y �= 0 � C rZ�y� y, o o� a�.- V U cLi as 3mym��Z�.m OL C'O•L�- �-p�0 � -L E� �� Q'- W N Y Q T •'C.• -O O �~ Ul G� L N Y � � OIS C �� L p Q Y � Q�.- N � � C � O r U� O O y �-p � Y �0 N C C o'� o o m 9 �� N°3 ��m ��.:. -'' E m Q 3 E�- - c E � .O C (0 N '> � � Q Y � � O ?i O U� E � O N s N N�p N - U O�(0 (0 3� I- C.N E C � � � 0 U � O O O � d a � N G � _ i N � � � _ � � T t 6 � = N o a`�i � U' U z � a� mfnt � '. C T -O p @ <p � @ p -O H � �' N �' 0 � � ai ¢ Ua � c O .y C � t ti v p j N t � 4 � t v v s � s � � V N Q 'C C � Y J 0 0 � o V>. ro L ° w v J = C dj � svT� m�� V � .. d LL H f H E O � _ � � W � � (a1 � O � � O S N � � � L �p � v d v � � E c v a v c v � E o p � N � T m i t � v O — O � v "' Z S � v t � T v a m � v�i m u � .. m LL H f H � � CQ G � Q T � G � Ca � o � v Y �.s �o; w � o � �� ; � � °� o, b�a �.� o�� ww �m :� � o. Y� Y�v � ° �� , � � � �, � � b � � r 3 5 c � � v � � w� �a � o " � 'cs � �c u 5 c ° � 3 `� � �a a� ° � bA y bA P. 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The workshops were held as part of the scoping process for Phase II of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500).' As a result of damage to NC 12 caused by Hurricane Irene in August 2011 in two locations, the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) initiated Phase IIa (B-2500A) and Phase IIb (B-2500B) of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) to implement long-term NC 12 improvements pursuant to the PBC/TMP Alternative identified in the ROD. The two locations in which NC 12 was breached by the storm were in northern Rodanthe (the "Rodanthe breach") and within the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) approximately 6 miles south of Oregon Inlet (at the "Pea Island inlet"). This Environmental Assessment (EA) is for the Rodanthe breach area ("Phase IIb"). An EA for the Pea Island inlet area ("Phase IIa") was released in February 2013 and a ROD was issued in October 2013. Appendix C of the Phase IIa EA for the Pea Island inlet included responses to comments that were applicable to Phase II as a whole, as well as those that specifically addressed Phase IIa. This appendix provides responses to the comments or portions of longer comments that are applicable only to Phase IIb and for which the promise of a response in this document was made in the Phase IIa EA (Appendix C). Also included in this Appendix are public comments related to Phase IIb that were made during the Phase IIa EA comment period that ended March 28, 2013. They originally appeared in the Phase IIa ROD under the heading "Phase IIb Rodanthe Breach." These comments were considered during the preparation of this EA and are repeated in this appendix for the reader's convenience. The Phase IIa EA and the Phase IIa ROD are included on the compact disc (CD) that accompanies this EA, at the public review locations listed in Section 6.7, and on the NCDOT website at http://www .ncdot.gov/projects /bonnerbridgephase2/. � The Selected Alternative for the NC 12 Replacement of the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge over Oregon Inlet (Bonner Bridge Replacement Project), State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) No. B-2500, is the Parallel Bridge Corridor with NC 12 Transportation Management Plan Alternative (PBC/TMP Alternative), as documented in the December 2010 ROD. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-1 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach C.1 Public Comments As part of the Phase II scoping process, Citizens Informational Workshops were held on December 5, 2011 at the Dare County Administration Building in Manteo; December 6, 2011 at the Rodanthe-Waves-Salvo Community Center in Rodanthe; and January 5, 2012 at the Community Center in Ocracoke. Based on the workshop sign-in sheets, attendance at the workshops was as follows: Manteo — 45 people; Rodanthe —135 people; and Ocracoke — 58 people. A total of 77 citizens and one non-governmental organization (NGO) made comments (written, e-mail, or telephone) at and following the Citizens Informational Workshops. Of the 78 total comments, 25 comments did not express an alternative preference (i.e., general project-related comments and information requests). A summary of these comments sorted by the Phase IIb alternative favored is presented in the next section. Comments not related to a preference for one or more alternatives are presented in the section that follows. C.1.1 Alternatives Favored in the Phase Ilb Project Area A total of 41 commenters expressed a preference for one of the alternatives displayed at the workshops in the Phase IIb project area, as follows: • Beach Nourishment • Bridge on New Location • Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement • Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement with Beach Nourishment 29 9 7 C� The Outer Sanks Chapter of the Surfrider Foundation submitted a petition (with 1,148 signatures) in favor of giving consideration to design options that, at a minimum, provide continued, if not improved, access to Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot area for surfing. The petition did not indicate support for a particular alternative, but it stated that the 'S' Curves Hot Spot area is a top surfing spot in the United States. It also emphasized the contribution of surfing to the local economy. C.1.2 Public Comment Summary Related to the Phase Ilb Project Area In addition to comments indicating a preference for one or more alternatives, there were comments addressing the following substantive topics: project need and timing, cost and financing, decision-making considerations, permanent bridges, the temporary bridge over the Pea Island inlet, a permanent bridge over the Rodanthe breach, relocating NC 12 as a road, beach nourishment, other actions to minimize shoreline change, and utilities and emergency services. Almost all of these comments were addressed in Appendix C of the Phase IIa EA (Section C.1.2, comment themes 1 to 5, 7, 8 [part], and 9 to 11). The comments grouped as comment themes 6 and 8(part) are specific to the Rodanthe area. These are listed and responses are provided below. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-2 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach • Permanent Bridge Over the Rodanthe Breach: — A new bridge would be too disruptive. It would ruin the waterfront experience, including recreation and scenic views. It would impact community cohesion and quality of life. Do not disturb the community; "everything" is disappearing; more commercial development is undesirable. — A new bridge will create negative impacts to recreational opportunities such as surfing and the economy unless beach access and parking are maintained/ provided, especially at the "S" curves. — The bridge alternative will devastate Rodanthe. Response: The positions of the commenters are noted. Such impacts were considered when evaluating these alternatives in the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) 2008 FEIS and the 2010 EA. They also were taken into consideration in the current Phase Ilb study process and this EA. Access will be maintained to homes and businesses along NC 12 with either Phase IIb detailed study alternative. However, direct access from the NC 12 roadside within the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) would be removed for the section of NC 12 within the Refuge that is bridged. In the past, the Refuge has preferred sacrificing direct roadside motor vehicle access in order to eliminate the need for artificial dunes to maintain a surface road. Refuge representatives have indicated in the past that they will allow for some form of access to the Refuge and its facilities. In the development of Phase IIa mitigation measures, NCDOT agreed to provide an access road, to be maintained by the Refuge, to the New Inlet boat ramp/parking 1ot. NCDOT also agreed to replace the parking lot currently on the east side of NC 12 that also will be bypassed by the Phase IIa Selected Alternative. • Beach Nourishment: — The entrance to Rodanthe could benefit from beach re-nourishment; if nourishment is tried, then direct ingress to historical Rodanthe is desirable. Response: The positions expressed in this comment are noted. Beach nourishment is not being pursued as a detailed study alternative for Phase IIb for the following reasons: uncertainties related to the availability of suitable sand to regularly re-nourish the shoreline over the project's 50-year life; nourishment would not adequately protect NC 12 from potential future inlets in this area because of the underlying geology; the higher shoreline erosion rate in this area compared to the rest of the Bonner Bridge Replacement Project (B-2500) project area, which would increase the amount of sand required compared to other parts of the full project area; it would not allow natural island processes to occur within the southern portion of the Refuge; and nourishment as a long- term solution is not likely to be found compatible with the Refuge's mission and purpose (based on previous US Department of Interior �USDOI] comments). Neither of the detailed study alternatives evaluated for Phase IIb would affect ingress to historical Rodanthe. In addition, neither of the detailed study alternatives would prohibit the Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-3 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach consideration of either short-term or long-term beach nourishment proposals by other governmeni or private entities. C.2 Southern Environmental Law Center Comments Portions of the Southern Environmental Law Center's (SELC) scoping comment 7 and comment 9, as presented in the Phase IIa EA, directly related to Phase IIb. Responses to these comments are presented in this section. 7. Comment: The portions of this comment not addressed in Appendix C of the Phase IIa EA are: Beyond these problems within the Refuge, there are serious legal and logistical problems with elevating the existing roadway in the Rodanthe area as well. By NCDOT's own calculations, a bridge in this area will be located in the breakers by 2020 — in eight short years — creating tremendous maintenance and erosion problems. By 2060, NCDOT calculates the bridge could be 930 feet offshore. FEIS at 4-30, 4-62. Cost estimates should reflect the certainty of this section of bridge being located in the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, as discussed above, the bridge's eventual location in the breakers and offshore would render the bridge unusable as an emergency evacuation route. A Rodanthe bridge will also create access problems and significant effects on the human environment for property owners and tourists. As one example, NCDOT noted in its 2010 EA that the bridge will have to terminate in a full-height stub so that it can be continued farther into Rodanthe when continuing erosion cuts off planned temporary access ramps. Furthermore, NCDOT concedes that the bridge being in the surf will impede views and beach access for residents and visitors and likely will accelerate the erosion problems that already threaten structures in Mirlo Beach and Rodanthe, to the detriment of local property owners. The Bridge with Nourishment option for Rodanthe is not feasible either. It would have the same erosion problems as the longer Rodanthe bridge, and would also require a compatibility determination in order to deposit sand and construct dunes in the Refuge. As NCDOT acknowledges—as well as for the reasons given above— this activity is likely to be found incompatible with the Refuge. (Handout p. 10). Response: Bridge in the Ocean as an Emergenc� Evacuation Route. NCDOT disagrees with the commenter's assertion that the Phase IIb bridge in the existing NC 12 easement would be rendered unusable as an evacuation route once located in the ocean. This concern was also addressed on page C-32 of the Phase IIa EA. The Phase Ilb Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative would be designed to span the entire area that is Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-4 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach geologically susceptible to breaching in the Rodanthe breach area, which addresses the potential for future storms to create a new breach or inlet. The superstructure (the bridge beams and deck), would be placed above the projected storm surge associated with major storms so that it cannot be struck or damaged by the surge, and the depths of the supporting bridge piles would be designed to account for the possibility that the Phase Ilb bridge in the existing NC 12 easement would ultimately be off-shore as beach erosion progresses in the area. Additionally, estimated costs for the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative take into consideration that the bridge will be in the ocean by 2060. Access Prohlems and Impacts to Propert� Owners and Tourists. Changes in access and community impacts noted in the comment were documented in the 2008 FEIS (Section 4.1 beginning on page 4-2) and updated in the 2010 EA (Table 2-3 on page 2-24) for the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative. They are updated again in this EA for the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative, for which the 2010 EA design of the Phased Approach/Rodanthe Bridge Alternative was modified to take into consideration the 2060 high erosion shoreli�e updated in 2012 and keeping in mind a desire to minimize community impacts. Access changes and community impacts, however, remain similar to those presented in the 2008 FEIS and 2010 EA. The effect of bridge piles in the ocean on beach erosion was documented in Section 4.6.8.4 of the 2008 FEIS (on page 4-67). Clarifications were made in Appendix C of the Phase IIa ROD in response to this commenter's comments 14 to 16. Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement and Seach Nourishment Alternative. This alternative was not selected as a detailed study alternative for Phase Ilb for reasons documented in Section 2.4.1 of this EA. Comment: "The proposed bridge from Rodanthe through the Pamlico Sound was originally proposed as part of the "Road North/Bridge South" and "All Bridge" alternatives. Because it now could also be combined with one of the other proposed options, we discuss it separately from the relocation options covered in the previous section. No matter which other option the proposed bridge would be linked to, a Rodanthe area bridge would require a new easement through two acres of estuarine emergent wetland areas in the Refuge in order to rejoin the existing NC 12 corridor; such a new easement would likely be denied as incompatible for the reasons given above. Here too, on-site compensatory mitigation would be impossible because there are no equivalent wetlands NCDOT could restore. For all these reasons, the NCDOT Handout concedes that this option is "[n]ot likely to be found compatible with the Refuge's mission and purpose" and thus it could not be constructed. (Handout at 10). Bonner Bridge Replacement EA G5 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach In addition, the proposed bridge would travel through areas of known submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), which are also classed as EFH because they provide refuge from predators and foraging areas for juvenile and adult fish. As discussed above, the Magnuson-Stevens Act requires consultation with the Secretary of Commerce before any action is taken that might adversely affect EFH. In this case, the proposed bridge would fill approximately 1.4 acres of SAV (see FEIS at 4-88) and shade 5.3 acres of SAV (Handout at 10). The bridge would also require a§ 404 permit from the Army Corps of Engineers for discharge and fill in jurisdictional waters. Such discharges are not permitted if a practicable alternative exists that would have a lesser adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem. 40 C.F.R. � 230.10(a)(2). As discussed earlier, the in-corridor Rodanthe bridge, as well as a long Pamlico Sound Bridge or a ferry system, would offer practicable alternatives with lesser adverse impact. The Rodanthe terminus of this bridge would apparently be in the same location as the Rodanthe Sridge within Existing NC 12 Easement. As discussed above, NCDOT has acknowledged potential problems with the terminus of the latter option being located seaward of the projected 2060 shoreline. The same problem is likely to affect the Bridge on New Location option, raising its costs and increasing its environmental impact as a result. Lastly, the proposed bridge would be quite expensive to construct due to the shallow water in the proposed bridge corridor. The water depth is less than six feet for virtually all of the bridge length. NCDOT is prohibited from dredging in SAV areas in order to use barges to construct the bridge, so instead a temporary work bridge would have to be constructed and the proposed bridge built off of that. (FEIS 4-90, 4-177). This is a much more expensive construction method than conventional barge-based bridge construction and likely means the estimates provided in the handout are artificially low." Response: RefuQe Compatibilit�. NCDOT worked with Refuge representatives to identify an alignment for the Bridge on New Location Alternative that can be considered a minor modification and be permitted under the terms of a Special Use Permit. In a letter dated july 22, 2013, USFWS-Refuge indicated that with the provision of adequate mitigation to ensure no net loss of habitat quality or quantity, the Bridge on New Location Alternative as assessed in this EA could likely be considered a minor modification to the existing NC 12 easement. The proposed alignment minimizes the amount of new easement required within the Refuge, and it allows for the return of approximately 19.27 acres of the existing easement to be returned to the Refuge. The impacts of this alignment are assessed in Chapter 4 of this EA. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-6 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Magnuson-Stevens Act Consultation. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which is part of the US Department of Commerce, is on the project's Merger Team and EFH consultation is a part of the Phase II environmental studies. Such consultation is needed for any alternative affecting the Atlantic Ocean, Pamlico Sound, and Oregon Inlet. NCDOT and FHWA are consulting with the NMFS as required. An updated assessment of SAV and EFH impacts is included in Chapter 4 of this EA. US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Permit Requirements. USACE is on the project's Merger Team. The commenter's opinion on there being practicable alternatives to the Bridge on New Location Alternative at Rodanthe is noted. The reasonableness and practicability of the Pamlico Sound Bridge Corridor and Ferry Alternatives were revisited in the Phase IIa EA (Sections 2.3.1 and 2.3.2, beginning on page 2-5), and it was re-affirmed that neither alternative was reasonable or practicable. Comments on the Phase IIa EA related to these alternatives were addressed in Appendix C of the Phase IIa ROD. Location of Alternative Seaward of Forecast 2060 High Erosion Shoreline. NCDOT's goal with the Parallel Bridge Corridor alternatives is, where possible, to place bridge termini and surface road relocations more than 230 feet beyond the forecast 2060 high erosion shoreline (i.e., in the area that is not expected to be threatened by high shoreline erosion and sand overwash through 2060). Taking into consideration the 2060 high erosion shoreline prepared in 2012, the NC 12 intersection of the Bridge on New Location Alternative in Rodanthe is now more than 230 feet beyond the 2060 high erosion shoreline. As a part of the PBGTMP Alternative, NCDOT is regularly monitoring the shoreline and reconsidering the high erosion shoreline as a part of deciding when to implement future phases of the PBC/TMP Alternative. If shoreline erosion were to ultimately manifest itself in a manner similar to the 2060 high erosion shoreline used in the 2008 FEIS, NCDOT would relocate the NC 12 intersection of the Bridge on New Location Alternative to a location where it would not be threatened. If intersection relocation were to ultimately involve a portion of the Rodanthe Historic District, that also would mean the primary contributor to the District (i.e., the Chicamacomico Life Saving Station), which is seaward of NC 12, would have been lost or partially lost to beach erosion, and the historic resource issues considered in developing the Bridge on New Location Alternative would be different. Cost. The current and past cost estimates for the Bridge on New Location Alternative assumed that a work bridge would be needed to erect a bridge when over SAV, as discussed in the response to this organization's comment 4 in Appendix C of the Phase IIa EA. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-7 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach C.3 Public Comments Related to Phase Ilb Made During the Phase Ila EA Comment Period The comments and responses in this section originally appeared in the October 2013 Phase IIa ROD under the heading "Phase IIb Rodanthe Breach." They were considered during the preparation of this EA and are presented here for the reader's convenience with updates as needed. • Natalie McIntosh Ms. McIntosh states that an "emergency status" is needed for the Rodanthe 'S' Curves and Mirlo Beach area. She understands from conversations with Mr. Drew Joyner that there is a possibility for an emergency bridge solution prior to the implementation of Phase IIb. She states that the perception that the island i� "cut off" must be avoided. Response: The Governor declared the situation on NC 12 in the area between the temporary bridge at Pea Island inlet and the village of Rodanthe a State of Emergency on March 19, 2013. This declaration is expected to facilitate the implementation of interim measures to stabilize NC 12 at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot, prior to the construction of a long-term improvement at this location (Phase IIb). A temporary bridge was considered at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot as one option to stabilize NC 12 in the interim prior to the construction of Phase Ilb. Beach nourishment also was assessed and is preferred as an interim measure. A permit application for an interim nourishment program at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot was submitted by NCDOT to USACE on June 13, 2013. USACE approved the EA for an interim beach nourishment project at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot on October 15, 2013. USACE concluded that this interim project would have no significant impacts. NCDOT continues to work with USACE to implement this interim program. • Scott and Martha Caldwell Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell are the owners of the Island Convenience Store and Midgett's Campground. They list the impacts to their businesses under each of the Phase IIb alternatives, including the loss of their convenience store with the existing easement alternative and the loss of their campground with the bypass through the sound alternative. They conclude that the sound bypass is their preference between the two, because the convenience store is their main source of income. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-8 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach Response: This position is acknowledged. The commenters' observations on the impact of the proposed alternatives to their properties are included in this EA in Section 4.2.1. Keith McCulloch and Brian Van Druten Mr. McCulloch is in favor of the bypass in the sound alternative and is against the existing easement alternative. Mr. Van Druten states that he supports the Phase IIb option that would bypass the'S' curves by going out into the Pamlico Sound. Response: These positions are acknowledged. A"sound alternative" is one of the detailed study alternatives assessed in this EA as the Bridge on New Location Alternative. • Stephanie Joy Sweeney Ms. Sweeney asks NCDOT to reconsider beach nourishment using dredged sand to sustain sports and recreation in the Rodanthe area. With regard to the bridge alternatives under consideration, she asks that NCDOT consider pushing the sound side bridge farther from shore to make it less of an eyesore and to provide visuals of the side view of the bridges from a 2�a or 3rd story perspective. Response: The Merger Team (NCDOT, FHWA, and federal and state environmental resource and regulatory agencies) has advanced only bridging alternatives for detailed study in this EA. The reasons that beach nourishment was found not to be a reasonable long-term improvement are addressed in this EA in Section 2.4.1. This EA includes an analysis of impacts, induding visual impacts to sound-side homes and homes along NC 12 (see Section 4.2.2). Visualizations are included in this EA as Figure 8 and Figure 9. The sound side bridge (Bridge on New Location Alternative) is 930 to 950 feet farther west in Pamlico Sound than the bridge location discussed in the 2010 EA that was presented to the public for discussion at the Phase II scoping meetings. (See Figure 4 of'this EA.) This change in bridge location was made in the context of minimizing the Refuge impacts of this alternative. • Patrick Munson, Dhanyo Merillat-Bowers, and Janet Doll Dr. Munson, a physician who lives in Waves and works on the mainland, stressed that the current pace of the Bonner Bridge project is not sufficient to prevent the collapse of the communities on the Outer Banks and that a permanent solution must happen sooner. He also states that the situation at the 'S' curves has advanced beyond the ability of the phased Bonner Bridge project Bonner Bridge Replacement EA C-9 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach to address it, and supports beach nourishment as a solution between now and a permanent fix. Ms. Merillat-Bowers is concerned that the livelihood of the island is being held hostage by the lawsuits brought by wildlife advocates and believes that beach nourishment is needed now in addition to a permanent fix. Ms. Doll thanks NCDOT for their hard work on maintaining the `S' Curve Hot Spot at Rodanthe and states that while a permanent fix is needed, it will take too long to construct the bridges and roads. She states that a short-term solution needs to be planned and implemented immediately, saying that tourists need a safe way to get on and off the island in order to avert disaster for the area. Response: These positions and concerns are acknowledged. The Governor declared the situation on NC 12 in the area between the temporary bridge at Pea Island inlet and the village of Rodanthe a State of Emergency on March 19, 2013. This declaration is expected to facilitate interim measures to stabilize NC 12 (which could involve beach nourishment) at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot, prior to the implementation of a long-term improvement at this location (Phase Ilb). • Carol Dawson Ms. Dawson emphasizes that no beach nourishment has happened on the island in 39 years, and that dredging and beach nourishment is needed to stabilize the hot spots and secure NC 12 as safe passage to the mainland. Ms. Dawson is opposed to the Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement Alternative. She believes that the NCDOT's methods have been reactionary rather than proactive, and that NCDOT should look to neighboring states for preventative measures. Response: These positions are acknowledged. Section 2.4 of the Environmental Assessment (EA) on Phase IIa explains why Beach Nourishment was eliminated from further consideration as a long-term improvement for Phase IIa. The Merger Team (NCDOT, FHWA, and federal and state environmental resource and regulatory agencies) has advanced only bridging alternatives for detailed study in this Phase IIb EA. The reasons that Beach Nourishment has been found not to be a reasonable long-term improvement for Phase IIb are addressed in this EA in Section 2.4.1. • Michael R. Martin In reference to recent NCDOT actions of moving sand from the NC 12 right of way and using it to cover sand bags in the `S' Curve Hot Spot area, Mr. Martin states that it is a waste of time and money to continue these short-term cosmetic Bonner Bridge Replacement EA G10 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach fixes. Mr. Martin wonders whether the dredging permits have been obtained, and if not, who is holding up the process. Response: Covering the sandbag piles in the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot area is required by state law and the permit that allowed for the placement of the sand bags. The sand used was the most readily available and its transport did not require a permit. The Governor declared the situation on NC 12 in the area between the temporary bridge at Pea Island inlet and the village of Rodanthe a State of Emergency on March 19, 2013. This declaration is expected to facilitate the implementation of interim NC 12 stabilization at the Rodanthe 'S' Curves Hot Spot. • Thomas Dolina Mr. Dolina supports a longer span avoiding the 'S' Curves. Response: This position is acknowledged. Bonner Bridge Replacement EA G11 NCDOT STIP Project Number B-2500B Phase IIb — Rodanthe Breach • 2060 High-Erosion Shoreline 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 KM 0 0.25 0.5 Mile � LEGEND ° FEIS Forecast 2060 High Erosion Shoreline (2005) ° Updated Forecast 2060 High Erosion Shoreline (2011, Post-Hurricane Irene) ° Updated Forecast 2060 High Erosion Shoreline (2012) Aerial date: April 13, 2012 . i�j,�:s� � . � 'f * -.q'�� 1� �4: ��. �`,�. �.� r. .s. — _ •^� _ "A � �i � r �' _ :�r " . � I _ �� e� ,�: ,��; . �„ . �'' ' 'e �� fi �' � � � ., !,l�ry Y�� s W J � �� . P � ��,� �P : � r �� r._�;. I c�� i'y �'.��_sJ�..'��° �'� . * "`a_ a,` E 3 �� P' f � '' � � �. . �.�"� 3 � � � i .. ' �. �� ' . �� N a�i J � � 'i. � ° �,�. 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' � � k �, , � �.il. ri s ', ,: f '�, _ � •�� ' `s,�d.w �.., � � ..`.�� r ` d a �,�Y.-; k . - #„�;,�< r A� :��. ,�>,` , �. ��, � �. �;� �;� �, �.D: g,�� {� `�",4a ."�` 'u COMPARISON OF FEIS AND UPDATED Figure FORECAST 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE LOCATIONS D-1 a 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 KM y,';. �� I�� ' � 1� 1� :'j'h " ,v, 0 0.25 0.5 Mile � � �� i � . � `� '��.� �� . ��. LEGEND ° FEIS Forecast 2060 High Erosion Shoreline (2005) ° Updated Forecast 2060 High Erosion Shoreline (2011, Post-Hurricane Irene) ° Updated Forecast 2060 High Erosion Shoreline (2012) Aerial date: April 13, 2012 COMPARISON OF FEIS AND UPDATED Figure FORECAST 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE LOCATIONS D-1 b Aerial date: April 13, 2012 COMPARISON OF FEIS AND UPDATED Figure FORECAST 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE LOCATIONS D-1 c Aerial date: April 13, 2012 COMPARISON OF FEIS AND UPDATED Figure FORECAST 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE LOCATIONS D-1 d Aerial date: April 13, 2012 COMPARISON OF FEIS AND UPDATED Figure FORECAST 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE LOCATIONS D-1 e Aerial date: April 13, 2012 COMPARISON OF FEIS AND UPDATED Figure FORECAST 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE LOCATIONS D-1f Aerial date: April 13, 2012 COMPARISON OF FEIS AND UPDATED Figure FORECAST 2060 HIGH-EROSION SHORELINE LOCATIONS D-1 g • Relocation Reports EIS RELOCATION REPORT North Carolina Department of Transportation RELOCATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM � E.I.S. ❑ CORRIDOR ❑ DESIGN WBS E�EMENr: 13201.10 COUNTY Dare Alternate Red of 2 Alternate 28025 T.I.P. No.: B-2500B oESCRiPTioN oF PRO�ECT: NC-12 Rodanthe Long-Term Improvements, Bridge on New Location Alternative ESTIMATED DISPLACEES Type of Displacees Owners Tenants Total Residential 2 0 2 Businesses 0 2 2 Farms 0 0 0 Non-Profit 0 0 0 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS Yes No Explain all "YES" answers. /'/ INCOME LEVEL Minorities 0-15M 15-25M 0 0 0 O VALUE OF DWELLING 0 Owners Tenants Q O-20M Q $ 0-150 20-40M Q 150-250 40-70M Q 250-400 ecessary? 70-100m Q 400-600 2. Will schools or churches be affected by 10o ur 2 60o ur displacement? ToTaL 2 3. 4. Will business services still be available after project? Will any business be displaced? If so, REMARKS 25-35M 35-50M 50 UP 0 2 0 DSS DWELLING AVAILABLE For Sale For Rent Q O-20M Q $ 0-750 Q Q 20-40M Q 150-250 Q Q 40-70M Q 250-400 Q Q 70-100M Q 400-600 Q Q 100 UP 3$ 600 UP Q 3. There are other businesses in the area outside the acquisition areas. 4. 1) Strip Mall with the following shop: Island Convenience Auto Repair Garage —4 employees The other 5 shops in this strip mall are vacant in anticipation of the project. 2) Money's Worth Rentals — 3 employees indicate size, type, estimated number of employees, minorities, etc. Please note that a Campground is in the acquisition area, which has 23 RV hook-ups, 7 of which are currently occupied within the acquisition area of this alternate, with only 5 hook-ups out of the 23 being unaffected by the project. 5. Will relocation cause a housing shortage? 6. Source for available housing (list). 7. Will additional housing programs be needed? 8. Should Last Resort Housing be considered? 9. Are there large, disabled, elderly, etc. families? 10. Will public housing be needed for project? 11. Is public housing available? 12. Is it felt there will be adequate DSS housing housing available during relocation period? 13. Will there be a problem of housing within financial means? 14. Are suitable business sites available (list source). 15. Number months estimated to complete RELOCATION? �S � Robert Woodard FRM15-E 6. MLS, Realtor.com, newspaper, local realty offices 8. As required by law 11. Economic Improvement Council, Inc. handles Section 8 housing for Dare County 12. There are plenty of houses for sale in the area. 13. This might be an issue due to the high prices of some of the local homes for sale. 14. MLS, Realtor.com, newspaper, local realty offices 9/19/13 Date Relocation Coordinator E-1 9/19/13 Date EIS RELOCATION REPORT North Carolina Department of Transportation RELOCATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM � E.I.S. ❑ CORRIDOR ❑ DESIGN WBS ELEMENT: 13201 .1 O couNTV Dare Alternate Blue of 2 Alternate 28025 T.I.P. No.: B-2500B oESCRiPriorv oF PRO�ECT: NC12 -- Rodanthe Long-Term Improvements, Bridge within Existing NC 12 Easement ESTIMATED DISPLACEES INCOME LEVEL Type of Displacees Owners Tenants Total Minorities 0-15M 15-25M Residential 5 0 5 0 0 0 Businesses 1 1 2 0 VALUE OF DWELLING Farms 0 0 0 0 Owners Tenants Non-Profit 0 0 0 0 o-2om p So-iso ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS 20-40m p 150-250 Yes No Explain all "YES" answers. 4o-70m p 250-a0o X 1. Will special relocation services be necessary? 70-100m p 400-600 )( 2. Will schools or churches be affected by 100 uv 5 60o uP displacement? TOTAL 5 X X X 3. Will business services still be available after project? 4. Will any business be displaced? If so, indicate size, type, estimated number of employees, minorities, etc. 5. Will relocation cause a housing shortage? 6. Source for available housing (list). 7. Will additional housing programs be needed? 8. Should Last Resort Housing be considered? 9. Are there large, disabled, elderly, etc. families? 10. Will public housing be needed for project? 11. Is public housing available? 12. Is it felt there will be adequate DSS housing housing available during relocation period? 13. Will there be a problem of housing within financial means? 14. Are suitable business sites available (list source). 15. Number months estimated to complete RELOCATION? �$ � - f Robert Woodard Right of Way Agent FRM 15-E 25-35M 35-50M 50 UP 0 2 3 DSS DWELLING AVAILABLE For Sale For Rent 20-0OM � 150-250 Q 40-70m � 250-000 Q 70-100M p 400-600 � 100 UP 38 BOO UP � REMARKS(R@Sp011d 3. There are other businesses in the area outside the acquisition areas. 4. 1) Strip Mall with the following shop: Island Conveuient Auto Repair Garage — 4 employees The remaining shops in the strip mall are vacant in anticipation of the project. 2) Island Convenient Store and Liberty Gas — 5 employees 6. MLS, Realtor.com, newspaper, local realty offices 8. As required by law. 11. Economic Improvement Council, Inc. handles Section 8 housing for Dare County 12. There are plenty of houses for sale to cover the displacees. 13. Some houses in this market may be priced too high for our displacees. 14. MLS, Realtor.com, newspaper, local realty offices NOTE: The proposed 15' Aerial Easements (AUE) may not interfere with any existing private septic systems and/or drain lines. However, if they do, then a determination of the actual location will be necessary as well as any possible "repair areas". There could also be additional relocatees due to these issues, which are not being shown on this report. Additionallv. Please avoid the cemeterv on Sea Gull Street 11/6/13 � 11/6/13 �� Date Relocation Coordinator Date E-2