20180066 Ver 1_2008_00095_Dead Oak MY1 Report_20230213

ID#* 20180066
Select Reviewer:
Ryan Hamilton
Initial Review Completed Date 02/15/2023
Mitigation Project Submittal - 2/13/2023
Version* 1
Is this a Prospectus, Technical Proposal or a New Site?*
Type of Mitigation Project:*
Stream Wetlands Buffer Nutrient Offset
(Select all that apply)
Project Contact Information
O Yes O No
Contact Name:* Email Address-*
Daniel Dixon [e-mail]
Project Information
ID#:* 20180066 Version:* 1
Existing ID# Existing Version
Project Type: DMS • Mitigation Bank
Project Name: RES French Broad 05 Stream Umbrella Banc
- Dead Oak
County: Buncombe
Document Information
Mitigation Document Type:*
Mitigation Monitoring Report
File Upload: 2008_00095_Dead Oak MY1 Report.pdf 23.97MB
Please upload only one PDF of the complete file that needs to be submitted...
Signature
Print Name: * Daniel Dixon
Signature: *
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February 13, 2023
Mr. Steve Kichefski
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Division
151 Patton Ave. Room 208
Asheville, NC 28801-5006
RE: Dead Oak Year 1 Monitoring Report (SAW-2018-00095)
Dear Mr. Kichefski,
Please find attached the Dead Oak Year 1 Monitoring Report.
3600 Glenwood Avenue. Suite 100
Raleigh, NC 27612
Corporate Headquarters
6575 West Loop South, Suite 300
Bellaire, TX 77401
Main: 713.520.5400
Please find attached the Dead Oak Year 1 Monitoring Report. In Year 1, all eleven vegetation plots met the
320 stems per acre success criteria. The average planted stems per acre across the plots was 677. Three
bankfull events were recorded on the stage recorders with all three documenting at least one event. The
stream areas called out in the Baseline site walk minutes are scheduled to be repaired in February 2023.
Cross sections and profile on the restoration reaches relatively match the design and baseline conditions
and any Cross sections deviating from as -built conditions will be investigated in MY2 and addressed if
necessary.
RES is requesting a 10% stream credit release (659.911 SMUs) for the completion of the Year 1 Monitoring
Report. Please see enclosed the baseline site walk memo, credit release timeline, and an updated credit
ledger.
Thank you,
Daniel Dixon I Ecologist
res. us

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M E M O RA N D U M
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3600 Glenwood Ave., Suite 100 Raleigh, North Carolina 27612 1919.209.1052 tel. [phone] fax
TO: NC IRT
FROM: Daniel Dixon — RES
Brad Breslow - RES
Frasier Mullen — RES
DATE: July 15, 2022 (discussion held on July 11, 2021)
RE: Summary of As -Built Site Visit for Dead Oak Mitigation Site, Buncombe County, NC
SAW-2018-00095
DWR *2018-oo66
Attendees
Erin Davis, NCDWR
Steve Kichefski, USACE
Andrea Leslie, NCWRC
Date & Time
July 11, 2022 @ 1:00 p.m.
Project Summary
Dave McHenry, NCWRC
Brad Breslow, RES
Daniel Dixon, RES
Frasier Mullen, RES
Construction, planting, and as -built set-up of the Dead Oak Mitigation Site, within the RES French Broad 05 UMBI,
are now complete. As constructed, the Dead Oak Mitigation Site provides 6,464.332 cool stream mitigation units
(SMUS).
Site Visit Discussion
o The site had several areas where project fencing entered the conservation easement. RES explained that
this was due to miscommunications between the fencing contractors and survey contractors. RES has
reinstalled and moved project fencing in areas that were previously marked inside the easement by the
As -Built survey.
o The IRT expressed concerns with head cuts and scouring along FC3-A, FC4-A, and FC6-A. RES will make
repairs and add structures as needed along FC4-A and FC6-A. RES will continue to monitor FC3-A and
will take appropriate action if the tributary destabilizes further. Any maintenance activities will be
discussed in the MY1 report.
o Multiple areas of scattered invasives such as Chinese Privet, Multiflora Rose, and Oriental Bittersweet were
found on FC2, FC6-A, and FC7-B. These areas will be treated, monitored, and discussed in the Monitoring
Year One report.
o Several log and rock sill structures along FC2 and FC5 were identified as being set too high above the
receiving pools. These structures will be monitored and addressed if they destabilize their respective
tributaries.

o A few bare areas were identified across the site, namely on FC2, FC4, FC7, and along the decommissioned
road near the FC4 crossing. These areas will be seeded with an annual and perennial native seed mix and
monitored.
o The crossing along FC5 had one area lacking sufficient rock cover. RES will add additional rock and
monitor this crossing.
o The IRT stated concerns with the hydrology seen on FC5. RES will monitor and report the data supplied
by the flow gauge on this tributary.
o The rock sill below the crossing on FC7 was identified as being too large and acted as a barrier in fish
passage. RES will continue to monitor and potentially place an additional sill below this structure to
alleviate the fish blockage concerns.

DEAD OAK
STREAM MITIGATION SITE
BUNCOMBE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
SAW-2018-00095 I DWR # 2018-0066v1
MONITORING YEAR ONE REPORT
RES FRENCH BROAD 05 UMBRELLA MITIGATION BANK
Provided by:
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Bank Sponsor: EBX-Neuse I, LLC,
An entity of Resource Environmental Solutions
3600 Glenwood Ave, Suite 100
Raleigh, NC 27612
919-209-1055
February 2023

Table of Contents
1.0 Project Summary.....................................................................................................................................
2
1.1 Project Location and Description..............................................................................................
2
1.2 Project Goals and Objectives....................................................................................................
2
1.3 Project Success Criteria.............................................................................................................
3
StreamSuccess Criteria...................................................................................................................
3
VegetationSuccess Criteria.............................................................................................................
4
WaterQuality...................................................................................................................................
4
1.4 Project Components..................................................................................................................
4
1.5 Stream Design/Approach..........................................................................................................
5
1.6 Construction and As -Built Conditions......................................................................................
8
1.7 Monitoring Performance (MY 1)...............................................................................................
8
Vegetation........................................................................................................................................
8
StreamGeomorphology...................................................................................................................
9
StreamHydrology............................................................................................................................
9
WaterQuality...................................................................................................................................
9
2.0 Methods................................................................................................................................................
10
3.0 References.............................................................................................................................................
11
Appendix A: Background Tables
Table 1: Project Mitigation Components
Table 2: Project Activity and Reporting History
Table 3: Project Contacts Table
Table 4: Project Background Information Table
Figure 1: Site Location Map
Appendix B: Visual Assessment Data
Figure 2: Current Conditions Plan View
Vegetation Plot Photos
Monitoring Device Photos
Site Crossing Photos
Appendix C: Vegetation Plot Data
Table 5: Planted Species Summary
Table 6: Vegetation Plot Mitigation Success Summary
Table 7. Stem Count Total and Planted by Plot Species
Appendix D: Stream Measurement and Geomorphology Data
Table 8. Baseline Stream Data Summary
Table 9. Cross Section Morphology Data Table
Cross -Section Plots
Appendix E: Hydrology Data
Table 12. 2022 Rainfall Summary
Table 13. Documentation of Geomorphically Significant Flow Events
MY Stream Flow Hydrographs
Appendix F: Water Quality Data
Water Quality Tabular Data
Dead Oak 1 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

1.0 Proiect Summary
L I Project Location and Description
The Dead Oak Mitigation Site ("the Project"), a project within the RES French Broad 05 Umbrella
Mitigation Bank, is located in Buncombe County, North Carolina approximately 4 miles northeast of
Alexander, NC. Water quality stressors previously affecting the Project included livestock production with
direct access to the stream and lack of riparian buffer. The Project presents stream restoration, enhancement,
and preservation generating 6,464.332 Cool Stream Mitigation Units (SMU) along 13 unnamed tributaries
to Turkey Creek and the French Broad River, supporting goals of the French Broad River Basin Restoration
Priorities (RBRP).
The Project is in the French Broad River Basin within Cataloging Unit 06010105, targeted local watershed
(TLW) and is comprised of a 41.58-acre conservation with two easement locations, one located within 900-
feet of the French Broad River, that abuts the 2,767-acre Sandy Mush Game Land (SMGL), and one that
drains into Turkey Creek. The Project drains to Turkey Creek, and the French Broad River, totaling 12,636
linear feet of project streams.
The Project is currently used as a bison and cattle farm, where American bison are raised for meat
production alongside Watutsi cattle. Grazing livestock had access to all stream reaches within the Project.
The lack of riparian buffer vegetation, deep-rooted vegetation, and unstable channel characteristics had
contributed to the degradation of stream banks throughout the Project area.
The stream design approach for the Project combined the analog method of natural channel design with
analytical methods to evaluate stream flows and hydraulic performance of the channel and floodplain. The
analog method involved the use of a reference reach, or "template" stream, adjacent to, nearby, or
previously in the same location as the design reach. The template parameters of the analog reach were
replicated to create the features of the design reach. The analog approach is useful when watershed and
boundary conditions are similar between the design and analog reaches (Skidmore et al., 2001). Hydraulic
geometry was developed using analytical methods to identify the design discharge.
The Project is monitored on a regular basis throughout the seven-year post -construction monitoring period,
or until performance standards are met. Upon approval for closeout by the Interagency Review Team (IRT),
the site will be transferred to Unique Places to Save (UP2S). This party shall serve as conservation easement
holder and long-term steward for the property and will conduct periodic inspection of the site to ensure that
restrictions required in the conservation easement are upheld. Endowment funds required to uphold
easement and deed restrictions will be finalized prior to site transfer to the responsible party.
1.2 Project Goals and Objectives
Through the comprehensive analysis of the Project's maximum functional uplift using a Function Based
Framework, specific, attainable goals will be realized by the Dead Oak Mitigation Site. These goals clearly
address the degraded water quality and nutrient input from farming that were identified as major watershed
stressors in the 2009 French Broad RBRP.
The project goals are:
• Reduce sediment inputs into streams;
• Reduce nutrient and fecal coliform inputs into streams;
• Improve aquatic and terrestrial habitat;
• Improve floodplain connectivity;
Dead Oak 2 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

• Restore and enhance appropriate riparian plant communities;
• Assess water quality benefits of stream restoration and contribute to the IRTs developing water
quality dataset.
The project goals were addressed through the following project objectives:
• Designed and reconstructed stream channels that convey bankfull flows while maintaining stable
dimension, profile, and planform based on modeling, watershed conditions, and reference reach
conditions;
• Permanently excluded livestock from stream channels and their associated buffers;
• Added in -stream structures and bank stabilization measures to protect restored and enhanced
streams
• Installed habitat features such as brush toes, constructed riffles, woody materials, and pools of
varying depths to restored and enhanced streams;
• Reduced bank height ratios and increased entrenchment ratios to reference reach conditions;
• Increased forested riparian buffers to at least thirty feet on both sides of the channel along the
Project reaches with a hardwood riparian plant community;
• Treated exotic invasive species;
• Established a permanent conservation easement on the site;
• Performed water quality measurements/sampling and reported results.
Limitations to achieving these watershed goals arise by remaining constrained to our project boundaries.
While we restored habitat and streams to stable and effective conditions that achieve our goals within the
project parcels, we are unable to influence the effect of poor riparian buffers and livestock impact in other
areas within the watershed.
1.3 Project Success Criteria
The Site follows the USACE 2003 Stream Mitigation Guidelines and the "Wilmington District Stream and
Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update" dated October 24, 2016. Cross section and vegetation plot data
will be collected in Years 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. Stream hydrology data and visual monitoring will be reported
annually. Physical and chemical water quality parameters will be reported annually, while biological
parameters will be reported in Years 0, 3, 5, and 7.
Stream Success Criteria
Four bankfull flow events must be documented within the seven-year monitoring period. The bankfull
events must occur in separate years. Otherwise, the stream monitoring will continue until four bankfull
events have been documented in separate years.
There should be little change in as -built cross -sections. If changes do take place, they should be evaluated
to determine if they represent a movement toward a less stable condition (for example down -cutting or
erosion), or are minor changes that represent an increase in stability (for example settling, vegetative
changes, deposition along the banks, or decrease in width/depth ratio). Bank height ratio shall not exceed
1.2, and the entrenchment ratio shall be no less than 1.4 within restored riffle cross sections. Channel
stability should be demonstrated through a minimum of four bankfull events documented in the seven-year
monitoring period.
Digital images will be used to subjectively evaluate channel aggradation or degradation, bank erosion,
success of riparian vegetation, and effectiveness of erosion control measures. Longitudinal images should
not indicate the absence of developing bars within the channel or an excessive increase in channel depth.
Dead Oak 3 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

Lateral images should not indicate excessive erosion or continuing degradation of the banks over time. A
series of images over time should indicate successional maturation of riparian vegetation.
Vegetation Success Criteria
Specific and measurable success criteria for plant density within the riparian buffers on the site follow
IRT Guidance. Vegetation monitoring plots are a minimum of 0.02 acres in size and cover a minimum of
two percent of the planted area. Vegetation monitoring occurs annually between July 15 and leaf drop and
will include a combination of fixed and random plots. The interim measures of vegetative success for the
site will be the survival of at least 320 planted three-year old trees per acre at the end of Year 3, 260 five-
year old trees with an average height of six feet at the end of Year 5, and the final vegetative success
criteria will be 210 trees per acre with an average height of eight feet at the end of Year 7. Volunteer trees
will be counted, identified to species, and included in the yearly monitoring reports, but will not be counted
towards the success criteria of total planted stems.
Water Quality
Water quality and macroinvertebrate indicators are monitored to document and measure any changes to
physical, chemical, and biological metrics within the project area. These metrics are sensitive to changes in
the project watershed (e.g. land use change and pollutant inputs) and more localized modifications, such as
in -stream habitat improvements and riparian buffer restoration. However, because results might not
demonstrate a measurable improvement over pre -construction conditions, or measurable improvements
may occur slowly, the success of the project will not be tied to these metrics.
Physical water quality sampling was conducted prior to construction and will be for the duration of the
monitoring period using a sampling probe, and will include measurements of acidity (pH), temperature,
dissolved oxygen, and conductivity. Specifically, these measurements will be taken four times per
monitoring year. Additionally, once per year, fecal coliform, total nitrate/nitrite, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
(TKN), total phosphorus, and total ammonia samples will be collected. All these data will be reported
annually.
Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted prior to construction and will be once per year during
monitoring Years 3, 5, and 7. A reference location was also sampled for comparison purposes, located on
a relatively stable reach in an undisturbed setting, located as close to the mitigation site as possible, and
within the same watershed. Results presented will include a list of taxa collected at each site for each
sampling event, as well as an enumeration of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa
and a Biotic Index (see the NCDWR Standard Operating Procedures for Collection and Analysis of Benthic
Macroinvertebrates). Each report will include a summary of the current results and all past monitoring
events in tabular format.
1.4 Project Components
The Project area is comprised of 11 unnamed tributaries flowing through a working American bison and
Watusi cattle farm and is comprised of five fenced easement sections, separated by easement breaks. The
stream mitigation components are summarized below. Mitigation credits presented below are based upon
the Approved Mitigation Plan. To account for areas of more or less than minimum 30-foot buffer widths,
credits were adjusted using the USACE Wilmington District Stream Buffer Credit Calculator.
Although there are no specific success criteria metrics for water quality and macroinvertebrate monitoring,
both will be monitored and reported as specified in the 2016 Wilmington District Stream and Wetland
Compensatory Mitigation Update in order to generate an additional two percent credit. A proposed variation
Dead Oak 4 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

on the protocols in the 2016 Wilmington District Stream and Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update
was provided to the IRT and agreed upon. This credit is generated on reaches FC1, FC2, FC4, FC5, and
FC11 and not generated on other project reaches. SM2 serves as a control monitoring station.
Due to landowner and utility requirements, there are four easement breaks within the project. One easement
break is due to an existing residential structure. All other easement breaks are locations for current or future
agricultural crossings. These easement breaks will allow landowners to continue current land -use and
access throughout the property as needed.
Five stream reaches border the SMGL (SMI-A, SM1-C, SM1-C, SM1-D, and SM2), that generate
alternative credit ratios. The approved mitigation plan describes crediting approach in references to the
2015 Sandy Mush Management Plan and their crediting. Reach SM1-A is subject to the non-standard buffer
adjustment, as SMGL received no credit on this reach. However, SM113, SM1-D, and SM2 are considered
ineligible for the non-standard buffer adjustment calculation since SMGL did receive credit on these
reaches for high -quality preservation, and RES is receiving high -quality preservation of the reaches by
protecting the right bank of these features.
Mitigation Plan Credits
Stream Mitigation
Mitigation Approach Linear Feet Ratio Base Cool SMU
Restoration
4,663
1
4,663.000
Enhancement I
274
1.5
182.667
490
2.5
196.000
Enhancement II
1,636
10
163.600
3,271
5
654.200
Enhancement III
1,194
0
0
956
10
95.600
Preservation
152
0
0
Total Length Including Non -Credit 12 636
Generating Stream Length a '
Total Credit Generating Stream Length 11,290 Total SMUs 5,955.067
Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate Monitoring Adjustment 79.094b
Non -Standard Buffer Width Adjustment 430.171c
Total Adjusted SMUs 6,464.332
Non-credit generating stream are present within the easement and are not counted in any credit adjustments.
'Additional two percent credit on reaches where water quality and macroinvertebrate monitoring will be conducted, as specified
in the 2016 Wilmington District Stream and Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update. See section 7.5 for further information
Credit adjustment for Non-standard Buffer Width calculation using the Wilmington District Stream Buffer Credit Calculator
issued by the USACE in January 2018. See section 7.5.3 for further information.
1.5 Stream Design/Approach
Stream restoration efforts at the Dead Oak Site were accomplished through analyses of geomorphic
conditions and watershed characteristics. The design approach applied a combination of analytical and
reference reach -based design methods that meet objectives commensurate with both ecological and
geomorphic improvements. Treatment activities ranged from minor bank grading and planting to re-
establishing stable planform and hydraulic geometry. For full restoration reaches, natural design concepts
were applied and verified through rigorous engineering analyses and modeling. The objective of this
approach was to design and construct a channel with stable geomorphology that provides habitat
improvements and ties into the existing landscape. Specifically, treatments included Priority 1 Restoration,
Priority 2 Restoration, and Enhancement Level II.
Dead Oak 5 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

The Dead Oak Mitigation Site has been broken into the following reaches:
FC1/SMI
Reach FC1-A is located at the western end of the Project. The channel begins at a non-functioning spring
box adjacent to a dilapidated house and debris and flows northeast into FC1-B. This reach has a moderately
established canopy with extensive livestock access that had led to a heavily degraded midstory and
understory plant community. The channel showed some areas of desired bedform, though it was heavily
incised overmuch of the reach and areas of fine sediment were observed throughout. Existing land use was
predominantly pastureland. Reach FC1-B is located at the western end of the Project and flows northeast
from FC1-A to FC1-C. Reach FC1-C is located at the northwestern end of the Project and flows northeast
from FC1-B to SMI-A. This reach had an active pasture along the left floodplain and a moderately
established canopy along the right floodplain with extensive livestock access that had led to a heavily
degraded midstory and understory plant community. In -stream habitat and bedform diversity is now
restored, and the channel is no longer entrenched with wide floodplain benches located along the reach.
Reach SM1-A is located in the northwest portion of the Project and flows northeast to SM1-B. This reach
has a moderately established canopy with moderate livestock access that has led to a degraded midstory
and understory plant community. Existing land use along the reach is forested pasture. Reaches SM1-B,
SM1-C, SM1-D have consistent channel conditions, and have been divided up based on the crediting
approach utilized in Sandy Mush Management Plan (2015), further explained in Section 7.5. Reach SMI-
B is 259 linear feet; SMI-C is 152 linear feet; and SM1-D is 350 linear feet. These reaches are located at
the northwestern end of the project and boarder SMGL. They flow northeast from to the confluence with
SM2 into the SMGL. After the confluence with SM2, the reach drains directly into the French Broad River
outside of the easement. This reach is stable, exhibits excellent bedform diversity and habitat and has a
well -established canopy with little to no livestock access. The existing land use is predominantly forest.
FC2/SM2
FC2-A
Reach FC2-A is located in the southeast section of the of the Project area. The channel begins at a headwater
wetland and flows north to the confluence with FC3 and into FC2-A. This reach has an existing moderately
established canopy that had extensive livestock access leading to a heavily degraded midstory and
understory plant community, and a deeply incised channel. Reach FC2-B is located in the southeast section
of the Project area and flows north from FC2-A to the confluence with FC5 and into SM2. This reach has
a moderately established canopy with extensive livestock access along the left bank that has led to a heavily
degraded midstory and understory plant community, as well as a moderately entrenched channel. In -stream
habitat and bedform diversity is fair as areas of minor deposition were observed throughout the reach. The
right bank along this reach is steep and forested. Existing land use was forested pastureland.
SM2
Reach SM2 is located in the northeast section of the of the Project, bordering SMGL, and flows north to
confluence with SMI. The reach has consistent channel conditions, and the crediting approach matches that
utilized in the Sandy Mush Management Plan (2015). This reach is stable, exhibits excellent bedform
diversity and habitat and has a well -established canopy with little to no livestock access. The existing land
use is predominantly forest.
FC3
FC3-A/B
Dead Oak 6 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

Reach FC3 is located at the southwestern portion of the of the Project area. The channel began just
downstream of an existing farm path, where the path continued along the right bank and was within 30-feet
of the channel for the majority of this reach. This reach had not been as heavily impacted by livestock as
other Project reaches, although sedimentation still occurred, and the riparian buffer exhibits significant
alterations from livestock access. The channel was moderately entrenched as it has access to a narrow
floodplain within an over widened gully.
FC4
FC4-A
Reach FC4-A is located at the southwestern portion of the Project area. This reach begins in a wooded
valley and drains southeast to FC4-13. This reach had been moderately impacted by livestock but maintained
a relatively stable cross section. Reach FC4-13 is located at the southwestern portion of the of the Project
area. This reach began in a wooded valley and drains southeast to FC2-13. There is one newly constructed
crossing along this reach. This reach was actively degrading and incised due to livestock access.
FC5
FC5-A
Reach FC5-A is located at the southwestern portion of the of the Project area. This reach runs parallel to
FC4, and flows southeast to FC5-13. There is one newly constructed crossing along this reach. This reach
had been heavily impacted by livestock, causing the channel to become incised pre restoration. Reach FC5-
B is located at the southwestern portion of the of the Project area. This reach runs parallel to FC4, and flows
southeast to FC2-13. This reach had been heavily impacted by livestock, causing the channel to become
incised.
FC6-A/B
Reach FC6-AB is located on the eastern portion of the Project. This reach flows east to the confluence
with FC2-A. This reach had been impacted by livestock and was entrenched.
FC7
FC7-A
Reach FC7-A is located at the southern portion of the of the Project area south of Marshall Road. This reach
is separate from the rest of the project streams, as it is located in a different 14-digit HUC. This reach flows
southwest to FC7-13. This reach had been heavily impacted by livestock, causing the channel to become
incised. This reach lacked a developed riparian buffer on both banks, as the reach flowed through an active
pasture. This reach has since been replanted and restored to its historic function. Reach FC7-13 flows
southwest from FC7-A to FC7-C. This reach has a moderately established canopy with extensive livestock
access that led to a heavily degraded midstory and understory plant community. This reach is vertically
stable as the bed is comprised of cobble, boulders, and bedrock. A house and maintained yard are present
on the right bank within the upper section of this reach. Wetland seeps are adjacent to the channel along
both banks. FC7-C
Reach FC7-C flows southwest from FC7-13 and out of the easement into the SMGL. Ultimately, this
tributary drains to Turkey Creek. This channel parallels Marshall Road which is approximately 30-feet off
the right bank. The channel is incised and exhibited unstable banks along the south side due to livestock
impacts. An existing overhead powerline runs parallel to the channel within the valley bottom on the left
floodplain. The reach terminates at the duke powerline easement.
FC8
Reach FC8 is located at the northwest portion of the of the Project area. This reach flows east to a confluence
with FC1-A. This reach had been moderately impacted by livestock causing the channel to become
degraded.
Dead Oak 7 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

FC9
Reach FC9 is located at the northwest portion of the of the Project area. This reach flows west to a
confluence with FC1-C. This reach had been moderately impacted by livestock, causing the channel to
become degraded prior to enhancement.
FC10
Reach FC10 lies primarily outside the conservation easement and within the ROW of Marshall Road.
Following channel realignment of FC7-C, FC10 will tie into the new channel. This reach is located in the
southwest portion of the Project area. The channel begins north of Marshall Road and enters the project
via culverts under the road and flows south to the confluence with FC7-C.
ITCH
Reach FC11 the majority of the reach lies outside the conservation easement within the ROW of Marshall
Road. Following channel realignment of FC7-C, FC11 ties into the new channel. The reach is located in
the southwest portion of the Project area. The channel begins north of Marshall Road and enters the project
via culverts under the road and flows south to the confluence with FC7-C.
1.6 Construction and As Built Conditions
Stream construction and planting was completed in March 2022. The Dead Oak Mitigation Site was built
to design plans and guidelines barring a few deviations, including additional armoring on banks that were
deemed at risk by the engineer on site, additional BMPs were installed at areas of concern. Also, notably,
the fencing was encroaching into the easement during the time of survey, however all fencing issues have
been resolved and removed from the easement area. Notable changes at the Project are discussed below.
All areas mentioned above are identified on the as -built survey, which is included along with a redline
version of the as -built survey, in Appendix F. Project credits are based on design centerline, but as -built
stream lengths are shown on Appendix A, Table 1.
Also, there were two bare root planting changes compared to the mitigation plan due to bareroot availability.
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) was removed, while buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) was
substituted in at higher quantities than stated in the mitigation plan. See Appendix C, Table 7 for the
complete as -built planted species list.
1.7 Monitoring Performance (MYI)
The Dead Oak Monitoring Year One activities were performed in December 2022. All monitoring data is
present below and in the appendices. The Site is on track to meeting vegetation and stream interim success
criteria.
Vegetation
Monitoring of the 11 permanent vegetation plots and two random plots was completed during December
2022. Vegetation data is in Appendix C, associated photos are in Appendix B, and plot locations are in
Appendix B. MY monitoring data indicates that all plots are exceeding the interim success criteria of 320
planted stems per acre. Planted stem densities ranged from 405 to 1052 planted stems per acre with a mean
of 677 across all vegetation monitoring plots on site. A total of ten species were documented within the
plots. Volunteer species were not noted this year during monitoring but are expected to establish in
upcoming years. The average stem height across all vegetation plots was 2.13 feet. Invasive species such
Dead Oak 8 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

as Chinese privet and Multiflora rose were treated across the site in August, 2022, while bare areas noted
in the As -Built site walk have filled in with broad casted native seed. Visual assessment of vegetation
outside of the monitoring plots indicates that the herbaceous vegetation is becoming well established
throughout the project.
Stream Geomorphology
Geomorphology data for MY was collected during December 2022. Summary tables and cross section
plots are in Appendix D. Overall, the cross sections and profile on the restoration reaches relatively match
the design and baseline conditions. Cross sections 11, 21, 30, and 33 appear to have some sedimentation in
the cross section however we believe this is due to temporary sediment loads passing through the site, this
will be investigated in MY2. Conditions indicate that shear stress and velocities have been reduced for all
restoration reaches. All reaches were designed as cobble bed channels and were successfully constructed
as such. Cross sections deviating from as -built conditions will be investigated in MY2 and addressed if
necessary.
Visual assessment of the stream channel was performed to document signs of instability, such as eroding
banks, structural instability, or excessive sedimentation. The channel is transporting sediment as designed
and will continue to be monitored for aggradation and degradation.
Stream repair work on FC6, FC4-A, and the crossing on FC7-A is scheduled for February 2023. FC6 was
noted to be eroding from an out of easement farm path running perpendicular to it's headwaters, structures
will be installed in the channel and runoff dispersed from directly entering the stream. FC4-A has several
erosional features, structures will be added to improve channel stability. A boulder sill directly downstream
of the crossing on FC7-A was noted to be too high for aquatic organism passage, a structure will be added
downstream of the sill to reduce grade.
Stream Hydrology
In March 2021, stage recorders were installed on tributaries; FC3, FC8, FC11, for a total of three stage
recorders, and flow gauges were installed on FC4A and FCSA. Stream hydrology data has been included
in the Monitoring Year 1 Report in this section and in the Appendix E. Rainfall data is from the North Fork
2, NC WETS station, and showed below average precipitation levels for the year. Both flow gages on FC4
and FC5 recorded continuous flow from March 2022 to December 06, 2022. All three stage recorders on
site (FC1-A, FC2-A, FC7-C) noted one out of bank event with the highest being on FC7-C on May 26,
2022. The stage recorder and flow gauge locations can be found on Figure 2 and photos are in Appendix
B.
Water Quality
In April 2019, prior to construction, water quality was assessed on reaches (FC7-A, FC7-C, FC2-A, FC4-
B, FC5, FC6-B, FC1-C and SM2), otherwise labeled DO#1-DO#8 respectively. Additionally, benthic
invertebrate data was sampled from a nearby reference reach (a headwater reach of Dobson Branch). All
data was reported in Appendix E of the baseline monitoring report, including physical and chemical water
quality measurements as well as macroinvertebrate taxa richness, EPT abundance, number of intolerant
taxa, biotic index for each reach, and bioclassification based on DWR criteria for small mountain streams.
A summary table of physical and chemical measurements from MY1 is presented in Appendix F. Benthic
data will be gathered again in MY3, while physical and chemical lab data will be collected in early 2023.
Dead Oak 9 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

Overall, the data still demonstrates a discrepancy between sites located lower in the watershed versus those
sites near the headwater sections. DO45 was not available preconstruction for sampling due to dry channels,
however has been sampled since. In general, physical water quality parameters do not show consistent
improvement from pre -construction. This is most likely due to vegetation not being established enough to
moderate sedimentation and provide thermal regulation.
2.0 Methods
Stream geomorphology monitoring was conducted using a Topcon GTS-312 Total Station. Three-
dimensional coordinates associated with cross-section data were collected in the field (NAD83 State Plane
feet FIPS 3200). Morphological data were collected at 33 cross -sections. Survey data were imported into
CAD, ArcGIS®, and Microsoft Excel® for data processing and analysis.
Hydrology is being monitored using stage recorders, which utilize automatic pressure transducers, and were
installed within the channels. The pressure transducers record frequency, duration, and stage of bankfull
events and are programmed to record readings at an hourly interval. A surveyed elevation was recorded at
the bed and top of bank at the stage recorder elevation, allowing for accurate bankfull events to be recorded.
Vegetation success is being monitored at 11 permanent monitoring plots and two random plots for a total
of 13 plots. Locations of random plots will vary from year to year and will be shown in Figure 2, and
species and height will be recorded for all woody stems. Vegetation plot monitoring follows the CVS-EEP
Level 2 Protocol for Recording Vegetation, version 4.2 (Lee et al. 2008) and includes analysis of species
composition and density of planted species. Data are processed using the CVS data entry tool. In the field,
the four corners of each plot were permanently marked with PVC at the origin and metal conduit at the
other corners. Photos of each plot are to be taken from the origin each monitoring year.
For physical water quality monitoring, acidity (pH), temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity is
being measured using an ExStik DO 600 dissolved oxygen meter and an ExStik EC 500
Conductivity/TDS/Salinity/Temperature meter in accordance with the devices manufacturer's
instructions/protocols.
For chemical water quality, fecal coliform, total nitrate/nitrite, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), total
phosphorus, and total ammonia is being collected by Penrose Environmental and delivered to the Pace
Laboratory in Asheville for analysis.
For macroinvertebrate monitoring, Penrose Environmental is collecting and analyzing samples. The
macroinvertebrate sampling is being conducted in accordance with the NCDWR Qual 4 macroinvertebrate
sampling protocol, which is described in the most current version of the Standard Operating Procedures
for Collection and Analysis ofBenthic Macroinvertebrates, February 2016 (Version 5.0). Sampling is being
conducted during the same time of year to minimize seasonal differences in the data from year-to-year.
Additionally, sampling will be conducted at the same time as water quality monitoring (pre -construction
and years 3,5,7), and within the index period referenced in the North Carolina Division of Water Resources
(NCDWR) document entitled Small Streams Biocriteria Development, dated May 29, 2009.
Macroinvertebrate samples are identified to the lowest practical taxonomic level (usually Genus) by a
qualified. Results presented include a list of taxa collected at each site for each sampling event, as well as
an enumeration of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa and a Biotic Index (see the
NCDWR Standard Operating Procedures for Collection and Analysis of Benthic Macroinvertebrates). Each
report includes a summary of the current results and all past monitoring events in tabular format. Detailed
methods are included in the Water Quality Report found in Appendix E.
Dead Oak 10 Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

3.0 References
Harman, W., R. Starr, M. Carter, K. Tweedy, M. Clemmons, K. Suggs, C. Miller. 2012. A Function -
Based Framework for Stream Assessment and Restoration Projects. US Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Washington, DC EPA 843-K-12-006.
Lee Michael T., Peet Robert K., Roberts Steven D., and Wentworth Thomas R. 2008. CVS-EEP Protocol
for Recording Vegetation Level. Version 4.2
North Carolina Division of Water Resources. February 2016. Standard Operating Procedures for the
Collection and Analysis of Benthic Maroinvertebrates. North Carolina Department of
Environmental Quality.
Peet, R.K., Wentworth, T.S., and White, P.S. (1998), A flexible, multipurpose method for recording
vegetation composition and structure. Castanea 63:262-274
Penrose Environmental. April 2019 (Revised April 2020) Benthic Insect Summary. Carolina Bison
Project.
Resource Environmental Solutions. 2020. Dead Oak Stream Mitigation Site Final Mitigation Plan.
Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology, 2nd edition, Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO.
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2003. April 2003 NC Stream Mitigation Guidelines.
USACE. 2016. Wilmington District Stream and Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update.
Dead Oak I I Year One Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site February 2023

Appendix A
Background Tables

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Table 2. Project Activity and Reporting History
Dead Oak Mitigation Bank
Elapsed Time Since grading complete: 10 months
Elapsed Time Since planting complete: 10 months
Number of reporting Years :
Activity or Deliverable
Data Collection
Complete
Completion or
Delivery
Mitigation Plan
NA
Sep-20
Final Design — Construction Plans
NA
Apr-21
Stream Construction
NA
Mar-22
Site Planting
NA
Mar-22
As -built (Year 0 Monitoring — baseline)
Mar-22
Jun-22
Invasive Vegetation Treatment
NA
Aug-23
Year 1 Monitoring
Dec-23
Jan-23
Year 2 Monitoring
Year 3 Monitoring
Year 4 Monitoring
Year 5 Monitoring
Year 6 Monitoring
Year 7 Monitoring
= The number of reports or data points produced excluding the baseline

Table 3. Project Contacts Table
Dead Oak Mitigation Bank
Designer
RES / 3600 Glenwood Ave., Suite 100, Raleigh, NC 27612
Primary project design POC
Frasier Mullen, PE
Construction Contractor
Bank Grading & Landscaping, Inc. / 1000 Bat Cave Road, Old
Fort, NC 28762
Construction contractor POC
Charles Baker
Survey Contractor
RES / 3600 Glenwood Ave., Suite 100, Raleigh, NC 27612
Survey contractor POC
Brian Hockett, PLS
Planting Contractor
Bank Grading & Landscaping, Inc. / 1000 Bat Cave Road, Old
Fort, NC 28762
Planting contractor POC
Charles Baker
Monitoring Performers
RES / 3600 Glenwood Ave, Suite 100, Raleigh, NC 27612
Monitoring POC
Daniel Dixon (864) - 567-7761

Table 4. Project Background Information
Project Name
Dead Oak Mitigation Bank
County
Buncombe
Project Area (acres)
41.58
Project Coordinates (latitude and longitude)
35.71, -82.66
Planted Acreage (Acres of Woody Stems Planted)
15.2
Project Watershed Summary Information
Physiographic Province
66d -
Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
River Basin
French Broad
USGS Hydrologic Unit 8-digit
6010105
USGS Hydrologic Unit 14-digit
06010105090030 & 06010105090040
DWR Sub -basin
04-03-02
Project Drainage Area (Acres)
514
Project Drainage Area Percentage of Impervious Area
<1%
CGIA Land Use Classification
Mixed hardwoods/Conifers, Managed Herbaceous Cover, Unmanaged Herbaceous Cover -Upland,
Mixed Upland Hardwood
Reach Summary Information
Parameters
F C 1-A
FC2-A
FC4-B
FC5
Length of reach (linear feet)
1189
1235
644
353
Valley confinement (Confined, moderately confined, unconfined)
Confined
Confined
Confined
Confined
Drainage area (Acres)
31
23
15
15
Perennial, Intermittent, Ephemeral
Perennial
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
NCDWR Water Quality Classification
C, Tr
C, Tr
C, Tr
C, Tr
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A
B
B
A
Stream Classification (proposed)
C
E/C
E/C
E/C
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II
11
II
II
FEMA classification
Zone X
Zone X
Zone X
Zone X
Reach Summary Information
Parameters
FC7-A
FC7-C (US)
FC7-C (DS)
Length of reach (linear feet)
505
205
663
Valley confinement (Confined, moderately confined, unconfined)
Confined
Moderatley Confined
Confined
Drainage area (Acres)
28
93
141
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Perennial
Perennial
Perennial
NCDWR Water Quality Classification
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C, Tr
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B
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B
B
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Appendix B
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Appendix C
Vegetation Plot Data

Appendix C. Vegetation Plot Data
Table 5. Planted Species Summary
Common Name
ScientiName c
Mitigation Plan
As -Built %
Total Stems Planted
Northern Red Oak
Quercus rubra
15
15
1800
River birch
Betula nigra
15
15
1800
American Sycamore
Platanus
occidentalis
15
15
1800
Chestnut Oak
Quercus montana
15
15
1800
White Oak
Quercus alba
15
15
1800
Black Cherry
Prumis serotina
10
0
0
Sugarberry
Celtis laevigata
10
10
1200
Buttonbush
Cephalanthus
occidentalis
5
15
2000
Table 6. Vegetation Plot Mitigation Success Summary
Stream Vegetation Totals
(per acre)
Plot #
Planted
Stems/Acre
Volunteer
Stems/Acre
Total
Stems/Acre
Success
Criteria
Met?
Avergae
Stem
Height (ft)
1
688
0
688
Yes
1.96
2
769
0
769
Yes
1.84
3
1052
0
1052
Yes
1.85
4
728
0
728
Yes
1.92
5
526
0
526
Yes
1.87
6
688
0
688
Yes
2.12
7
728
0
728
Yes
1.57
8
567
0
567
Yes
2.83
9
607
0
607
Yes
2.25
10
607
0
607
Yes
3.26
11
486
0
486
Yes
2.32
R1
567
0
1012
Yes
2.00
R2
405
0
405
Yes
1.90
Project
Avg
677
0
677
Yes
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Appendix E
Hydrology Data

Table 12. 2022 Rainfall Summary
Month
Average
Normal Limits
Project Location
Precipitation*
30 Percent
70 Percent
January
4.29
3.07
5.07
2.83
February
3.78
2.78
4.43
4.42
March
4.60
3.61
5.31
3.40
April
4.57
3.28
5.41
1.53
May
4.94
3.47
5.86
5.31
June
4.78
3.46
5.63
0.64
July
5.34
3.46
6.42
8.17
August
5.25
3.51
6.28
3.56
September
5.05
2.65
6.17
2.91
October
3.47
1.76
4.23
0.80
November
3.62
2.44
4.33
3.20
December
4.24
2.89
5.06
-
Total Annual **
53.93
36.38
64.20
36.77
Above Normal
Limits
Below
Normal
Limits
WETS Station: NORTH FORK 2, NC Approximately 17.8 miles from the site.
**Total Annual represents the average total precipitation, annually, as calculated by the 30-year period.
Table 13. Documentation of Geomorphically Significant Flow Events
Table 13. Documentation of Geornorphically Si nificant Flow Events
Year
Number of Bankfull
Events
Maximum Bankfull Height (ft
above TOB)
Date of Maximum Bankfull
Event
Stage Recorder FC I -A
MY 1 2022 1 1 0.13 5/26/2022
Stage Recorder FC2-A
MY 1 2022
1 1
0.13
5/26/2022
Stage Recorder FC7-C
MY1 2022
1
0.35
5/26/2022
Year
Number of Flow Events
Maximum Consecutive Flow Days
Maximum Cummlative
Flow Days
Flow Gauge FC4
MYl 2022 1 1 277 215
Flow Gauge FC5
MYl 2022
1
277
215

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Appendix F
Water Quality Data

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Table 14. Nutrient/Bacteria Water Quality Summary
Carolina Bison Mitigation Site
Spring
Monitoring Year
Fecal Coliform
(CFU/100 ml)
Total Nitrogen
(mg/L)
Total Kjeldahal
Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrogen NO2 plus
NO3 (mg/L)
Total Phosphorus
(mg/L)
Pre -construction (2020)
1020
1.50
ND
1.00
0.12
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
MY3 (2024)
p
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
MY7 (2028)
Pre -construction (2020)
6000
7.00
5.00
2.00
2.10
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
MY3 (2024)
o
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
MY7 (2028)
Pre -construction (2020)
2000
1.40
ND
1.00
0.06
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
MY3 (2024)
o
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
MY7 (2028)
Pre -construction (2020)
700
3.40
3.30
0.14
1.10
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
MY3 (2024)
p
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
MY7 (2028)
Pre -construction (2020)
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
MY3 (2024)
p
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
MY7 (2028)
Pre -construction (2020)
182
ND
ND
0.17
0.07
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
MY3 (2024)
p
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
MY7 (2028)
Pre -construction (2020)
88
ND
ND
0.05
ND
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
MY3 (2024)
o
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
MY7 (2028)
Pre -construction (2020)
310
1.20
0.59
0.61
1.00
MY1 (2022)
MY2 (2023)
u
MY3 (2024)
p
MY4 (2025)
MY5 (2026)
MY6 (2027)
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