HomeMy WebLinkAboutCoastal_Issue_(Tarver)Environmental Flows &
The Coastal Waters Issue…
Science Advisory Board Meeting
October 23, 2012
Fred Tarver, NCDWR
General approaches to estuarine inflow management:
Inflow‐based (Holistic):
“flow is kept within some prescribed bounds under the assumption that
taking too much away is bad for the resources.”
“ecosystem requirements”
Condition‐based:
“one in which inflow standards are set in order to maintain a specified
condition (e.g., salinity) at a given point in the estuary.”
Resource‐based:
“inflow standards are set based on the requirements of specific resources.”
Sources: Adams et al. 2002; Alber & Flory 2002
Inflow‐based (Holistic):
•Florida ‐Water Management Districts
•South Africa
Condition‐based:
•California –San Francisco Bay
Resource‐based:
•Texas
Source: Alber & Flory 2002
o “…subject to independent scientific peer review.”
Florida ‐Water Management Districts
373.042 Minimum flows and levels
o “…may be calculated to reflect seasonal variations.
o “…calculated by the department and the governing board using
the best information available.
o “…shall also consider, and at their discretion may provide for,
the protection of nonconsumptive uses in the establishment of
minimum flows and levels.
Source: www.flsenate.gov/laws/statutes/2011/373.042
o “…the limit at which further withdrawals would be significantly
harmful to the water resources or ecology of the area.”
Lower Suwannee River
o flow‐associated risk estimates for each habitat type of interest;
o the weight of evidence for submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) appears
to be more robust and since SAV is known to be important habitat…this
habitat is recommended to be the prime consideration for minimum flow
level (MFL) establishment;
o recommended Minimum Flow of 6,600 cfs for warm period = averaging
estimates of the average inflection point and the 3.5% risk estimate of
SAV;
o recommended median flow of 7,600 cfs in the cold season will allow
5‐foot passage requirement during the cold season for fully grown
manatee to be met 85% of the time;
o a reduction of 12% over current conditions;
o throughout the year the historic flow regime will not be reduced by
more than 10%;
Source: www.srwmd.state.fl.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/93
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Source: Mattson, R.A. 2002
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Source: Mattson, R.A. 2002
Waccasassa River
o MFL Flow Duration Curve be set at 87.5% of the Baseline Flow Duration
Curve for the gage;
o 5 ppt surface water isohaline contributed most to the delineation of low
salinity habitat nursery areas for nekton, habitat for benthic invertebrates,
and maintenance of the vegetative communities;
o 15% “Relative Risk Increase” (RRI) to the estuarine habitat identified as
maximum change that would prevent significant risk in estuary;
o reductions in flow that would allow no more than a 15% RRI would shift the
frequency of incursions of the 5 ppt surface isohaline from it’s baseline
frequency of 31% to 36%;
o 15% RRI would result in a shift from 157 cfs median flow on the Baseline
Flow Duration Curve to a 137 cfs median flow, or a 20 cfs reduction;
Source: www.srwmd.state.fl.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/203
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Source: www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/projects/mfl/reports/mfl_alafia_estuary.pdf
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o percent‐of‐flow method for determining minimum flows;
o percent‐of‐flow method determines what percentage of daily flow can be
removed without causing significant harm to the ecology or biological
productivity ;
o method is designed to protect the natural flow regime of a river to which the
ecosystem has become adapted;
o highly nutrient enriched & associated problems with large phytoplankton
blooms & most pronounced at low flows;
o comb‐jelly is also most abundant in the river during low flows & is a predator
of zooplankton and larval fish & flow reductions during low flows could act
to increase their abundance;
o analyses indicated that recommended minimum flow rule of 19% reduction
of daily inflows, combined with the 120 cfs low‐flow threshold, would not
reduce the median abundance—based on catch‐per‐unit‐effort‐‐of juvenile
red drum by more than fifteen percent.
Lower Alafia River
Lower Myakka River
Sources: www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/projects/mfl/reports/LowerMyakkaRiverMinimumFlows‐Report.pdf
www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/projects/myakka/
o used 15% reduction in resource indicators as a threshold for identifying
significant harm in other minimum flow analyses;
o abnormal tree die‐off has occurred in the upper reaches of the Myakka River
watershed;
o cause of tree die‐off was excess water that entered the system due to land‐use
changes and structural alterations within the watershed, no “drying out”;
o the removal of excess flows will benefit restoration but will cause changes in the
flow characteristics of the Lower Myakka River that will likely result in shifts in
some ecological communities and reductions in the abundance of some key fish
and invertebrates in the lower river;
o hydrodynamic salinity zone analysis indicated that 10% of the flow in addition to
the excess flow could be removed and not exceed 15% habitat reductions
relative to either existing or historical conditions;
o need for adaptive management strategy for the removal of excess flows and
compliance with minimum flows for the Lower Myakka River;
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o analysis goal was to regress organism abundance/distribution from a sampling trip,
comprised of several individual seine or trawl samples, against the mean daily inflow
that corresponded to the sampling trip;
o attempts were made to develop empirical models that relate flow to ecological criteria
for the LPR in order to identify a low‐flow threshold;
o no defensible relationships were found between flow and DO or between flow and
chlorophyll a in various segments or locations in the LPR ‐not possible to define a flow
that would preclude low DO values or high chlorophyll a values.
o volume less than two ppt was the most sensitive metric ‐hydrodynamic model was to
predict salinity in LPR as a function of flow and other variables;
o criteria for MFL development in LPR was maintenance of 85% of the combined (LPR
plus SC) available habitat less than 2 ppt;
o committed to verifying the models and assumptions applied in the current
determination / to conduct a re‐evaluation in the future;
Source: www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/projects/mfl/reports/lower_peace_river_report.pdf
Lower Peace River (LPR) & Shell Creek (SC)
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Source: www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/projects/mfl/reports/lower_peace_river_report.pdf
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Inflow‐based (Holistic):
•Florida ‐Water Management Districts
•South Africa
Condition‐based:
•California –San Francisco Bay
Resource‐based:
•Texas
Source: Alber & Flory 2002
South African National Water Act (1998)
o provision for a Reserve to be determined prior to the issuing of
licenses for freshwater use;
o Reserve is the quantity and quality of freshwater required to
satisfy basic human needs, considering both present and future
requirements, and to protect aquatic ecosystems in order to
secure sustainable development and use of the resource
(MacKay 2000);
o task of Reserve assessment is to provide quantified information
about the frequency, magnitude, and duration of particular flows
and levels of water quality variables for the Ecological Reserve
Category of a target water body.
Source: Adams et al. 2002
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Six Steps:
Step 1 ‐‐delineate the geographical boundaries of the estuary;
Step 2 ‐‐assess the present state and reference condition;
Step 3 ‐‐determine the present health‐‐Estuarine Health Index (Turpie 2002))‐‐and importance‐‐(estuarine
importance index (Turpie et al. 2002))‐‐of the estuary;
Step 4 ‐‐determine the Ecological Reserve Category based on the present health and the ecological importance
score;
Step 5 ‐‐set the Reserve for water quantity;
Step 6 ‐‐design a monitoring program to improve the confidence in the Reserve assessment, to verify predictions,
to audit whether the Reserve is being adhered to;
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o most rain occurs during the spring & summer months;
o inland is dam that supplies water to 2 hydroelectrical facilities;
o base flow considered necessary to maintain longitudinal salinity
gradient in estuary seldom occur at present because of water released
by the hydroelectric generating plants ‐increase in base flow during
the winter period (May to September);
o Seasonality in flow and the related salinity gradients have been
modified;
Source: Adams et al. 2002
Mtata Estuary
o prior to dam, high flow occurred during the summer months & low flow during winter; marine influences would have
extended further upstream than present in winter & would have resulted in strong salinity gradient & reduced
turbidity;
o health category of D (i.e., largely modified) mainly the result of the high unnatural suspended sediment load in the
estuary, shift in the seasonality of river inflow, and loss of the benthic biota;
o Ecological Reserve Category (ERC) was set as a C (D + 1);
o flow scenario selected represented highest reduction in river inflow that would still protect the estuary and keep it in
the desired Ecological Reserve Category.
o mean monthly flows less than 4 m3 s‐1 for May to September recommended to promote natural seasonal flow
patterns, facilitate the penetration of marine waters into the estuary during winter and reduce the sediment load.
Inflow‐based (Holistic):
•Florida ‐Water Management Districts
•South Africa
Condition‐based:
•California –San Francisco Bay
Resource‐based:
•Texas
Source: Alber & Flory 2002
Sources: Alber 2002; Jassby et al. 1995
o San Francisco Bay Estuary represents a system where inflow has been extensively
modified by humans ‐diversion of freshwater for irrigation & municipal use has
frequently exceeded 50% of the inflow to the estuary, especially during drought
years (Jassby et al. 1995).
o Effective management of the estuary's biological resources requires a sensitive
indicator of the response to freshwater inflow that has ecological significance, can
be measured accurately &easily, & could be used as a "policy" variable to set
standards for managing freshwater inflow.
o Positioning of the 2‰ (grams of salt per kilogram of seawater, denoted by X2)
bottom salinity value along the axis of the estuary was examined for this purpose.
o Monitor the distance from the Golden Gate Bridge to the 2‰ isohaline, measured
1 m off the bottom and averaged over more than 1 day;
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o The 2‰ bottom salinity position has simple and significant statistical
relationships with annual measures of many estuarine resources, including :
o the supply of phytoplankton and phytoplankton‐derived detritus from local
production and river loading;
o benthic macroinvertebrates (molluscs);
o mysids and shrimp;
o larval fish survival; and
o the abundance of planktivorous, piscivorous, and bottom‐foraging fish.
o 2‰ marks the locations of an estuarine turbidity maximum and peaks in the
abundance of several estuarine organisms
o The 2‰ value may not have special ecological significance for other estuaries,
but the concept of using near‐bottom isohaline position as a habitat indicator
should be widely applicable.
o Complications caused by variables additional to X2
o Uncertainties in policy variables ‐faced with problem of determining an "optimum complexity" (Walters
1986), below which incomplete structural specification introduces too much bias & above which
parameters cannot be estimated with sufficient certainty on the basis of available data. What constitutes
optimum complexity is highly dependent on the nature of the resource &the available data.
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Inflow‐based (Holistic):
•Florida ‐Water Management Districts
•South Africa
Condition‐based:
•California –San Francisco Bay
Resource‐based:
•Texas
Source: Alber & Flory 2002
Sources: Powell et al. 2002; www.twdb.state.tx.us/surfacewater_n/bays/; Science Advisory Committee Report 2004.
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1975 legislative mandate to perform studies on the needs of bays and estuaries;
“Beneficial inflows” ‐salinity, nutrient, and sediment loading regime…economically important and
ecologically characteristic sport or commercial fish and shellfish species…and estuarine life they are
dependent;
2007 Environmental Flows legislation shifted focus from beneficial inflows necessary to support a
sound ecological environment to determining a comprehensive freshwater inflow regime which
provides for geographic, seasonal, and inter‐annual variation of recommended inflows.
State Methodology:
1. Data collection/hydrographic surveys (ungaged watersheds – Rainfall‐Runoff (TxRR) model;
2. Hydrodynamic and salinity transport modeling ‐(2‐d (TxBLEND) & 3‐d (SELFE) );
3. Sediment analyses;
4. Nutrient analyses;
5. Fisheries analyses;
6. Freshwater inflow optimization ‐Texas Estuarine Mathematical Programming Model (TxEMP);
7. Verification;
MinQ‐Sal –flow at which only the salinity constraints of the esutary are met;
MinQ – minimum inflow that meets the salinity & biological constraints of TxEMP;
MaxQ –maximum inflow that satisfies all the salinity & biological constraints of TxEMP;
MaxH –harvest ‐between MinQ & MaxQ & maximizes fisheries productivity w/i the range of possible
inflows considered;
MaxC – biological‐sampling catch‐‘’ ;
Source: Powell et al. 2001; midgewater.twdb.texas.gov/bays_estuaries/TxEmp/galvestonchart6.jpg
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o target catch: oysters, white/brown shrimp, blue crabs, red/black drum, spotted sea trout, flounder;
o MinQ & MaxH ‐between 10th and 50th percentile;
Alternate Model Methods
RENCI @ ECU
www.ecu.edu/renci/_docs/AnnualReport2008.pdf
Alternate Model Methods
Neuse River Estuary Modeling
and Monitoring Project (ModMon)
www.unc.edu/ims/neuse/modmon/index.htm
Sources: <floodmaps.nc.gov/fmis/Map.aspx>;
D. Snead, D. R. Maidment , and E. Azagra‐Camino. Floodplain Visualization Using HEC‐GeoRAS .
Center for Research in Water Resources, UT‐Austin.
<www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro01/class/exercises/georas.html>
Alternate Model Methods
Floodplain Mapping / HEC‐GeoRAS
OTHERS???
References:
Adams, J.B., G.C. Bate, T.D. Harrison, P. Huizinga, S. Taljaard, L. Van Niekerk, E.E. Plumstead, A.K. Whitfield, and T.H. Wooldridge.
2002. A Method to Assess the Freshwater Inflow Requirements of Estuaries and Application to the Mtata Estuary, South Africa.
Estuaries 25(6B):1382–1393.
Alber, M. 2002. A Conceptual Model of Estuarine Freshwater Inflow Management. Estuaries 25(6B):1246–1261.
Alber, M. and J. Flory. 2002. The Effects of Changing Freshwater Inflow to Estuaries: A Georgia Perspective. Georgia Coastal
Research Council. <www.gcrc.uga.edu/PDFs/inflow1119.pdf>.
Jassby, A. D., W.J. Kimmerer, S. G. Monismith, C. Armor, J. E. Cloern, T. M. Powell, J. R. Schubel and T. J. Vendlinski. 1995.
Isohaline Position as a Habitat Indicator for Estuarine Populations. Ecological Applications 5(1):272‐289.
Lee, W., D. Buzan, P. Eldridge, and W. Pulich, Jr. 2001. Freshwater inflow recommendation for the Trinity‐San Jacinto Estuary of
Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, TX. 59pp. At: Texas Water Development Board, Texas Freshwater Inflows Program
<midgewater.twdb.texas.gov/>.
Olsen, S.B., T. V. Padma, B. D. Richter. 2007. Managing Freshwater Inflows to Estuaries: A Methods Guide. U.S. Agency for
International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20523. 44p.
<http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADH650.pdf> .
Powell, G.L., J. Matsumoto, and D.A. Brock. 2002. Methods for Determining Minimum Freshwater Inflow Needs of Texas Bays
and Estuaries. Estuaries 25(6B):1262–1274.
Mattson, R.A. 2002. A Resource‐based Framework for Establishing Freshwater Inflow Requirements for the Suwannee River
Estuary. Estuaries 25(6B): 1333–1342.
Science Advisory Committee Report on Water for Environmental Flows: Final Report. Texas Senate Bill 1639. 78th Legislature.
October 26, 2004. <www.twdb.state.tx.us/EnvironmentalFlows/pdfs/SAC%20FINAL%20REPORT_102704.pdf>.