20141048 Ver 1_More Info Received_20141008

October 8, 2014
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Wilmington Regulatory Field Office
69 Darlington Avenue
Wilmington, NC 28403
Attention: Ms. Liz Hair, USACE
Attention: Ms. Karen Higgins, NC DWR
avi4/joVor,
NC Division of Water Resources
401 & Buffer Permitting Unit
512 N. Salisbury Street
Raleigh, NC 27604
Reference: Addendum to the Application for USACE 404 Nationwide Permit No.
39 & NC DWR 401 Water Quality Certification No. 3890
Proposed Walmart Store- Spout Springs
Spout Springs, Harnett County, North Carolina
S &ME Project 1054 -13 -340
Dear Ms. Hair & Ms. Higgins:
In this Addendum to the Application for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE)
Nationwide Permit Number 39 (NWP 39) and concurrent North Carolina Department of
Natural Resources (NC DENR) Division of Water Resources (DWR) Water Quality
Certification Number 3890 dated October 1, 2014, we would like to include
correspondence from the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program and North Carolina
State Historic Preservation Office as well as the corresponding archaeological report
dated July 14, 2014.
If we can provide additional information or answer questions you may have, please feel
free to contact us at 919.872.2660 or email Walter Cole at wcole @smeinc.com.
Sincerely,
S &ME
Walter Cole, L.S.S., R.E.H.S
Project Manager
OCT 0 8 2014
DEN • Vv'FFER l/
401 € PUFFER Pk
Ashley tStee
Environmental Scientist
Attachments: NC Natural Heritage Program Information Request and Response
NC State Historic Preservation Office Information Request and Response
Archaeological Survey of Proposed Spout Springs Commercial
Development, Harnett County, North Carolina

December 5, 2013
NC Natural Heritage Program
Attention: John Finnegan natural.heritageAncdenr.gov
Reference: Information Request
Proposed Development
NC Highway 24 -87
Spout Springs, North Carolina
S &ME Project No. 1054- 13-420
$S &ME
SUBMITTED VIA E -MAIL
This Information Request is in reference to an approximately 41.72 -acre site located west of NC
Highway 24 -87 in Spout Springs, North Carolina (35.245275° N, - 79.024091 °W). The property
consists of Harnett County Parcel Nos. 019594 -0107 (11.46 ac), 019594- 0107 -01 (12.86 ac)
and 019594- 0107 -03 ( -1.39 ac), and portions of 019594 -0003 (28.35 ac) and 019594 -0120
(28.81 ac). Harnett County information indicates that the subject site is currently undeveloped
and contains no structures, except for an approximate 3,300 SF residence, located within Harnett
County Parcel No. 019594- 0107 -03.
The approximate location of the subject property is depicted on a Vicinity map (Figure 1), a
portion of the Overhill, NC (1971) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Topographic Quadrangle
(Figure 2), a County Topographic Map (Figure 3), a 2010 Aerial Photograph (Figure 4) and a
Site Map (Figure 5).
Our client is considering an acquisition of the site. Accordingly, this letter serves as a written
request to review records you may have relating to rare, endangered, or threatened species,
significant natural heritage areas or high quality natural communities in the vicinity of the
subject property, and provide comment.
Thank you for your time and assistance with this project. If you have questions or need
additional information, please do not hesitate to contact us at 704.523.4726 or via email.
Sincerely,
S &ME
r�'
Patrick Laatsch
Environmental Project Manager
plaatschAsmeinc.com
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REFERENCE:
GIs DATA LAYERS WERE OBTAINED FROM THE HARNETT COUNTY GIs WEBSITE, ESRI, DELORME, NATEO, USGS,
INERMAR IPC, NRCAN, ESRI JAPAN, METI, ESRI CHINA (HONG KONG), ESRI (THAILAND). TOMTOM, 2012. PLEASE
NOTE THIS MAP IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. IT IS NOT MEANT FOR DESIGN, LEGAL, OR ANY
OTHER USES. THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES ABOUT ITS ACCURACY. SSME, INC. ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY
FOR ANY DECISION MADE OR ANY ACTIONS TAKEN BY THE USER BASED UPON THIS INFORMATION
#S&ME
WWW.SMEINC.COM
ENGINEERING LICENSE NO: F -0176
VICINITY MAP FIGURE NO
Proposed Commercial Development
NC Highway 24 -87
Spout Springs, North Carolina
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REFERENCE:
GIs DATA LAYERS WERE OBTAINED FROM THE HARNETT COUNTY GIs WEBSITE, ESRI, DELORME, NATEO, USGS,
INERMAR IPC, NRCAN, ESRI JAPAN, METI, ESRI CHINA (HONG KONG), ESRI (THAILAND). TOMTOM, 2012. PLEASE
NOTE THIS MAP IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. IT IS NOT MEANT FOR DESIGN, LEGAL, OR ANY
OTHER USES. THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES ABOUT ITS ACCURACY. SSME, INC. ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY
FOR ANY DECISION MADE OR ANY ACTIONS TAKEN BY THE USER BASED UPON THIS INFORMATION
#S&ME
WWW.SMEINC.COM
ENGINEERING LICENSE NO: F -0176
VICINITY MAP FIGURE NO
Proposed Commercial Development
NC Highway 24 -87
Spout Springs, North Carolina

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NCDENR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Office of Land and Water'Stewardship
Pat McCrory Bryan Gossage John E Skvada, III
Governor Director Secretary
December 9, 2013
Mr. Patrick Laatsch
Environmental Manager
S &ME,-'Inc.
9751 Southern Pine Boulevard
Charlotte, NC 28723
Subject: Proposed Development, NC Highway 24 -87, Spout Springs, Harnett County, NC
S &ME Project No. 1054- 13-420
Dear Mr. Laatsch: -
The NC Natural Heritage Program has no current record of rare species, natural communities, Significant
Natural Heritage Areas, or managed areas within the�project boundary descnbed in your request for
records. Within 1 mile of the,project boundary, there are many records of rare species and natural
communities-, these are presented in Table 1 (attached). The subject-property is adjacent to Fort Bragg
Military Reservation which is also identified by the NC Natural Heritage Program as a Significant Natural
Heritage Area „`Fort Bragg Natural Area (Overhills - Area).
The use ,of Natural Heritage Program data should' not be substituted for,actual field surveys, particularly if
the project area contains suitable habitat for rare species, important natural,communities, or priority
natural areas.
Please do not hesitate to contact,me,if you have questions or need further information: 919- 707- 8687'or
iudith.ratcllffe<a ncdenr eov
Judith Ratcliffe
Freshwater Ecologist, Eastern Region
NC Natural Heritage Program
1601 Mad Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699 -1601
Phone [phone] Internet www ncdenr gov
An Equal Opportunity 1 Affirmative Action Employer — 50% Recycled 110% Post Consumer Paper

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December 5, 2013
North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources /SHPO
Environmental.ReviewAncdcr.gov
Reference: Information Request
Proposed Development
NC Highway 24 -87
Spout Springs, North Carolina
S &ME Project No. 1054 - 13-420
SUBMITTED VIA E -MAIL
This Information Request is in reference to an approximately 41.72 -acre site located west of NC
Highway 24 -87 in Spout Springs, North Carolina (35.245275° N, -79.02409]'W). The property
consists of Harnett County Parcel Nos. 019594 -0107 (11.46 ac), 019594- 0107 -01 (12.86 ac)
and 019594- 0107 -03 ( -1.39 ac), and portions of 019594 -0003 (28.35 ac) and 019594 -0120
(28.81 ac). Harnett County information indicates that the subject site is currently undeveloped
and contains no structures, except for an approximate 3,300 SF residence, located within Harnett
County Parcel No. 019594- 0107 -03.
The approximate location of the subject property is depicted on a Vicinity map (Figure 1), a
portion of the Overhill, NC (1971) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Topographic Quadrangle
(Figure 2), a County Topographic Map (Figure 3), a 2010 Aerial Photograph (Figure 4) and a
Site Map (Figure 5).
Our client is considering an acquisition of the site. Accordingly, this letter serves as a written
request to review records you may have relating to cultural or historic resources in the vicinity of
the subject property, and provide comment.
Thank you for your time and assistance with this project. If you have questions or need
additional information, please do not hesitate to contact us at 704.523.4726 or via email.
Sincerely,
S &ME
Patrick Laatsch
Environmental Project Manager
plaatsch(&smeinc.com
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REFERENCE:
GIs DATA LAYERS WERE OBTAINED FROM THE HARNETT COUNTY GIS WEBSITE, ESRI, DELORME, NATEO, USGS,
INERMAP. IPC, NRCAN, ESRI JAPAN. METI, ESRI CHINA (HONGKONG), ESRI (THAILAND), TOMTOM, 2012. PLEASE
NOTE THIS MAP IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. IT IS NOT MEANT FOR DESIGN, LEGAL, OR ANY
OTHER USES THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES ABOUT ITS ACCURACY SBME. INC ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY
FOR ANY DECISION MADE ORANYACTIONS TAKEN BY THE USER BASED UPON THIS INFORMATION
N-ALL AS SHOWN
*S&ME Propose VICINITY MAP FIGURE NO
DATE 12 -03 -13 d Commercial Development
DRAWN BY JMD WVWV,SMEINC.COM NC Highway 24 -87
PROJECT NO: Spout Springs, North Carolina
1054 - 13-420 ENGNEERING LICENSE NO. F -0176

North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
State Historic Preservation Office
Ramona M. Banos, Administrator
Governor Pat McCrory
Secretary Susan Kluttz
December 17, 2013
Patrick Laatsch
S &ME, Inc.
9751 Southern Pine Blvd
Charlotte, NC 28273
Office of Archives and Histon
Deputy Secretary Kcvin Cherry
Re: Site Development, NC 24/87, Spout Springs, S &ME 1054 -13 -420, Harnett County, ER 13 -2916
Dear Mr. Laatsch:
Thank you for your letter of December 5, 2013, concerning the above referenced information.
After reviewing the information provided and based on the physical location we have determined that there is a
high probability that prehistoric and historic archaeological features associated with past residents may exist
within the project area. We therefore recommend that if any earth moving activities are scheduled to take
place, that a comprehensive archaeological survey be conducted by an experienced archaeologist to identify and
evaluate the significance of any archaeological remains that may be damaged or destroyed by the proposed
project. Please note that our office now requests consultation vith the Office of .State Arrhaeology to discuss appropriate field
methodology prior to the arrrhaeological field investigation.
If an archaeological field investigation is conducted, two copies of the resulting archaeological survey report, as
well as one copy of the appropriate site forms should be forwarded to us for review and comment as soon as
they are available and well in advance of any earth moving activities.
We have determined that the project as proposed will not have an effect on any historic structures.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's Regulations for Compliance with Section 106 codified at 36 CFR
Part 800.
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions concerning the above comment,
contact Renee Gledhill- Earley, environmental review coordinator, at 919- 807 -6579 or renee.gledhill-
earley(a,ncdcr.gov. In all future communication concerning this project, please cite the above referenced
tracking number.
Sincerely,
(1� Acduto-&% .
O✓Ramona M. Bartos
Location: 109 Fast Jones Street, Raleigh NC 27601 Mailing Address: 4617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh NC 27699 -4617 Telephone /Fax: (919) 807 - 6570/807 -6599

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF PROPOSED SPOUT SPRINGS
COMMERICAL DEVELOPMENT
HARNETT COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
ER# 13 -2916
SWE Project # 1054 -13 -340
JULY 2014

$S&ME
ENGINEERING INTEGRITY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
PROPOSED SPOUT SPRINGS
COMMERICAL DEVELOPMENT
HARNETT COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
ER No.13 -2916
Prepared for:
Spout Springs Investments LLC
c/o WRS Inc.
550 Long Point Road
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 29464
Prepared by:
S &ME, Inc.
620 Wando Park Boulevard
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 29464
Quinn- Monique Ogden RPA
and
Aaron Brummitt RPA
Principal Investigator
July 2014

Archaeological Survey,for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial Development SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett- County, North Carolina
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
S &ME, Inc. (S &ME), on behalf of Spout Springs Investments LLC, has completed an
archaeological survey of the proposed Spout'Springs Commercial Development property4n
Overhills, Harnett County, North Carolina. The project area is approximately 48 acres and
partially wooded. The project is located on the west si&of NC' 24 -87 (Figures 1 -5). Work for
this project is in general accordance with S &ME Proposal No. 42- 1400593, dated June 10, 2014.
We conducted this study as, a due diligence service for Spout Springs Investments LLC.
However, oversight from the United States Army Corps of Engineers may be necessary as the
project proceeds. The study reported herein was designed to assist Spout Springs Investments
LLC in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. Work for
this project was conducted in general accordance with S &ME Proposal No. 42- 1400593, dated
June 1,0, 2014. Project personnel meet the Secretary of the Interior's Professional Qualifications
Standards set forth in 36 CFR Part 61.
Background research indicated that portions of the project area had been included in the ,study
area of two previous investigations. The previous investigations did not identify resources
thought to be significant and eligible for inclusion in the NRHP.
The field investigation indicated that past land use, likely associated with land clearing and
subsequent farming, has left the soils in the project area heavily eroded. The field investigation
did not identify artifacts, soil stains, structural debris, or other indicators suggesting the presence
of archaeological, deposits in the project area. Based on these results, it is S &ME's opinion that
no hist oric properties will be affected by the proposed development and no additional cultural
resource 'investigations are necessary at this time.
The McLean Cemetery adjoins the proposed commercial development area. The cemetery
contains graves with markers ranging in date from the late nineteenth century to the present.
Although cemeteries are not usually significant or eligible for inclusion in the NRHP two state
statutes, and perhaps others, protect cemeteries in North Carolina and' limit the impacts to them.
G.S. 14 -148 and G.S. 14 -149 outline the penalties for damaging gravesites. G.S. 65 -74 and G.S.
65 -75 discuss the entrance of private property by descendants and others to visit and maintain
gravesites. We recommend that .the proposed development, be designed in such a way as to, avoid
impacts to the cemetery and not restricting access to visiting descendants or others that would
wish to`visit`it.

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Spnngs Commercial Development SWE Protect No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett County, North Carolina
TABLE OF CONTENTS'
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I
TABLE OF CONTENTS 11
LIST OPFIGURES III
LIST OF TABLES III
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 PROJECT SETTING 4
3.0'ZULTURAL CONTEXT 7
3 1 Preh►stoncj Overview ..................................................................... ............................... 7
3 2 Historic Background ............. : ....... :................................................................................
8
3 3 Previously Recorded Sites in the Vicinity of the Project Area ..................................................
9
4.0 FIELD METHODS AND RESULTS
11
4 1 Archaeological Field, Methods ........................................................ ...............................
11
4.2 Results ofthe Field, lnvestigat► on ............................................................. .. : ........... ...........
11
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS' AND RECOMMENDATIONS
14
REFERENCES CITED
15

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial Development SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett County„North Carolina
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location of the project areaon a portion of the Overhill quadrangle ................. 2
'Figure 2. Aerial view of the project area ........................................... ............................... 3
'Figure 3. Eastern edge of the project area and the adjoining NC 24 -87 Right -of- Way.... 5
Figure 4. Hay field and dirt road in the eastern portion of the project area, facing east.. 5
Figure 5. Borrow pit in the center of the project area, facing west .... ............................... 6
Figure 6. Site files map from OSA ......................................:........... ............................... 10
Figure 7. Results of the field investigation .......................... :....... :.................................. 12
Figure 8. Photograph -of a typical shovel test pit :............................ .. .............................. 13
Figure 9. Photograph of the McLean Cemetery,, facing south ........ ............................... 13
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Previously Recorded Archaeological Remains In the Vicinity of the Project
Area................................................................................................ ............................... 10

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial Development S&ME Protect No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett County, North Carolina
7.0 INTRODUCTION
S &ME, Inc. (S &ME), on behalf of Spout Springs Investments LLC, has completed an
archaeological,survey of the proposed Spout Springs Commercial Development property in
Overhills, Harnett County, North Carolina. The project area is located on the west side of North
Carolina Highway 24/87and includes portions of Harnett County Tax Parcels 019594 -0107
(11.46 acres), 019594- 0107 -01 (12.86 acres) and 019594- 0107 -03 (—L39 acres), and portions
of'019594 -0003 (28.35 acres) and 019594 -0120 (28.81 acres). The project area �is
approximately 48 acres and partially wooded (Figures 1 and 2).
We conducted this study as a due diligence ,service for Spout Springs Investments LLC. Because
of nearby streams and wetlands Spout Springs Investments LLC anticipated oversight from the
United States Army Corps of Engineers. As such, the proposed development may become an
"undertaking" in that it may be "a project, activity, or program funding in whole or in part under
the direct or indirect jurisdiction of a Federal agency, including those carried out by or on behalf
of a Federal agency; those carried out with Federal financial assistance; and those requiring a
Federal permit, license of approval" (36 CFR 800.116(y)). The study reported herein was
designed to assist Spout Springs Investments LLC in compliance with the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. Work for this project was conducted in general
accordance with, S &ME Proposal No. 42- 1400593, dated June 10, 201'4. Project personnel meet
the, Secretary of the Interior's Professional Qualifications Standards set forth in 36 CFR Part 61.
Aaron Brummitt, RPA served as the Principal Investigator, conducted the background research
and the fieldwork,, and served as the Senior Reviewer of this report. `Quinn - Monique Ogden
RPA, served as the Project Archaeologist and co- author of this report.

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial Development SWE Project No. 1054-13-340
Harnett County, North Carolina
Figure 1. Location of the project area, highlighted in red, on a portion of the 1971 Overhill quadrangle.

Archaeological Survey for
Spout,Spnngs Commercial Development
Harnett County, North Carolina
July 14, 2014
SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
Figure,2. Aerial view of the project area and Harnett County Tax Parcel Identification numbers.

Archaeological Survey for
Spout Spnngs,Commercial Development
Harnett County, North Carolina
2.0 PROJECT SETTING
July 14, 2014
S &ME Project No 1054 -13 -340
The project area is in Overhills, Harnett County, North Carolina. The project area is
approximately 48 acres and partially wooded with streams located along the northern boundary.
The project is located.on the west of NC 24 -87, the'northeast corner of the tract is approximately
75 meters to the northwest of the NC 24 -87 and Brinkley Hill Lane intersection. No, structures
are located within the project area.
Vegetation within the project area primarily consists of planted grasses used as a hay field. A
large borrow pit is located in the center of the project area. Dirt roads run throughout the project
area leading to and from this borrow pit. In the northwest corner of the project area, the low
wooded area adjacent, to the streams was covered with "secondary g_ rowth. A sewer line bounds
the project area to the north (Figures 3 and 4).
The project area is located in the Sandhills District of Coastal Plain physiographic province.
Topography consists of nearly level to steeply sloping ridges underlain by soils moderately well
drained to somewhat excessively drained and,has loamy or,clay subsoils (Spangler 1994). Rocks
in the Coastal Plain are generally sandstone, clay, and sandy mudstone (Spangler 1994).
Elevations in the project area range from approximately 210 feet.above mean sea level (AMSL) in
the western side of the area along the Overhills Creek Watershed to 324 ft AMSL along NC 24 -87
in the northeast corner of the tract.
Soils in the project area are nearly level with gentle to moderate slopes. The soils are within the
Gilead - Blaney Candor association. The two soils types found in the project area are Hoffman
sandy loam and Norfolk Sandhills Phase. Well Drained Hoffinan sandy loam soils are nearly
level and on rolling hills, of the project area. Norfolk Sandhills phase -is well - drained medium
sand, occupying winding ridges, rounded.hills, and slopes.
The climate of Harnett County has long, hot summers and, moderately short, cool winters. The
average daily temperatures range from 43° Fahrenheit (F) in winter to 77° F in summer.
Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year and sustained droughts are uncommon.
Rainfall is adequate for most crops during the peak - growing season of April through November
(Spangler 1994).

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial Development SWE Project No. 1054-13-340
Harnett County, North Carolina
Figure 3. Eastern edge of the project area and the adjoining NC 24 -87 Right -of -Way.
Figure 4. Hay field and dirt road in the eastern portion of the project area, facing east.

Archaeological Survey for
Spout Springs Commercial Development
Harnett County, North Carolina
July 14, 2014
SWE Project No. 1054-13-340
Figure 5. Borrow pit in the center of the project area, facing west.

Archaeological Survey for,
Spout Springs Commercial Development
Harnett County, North Carolina
3.0 CULTURAL CONTEXT
July 14, 2014
SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
Scholars have created the capacity to differentiate the material remains of the diverse cultural
groups by more than a century of systematic study. Based on more than a century of research,
archaeologists are able to distinguish the material remains of'various groups that lived in North
Carolina over the last 13,500 years. Although not all scholars agree on the descriptive or
taxonomic nomenclature of particular types, there does seem to be a consensus among most
scholars in the relative chronological position of the major attributes used to define the local
types.
3.1 Prehistoric Overview
The limited information we have for the Paleoindian Period suggests the earliest Native
Americans had a mixed subsistence strategy based on the hunting (or scavenging) of the
megafauna and smaller game combined with the foraging of wild plant foods. Groups are
thought to have consisted of small, transient bands made up of several nuclear and/or extended
families. In North Carolina, the Clovis sub -period is generally thought to date from 11,500 to
11,000 B.P. (Sassaman et al. 1990).
Major environmental changes at the terminal end of the Pleistocene led to changes in human
settlement patterns, subsistence strategies, and technology. As the climate warmed and the
megafauna became extinct, population size increased and there was a simultaneous decrease in
territory size and settlement range. Much the Southeast during the early part of this period
consisted of a mixed oak- hickory forest. Later, during the Hypsithermal interval between 8000
and 4000 B.P., southern pine communities became more prevalent in the interriverine uplands,
and extensive riverine,swamps were formed (Anderson et al. 1996; Delcourt and Delcourt 1985).
The Archaic period' typically has been divided into three subperiods: Early Archaic (10,000-
8000 B.P.), Middle Archaic (8000 -5000 B.P.), and Late Archaic (5000 -3000 B.P.). Each of these
subperiods appears to have been lengthy, and the inhabitants of each were successful in adapting
contemporary technology to prevailing climatic and environmental conditions of the time.
Settlement patterns are presumed to reflect a fairly high degree of mobility, making use of
seasonally available resources in the changing environment across different areas of the
Southeast. The people relied on large animals and wild plant resources for food. Group size
gradually increased during this period, culminating in a fairly complex and populous society in
the Late Archaic.
Like the preceding Archaic Period, the Woodland is ,traditionall"y divided into three subperiods-
Early Woodland (3,000 -2300 B.P.), Middle Woodland (2300 -1500 B.P.), and Late Woodland
(1500 -350 B.P.) based on technological and social advances as well as population increase.
Among the changes that occur during this period are a widespread` adoption of ceramic
technology, an increased reliance on native plant horticulture, and a_ more sedentary lifestyle.
There is also ,an increase in sociopolitical and religious interactions as evidenced by an increased
use of burial mounds, increased, ceremonialism, and expanded trade networks (Anderson and
7

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial'Development SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett Countv. North Carolina
Mainfort 2002). In addition, ceramics became more refined and regionally differentiated,
especially with regard to temper.
The Mississippian Period saw dramatic changes across most the Southeastern United States.
Mississippian societies were complex sociopolitical entities that were based at mound centers,
usually located in the floodplains along major river systems. The flat - topped platform mounds
served as both the literal and symbolic manifestation of a complex sociopolitical and religious
system that linked chiefdoms across a broad network stretching from the Southeastern Atlantic
Coast to Oklahoma (Spiro Mounds) in the west to as far north as Wisconsin (Aztalan). Mound
centers were surrounded by outlying villages, hamlets, and farmsteads that provided tribute and
services to the chief. While Mississippian subsistence was focused to a large extent on intensive
maize agriculture, the hunting and gathering of aquatic and terrestrial resources supplemented
Mississippian diets, (Anderson 1994).
3.2, Historic Background
The first European contact to the Native, Americans near Harnett County was along the Cape
Fear coastline by Giovanni de Va_rrazzano in 1524. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, two years later,
lost his "ship on the shoals of the Cape Fear River. De Soto in 1540 may have come 150 km from
the project area to the town of Ilapi to trade for corn (Hudson et al. 1984). In the seventeenth
century, wars began to break out as English settlements spread south from Virginia, starting with
the Chowanoke War of 1675 -1677. ,Early in the eighteenth century, The Tuscarora War of 1711-
1715, the Yamasee, and Cheraw of 1715 -1718 arose along the central and southern coast. These
battles and disease caused the Native Americans relocate north and west or assimilate into the
European population (Ross 1965).
Early in the 1740's the Scottish Highlanders were the largest, group of the first settlers in the
Sandhills District. Among the Scottish Highlanders were Scottish Lowlanders, English, Scotch -
Irish, German, and Welsh settlers, these settlers were fleeing economic downfall in Scotland and
the surrounding areas of Europe. The settlers became indentured servants and farmers. Due to
lack of money, tools, and other assets; the Highlander farmers in the Sandhills turned to their
customary farming technique, "tree ringing ". This technique stripped the bark from around the
bottom of the tree, letting the tree die. Without the leaves, the ground has enough light to grow
crops. Tree ringing led to many economic problems associated with diminishing agricultural
returns caused by the lack of rejuvenation of the fields. (Meyer 1957).
Colonial period settlers were primarily subsistence farmers, although they were able to exploit
available natural resources for profit. Hides and furs could be sold for export, and the pine forests
could be used to produce a variety ,of naval stores such, as pine tar-, pitch, rosin, turpentine,
shipbuilding timbers and masts. Exploitation of',forest products also ,supported a timber industry
that exported a large amount of products to England (Lefler and Powell 1973). These byproducts
lead to the naval stores becoming the leading industry in North Carolina from the eighteenth into
the nineteenth century. With this boom of naval industry, the small market community of Cross
Creek (now Fayetteville) developed to the first trade center of the Sandhills. In .the 1750's, the
town bustled with blacksmiths, mills, stores, tanneries, ,taverns, farming suppliers, and even grain
buyers from the port of Wilmington.

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Cornmercial Development S &ME Project No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett County, North Carolina
After the American Revolution, Fayetteville continued as the major commercial port of the
inland. In the nineteenth century, agriculture was spread throughout the upland along the
established roads. The cash crops yielded tobacco, cotton, corn, tar, turpentine, and lumber
(Benson and Braley 1995:24; Hargrove 1990:12). Slaves in Harnett County made of a third of
the population at that time, with "'40 families owning over half the slaves" (Hargrove 1'990:12).
The first shots of the American Civil War were fired from Fort Johnson onto Fort ,Sumter. The
destructiveness of the war and subsequent emancipation effectively ended the plantation system.
As large plantations were broken into smaller farms, slavery was - replaced by tenancy and
sharecropping.
The U.S. Army founded Fort Bragg in 11918, and designated ,it as a permanent Army post. in
1920. At its peak in World War II, Fort Bragg had 1,04,000 soldiers. Fort Bragg continues to be
the major source of jobs and economic activity'in�the vicinity of the project area. The installation
currently covers about 161,000 acres, in portions of six counties and serves as home to 55;000
military service members and about 12,000 civilian personnel.
3.3 Previously Recorded Sites in the Vicinity of the Project Area
In June 2014, the Principal Investigator conducted a background literature review and records
search at the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Office of State Archaeology.
The area examined was a 0.5 -mile radius around the project area (Figure 6). This background
research identified eleven previously recorded archaeological sites were found within a 0.5 -mile
radius of the project area (Table 1).
Two previous cultural resource surveys have examined areas within and immediately adjacent to
the project area. Hargrove (1990) conducted an archaeological survey in advance of road
improvements on NC 87; this survey covered the eastern edge of the project area. In 1998,
Benson and Braley conducted a cultural resource survey of the Overhills Tract: 10,456 Acres in
Harnett and Cumberland 'Counties this survey covered an area 40 meters south or less
immediately adjacent to the project area. These previous studies did not identify significant
archaeological sites, other properties listed in, or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of
Historic Places (NRHP) in or adjacent to the current,project area.

Archaeological Survey for
Spout Springs Commercial Development
Harnett County, North Carolina
July 14, 2014
S &ME Project No.1054 -13 -340
Table 1. Previously Recorded Archaeological Remains In the Vicinity of the Project Area.
Site Number
Description
NRHP STATUS
31 HT148
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
31 HT152
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
31 HT434
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
31HT435
Middle Woodland Domestic Debris
Potentially Eligible
31 HT437
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
31HT438
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
Occ B -51
20th century Bottle Glass
Not Eligible
Occ B -62
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
Occ C -51
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
Occ C -52
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
Occ C -53
Non Diagnostic Lithic Debitage
Not Eligible
Figure 6. Site files map from OSA.
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2
i 4
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v � ,
10

Archaeological Survey for
Spout Springs Commercial Development
Harnett County, North Carolina
4.0 FIELD METHODS AND RESULTS
July 14, 2014
SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
On June 26-27, 2014, S &ME conducted an archaeological survey of the proposed Spout Springs
Commercial Development in Harnett County. This section presents the project's methods and
results.
4.1 Archaeological Field Methods
The field investigations for the archaeological survey were undertaken in two sub - phases of field
effort: 1) systematic surface examination when ground surface visibility was greater than 50
percent, and 2) excavation of shovel test pits. The shovel test pits were at least 30 cm in diameter
and were excavated to sterile subsoil, or to at least 80 cm below surface, whichever was
encountered first.
The soil from the shovel test pits was screened through '/4 -inch wire mesh to insure uniform
recovery of cultural materials. The location of each shovel test was recorded on a map of the
Project Area. The nature of the soils encountered and their contents, if any, was noted, in
weatherproof field journals.
4.2 Results of the Field Investigation
The field investigations began with a pedestrian reconnaissance and ground surface inspection of
the Project Area. These efforts, focused on the visible ground surfaces in the dirt roads and the
margins of the above - mentioned borrow pit did not identify artifacts, soil stains, or other
apparent indications of the presence of archaeological remains.
The field investigation then proceeded with subsurface investigation of the Project Area. These
efforts consisted of the °excavation of 10 judgmentally - placed shovel test pits. The shovel test pits
were placed in a manner that would allow characterization of the soil conditions across the
project area, and focus on the visibly less disturbed northwestern quarter of the project area
adjacent to the streams. The shovel test pits, ranged in depth from 40 to 80 centimeters below the
surface (cmbs),'The entire proposed project area was heavily eroded and disturbed, with a typical
soil profile in the hayfields consisting of a plowzone (Ap Horizon) of approximately 15 cm (0-
15 cmbs) of gray brown (10.5/2) sandy loam overlying,('] 5+ cmbs) 10 YR 6/4 clay subsoil.
In the wooded area near the streams, soils were wet with dark grey subsoil typical of soils
formed in conditions with periodic inundation.
This study did not identify archaeological remains in the project area.
The McLean Cemetery, with burials ranging from the late nineteenth century through the
present; is located adjacent to the project area to the south. The cemetery appeared to be
regularly maintained and in good condition at the time of the field investigation.
11

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial Development SWE Project No. 1054-13-340
Harnett County, North Carolina
Figure 7. Results of the field investigation.
12

Archaeological Survey for
Spout Springs Commercial Development
Harnett Countv, North Carolina
July 14, 2014
SWE Project No. 1054-13-340
Figure 8. Photograph of a typical shovel test pit.
Figure 9. Photograph of the McLean Cemeterv, facing south.
13

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Spnngs Commercial Development SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett County, North,Carolina
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
On June 26 -27, 2014, S &ME conducted an archaeological survey of the approximately 48 -acre
proposed Spout Springs Commercial Development property in Harnett County, North Carolina,
We conducted this study as a due diligence service for Spout Springs Investments LLC. Because
of nearby streams and `wetlands Spout Springs Investments LLC anticipated oversight from the
United States Army Corps of Engineers. Work for this project was conducted in general
accordance with S &ME Proposal No. 42- 1400593, dated June 10, 2014. Project personnel meet
the Secretary of the Interior's Professional Qualifications Standards set forth in 36 CFR Part 61.
Background research indicated that portions of the project area had been included in the study
area of two previous investigations. The previous- investigations did not identify resources
thought to be significant and eligible for inclusion in the NRHP.
The field investigation indicated that past land use, likely associated with land clearing and
subsequent - farming, has left the soils in the project area heavily erod'ed.'The field investigation
did not identify artifacts, soil stains, structural debris, or other indicators suggesting the presence
of archaeological deposits in the project area. Based on these results, it is ,S &ME's opinion that
no historic properties will be affected by the proposed development and no additional cultural
resource investigations are necessary at this time.
The McLean Cemetery adjoins the proposed commercial development area. The cemetery
contains graves with markers ranging in date from the late nineteenth century to the present.
Although cemeteries are not usually significant or eligible for inclusion in the NRHP two state
statutes, and perhaps others, protect cemeteries in North Carolina and limit the impacts to them.
G.S. 14 -148 and G.S. 14 -1,49 outline the penalties for damaging gravesites. G.S. 65 -74 and G.S.
65 -75 discuss the entrance of private property by descendants and others to visit and maintain
gravesites. We recommend that the proposed development be designed in such a way as to,avoid
impacts to the cemetery and not restricting access to visiting descendants or others that would
wish to visit it.
14

Archaeological Survey for July 14, 2014
Spout Springs Commercial Development SWE Project No 1054 -13 -340
Harnett County, North Carolina
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Harnett Countv. North Carolina
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Harnett County, "North Carolina
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