20221200 Ver 1_Soil Survey Wake County_20220902

I
Issued November 1970
D STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICTJL
Soil Conservation Service
In cooperation with
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICUL L EXPrJI NT STATION

ri.14jor. It;.'1,1:1v:-„,r1-t fur thio st,it mevey Wtd4 ainc; ,1;1V peili:d SOH manes and
riptIu7s 7k tO 'Unless otherwise indicated, strttornents in the
pubiicatioti ref: COIldit:0113 iti the tshaty t .1-h3 tiste the stavvsy WEB in progress.
oury 0,y of ako Colgu:.y v e eaclzeratively by the SOI Csnscrvation Sick
and the North Caroi3tta Empertatent e h e ii:.1171; of the teehnies1
ass'islance furniAet1 tb the VirtOto ;-;t,t11 had Virater Coneetwation District by the Soil
Conservsti
Either enlAq4eti or reduce6. copiei u the prinf:eci seil ho;to thih Th3bIleation can be;
by comihercial pitotegt%lphors, c:In be purchased; individual order, from the Carto-
graphic Division, So C,ollsoIvoCe.ora Service, USDA, Washingtou„ D.C. 20259.
HOW TO USE THIS SOIL SURVEY
IllS SOIL SURVEY of Wake Coun-
ty, N.C.: contains information that ca:i
be applied in managing farms and wood-
lands; in selecting sites for roads, ponds,
and buildings or other structures; and in.
estimating suitability of tracts of land for
agriculture, industry, :recreation, and other
ues.
Loc g Soils
All the soils of Wake County are shown
on the detailed map at the back of this
survey. This map consists of many sheets
made from aerial photographs. Each sheet
is numbered to conesponif with numbers
shown on the Index to Map Sheets.
On each shoot of the detailed map, soil
areas ar© outlined and are identified by
symbol, All areas marked with the &MO
symbol are the same kind of The soil
symbol is inside the area if there is enough
room; otherwise, it is outside and a pointe,r
shows where the symbol belongs.
Finding and tking Inforvaztion
The "Guide to Mapping Units" can be
used to find information in ibis survey.
This guide lists all,of the soils of tic cairnt y
in alphabetical order by map ;4pubol. It
shows the page where each kind of soil
is described and also the page for the
bi[ity unit, woodland group, aT, d wi1ifc
group in which the ",,'-)P has beer:
Individual colored maps showing th',?
relative sattabiliv or de.ww of limitat'on
of soils for many spoci lie purposes con be
developed, by using the soil map and the
information in the text. Translucent ma-
terial can be used as an overlay over the
soil map and colored to show soils that
have the same :limitations or suitability.
For example, soils that have a slight limi-
tation for a given use can be colored green,
those with a moderate limitation can be
colored yellow, and those with a severe
limitation can be colored red.
Formers and those who warlo with f arin,
CP8 can learn about use and management of
the soils from th soil descriptions and
from the discussion of the capability units.
a.,esters and others can refer to the sec-
tion "Use of the Soils as Woodland," where
the soils of comity are grouped accord.
ing to their suitability for trees.
Gone managers, sportsmen, and others
concerned withwildlife will find informa-
tion about soils and wildlife in the section
"'Use of the, Soils for Wildlife."
Engineers and builders will find, under
"Engineering Uses of the Soils," tables
that give descriptions of the enghieering
properties of the .9oils in. the county an
that :mune. soli features that atlfect env,-
neertng praaLices and struchires.
8(ionti80 and other8 can read about; how
the sails formed and how they are classi-
fied inthe section "Formation and Clas-
sificatiou of Soils."
Newconwes to IT ale County may be
especially :interested in. ,the section "Gen-
eral Soil Map," where, broad patterns of
soils are described. They may also be in-
terested in the .s.ection "Additional Facts
About. the County,"
k%:•;. 6-:::1V,:,atlISE:le PNEZTEEti,:: OFTSC 010
For 1,1110 Liv, Aqrria01.,d311.1:5 Davamen0, Govvnuinorst Prlatia4 0131c-e:
Wn,;4:Anztor„ D.C.L

How this survey was made__
_ _
General soil map___._-____. -___.-____._...__._._....__-_.___
1. Creedmoor-White Store association_.__
2. Mayodan-Granville-Creedmoor association..
3. Herndon--Georgevil.le association____.._
4. Appling-Durham association-
5. Cecil-Appling association_____--_____.____
6. Cecil association__._.__.____.___.
7e Cecil -Madison a.ssociation
8. Appling association_.
9. 'Wagram-Norfolk association__._
1.0. Appling-Louisburg-1Ved.owee association_ _ _
Descriptions of the soils. _ ._._..__._...
Altavista series__
Appling series._
Augusta series-----_--____....,
Bibb series_._.
Borrow area____.._._._.
Buncombe series_._ _
Cecil series__.________
Chewacla series_
Colfax series..._
Congaree series
.--.__.-_.--
Creedmoor series___.....__ _
Durham series._.-...._....___--
Enon series_-----------------_-_- _ _--
Faceville series.. _ ._ _ _-
Georgeville series_..
Goldsboro series
Granville series_ _ _
Gullied land
Helena series_--------_ _-----_----------__ _---
Herndon series___.__....._
Lloyd series_..._...
Louisburg series_-_- -.._
Lynchbu.rgseriew___.._.._._ ___-_--_--
Maade land_ _.__--
Madison series _
Mantachie.
Mayodaan series_._....__.__
Norfolk series______._
Orangeburg series.-_._.-
Pinkston series_.__
Plummer series_ ______
Contents
Page Page
1. Descriptions of the soils —Continued
2 Rains series 51
2 Roanoke series
3 Swamp_..- .__.
3 Troup series_ ------_--------- 53
4 Vance, series-----------------._- ._ _ _ - 53
4 Wagram series ._ .. 55
4 Wahee series_____.------ -___--- 56
5 Wa
ke 57
5 Wedowee series_.__- 57
6 Wehadkee series__.__. 59
6 White Store series._ _ .. ... 60
6 Wilkes series_.____...__...____... 63
S Worsham series__ _...._...-.__..._..._..--.----_----___-. 64
9 Use and management of the soils_ ._ _ _ _. _ _ _ _ 65
13 Use of the soils for crops and pasture_ _. _. _ _. 65
14 Capability groups of soils_. _ _ __ _. _ _ 65
14: Estimated yields _..____.__.... 73
14 Use of the soils as woodland_._._ 76
15 Woodland suitability groups_ 77
18 Use of the soils for wildlife._.__. _ 84
19 Wildlife suitability groups_ 85
19 Engineering uses of the soils._..___._ 87
20 Engineering classification of soils_____ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ 87
23 Soil test data----.___...--._._.__.__ 94
24 Engineering properties of the soils_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ 95
26 Engineering interpretations_ _ ..._ _. _. _ _ 108
27 Formation and classification of soils_ 109
29 Formation of soils_ _ _ - _ 11,0
30 Parent material... 110
32 Climate 110
32 Plant and animal life 111
34 Relief_ ___.______.___ 111
36 Time_-- 111
37 Classification of soils_______.. _ _ _ .- _. 111
39 Additional facts about the county. _ _ .........._ ._ _ _ ._ _. _ 112
40 Physiography, relief, and drainage- -._ _ _ _ _ - 113
40 Water supply_._.. _ ._._-._ _.__---.------_-- 113
41. Climate._ 113
42 History and development_ ... - _ ._ _. 116
46 Commerce and industry-.--------- 116
48 Literature cited_ _ _. _ _. 11.7
50 Glossary 117
50 Guide to mapping units__ _ -___ Following 11.8
a
Issued November 1970
5.2
52

SOIL SURVEY OF VAh.E COUNTY, NORTH CA OLINA
BY JOEL W. CAWTHORN, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
SOILS SURVEYED BY JOEL W. CAWTHORN, VAN S. JENKINS, RONALD B. STEPHENS, WILLIAM I. SHOPE, R. CLYDE
PLEASANTS, DANIEL G. SPANGLER, GORDON H. ROBERSON, CARL F. EBY, OWEN R. DEMO, JAMES R. WOODRUFF, AND
JOHN H. LANE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, AND BY JOHN P. BRYANT, ROBERT M. CRAIG, CHARLES D. SOPHER,
AND DON W. GOSS, NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, IN COOPERATION WITH THE
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AKE COUNTY, in the east -central part of North
Carolina (fig. 1), has a land area of 864 square
miles. Raleigh is the county seat and is the, capital
of the State. The county had a population of 169,082 in
1965. The population of Raleigh was 93,931 in that year.
The county is mostly in the Piedmont physiographic
province, but a small area in the southern part is in the
Coastal Plain province, The parts of the county that lie
north and west of Raleigh are rolling to hilly and con-
tain major drainageways that are bordered by steep
slopes. The areas east and south of Raleigh are gently
sloping to rolling and contain drainageways that are
bordered by moderately steep slopes.
Farming is a leading, enterprise, in the county. The
comparatively short, mild winters and the long, hot sum-
mers permit a wide range in types of farming and in
choice of crops. Tobacco is the chief cash crop, and
contributes a major part of the farm income. The rest of
the farm income is derived mostly from sales of cotton,
soybeans, corn, small grains, and vegetables, and from
poultry and eggs, dairy products, hogs, and beef cattle.
Well -diversified industries, government, educational in-
stitutions, and wholesale and retail outlets also contribute
substantially to the economy of the county.
In 1964 approximately 100,178 acres was in field crops
and 31,162. acres was in pasture.' The rest of the acreage
was largely in trees, though some areas were in cities or
commtunty developments and about 5,100 acres was in
State parks. The parks are used for camping, picnick-
ing, boating, swimming, hiking, fishing, and nature study.
The soils of Wake county are mostly strongly acid and
strongly leached; only the Enon soils have alase satura-
tion of more than 35 percent. The soils are generally low
in natural fertility and in content of organic matter.
Except in areas where, suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer have been made, the content of calcium, phos-
phorus, and potassium is low. About 63 percent of the
acreage consists of well drained soils; about 13 percent,
of moderately well drained soils; about 6 . percent, of
somewhat poorly drained soils; 8 percent, of poorly
drained or very poorly drained soils; and 10 percent, of
somewhat excessively drained,droughty soils.
Statistics from records of the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
How This Survey Was Made
Soil scientists made this survey to learn what kinds
of soils are in Wake County, where they are located,
and how they can be used. They went into the county
knowing they likely would find many soils they had
already seen, and perhaps sonic they had not. As they
traveled over the county, they observed steepness, length,
and shape of slopes; size of streams; kinds of native
plants or crops; kinds of rock; and many facts about the
soils. They dug or bored many holes to expose soil pro-
files. A profile is the sequence of natural layers, or hor-
izons, in a soil; it extends from the surface down into the
parent material that has not been changed much by
leaching or by roots of plants.
The soil scientists made comparisons among the pro-
files they studied, and, they compared these profiles with
those in counties nearby and in places more distant. They
classified and named the soils according to nationwide,
uniform procedures. To use this survey efficiently, it is
necessary to know the kinds of groupings most used in
a local soil classification,
Soils that have profiles almost alike make up a soil
series. Except for different texture in the surface layer,
all the soils in one series have major horizons that are
similar in thickness, arrangement, and other important
characteristics. Each soil series is named for a town or
other geographic feature near the place where a soil of
that series was first observed and mapped. Appling and
Norfolk, for example, are the names of two soil series.
Figure L—Location of Wake - County in North Carolina.
1

2 SOIL SURVEY
All the soils in the United. States having the same series
name are essentially alike in those characteristics that
affect their behavior in the natural landscape. Soils of
one series can differ somewhat in texture of the surface
soil and in slope or some other characteristic that affects
use of the soils by man.
Many soil series contain soils that differ in texture of
their surface layer. According to such differences in tex-
ture, separations called soil types are made. Within a
series, all the soils having a surface layer of the salve tex-
ture belong to one soil type. Cecil sandy loam and Cecil
clay loam are two soil types in the Cecil series. The dif-
ference in texture of their surface layers is apparent
from their names.
Some soil types vary so much in slope, degree of ero-
sion, or some other feature affecting their use, that practi-
cal suggestions about their management could not be
made if they were shown on the soil map as one unit.
Such soil types are divided into phases. The name of a
soil phase indicates a feature that affects management.
For example, Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, is
one of several phases of Cecil sandy loam, a soil type
that ranges from gently sloping to steep.
After a guide for classifying and naming the soils
had been worked out, the soil scientists drew the boun-
daries of the individual. soils on aerial photographs.
These photographs show woodlands, buildings, field bor-
ders, trees, and other details that greatly help in drawing
boundaries accurately. The soil map in the back of this
survey was prepared from aerial photographs.
The areas shower on a soil map are called mapping
units. On most maps detailed enough to be useful in
planning management of farms and fields, a mapping
unit is nearly equivalent to a soil type or a phase of a
soil type. It is not exactly equivalent, because it is not
practical to show on such a map all the small, scattered
bits of soil of some other kind that have been seen within
an area that is dominantly of a recognized soil type or
soil phase.
In preparing some detailed maps, the soil scientists
have a problem of delineating areas where different kinds
of soils are so intricately mixed, and so small in size that
it is not practical to show them separately on the map.
Therefore, they show this mixture of soils as one snapping
unit and call it a soil complex. Ordinarily, a soil complex
is named for the major kinds of soil in it, for example,
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent, slopes. Also,
in some places two or more soils are mapped in a single
unit, called an undifferentiated soil group or undifferen-
tiated unit, if the differences between the soils are too
small to justify separation, though these soils occur sepa-
rately. An example of such a unit is Wehadkee and Bibb
soils. Furthermore, on most soil maps areas are shown
where the soil material is so wet-., rocky, shallow, fre-
quently worked by wind and water, or altered by man
that it cannot be classified by soil series. These areas are
shown on the map like other mapping units but are given
descriptive names, such as Guilied land, Made land, or
Swamp, and are called land types.
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of soils are
taken, as needed, for laboratory measurements and for
engineering tests. Laboratory data from the same kinds
of soils in other places are assembled. Data on yields of
crops under defined practices are assembled from farm
records and from field or plot experiments on the same
kinds of soils. Yields under defined management are esti-
mated for all the soils.
But only part of a soil survey is done when the soils
have been named, described, and delineated on the map,
the laboratory data assembled, and yield estimates made.
The mass of detailed information then needs to be organ-
ized in such a way that it is readily useful to different
groups of readers, among them farmers, managers of
woodland, engineers, mid. homeowners. Grouping soils
that are, similar in suitability for each specified use is the
method of organization commonly used in the soil sur-
veys. On the basis of yield and practice tables and other
data, the soil scientists set up trial groups. They test
these groups by further study and by consultation with
farmers, agronomists, engineers, and others, and then
adjust them according to the results of their studies and
consultations. Thus, the groups that are finally evolved
reflect up-to-date knowledge of the soils and their behav-
ior under present methods of use and management.
General Soil Map
The general soil map at the hack of this soil survey
shows, in color, the soil associations in Wake County. A
soil association is a landscape that has a distinctive pro-
portional pattern of soils. It normally consists of one or
more major soils and at least one minor soil, and it is
named for the major soils. The soils in one association
may occur in another, but in a different pattern.
A map showing soil associations is useful to people
who want a general idea of the soils in a county, who
want to compare different parts of a county, or who want
to know the location of large tracts that are suitable for
a certain kind of farming or other land use. Such a map
is not suitable for planning the management of a farm or
field, because the soils in any one association ordinarily
differ in slope, depth, stoniness, drainage, and other char-
acteristics that affect management.
Ten associations are in Wake County. These are dis-
cussed in the following pages.
1. Creedmoor-White Store Association
Gently sloping to hilly, deep and -moderately deep, mod-
erately/ well drained soils that have a very firm clayey
subsoil; derived frond sandstone, shale, and mudstone
This association consists of gently sloping soils on
broad ridges and of hilly soils near drainageways in the
uplands. The areas are dissected by many streams that
form a dendritie drainage pattern. The association occu-
pies about 15 percent of the county and is in the western
part.
The major soils in the association are the Creedmoor
and 'White Store, which formed in material that weath-
ered from sandstone, shale, and mudstone of Triassic
age. The Creedmoor soils, which are moderately well.
drained and deep, make up about 50 percent of the asso-
ciation. They have a sandy loam or silt loam surface

WA -KC COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
layer, a friable silty clay loam to sandy clay loam upper
subsoil, and a very firm, very plastic clay lower subsoil.
Moderately well drained, moderately deep White Store
soils make up about 30 percent of the association. They
have a sandy loam, silt loam, or clay loam surface layer
over a subsoil of very firm and very plastic clay.
Minor soils are the Mayodan, Granville, Pinkston,
Chewacla, Wehadkee, Altavista, Wahee, and Augusta.
Except in the steep areas, most of the soils have been
cultivated. Now, about 70 percent of the association is in
forest and the rest is still cultivated or in pasture. The
farms are generally less than 100 acres in size, and most
are operated by the owner on a full-time basis. The grow-
ing of tobacco and, to a lesser extent, the raising of live-
stock are the main farm enterprises. Some commercial
companies own woodlots within the association, and
these forestry farms are much larger than the farms
where field crops are grown.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, and small grains. In many places they have a
high content of exchangeable aluminum, however, and if
they are not properly limed, some crops grown on them
show signs of aluminum toxicity. In areas that are not
severely eroded, the soils are fairly easily tilled and
crops grown on them respond favorably to good manage-
ment. The soils are subject to erosion. The Creedmoor,
Mayodan, and Granville soils are the ones most used for
tobacco.
The major soils of this association have severe limita-
tions if used as absorption fields for septic tanks Also,
their very firm or very plastic subsoil makes them poorly
suited to road construction or as support for foundation
footings of large buildings
Wells in this association generally yield about 3 to 5
gallons of water per minute, which is not enough for
industrial use. The amount of surface water available
varies considerably, according to the season.
2. Mayodan-Granville-Creedmoor Association
Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep or moderately
deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils that
haVe a subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to very firm
clay; derived from sandstone, shale, and mudstone
This association is dissected by many streams that
form a dendritic drainage pattern. It is on uplands and
consists of gently sloping soils on broad ridges, and of
moderately steep soils near the major drainageways. The
association is in the western part of the county, near the
towns of Apex and Friendship and west of Holly
Springs. It occupies about 4 percent of the county.
The major soils are the Mayodan, Granville, and
Creedmoor. These soils have formed in material that
weathered from sandstone, shale, and in u d st o n e of Tri-
assic age.
Well -drained, moderately deep or deep Mayodan soils
make up about 55 percent of the association. They have a
surface layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam to
silt loam over a subsoil of firm silty clay loam to clay.
Well -drained, deep Granville soils make up about 15
percent of the association. They have a surface layer of
sandy loam and a subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to
clay loam.
3
Moderately well drained, deep Creedmoor soils make
up another 15 percent. They have a surface layer of sandy
loam to silt loam, an upper subsoil of friable silty clay
loam to sandy clay loam, and a lower subsoil of clay that
is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
areas of White Store, Altavista, Augusta, Wahee, Chewa-
cla, and Wehadkee soils.
ost of the soils that are less than moderately steep
have been cultivated. Now, about half of this association
is in cultivated crops or pasture and the rest is in forest.
The farms are generally less than 100 acres in size, and
most are operated by the owner on a full-time basis.
Growing tobacco, raisingcattle, and growing trees are
the chief farming enterprises.
The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, alfalfa,
lespedeza, and small grains. They contain a large amount
of exchangeable aluminum, however, and some crops
grown on them show signs of aluminum toxicity, unless
the soils have been properly limed. The soils are easily
tilled, and the crops respond well to good management.
Erosion is a hazard.
In some places in this association, the soils have se-
vere limitations if used as absorption fields for septic
tanks. Also, the soils that have a very firm or very plas-
tic subsoil are of limited use for road construction or as
support for foundation footings of large buildings.
Wells in this association generally yield about 3 to 5
gallons of water per minute, which is not enough for
industrial use. The amount of surface water varies a
great deal, according to the season.
3. Herndon-Georgeville Association
Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep, well -drained
soils that have a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to clay;
derived from phyllite (Carolina slates)
This association is in the uplands. It is made up of
gently sloping soils on ridges, of gently sloping to
strongly sloping soils on side slopes near small drain-
ageways, and of moderately steep soils on side slopes
near large drainageways and streams. The association is
dissected by many streams that form a dendritic pattern.
In the western part of the county, it consists of a long,
narrow area, extending from the town of Holly Springs
to Cary. In the eastern part, it occupies a small area east
of the town of Zebulon and extends to the Johnston and
Nash County lines. This association occupies about 2
percent of the county.
Well -drained, deep Herndon soils occupy about 45 per-
cent of the association. They have a surface layer of silt
loam and a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to silty clay.
Well -drained, deep Georgeville soils make up about
40 percent of the association. They also have a surface
layer of silt loam, but their subsoil is firm silty clay loam
to clay.
The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
areas of Appling, Cecil, Wilkes, Enon, Chewacla, We-
hadkee, and Bibb soils.
Except for the moderately steep areas, all of the soils
of this association have been cultivated within the past
100 years. Now, about 80 percent of the association is in
forest, and the rest is used for cultivated crops or pasture.

4 SOIL SURVEY
The farms are generally about .200 acres in size and are
operated by the owner. Growing tobacco and raising cat-
tle are the chief farming enterprises.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, alfalfa, lespedeza,taut_ small grains. They are
fairly easy to till,. an.d crops grown on them respond well
to applications of lime, and fertilizer. Erosion is a
hazard.
The Herndon and Georges ille, soils have moderate
limitations if used for absorption fields for septic tanks.
They have no special limitations if used for road con-
struction or as support for foundation footings of large
buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use con be located within
this association. Yields of 1.0 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is generally con-
stant, except (hiring periods of extreme drought.
4. Appling-Durham Association
Gently sloping to sloping, deep, quell -drained soils that
have a subsoil of friable sandy clay/ loan, to fii n. (lay;
derived 917.ost7y from granite, gneiss, and schist
This association consists of gently sloping and slop-
ing soils on ridges and side slopes in the uplands. It
occupies two long, narrow areas in the eastern part of
the, county. The areas are dissected by many small streams
that form a dendritic drainage pattern. The, association
occupies about 2 percent of the county.
A major part of the association consists of Appling;
and Durham soils, which formed in material that weath-
ered from granite and gneiss. Appling soils make up
about i,t) percent of the association. They are deep and
well drained and have a surface layer of sandy loam,
gravelly sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Their subsoil is
firm clay Ioa.m to clay.
Deep, well -drained Durham soils make up about. 40
percent. They have a surface layer of loamy sand and a
subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to clay.
The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
areas of Vance, Colfax, Worsham, Mantachie, Congaree,
Chen acla., Wehadkee, and Bibb soils.
Most, of the areas, except those that are wet, have been
cultivated within the past 100 years. Now, about S5 per-
cent of this association is cultivated and the rest is in
forest. The farms are generally more than 100 acres in
size and are operated by the owner. Tobacco, cotton, corn,
soybeans, and small grains are the chief sources of farm
income.
The soils are suited to corn, cotton, soybeans, lespe-
deza, small grains, and pasture, and they are especially
well suited to tobacco. They are easily tilled, and crops
grown on them respond well if suitable applications of
Iime and fertilizer are made,
The Appling and Durham soils have moderate limi-
tations if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. They
have, no special limitations if used for road construction
or as the support of foundation footings for large build-
ings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
this association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity' of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
5, Cecil-Appling Association
Gently sloping to steep, deep, uT77-drained soils that have
a subsoil of firm clays loam, to clay ; derived mostly from.
granite, gneiss, and schist
This association occupies several large areas on the
uplands of the county. It consists of gently sloping soils
on ridges and of sloping to steep soils near drainageways
and streams. The areas are dissected by many strea,iris
that form a dendritic, drainage pattern. The association
occupies about 10 percent of the county.
Deep. well -chained Cecil and Appling soils make up a
major part of the association. They have formed in.
material that, weathered from gneiss and schist. Some
areas of Cecil soils are moderately steep or steep, but the
Appling soils are less sloping.
The Cecil soils make up about 35 percent of the asso-
ciation. They have, a surface layer of sands loam, gra-
velly sandy loam, or clay loam and a subsoil of red, firm
clay.
Appling soils make up about. 30 percent of the associa-
tion. They have, a surface layer of sandy loam, gravelly
sandy loam, or fine sandy loam and a subsoil of firm clay
loam to clay.
Minor soils make -up the rest: of the association. They
are the Wedowee, Louisburg, Colfax, Worsham, Chewa-
cla, Congaree, Wehadkee, Bibb, and Altavista.
Most of the farina in this association are at least 200
acres in size. The soils in the northern part of the asso
elation are mainly idle or in forest. In those areas the
chief farming enterprises are the raising of beef cattle
and providing pasture for the. cattle. Alost of the acreage
in the southern part is in pasture or in cultivated crops,
mainly tobacco, corn, and soybeans.
The soils of this association are well suited to tobacco,
corn, cotton, soybeans, lespedez a, small grains, and pas-
ture. They are easily tilled, and crops grown on them
respond well if suitable applications of lime and ferti-
lizer are made. Erosion is a hazard.
The Cecil tunE Appling soils have moderate: limitations
if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. 'They have no
special limitations if used for road construction or as
support for foundation footings of large buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
this association. Yields of 1.0 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are, common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme, drought.
6. Cecil Association
Gently/ sloping to steep, deep, well -drained soils that
have a subsoil of fiend red clay; der°i al mostly from
gneiss and schist
This association consists of gently sloping soils on
ridges and of sloping to steep soils on the sides of ridges.
It is in the uplands, mainly in the central and north -
central parts of the county. The areas are dissected by

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
many streams that form a dendritic drainage pattern.
This association occupies about 18 percent of the county.
Deep, well -drained Cecil soils, which formed in
material that weathered from gneiss and schist, occupy
about 65 percent of the association. They have a surface
layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam to clay loam
and a subsoil of firm, red clay.
Soils that make up the rest of the association are
mainly the Appling, Madison, Wedowee, Enon, Wilkes,
Chewacla, Congaree, Wehadkee, and Bibb.
Except for the steep areas, the soils in most of this
association have been cultivated within the past 100
years. Now, about 80 percent of the association is in for-
est and the rest is cultivated or in pasture. The farms are
generally about 150 acres in size, and most of them are
operated by the owner. Growing tobacco and raising cat-
tle are the chief farming enterprises.
The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, soybeans,
lespedeza, small grains, and pasture. They are easily
tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown on
them respond well if suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer are made.
The Cecil soils of this association have moderate limi-
tations if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. They
have no special limitations if used for road construction
or as support for foundation footings of large buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
7. Cecil -Madison Association
Gently sloping to steep, deep, well -drained soils that
have a subsoil of red, friable to firm clay loam to clay;
derived mostly from gneiss and schist
This association occupies an area about 2 miles wide
on uplands in the northern part of the county. It consists
of gently sloping soils on narrow ridges and of sloping
to steep soils on the sides of ridges near drainageways
and streams. The area is dissected by many streams that
form a dendritic drainage pattern. The association occu-
pies about 1 percent of the county.
Well -drained Cecil and Madison soils make up a
major part of the association. They have formed in
material that weathered from gneiss and schist.
Cecil soils occupy about 40 percent of the association.
They are deep soils that have a surface layer of sandy
loam, gravelly sandy loam, or clay loam and a subsoil
of red, firm clay.
Madison soils occupy about 37 percent of the associa-
tion. They are deep and have a surface layer of sandy
loam and a subsoil of red to dark -red, friable clay loam
to clay.
Soils that occupy the rest of the association are mainly
those of the Appling, Wilkes, Chewacla, and Congaree
series. Herndon, Enon, and Lloyd soils, however, occur in
the southeastern part of the association, where a large
area contains many outcroppings of soapstone high in
content of talc. Many veins of highly basic minerals
are mixed within the soapstone.
5
About 75 percent of this association is in forest, and
the rest is cultivated or in pasture. The farms are gen-
erally less than 150 acres in size. The chief farming oper-
ation is the raising of beef cattle.
The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, soybeans,
lespedeza, small grains, and pasture. They are suscepti-
ble to erosion but are easily tilled. Crops grown on them
respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.
The Cecil and Madison soils of this association have
moderate limitations if used as absorption fields for sep-
tic tanks. They have no special limitations if used for
road construction or as support for foundation footings
of large buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
8. Appling Association
Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep, well -drained
soils that have a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay; der-
ived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist
This association occupies three large areas of irregular
shape in the eastern, central, and western parts of the
county. It consists of gently sloping soils on ridges and
of sloping to steep soils on the sides of ridges. The areas
are in the uplands and are dissected by many streams
that form a dendritic drainage pattern. This association
occupies about 23 percent of the county.
Well -drained, deep Appling soils make up about 70
percent of the association. They have formed mainly in
material that weathered from granite and gneiss but
partly in material derived from schist. These soils have
a surface layer of sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam, or
fine sandy loam and a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay.
Soils that occupy the rest of the association are mainly
those of the Durham, Wedowee, Vance, Louisburg, Col-
fax, Worsham, Mantachie, Congaree, Chewacla, Wehad-
kee, and Bibb series.
Except for wet areas, the soils in nearly all of this
association have been cultivated in the past 100 years.
Now, about 85 percent of the association is cultivated or
in pasture and the rest is in forest. The farms are gen-
erally 100 to 200 acres in size and are mostly operated by
the owner. The growing of tobacco, cotton, corn, and
soybeans is the chief farming enterprise.
The soils of this association are suited to corn, cotton,
soybeans, lespedeza, small grains, and pasture, and they
are especially well suited to tobacco. They are easily
tilled, but they are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown
on them respond well if suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer are made.
The Appling soils of this association have moderate
limitations to use as absorption fields for septic tanks.
They have no special limitations if used for road con-
struction or as support for foundation footings of large
buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of

6 SOLI, SUnVFY
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
9. Wagram-Norfolk Association
Nearly level, to sloping, very deep, somewhat excessively
drained and well drained soils that have a subsoil of fri-
able sandy loam to sandy clay loam; formed in Coastal
Plain sediments
This association is on uplands in the southern part of
the county. It, consists of nearly level or gently sloping
soils on ridges, and of sloping soils on the sides of ridges.
The area is dissected by many streams that form a den-
dritic drainage pattern. This association occupies about.
0 percent of the county.
Wagram and Norfolk soils, which make up a major
part of the association, have formed in Coastal Plain
sediments. These soils are, very deep.
Wagram soils, which are somewhat excessively drained,
make up about B0 percent of the association. They have
a surface layer of loamy sand about 20 to 40 inches
thick. Their subsoil is friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam.
Well -drained Norfolk soils make up about 25 percent
of the association. They have a surface layer of loamy
sand and a subsoil of friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam.
The rest of the association consists mainly of soils of
the Faceville, Orangeburg, Troup, Goldsboro, Lynch-
burg, Rains, Plummer, Appling, and Herndon series.
About 85 percent of this association is cultivated,
and the rest is in forest. The farms are generally more
than 200 acres in size and are operated by the owner. The
growing of tobacco, cotton, corn, and soybeans is the
chief farming enterprise.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, soybeans, small grains, and pasture. They are
easily tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown
on them respond wen if suitable applications of lime
and fertilizer are made.
The Wagram and Norfolk soils of this association have,
only slight limitations to use as absorption fields for sep-
tic tanks, They have no special limitations if used for
road construction or as support for foundation footings
of Iarge buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of Water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
19. Appling-Louisburg-Wedowee Association
Gently sloping to steep, deep and moderately deep, well
drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that have
a subsoil of vcm friable coarse sandy loam, to firm cleat;
derived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist
This association consists of gently sloping soils on
broad ridges in. the uplands, and of sloping to steep soils
on the sides of ridges near drainage -ways and streams.
The area is dissected by many streams that form a den-
dritic drainage pattern. It is in the eastern part of the
county and extends from the Franklin County line to
a point near the Johnston County line. The association
occupies about 10 percent of the county.
The major soils of this association have. formed in.
material that weathered from granite and gneiss. Deep,
well -drained Appling soils make up about 20 percent of
the, association. They have a surface layer of sandy loam.,
fine sandy loam, or gravelly sandy loam and a subsoil of
clay loam to clay.
Moderately deep, somewhat, excessively drained Lou.-
isburg soils make up about 20 percent. They have, a sur-
face layer of loamy sand that, is underlain by very fria-
ble sandy loam.
Deep, well -drained 'Wedowee soils make up about
percent of the association. They have a surface layer of
sandy loam and a, subsoil of firm sandy clay loam to clay
loam.
The rest of the association consists mainly of Wake,
Durham, Vance, Colfax, Worsham, Che.wacla, Wehad.--
kee, and Bibb soils.
About half of this association is cultivated, and. the
rest is in forest. The farms are generally about 200 acres
or less in size. The chief crops are, tobacco, cotton, soy-
beans, and corn.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, soybeans, lespedeza, small grains, and pasture, but
they are droughty in many places. The soils are easily
tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown on them
respond well if suitable applications of lime and ferti-
lizer are made.
The major soils of this association have moderate to
severe limitations to use as absorption fields for septic
tanks. They have no special limitations if they are used.
to support foundation footings for large, buildings. Bed-
rock near the surface is the main limitation to use for
road construction.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located, within
tins association. Fields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
Descriptions of the Soils
This section describes tire soil series and mapping
units of Wake County. The approximate acreage and pro-
portionate, extent, of each mapping unit are, given in. table
1. Their location in the county is shown on the soil map
at the back of this soil survey.
The procedure is first to describe the soil series, and
then the mapping units in that series. Thus, to get full
information on any mapping unit, it. is necessary to read.
the description of� that unit and also the description of
the soil series to which it belongs. As mentioned in the
section ".How This Survey. Was Made," not all mapping
units are members of a soil series. Gullies[ land and Made
land, for example, are miscellaneous land types that do
not belong to a soil series. They are listed, nevertheless,
in alphabetic order along with the soil series. The colors
shown are those of a moist soil.
In comparing a mapping unit, with_ asoil series, many
will prefer to read the short description of the profile in

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
TABLE 1. Approximate acreage and proportionate extent of th
7
Soil
Acres Per. --
cent
Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes___; 4, 093
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes._ 3, 21.0
Al.spling gravelly sandy loans, `2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded_-._. _ 7, 130
Appling gravelly sandy loam 6 to 10 percent
slope, _ _ 4, 617
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded__,___ __._ ..,..... - 8, 136
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _ ... 16, 682
Appling sandy loans, 2 to 0 percent slopes, eroded_ 40, 724
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent, slopes_ ,. 8, 470
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 1.0 percent. slopes,
eroded_.___._ __ ._____---- 126, 136
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes 10, 520
Appling fine sandy- loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ 1, 261
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded_-__ _ __-- _ _ 2, 384
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 1.0 percent slopes.__ 1, 216
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded- -.. _; 1, 594
Augusta fine sandy loam_ _._._ _ 3, 876
Buncombe soils __.--___----_--..____-.___..__._ 587
ecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopec_.____.__.._i 1, 366
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded___19, 363
:lecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ __i 2, 043
Deed sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded__' 18, 173
Jecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes___._._.___ 15, 291
:%evil sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes___._ 11, 214
ecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes___ 1, 446
Decil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded _ 12, 637
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes__ 3, 006
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded ..I 16, 243
Peed clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
eroded
Cecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
eroded_____--. ..
Pecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely
eroded -- ---
Chewoela soils .
tiolfax sandy loam_..._
Congaree fine sandy loam-__. __...____.. _.. __
Congaree siltloam--.--------- ---_--_--
P'reedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes____
Preedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded_,-.__.__._,._..__.__.___._..,.___.......__.___....._. -..__ 11, 068
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ .. 3, 097
`'reedm sor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded ._ _ _ 14, 216
!reedmoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes f3, 081
Jreedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent; slopes_ ____ _ _, _j 1, 234
Cr•eedmoor silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___ 1, 275
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes ____.- _ _'i 12, 699
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded. 851
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ 2, 095
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
. --------- - - ------ - _ W 716
Enon tune sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__ _
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, I
eroded 987
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10percent elopes_._._._.. -I 472 !
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded._.....__. __.__ __ ....__ 1, 221
Enon fine sandy loam, 10 to 1.5 percent slopes,
eroded_ _.__._. _... ____._.-- _-- __-- _-- 422
I
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes _ _ _. _ _ _ 793 I
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_ 935
Faceville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded__------___.-- 186 'y
[leorgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__-- -._I 439
leorgeville silt loam. 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_I 1, 720
See footnote at end of table.
335-403- 70— -2
.8
1.5
3. 0
7,4
1.6
4. 7
1. 9
2
.4 :
.2
.3
7
.1
.2
3. 5
.4
3. 3
2. 8
2. 0
.3
2. 3
3.0
1, 902 ' . 3
2, 485 .1
1, 286
15, 950
7, 797
2, 057
2, 294
2, 026 , 4
260
2
2. 9
1.4
4
2. 0
Soil
Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes._ _
Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded__ _ -_..___.
•
Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded_._.__ _
Goldsboro sandy loam
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_.,____,
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
Granville sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ _ _._.__
Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
is eroded___.._
Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes__
Gullied land_ _..___-_ _-----,...___-__..
Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_
Helena, sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.. _
Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ _
Helen, sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_i
Helena sandy loam, 10 to 1.5 percent. slopes..
Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _..__.a
Ij Herndon hilt loam, 2 to 6 pea -cent slopes, eroded,...
Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes._,_ ._ _ ...._
Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded._
Herndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_
Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes__.._
Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_______...
Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_____ -
Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_. __..
Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes__..-.__
Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ _ _...
Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes_ _
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent
slopes_--____.
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded_-.. _.
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
slopes_
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded.___-...
Lynchburg sandy loam___.__,_..
Made land
Madison sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_.i
Madison sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
1Iadison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded
Madison sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes,
eroded
. 6 Mantachie soils
Mayodan sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes _
2. 6 Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
1. 1 eroded_
. 2 Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___..•
•
. Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, i
2.3 e eroded _ ._--- _.•
1 Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
4 1 eroded---,_-.-- __._---...-----.__._.._. _._..___..__.',
Mayodan sandy loans, 15 to 25 percent. slopes___._.
. 1 ' Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
(ii slopes___-_
May odan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
, 2 IIi slopes, eroded . _—.-- --
. 1 ;I Mayodan gravelly sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent
1! slopes_._
. 2 !I Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded _
. 1 '; Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes__ _
1 1; Mayodan silt loans, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded__
Mayodan silt loans, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes..._!
(1) Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
l eroded__-
3 ,I Mayodan silt loans, thin, 10 to 1.5 percent slopes
2 1.
Acres Per-
cent
614 0, 1
1, 555 i . 3
921 . 2
457 . 1
1,317 .2
300 . 1
898 . 2
401 .1.
274 .1
1, 447 . 3
217 # (1)
330 . 1
232 (1)
553 f . 1.
24,7 (1)
436 1 . 1
1, 079 1 . 2
854 . 1
1, 803 . 3
1, 098 . 2
901 . 2
756 1 .1
794 r . 1
298 . 1
3. 104 . 6
7, 969 1, 4
6, 41.1. i 1. 2
1,524i .3
377 .1
2, 597 . 5
986 . 2
763 , . 1
3,779 .7
442 j . 1
1,154 .2
951 . 2
1, 352 . 2
6 260 1. i
580 . 1.
950 ,2
928 .2
2,286 . 4
2, 497 5
716 . I-
r43 i .1
1 335 I . 2
579 ' . 1
1, 1.75 . 2
987 C . 2
858 . 1.
1,1.21 i .2
1, 164 . 2
1, 852 . 3

8
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 1.---Appro;rimate acreage and proportionate exit, al.f, of the soils --Continued
Soil
Acres I Per-
cent
Soil
Acres Per-
cent
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent. slopes... 1, 246 0. 2
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _ 8, 103 ' 1. ;2..)
1I,
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, croded_I. 2, 319 . 4
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes 1, 137 . 2
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 987 . 2
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent, slopes_._._ 696
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded........_..___.......____..-.._..___..__...._.._ ____ 777
Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 506
Pink ston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes 533
Pinkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes,.___ 2, 730
Plummer sand_ _ _ _.. 634
Rains fine sandy loam _ _ 1, 328
Roanoke tine sandy loam _.___.. _ 1, 475
Swamp .._.-- -----_ .___-__..- _ - 1.77
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_..... _ _ _ ___ _ 609
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent, slopes, eroded 2, 037
Vance sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_1, 179
Wagram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes_ . .__-_ 1, 445
Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes...._ .. _ _ _! 10, 086
Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_-__- 4, 894
Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent. slopes_______ 4, 434
Wahee fine sandy loam___ 892
Wake. soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes_ _....._ _ __ __ _ 906
Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes_--__---- 7, 226
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__ _ _.. _' 1, 449
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded_.... --_
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent, slopes__ ___
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded .
'Wedowee sandy loans, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded
Wedowee sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes -_
'Wehadkee silt learn_
1 Wehadkee and Bibb soils____.._
. 1 I White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__..
. 5 - White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
1 ! eroded--_--
2 White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_._._[
. 3 White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
(I) eroded
White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes_
White St silt1 2 tof i t
.4
.2
.3
1.8
.9
.8
.2
.2
1.3
3
4, 089
1, 184
3, 981
1., 552
5,719
7, 431
21, 131
512
0. 7
7
. :i
1. 0
1. 3
3.
4, 950
793
7,215
�3, 559
3a51
1. 3
1. (1
.I
tee Store loam, a percent slopes
White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, i
severely eroded ; 464
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slol.res____._.___. _...__._ 659 I . 1
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent elopes 847 ; . 1
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes _ _ _ 4, i2o . 8
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent.slope.;- -_ 235 (')
Worsham sandy loam 12, 613 2. 3
Borrow area __-. 346 1
Total 352, 960 100, 0
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
paragraph form under the description of the snapping
unit. It differs from the technical description in that it
is less detailed and does not identify layers by A, B, C,
and R horizons and depth ranges. The technical profile
descriptions are plainly for soil scientists and others who
want detailed information about soils (1.5).2
Following the name of each mapping unit, there. is a
symbol in parentheses. This symbol identifies the map-
ping unit on the detailed sod map. Listed at the end of
each description of a, mapping unit. is the capability unit,
woodland suitability group, and wildlife, suitability
group in which the mapping unit has been placed. The
page on which each capability unit is described can be
found by referring to the. "Guide to Mapping Units" at
the back of this survey. Many terms used in the. soil de-
scriptions and in other parts of the survey are defined in
the Glossary.
Altavista Series
The Altavista series consists of nearly level and gently
sloping, deep, moderately well drained soils on low
stream terraces. The, areas are fairly large and are, near
the major streams in the county. TIte soils have formed
in alluvial deposits under forest vegetation. A seasonal
high water table is at, a depth of approximately 2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, the available water capa-
city is me.diuna,, and thee shrink -swell potential is moder-
ate. Infrequent flooding occurs, but the floodwaters re -
Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 117.
main for only short periods. Reaction is medium acid to
strongly acid in areas that have, not been limed. Response
is good if a suitable amount of lime and the, proper kinds
and amounts of fertilizer are applied.
Their limited extent makes the Altavista, sods of only
minor importance for fanning. Most, of the acreage is
cultivated or in pasture.
Representative profile of Altavista fine, sandy loam, 0 to
percent slopes, in a cultivated field 11/, miles southwest
of Plymouth Church and. 200 yards east of farm road
AV-0 to 10 inches, light brownish -gray (1OYR. 6/2) fine
sandy loam ; weak, medium, granular structure ; very
friable when moist; many fine, woody and fibrous
roots; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2-10 to 13 inches. pale -brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam;
weak, fine, granular structure ; very friable when
moist ; few, fine, woody roots ; medium acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
P,1--13 to 15 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/6) and pale -
brown (1OYR 6/3) tine sandy clay loam: weal:_ line.
subangular blocky structure; friable when moist. ;
few, medium, woody roots; medium a.'irl; abrupt,
wavy boundary.
B21 t--- 1 5 to 19 inches, yellowish -brown (10'i R 5/6) clay
loam ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist ; discontinuous clay films;
medium acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
B22t -.l0 to 20 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay
loam; common, fine, distinct, yellowish -red mottles;
modern te, medium, snbaargular blocky structure; fri-
able to firm when moist; discontinuous clay films on
ped surfaces; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B23t--2.9 to 3t1 inches, yellowish -brown (10Y:R 5/8) clay
loom ; common, fine, distinct, light brownish -gray
mottles ; weak, fine, subangular blocky structure ; fri-
able when moist ; few discontinuous ela.y films;
strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.

WAKE COUNTY,
B3-•-36 to 42 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 0/6) sandy clay
loam ; many, medium, distinct, light brownish -gray
mottles; weak, line, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist; few, thin, discontinuous clay films;
strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
C-42 to 48 inches 4-, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) coarse
sandy loam; many, medium, distinct, strong -brown
and light grayish -brown mottles; massive; friable
when moist ; strongly- acid,
The A horizons range from 3 to 15 inches in total thickness
and from light brownish gray or pale brown to light grayish
brown or dark grayish brown in color. The B horizons range
from 12 to 29 inches in combined thickness and from sandy
clay loam to clay loam in texture. Their color ranges from
yellowish brown or brownish yellow to reddish yellow in
10YR or 7.5YR hues. Grayish mottles are 10 to 20 inches
below the top of the iJ2lt horizon. The combined thickness
of the surface layer and subsoil ranges from 24 inches to
Iess than 0o inches. Depth to hard rock is more than 5 feet
and commonly is more than 15 feet.
Altavista soils occur with Appling, Goldsboro, Colfax, and
Augusta soils, They are less well drained than the Appling
soils, have a thinner solma than the Goldsboro soils, and
are better drained than the Colfax and Augusta soils.
Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes (AfA).--
This is the only Altavista soil mapped in Wake County.
It is on low stream terraces. The surface layer is light
brownish. -gray and light grayish -brown to dark grayish -
brown fine sandy loam 3 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to reddish -yellow, friable sandy clay
loam to clay loam mottled with gray in most places. It is
12 to 29 inches thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to medi-
um. Tins soil is easy to keep in good filth and can be
worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown
crops. It is used mainly for row crops or pasture, but at
small acreage is in trees. In places some improvement
in drainage is needed if tobacco and specialty crops are
grown. (Capability unit 11w-1, woodland suitability
group 4, wildlife. suitability group 1)
Appling Series
Gently sloping to strongly sloping, deep, well -drained
soils of the Piedmont uplands make up the Appling ser-
ies. These soils are on side slopes and on rounded divides
:hat have a difference, in elevation of about 50 feet be-
tween the highest- and the -.lowest points. They have. formed
Linder forest in material that weathered from granite,
gneiss, schist, and other acidic rooks. Large areas are lli
the eastern part of the county, and smaller areas are in
rather parts.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. The available water capacity is medium, and perme-
ibility and the shrink -swell potential are moderate. Ex-
cept in areas that have received lime., these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer are made.
Appling soils are suited to all the locally grown crops.
\Inch of the acreage is cultivated.
Representative profile of an Appling sandy loam in a
ultivat.ed field 1 mile north of Bethany Church on a
craved road, one -eighth of a mile east. on a private road,
lad 20 yards south of private road.
NORTH CAROLINA 9
Ap-0 to 8 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many, fine, fibrous roots; medium acid ; clear,
smooth boundary.
A2-8 to 11 inches, light yellowish -brown (10YR 6/4) sandy
loam; weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable
when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots ; medium
acid ; clear, smooth boundary,
B1--11 to 14 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet ; few fine mica flakes ; few quartz pebbles;
strongly :mid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21t-14 to 20 inches. strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
few, fine, distinct, yellow mottles ; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few that clay
films; strongly acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
1322t-20 to 25 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
few, line, distinct, brownish -yellow and common,
fine, prominent, red mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet ; thin clay films
on ped surfaces; few fine mica flakes ; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
B23t--25 to 37 inches, reddish -yellow (7.5YR 6/6) clay loam;
few, fine, distinct, red mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, -sticky and plastic when wet ; thin clay films
on ped surfaces; few fine mica flakes ; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
B24t. 37 to 39 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/0) clay
loam; common, medium, prominent, red mottles;
weak and moderate, fine, subangular blocky struc-
ture tending to massive ; friable when moist, sticky
and plastic when wet; few clay films in vertical
cracks; some saprolite ; common to many mica
flakes; strongly acid; elear, smooth boundary.
B3-39 to 44 inches, red (2.5YR 5/8) loam; common, fine,
distinct, brownish -yellow mottles; weak, medium,
subaurgular blocky structure tending to massive ; fri-
able when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic
when wet; few clay films in vertical cracks; many
mica flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
C-44 to 50 inches +, mottled red and brownish -yellow sandy
clay loam saprolite containing ninny mica flakes;
strongly acid.
The A horizons range from dark gray or dark grayish
brown to light grayish brown or light yellowish brown in
color and from 3 to 30 inches in total thickness, In general,
their texture ranges front sandy loam or fine sanely loam
to gravelly sandy loam that contains cobblestones in phloem In:
more eroded areas, however, the texture ranges to sandy
clay. The B horizons range from loam to clay- in texture and
from 24 to 40 inches in total thickness. The B1 horizon is
commonly yellowish brown instead of strong brown. The B2
horizons are generally mottled with red, and their color
ranges from yellowish brown or strong brown to yellowish
red or reddish yellow in hues of 10YR to 5YR. The dolor of the
113 horizon ranges from red to yellowish rod, and that horizon
is streaked with gray in places. The combined thickness of the
surface layer and subsoil ranges from 30 to GO inches. Depth
to .hard rock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet.
Appling soils occur with Herndon, Durham, Cecil, Vance,
and Mayodan soils. They contain more sand and less silt, than
the Herndon soils and contain more clay and are more reddish
than the Durham soils. Appling soils, are 'less red and less
clayey than the Cecil soils, are leas firm than the Vance
soils, and contain less exchangeable aluminum than the
Mayodan soils.
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
(A9B).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstreain divides
in the uplands. It has a- surface layer of light grayish. -
brown to dark -gray gravelly sandy loam that is t; to 20
inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to yellowish-

10 SOIL SURVEY
red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in most
places and is 24 to 40 inches thick. From 15 to 30 percent
of the surface layer is gravel. In many places cobbles
are on and in the, surface layer. Included in mapping
were a few areas where the slope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil ca.n be worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content., but where
the content of gravel and cobblestones is high, tillage is
difficult.
About half of the acreage is in cultivated crops or pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cul-
tivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil
is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices
that. effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (AtjB2).---This soil is on broad, smooth interstream
divides in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7
inches thick, and in many places it is a mixture of the
remaining original surface soil and of material from
the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface. layer is
light, grayish -brown gravelly sandy loam, but in the
more eroded spots the color ranges to yellowish brown
and the texture. ranges to gravelly sandy clay. The sub-
soil is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, firm clay loa.rn to clay that is mottled with
red in many places.
Included with this soil in mapping were some se-
verely eroded spots where, the subsoil is exposed. These
areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit:.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
foram there if those areas are worked when wet-. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a. result,
stands of crops a -re poor and replanting of those areas
may be. necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at. different.
times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting and cur-
ing the crop, and it reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About. half of the storage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the. rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well
suited to all -the locally grown crops. Practices that, effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are needed in the cul-
tivated areas. Capability unit IIe---1, woodland suitabil-
ity group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(AgC) ---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is light grayish -brown to dark -gray
gravelly sandy loam 6 to 15 inches thick. The content of
gravel in the surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 percent.
The subsoil is 24 to 36 inches thick and is yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, firm. clay loam to clay mottled
with red in many places. In many areas cobblestones are.
on the surface and in the surface layer.
Infiltration is good, and, surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe, This soil can be worked
throughout a wide range: of moisture content. It is diffi-
cult to till, however, in area-s where the content of gravel
and cobblestones is high.
About one-fourth of the acreage is in cultivated crops
or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used. chiefly for row
crops, but is is well suited to all the locally grown
crops. Intensive practices that effectively control runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil-
ity unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (AgC2).----This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick
and ranges from light grayish -brown gravelly sandy
loam in the less eroded spots to yellowish -brown gravel-
ly sandy clay in the more eroded area's. The subsoil is 24-
to 36 inches thick and is yellowish -brown to yellowish
red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in
most places. In many places cobbles are in the surface -
layer and on the surface.
Included in mapping were some severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. These areas make up from.
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. The large number of
pebbles and cobblestones, and the thin surface layer, make
this soil difficult to keep in good tilth, but the soil can be
worked throughout a- fairly wide range of moisture. con-
tent. A crust forms on the- severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin-
ation. As a, result, stands of crops are poor and. replanting
is sometimes necessary. An even stand -of tobacco is
hard. to obtain.. Plants in an uneven stand mature at
different times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting
and curing the crop, and it reduces the quality of the
tobacco.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated, and the
rest is in forest. This soil is well suited to all the locally
grown. crops, and the areas that are cleared a -re used
chiefly for row crops. Intensive practices that: effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group
5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (ApB).—
This soil is on broad,; smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is light, grayish -brown to dark --
gray sandy loan. 8 to 20 inches thick (fig. 2) . The subsoil
is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, firm clay loam. to clay that is mottled with
red in many places. Included in mapping were a few
areas in. which the slope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.

WAKE COUNTY,
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cul-
tivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit lie -I, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(ApB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick,
and in places it is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is light grayish -brown
sandy loam, but the color ranges to yellowish brown and
the texture ranges to sandy clay in the more eroded spots.
The subsoil is 24 to 40 inches thick, and it is yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam to clay that
is mottled with red in many places.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the map-
ping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is easy
to keep in good tilth and cart be worked throughout a
wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded spots may be necessary. An even stand of tobac-
co is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature
at different times. This increases the difficulty of harvest-
ing and curing the crop and reduces the quality of the
tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in cultivated crops
or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses.
The cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, es-
pecially tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited
to all the locally grown crops. In the areas that are cul-
tivated, practices that effectively control runoff and, ero-
sion are needed. (Capability unit lle-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (ApC,.—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
a surface layer of light grayish -brown to dark -gray sandy
loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown
to yellowish -red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled
with red in most places. The subsoil is 21 to 36 inches
thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in cultivated crops
or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit Tile-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
NORTH CAROLLNA
11
Figure 2.--Profile of Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(ApC2).---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
In many places the present surface layer is a mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the surface
layer is light grayish -brown sandy loam. In the more
eroded spots, the color ranges to yellowish brown and
the texture ranges to sandy clay. Thickness of the sur-
face layer ranges from 3 to 7 inches. The subsoil is 24 to
36 inches thick and is yellowish -brown to yellowish -red,
firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in most
places.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severe-
ly eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the total acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult

12 SOIL St RVEY
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust, forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas aro worked when wet. The. crust,
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting is sometimes
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain
in those areas. Plants in an uneven stand mature, at
different times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting
and curing the crop and reduces the quality of the
tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest, is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group
5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (ApD).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drainage, -
ways in the uplands. Some slight or moderate erosion
has taken place. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface
layer is light grayish -brown to dark -gray sandy loam 7
to 12 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,, the
surface layer ranges from light grayish -brown sandy
loam to yellowish -brown sandy clay and is 3 to 7 inches
thick. The subsoil is 24 to 30 inches thick and consists
of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm clay loans to
clay that is mottled with red in most places. In many
areas pebbles and cobblestones are on and in the surface -
layer.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where the surface layer is fine sandy loam, and some se-
verly eroded spots where- the subsoil is exposed. Also in-
cluded were a few areas of Durham loamy sand.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep
in good filth. Where is is moderately eroded, it is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but, it can be worked through-
out a, fairly wide range of moisture content,. A crust forms
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, an.d clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots may be necessary.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest. The, cultivated areas are
used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is suited to all
the locally grown crops. Intensive practices that, effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are necessary if culti-
vated crops are grown. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (AsB).—
This soil is on broad, smooth interstxeacn divides in the
uplands. It has a surface layer of light grayish -brown to
dark -gray fine sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The
subsoil is 21 to 10 inches thick and is yellowish -brown
to yellowish -red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled
with red in most places. A. few areas where the slopes
are less than 2 percent were included in the mapping.
Infiltration is good, and surface, runoff is medium.
The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easily kept
in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide
range of moisture content.
About: two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and. the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are
used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited
to all the locally grown crops. Where, cultivated crops
are grown, practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed. (Capability unit lIe-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (AsB2).--Thus soil is on broad, smooth interstream
divides in the uplands. In places its surface, layer is a
mixture of the, remaining original surface soil and of
material from the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the
surface layer is light grayish -brown fine sandy loam,
but in the more eroded spots the color ranges to yellow-
ish brown and the. texture ranges to sandy clay. Thick-
ness of the surface layer ranges from 3 to 7 inches. The
subsoil is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish -brown
to yellowish -red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled
with red in most places.
Included with this soil in mapping were some se-
verely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These
areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of the total acreage
in the mapping unit. Also included were areas of a
soil that has a slightly more brownish color and prob-
ably a higher base saturation than this Appling soil.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil can be
worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture con-
tent. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, however, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of these are -as is sometimes necessary. An
even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain in these area-s.
Plants in an uneven stand mature at, different times.
This increases the difficulty of harvesting and curing
the crop, and it reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the, acreage is cultivated or in pas
lure, and the rest is in forest.. The cultivated areas are
used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited
to all the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(A,C).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
It has a surface layer of light grayish -brown to dark -
gray fine sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The subsoil is
24 to 36 inches thick and is yellowish -brown to yellow-
ish -red, firm clay loam to clay- that is mottled with red
in most places. Included in mapping were areas of a.
soil that has a slightly more brownish color and probably
a. higher base saturation than this soil.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are used

WAKE COUNTY,
chiefly for row crops, butthis soil is well suited to all
the locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IfIe. 1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (A;C2),--This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick
and ranges from light grayish -brown fine sandy loam,
in the less eroded areas, to yellowish -brown sandy clay,
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 24 to 36 inches
thick and is yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm clay
loam to clay that is mottled with red in many places.
Included in mapping were some severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. These areas make up from
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Also included were areas of a soil that has a slightly
more brownish color and probably a higher base satura-
tion than this soil.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tiltli, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the. clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded spots is sometimes necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is hard to obtain, Plants in an uneven stand ma-
ture at different times. This increases the difficulty of
harvesting and curing the crops and reduces the quality
of the tobacco.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture,, and the. rest is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Inten-
sive practices that effectively control runoff and erosion.
are necessary inthe cultivated areas. (Capability unit
ITIe.-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Augusta Series
The Augusta series consists of nearly level and gently
sloping soils that are deep and somewhat poorly drained.
These soils are on low stream terraces near the large
streams in the county. They have formed in alluvial
deposits under forest.. A seasonally high water table is at
a depth of 11/2 feet-.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderately slow, and the available
water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate. These soils are frequently flooded, but the
floodwaters remain for only a short period of time. Ex-
cept in areas that have received lime, these soils are
very strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Augusta soils are of only minor importance for farm-
ing. Most of the acreage is in hardwood forests, but some
areas are used for pasture. Only a small acreage is culti-
vated.
NORTH CAROLINA 13
Representative profile of Augusta fine sandy loam inn. a
hardwood forest 200 feet south of Swift Creek and one-
half mile west of Old Stage Road:
AI--U to 0 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; many fine and medium, woody
and fibrous roots; many fine pores; strongly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
A2--6 to 13 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam;
few, fine, distinct, brownish -yellow and many, medi-
um, prominent, dark yellowish -brown mottles; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist ;
common, fine and medium, woody roots; many fine
pores; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.
B.1---13 to 16 inches, pale -brown (10Y11 6/3) heavy sandy
loam; common, fine, distinct, brownish -yellow mot-
tles and many, medium, prominent, gray mottles;
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure tending
to massive; very friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; many fine pores; thin
clay films; very strongly acid; clear, smooth bound-
ary.
B21t----16 to 24 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR. 5/8) sandy
clay loam; many, medium, prominent, light -gray
mottles; moderate, medium and coarse, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slighty sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; few, fine and medi-
um, woody roots; many fine pores; thin clay films
on ped surfaces; very strongly acid; clear, wavy
boundary.
B22t--24 to 36 inches, reddish -yellow (7.5YR 6/S) sandy clay
loam; many, medium, prominent, light -gray mottles;
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few, medium, woody roots; common fine pores;
thin clay films on ped surfaces; very strongly acid;
gradual, smooth boundary.
B3---36 to 43 inches, light -gray (2.5Y 7/2) heavy fine
sandy loam; ninny coarse, prominent, yellowish -brown
(10YR 5/8) mottles; massive; friable when moist,
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few, fine,
woody roots; many fine pores; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
C--43 to 50 inches +, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; few, fine,
prominent, yellowish -red mottles; massive; very fri-
able when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when
wet ; common fine pores; medium acid.
The A horizons range .from 6 to 15 inches in total thick-
ness, and from dark gray or dark grayish brown to pale
brown in color. The B horizons range from 10 to 30 inches in
total thickness and from sandy loam to clay loam in texture.
Their calor ranges from pale brown to reddish yellow mot-
tled with gray. The gray colors increase with depth, and
the lower part of the profile is mostly gray or is entirely
gray. The subsoil has weak to moderate, fine to medium, sub -
angular blocky structure. The combined thickness of the
surface layer and subsoil. ranges from 18 to 43 inches. Depth
to bedrock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet.
Augusta soils occur with Altavista and Wahee soils. They
are less well drained than the Altavista soils and lack the
firm, clayey subsoil that is typical of the Wahee soils.
Augusta fine sandy loam (0 to 4 percent slopes) (Au). ----
This s is the only soil of the Augusta series mapped in
Drake County. it is on low terraces. The surface layer is
dark -gray to pale -brown fine sandy loan, and it has a
total thickness of 6 to 15 inches. The subsoil is pale -
brown. to reddish -yellow, friable sandy clay loam to clay
loam mottled with gray, and it is 10 to 28 inches thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to me-
dium. If this soil is drained, it is easy to keep in good

14
SOIL SURVEY
tilth and can be worked, throughout a wide range, of
moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but some. areas are in
pasture or are clltivated..If this soil is properly drained,
it is suited to most of the locally grown crops. Ade-
quate drainage is required, however, for it to be well
suited to row crops. The areas that have been cleared are
used chiefly for pasture. (Capability unit III« : , wood-
land suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group 2)
Bibb Series
In the Bibb series are soils that are poorly drained
and nearly level or gently sloping. These soils are, on the
flood. plains of streams and in depressions and draws
in the uplands. They have formed in coarse loamy allu-
vium and in local alluvium. A seasonally high water ta-
ble is at the surface.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are. low. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid,
and the available water capacity and the shrink -swell
potential are low. These soils are frequently flooded for
long periods of time. Except in areas that have received
lime, they are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Bibb soils are not important for farming. Practically
all of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods and pines. In
this county the Bibb soils are mapped only in an undiff-
erentiated unit with 1, Tehad1eee soils.
Representative profile- of a. Bibb sandy loam in a wooded
area three -fourths of a mile south of F.C. Pearce Store,
45 yards west of county road, anti 2 yards north of a
creek:
01 1'/, inches to 0, undecomposed forest litter.
All--o to o inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loam;
many, fine, prominent, yellowish -red mottles; moder-
ate, fine and medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; many tine, woody and fibrous
roots; common fine mica flakes; medium acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
Al2-6 to 9 inches, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) coarse sand;
few, fine, prominent, reddish -yellow mottles; single
grain; loose when moist ; few, fine, woody and fibrous
roots ; medium acid.; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21g-9 to 20 inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) fine sandy
loam; few , fine, prominent, yellowish -red and com-
mon, medium, faint, light -gray mottles; structure --
less; very friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when. wet; few, tine, woody a.ml
fibrous roots; many fine mica flakes; strongly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
B22g--20 to 36 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy
loam; strneturele,ss ; very friable when moist, non -
sticky and nonplastic when wet; common fine mica
flakes; strongly acid.; abrupt, wavy boundary.
cg--36 to 42 inches -1-, gray (1.0YR 5!1) sand containing
lenses of very fine sandy lotus 1,4 to ii' inch thick ;
single grain; loose when moist; (the very fine sandy
loam is massive and is very friable when moist) ;
many fine mica flakes; slightly acid.
The A horizons range from 4 to 1.2 inches in total thick-
ness, from grayish brown to very dark grayish brown or very
pale brown in color, and from sandy loam to coarse sand
in texture. The horizons are variable iu color and texture,
Their color ranges from light brownish gray to black mot-
tled with gray and brown, and their texture ranges from
sandy loam to loam. These soils are massive or single grain
and are very friable to loose. The combined thickness of
their surface layer and subsoil is about 30 inches. Depth to
bedrock ranges from 4 to more than 15 feet.
Borrow area, identified by name on the soil ma:p, is a
miscellaneous land type consisting of areas where the
soils have been excavated to a depth of several feet. The
more recent areas of this land type are bare, and are sub-
ject to accelerated erosion. The older areas are eroded.
Where pines and other plants are growing, however,
many of the older areas are somewhat stabilized.
The Borrow areas are not extensive, but, small areas
are scattered throughout the county.
This miscellaneous land type is so variable that the
areas require onsite investigation to see if they are suit-
able for the intended use. (Not placed in a capability
unit; woodland suitability group 18, wildlife suitability
group 5)
Buncombe Series
The Buncombe series consists of nearly level, some-
what excessively drained soils on flood plains of the
large streams in the county. These soils have formed in
sandy alluvial deposits. They have, a: seasonally high wa-
ter table at a depth of approximately 21/2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are very low, and. permeability is rapid. The available
water capacity and the. shrink -swell potential are low.
These soils are frequently flooded, but the floodwaters
remain for only a brief period of time. Except in areas
that have received lime, reaction is strongly acid. Re-
sponse is moderately good if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer are made.
Bunc.onibe soils are not important for farming. They
are mostly in forest, but a small acreage is cultivated or
hi pasture.
Representative profile, of a Buncombe loamy sand in a,
cultivated field 4 miles southeast of Shotwell, 2.5 yards
south of a creek, and 50 yards northwest, of the Johnston
County line
to 1.0 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) loamy
sand; single grain; loose when moist; many, fine
and medium, woody roots; few fine mica flakes ;
strongly acid ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
to 25 inches, light yellowish -brown (1.OYR 6/4) sand;
single grain; loose when moist ; common, fine, woody
roots ; few fine mica flakes ; strongly acid ; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
to 33 inches, light yellowish -brown (10YR 6 /4) sand ;
connnon streaks of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
that are one-fourth of an inch or less thick ; single
grain ; loose when moist; few medium mica flakes ;
strongly acid ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
to 40 inches -I-, pale -brown (10YR 0/3) sand; single
grain; loose when moist; few medium mice- flakes;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness, from
dark grayish brown to pale brown in color, and from sand
to loamy sand in texture. The total thickness of the C hori-
zons ranges from 30 to more than 36 inches, The C horizons
range from pale brown to yellowish brown in color and from
sand to loamy sand in texture. The substratum extends to a
depth of more than 40 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges to more
than 10 feet.
Buncombe soils occur with the Congaree soils but are
coarser textured than those soils.
Buncombe soils (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Bu):---These are
the only Buncombe soils slapped in Wake County. They
have a surface layer of dark grayish -brown to pale-
11s -o
C1-10
(12-25
C'3-33

WAKE COUNTY, NO
brown sand or loamy sand 4 to 1.0 incases thick. Be-
neath the surface layer are layers of pale -brown to yel-
lowish -brown sand or loamy sand that range from 30 to
more than 30 inches in total thickness.
Droughtiness is a hazard during dry spells, and these
soils are subject, to leaching during wet spells, Infiltra-
tion is good, and surface runoff is slow. The soils are
easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked through-
out, a widerange of moisture content.
These soils are fairly well suited to corn, truck crops,
small grains, and pasture, Most, of the acreage is in for-
est, but a small acreage is in pasture. (Capability unit
IVs.-1, woodland suitability group 3, wildlife suitability
group 4)
Cecil Series
The Cecil series consists of gently sloping to steep,
well -drained, deep soils of the Piedmont uplands. These
soils are on side. slopes and on rounded divides that have
a difference, in elevation of about 75 feet between the
highest and the lowest points. They occupy large areas
in the northern and central parts of the county, where
they have formed under forest in material that weathered
from gneiss, schist,. and other acidic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low, and permeability is moderate. The available wa-
ter capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Cecil soils are fairly important for fanning. Neverthe-
less, much of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Cecil sandy loam in a cul-
tivated field one-half mile northwest of Barton Creek
where N.C. Highway No. 50 crosses that stream.:
Ap-0 to 6 inches, dark -brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam;
weak, fine anil medium, granular structure; very
friable when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many
fine pores; common small quartz pebbles; strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
le21t—d to 1.1 inches, red (2.SYR 5/8) clay; strong, fine and
medium, .subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common, fine,
fibrous roots ; many fine pores; medium clay films
on the surfaces of most peds; medium. acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
B22t-11. to 24 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; strong, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, tine, fibrous
roots; many fine pores; medium clay films on the
surfaces of most peds; few fine mica flakes; strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B23t-24 to 31 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; few, fine,
prominent, reddish -yellow mottles; strong, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine,
fibrous roots; many fine pores; medium clay films on
the surfaces of most peds; few fine mica flakes;
medium acid; clear, wavy boundary.
133--34 to 59 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; common,
fine, prominent, reddish -yellow mottles; weak, medi-
um and coarse, subangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; medium clay films on the vertical surfaces of
peds ; common fine mica flakes; strongly acid ; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
RTH CAROLI'<A 15
C 59 to 72 inches -I-, red (2.5YR • /6) loam (disintegrated
schist) ; common, fine, prominent, reddish -yellow and
few, fine, distinct, dark -red mottles ; massive ; very
friable wren moist, nonsticky and nonpinstic when
wet; strongly acid.
The A horizon ranges from dark grayish brown or yellow-
ish brown to dark brown or red in color, from sandy loam or
gravelly sandy loam to clay loam in texture, and from 3 to
12 inches in thickness. Ttxo :112 horizons range from 28 to SO
inches in total t.hick.ness. They have a red color of 2.5YR hue
and a clay texture. In ,laces these soils contain a yellowish -
red Bl. horizon, and the B3 horizon is streaked with yellow
in some areas, The combined thickness of the surface layer
and the subsoil is 36 to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges
from S to more than 15 feet.
Cecil soils occur with Appling, Lloyd, Madison, and George-
ville soils. They have am more reddish color and a more clayey
subsoil than the Appling soils. Cecil soils have a lighter
colored surface layer, a lighter red color beneath the surface
layer, and more sand in the subsoil than the Lloyd soils.
They are thicker and less micaceous than the Madison soils
and have less silt and more sand throughout the profile than.
the Georgeville soils,
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CeB).--This
soil is on broad, smooth int.erstream divides. Its surface
layer is dark grayish brown to yellowish -brown sandy
loam 7 to 12 inches thick. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30
to 50 niches thick.
Included in mapping were sonic areas of a soil that has
a surface layer of fine sandy loam. Also included were a
few areas where the slopes are less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good filth and can be worked throughout a, widerange
of moisture content.
About, one-half of the acreage is cultivated_ or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where
this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops
and pasture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown
crops. Practices that effectively control runoff' and ero-
sion aro needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
IIe,-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife, suitabil-
ity group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(CeB2).--This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inchesthick. In
many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
surface layer and. of material from the subsoil. In the
less eroded areas, the surface layer is yellowish -brown
sandy lenin, but, the color ranges to reddish brown and
the texture ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots.
The subsoil is red, firm clay that is 30 to 50 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where the surface layer is fine sandy loam. Also included
were some severely eroded spots where the subsoil is
exposed. The severely eroded spots make up from 5 to 25
percent of the acreage in the, snapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium.
The hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is
difficult to keep in. good tilth, but it can be worked
throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content.. A
crust, formes on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
and clods forma if those areas are worked when wet, The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
severely eroded areas may be necessary.

16 SOIL SURVEY
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest, or in other uses. 'Where this soil
is cultivated, it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is
well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit. Isle---1., woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (CeC).—This
soil is on short to long side, slopes in the uplands. Its sur-
face layer is 7 to 12 inches thick, and it is Clark grayish -
brown to yellowish -brown sandy loam. The subsoil is red,
firm clay 30 to t5 inches thick. Included with this soil in
mapping were some areas where, the surface layer is fine
sandy loan'.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas..
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but tins soil
is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Ille-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(CeC2).—This soil is on short to long side slopes in the
uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick and in
many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is yellowish -brown sandy
loam. In the more eroded spots, the color ranges to red-
dish brown and the texture ranges to clay loam. The sub-
soil is red, firm clay 30 to 45 inches thick.
Included in mapping were some areas where, the sur-
face layer is fine sandy loam. Also included were some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. The
severely eroded areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of
the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tiltlr, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result., stands of
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be necessary.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops. The areas that
are cleared are used chiefly for row crops and pasture
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed. (Capability unit LIIe- 1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (CeD). This
is a well -drained, slightly to moderately eroded soil on
narrow side slopes bordering upland dra.inageways.
Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown sandy loam 6 to 10
inches thick. Where erosion is moderate, the surface layer
is yellowish -brown to reddish -brown :sandy loam to clay
loam 3 to 6 inches thick. The subsoil is red, firm clay that
is 30 to 40 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were areas where
the texture of the. surface layer is fine sandy loans. Also
included were aniuiy areas where pebbles and cobbles
are on the surface and in the surface layer, and some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. Where: this
soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep in good
filth. Where it is moderately eroded, it is difficult to keep
in, good filth. This soil can be worked throughout a fairly
wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas a..re worked when wet.. The crust
and the, clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of a severely
eroded spot is sometimes necessary.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest. This. soil is suited to all the
locally grown crops, but practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivatedareas.
( Capability unit IYe-1, woodland suitability group
5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes (CeF).—This
is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow side
slopes bordering upland drainageways. Where erosion is
only slight, the surface layer is dark grayish -brown to
yellowish -brown sandy loam 5 to 9 inches thick. Where
erosion is moderate, the surface layer is only 3 to 6
inches thick, its color ranges from yellowish brown to
reddish brown, and its texture ranges to clay loam. The
subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to 36 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where the subsoil is only 1l to 30 inches thick, and other
areas where the surface layer is fine sandy loam. Also
included were many areas where pebbles and cobblestones
are in the surface layer and on the surface; a few severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed; and some areas
of Georgeville silt loamy and of Lloyd looms.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface, runoff is very
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to erosion.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. This soil is
not suited to crops that require cultivation. Areas that
have been cleared can. be. used for permanent hay and
pasture. (Capability unit Vie-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife, suitability group 1)
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
(CgB); This soil is on broad, smooth interstream. divides
in the uplands. It has a surface layer that is 7 to 1.2 inches
thick and consists of dark grayish -brown gravelly
sandy loam that is 1.5 to 30 percent pebbles. The subsoil is
red, firm clay 30 to 50 inches thick. In many places cob-
blestones are in the surface layer and on the surface.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is moderate.
The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil can be
worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
Where the content of pebbles and cobblestones is high,
however, tillage is difficult.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where this soil
has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and pas-

\i' 4KE COUIY'i'Y,
ture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown crops.
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the, cultivated areas. (Capability unit. Ile--1,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (C932).--This sod is on broad interstream divides
in the uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mix-
ture of the remaining original surface. soil and of mater-
ial from the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the surface
layer is yellowish --brown gravelly sandy loam. In the
more eroded spots, the color ranges to reddish brown and
the texture ranges to gravelly clay loam. Thickness of the
surface layer ranges front 3 to 7 inches, and the content
of gravel in the surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 per-
cent.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
that contain cobblestones. Also included were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These se-
verely eroded spots make up from 5 to 25 percent, of the
acreage in the. mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good filth, but. it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded spots
may be necessary.
About half of the. acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses, Where this soil
has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and. pas-
ture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown crops.
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit, IIe—1,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to Id percent slopes
(CgC).----This soil is on short to long side slopes in the
uplands. It, has a surface. layer that is 7 to 12, inches thick
that consists of dark grayish -brown sandy loam that- is
15 to 30 percent pebbles. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30
to 45 inches thick. In many places cobblestones are in the
surface laver and on the surface.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil can be worked
throughout a 'wide range of moisture content. Where the
content. of pebbles and cobblestones is high, however, t.ill-
age, is difficult..
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the. rest is in forest or in other uses. Where
this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops
and pasture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown
crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (CgC2).—This soil is on short to long side slopes
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 niches thick,
and in many places it is a mixture of the remaining ori-
NORTH CA OLINA 1
gin.a:l surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is yellowish
brown gravelly sandy loam, but the color ranges to red-
dish brown. and the texture ranges to gravelly clay loam
in the more eroded spots, The content of gravel in the
surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 percent. The subsoil
is red, firm clay 30 to 15 inches thick. In many places
cobblestones are in the surface layer and on the surface.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 2-5 percent of the acreage in the map-
ping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but. it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust, forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when vet. The crust and the,
clods interfere, with germination. Asa result., stands of
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots is sometimes necessary.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops. Intensive
practices that. effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIle-1,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
eroded (CB3).--This soil is on smooth interstreann divides.
The surface layer is red clay loam 3 to 6 inches thick.
Mostly, it consists of material from the, subsoil, but it
contains some material from the original surface layer.
The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to 50 inches thick. Includ-
ed with this soil in mapping were small areas of soils
that have a subsoil of dark -red clay.
Infiltration is poor, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good filth, and it can be worked within only
a narrow range of moisture content. A crust forms after
hard rains, and clods form if this soil is worked when
wet. The crust and. the clods interfere with germination.
As a result, stands of crops are poor.
This soil is suited to only a limited number of crops
gl•ow-n locally. Only a small acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and most of the acreage is in forest. Where cul-
tivated crops are. grown, intensive practices that eff'ec--
tively control runoff and erosion are necessary. (Capabil-
ity unit IIIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wild-
life suitability group 1)
Cecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
eroded (CIC3).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer is red clay loam 3 to 6 inches
thick. The surface layer consists mostly of material
from the subsoil, but it contains some material from the
original surface layer. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to
45 inches thick. Included with this soil in ]]lapping were
small areas of soils that have a subsoil of dark -red clay.
Infiltration is poor. Surface runoff is very rapid, and
the hazard of further erosion is very severe. This soil is
difficult to keep in good tilth,, and it can be worked

18
SOIL SURVEY
within only a narrow range of moisture content. A crust
forms after hard rains, and clods form if this soil is
worked, when wet, The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, a good stand of crops is hard to
obtain.
This soil is suited to only a limited number of crops
grown locally. It is mostly in forest, and only a small
acreage is cultivated or in pasture. If cultivated crops
are grown, intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are necessary. (Capability unit
IVe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Cecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely
eroded (CIE3).—This soil is on narrow side slopes border-
ing upland clrainageways. The surface layer is red clay
loam 3 to 6 inches thick. Mostly, it consists of material
from the subsoil, but it contains some material from the
original surface layer. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to
40 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were small areas of
a soil that has a subsoil of dark -red clay. Also included
were a few areas where the slopes are greater than 20 per-
cent.
Infiltration is poor, and surface runoff is very rapid.
This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, and it can be
worked within only a narrow range of moisture content.
A crust forms after hard rains, and clods form if this
soil is worked when wet. Because of the crust and the
clods, a good stand of pasture and hay crops is difficult to
obtain.
This soil is suited to permanent hay, pasture, and for-
est, but it is chiefly in forest. It is too steep and eroded
for cultivated crops. (Capability unit VIe-2, wood-
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Chewacla Series
The Chewacla series consists of nearly level, somewhat
poorly drained soils on the flood plains of most of the
streams in the county. These soils have formed in allu-
vial deposits of fine loamy material. A seasonally high
water table is at a depth of about 11/2 feet.
Figure 3.—Young corn on Chewacla soils that have been flooded
by the waters of Crabtree Creek.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderate to moderately rapid, and
the available water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell
potential is moderate to low. These soils are frequently
flooded (fig, 3), but the floodwaters remain for only a
brief period of time. Except in areas that have received
lime, the soils are strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Chewacla, soils in Wake County are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest, and only a
small acreage is cultivated or in pasture.
Representative profile of a Chewacla fine sandy loam
in a cultivated field 100 yards north of Horse Creek and
one-fourth of a mile east of N.C. Highway No. 98 :
Ap-0 to 6 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; weak,
flue, granular structure; very friable when moist;
many to common, fine, fibrous roots; fine pores;
common fine mica flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.
Al—C to 10 inches, dark yellowish -brown (10YR 4/4) fine
sandy loam; weak, fine, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; common
fine pores; many small mica flakes; slightly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21-10 to 18 inches, dark yellowish -brown (10YR 4/4) silt
loam; many, medium, prominent, reddish -yellow and
common, medium, distinct, pale -brown mottles; weak,
fine, subangular blocky structure; very friable when
moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet; few, fine,
fibrous roots; common fine pores; many fine mica
flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B22--18 to 38 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam;
common, medium, prominent, brown mottles and
common, medium, distinct, grayish -brown mottles;
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; very fri-
able when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet;
few fine pores; common black concretions and few
fine mica flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
Clg-38 to 42 inches, light brownish -gray (2.5Y 6/2) fine
sandy loam; common, medium, prominent, dark
yellowish -brown mottles; structureless; very friable
when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet; few
fine pores; few fine mica fakes; very slightly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
C2g 42 to 48 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy loam;
few, medium, prominent, dark -brown mottles and few,
fine, distinct, yellowish -brown mottles; structureless;
very friable when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic
when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; common flue
pores; very slightly acid.
The A horizons range from 4 to 12 inches in combined
thickness, from brown to dark grayish brown or dark yellow-
ish brown in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in
texture. The B horizons range from 10 to more than 40
inches in total thickness and from sandy loam or silt loam
to clay loam in texture. Their color ranges from light yellow-
ish brown or pale brown to dark grayish brown in 7.5YR,
10YR, and 2.5Y hues. Mottles are at depths below 10 to 30
inches. The subsoil and substratum are massive or have
weak, medium, aubaugular blocky structure. The profile
ranges from 34 inches to more than 72 inches in thicknesis.
Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to more than 15 feet,
Chewacla soils occur with Congaree and Wehadkee soils.
They are less well drained than the Congaree soils and are
better drained than the Weliadkee.
Chewacla soils (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Cm). —The soils
of this mapping unit are on the flood plains of streams.
Their surface layer is brown to dark grayish -brown
sandy loam to silt loam 4 to 12 inches thick. Beneath the
surface layer, the color of the soil material ranges from

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 19
brown to dark grayish brown, with mottles of brown and
gray, and the texture ranges from sandy loam or silt
loam to clay. The total thickness of the profile ranges from
34 niches to more than 'flinches.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. The
hazard of flooding is severe, and the hazard of wetness
is very severe. These soils are easy to keep in good tilth
and can be worked throughout a wide range of moisture
content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture or is cultivated. These soils are fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops, but subsur-
face drainage is needed for crops that require good
drainage. (Capability unit IIIw.-1, woodland suitabil-
ity group 1, wildlife suitability group 2)
Colfax Series
Soils of the Colfax series, as mapped in the county,
lack a fragipan, and in the future will be assigned to some
other series. The series consists of nearly level and
gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained soils on Pied-
mont uplands. These soils are at the heads of drainage -
ways, on foot slopes, and in slight depressions. They
have formed under forest, in translocated material, and
in material that weathered from most kinds of rocks in
the county. A seasonally high water table is at a depth
of about 1112 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderately slow, and the available
water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Colfax soils in this county are mostly in forest
and are not important for farming. Where they have
been cleared, they are generally used for pasture or for
waterways. The areas are mostly too small for manag-
ing as a field independent of the surrounding soils.
Representative profile of Colfax sandy loam in a pas-
ture one-half mile southwest of Wakefield on county
road No. 2368 and 35 yards north of the road:
As—o to 7 inches, very dark grayish -brown (10YR 3/2)
sandy loam; many, fine, distinct, dark -brown mot-
tles; weak, tine, granular. structure; very friable
when moist; many fine, fibrous roots: many fine
pores; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
Al. 7 to 11 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) sandy
loam; weak, fine, granular structure; very friable
when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many lino
pores; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2---11 to 19 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
moist; brittle in place; many fine pores; strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B2t-19 to 31 inches, strong -brown (7,5YR 5/8) sandy clay
loam; many, medium, prominent, gray mottles;
moderate, coarse, subaingular blocky structure; firm
when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few fine
pores; thick clay films on most ped surfaces; strongly
acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B3tg-31 to 36 inches, gray (10YR (1/1) sandy clay loam;
common, fine, prominent, yellowish -brown mottles ;
weak, medium, subengular blocky structure; firm
when moist, slightly sticks and slightly plastic when
wet; few fine pores; few thin clay films on ped sur-
faces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary,
Cg-36 to 45 inches +, gray (10YR 5./11 sandy loam; few,
fine, prominent, yellowish -brown mottles; massive;
firm when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic
when wet; many fine pores; strongly acid.
The combined thickness of the A horizons ranges from 5
to 20 inches, and the color of those horizons ranges from
light gray to very dark grayish brown. The B horizons range
front 15 to 50 inches in combined thickness, and they have a
texture of clay or clay loam instead of sandy clay loam in
some places. The color of the B horizons ranges from light
olive yellow to strong brown or gray in hues of 2.5Y, IOYR,
and 7.5YR. Mottles that have the gray color of a gleyed soil
are in the uppermost 10 inches of the B2t horizon, In places
these soils contain a brownish -yellow B1 horizon. The com-
bined thickness of the surface layer and subsoil ranges from
24 inches to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to
more than 15 feet.
The Colfax soils occur with Helena and Worsham soils.
They are less well drained, have less clay in their subsoil,
and are less firm than the Helena soils. The Colfax soils are
better drained than the Worsham soils.
Colfax sandy loam (0 to 6 percent slopes) (Cal. —This
is the only soil of the Colfax series mapped in Wake
County. It occurs at the heads of drainageways, on foot
slopes, and in slight depressions. The surface layer is
light -gray to very dark grayish -brown sandy loam 5 to
20 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to 50 inches thick and
is light olive -yellow to strong -brown or gray, firm sandy
clay loam or clay loam that is commonly mottled with
brown, yellow, and gray. Included with this soil in map-
ping were a few areas of a soil that has a surface layer of
silt loam.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
slow. This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, and it can
be worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
Most, of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is suited
to many of the locally grown crops. The areas that have
been cleared are used chiefly for pasture or waterways.
(Capability unit IlItiv-2, woodland suitability group 4,
wildlife suitability group 2)
Congaree Series
The Congaree series consists of nearly level, well-
drained soils on the flood plains of most of the streams
in the county. These soils have formed in deposits of
line loamy material. A seasonally high water table is at
a depth of about 21/2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and, permeability is moderate to moderately rapid.
The available water capacity is medium, and the shrink -
swell potential is moderate to low. These soils are flooded
frequently for a brief period of time. Except, in areas that
have received lime, they are strongly acid.
The Congaree soils of Wake County are fairly impor-
tant for farming. illost of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, but a small acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of Congaree fine sandy loam on
Sycamore Creek, 11,4 miles south of Ebenezer Church in a
wooded area one-fourth mile west of road
,:gyp----0 to 8 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine sandy loam;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, woody roots; medium acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.

20
SOIL SURVEY
B21-8 to 20 inches, dark -brown (7.5YR 4/4) heavy tine
sandy loam; massive to weak, medium, subangular
blocky structure; very friable when moist; common,
fine, woody roots; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
B22-20 to 32 inches. strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sandy
loam; massive to weak, medium, subangular blocky
structure; very friable when moist; few, flue and
medium, woody roots ; common, tine mica flakes;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
C-32 to 42 inches +, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) loamy
sand; single grain; loose when moist or dry ; com-
mon, fine mica flakes; few small pebbles; strongly
acid.
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 12 inches in thickness,
from dark brown or brown to strong brown in color, and from
tine sandy loam to silt loam in texture. The B horizons range
from 10 to 30 inches in combined thickness, from fine sandy
loam or silt loam to silty clay loam in texture, and from
dark brown or strong brown to pale brown, brownish yellow,
or dark grayish brown in color. In places gray mottles are
below a depth of 30 inches. The C horizon ranges from yellow-
ish brown to dark brown or gray in color and from loamy
sand to silty clay loam in texture. It extends to a depth of
30 to more than 120 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from
5 to more than 15 feet.
Congaree soils occur with Chewacla and Buncombe soils.
They are better drained than the Chewacla soils and are
finer textured throughout than the Buncombe soils.
Congaree silt loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Cp).—This
soil is on the flood plains of streams. It has a brown or
dark -brown surface layer that is 4 to 12 inches thick.
Beneath the surface layer, the soil material is silt loam
that ranges from brown to dark brown in color and from
30 to 108 inches in total thickness.
Infiltration is good and surface runoff is slow. The
hazard of overflow is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth, and it can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a
small acreage is in forest. Where this soil has been
cleared, it is used mainly for row crops and pasture. It
is suited to many of the locally grown crops. (Capability
unit IIw-2, woodland suitability group 1, wildlife suit-
ability group 2)
Congaree fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Co). --
This soil is on the flood plains of streams. Its surface
layer is dark -brown to strong -brown fine sandy loam 4 to
12 inches thick. Beneath the surface layer, the soil mate-
rial ranges from pale brown or brownish yellow to dark
brown or dark grayish brown in color, from fine sandy
loam to silty clay loam in texture, and from 10 to 108
inches in total thickness.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. The
hazard of overflow is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth, and it can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to many of the locally grown
crops. Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture.
Capability unit Ilw-2, woodland suitability group 1,
wildlife suitability group 2)
Creedmoor Series
The Creedmoor series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep, moderately well drained soils of Pied-
mont uplands in the western part of the county. These
soils are on rounded divides where the difference in ele-
•"'
• .„ '"""
an'r?' 44: •
Figure 1.—Profile of a Creedmoor silt loam. In these soils the
lower part of the subsoil consists of clay that is very firm when
moist, is very plastic when wet, and has high shrink -swell potential.
vation is about 50 feet between the highest and the low-
est points. They have formed under forest in material
that weathered from sandstone, mudstone, and shale of
Triassic age (fig. 4). The water table usually remains
below the solum. Because of the slow permeability of the
subsoil, however, there is a perched water table during
wet seasons.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is slow. The available water capa-
city is medium to high, and the shrink -swell potential is
high. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are very strongly acid. Response is good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Much of the acreage is in forest, but a large acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. The areas that are cultivated

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 21.
are used intensively for growing tobacco and other row
crops.
Representative profile of a Creedmoor sandy loans in a
stand of young pines one-fourth mile west of Aizport,
Road, one-third mile south of L.S. Highway No. 70, and
5 yards north of farm road
Ap—o to 6 inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, mediums, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, woody and fibrous roots; few
quartz pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy bound-
ary.
A2-6 to 12 inches, pale -yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy loam; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
common, fine, woody and fibrous roots; few small
quartz pebbles; very strongly acid; Abrupt, wavy
boundary
B1-12 to 18 inches. pale -yellow (2.5Y 7/4) heavy sandy clay
loam; common, medium, distinct, brownish -yellow
mottles; moderate, fine and medium, subangular
blocky structure ; friable when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet ; few, fine, woody and fibrous roots;
few .small quartz pebbles; very strongly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.
B21t-18 to 29 inches, yellow (10YR 7/8) clay loam; few,
fine, prominent, red mottles and common, medium,
distinct, strong -brown mottles; strong, fine and medi-
um, angular blocky structure; friable to firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous
roots; thin clay films; few quartz pebbles; red mot-
tles are disintegrated nodules; very strongly acid;
clear, wavy boundary.
B22t--29 to 40 inches, reddish -yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay ;
many, coarse, prominent, light -gray (5YR 7/1) mot-
tles and few to common, fine, prominent, red mottles;
strong, fine and medium, angular blocky structure;
very film when moist, sticky and very plastic when
wet ; several disintegrated roots in old root channels;
red mottles are disintegrated nodules; thin clay
films; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B3t 10 to 58 inches, light -gray (5Y 7/2) clay; many, coarse,
prominent, reddish -yellow (7.5YR 6/8) mottles and
a few, fine, prominent, red mottles ; weak, coarse,
angular blocky structure tending to massive; very
firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; com-
mon disintegrated roots in old root channels; red
mottles are disintegrated nodules; few thin clay
films; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
C-58 to 96 inches, pale -red, disintegrated shale that generally
has a texture of clay to sandy clay but contains
pockets of gray clay ; very strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
R-96 to 100 inches t-, dusky -red, stratified, weakly cemented
sandstone of Triassic age.
In general, the A horizons range from 3 to 15 inches in
total thickness, from gray or grayish brown to pale yellow
in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in texture. In
eroded areas, however, the color ranges to strong brown and
the texture ranges to clay loam. The B1 horizon ranges from
6 to 10 inches in thickness and from friable silty clay loam
to sandy clay loam in texture. It has weak or moderate, fine
and medium, subangular blocky structure. The B2t horizons
range from 14 to 50 inches in total thickness, from yellow to
reddish brown or reddish yellow in color, and from friable
to firm clay loam to very firm clay in texture and consis-
tence. In those horizons the color of the mottles ranges from
red or strong brown to light gray. Creedmoor soils have a
high content of exchangeable aluminum.
Creedmoor soils occur with Helena, Colfax, Mayodan, and
White Store soils. They contain more exchangeable aluminum
than the Helena soils, are better drained and have a firmer
and more plastic lower subsoil than the Colfax soils, and are
less well drained and have a firmer and more plastic lower
subsoil than the Mayodan soils. The Creedmoor soils have a
coarser textured and more friable upper subsoil than the
White Store soils.
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CrBf .---
This soil is on broad, smooth interstreain divides in the
uplands. It has a surface layer of gray to grayish -brown
sandy loam that ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total
thickness. The upper part of the subsoil is friable sandy
clay loam that is 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part. is
14 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish -
brown clay loans that has common mottles of red and
light gray and is very firm when moist, and very plastic
when wet. Included with this soil in mapping were a
few areas where the surface layer is coarse sandy loam.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth. After heavy rains,
however, tillage may be restricted because of the slow
permeability of the subsoil.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco,
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown crops,
but it contains a large amount of exchangeable alu-
minum, which is toxic to some plaints. In the cultivated
areas, practices that effectively control runoff and erosion
are needed. (Capability unit IIe 3, woodland suitabil-
ity group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(CrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth int.erstre:aln divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In
many places the surface, layer is a mixture of the remain-
ing original surface layer and of material from the sub-
soil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -
brown to pale -yellow sandy loam, but in the more eroded
spots the color ranges to strong brown and the texture
ranges to clay loan. The upper part, of the subsoil is fri-
able sandy clay loam that is 6 to 10 inches thick. The
lower part is 11 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow
to reddish -brown clay that, has common mottles of red
and light, gray and is very firm when moist and very
plastic when. wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few places
where the texture of the surface layer is coarse sandy
loam. Also included were some severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the map-
ping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and permeability is slow. Surface
runoff is medium, and the hazard of further erosion is
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because
of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
hard rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after heavy rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of those areas may be necessary. An even
stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven
stand mature at different, times, This increases the diffi-
culty of harvesting and curing the crop and reduces the
quality of the tobacco.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco.
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown

22 SOIL SURVEY
crops, hut it contains a large amount of exchangeable
aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland
suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (CrC).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has a
surface layer of gray to grayish -brown sandy loam 7 to
15 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is friable
sandy clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part is
14 to 40 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish -
brown clay that; has common mottles of red and light
gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic when
wet. Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
where the surface layer is coarse sandy loan.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe,. This
soil is easy to keep in good filth. After heavy rains, how-
ever, tillage may be- restricted because of the slow per-
meability of the subsoil.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco. This soil is well suited to most locally grown
crops, but it contains a large amount of exchangeable
alurninuin, which is toxic to some plants. Because of the
slopes and slow permeability, practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe--3, woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(CrC2). This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick, and in many
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to pale -yellow
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and the
texture ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The
upper part of the subsoil is friable sandy clay loam that
is 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part is 14 to 40 inches
thick. It consists of yellow to reddish -brown clay that
has common mottles of red and light, gray and is very
firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil ie mapping were a few areas
where the surface layer has a texture of coarse sandy
loam.. Also included were some severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the map-
ping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because
of the slow permeability of the subsoil, tillage is restricted
after heavy rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded
spots after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded areas may be necessary.
An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times, which increases
the difficulty of harvesting and curing the crop and
reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops. This soil is
well suited to most of the locally grown crops, but it con-
tains a large amount of exchangeable aluminum, which
is toxic to some plants. Very intensive practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-3, woodland
suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1.)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes (CrE).--
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering upland
drainageways. It is slightly eroded in some places and
is moderately eroded in others. In the slightly eroded
areas, the surface layer is gray to grayish -brown sandy
loam 6 to 14 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,
the surface layer is only 3 to 7 inches thick and consists
of grayish -brown or pale -yellow sandy loam to strong -
brown clay loam. The upper part of the subsoil is friable
sandy clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The Iower part is
14 to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish -
brown clay that has common mottles of red and light
gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic when
wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few places
where the surface layer is coarse sandy loam, and sonic
areas where the surface layer has a texture of silt loam.
Also included were a few severely eroded spots where
the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots make, up
from 5 to 10 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair to good, and permeability is slow.
Surface. runoff is very rapid.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared,
it is better suited to pasture or hay crops than to field
crops. It is not suitable for cultivated crops, because of
the strong slopes and the slowly permeable subsoil.
(Capability unit VIe--1, woodland suitability group 11,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CtB).—
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is gray to grayish -brown silt
loam 7 to 1. inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil
is friable. silty clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower
part is 14 to S0 inches thick. It consists of yellow to red-
dish -brown clay that contains common mottles of red
and light gray and is very firm when moist and very
plastic when wet.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth. Because of the
slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage may be restric-
ted after heavy rains.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but, a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been
cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and. pasture, but
it is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. This
soil has a. high content; of exchangeable. aluminum, how-
ever, which is toxic to some plants. Because of .the slopes
and the slow permeability, practices that effectively con-
trol runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suitability group 11,
wildlife suitability group 1)

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLIN.A 23
Creedmoor silt. loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes ;CtC).---
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is gray to grayish -brown silt,
loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil
is friable silty clay lour 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower
part is 14 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow to ..red-
dish -brown clay that has common mottles of red and
light, gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic
when wet.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. This
soil is easy to keep in good filth. Because of the slowly
permeable subsoil, however, tillage may be restricted
after heavy rains.
Most of the, acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared,
it is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. It is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops, but it has a
high content of exchangeable aluminum, which is toxic
to some plants. Because of the slopes and slow permea-
bility, intensive practices that effectively control runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil-
ity unit IIIe-3, woodland suitability group 11, wild-
life suitability group 1)
Durham Series
The Durham series consists of gently sloping to slop-
ing, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont uplands.
These soils are mostly in the eastern part of the county,
but small areas are scattered in other parts. They are
on rounded divides where the difference in elevation is
about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
The soils have formed under forest in. material that
weathered from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks.
The water table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content; of organic matter are
low, and the available water capacity is medium. Permea-
bility and the shrink -swell potential are moderate. Ex-
cept where lime has been applied, these soils are strongly
acid.. Response is good if suitable applications of lime
and fertilizer are made.
Durham soils are good for farming. Much of the acre-
age is cultivated, and the rest, is in forest; or in other uses.
Representative profile of a Durham loamy sand in a
cultivated field one-fourth mile east of the Bethany
Church and 5 yards south of road
Ap—O to 15 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand;
weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when
moist; medium acid ; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2---15 to 18 inches, pale -yellow (2.5Y 7/4) loamy sand;
weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when
moist; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21t-18 to 30 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
clay loam; moderate, fine and medium, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
R22t--30 to 42 inches, brownish ;yellow (10YR 6/6) clay
loam; fen-, medium, prominent, yellowish -red mot-
tles; moderate, fine and medium, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid; gradual,
smooth boundary.
I323t--..12 to 50 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) sandy clay
loam; common, medium., distinct, yellowish -brown
and few, medium, prominent, yellowish -red mottles;
moderate, fine and medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
B21t---50 to 57 inches, pale -brown (1.OYR 6/3) clay loam ;
common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown and few,
medium, prominent, yellowish -red mottles; moderate,
fine and medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
B3t-57 to 60 inches, mottled red (2.3YR 4/3) and strong -
brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam and gray (10YR
(ii 1) clay; weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
C--60 to 81 inches +, gray and black sandy loam saprolite
that has the same structure as the original rock ;
strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 3 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness and from brown or pale brown to pale yellow or dark
gray in color, The R horizons range from 30 to more than
50 inches in total thickness and from clay to sandy clay loam
in texture. Their color ranges from yellow or pale brown to
strong brown or gray in hues of 10YR and 7.5YR. The com-
bined thickness of the A horizons and B horizons ranges from
36 to 60 inches, Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to more
than 15 feet.
Durham soils occur with Appling, Vance, Norfolk, and
Granville soils. They have a coarser textured subsoil (less
than 35 percent clay) time the Appling and Vance soils, and
they have a less firm subsoil than the Vance soils. The com-
bined thickness of their surface layer and subsoil is less than
that of the Norfolk soils. Durham soils contain less exchange-
able aluminum than the Granville soils.
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (Dud). ----
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is pale -brown to dark -gray
loamy sand that ranges from 8 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness. The subsoil is yellow to strong -brown, friable sandy
clay loan or clay loan that is mottled with yellowish red
and is 30 to 50 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
where the slope is less than 2 percent.. Also included were
sonic areas where the surface layer is 18 to 30 inches
thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About; two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil
is well suited to all the locally grown crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off' and erosion are needed, however, in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group
5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(DuB2).--This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick.
In many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
surface layer and of material from the subsoil. In the
less eroded areas, the surface. layer is brown or pale -
brown loamy sand, but the color ranges to strong brown
and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the niore

24 SOIL SURVEY
eroded spots. The subsoil is 30 to 50 inches thick and is
yellow to strong -brown, friable sandy clay loam to clay
loam that is mottled with yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where the texture of the surface layer is sandy loam.
Also included were some severely eroded spots where the
subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded areas make up
from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-•
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust;
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded areas is sometimes necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand
mature at different times. This increases the difficulty of
harvesting and curing the crop and reduces the quality
of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest, is in forest, or in other uses. This soil
is well suited to all the locally grown crops, and the
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (DuC).---
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its
surface layer is pale -brown to dark -gray loamy sand that
ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total thickness. The subsoil
is 30 to 40 inches thick and is yellow to strong -brown,
friable sandy clay loam to clay loam that is mottled with
yellowish red.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. .Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are necessary in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit Hle--1, woodland suitai•bility
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
DLC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places it
is a, mixture of the remaining original surface soil and
of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
surface layer is brown to pale -brown loamy sand. In the
more eroded spots, the color ranges to strong brown and
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam. The subsoil is 30
to 40 inches thick and is yellow to strong -brown, friable
sandy clay loam that is mottled with yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult to
keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form.
if those areas are worked when wet.. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco i.s hard
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting arid. cur-
ing the crop, and it reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in leas..
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops, especiai.ly
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are necessary in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe---1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Enon Series
The Enon series consists of gently sloping to strongly
sloping, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont uplands.
These soils occupy fairly small areas in the northern and
western parts of the county. They are on rounded divides
that have a difference in elevation of about 50 feet
between the highest and the lowest points. The soils have
formed under forest in material that weathered from
mixed acidic and basic rocks. The water table generally
remains below the soluin, but there is a perched water
table during wet seasons because of the slow permeability
of the subsoil.
Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
matter is low. Permeability is slow, the available, water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
high. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
are slightly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Enon soils of this county are of only minor
importance for farming. About two-thirds of the acreage
is in forest,.
Representative profile of an Enon fine sandy loam in
a pasture 25 feet east of N.C. Highway No. 50 and 1. mile
north of N.C. Highway No. 98:
4p -6 to S inches, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam;
weak, fine and medium granular structure ; very fri-
able when moist; many, fine, fah-on,s roots; ninny fine
pores; few dark -colored concretions; slightly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21t--8 to 12 inches. strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; com-
mon, fine, distinct, yellowish -brown mottles; moder-
ate, medium and coarse, angular blocky structure;
very firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet ;
medium clay films; common, fine, fibrous roots ; many
fine pores; many, soft, black concretions; slightly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B122t--12 to 26 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay ; com-
mon, medium, faint, dark -brown mottles and few,
fine, prominent, black mottles; weak, coarse, pris-
matic structure breaking to weak, medium, -angular
blocky structure; very firm when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet ; few, fine, fibrous roots; few fine
pores; thick clay films; slightly acid; clear, smooth
boundary.

4VA.SfE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 25
Bat •-t6 to 32 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/0) clay; many,
medium, prominent, red mottles and common, fine,
distinct, brownial -yellow mottles; weak, coarse, angu-
lar blocky structure; firm when moist, sticky and
pla.stic when wet; few decayed roots in vertical
cracks; thick cloy alms on the vertical surfacer of,
peds and thin day films on the horizontal surfaces;
few fine pores; Slightly acid; abrupt, smooth bound-
ary.
C- 3'2 to 38. inches -h, Mottled strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6),
reddish -yellow (7.5YR 6/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8)
clay loam; massive; firm when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; few fine pores ; com-
mon, soft blacl concretions; slightly acid.
The A. horizon ranges from 4 to .10 inches in thickness and
from brown or dark brown to grayish brown or light gray
in color. The B2 horizons range from 10 to 30 inches in total
thickness and from clay loam or silty clay loam to clay in
texture. Their color ranges from strong brown to reddish
yellow, yellowish brown, or olive yellow- in 7.5YR, 10YR, and
2.5Y hues, and these horizons are mottled with brown or
red in many places. In some areas the weak prismatic pri-
mary structure of the 112 horizons breaks to moderate instead
of weak, coarse and medium, angular blocky structure. The
combined thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranges
from 20 to 40 inches.:Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to
more than 10 feet.
Enon soils occur with Helena mud Vance soils. They are
better drained than the Helena soils and are more acid than
either the Helena or Vance soils.
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (EnB);--
This soil is on.smooth interstrearn divides in the uplands.
The surface layer is 7 to 10 inches thick and is dark
brown or grayish brown to light gray. The subsoil is 1(I
to 30 inches thick and is reddish -yellow or yellowish-
brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay
loam to clay that is commonly mottled with brown or
red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
soils that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included
were some areas in which the subsoil is more reddish than
typical for this soil.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but, tillage must be
restricted after heavy rains.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited
to ninny of the locally grown crops. Practices that effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are needed in the culti-
vated areas. (Capability unit IIe, 3, woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(EnB2). This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 7 inches thick and is
brown to grayish brown. In many places it is a mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the texture of
the surface layer is fine sandy loam, but the texture
ranges to sandy clay loam in the more eroded spots. The
subsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick and is reddish -yellow or
yellowish -brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or
silty clay loam to clay that has common mottles of
brown or red.
Included with this soil in mapping were areas of soils
that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included were
some areas of soils that have a more reddish subsoil than
this soil. Other inclusions consist of some severely eroded
spots where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
spots make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is
moderate. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth.
Because of the slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage
is restricted after heavy rains. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if
those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
interfere with germination. As a result., stands of crops
are poor and replanting of the severely eroded areas is
sometimes necessary.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited
to many of the locally grown crops, but practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas, (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suit-
ability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (EnC)•---
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
a surface layer of dark -brown or grayish -brown to light -
gray fine sandy loam 7 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
10 to 25 inches thick and is reddish -yellow or yellowish -
brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay
login to clay that has common mottles of brown or red.
Included in mapping were some soils that have a sur-
face layer of silt loam. Also included were some areas
of soils that have a more reddish subsoil than this soil.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but tillage must be
restricted after heavy rains.
About three -fourths of the acreage is in forest, and
the rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well
suited to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group
1)
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(EnC2).—This soil is on narrow side .slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is 4 to 7 inches thick and is brown to
grayish brown. In many places it is a mixture of the
remaining original surface soil and of material from the
subsoil. in the less eroded areas, the. texture of the sur-
face layer is fine sandy loam. In the more eroded spots,
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam. The subsoil is 10
to 25 inches thick and is reddish --yellow or yellowish -
brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay
loam to clay that has common mottles of brown or red.
Included with this soil in mapping were sorn.e areas of
soils that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included
were some areas of soils that have a more reddish subsoil
than this soil. Other inclusions consist of severely eroded.
areas where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
spots make up from 5 to 25 percent of the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good filth. Because
of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after

26
SOIL SURVEY
heavy rains, A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting is sometimes necessary.
About three -fourths of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited
to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed. in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland
suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1.)
Enon fine sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(EnD2),—This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drain-
ageways in the uplands. In most places it is moderately
eroded, but some areas are only slightly eroded. In the
moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to
grayish brown and ranges from fine sandy loam to sandy
clay loam in texture. In the slightly eroded. areas, it is
dark -brown or grayish -brown to light -gray fine sandy
loam. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil
is 10 to 20 inches thick and consists of reddish -yellow or
yellowish -brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or
silty clay loam to clay. It has common mottles of brown
or red.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Also included
were some areas of soils that have a redder subsoil than
this soil.
Infiltration is fair to good, but permeability is slow
and surface runoff is very rapid. The hazard of further
erosion is very severe. Where this soil is slightly eroded,
it is easy to keep in good filth. Where it is moderately
eroded, however, it is difficult to keep in good tilth.
Because of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is
restricted after hard rains and clods form if those areas
are worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere
with germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor
and replanting is sometimes necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited to
many of the locally grown crops. If it is cultivated, how-
ever, very intensive practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed. (Capability unit Iye a,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group
1)
Faceville Series
The Faceville series consists of gently sloping to slop-
ing, very deep, well -drained sods on Coastal Plain
uplands in the southern part of the county and on ter-
races along the large streams. These soils are on broad,
smooth, rounded divides where the difference in elevation
is about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest
points. They have formed under forest in Coastal, Plain
sediment and in alluvial deposits. The water table
remains below the soluna.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is low,
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are .made.
The Faceville soils of Wake County are moderately
important for fanning. Most of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture, but some is in forest.
Representative profile of a Faceville sandy loam in a
cultivated field 1 mile south of holly Springs and 2
yards ds east of N.C. Highway No. 55
Ape-0 to 6 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam.; moderate,
medium and fine, granular structure; very friable
when moist; many fine and medium, fibrous roots;
many fine pores; few small pebbles; medium acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
Al-6 to 10 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/(l) sandy loam;
moderate, medium, granular structure ; very friable
when moist ; common, fine and medium, fibrous roots;
many fine pores; medium acid; clear, wavy boundary.
A2---10 to 14 inches, reddish -yellow (5YR 6/6) sandy loam;
moderate, medium, granular structure; very friable
when moist ; few, fine, fibrous roots; ninny fine
pores; few small pebbles; medium acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
B21t•-14 to 21 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/0) clay loam;
moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; many fine pores; few thin clay films on the
surfaces of peds and common thin clay films in root
channels; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B22t-21 to 38 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) heavy clay
loam; few, medium, distinct, strong -brown mottles;
moderate, fine and medium, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet ; few fine pores; few thin clay
films; strongly acid; diffuse, smooth boundary.
B23t-38 to 51 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) clay loam;
few-, coarse, distinct, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) met-
tles; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few fine pores; few thin clay films; common,
small sesquioxide nodules; strongly acid ; clear,
smooth boundary.
B3---5I. to 65 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) light sandy clay
loam; common, coarse, distinct, red (2,5YR 4/8)
mottles and common, coarse, distinct, strong -brown
(7°5YR 5/8) mottles, moderate, medium, angular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; common fine pores;
few thin clay films in pores and around pebbles; few
small pebbles; few, small sesquioxide nodules;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
C--65 to 72 inches +, mottled red (10R 5/8), yellowish --red
(5YR 5/6), and strong -brown (7.5Y11 5/8) sandy
loam; massive ; friable when moist; few quartz
pebbles; strongly acid,
The A horizons range from 4 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness. Their color ranges from grayish brown or dark brown
to light yellowish brown or reddish yellow in 10YR, 7.5YR,
and 5YR hues. The B horizons range from 50 to 72 inches
in total thickness, from strong brown to yellowish red or
red in 7.5YR, 5YR, and 2.5YR hues, and from clay loam to
sandy clay loam in texture. In many places the B horizon:
are mottled with red, strong brown, or yellow. The combined
thickness of the surface layer and subsoil is more than 60
inches. Bedrock is at a depth of more than 20 feet.
Faceville soils occur with Norfolk and Orangeburg soils.
They are finer textured than those soils and are more red-
dish than the Norfolk soils.
Faceville sandy loan, 2 to 6 percent slopes (FaB),
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides and on
stream terraces. Its surface layer is grayish -brown to
dark -brown sandy loam that ranges from 8 to 20 inches
in total thickness. The subsoil is 50 to 72 inches thick and
is red to yellowish -red, friable to firm clay loam or sandy
clay, with common mottles of strong brown.

WAKE COUNTY,
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
a soil that contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon,
with plinthite. Also included were a few areas where the
slope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About three -fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed where this soil is cultivated.
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(FaB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
and on stream terraces. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to
light yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the color ranges
to reddish brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay
loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to 72
inches thick and consists of red to yellowish -red, friable
to firm clay loam or sandy clay, with common mottles of
strong brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit. In many places this soil has an incipient
and discontinuous horizon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco
is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at
different times. This makes harvesting and curing of the
crop difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About three -fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Faceville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(FaC2).—This soil is on stream terraces and on narrow side
slopes in the uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to light
yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to
reddish brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to 60 inches
thick and consists of red to yellowish -red, friable to firm
NORTH CAROLINA
27
clay loam or sandy clay, with common mottles of strong
brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These make up
from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
In many places this soil contains an incipient and dis-
continuous horizon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain.
Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times. This
makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult and
reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Georgeville Series
The Georgeville series consists of gently sloping to
strongly sloping, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont
uplands. These soils are on rounded divides where the
difference in elevation is about 35 feet between the high-
est and the lowest points. They are mostly in the western
and southern parts of the county, where they have
formed under forest. The material in which they formed
has weathered from phyllite (Carolina slate) .
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is mod-
erate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Georgeville soils of Wake County are fairly
important for farming, but much of the acreage is in
forest.
Representative profile of a Georgeville silt loam in a
pine forest near the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, 11/4
miles southwest of the town of Cary and two-thirds of a
mile north of U.S. Highway No. 1:
Ap-0 to 5 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam;
weak, medium and coarse, granular structure; very
friable when moist; many fine, fibrous and woody
roots; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B1-5 to 9 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
moderate, medium and fine, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic
when wet; few, fine, woody roots ; medium acid ;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21-9 to 30 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; strong, medium
and fine, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody
roots; medium clay films: medium acid; clear,
smooth boundary.

28
SOIL SURVEY
B22-30 to 40 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; few, fine, prom-
inent, brownish -yellow mottles ; strong, medium and
fine, subangular blocky structure; firm when- moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody roots;
medium clay films; few fine mica flakes in lower
part of horizon; this layer is somewhat more friable
and contains less clay than the B21 horizon; strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary. •
1131--40 to 49 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay; common,
coarse, distinct, dark reddish -brown (2.5YR 3/4)
mottles and a few, coarse, prominent, brownish -
yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles that contain less clay
than the soil material in the matrix; moderate,
medium and fine, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist., sticky and plastic when wet;
medium clay films few fine mica flakes; strongly
acid ; clear, wavy boundary.
1332-49 to 55 inches, red (2.5YR 4/(1) silty clay loam; many,
fine, distinct, weak -red to dusky -red (purplish cast)
mottles and common, coarse, prominent, brownish -
yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles; moderate, medium,
subangular blocky structure; friable when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few thin clay films;
few fine mica flakes that increase in number with
depth; pockets of saprolite associated with the mot-
tles; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
C-55 to 92 inches +, mottled yellow and red (purplish cast)
silt loam that is disintegrated phyllite; massive;
some accumulation of clay hi vertical cracks;
strongly acid.
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 8 inches in thickness and
from dark grayish brown or grayish brown to yellowish
brown in color, The B horizons range from 30 inches to 55
inches in total thickness and from silty clay loam to clay
in texture. The color of the 112 horizons is red in 2.5YR
hue. The combined thickness of the A and B horizonS is 33
to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to more than
15 feet.
The Georgeville soils occur with Cecil, Lloyd, and Herndon
soils. They contain more silt and less sand than the Cecil
soils, and they contain more silt and are not so dark a red
as the Lloyd soils. They are redder than the Herndon soils.
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (GeB).----
This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands.
Its surface layer is dark grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt loam 4 to S inches thick. The subsoil is red,
firm silty clay loam to clay 30 to 55 inches thick. In many
places from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is fairly easy to
.keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a, fairly
wide range of moisture content.
This soil is suited to most of the locally grown crops,
but about three -fourths of the acreage is in forest. The
areas that have been cleared are used chiefly for row
crops and pasture. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit He--2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percentslopes, eroded
(GeB2).—This soil is on smooth interstream- divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
spots, the surface layer is grayish -brown and yellowish -
brown silt loam, but the color ranges to reddish brown
and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in the more
eroded spots. The subsoil is red, firm silty clay loam to
clay and is 30 to 55 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface laver consists of pebbles and eobblestones. Also
included were some severely eroded spots where the sub-
soil is exposed. The severely eroded areas make up from
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium, The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep hi good tilth and can be worked only within
a rather narrow range of moisture content without
puddling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
About three -fourths of the acreage is in forest. This
soil is suited to most of the locally grown crops, however,
and the areas that are cleared are used chiefly for row
crops and pasture. Practices that, effectively control run--
off and erosion are needed hi the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (GeC).----
This soil is on short to long side slopes in the uplands. Its
surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick and consists of dark
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown silt loam. The subsoil
is red, firm silty clay loam to clay that is 30 to 45 inches
thick. Included with this soil in mapping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent of
the, surface, layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is fairly easy to
keep in good tilth and can be, worked throughout a fairly
wide range of moisture, content.
Though most of the, acreage is in forest, this soil is
suited to most of the locally grown crops. A small acre-
age that has been cleared is used. chiefly for row crops
and pasture. Intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit Ille-2, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(GeC2).—This soil is on short, to long side slopes in the
uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. It is 3 to 6 inches thick. In the, less
eroded areas, the surface layer is a mixture of the re-
maining original surface soil and of material from the
subsoil. In those areas it is grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt, loam, but the color ranges to reddish brown
and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in the more
eroded areas. The subsoil is red, firm silty clay loam to
clay. and, is 30 to 45 inches thick.
Included with this soil- in mapping were .many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. Also.
included were some severely eroded spots where the sub-

WAKE COUNTY,
NORTH CAROLINA 29
soil is exposed. These severely eroded areas make up from
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilts and can be worked only within a
fairly narrow range of moisture content without pud-
dling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
When wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germi-
nation. As a result, stands • of crops are poor and replant-
ing of those areas maybe necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is suited
to many of the locally grown crops. The cleared areas
are used chiefly for row crops and pasture. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe--2,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Georgeville silt. loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(GeD2).--This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
upland drainageways. It is dominantly moderately
eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in places. The sur-
face layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In the moderately
eroded areas, the surface layer is generally grayish -brown
to yellowish -brown silt loam, but the color ranges to red-
dish brown and the texture ranges to silty clay loam.
In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is dark
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown silt loam. The subsoil
is red, firm silty clay loam to clay that is 30 to 36 inches
thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were areas where
from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with
pebbles and and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. Also
included were sonic severely eroded spots where the sub-
soil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to .good, and surface runoff is very
rapid, The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to
keep in good tilth. Where it is moderately eroded, it is
difficult to keep in good tilts and can be worked within
only a narrow range of moisture content without pud-
dling. A. crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin-
ation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of those areas may be necessary.
Much of the acreage is in forest., but this soil is suited
to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has been
cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and pasture.
Very intensive practices that effectively control runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bilit.v unit IVe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Goldsboro Series
The Goldsboro series consists of nearly level and gently
sloping, very deep, moderately well drained soils on
Coastal Plain uplands in the southern part of the county.
These soils are chiefly on broad flats or in slight depres-
sions where the difference in elevation is about 5 feet
between the highest and the lowest points. They have
formed under forest in. Coastal Plain deposits. A season-
ally high water table is at a depth of about 2/ feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low, permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is
low. Except hiareas that have received lime, these soils
are strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Goldsboro soils -of Wake County are not impor-
tant for farming Nevertheless, most of the acreage is
cultivated or in pasture.
Representative profile of Goldsboro sandy loam in a
cultivated field 1.1 miles south of the New Hope Church,
0.4 of a mile west on a farm road, and. 30 yards south
of the farm road
Ap--O to 10 inches, dark grayish -brown (2.5Y 4/2) sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; many
fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2--10 to 15 inches. pale -yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable
when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
pores; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B21t-15 to 18 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR. 5/6) sandy
clay loam; few, medium, distinct, strong -brown mot-
tles; weak, medium and fine, subangular blocky
structure ; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots;
thin, clay films on sand grains; many fine pores;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B22t--18 to 26 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/4) sandy
clay loam; many, medium, prominent, strong -brown
mottles; moderate, medium and fine, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; medium clay films;
common fine pores; strongly acid; clear, smooth
boundary.
B23t-26 to 30 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
clay loam; many, medium, prominent, light brownish-
gray mottles; moderate, medium and fine, ,subangu-
lar blocky structure; slightly brittle in place ; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few thin clay films; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
B3t--30 to 61 inches, mottled yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6),
light brownish -gray (10YR 6/2) to gray (10YR 6/1) ,
and. red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; moderate,
medium and fine, subangular blocky structure;
slightly brittle in place; friable when moist. slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few thin clay
films; common fine pores; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
0--61 to 72 inches -I-, mottled red (10R 4/6), gray (N 6/0),
and yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; mas-
sive; brittle in place; friable when moist, slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 0 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness and from light gray to very dark grayish brown in color.
The B horizons range from 46 to 60 inches in combined
thickness and from sandy loam to sandy clay loam in tex-
ture. The color of the B horizons is pale brown to yellowish
brown of 10YR. hue. Gray mottles are at a depth of 10 to
20 inches below the top of the B211; horizon. The combined
thickness of the A and B horizons is more than 60 inches.
Depth to hard rock is more than 20 feet.
Goldsboro soils occur with Norfolk and Lynchburg soils.
They are not so well drained as the Norfolk soils and are
better drained than the Lynchburg soils.
Goldsboro sandy loam (0 to 4 percent slopes) (Go). ----
This is the only Goldsboro soil mapped in Wake County.

3() SOIL SURVEY
It has a surface layer of light -gray to very dark gray-
ish -brown sandy loam 6 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil
is 46 to 60 inches thick and is pale -brown to yellowish -
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam that is
mottled with gray in the lower part. In many places this
soil contains an incipient and discontinuous horizon, with
pl.inthite. Included m. mapping were some areas of a soil
that has a finer textured subsoil than is typical for this
soil,
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked
throughout, a wide range of moisture content. 3.t is used
chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco, but it is well
suited to all the locally grown crops. In places some drain-
age is necessary for crops that require good drainage.
(Capability unit IIw-1, woodland suitability group 4,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Granville Series
The Granville series consists of gently sloping to
strongly sloping, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont
uplands in the western part of the county. These soils are
on rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of
about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
They have formed under forest in material that wea-
thered from. sandstone, shale, and mudstone of Triassic
age. The water table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low, permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate to low. These soils have a high content of alu-
minum. Except in areas that have received lime, they are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer are made.
The. Granville soils of this county are moderately im-
portant for farming. Most, of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture.
Representative profile of a Granville sandy loam in.
a cultivated field one-fourth of a mile west of the Salem
Church and 600 feet west of road:
Ap-0 to 0 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak,
medium and coarse, granular structure; very friable
when moist ; many fine, fibrous roots ; common small
pebbles; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
A2-13 to 12 inches, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sandy
loam; weak, medium and coarse, granular structure;
very friable when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots;
few small pebbles ; medium acid ; clear, wavy bound-
rl ry.
B1-12 to 15 inches, brownish -yellow (1oY:It 0/6) sandy clay
loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plas-
tic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; medium acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
11211-15 to 20 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay
loam; moderate, medium and fine, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; few thin clay films;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
1322t-20 to 31 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay
loam; few, coarse, prominent, yellowish -red (5YR
5/8) mottles; moderate, medium and fine, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; few thin claly films;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B3t-31 to 41 inches, brownish -yellow (1.OYR 6/8) clay loam;
many, coarse, prominent, red (2.5YR 5/8) mottles
and common, coarse, distinct, very pale brown (10YR
7/3) mottles; moderate, fine, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; common thin clay films;
common small pebbles; red mottles appear to be
weathered parent material ; strongly acid; gradual,
smooth boundary.
C-41 to 50 inches -1-, layered red, light -gray, and strong -
brown clay; thick platy primary structure breaking
to strong, medium, angular and subangular blocky
structure; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when
wet; thick silt coatings; common rounded pebbles
as large as 3 inches in diameter; red material is
hard and brittle; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 0 to 20 inches in total thickness
and from brown or dark brown to pale yellow in color. The
Et horizons range from 20 inches to 50 inches in combined
thickness, from clay loam to sandy clay loam in texture, and
from yellow to strong brown in color. From 5 to 10 percent
of the profile generally consists of rounded and angular peb-
bles.
Granville soils occur with Durham, Idayodan, and Creed -
moor soils. They contain more exchangeable aluminum than
the Durham soils, leave a less reddish subsoil than the
blayoden soils, and have a coarser textured, less firm and
less plastic lower subsoil than the Creedmoor soils. Gran-
ville soils are better drained than the Creedrnoor soils.
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (GrB).--
This soil is on broad, smooth interstrea:m divides in the
uplands. It has a dark -brown or brown to pale -yellow sur-
face layer that is 7 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong -
brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay loam, with com-
mon mottles of yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
where the slope is less than 2 percent. Also included were
areas where from 20 to i0 percent of the surface is cov-
ered with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the sur-
face layer is gravel.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium.
The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to
keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide
range of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown
crops, and most of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture. Row crops, especially tobacco and cotton, arethe
main crops grown. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit Tie-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(GrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 6 to 8 inches thick. In
many places it is a mixture of the remaining original sur-
face soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to pale -yellowy
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the more. eroded
spots. The subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and is yellow
to strong -brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay loam
that has common mottles of yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer is gravel. Also included were some severely eroded

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 31
spots that make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage
in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas is
sometimes necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop diffi-
cult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown
crops, and most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture.
The, cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, espe-
cially tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively con-
trol runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (GrC).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
a dark -brown or brown to pale -yellow surface layer that
ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total thickness. The subsoil
is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong -
brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay loam, with com-
mon mottles of yellowish red. Included with this soil in
mapping were some areas where from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface is coveredwith gravel and from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface layer consists of gravel.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil
is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas (fig. 5). (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Figure 5.—Striperopping in a field of Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes. Water front the ponds is used for irrigation.

32 SOIL S12ZV'BY
Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(GrC2). --This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is 6 to 8 inches thick. In many places
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the leas
eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to pale -yellow
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the more eroded
spots. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of
yellow to strong -brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay
oam, with common mottles of yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and where from 20 to 50 percent of the sur-
face layer consists of gravel. Also included were some
severely eroded spots that make up from 5 to 25 percent
of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain.
Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times,
which makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult
and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to most of the locally grown crops.
Row crops, especially tobacco and cotton, are grown in
the cultivated areas, and other crops are grown to a lesser
extent. Practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability
group 1)
Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (Grp). ----
This soil is in the uplands. It has a dark -brown or brown
to pale -yellow surface layer 7 to 12 inches thick. The sub-
soil is 26 to 40 inches thick and is yellow to strong -brown,
friable clay loam or sandy clay loam that has common
mottles of yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the Surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is very rapid.
The hazard of erosion is very severe. This soil is easy
to keep in good filth, and it can be worked throughout
a wide range of moisture content.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. This soil is well suited to most;
of the locally grown crops, and the cultivated areas are
used chiefly for row crops. Very intensive practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
allied land (Gu) is a miscellaneous land type consisting
of areas that have eroded beyond feasible reclamation.
Erosion has removed practically all of the original sur-
face laver and, in places, much of the subsoil from the
original, soils. More than one-fourth of the acreage con-
sists of gullies. Tillage equipment, can be operated across
some of the gullies but will not obliterate them. In some
areas the gullies fire too deep and too numerous to be
smoothed, even if heavy equipment, is used. Some gullies
have cut into the weathered rock that underlies the area.
The uppermost part of the soil material is clay.
• The rate of infiltration is slow. Most of the water from
rainfall runs off the surface very rapidly.
This landtype can be used for growing pines, but
growth of the trees will be slow. (Capability unit Vile -1,
woodland suitability group 13, wildlife suitability group
5)
Helena Series
The Helena series consists of gently sloping to strongly
sloping, deep, moderately well drained soils that occupy
small areas on Piedmont uplands. These soils are in the
northern part of the county and are on side slopes and
on rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of
about 30 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
They have formed under forest in material that weath-
ered from mixed acidic and. basic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum most of the time. During
wet seasons, however, these soils contain a perched water
table as a result of their slowly permeable subsoil.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low, and. permeability is slow. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
high. Except in areas that, have received lime, these soils
are strongly acid or very strongly acid. Response is good.
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Helena soils of Wake County are not important
for. farming. Most of the acreage is in forest or pasture.
Representative profile of a Helena sandy loam in a
cultivated field 1.50 feet north of a paved road and 2.2 miles
east of the Wake Finishing Plant:
Ap—o to S inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, fine and medium, granular structure; very
friable when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; medium
acid ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
111--S to 10 incites, pale -brown (2.5Y 7 4) light sandy clay
loam; common, medium, prominent, brownish -yellow
mottles; weak, medium, subn.nguier blocky struc
ture ; friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic
when wet ; few, fine, fibrous roots ; medium acid ;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21t--10 to 22 incites, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy
clay; many, coarse, prominent, light yellowish -brown
(10YR 6/4.) mottles; weak, medium, angular blocky
structure; very firm when moist, sticky and very
plastic when wet; distinct clay films on ped sur-
faces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
B22t--`?2 to 27 inches, brownish -yellow (IOY11 6/6) clay ;
common, coarse, prominent, gray (10YR 011) mot-
tles; weak, medium, angular blocky structure; very
firm when moist, sticky and very plastic when wet;
thin clay films; very strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
B23t-27 to 32 inches, light -gray (2.5Y 7/2) sandy clay to
clay; many, coarse, prominent, brownish -yellow
(10YR 6/6) mottles; weak, medium and coarse,
angular blocky structure; very firm when moist,
sticky and very plastic when wet; thin clay films;
very strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.

WAKE COUNTY,
B3t-32 to 36 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay; few,
coarse, prominent, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/6) mot-
tles; 'Weak, coarse, angular blocky structure ap-
proaching massive; firm when moist, sticky and plas-
tic when wet; few thin clay films; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
C-36 to 39 inches +, mottled light -gray and brownishyellow
sandy clay loam that is disintegrated, acid crystal-
line rock.
The A horizon ranges from 3 to 15 inches in thickness and
from grayish brown, dark grayish brown, or light brownish
gray to pale yellow in color. In places the B1 horizon is
absent. Where it occurs, it ranges from 2 to :10 inches in
thickness and from sandy clay loam to sandy clay in tex-
ture. The modal color of the Bt horizons is yellowish brown,
but. the color ranges from brownish yellow, yellow, or olive
to strong brown or light gray. Gray mottling occurs below
the uppermost 10 inches of the B21t horizon. The B2t hori-
zons range from 10 inches to 30 inches in combined thick-
ness and from clay to sandy clay in texture. The combined
thickness of the A horizon and .B horizons ranges from 20
to GO inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to 15 feet
or more.
Helena soils occur with Durham, Appling, Wedowee, Vance,
linon, Wilkes, Colfax, and Creedmoor soils. They are less
well drained than the Durham, Appling, Wedowee, Vance,
Elton, and Wilkes soils, and they have a finer textured sub-
soil than the Durham, Colfax, and Wedowee soils. Helena
soils are less brown and are more acid than the Enon soils.
They have a thicker surface layer and subsoil than the
Wilkes soils, are better drained than the Colfax soils, and
contain less exchangeable altuninum than the Creedmoor
soils.
Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (HeB). This
soil is on smooth interstream divides. It has a dark gray-
ish -brown to light brownish -gray surface layer 7 to 15
inches thick. The subsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick. It
consists of yellow to strong -brown sandy clay or clay
that is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
The subsoil contains common gray mottles.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is ineditun, The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in. good filth. Because of the
slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage • is restricted
after heavy rains.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited
to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has been
cleared, it is used, chiefly for row crops. Practices that
effectively control runoff and, erosion are needed in the
enItivated areas. (Capability unit lb 3, woodland
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(leleB2).---This soil is on smooth interstrefun divides. Its
surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places it is
a mixture of the remaining original surface soil and of
material from the subsoiCIn the less eroded areas, the
surface layer is pale -yellow or light brownish -gray sandy
(oam, but the, color ranges to strong brown and the tex-
:ure ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The
eihsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellow
;o strong -brown sandy clay or clay that has common
4ray mottles and is very firm when moist and very
)lastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
Toded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These spots
nake up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
napping unit.
NORTH CAROLINA 33
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and run-
off is medium. The hazard of further erosion is severe.
This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of
the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
heavy rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots is sometimes nec-
essary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants
in an uneven stand mature at different times. This makes
harvesting and curing of the crop difficult and reduces
the quality of the tobacco.
About he If of the acreage, is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. fhis soil is fairly well suited
to most of the locally grown crops. Where it, has been
cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Intensive prac-
tices that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed
in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Iiie-3, wood-
land suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (HeC).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its sur-
face layer is dark grayish -brown to light brownish -gray
sandy loam 7 to 14 inches thick. The subsoil is 10 to 26
inches thick and consists of yellow to strong -brown sandy
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of gray. It is
very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is
severe. This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but tillage
is restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly per-
meable subsoil.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit III.e--3,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group
1)
Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
HeC2).--This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick, in. many places it
is a, mixture of the remaining original surface soil and of
material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the Ku -
face layer is pale -yellow to light brownish -gray sandy
loam, but the colorranges to strong brown and the texture
ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots.
Included with this soil in mapping were souse severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
inake, up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and runoff
is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Tillage is
restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly perme-
able subsoil. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, the clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germi-
nation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of the severely eroded spots is sometimes necessary.
An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times. This makes liar-

3.4
SOIL, SURVEY
vesting and curing of the crop difficult and reduces the
quality of the tobacco.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Very inten-
sive practices that effectively control runoff and erosion
are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit.
IVe-3, woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (HeD).----
This is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow
side slopes bordering upland drainageways. In the
slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is dark grayish -
brown to light brownish -gray sandy loam 6 to 12 inches
thick. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer
is grayish -brown or pale -yellow sandy loam to strong -
brown clay loam and is 3 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil
is 10 to 24 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong-
brown sandy clay or clay, with common gray mottles, It
is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is very rapid. The hazard of further erosion
is very severe.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for
row crops, but it is fairly well suited to most of the
locally grown crops. Most of the acreage is in forest, but
a small acreage is cultivated or in pasture. Very intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-3,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group
1)
Herndon Series
The Herndon series consists of gently sloping to mod-
erately steep, deep, well -drained soils of Piedmont
uplands. These soils occupy small areas in the western,
southern, and eastern parts of the county. They are on
side slopes and on rounded divides that have a difference
in elevation of about 50 feet between the highest and the
lowest points. The soils have formed under forest in
material that weathered from phyllite (Carolina slates).
The water table remains below the solum.
Natural -fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Herndon soils of Wake County are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Herndon silt loam in a
wooded area 14 miles south of U.S. Highway No. 1 and
10 yards south of county road No. 101.0
O1 2 inches to 0, undecomposecl and partly decomposed pine
litter.
Ap-0 to 0 inches, yellowish -brown (MOYR 5/4) silt loam;
weak, medium and fine, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; common, fine and medium, woody
roots; many fine pores; common, small and medium,
subrounded quartz pebbles; strongly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.
B1-0 to 0 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
weak, medium, subangulnr blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, woody roots; many fine poses;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B21t---fi to 20 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam ;
strong, medium and fine, snbangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and plastic when wet ; few,
fine, woody roots; common fine pores; thick, yellow-
ish -red (5YR 5/8) clay films on ped surfaces; strongly
acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
B22t-20 to 30 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) silty clay;
many. fine, prominent, red mottles and many, fine,
prominent, brownish -yellow mottles ; strong, medium
and fine, subangula.r blocky structure ; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet ; thick and moder-
ately thick clay films; few, fine and medium, woody
roots; few fine pores; thick and moderately thick.
continuous clay films; strongly acid; clear, smooth
boundary,
B3t-30 to 40 inches, mottled dark -red, red, and yellow silty
clay loam; moderate, medium and fine, subangttlnr
blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and plas-
tic when wet; common fine pores; thin clay films;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
C-40 to 45 inches +, mottled red, yellow, white, and yellow-
ish -red silty clay loam; massive ; friable when moist;
strongly acid.
The A horizon ranges from 3 to 8 inches in thickness and
from very dark grayish brown or brown to yellowish brown in
color. The B horizons range from 20 to 45 inches in thickness
and from silty clay loam to silty clay in texture. The color of
the B2t horizons .range from strong brown to yellowish red in
7.5YR and 5YR hues. In many places those horizons contain
common mottles of red or yellow. The combined thickness of
the A and B horizons ranges from 30 to 48 inches. Depth to
hard rock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet.
Herndon soils occur with Appling, Georgeville, and. Mayodan
soils. They have more silt and less sand throughout the profile
than do the Appling soils. Herndon soils are less red than the
Georgeville soils and have more silt throughout their profile
than the Mayodan soils.
Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (HrB).--This
soil is on smooth interstrea,m divides in the uplands. It,
has a very dark grayish -brown or brown to yellowish -
brown surface layer 5 to S inches thick. Time subsoil is 20
to 45 inches thick. It consists of yellowish -red to strong -
brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay that contains
common mottles of red or yellow. Included in mapping
were many areas where from 20 to 50 percent of the stir -
face is covered with pebbles and cobblestones and from 20
to 50 percent of the sin -face layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is fairly easy to
keep in good tilts, and it can be worked throughout a
wide range of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. This soil is well suited to most
of the locally grown crops. Where it has been cleared, it
is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. Practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIa-2, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
fH-B21.---This soil is in the uplands. In many places its

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original sur-
face soil and of material from the subsoil. The surface
layer is 4 to 6 inches thick. In the less eroded areas, it is
brown and yellowish -brown silt loam, but the color
ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges to silty
clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 20 to
4 5 inches thick. It consists of yellowish. red to strong -
brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay that has coin-
mon mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblesstones, and from 20 to 50 percent.
of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Also included were some severely eroded spots where the
subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded spots make up
from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good filth and can be worked within only
a fairly narrow range of moisture content without
puddling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result:, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of those areas is sometimes necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. The, cultivated areas are; used
chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited to most
other locally grown crops. Practices that effectively con-
trol runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (HrC).—This
soil is on short side slopes in the uplands. It, has a
very dark grayish -brown or brown to yellowish -brown
surface layer 5 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 20 to 40
inches thick. It is yellowish -red to strong -brown, friable
.silty clay loam to silty clay and contains common mottles
of red or yellow. Included in mapping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent, of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent
7-if the surface layer consists of pebbles and cob4;leetones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
,azard of erosion is severe. This soil is fairly easy to
seep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wid(
-tinge of moisture content.
A large part of the acreage is in forest, but this soil
s well suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where
t has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
rosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
init IIIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
,bility group 1)
Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
lrC2).---This soil is on short side slopes in the uplands.
is surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick. In many places
t is a mixture of the remaining original surface soil
nd of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas,
he surface layer is brown to yellowish -brown silt loam,
ut the color ranges to strong brown and the texture
anges to silty clay loam in the more eroded spots. The
35
subsoil is 20 to 40 inches thick. It consists of yellowish -
red t.o strong -brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay
that contains common red or yellow mottles.
Included with this soil in mapping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer is cov-
eyed with pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobble-
stones. Also included were some severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded spots
occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping
unit.
Tnfiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult to
keep in good tilth and can be worked within only a fairly
narrow range of moisture content. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if
those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
interfere with germination. As a result, stands of crops
are poor and replanting of the severely eroded areas may
be necessary.
A large part of the acreage is in forest, but this soil
is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where
it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and
pasture. Practices that effectively control runoff' and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
IIIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability
group 1)
Herndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(HrD2).--This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
upland drainageways. In most places it is moderately
eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in some places. In
the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is brown
or yellowish -brown silt loan to strong -brown silty clay
loam. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is very
dark grayish -brown and brown to yellowish -brown silt
loam. The surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. The sub-
soil is 20 to 36 inches thick and consists of yellowish -red
to strong -brown, friable silty clay loam t.o silty clay that
contains common mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were areas where
from 2.0 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with
pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent of the
surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.Also in-
cluded were some severely eroded spots where the subsoil
is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is fairly easy
to keep in good tilth. Where it is moderately eroded, it,
is difficult to keep in good tilth and can be worked with-
in only a fairly narrow range of moisture content. A.
crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
and clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
severely eroded spots may be necessary.
A large part of the acreage is in forest, but this soil
is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where
it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Prac-
tices that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed
in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit I`'e `?, wood-
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)

36
SOIL
Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes (FirE).--- This
soil is on narrow side slopes bordering -major drainage -
ways in the uplands. It is -slightly eroded in some places
and is moderately eroded in others. In the slightly eroded
areas, the surface layer is very dark grayish -brown or
brown to yellowish -brown silt loam 4 to 6 inches thick.
In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is
brown to yellowish -brown silt loam to strong -brown silty
clay loam and is 3 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 20
to :30 inches thick. It consists of yellowish -red to strong -
brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay, with common
mottles of red or yellow.
Included with Chis soil in mapping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones, and areas where from 20 to
50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones. Also included were some severely eroded
spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest, but areas of
this soil that have been cleared are well suited to pas-
ture and hay crops. This soil is not suited to crops that,
require cultivation.. (Capability unit VIe--1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Lloyd Series
The Lloyd series consists of gently sloping to strongly
sloping, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont uplands
in the western part of the county. The soils are on side
slopes and on rounded divides that have a difference in
elevation of about 30 feet between the highest and the
Iowest points. They have formed under forest, in material
that weathered from hornblende gneiss. The water table
remains below- the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. The available water capacity is medium, and per-
meability and the shrink -swell potential are moderate.
Except in. areas where these soils have received lime, they
are slightly acid to medium. acid. Response is good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Lloyd soils of Woke County are of only innow
importance for farming. Much of the acreage is in forest,
Representative profile of a. Lloyd loan _'i;:a0 yards
northeast of Bass Lake and 125 feet south of road:
Al-0 to 9 inches, Clark reddish -brown (2.5YR 4/4) loam;
moderate, medium and fine, granular structure ; very
friable when moist ; many fine and medium, woody
and fibrous roots; many fine pores; few small quartz
pebbles ; medium acid ; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21t-9 to 12 inches, red (2,5YR 4/6) clay loam; moderate,
medium and fine, subangular blocky structure ; firm
when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common,
fine, woody and fibrous roots; many fine pores; thin
clay films; few small quartz pebbles ; medium acid;
clear, wavy boundary,
B22t-12 to 32 inches, red (10R 4/6) clay; moderate, tine.
subangular blocky structure; firm when moist, sticky
and plastic when wet ; common, fine, woody roots ;
many flue pores; medium clay films; medium acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
B23t-32 to 38 inches, dark -red (10R 3/6) clay loam; com-
mon, fine, distinct, red mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure ; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody
SUR BY
roots; many fine pores ; thick and medium clay films;
medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
P3t-38 to 44 inches, red (2.5YR 416) silty clay loam; Many,
fine, prominent, strong -brown mottles; moderate, fine
and medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; many fine
pores; thin, continuous clay thins; medium acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
C- 44 to 50 inches: -t, mottled red and yellowish -rod silty clay
loam; massive; friable when moist; few thick clay
films in vertical cracks; medium acid.
The A. horizon ranges from 4 to 12 inches in thickness, and
the B horizons range from 30 to 50 inches in combined thick-
ness. The combined thickness of the A horizon and R horizons
ranges from 36 to 60 inches. The texture of the 13 horizon
ranges from clay to clay loam or silty clay loam. The color of
the B2t horizon ranges from red to Clark red in 2.5YR or 1011
hues. In many places these soils are mottled with strong
brown. Depth to hard rock ranges front 5 to more than 15 feet.
Lloyd soils occur with Cecil, Madison, and Georgeville soils.
They have a darker red color in some parts of the f ulu,oil
than do those soils, and they have less silt throughout the pro-
file than the Georgeville soils,
Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded RdB2).---••This
soil is on broad, smooth interst-reain divides in the up-
lands. The surface layer is 4 to 12 inches thick. In many
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
areas, the, surface layer is reddish -brown loam, but the
color ranges to dark reddish brown and the texture
ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The sub-
soil is red and dark -red, firm clay loam to clay that is
30 to 50 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots, which occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the
total acreage in the mapping unit. Also, ill some places
from 20 to 30 percent, of the surface is covered with
pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the
surface layer consists of pebbles and ro"_:ii do-t-ones.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth and can be .worked within only
a fairly narrow range of moisture content without pad-'
tiling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with c er•inin
atiora.As a result, stands of crops are. poor and replant-
ing of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. Where this soil has been cleared,
it is used chiefly for row crops, len, it is well suited to
Most of the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suitability group
5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its sur-
face layer is 4 to 10 inches thick. In many places it is
a mixture of the remaining original surface soil and of
material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
surface layer is reddish -brown loam, but the color ranges
to dark reddish brown and the texture ranges to clay
loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 30 to 42
inches thick and consists of i'ed and dark -red, firm clay
loam to clay.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
eroded spots that occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the
acreage in the mapping unit. Also, in some places from
20 to 30 percent of the surface is covered with pebbles
and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the surface
layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth and can be worked within only a
fairly narrow range of moisture content without pud-
dling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin-
ation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of the severely eroded areas may be necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has
been cleared, it, is used chiefly for row crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed
in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-2, wood-
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded (LdD2).--
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drainage -
ways. Its surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. In many
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
areas, the surface layer is reddish -brown loam, but the
color ranges to dark reddish brown and the texture
ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil
is red and dark -red, firm clay loam to clay that is 30 to
36 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots that occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the
total acreage in the mapping unit. Also, in some places
from 20 to 30 percent of the surface is covered with
pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the
surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is very rapid.
The hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth and can be worked within only
a fairly narrow range of moisture content without
puddling. A. crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-2, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Louisburg Series
The Louisburg series consists of gently sloping to
strongly sloping, moderately deep, somewhat excessively
drained soils on Piedmont uplands. These soils occupy
large areas in the northern and eastern parts of the
county and small areas in other parts. They are on side
slopes and on rounded divides that have a difference in
elevation of about 30 feet between the highest and the
lowest points. The soils have formed under forest in
37
material that weathered from granite, gneiss, schist, and
other acidic rocks. The water table remains beneath the
solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderately rapid, and the available
water capacity and the shrink -swell potential are low.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable applica-
tions of fertilizer and lime are made.
The Louisburg soils in this county are fairly important
for farming, but much of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Louisburg loamy sand in a
cultivated field three -fourths of a mile south of Hodges
Creek and 30 yards east of county road No. 2217:
Ap-0 to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) loamy
sand, weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able ; many fine, fibrous roots; common coarse frag-
ments of feldspar ; strongly acid ; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
P 8 to 12 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam;
structureless ; very friable; few, fine, fibrous roots;
common coarse particles of feldspar ; strongly acid ;
clear, smooth boundary.
C-12 to 36 inches, brownish -yellow (10Ylt 6/6) loamy sand;
structureless; very friable to loose ; strongly acid;
abrupt boundary.
R-36 inches +, hard granitic gneiss.
The Ap horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and
from very dark grayish brown or dark grayish brown to light
yellowish brown in color. The B horizon ranges from 4 to 35
inches in thickness. Its color ranges from light yellowish
brown to yellowish brown or yellowish red in hues of 2.5Y to
5YR. In places the profile contains a discontinuous lower B
horizon that ranges from 2 to 6 inches in thickness and from
sandy clay loam to sandy clay in texture. The texture of the
C horizon is commonly loamy sand, but it ranges to sandy
clay loam in some areas. The combined thickness of the Ap
horizon and B horizons ranges from 20 to 50 inches. In general,
depth to hard rock is 2 to 4 feet, but outcrops of rock are
common in most of these soils.
Louisburg soils occur with Wedowee, Wake, and Wilkes
soils. Their subsoil is coarser textured than that of the. Wedo-
wee soils, and their solum is thicker than that of the Wake
soils, They are snore acid and generally have a coarser tex-
tured subsoil than the Wilkes soils.
Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (LoB).—
This soil is on small ridges in the uplands. Its surface
layer is very dark grayish -brown to light yellowish -
brown loamy sand 4 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
light yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very friable
sandy loam 4 to 35 inches thick. Included with this soil
in mapping were some areas in which from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface is covered with pebbles and cobble-
stones, and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer con-
sists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been
cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is fairly
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Because
of the slopes and shallowness over bedrock, intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. During rainy seasons, its
coarse texture makes this soil subject to leaching of
mobile plant nutrients. (Capability unit IIIe.-4, wood-

38
SOIL SURVEY
land suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (CoC).—
This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. Its surface
layer is very dark grayish -brown to light yellowish -
brown loamy sand 4 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil is
light yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very friable
sandy loam 4 to 30 inches thick. Included in mapping
were some areas in which from 20 to 50 percent of the
surface is covered with pebbles and cobblestones, and from
20 to 50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is very severe. This soil is easy to keep
in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is fairly
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Where
it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Inten-
sive practices that effectively control runoff and erosion
are needed in the cultivated areas. During rainy seasons,
its coarse texture makes this soil subject to leaching of
mobile plant nutrients. (Capability unit IVe-3, wood-
land suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes RoD).—
This soil is on side slopes bordering drainageways in the
uplands. Its surface layer is very dark grayish -brown to
light yellowish -brown loamy sand 4 to 6 inches thick. The
subsoil is light yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very
friable sandy loam that is 4 to 24 inches thick. Included
in mapping were some areas in which from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface is covered with pebbles and cobble-
stones, and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer con-
sists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is very rapid.
This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
This soil is not suitable for cultivation, and practically
all of the acreage is in forest. Areas that have been
cleared should be used for pasture or hay crops. (Capa-
bility unit VIe-1, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife
suitability group 4)
Louisburg:Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes
RwB).—Soils of this mapping unit are so intricately mixed
that they cannot be se,parated on a map of the scale used.
Also, the areas of each soil are generally too small to be
managed as an individual unit. Therefore, these soils
were mapped together as a soil complex. In a typical
mapped area, about 60 percent of the acreage is Louis-
burg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2 percent is
Durham, Vance, and other soils. The soils are on small
ridges in the northeastern part of the county.
The Louisburg soil has a very dark grayish -brown to
light yellowish -brown surface layer of loamy sand 5 to
8 niches thick. The subsoil is light yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, very friable to loose sandy loam 15 to 35
inches thick.
The Wedowee soil has a dark grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown surface layer of sandy loam that grades
to loamy sand and is 5 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam
9 to 20 inches thick.
Included with these soils in mapping were some arras
in which 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with
pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobble-
stones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is severe. These soils are easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are
fairly well suited to many of the locally grown crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit IIIe-4, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suit-
ability group 4)
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (LwB2).—The soils of this complex are on rather
small .ridges in the northeastern part, of the county. In
a typical mapped area, about 60 percent of the acreage
is Louisburg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2 per-
cent is Durham, Vance, and other soils.
The Louisburg soil of this complex has a grayish -
brown to light yellowish -brown surface layer of loamy
sand 4 to 8 inches thick. Its subsoil is light yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, very friable to loose sandy loam
15 to 35 inches thick.
The. Wedowee soil has a surface layer 3 to 7 inehe
thick. In many places its surface layer is a mixture of
the remaining original surface soil and of material from
the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is
grayish -brown to pale -brown sandy loam. The color
ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy
clay loam, however, in severely eroded spots, and those
areas make up from '5 to 10 percent of the total acreage
in the mapping unit.. The subsoil is yellovviell-brown to
yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam 9 to 20 inches thick.
Included with these soils in mapping were some areas
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 20 to 50
percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones,
In the Louisburg soil, infiltration is good. In the Wed-
owee soil, it is only fair. Surface runoff is medium, and
the hazard of further erosion is severe. The Louisburg
soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked
throughout a wide. range of moisture content. The Wed-
owee soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, but it can be
worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture
content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are
fairly well suited to many of the locally grown crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needled in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit IIIe-4, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suia-
ability group 4)
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes
LwC).--The soils of this complex are on side slopes of
medium length in uplands in the northeastern part of
the county. In a typical mapped area, about 60 percent
of the acreage is Louisburg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee
soil, and 2 percent is Durham, Vance, and other soils.
The Louisburg soil lots a dark grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown surface layer of loamy sand 4 to 6
inches thick. Its subsoil is light yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, very friable to loose sandy loam 15 to 30
inches thick.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
The Wedowee soil has a dark grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown surface layer of sandy loam that is 4 to
6 inches thick and grades to loamy sand. Its subsoil is
yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam 9
to 15 inches thick.
Included with these soils in mapping were some areas
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 20 to
50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils are easy to
keep in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide
range of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are
fairly well suited to many of the locally grown crops.
If cultivated crops are grown, intensive practices that ef-
fectively control runoff and erosion are needed. (Capabil-
ity unit IFe-3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife
suitability group 4)
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (LwC2).—These soils are on side slopes of medium
length in uplands in the northeastern part of the county.
In a typical mapped area, about 60 percent of the acre-
age is Louisburg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2
percent is Durham, Nance, and other soils.
The Louisburg soil has a grayish -brown to light yel-
lowish -brown surface laver of loamy sand 4 to 6 inches
thick. The subsoil is light yellowish -brown to yellowish -
red, very friable to loose sandy loam 15 to 30 inches
thick.
The Wedowee soil has a surface layer that is 3 to 7
inches thick. In many places its surface layer is a mix-
ture of the remaining original surface soil and of mater-
ial from the subsoil. In the slightly eroded or moder-
ately eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to pale -brown sandy loam. The color grades to strong
brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the
severely eroded spots. The severely eroded spots make
up from 5 to 10 percent, of the acreage in the mappino,
unit. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to yellowish -red,
firm sandy clay loam t) to 15 inches thick.
Included with these soils in mapping were some areas
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 20 to 50
percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones.
For the Louisburg soil, infiltration is good and sur-
face runoff is medium. For the Wedowee soil, infiltration
is fair and surface. runoff is rapid. For both soils, the
hazard of further erosion is very severe. The Louisburg
soil is easy to keep in good filth and can be worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content. The Wed-
owee soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, but it can be.
worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture.
content.
Most of the acreage is in forest. Because of the slope
and bedrock near the surface in many places, intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed if these soils are cultivated. (Capability unit
IVe-3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suita-
bility group 4)
39
Lynchburg Series
The Lynchburg series consists of soils that are nearly
level, very deep, and somewhat poorly drained. These
soils are in upland depressions of the Coastal Plain in
the southern part of the comity. They have formed under
forest in Coastal Plain sediment. A seasonally high water
table is at a depth of about 11/2 feet..
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is love.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made.
Most areas of Lynchburg soils are cultivated or in pas-
ture. Because of their limited acreage in Wake County,
however, these soils are not important for farming.
Representative profile of Lynchburg sandy loam in a
cultivated field 0.5 mile west of Fuquay Springs on N.C.
Highway No. 42, 0.75 mile north on a paved road, 100
yards west on a farm road, and 200 yards south of farm
road:
Ap--0 to 8 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam ;
weak, medium, granular structure ; very friable when
moist ; many fine and medium, fibrous roots; com-
mon fine pores ; medium acid ; abrupt, irregular
boundary.
A3---6 to 13 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) sandy
loam ; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist ; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
pores ; medium acid ; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B1-13 to 16 inches, olive -yellow (2.5Y 6/6) sandy clay loam ;
few, medium, distinct, brownish -yellow mottles; weak,
fine and medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and plastic when wet ; few,
fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores; strongly acid ;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21t-16 to 20 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) sandy
clay loam ; many, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles ; moderate, fine and medium, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet; common fine pores; few thin clay
films; strongly acid ; gradual, smooth boundary.
L'22t-20 to 26 inches, light brownish -gray (2.5Y 6/2) sandy
clay loans; common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles and few, medium, prominent, yellowish -red
mottles ; moderate, fine and medium, subangular
blocky structure ; friable when moist, stticky and
plastic when wet; many fine pores; few thin clay
films on ped surfaces ; strongly acid ; gradual, smooth
boundary.
B23tg-26 to 31 inches, light brownish -gray (10YR 6/2) sandy
clay loam ; many, coarse, distinct, yellowish -brown
(10YR 5/8) mottles; weak, fine and medium, sub..
angular blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky
and plastic when wet ; common fine pores; thin clay
films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
B24tg--31 to 37 inches, mottled light brownish -gray (2.5Y
6/2) and yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay
loam; weak, medium and coarse, .subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, sticky and plastic when
wet; common fine pores; few thin clay films; strongly
acid ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
Bag-37 to 65 inches, coarsely mottled light brownish -gray
(2,5Y 6/2), red (2.5YR 4/8) , and brownish -yellow
(10YR 6/8) heavy sandy loam; weak, coarse, sub -
angular blocky structure ; very friable when moist,
slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet ; strongly
acid ; clear, smooth boundary.

40
SOIL SURVEY
C-65 to T2 inches +, mottled gray, yellowish -brown, and red
Clay ; massive; firm when moist ; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 8 to 20 Inches in combined thick-
ness and from dark brown or dark grayish brown to light
yellowish brown or light gray in color. The Et horizons range
from 21 to 60 inches in combined thickuese. Their texture is
mostly sandy lam Or sandy clay loam that is 18 to 35 percent
clay. In places these horizons contain pockets and lenses of
sand. The color of the Bt horizons ranges from yellowish
brown to pale yellow or light brownish gray in 10YR, or more
yellowish hues. In places few to common gray mottles are
within 10 inches of the top of the uppermost Et horizon. The
333g horizon is pale brown to light brownish gray or brownish
yellow and generally contains distinct, grayish mottles. The
combined thickness of the A horizons and B horizons is more
than 60 Inches, Depth to bedrock is more than 20 feet.
Lynchburg soils occur with Goldsboro and Rains soils, and
their texture is similar to the texture of those soils. They are
less well drained than the Goldsboro soils, however, and are
better drained than the Rains.
Lynchburg sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Ly).—
This is the only Lynchburg soil mapped in Wake Coun-
ty. It is in depressions in uplands of the Coastal Plain.
The surface layer is dark -brown or light -gray to very
dark gray sandy loam 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil Is
30 to 60 inches thick and is pale -yellow to yellowish -
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam mottled
with shades of gray.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content.
Drainage is required for most row crops to do well on
this soil. If proper drainage is provided, this soil is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. It is used
mainly for row crops or pasture. (Capability unit,
woodland suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group
2)
Made land (Ma) is a miscellaneous land type in which
the areas have been altered by man to the extent that the
profile of the original soils cannot be recognized. The
altered soil material does not function as did the original
soil, and in many places it, does not resemble the original
soil.
Some areas of Made land were made when cutting and
filling WAS done to construct parking lots, airfields, indus-
trial sites, and highway interchanges. In many places all
or part of the solum and part of the material underlying
the original soils was cut from one area and was moved
to another spot for useas fill material. Other areas of
Made land are near quarries vhere the overburden has
been dumped into large mounds. In those places gravel
has been spread and packed into the soils until the soil
material is compacted and hard.
The areas included in this land type are so diverse
in characteristics that general statements cannot be made
about them. Onsite examination of each area is necessary
before any land use is planned. (Not placed in a capa-
bility unit; woodland suitability group 13, wildlife suit-
ability group 5)
Madison Series
The Madison series consists of gently sloping to mod-
erately steep, deep, well -drained soils that occupy fairly
small areas on Piedmont. uplands in the northern part
of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
60 feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
have formed under forest in material that weathered
from mica schist, mica gneiss, and other acidic rocks.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is mod-
erate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
are strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Madison soils of 1Vake County are not important
for farming. They are mostly in forest.
Representative profile of a Madison sandy loam in a
wooded area 1.3/1 miles west of the Neuse Hirer Bridge
on N.C. Highway No. 98 and 10 yards south of road:
Ap-0 to 6 inches, brown (1.0YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
many fine, woody and fibrous roots ; common fine mica
flakes; few small quartz and quartz mica schist peb-
bles; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B1-6 to 12 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) heavy sandy clay loam;
weak, medium, subangular blocky .structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, woody and fibrous roots; common
fine mica flakes; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy bound-
ary.
B2t--12 to 20 inches, red (2.5YR 4/(3) clay loam: moderate,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic! W hell wet;
thin clay films ; common, fine, woody and fibrous
roots ; many fine mica flakes ; few partly disinte-
grated schist fragments; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.
133t-26 to 32 inches, red (2.5YR 4/(1) sandy clay loam ; moder-
ate, inedinm, subangular blocky structure ; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
AVet few thin clay films; few, small, woody roots
many fine mica flakes; common schist fragments, and
pale -yellow and dusky -red mettles around the frag-
ments; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary,
C-32 to 45 inches +, no arled dusky -red, red, pale -yellow,
strong -brown, and brown silt loam disintegrated
quartz mica ;•.7C.11 ; common dark flakes that appear
to be disintegrated garnet.; few, entail, woody roots
extending to a depth of more than 48 inches ; strongly
acid.
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to JO inches in thickness and
from dark brown to brown in color. The B horizons range
from 10 to 35 inches in combined. thickness and from sandy
clay loam to clay in texture. The III horizon is yellowish red
to red. The modal color of the it horizonsis red of 2,5YR
hue, but the color of those horizons ranges to dark red, The
number of mica Mikes ranges from few to common in the A
horizon and from common to many in the El horizon, but the
Int horizon, and, in places, the C horizon, contain inany mica
flakes. The combined thickness of the Ap horizon and E hori-
zons, ranges from 20 to 40 inches, and, in places, the
thickness varies greatly within a short lateral distance. Depth
to hard rock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet.
Madison soils occur with the Cecil, Georgeville, and Lloyd
soils. but they have a thinner solum and contain more mica
flakes than those soils. The 'Madison soils contain less silt than
the Georgeville sells and ore mere acid than the Lloyd soils.
Madison sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(MdB2). This soil is on smooth interstreitm divides. Its
surface layer is 3 to 10 inches thick. In many places it is
a mixture. of the remaining- original surface soil and of
material from the sub toil, In the less eroded areas, the
surface layer is dark brown to ((town, but the color is

WAKE COL'N1'Y,
redder and the texture ranges to clay loam in tine more
eroded spots. The subsoil is red to dark -red, friable clay
to clay loam and is 10 to 28 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These spots
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
maping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere, with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded spots may be necessary.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. Where this soil has been cleared,
it is used chiefly for row crops and pasture, but it is well
suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are needed in the culti-
vated areas. (Capability unit fie-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group .1)
Madison sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(MdC2).--This soil is oil short to long side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the lens eroded spots the surface layer is dark -brown to
brown sandy loam, but 'time, texture ranges to clay loam
that, has a reddish color in the more eroded spots. The
subsoil is red to dark -red, friable clay loam to clay, and
it is 10 to 30 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded areas where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of time acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide. range of moisture content. A. crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and_
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the. clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
may be necessary.
About three -fourths of time acreage is in forest, and the
rest is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
MdD2).- This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
upland drainageways. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is dark -brown to
brown sandy loam, but in the more eroded spots the tex-
ture ranges to clay loam that. has a reddish color. The
subsoil is red to dark -red, friable clay loam to clay that is
10 to 35 inches thick.
NORTH CAROLINA
Included with this soil in ma >ping•were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These eroded
areas make, up from about, 5 to 25 percent of the acreage
in the mapping unit..
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is very rapid.
The hazard of further erosion is very severe.• Timis Soli is
difficult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked
throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content. A
crust forms on the severely eroded. spots after hard rains,
and clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
severely eroded areas May be necessary.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest, but a small
acreage is in pasture or cultivated crops, mainly row
crops. This soil is well suited to all the locally grown
crops, but very intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IVe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Madison sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded
(MdE2).•—This soil is on narrow side slopes reordering
major upland drainageways. Its sum -face layer is 3 to 5
inches thick. In many places the surface layer is a mix-
ture of the remaining original surface soil and of mate-
rial from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface
layer is dark -brown to brown sandy loam, but the texture
ranges to clay loam that has a reddish color in some of
the more eroded spots. The subsoil is red to dark -red,
friable clay loam to clay that is 10 to 24 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is very rapid.
This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Where this
soil has been cleared, however, it is suited to permanent
hay or pasture. It is not suited to cultivated crops. Capa-
bility unit VIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Man tachie Series
The Mautachie series consists of nearly level or gently
sloping, deep, somewhaat, poorly drained soils in depres-
sions of time Piedmont and Coastal Plain uplands. These
soils have formed in coarse loamy deposits of local allu-
vium washed from surrounding soils of the uplands. A
seasonally high water table is at a depth of about 2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate to moderately rapid.
The available water capacity is medium, and time shrink -
swell potential is low. These soils are frequently flooded,
but: the floodwaters remain for only a brief period of
time. Except in areas that have received lime, the soils
are medium acid. Response is fairly good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
hi Wake County 1\Mantaclrie soils are not important. for
farming. The areas are generally too small to be managed
as a field independent of the surrounding soils, and most
of the acreage is in forest. Where these soils have been

42
SOIL SURVEY
Figure 6.--Grassed waterway through an area of Mantachie soils.
cleared, they are used mostly for pasture or waterways
(fig. 6).
presentative profile of a Mantachie sandy loam in a
draw in a wooded area 1.3 miles southeast of U.S. High-
way No. 64 on county road No. 2337, 1,000 feet northeast
on a farm road, and 100 feet west of the farm road:
0 to 10 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure ; very fri-
able when moist; many fine and medium, woody
roots ; many fine pores ; slightly acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.
B21-10 to 20 inches, dark yellowish -brown (10YR 4/4) sandy
loam; common, medium, distinct mottles of grayish
brown; weak, medium, granular structure; friable
when moist ; common fine and medium roots ; common
fine pores ; medium acid ; gradual, wavy boundary.
B22g-20 to 29 inches, gray (N 5/0) sandy loam; common,
medium, distinct mottles of pale brown; structure -
less; very friable when moist; common, fine, woody
roots; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
Clg-29 to 35 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy sand; common,
medium, distinct, brown mottles ; structureless ; very
friable to loose when moist; common, fine, woody
roots ; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
C2g-35 to 45 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam ; com-
mon, medium, distinct mottles of pale brown ; strum
tureless.
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 20 inches in thickness, from
dark brown or gray to dark grayish brown In color, and from
suidy loam to silt loam in texture. The B horizons range from
10 to more than 40 inches in combined thickness, and those
horizons are variable in color and texture. The colors range
from gray or very pale brown to dark brown or dark yellow-
ish brown mottled with gray. The texture ranges from sandy
loam to light loam. The structure ranges from subangular
blocky or granular to single grain and massive, The colods-
tence is friable to loose. The profile of the Mantachie soils
is more than 40 inches thick. Depth to hard rock ranges from
5 to 15 feet or more.
Mantachie soils occur with Bibb, Chewacla, and Wehaelkee
soils. They are better drained than the Bibb and Wehadkee
soils and are coarser textured than the Chewacla and Wehad-
kee soils.
Mantachie soils (0 to 4 percent slopes) (Me). —These
soils are in depressions and draws in the uplands. Their
surface layer is dark -brown or gray to dark grayish -
brown sandy loam to silt loam 4 to 20 inches thick. The
subsoil is 10 to 40 inches thick and ranges from gray or
-very pale brown to dark brown in color and from sandy
loam to loam in texture. It contains common gray
mottles.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
medium, Flooding is frequent but of short duration.
These soils are easy to keep in goad tilth, and they can
be worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
If suitable drainage is provided, these soils are well
suited to most of the locally grown crops, but most of the
acreage is in forest. Where the soils have been cleared,
they are used chiefly for pasture or as sod waterways.
(Capability unit ILlw-2, woodland suitability group 4,
wildlife suitability group 2)
Mayodan Series
The Mayodan series consists of gently sloping to mod-
erately steep, well -drained soils that are deep or mod-
erately deep over hard rock. These soils are on rounded
divides that have a difference in elevation of about 50
feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
occupy large areas in the western part of the county,
where they have formed under forest. The material in
which they formed has weathered from sandstone, mud -
stone, and shale of Triassic age. The water table remains
below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. The available water capacity is medium, and perme-
ability and the shrink -swell potential are moderate.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made.
Mayodan soils are not important for farming. In
this county most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Mayodan sandy loam in a
cultivated field 11/3 miles southwest of the Apex Junior
High School and 100 yards south of road:
Ap-0 to 1' inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, fibrous roots; few small quartz peb-
bles; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21t--7 to 11 inches, yellowish -red (5YR, 5/61 clay loam ;
strong, fine and medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture ; firm to friable when moist, sticky and plastic
when wet ; thin, continuous clay films; strongly acid ;
clear, wavy boundary.
B22t-11 to 18 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) clay ; common,
coarse, distinct, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;
strong, fine and medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture ; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet ;
thin clay films ; strongly acid ; clear, smooth bound-
ary.
B23t-18 to 25 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 4/8) clay ; ninny,
coarse, distinct, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;
strong, medium and coarse, subangular blocky struc-
ture; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet;
thin, continuous clay films; strongly acid ; clear,
smooth boundary.
B3-25 to 40 inches, mottled red, strong -brown, and yellow
sandy clay loam; moderate, fine and medium, angular
blocky structure to massive; friable when moist,
slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet ; medi-
um, discontinuous clay films on vertical surfaces ;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
CO to 48 inches, mottled red, yellow, strong -brown, and
light -gray sandy loam from disintegrated sandstone
of Triassic age ; strongly acid,

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CARO.LINA 43
Where the solum is es 188 to 30 inches thick, a thin
phase of the Mayodan series is recoo sized. Following is
a representative profile of a thin phase of Mayodan silt
loam in a wooded area one-half mile west, of Morrisville
and 20 yards north of county road No. 1002:
01-2 inches to 0, undecomposed forest litter.
A1-0 to 1 inch, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist ; many fine, woody and fibrous roots; medium
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
A2-1 to 4 inches, yellow (10YR 7/0) silt loam; weak, medi-
um, granular structure; very friable u-hen moist;
common, fine, woody and fibrous roots; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
B1-4 to 9 inches, reddish -yellow (7.5YR t /6) heavy silt
loam ; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic
when wet ; common, fine, woody roots ; strongly acid ;
clear, smooth boundary.
B21t-0 to 15 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
common, medium, distinct, reddish -yellow mottles;
moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure ; fri-
able when moist, sticky and plastic when wet ; very
few thin clay films; few, fine, woody roots ; strongly
acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
B222t—•15 to 20 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) silty clay
loam ; few, fine, prominent, red mottles ; moderate,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common thin clay
films ; strongly acid ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
133t--20 to 24 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) silty clay loam;
common, medium, prominent, red mottles ; moderate,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet ; few clay films in
vertical cracks ; common small fragments of shale ;
strongly acid ; abrupt, broken boundary.
C-24 to 36 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) silt loam from disinte-
grated shale.
R---36 inches -I-, red, hard shale.
The A. horizon ranges from 3 to 15 inches in thickness, from
dark grayish brown or grayish brown to light yellowish brown
or strong brown in color, and from sandy loam or gravelly
sandy loam to sandy clay loam in texture. The Et horizons
range from 15 to 50 inches in combined thickness and from
clay loam or silty clay loam to clay in texture. The color of
the Bt horizons ranges from yellowish red to strong brown in
5YR to 7.5YR hues. Many of those horizons have common
mottles of brown and red. Typically, from 5 to 30 percent of
the soil material throughout the profile consists of rounded
and angular pebbles. Mayodan soils have a high content of
exchangeable aluminum. The combined thickness of the A
horizon and 13 horizons ranges from 20 to 50 inches. Depth to
hard rock ranges from 3 to more than 15 feet.
Mayodan soils occur with Granville, Creedmoor, and Appling
soils. They are redder than the Granville soils, lack the very
firm or plastic lower subsoil of the Creedmoor soils, and con-
tain more exchangeable aluminum than the A.ppling soils.
Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes )MfB).-
Th.is soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown sandy loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil. is
yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay
that, has common mottles of red and brown and is 26 to
inches thick. Included in mapping were a few places
in which the slope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium, The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for tobacco and cotton
and to a lesser extent for other row crops, but this soil
is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(MfB2).--This soil is on broad, smooth interstreant divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick.
In many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
in the, more eroded areas. The subsoil is 26 to 50 inches
thick and consists of yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red and
brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is difficult to
keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a. result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain in the severely eroded spots. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times, which snakes
harvesting and curing of the crop difficult. and reduces
the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in.
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where
cultivated, this soil is used chiefly for row crops, espe-
cially tobacco, but it is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit. IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes MC). —
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the. uplands. It has
a surface layer of grayish -brown to yellowish -brown
sandy loam 6 to 1.2 inches thick. The subsoil is 26 to Ole;
inches thick and is yellowish --red to strong -brown. firm
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red and
brown.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff' is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Intensive practices that, effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)

44
SOIL SURVEY
Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(MfCZ.—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick. In many places
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In- the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches
thick and consists of yellowish -red to- strong -brown, firm
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red and
brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent, of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A. crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(MfD21. This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
upland drainageways. It is dominantly moderately
eroded, but it is slightly eroded in places. In the mod-
erately eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to light yellowish -brown sandy loam to strong -brown
sandy clay loam 4 to 6 inches thick. In the slightly
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to
yellowish -brown sandy loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The
subsoil is 26 to 40 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
red to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay, with coin-
mon mottles of red and brown. In many places pebbles
and cobblestones are on the surface and in the surface
layer. Included with this soil in mapping were some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep
in good tilth. Where it is moderately eroded, it is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary.
most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture. Also, a small acreage is used for row crops.
This soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops.
If it is cultivated, however, very intensive. practices that
effectively. control runoff and erosion are needed. (Capa-
bility unit IVe-]., woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Mayodan sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes (MfE).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering major drain-
ageways in the county. It is slightly or moderately
eroded. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown sandy loam 6 to
inches thick.. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface
layer is grayish -brown to light yellowish -brown sandy
loam to strong -brown sandy clay loam 4 to 6 inches thick.
The subsoil is 26 to 36 inches thick a:nd consists of
yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay,
with common mottles of red and brown. In ninny places
pebbles and cobblestones are on the surface and in the sur-
face laver. Included with this soil in mapping were some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture. 'Where this soil has been cleared, it is suitable
for pasture or perennial hay crops. It is not suited to
cultivated crops. (Capability unit Tie-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
(MgBI.—This soil is on broad, smooth interstreamn divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 7 to 15 inches thick.
It is grayish -brown to yellowish -brown gravelly sandy
loam that has a content of gravel of 15 to 30 percent. The
subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
red to strong -brown, filar' clay loam to clay, with com-
mon mottles of red and brown.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. Because of the high con-
tent of gravel, many areas of this soil are difficult to till,
but tillage can be performed throughout a wide. range of
moisture content.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco
and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit Ile--1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (MgB2).--This soil is on broad, smooth inte.rstrearn
divides in the uplands. Its surface layer is 4 to 7 inches
thick. In many places it is ft mixture. of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer gr a y isl.--
brown to light yellowish -brown gravelly sandy loam, but
the color ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges
to gravelly sandy clay loam in the more eroded spots.
From 15 to 30 percent of the. surface layer is gravel. The
subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
red to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay, with com-
mon mottles of red and brown..

WAX:
COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 45
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots. Those areas make up from 5 to 25 percent
of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, anal surface runoff is moderate. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffl-
cul.t to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
severely eroded spots may be necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand
mature at different times, which makes harvesting and
curing of the crop difficult and reduces the quality of the
tobacco.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest in forest. or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco
and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion. are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(MgC).--This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
It has a grayish -brown to yellowish -brown surface layer
of gravelly sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The content
of gravel in the surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 per-
cent. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches thick. It consists of
yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay,
with common mottles of red and brown.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. In many places the high con-
tent of gravel makes this soil difficult to till, but tillage
can be performed throughout a wide range of moisture
content.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forese or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
r..
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (M9C2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer. is 4 to 6 inches thick and has a
content of gravel ranging from 15 to 30 percent. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
In the less eroded areas, it is grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown gravelly sandy clay loam, but the color
ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges to grav-
elly sandy clay in the more eroded spots. The sub-
soil is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of yellowish -red
to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay, with common
mottles of red and brown.
Included with this soil in nia_pping were some severely
eroded spots. These make up from 5 to 25 percent of the
acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. This
soil is difficult to keep in good filth, but it can be worked
throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content. A
crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
and clods form if those areas are worked. when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result,, stands of crops are poor and replanting of those
areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. Plants iu an uneven stand mature at different
times, which makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
trre, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops; especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Where cultivated crops are grown,
intensive practices that effectively control rimof and
erosion are needed. (Capability unit II:Ie-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes (MyB).----
This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands.
Its surface layer is dark grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt loam 4 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to
24 inches thick. It is yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm
silty clay loam to clay, with common red mottles.
Included in mapping were some areas in which the slope
is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, surface runoff is medium, and the
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout• a fairly wide
range of moisture. content.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are used
chiefly for row crops, but this soil is suited to most of
the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(MyB2). This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt loam, but the color ranges to strong brown
and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in the more
eroded spots. The subsoil is 15 to 24 inches thick and con-
sists of yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm silty clay
loam to clay, with common mottles of red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is difficult to
keep in good tilth, but, it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content,. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for
row crops and pasture, but it is suited to most of the
locally grown crops. About half of the acreage is culti-

46
SOIL SI;Ri'EY
•vated or in pasture, and the rest is in forest. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-2, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(MyC).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
The surface layer is dark grayish -brown to yellowish-
brown silt loam 4 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to
20 inches thick and consists of yellowish -red to strong -
brown, firm silty clay loam to clay, with common red
mottles.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a fairly wide
range of moisture content.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for
row crops and pasture, but it is suited to most of the
locally grown crops. Most of the acreage is in forest., but
a small acreage is in other uses. Intensive practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIle-2, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (MyC2). This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil, In
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to yellowish -brown silt loam, but the color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to silty clay loam hi
the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 15 to 20 inches thick
and consists of yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm silty
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red,
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surf ace runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout
a fairly wide range of moisture content, A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. 'The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops •are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots may be necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
has been cleared. This soil is suited to most of the locally
grown crops, but the cleared areas are used chiefly for
row crops and pasture. Intensive practices that effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are needed in the culti-
vated areas, (Capability unit IIIe-2, woodland suitabil-
ity group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan�silt loam, thin, 10 to 15 percent slopes
(MyD).—This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
draina:geways in the uplands. Some areas are slightly
eroded, and others are moderately eroded. In the slightly
eroded areas, the surface layer is dark grayish -brown to
yellowish -brown silt loam 4 to 6 inches thick. In the
moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is 3 to 6
inches thick and ranges from grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt loam to strong -brown silty clay loam. The
subsoil is 15 to 18 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
red to strong -brown, firm silty clay loam to clay, with
common mottles of red, Included with this soil. 11:1
mapping were some severely eroded spots where the sub-
soiI is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, surface runoff is very rapid,
anti the hazard of further erosion is very severe. Where
erosion is only slight, this soil is easy to keep in good
tilth. Where erosion is moderate, this soil is difficult to
keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary.
This soil is suited to most of the locally grown crops,
but practically all of the acreage is in forest. Where this
soil has been cleared, it is used for row crops and pasture:.
Very intensive practices that effectively control runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil-
ity unit IVe 2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Norfolk Series
The Norfolk series consists of nearly level to sloping,
very deep, well -drained soils on Coastal Plain uplands in
the southern part of the county. The soils are on broad
flats and on smooth, rounded divides that have a dif-
ference in elevation of about 20 feet between the highest,
and the lowest, points. They have formed under forest in
Coastal Plain sediment. The water table remains below
the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
lows. Permeability is moderate, the available water capac-
ity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is low.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made.
In -Wake County the Norfolk soils are important for
farming. Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
but some of the acreage is in forest..
Representative profile of a Norfolk loamy sand in a
cultivated field 11,4 miles west of the New Providence
Church and 10 yards north of road:
Ap--O to 6 inches, grayish -brown (2.SY 5/2) loamy sand;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist ; ninny fine, fibrous roots ; many fine pores;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
A2--6 to 15 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/1) loamy
sand; weak, coarse, granular ,structure very friable
when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many fine
pores ; strongly acid ; abrupt, wavy boundary.
Bit-15 to 17 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moot, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few, fine, fibrous roots ; common fine pores;
strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B21t 17 to 32 inches, yellowish -brown (1tOYR 5/3) sandy clay
loam; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few, fine, fibrous roots ; common fine pores; few
sesquioxide nodules; few, small, rounded quartz peb-
bles ; strongly acid ; clear, wavy boundary.
B22t-32 to 42 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/S) sandy
clay loam; common, medium, prominent, red mottles;
moderate, medium and coarse, subangular blocky

WAKE COUNTY,
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; few line pores; thin, continuous
clay films on pert surfaces; few, small, hard sea:Di-
oxide nodules; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B3t-42 to 65 inches, pale -brown (10YR 8/3) sandy clay loam;
common, medium, distinct mottles of yellowish brown.
red, and light gray; moderate, medium, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, and red mottles
are firm and brittle; few fine pores; thin clay films
on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
to 72 inches +, mottled red, pale -yellow, reddish -yellow,
and light -gray sandy loam; massive (few platy struc-
tures occur, probably because of the nature of the
parent material) ; film and brittle when moist; com-
mon fine pores; sand particles appear to be cemented
by oriented clay; medium acid.
The A horizons range from 4 to 20 inches in total thickness
and from dark grayish brown to pale yellow or strong brown
in color. The B horizons range from 50 to 72 inches in com-
bined thickness. Their texture ranges from sandy loam or
loam to sandy clay loam that is less than 20 percent silt. The
color of the B horizons ranges from yellowish brown to
brownish yellow in 10YR Mies. In places the B horizons are
mottled with red. The combined thickness of the A horizons
and B horizons is more than 00 inches. Depth to hard rock is
more than 20 feet.
Norfolk soils (fig. 7) occur with Orangeburg, Faceville,
Goldsboro, and Wagram soils. They are less red than the
Orangeburg and Faceville soils and have a coarser textured
subsoil than the Faceville soils. The Norfolk soils are better
drained than the Goldsboro soils and have a thinner surface
layer than the Wagram
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes (NoA).—
This soil is on broad, flat interstream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish -brown to pale -
yellow loamy sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to brownish -yellow, friable sandy loam
to sandy clay loam and is 50 to 72 inches thick. In many
places this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous hori-
zon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content. It has no
limitations to intensive use and no major hazards if it
is farmed intensively.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, but a small acreage is in forest. The cultivated areas
are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco and
cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally grown
crops. (Capability unit I-1, woodland suitability group
6, wildlife suitability group 1)
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (NoB).—
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is dark grayish -brown to pale -
yellow loamy sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to brownish -yellow, friable sandy loam
to sandy clay loam 50 to 72 inches thick. In many places
this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon,
with pl i n flute.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
)f moisture content.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas -
and only a small acreage is in forest. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops and is used
?.Iiiefly for row crops, especially tobacco and cotton.
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
NORTH CAROLINA
Figure 7.—Profile of a Norfolk loamy sand.
47
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIes-1,
woodland suitability group 6, wildlife suitability group
1)
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(NoB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. In
many places the surface layer is a mixture of the remain-
ing original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -
brown to pale -yellow loamy sand, but the color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is yellowish -brown
to brownish -yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam 50 to 72 inches thick. In many places this soil con-
tains an incipient, discontinuous horizon, with plinthite.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.

SOIL SURVEY
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
haa,zaard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good filth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet, The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
This soil is well suited, to all the locally grown crops,
and it is used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco
and cotton. Part of the acreage is in pasture, however,
and a small acreage is in forest. Practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit lie-1, woodland suitability group
6, wildlife suitability group 1)
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (NoC).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. The
surface layer is dark grayish -brown to pale -yellow loamy
sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown
to brownish -yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam 50 to 60 inches thick. In many places this soil con-
tains an incipient and discontinuous horizon, with
plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About three -fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest and in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIle-1, woodland suitability
group 6, wildlife suitability group 1)
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(NoC2). This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands,
Its surface layer is I to 6 inches thick. In many places
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less,
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to pale -
yellow loamy sand, but the color ranges to strong brown
and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the severely
eroded spots. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to brownish -
yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam that is t )
to GO inches thick. In many places this soil contains au
incipient, discontinuous horizon, with plinthite.
Included with this soil in mapping were some spots
that are eroded to the extentthat the subsoil is exposed.
These areas occupy from 5 to 1)percent of the, acreago
in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult,
to keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crustforms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust, and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain.
Plants in an uneven stand mature at. different times,
which makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult
and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About three -fourths of the acreage is cultivated or, in
pasture, and the rest. is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton.. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability
group 6, wildlife suitability group 1.)
Orangeburg Series
The Orangeburg series consists of gently sloping and
sloping, very deep, well -drained soils on Coastal Plain
uplands in the southern part of the county. These soils
are on broad, smooth, rounded divides that have a dif-
ference in elevation of about 20 feet between the highest,
and the lowest points. They have formed under forest. in
Coastal Plain deposits. The water table remains below
the solurn.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is low.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Orangeburg soils of Wake County are of only
minor importance for farming. Most of the acreage is
cultivated or in pasture, but some is in forest.
Representative profile of an Orangeburg loamy sand in
a cultivated field one-half mile north of Partins Pond
and 50 yards east of the road.:
Ap-0 to 8 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
moist; medium acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
A2-8 to 12 inches, pale brown (10YR 0/3) loamy sand ; weak,
fine, granular structure; very friable when moist;
medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B21t-12 to 19 inches, reddish -yellow (3YR 6/8) sandy clay
loam ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist ; strongly acid ; gradual,
smooth boundary.
1322t--.19 to 26 inches, yellowish -red (3YR 5/81 -sandy clay
loam ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist; strongly acid ; gradual,
smooth houndary.
I3231 20 to 50 inches, yellowish red (5YR 5/S) sandy clay
loam ; common, medium, distinct, brownish -yellow
mottles; moderate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist; strongly acid ; gradual,
smooth boundary.
133 50 to 6G inches, red (2.5YR 5/ G) sandy loam that con-
tains pockets of yellow (10YR 7/8) .sandy clay loam;
moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist ; strongly acid; gradual, diffuse
boundary.
C---GG to 72 inches; + mottled red, yellow, and gray loamy
sand; loose when moist; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 6 to 20 inches in combined thick-
ness and from grayish brown or pale yellow to light brownish
gray or olive brown in color. The B horizons range from 50
to more than 72 inches in combined thickness and from sandy
loam to sandy clay loam in texture. Their color ranges from
reddish yellow to red or yellowish red or strong brown in
2.5YR to 7.5YR hues. The combined thickness of the A hori-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.
49
zons and B horizons jg greater fir. inches. Depth to hard
rock is more than 2i feet,
Orangeburg soils occur with Norfolk and Faceville soils.
They are more reddish than the Norfolk soils and have a
coarser textured subsoil than the Faceville soils.
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (OrB
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is grayish -brown, light
brownish -gray, and pale -yellow to olive -brown loamy
sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is red to yellowish -
red and strong -brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam that is 50 to 72 inches thick (fig. 8). In many places
this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon;
with plinthite.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few places
where the slope is less than 2 percent.. Also included were
some spots where gravel is on and in the surface layer.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops,
and practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture. The cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops,
especially tobacco and cotton, Practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit lie-1, woodland suitability group
0, wildlife suitability group 1)
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(OrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 6 to 8 inches thick. In
many places the surface layer is a mixture of the original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to light -
brown loaniv sand, but the texture ranges to sandy clay
loam and the color is reddish in the more eroded spots.
The subsoil is red to yellowish -red or strong -brown, fri-
able sandy loam to sandy clay loam that is 50 to 72 inches
thick. In many places this soil contains an incipient, dis-
continuous horizon, with plinthite.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where gravel is on the surface and in the surface layer.
Some severely eroded spots occupy from Qi to 25 percent
of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
may he necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times, and this makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, but a small acreage is in forest. This soil is well
suited to all the locally grown crops, especially tobacco
and cotton. Practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Figure 8.—An Orangeburg loamy sand to a depth of 4 feet.
Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (OrC2).—This soil is on marrow side slopes in the
uplands. In about three -fourths of the acreage, it is mod-
erately eroded. In the rest it is slightly eroded or severely
eroded. The severely eroded spots make up from 5 to 25
percent of the acreage in the mapping unit. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the severely eroded spots, the subsoil is exposed. In the
slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to light -brown loamy sand that is 6 to 8 inches thick, but
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam and the color is
reddish in the severely eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to
60 inches thick and is red to yellowish -red and strong -
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam. In many
places this soil contains an incipient., discontinuous hori-
zon, with plinthite. Included in mapping were some areas
where gravel is on the surface and in the surface layer.

50
SOIL SURVEY
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout
a wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if
those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
interfere with germination. Asa result, stands of crops are
poor and replant:ug of those areas may be necessary. An
even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times, and this makes
harvesting and curing difficult and reduces the quality of
the tobacco.
About three -fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability
group 6, wildlife suitability group 1)
Pinkston Series
The Pinkston series consists of gently sloping to steep,
moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils in
fairly small areas on Piedmont uplands in the western
part of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of
about 75 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
They have formed under forest in material that weath-
ered from sandstone and shale of Triassic age. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate to moderately rapid.
The available water capacity and the shrink --swell po-
tential are low. Except in areas that have received lime,
these soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lime and -fertilizer are made.
The Pinkston soils of Wake County are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Pinkston sandy loam in a
cultivated field three -fourths of a mile southwest of the
entrance to Raleigh -Durham Airport, one-fourth of a mile
west and south on a farm road, and 50 yards south of road
Ap-0 to 5 inches, brown (10YR 5/ 3) sandy loam ; weak, fine,
granular structure; very friable when moist; common
quartz pebbles; medium acid; clear. wavy boundary.
I2 of to 17 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) sandy loam;
common, medium, light yellowish -brown and pale-
brown mottles; weak, medium, snbangular blocky
structure; quartz gravel makes up 25 percent of hori-
zon, by volume; friable when moist; strongly acid ;
gradual boundary.
B3---17 to 25 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) sandy loam ;
common, medium, distinct, pinkish -gray and strong -
brown mottles; structureless ; very friable when
moist ; quartz gravel makes up 85 percent of horizon,
by volume ; strongly acid ; gradual boundary.
C-25 to 36 inches +, partly weathered sandstone that has a
texture of gravelly sandy loam ; very strongly acid.
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and
from pale brown to dark brown in color. The B horizons range
from 5 to 30 inches in combined thickness. Their color ranges
from yellowish brown to yellowish red in 10YR to 5YR hues.
The texture of the B horizons ranges from loam to sandy
loam, and their structure ranges from weak, fine, subangular
blocky to massive. The C horizon is single grain or massive.
Depth to hard rock ranges front 2 to 3 feet.
Pinkston soils occur with Louisburg, Mayodan, and Gran-
ville soils. They contain less weatherable minerals than the
Louisburg soils, and they have a coarser textured subsoil than
the Mayodan and Granville soils.
Pinkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes (PkC).—
This soil is on small ridges and side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is pale -brown to dark -brown sandy loam
4 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is 5 to 30 inches thick
and consists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very
friable, or friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
that are moderately eroded. Also included were some
areas where 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer consists of gravel.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. This soil is
easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout,
a wide range of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is cultivated or in pasture. This soil is fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops. Where it. Is
cultivated, however, very intensive practices that effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are necessary. During
rainy seasons, this soil is subject to leaching of mobile
plant nutrients because of its coarse texture. It is drough-
ty during dry seasons. (Capability unit IVe-3, woodland
suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Pinkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes (Pkr).
This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. Its surface
layer is pale - brown to dark -brown sandy loam 4 to 8
inches thick. The subsoil is 5 to 20 inches thick and con-
sists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very friable or
friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
that, are moderately eroded. Also included were some
areas where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is
covered with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the sur-
face layer consists of o'ravel.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of
the steepness of the slopes and the shallowness of the sub-
soil, this soil should not be cleared. (Capability unit
VI.Ie--1, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suit-
ability group 4)
Plummer Series
The Plummer series consists of nearly level, deep,
poorly drained soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain.
These soils occupy small areas in depressions in the south-
ern part of the county, where the difference in elevation
is about 5 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
The seasonally high water table is at the surface.
Natural fertility is very low, and the content of organ-
ic matter is low. Permeability is rapid, and the available
water capacity and the, shrink -swell potential are low.
Flooding is frequent, and the floodwaters remain for a
long period of time. Except in areas that, have received
lime, these soils are strongly acid. Where proper drain-
age is provided, response is moderate if suitable appli-
cations of lime and fertilizer are made.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLLNA
Plummer soils are limited in suitability for crops, and
they are not important for farming. Most of the acreage
is in forest, but, a small acreage is lei pasture.
Representative profile of Plummer sand in a pasture
t.1 miles south of Holland station, 1,300 yards northwest
on a farm road, and 15 yards east of road:
02--..-1 inch to 0, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) decomposed
grass, weeds; and other litter; medium acid.
Ap----0 to 4 inches, very stark brown (10YR 2/2) sand; struc-
tureless ; very friable when moist; many fine and
medium, fibrous roots ; many fine pores ; medium acid ;
clear, smooth boundary.
Alg -4 to 11 inches, mottled dark -gray (10YR 4/1) and gray
(10YR 6/1) sand; structureless; very friable when
moist ; common, fine, fibrous roots ; many fine pores ;
medium acid; clear, irregular boundary.
A21g--11 to 36 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sand; very few, fine,
distinct, very pale brown stains of organic matter ;
structureless ; very friable when moist; few, fine,
fibrous roots; many fine pores; some sand grains are
coated, but many are uncoated; medium acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
A22g-36 to 50 inches, light -gray (10YR 7/1) sand; structure --
less; loose when moist; sand grains are uncoated;
various feldspar colors stand out among the light -gray
quartz sand grains; few, fine, subrounded quartz peb-
bles; medium acid.
Btg--50 to 60 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; common,
medium, distinct mottles of brownish yellow ; weak,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist ; strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
Cg-60 to 72 inches +, gray (10YR 6/1) loamy sand; struc-
tureless ; very friable when moist ; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 40 to 60 inches in combined
thickness and from very dark brown to gray or black in color.
in many places the A horizons are mottled with gray or dark
gray. The Btg horizon ranges from 10 inches to more than
40 inches in thickness. Its texture is sandy loam to sandy clay
loam, and its color is gray of 10YR hue, mottled with brown-
ish yellow. The combined thickness of the A. and B horizons
is 60 inches or inure. Depth to hard rock is 20 feet or more.
Plnnuuer soils occur with Rains soils, but they have a
thicker surface layer than those soils.
Plummer sand (0 to 2 percent. slopes) (Ps). --This is
the only soil of the Plummer series mapped in Wake
Doiuity. It is in upland depressions. The surface layer is
i'ery dark brown or gray to black sand 40 to 60 inches
:.hick. The subsoil is light -gray, very friable sandy clay
oaln to sandy loam 10 to 40 inches thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
,)onded. Wetness and surface ponding are severe hazards
o crops. Where adequately drained, this soil is easy to
zeep in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide
range of moisture content.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest, but if it is
)roperly drained, this soil call be used to grow a few
?ereimial crops that are suitable for grazing. Both sur-
ace and subsurface drainage are needed if cultivated
crops are grown. (Capability unit IVw---1, woodland
instability group 8, wildlife suitability group 3)
[tans Series
The Rains series consists of nearly level, very deep,
loorly drained soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain.
These soils are in depressions where. the difference in
1evation is about 5 feet between tile highest and the low-
st points. These soils are in the southern part of the
ounty, where they occupy both large and small areas.
51
They have formed under forest in Coastal Plain deposits.
A seasonally hig,h water table is at the surface.
Natural :i±ertility is low. The content, of organic matter
is medium, and permeability and the shrink -swell po-
tential are moderate. Flooding is frequent, and the flood-
waters stay on the surface for a long time. Except in
areas that ave received lime, these soils are very strongly
acid or strongly acid. Where the soils are properly
drained, response is good if suitable applications of lime
and fertilizer are made.
The Rains soils of Wake County are of only minor
importance for farming. Most of the acreage is in mixed
hardwoods and pines, but a small acreage is in pasture
or in cultivated crops,
Representative profile of Rains fine sandy loans in a
cultivated field 1.7 miles south of Willow Springs and
100 yards west of road:
Ap-0 to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very friable
when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
pores; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B21tg-8 to 13 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy clay
loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles; weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet ; few, fine, fibrous roots ; many fine
pores; thin clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid ;
clear, wavy boundary.
B22tg-13 to 22 inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay
loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles ; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores; thin
clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear, wavy
boundary.
B23tg-22 to 28 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) heavy sandy clay
loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles ; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; many fine pores; medium clay films on ped sur-
faces ; very strongly acid; clear, irregular boundary.
B3tg-28 to 65 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loam;
many, medium, prominent, strong -brown mottles ;
weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure tending to
massive; strong -brown mottles are slightly brittle and
are friable when moist; gleyed mottles are friable
when moist and are slightly sticky and slightly plas-
tic when wet; strongly oriented clay films in cracks;
few, small, rounded pebbles; very strongly acid.
C---65 to 72 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy sand; strut-
t:ureless ; friable when moist; very strongly acid.
The Ap horizon ranges from 6 to 20 inches in thickness and
front very dark gray to grayish brown or dark grayish brown
in color. The B horizons range from 40 to 60 inches or more
in combined thickness and from sandy loam to clay loam in
texture. The color of the B horizons ranges from gray to
grayish brown in 10YR to 5Y hues, and these horizons are
mottled with yellow or brown in many places. The combined
thickness of the A and B horizons is more than 60 inches.
Depth to hard rock is 20 feet or more.
Rains soils occur with Lynchburg and Plummer soils. They
are more poorly drained than the Lynchburg soils and have a
thinner surface layer than the Plummer soils.
Rains fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Ru).—
This soil is in depressions in the uplands. it is the only
Rains soil mapped in Wake County. The surface layer is
very dark gray to grayish -brown fine sandy loam 6 to 20
inches thick. The subsoil is 40 to 60 inches thick and con-
sists of gray to grayish -brown, friable sandy loam to clay
loom, with common mottles of yellow and brown.

52
SOIL SURVEY
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
where the subsoil is clay. Also included were a few areas
of a very poorly drained soil that has, a surface layer of
loam.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
podded. Wetness and surface pond.ulg are severe hazards
to crops. Where this soil is adequately drained, it is easy
to keep in good. filth and can be worked throughout a
wide range of moisture content.
If this soil is properly drained, it is well suited to
many of the locally grown crops. Both surface and sub-
surface drainage are needed, however, if cultivated crops
are grown. Most of the acreage is in forest, but. a small
acreage is cultivated or in pasture. (Capability unit
IIIw-3, woodland suitability group 7, wildlife suit-
ability group 3)
Roanoke Series
The Roanoke series consists of nearly level, deep, poor-
ly drained soils that, occupy large areas on low stream
terraces. These. soils are in all parts of the county near
the large streams, and they have formed under forest in
alluvial deposits. A seasonally high water table is at the
surface.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
medium, permeability is slow, and the available water
capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is high to
moderate. Flooding is frequent, but the floodwaters re-
main for only a short time.. Except, in areas where lime
has been applied, these, soils are strongly acid. Where
proper drainage is provided, response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lithe and fertilizer are made.
In Wake. County the Roanoke soils are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods
and some pines, but a small acreage is cultivated or in
pasture.
Representative profile. of Roanoke fine sanely loam in.
a wooded area 0.6 of a mile southwest. of Plymouth
Church on a farm road, and 100 yards southeast of the
farm road:
01-2 inches to 1 inch, undeeomposef forest litter.
02 1 inch to 0, decomposed forest litter.
A.1-0 to 7 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
loans; few, medium, distinct, brown mottles, weak,
coarse, granular structure: very friable when moist;
many fine and medium, fibrou roots and few, large
woody roots; many fine pores; slightly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.
A2 7 to 11 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy
loam; many, coarse, distinct, light brownish -gray
(10YR 6/2) mottles; weak, coarse, granular struc-
ture; very friable when moist, slightly brittle ; few,
fine, woody roots; ninny fine pores ; slightly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
Bltg-11 to li inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam;
common, medium, distinct, brownish -yellow and few,
fine, prominent, strong -brown mottles; moderate,
coarse, subangular blocky structure; firm when moist,
slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few,
fine, woody roots; common fine pores; medium clay
films on ped surfaces; medium acid; clear, wavy
boundary.
B21td 15 to 22 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) clay ; common,
medium, distinct, yellowish -brown and few, medium,
prominent, yellowish -red mottles; very coarse, pris-
matic primary structure breaking to strong, coarse,
angular blocky structure; very firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; many fine, woody roots
in vertical cracks; thick clay films on ped surfaces;
strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
B22tg-22 to 31 inches, gray (1OYR 5/1) heavy clay loam;
few, fine, distinct, yellow mottles; very coarse, pris-
matic primary structure breaking to strong, coarse,
angular blocky Structure; very firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody roots
in vertical cracks; thick clay films on ped surfaces;
strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
B3tg-31 to 38 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam;
few, fine and medium, distinct, yellowish -brown mot-
tles; weak, coarse, angular blocky structure ; firm
when moist:, sticky and plastic when wet; thin, dis-
continuous clay films on peel surfaces; medium acid;
gradual, wavy boundary.
Cig-38 to 42 inches, grayish -brown (.IOYR 5/2) sandy loam;
m.a save; hard in place; friable when moist, slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet ; slightly a(ici ;
clear, wavy boundary.
C2 12 to 15 inches -F, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; few,
fine, distinct, olive mottles ; massive ; friable when
moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet;
slightly acid.
The A horizons range from 6 to 20 inches in combined
thickness and from dark gray to grayish brown or dark
grayish brown in color. The B horizons range from 20 to 30
inches in combined thickness and from sandy clay loam to
(lay in texture. The color of the lit horizons is gray in 2.Y
and 10YR hues. 1.0 Many places the Bt horizons are mottled
with yellow said brown, In many areas the lower boundary of
the B3tg horizon separates that horizon from a stone line,
sand, or unconsolidated sand and clay. The combined. thick-
ness of the A horizons and B horizons ranges from 30 to 40
inches. Depth to hard rock is more than 5 feet and commonly
is more than 15 feet.
Roanoke soils occur with Wahee and Wehadkee soils. They
are more poorly drained than the %Vnhee sails and have loss
sand in their subsoil than the Wehadkee soils.
Roanoke fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Rol. --
This is the only Roanoke, soil mapped in Wake County.
It is on low stream terraces. The surface laver is dark -
gray to grayish -brown fine sandy loam 6 to 20 inches
thick. The subsoil is gray, very firm clay to clay loam
that is mottled with yellow and brown in many places.
The subsoil is 20 to 30 inches thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
ponded. Wetness and surface poncling are severe hazards
if crops are grown. Where this soil is properly drained,
it is easy to keep in good tilth. Tillage is sometimes re-
strictedafter heavy rains, however, because of the slowly
permeable subsoil.
If this soil is properly drained, it, is suited to pasture,
hay, and sonic row crops. Surface and subsurface drain-
age are needed if cultivated crops are growls, but obtain-
ing proper drainage is difficult. Most of the acreage is
in forest, but sonic of it, is cultivated or in pasture.
(Capability unit IVw-1, woodland suitability group 2,
wildlife suitability group 3)
Swamp (Sw) is a miscellaneous land type that is covered
by water most of the time. it is not extensive but occurs
at the heads of manmade lakes in most parts of the
county. The soil material has washed from soils of up-
lands during periods of high rainfall. Swamp sustains a
cover of alder, cattails, and bog rush.
Because of wetness and inaccessibility, few observa-
tions of the soil characteristics of this land type have
been made. Therefore, an onsite investigation is neces-
sary before use. is planned. (Capability unit VIIw--1,

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
woodland suitability group 14, wildlife suitability group
3)
Troup Series
The Troup series consists of nearly level or gently
sloping, very deep, well -drained soils on Coastal Plain
uplands in the southern part of the county. These soils
are on broad flats and on smooth, rounded divides where
the difference in elevation is about 10 feet between the
highest and the lowest points. The water table remains
below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is rapid, and the available water capac-
ity is very low. The shrink -swell potential is low. Except
in areas that have received lime, these soils are strongly
acid. Response is moderately good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
Though most of the acreage is cultivated, these soils
are not important for farming. In Wake County they
are mapped only with the Wagram soils.
Representative profile of a Troup sand in a cultivated
field 21/2 miles south-southeast of Varina on N.C. High-
way No. 42, one -eighth of a mile north on a farm road, and
10 yards west of that road :
Ap-0 to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) sand;
single grain ; loose when moist or dry ; many, fine,
fibrous roots ; many fine pores ; slightly acid ; abrupt,
wavy boundary.
A21-8 to 27 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand;
single grain ; loose when moist or dry ; few, fine,
fibrous roots; few fine pores ; slightly acid ; gradual,
smooth boundary.
A22--27 to 49 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand;
common, medium, faint, pale -yellow mottles ; single
grain; loose when moist or dry; few, fine, fibrous
roots ; few fine pores; strongly acid ; clear, smooth
boundary.
B1-49 to 58 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam;
common, coarse, distinct, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6)
mottles ; weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky
structure ; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; few fine
pores ; strongly acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
B21t-58 to 64 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam ; common, medium, prominent, yellowish -red and
common, medium, distinct, strong -brown mottles;
weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet ; few fine pores; thick coatings on sand grains;
few small quartz pebbles ; strongly acid ; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
B22t-64 to 74 inches, mottled brownish -yellow (10YR 6/8),
strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish -red (5YR
5/8) clay loam ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky
structure ; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet ; few fine pores; thick coatings on
sand grains; few clay bridges; few small quartz peb-
bles; red (2.5YR 4/6), brittle sesquioxide nodules;
strongly acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
B3-74 to 83 inches. strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; few, fine, prominent, red mottles ; weak, fine
and medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet ; few fine pores ; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
C-83 to 88 inches -I-, mottled reddish -yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and
yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) loamy sand; massive; brit-
tle and friable when moist ; few, thin, discontinuous
iron coatings on sand grains; medium acid.
The A horizons range from 40 to 60 inches in thickness
and from dark grayish brown to light yellowish brown in
53
color. The B horizons range from 30 to more than 72 inches
in combined thickness and from sandy loam to sandy clay
loam in texture. The color of the B horizons ranges from
yellowish brown to strong brown in 10YR and 7.5YR hues,
and generally the B horizons are mottled with yellowish red
and strong brown. The combined thickness of the A horizons
and B horizons ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Depth
to hard rock is generally more than 20 feet.
Troup soils occur with Wagram soils. They have a thicker
surface layer, however, than the Wagram soils.
Vance Series
The Vance series consists of gently sloping and slop-
ing, moderately deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont
uplands that are mostly in the northeastern and eastern
parts of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
20 feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
have formed under forest in material that weathered
from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the available
water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Vance soils of Wake County are moderately
important for farming. Most of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture, but a small acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Vance sandy loam in a
cultivated field 3.5 miles west of the Wakefield Church,
600 feet northeast on a farm road, and 15 feet south of
the farm road :
Ap-0 to 5 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, medium and coarse, granular structure ; very
friable when moist; many fine, fibrous roots ; few
fine pores ; medium acid ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21t-5 to 14 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay; few,
fine, prominent, red mottles; weak, coarse, prismatic
primary structure breaking to moderate, coarse, angu-
lar blocky structure ; very firm when moist, sticky
and plastic when wet ; common, fine, fibrous roots in
cracks between the pods ; common fine pores ; medium
clay films on pod surfaces; strongly acid ; clear,
smooth boundary.
B22t-14 to 23 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; com-
mon, fine, prominent, red mottles ; moderate, medium,
angular blocky structure; very firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots
in cracks between the peds; few fine pores ; medium
clay films on ped surfaces ; strongly acid ; clear,
wavy boundary.
B3-23 to 29 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay; many,
medium, prominent, red mottles; moderate, very fine
and fine, angular blocky structure ; firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots
in cracks; many fine pores ; thin clay films in cracks;
common particles of weatherable material from the
C horizon ; strongly acid; abrupt, irregular boundary.
C--29 to 35 inches +, mottled strong -brown and yellowish -
red weathered granite or gneiss that has a texture
of clay loam ; massive; friable when moist ; strongly
acid. This layer contains common pieces of weathered
feldspar.
The Ap horizon ranges from 4 to 15 inches in thickness and
from grayish brown to yellowish brown in color. The B hori-
zons range from 8 inches to 30 inches in total thickness and
from clay to sandy clay in texture. The color of the Bt hori-
zons ranges from yellowish brown to yellowish red of 10YR

51 SOIL SURVEY
and 5YR hues, and those horizons are mottled with brown
and red. The combined thickness of the A horizon and B
horizons ranges from 20 inches to 40 inches. Depth to hard
rock is generally more than 4 feet and is commonly more
than 10 feet.
Vance soils occur with Appling, Wedowee, En on, and
Helena soils. They are firmer when moist and are more
plastic when wet than are the Appling and Wedowee soils.
Vance soils are more acid and less brownish than the Enon
soils and are better drained than the Helena soils.
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (VaB).—This
soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands. The
surface layer is grayish -brown to yellowish -brown sandy
loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 30 inches
thick and consists of yellowish -brawn to yellowish -red,
very firm clay to sandy clay, with common mottles of
red (fig. 9).
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good filth, but tillage is some -
Figure 9.—Profile of a Vance sandy loam. In this soil the subsoil
is clay that is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
times delayed after heavy rains because of the slowly
permeable subsoil.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is well suited
to most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops. Practices that effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are needed in the culti-
vated areas. (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
WaB2).—This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 7 inches thick. The
subsoil is 8 to 30 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, very firm clay to sandy clay
that has common mottles of red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
fa-ce runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is
moderate. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, and
tillage is restricted after heavy rains because of the
slowly permeable subsoil. A crust forms on the severely
eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if those
areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
interfere with germination. As a result, stands of crops
are poor and replanting of those areas may be necessary.
An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times, which makes har-
vesting and curing difficult and reduces the quality of
the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is well suited to
most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated areas
are used chiefly for row crops. Practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suitability group
11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Vance sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(VaC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Where erosion is moderate, the surface layer ranges from
brown to yellowish brown in color, from sandy loam to
sandy clay in texture, and from 4 to 6 inches in thick-
ness. Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown sandy loam 6 to 12
inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 30 inches thick and con-
sists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very firm clay
to sandy clay, with common mottles of red. In some
places some severely eroded spots where the subsoil is
exposed were included with this soil in mapping.
Infiltration is fair to good, but permeability is slow
and surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion
is severe. Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is
easy to keep in good tilth. Where it is moderately eroded,
it is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of the slowly
permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after heavy rains.
A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard
rains, and clods form if those areas are worked when
wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germination.
As a result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of
those areas is sometimes necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand

WAKE CO.
mature at different times, which makes harvesting and
curing of the crop difficult and reduces the quality of the
tobacco.
This soil is • well suited to most of the crops grown
locally. Where it is cultivated, it is used chiefly for row
crops. About one-third •of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is •in forest. Intensive practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland suit-
ability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Wagram Series
The Wagram series consists of nearly level to sloping,
very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that
occupy large areas on Coastal Plain uplands in the
southern part of the county. These soils are on side slopes
and on broad, smooth, rounded divides where the dif-
ference in elevation is about 20 feet between the highest
and the lowest points. They have formed under forest
in Coastal Plain sediment. The water table remains below
the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low or very low, and permeability is moderate. The
available water capacity and the shrink -swell potential
are low. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are medium acid to very strongly acid.. Response is
good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
made.
The Wagram soils of Wake County are moderately
important for farming. Most of the acreage is cultivated,
but part of it is in pasture or forest.
Representative profile of a Wagram loamy sand in a
cultivated field one-half mile north of the line between
Wake and Johnston Counties, 1% miles south of Little,
Black Creek, and 100 yards south of a paved road:
Ap 0 to 8 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand;
weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when
moist ; many fine, fibrous roots ; medium acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
X28 to 25 inches, pale -brown (10YR 0/3) loamy sand; few,
medium, distinct, yellow mottles; weak, coarse,
granular structure ; very friable when moist; com-
mon, fine, fibrous roots in uppermost 4 inches ; medi-
um acid; clear, wavy boundary.
131-25 to 31 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/8) sandy loam ;
weak, nmdivan and coarse, subangula.r blocky struc-
ture; very friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet ; medium acid ; clear, wavy
boundary.
B21t-31 to 39 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) sandy
clay loam; weak, medium and coarse, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and
slightly plastic when wet ; few, thin, discontinuous clay
films; few fine pores; strongly acid ; clear, wavy
bu i dory.
B22t---,39 to 45 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR. 5/8) sandy
clay loam; common, fine, distinct, reddish yellow
mottles; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; thin, discontinuous clay films; few, red, soft
nodules ; strongly acid ; gradual, wavy boundary.
B31t-45 to 65 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy
clay loam; common, medium, distinct mottles of yel-
lowish brawn, red, and light gray ; moderate, medium,
subangular blocky structure; friable when moist,
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; medium, discon-
tinuous clay films; very strongly acid ; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
'ORTH CAROLINA
aJ
IIE32-05 to 7,3 inches, mottled brownish -yellow (IOYR 6/0),
yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8), red (2.5YR 5/8), and
light -gray (10YR 7/2) clay; moderate, fine, angular
blocky structure; very firm when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet ; few thin clay films ; very strongly
acid ; clear, smooth boundary.
II0---73 to 100 inches +, coarseIy mottled, light -gray (10YR
• 7/1) , dark -red (10R 3/6) , and yellowish -brown (10YR
5/8) clay ; massive; very firm when. moist, sticky
and plastic when wet ; very strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 20 to 40 inches in combined
thickness, from dark grayish brown or grayish brown to pale
yellow in color, and from loamy sand to sand in texture. The
13 horizons range from yellowish brown or brownish yellow
to reddish yellow in color and from 30 to inure than 60 inches in
combined thickness, The texture of the B horizons ranges from
sandy loam and sandy clay loam to clay. The combined thick-
ness of the A horizons and B horizons iu more than 00 inches.
Depth to hard rock is generally more than 2() feet.
Wagram soils occur with Norfolk and Troup soils. They
have a thicker surface layer than the Norfolk soils and a
thinner surface layer than the Troup.
Wagram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes (WaA).---
This soil is on broad, fiat interstream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish -brown to
pale -yellow loamy sand 20 to 40 inches thick. The sub-
soil is yellowish -brown to reddish -yellow, friable sandy
loam to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 inches or more thick.
In many places this soil contains an incipient and dis-
continuous horizon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be, worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content. The tliicic,
sandy surface layer makes it droughty, however, and
subject to leaching.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated, but a small
acreage is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited to
most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated areas
are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco. Mod-
erately intensive, practices that effectively conserve mois-
ture, and that restrict leaching are needed in the areas
used for crops. (Capability unit Its-1, woodland suit-
ability group 9, wildlife suitability group 4)
Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WaB,.—
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is Clark grayish -brown to pale -
yellow loamy sand 20 to 40 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to reddish -yellow, friable, sandy loam
to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 inches or more thick. In
many places this soil contains an incipient and discon-
tinuous horizon, +eitli plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes
it droughty, however, and it, is subject to leaching.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated, but a small
acreage. is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited to
most of the locally grown crops, but it. is used chiefly
for row crops, especially tobacco. Moderately intensive
practices that effectively conserve moisture and restrict
leaching a,re needed. Practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit Its-1, woodland suitability group 9,
wildlife suitability group 4)

56
SOIL
URVEY
Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (Wadi. ----
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. The sur-
face layer is..dark grayish -brown to pale -yellow loamy
sand 20 to 40 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown
to reddish -yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam
30 to 60 inches or more thick. In many places this soil
contains • an incipient and discontinuous horizon, with
plinthite. Included with this soil in snapping were some
areas where the slope is between 10 and 15 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good filth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes
the soil droughty, however, and subject to leaching of
mobile plant nutrients.
About three -fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well
suited to most of the locally grown crops, and the culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco. Intensive practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit Ille-5, woodland suitability group 9, wildlife
suitability group 4)
Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes (WyA).—
The soils in this soil complex are so intricately mixed
that: the areas cannot be shown separately on a map of
the scale used. About 60 percent of a typical mapped area
is Wagram sand, 30 percent is Troup sand, and about
10 percent consists of other Wagram soils, Norfolk soils,
and similar soils.
The Wagram sand has a surface layer that is dark
grayish brown to pale yellow and is 20 to 40 inches
thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to strong -brown,
friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 inches
thick,.
The Troup soil has a surface layer of dark grayish -
brown to light yellowish -brown sand 40 to 60 inches
thick, The subsoil is yellowish -brown to strong -brown,
friable. sandy loam to clay loam 30 to 72 inches or more
thick.
In both soils infiltration is good. Surface runoff is
medium to slow. These soils are easy to keep in, good.
tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes
them droughty, however, and subject to severe leaching
of mobile plant nutrients.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated, and the
rest is in forest. The soils are fairly well suited to most
of the locally grown crops, though returns are generally
not high. Most of the acreage that is cultivated is used
for row crops. Intensive practices that effectively con-
serve moisture and that protect the soils from leaching
are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
ills-1, woodland suitability group 10, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 4)
Wahee Series
The Wahee series consists of nearly level, deep, some-
what poorly drained soils on low stream terraces. These
soils occupy large and small areas near the major streams
in the county. They have formed under forest in alluvial
deposits. A seasonally high water table is at a depth
of about 11/w feet.
Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
matter is low. Permeability is slow, the available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Flooding is frequent, but the floodwaters
remain for only a Sliort time. Except in areas that have
received lime, these soils are strongly acid. Response is
fairly good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer
are made.
The Wahee soils of Wake County are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forests of mixed
hardwoods, but a small acreage is in pasture or is culti-
vated.
Representative profile of Wahee tine sandy loam in a
recently cleared field 1.3 miles southwest of Plymouth
Church on a farm road and 135 yards north of the end
of the farm road:
Air---o to 6 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; many fine and medium, fibrous
roots; common fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
B1-6 to 14 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) light fine
sandy clay loam; few, fine, distinct, gray mottles;
weak, medium, eubangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, fibrous roots; few tine pores;
strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
B2t---14 to 36 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay;
common, medium, distinct, gray mottles and few, fine,
prominent, yellowish -red mottles ; strong, medium and
coarse, angular blocky structure; very firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody
and fibrous roots; few flue pores; thick, medium
clay films on ped surfaces; thin layers of fine sandy
material in vertical cracks; strongly acid; gradual,
irregular boundary.
B:3-30 to 45 inches +, mottled gray (10YR 6/1) and yellow-
ish -brown (10YR 5/8) fine sandy clay loam that con-
tains pockets of gray (10YR (i/1) heavy sandy clay ;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few, fine, woody roots; medium acid.
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and
from dark grayish brown to pale olive in color. The B hori-
zons range from 39 to 70 inches in combined thickness and
from fine sandy clay loam to clay in texture. The color of
the B horizons is yellowish brown mottled with yellowish
or gray mottles of 5Y, 2.5Y, and 10YR hues. The gray color
increase with increasing depth until the soil material is
mostly gray or is entirely gray. The lower boundary of the
B2t, horizon commonly separates that horizon from a stone
line, .sand, or unconsolidated sand and clay. The thickness of
the solum ranges from 24 to more than 45 inches. Depth to
hard rock is more than 5 feet and is commonly more than 15
feet.
Wahee soils occur with Augusta, Altavista, and Roanoke
soils. They have a finer textured subsoil than the Augusta
and Altavista soils. Wahee soils are more poorly drained
than the Altavista soils but are better drained than the
Roanoke soils.
Wahee fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Wh).---
This is the only Wahee soil mapped in Wake County. It
is on low stream terraces, The surface layer is dark gray-
ish -brown to pale -olive fine sandy loam 4 to 10 inches
thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown fine sandy clay
loam to clay mottled with gray and is 39 to 70 inches
thick. Included with this soil in mapping were some
areas where the slope is between 2 and 4 percent.

WAKE COUNTY,
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
ponded. If this soil has been drained, it is easy to keep
in good tilth. Because of a slowly permeable subsoil,
however, tillage can be performed within only a fairly
narrow range of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
is in pasture or is cultivated. Where this soil is properly
drained, it is fairly well suited to pasture, hay, and some
row crops. Wetness and the slowly permeable subsoil are
the main limitations to use for crops. Drainage of this
soil is difficult. Nevertheless, if cultivated crops are to be
grown, a complete system of surface and subsurface
drainage is needed. (Capability unit IIIw-2, woodland
suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group 2)
Wake Series
The Wake series consists of gently sloping to moderate-
ly steep, somewhat excessively drained soils that are very
shallow over hard rock. These soils occupy rather large
areas on Piedmont uplands, primarily in the northeast-
ern part of the county. They are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
50 feet between the highest and the lowest points. The
soils have formed under forest in material that weathered
from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderately rapid, the available
water capacity is very low, and the shrink -swell poten-
tial is low. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
In this county Wake soils are not important for farm-
ing. Most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Wake gravelly loamy sand,
1.4 miles east of Wake Crossroads on county road No.
2224, 0.15 of a mile south on a private road, in a small
cultivated field south of the road :
Ap 0 to 6 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loamy sand;
single grain ; loose when moist or dry ; contains many
coarse quartz sand particles and many feldspar parti-
cles ; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
C-6 to 15 inches, yellow (10YR 7/6) loamy sand; single
grain; loose when moist or dry ; contains common
fine pebbles and many feldspar particles ; strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
R-15 inches -I-, light-colored granite that is high in content
of quartz.
The color of the surface layer ranges from brown or very
dark grayish brown to light yellowish brown. The color of
the C horizon ranges from yellow to yellowish brown. In
places the C horizon contains particles of unweathered feld-
spar, mica, and other dark minerals, as well as particles of
quartz. In places the texture throughout the profile is gravelly
loamy sand instead of loamy sand. Depth to hard rock is
only 20 inches or less.
Wake soils occur with Louisburg soils. They are shallower
over bedrock than are the Louisburg soils.
Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes (WkC).—These soils
are on small ridges and side slopes in the uplands. They
have a surface layer of very dark grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand 2 to
10 inches thick. Beneath the surface layer is yellow to
yellowish -brown loamy sand 0 to 14 inches thick.
NORTH CAROLINA
57
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils
are easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked through-
out a wide range of moisture content. The coarse texture
and the bedrock near the surface make the soils very
droughty during dry seasons. Leaching of mobile plant
nutrients takes place during rainy seasons.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but some of it is
cultivated or in pasture. These soils are suited to only a
few of the locally grown crops. Very intensive practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-3, woodland
suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes (WkE).—These soils
are on side slopes bordering drainageways in the uplands.
Their surface layer is very dark grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand 2 to 10
inches thick. It is underlain by yellow to yellowish -brown
loamy sand 0 to 10 inches thick.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
Because of bedrock near the surface and slopes, these
soils should be kept in forest. They are not suitable for
cultivation. (Capability unit VIIe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Wedowee Series
The Wedowee series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep soils that are deep and well drained.
These soils are on Piedmont uplands, mostly in the
northeastern part of the county, but sonic scattered areas
aro in other parts. They are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
50 feet between the highest and the lowest points. The
soils have formed under forest in material that weathered
from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is moder-
ate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
are strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Wedowee soils of Wake County are important for
farming. Much of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
but part of it is in forest or in other uses.
Representative profile of a Wedowee sandy loam in a
cultivated field one-half mile north and one-fourth mile
west of the Lockhart School on a paved road, 1 mile
north on a gravel road, and 10 yards east of road:
Ap-0 to 7 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak, fine
and medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist ; many fine, fibrous roots ; many fine pores; few
fine mica flakes ; medium acid ; abrupt, wavy bound-
ary.
B21t-7 to 12 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky structure;
firm when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet ; common, fine, fibrous roots ; common fine pores ;
thick clay films on most ped surfaces ; few fine mica
flakes; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B22t-12 to 18 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) clay loam;
common, medium, faint, reddish -yellow mottles; mod-
erate, medium and fine, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when

58
SOIL SURVEY
wet; few, fine, librous roots; few fine pores; thick
clay Itln.s on most ped surfaces; few fine mien
flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B3t-18 to 24 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; few, fine prominent, brownish -yellow mottles;
moderate, coarse, stbangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; thick, continuous, reddish -brown (5YR 4/4)
clay films that are more strongly developed on verti-
cal surfaces than in other places; common fine pores;
common fine mien flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth
boundary.
C-24 to 40 inches +, mottled brownish -yellow (10YR (3/8),
yellowish -red (5YR 5/(3), and red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy
loam ; massive; friable when moist; many fine mica
flakes; strongly acid.
The A horizon ranges from 3 to 12 inches in thickness and
from pale brown or brown to dark grayish brown of 10YR
hue in color. The Bt horizons range from 8 to 30 inches in
combined thickness and from sandy clay loam to clay loam
in texture. The color of the Bt horizons ranges from yellow-
ish brown to yellowish red of 10YR to 5YR hues, and typi-
cally those horizons are mottled with red and yellow. In
places the B3 horizon is streaked with yellow and gray. The
combined thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranges
from 20 to 37 inches. Depth to hard rock Ls generally more
than 4 feet anti is commonly more than 6 feet.
Wedowee soils occur with the Appling, Louisburg, and
Vance soils. The combined thickness of their surface layer
and subsoil is less than that of the Appling soils, and they
have a finer textured subsoil than the Louisburg soils. The
Wedowee soils have a more friable subsoil than the Vance
soils.
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WmB).—
This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands.
The surface layer is pale -brown or brown to dark
grayish -brown sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The sub-
soil is yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay
loaln to clay loam S to 30 inches thick. The subsoil con-
tains common mottles of red or yellow. Included with
this soil in mapping were some areas where from 20 to
50 percent of flue surface layer is covered with gravel
and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer consists
of gravel.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium, The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used mainly for row crops, but this
soil is fairly well suited to most of the other locally
grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(WmB2).—This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. It has a surface layer that is 3 to 7 inches thick.
In many places the surface layer is a mixture of the
remaining original surface soil and of material from
the subsoil. In the less eroded. areas, the surface layer is
pale -brown to grayish -brown sandy loam, but the color
ranges to brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay
loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 8 to 30
inches thick and consists of yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam to clay loam, with
common mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in snapping were some areas in
which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer is
gravel, Also included were some severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times, This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is
fairly well suited to most of the other locally grown
crops. Intensive practices that effectively control runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil-
ity unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (Wrr:C).----
This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. It has a surface
layer of pale -brown and brown to dark grayish. --brown
sandy loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 26
inches thick and consists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -
red, firm sandy clay loam to clay loam, with common
mottles of red or yellow. Included with this soil in
mapping where some art as where from 20 to 50 percent
of the surface, is covered with gravel and from 20 to 50
percent of the surface layer consists of gravel.
• Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
Hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good filth, and it can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil
is fairly well suited to most of the locally grown crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit II.Ie-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(WmC2).—This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. The
surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places it
is a mixture, of the remaining original surface soil and of
material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
surface layer is pale -brown to grayish -brown sandy loam,
but the color ranges to brown and the texture ranges to
sandy clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is
S to 26 inches thick and consists of yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loamor clay loam, with
common mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. The severely
eroded spots make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage
in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where this
soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops, but
it is fairly well suited to most of the locally grown crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(WmD2). This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
drainageways in the uplands. In most places it is mod-
erately eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in some
areas. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer
is pale -brown and grayish -brown sandy loam to brown
sandy clay loam 3 to 6 inches thick. In the slightly eroded
areas, the surface layer is pale -brown and brown to dark
grayish -brown sandy loam 6 to 8 inches thick. The sub-
soil is S to 24 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam or clay
loam, with common mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Other inclu-
sions consist of a few areas of Vance soils in which the
subsoil is firmer than typical for the Wedowee soils.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
Where erosion is only slight, this soil is easy to keep in
good tilth. Where erosion is moderate, the soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth. This soil can be worked throughout
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
severely eroded spots may be necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but some of it is culti-
vated or in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared, the
acreage that is cultivated is used chiefly for row crops,
but this soil is fairly well suited to most of the locally
grown crops. Very intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
59
Wedowee sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes (WmE).—
This is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow
side slopes bordering the major drainageways in the
uplands. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer
is pale -brown and brown to dark grayish -brown sandy
loam 6 to 8 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,
the surface layer ranges from pale -brown and grayish -
brown sandy loam to brown sandy clay loam and is 3
to 6 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 20 inches thick and
consists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy
clay loam to clay loam, with common mottles of red or
yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed, and
other areas where the slopes range from 25 to 45 percent.
Infiltration is good to fair, and surface runoff is very
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Where this
soil has been cleared, however, it should be used for pas-
ture and permanent hay. This soil is not suitable for
cultivated crops, because of the moderately steep slopes
and susceptibility to erosion. (Capability unit VIe-1,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Wehadkee Series
The Wehadkee series consists of nearly level, poorly
drained soils on the flood plains of most of the streams
in the county. These soils have formed in fine loamy
alluvial material. They have a seasonal high water table
approximately at the surface.
Natural fertility is low, and the content of organic
matter is medium. Permeability is moderate to moderate-
ly rapid, the available water capacity is medium, and
the shrink -swell potential is low. Flooding is frequent,
and the floodwaters remain for a long time. Unless lime
has been applied, reaction is strongly acid or very
strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable appli-
cations of lime and fertilizer are made.
Wehadkee soils are not important for farming. Most
of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods and a few pines,
but a small acreage is in pasture.
Representative profile of Wehadkee silt loam in a
wooded area 11 i4 miles east of the Wakefield Church on
county road No. 2320, three -fourths of a mile north on
county road No. 2341, and 200 feet west of road:
01—layer of thinly scattered hardwood leaves, not thick
enough to measure.
A1-0 to 6 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam;
common, medium, faint, grayish -brown mottles and
common, fine, distinct, yellowish -red mottles ; the
yellowish -red mottles appear to be stains of organic
matter in root channels ; moderate, medium, granu-
lar structure ; very friable when moist; many fine
and medium, woody roots ; many fine pores ; strongly
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21g-6 to 10 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; com-
mon, fine, prominent, strong -brown mottles; weak,
medium and fine, subangular blocky structure ; fri-
able when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic

60
sOIL
when wet; many fine, woody roots; many flue pores;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B22g-10 to 20 inches, dark -gray (10YR 4/11 fine sandy clay
loam ; few, medium, prominent., strong -brown mot-
tles; weak, medium, subangnlar blocky structure;
friable when moist; slightly sticky .and slightly pia*.
tic when wet; common, fine, woody roots; ninny fine
pores; strongly n.cid ; clear, :.smooth boundary.
B23g-20 to 30 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loam;
massive; friable when moist. slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; few fine pores; few, small,
rounded pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
Cg--30 to 40 inches +, mottled gray and dark -gray. sandy
loam ; massive: very friable when moist, slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; common fine
mica flakes ; few, fine, rounded quartz pebbles;
strongly acid.
The Al horizon ranges from dark grayish brown to brown
in color and from 3 to 12 inches in thickness. The color of
the B horizons ranges from gray to dark gray of 101'R hue,
and the combined thickness of those horizons ranges from
15 to 30 inches. In general, the texture of the B horizons
ranges from Sandy loam to silty ery loam or sandy clay
loam. In places, however, the texture in parts of the B hori-
zons is sand. The soil material in those areas is massive or
has subangular blocky structure. Thickness of the solum
ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to hard rack ranges from
3 to 15 or more feet.
Wehadkee .soils occur with Chewacla, Roanoke, and Bibb
soils. They are mere poorly drained than the Chewacla soils,
have a coarser textured subsoil than the Roanoke soils, and
have a finer textured subsoil than the Bibb soils.
Wehadkee silt loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Wn).--This
is a poorly drained soil on the flood 'plains of streams. It
has a surface layer of dark nrayish-brown to brown silt
loam 3 to 12 inches thick. ! Lie subsoil is gray to dark -
gray, friable sandy loam to silty clay loam or sandy clay
loam. It is commonly mottled with strong brown and
yellowish brown and is 15 to 30 inches thic.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
ponded. Where this soil is drained, it, is fairly easy to
keep in good tilth and can he worked within a fairly
wide range of moisture content,
This soil is fairly well suited. to a few locally grown
crops. It is mainly in forest, however, though a small
acreage is in pasture. The soil is wet and is subject to
overflow and ponding, -which are very severe hazards.
Adequate drainage, is difficult to obtain, but surface and
subsurface drainage are needed if cultivated. crops are,
to be grown. (Capability unit. i "w--1, woodland suit-
ability grout) 2, wildlife suitability group 3)
Wehadkee and Bibb soils (0 to 4percent slopes) Mole --
The soils of this unit are poorly Brained and are so
similar in use and management that they were mapped
together as an undifferentiated unit. Some areas consist
entirely of Wehadkee soil, others consist of Bibb soil,
and still others consist of a combination of Wehadkee,
Bibb, and minor included soils. About 40 percent of a
typical mapped area is Wehadkee soil, 30 percent is Bibb
soil, and 30 percent in Chewacla, illant:achie, or other
soils.
The Wehadkee soil has a surface layer of dark grayish -
brown to brown silt loam 3 to 12 inches thick. Its subsoil
is gray or dark -gray, friable sandy loam to silty clay
loam 15 to 30 inches thick. In most places the subsoil is
mottled with strong brown and yellowish brown.
The Bibb soil has a grayish -brown or very dark gray-
ish -brown surface layer of sandy loam 4 to 12 inches
URV Y
thick. Its subsoil is varied in color and texture, but the
colors range from light brownish gray to black mottled
with gray and brown, and the texture ranges front loam
to sandy loam. The combined thickness of their surface
layer and subsoil is more than 36 niches,
The soils of this mapping unit are on flood plains, in
narrow upland draws, and in depressions throughout the
county. In those areas the stream channels are poorly de-
fined. Where these soils are on flood plains along streams,
they are wet, are subject to very requent, flooding of
long duration, and have a water table at the surface for
periods of as much as 0 months. The soils in draws tart
also wet and Inure a water table a.t the surface for periods
of as much as 6 months. In those areas, However, flooding
is of only short duration, though it; is frequent. In many
places the stream channels in the upland draws are well
defined.
Surface runoff is slow to ponded. Infiltration is fair
for the Wehadkee soil and good for the Bibb.
Nearly all of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods l
pines. Flooding and ponding are very severe hazards.
Adequate drainage of these wet soils is difficult to obtain,
but both surface drainage and subsurface drainage areneeded if cultivated crops are to be grown. (Capability
unit I''w--1, woodland suitability group 2, wildlife suit-
ability group 3)
White Store Series
The White Store series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep, moderately deep, moderately well
drained soils on Piedmont uplands in the western part
of the; county. These soils are on rounded divides that
have a difference in elevation of about 50 feet: between
the highest and the lowest points. They have formed
under forest in material that weathered front sandstone,
shale, and mudstone of Triassic age. The water table gen-
erally remains below the solum. Because of the slowly
permeable subsoil, however, these soils have a perched
water table during wet seasons.
Natural fertility and. the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is slow. The available water ea.hac...
ity and the shrink -swell potential are high.. Except in
areas that have received lime, these soils are very strongly
acid..Response is fairly good if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer cue made.
The White Store soils of this county are mainly in
forest, Some areas, however, are used for cultivated
crops or pasture.
Representative profile of a White Store sandy loam
iu a wooded area one-fourth of ii mile southwest of the
line between Wake. and Chatham Counties on U.S. High-
way No. 1, 2 miles southeast on a gravel road to a five -
points intersection, 11/2 miles southwest on a gravel road,
and 500 feet west of road:
1p-0 to 6 inches, light yellowish -brown (10YR 0/4) sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; many, fine, fibrous and few medi-
um, Woody roots; few small quartz pebbles ; strongly
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
111-6 to :I inches, yellowish -red (5-Yit 5/0) clay loam. ; moder-
ate, fine, suhangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common, fine,
fibrous and woody roots; few thin clay films ; very
strongly acid ; clear, wavy boundary.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 61
B21t- -0 to 20 inches, reddish -brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay;
strong, fine, angular blocky structure; very firm
when moist, sticky .and very plastic when wet; few,
fine, woody roots; Medium clay firms ; very strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B22t---20 to 25 inches, dark reddish -brown (2.5.YR 3/44) clay;
common, fine, prominent, light -gray mottles; strong,
medium, angular blocky structure; very firm when
moist, sticky and very plastic when wet; thin clay
films; few pockets of dark -red weathered shale; very
strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
.B3t--255 to 31 inches, dark -red (1OR 3/(3) clay; common,
medium, prominent, light -gray mottles; weak, medi-
um, angular blocky structure tending toward mas-
sive; very firm, when moist, sticky and plastic When
wwet; thin clay films; common fragments of disinte-
grated shale; very strongly acid; clear, wavy bound-
ary.
C:1-31 to 33 inches, dusky -red sandy clay,; disintegrated shale
containing pockets of light -gray clay; very strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
R----35 inches. +, dusky -red shale of Triassic age.
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 12 inches in thickness,
front dark grayish brown or brown to light yellowish brown
or red in color, and front sandy loam to silt loam or clay Ioam
in texture. The B horizons range from fi to 36 inches in com-
bined thickness and have a texture mostly of clay that is
very firm whoa moist and very plastic when wet. The clay
cracks when the soils are dry. The color of the B horizons
ranges from dusky red through yellowish red- and strong
brown to olive yellow in hues ranging from IOR to 2.5Y. In
many places these soils are mottled with gray in the upper
part of the B2t horizon, These soils have columnar structure
when dry ; have strong to weak, medium and coarse, angular
blocky structure when moist ; and are massive when wet.
They have a high content of exchangeable aluminum. The
combined thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranges
from 24 to more than 48 inches, Depth to hard rock is
generally more than 3 feet and is commonly more than 8 feet.
White Store soils occur with Creedmoor and Mayodan soils.
They lack the friable upper subsoil of the Creedmoor soils.
however, and have a firmer subsoil than the Mayodan.
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WsB).-__
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. It has a surface layer of dark grayish -brown
and brown to light; yellowish -brown sandy loam 6 to 12
inches thick. The subsoil is 9 to 36 inches thick. It coin-
sists of clay that is very firm when moist turd very plastic
when wet. The color of the subsoil is dusky red, yellow-
ish red, strong brown, and olive yellow, with common
mottles of gray. Included with this soil in mapping were
some areas where the surface layer is coarse sandy loam
and other areas wlie.re the surface :layer is fine sandy
loam.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but tillage is re-
stricted after heavy rains because of the slowly perms-
able subsoil,
This soil is fairly well suited to many of the locally
grown crops, About one-third of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture, and. the rest is in forest. The areas that
have been cleared are used chiefly for row crops. This
soil has a high content of exchangeable aluminum, which
is toxic to some plants. Practices that effectively control
eunoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
( Capability unit Ile-3, woodland suitability group 11,
wildlife suitability group 1)
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
:Ws321---:This soil is on broad, smooth int:erstrearn divides
in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick.
In many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
surface layer and of material from the subsoil. In the
less eroded areas,• the surface layer is brown to light
yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the texture ranges to
cla loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is dusky -
reel, yellowish -red, strong -brown, and olive -yellow clay,
with common mottles of gray. It is very firm when moist
and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
of a soil that has a surface layer of coarse sandy loam,
and other areas of a soil that has a surface layer of fine
sandy loam. Also included were some severely eroded
spots where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in
the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, permeability is slow, and surface
runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is se-
vere. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because
of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
heavy rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked. when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops, and the culti-
vated areas are used mainly for row crops. The soil con-
tains a large amount of exchangeable aluminum, which
is toxic to some plants. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(WsC)•---Thi_s soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
It has a dark grayish -brown and brown to light yellow-
ish -brown surface layer 5 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil
color ranges from dusky red or yellowish red to strong
brown and olive yellow, with common mottles of gray.
The subsoil is clay that is very firm when moist and very
plastic when wet and is 9 to 30 inches thick. Included
with this soil in mapping were some areas of a soil that
has a surface layer of coarse sandy loam, and other areas
of a soil that has a surface layer of fine sandy loam.
Infiltration is good, permeability is slow, and surface
runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is severe.
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth. Because of the
slowly perameab_ e subsoil, however, tillage is restricted
after heavy rains.
About three -fourths of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is cultivated or iii pasture. This soil is fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops, and the areas
that have been cleared are used chiefly for row crops.
This soil contains a large amount of aluminum, which
is toxicto some plants. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group .)
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (WsC2):--This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.

62 Sorry
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to
light -brown sandy loam, but the texture ranges to clay
loam in the severely eroded spots. The color of the sub-
soil ranges from dusky red and yellowish red to strong
brown and olive yellow, with common mottles of gray.
The subsoil is clay that is very firm when moist and
very plastic when wet and is 9 to 30 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
of a soil that has a surface layer of coarse sandy loam,
and other areas of a soil that has a surface layer of fine
sandy loam. In the severely eroded spots that are in-
cluded, the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
make up from ti to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, permeability is slow, and surface
runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, and
tillage is restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly
permeable subsoil. A crust forms on the severely eroded
spots after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
Figure 10.—Profile of White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.
VEY
worked when vet The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
re-31anting of the severely eroded areas may be necessary.
This soil is fairly well suited to many of the locally
grown crops, and the areas that have been cleared are
used chiefly for row crops. About three -fourths of the
acreage is in forest, however, and the rest is cultivated or
in pasture. This soil contains a large amount of exchange-
able aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Very in-
tensive practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
I e-3, woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability
group 1)
White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes
(WsE).--This is a slightly eroded or moderately eroded soil
on narrow side slopes bordering upland drainageways.
Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark
grayish -brown to brown sandy loam 6 to 8 inches thick.
Where erosion is moderate, the color of the surface layer
ranges from light yellowish brown to brown, the texture
ranges from sandy loam to clay loam, and the thickness
ranges from 3 to 5 inches. The color of the subsoil ranges
from dusky red and yellowish red to strong brown and
olive yellow, with common mottles of gray. The subsoil
is 9 to 24 inches thick and consists of clay that is very
firer when moist and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
a soil that has a surface layer of fine sandy loam. Also
included were a few severely eroded spots where the sub-
soil is exposed.
Infiltration is good to fair, permeability is slow, and
surface runoff is very rapid. The steepness of the slope
and the slowly permeable subsoil make this soil highly
susceptible to further erosion.
This soil is not suited to cultivated crops, and prac-
tically all of the acreage is in forest. The areas that have
been cleared should be kept in pasture or permanent hay.
(Capability unit Vie-1, woodland suitability group 11,
wildlife suitability group 1)
White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WtB).
This is a slightly eroded or moderately eroded soil on
broad, smooth interstream divides in the uplands. Where
erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark grayish -
brown and grayish -brown silt loam 6 to 8 inches thick.
Where erosion is moderate, the color of the surface layer
ranges from light yellowish brown to brown the texture
ranges from silt loam to clay loam, and the thickness
ranges from 3 to 6 inches. The color of the subsoil ranges
from dusky red and yellowish red to strong brown and
olive yellow, with common mottles of gray. The subsoil
is 9 to 30 inches thick and consists of clay that is very
firm when moist and very plastic when wet (fig. 10).
Included with this soil in mapping were a few severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is good to fair, permeability is slow, and
surface runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion
is moderate. Where erosion is only slight, this soil is easy
to keep in good tilth, but where erosion is moderate, the
soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of the
slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after hard
rains. A. crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germi-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
nation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
This soil is fairly well suited to many of the locally
grown crops, and the areas that have been cleared are
used for row crops and pasture. About three -fourths of
the acreage is in forest, and the rest is cultivated or in
pasture. This soil contains a large amount of exchange-
able aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-3,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability
group 1)
White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, severely
eroded (WvD3).—This soil is on Piedmont uplands. It has
a red to brown clay loam surface layer 3 to 6 inches
thick. The present surface layer is a mixture of the re-
maining original surface soil and of material from the
subsoil. The color of the subsoil ranges from dusky red
and yellowish red to strong brown and olive yellow, with
common mottles of gray. The subsoil is 9 to 36 inches
thick and consists of clay that is very firm when moist
and very plastic when wet.
Infiltration is poor. Most of the water from rainfall
runs off the surface.
This soil is too eroded for cultivation, and most of the
acreage is in forest. The areas that have been cleared
should be kept in pasture or permanent hay crops. (Capa-
bility unit VIe-2, woodland suitability group 11, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Wilkes Series
The Wilkes series consists of gently sloping to steep,
very shallow to moderately deep soils that are well
drained. These soils occupy small areas on side slopes and
on rounded divides in the Piedmont uplands, where the
difference in elevation is about 75 feet between the high-
est and the lowest points. They have formed under forest,
mostly in the northern and western parts of the county,
in material that weathered from mixed acidic and basic
rocks. The water table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
matter is low. The available water capacity is low, and
permeability and the shrink -swell potential are moderate.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
slightly acid to medium acid. Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
In Wake County the Wilkes Soils are of only minor
importance for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Wilkes sandy loam in a
wooded area 3.5 miles north of N.C. Highway No. 54, on
county road No. 1650, and 10 feet east of road :
Ap-0 to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (2.5Y 4/2) sandy
loam ; moderate, medium, granular structure; very
friable when moist ; many fine and medium, woody
and fibrous roots; many fine pores; common, medi-
um and fine quartz pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt,
wavy boundary.
B2t-8 to 12 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
common, fine, distinct, yellow mottles and few, fine,
distinct, red mottles ; strong, fine and medium, angu-
lar blocky structure to massive; firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet ; many fine and medium,
woody and fibrous roots; few fine pores; thin, dis-
continuous clay films on vertical surfaces of peds ;
slightly acid ; clear, wavy boundary.
335-403— 70--5
63
B3-12 to 19 inches, pale -yellow (5Y 8/3), strong -brown
(7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) clay
loam mixed with particles of decomposed, fine-
grained schist; massive; friable when moist; few,
fine, woody roots in cracks ; slightly acid ; gradual,
wavy boundary.
C1-19 to 29 inches, pale -yellow (5Y 8/3), yellowish -red (5YR
5/6), yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6), and black (10YR
2/1) silt loam ; decomposed schist ; few, fine, woody
roots in cracks; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
C2-29 to 38 inches, pale -green silt loam that is decomposed
schist streaked with black (10YR 2/1) and strong
brown (7.5YR 5/8) ; slightly acid.
R-38 inches -F, hard, fine-grained schist containing a large
amount of basic minerals.
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 12 inches in thickness,
from yellowish brown or dark grayish brown to dark brown
in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in texture. The
B2t horizon ranges from 2 to 10 inches in thickness, generally
has a clay or clay loam texture, and has varied colors that
range from 5YR to 10YR in hue. The B horizons range from
8 to 36 inches in combined thickness and from sandy loam
to clay loam, mixed with saprolite, in texture. The color of
the B horizons ranges from 5YR to 5Y in hue. These soils
are generally massive. In many places they have clay films
in the cracks. The solum ranges from 12 inches to 40 inches
in thickness. Depth to hard rock ranges from 2 feet to 10
feet or more.
Wilkes soils occur with Louisburg, Wake, and Enon soils.
They have a darker, more brownish color than the Louisburg
and Wake soils and are less acid than those soils. Wilkes
soils have a thinner ,solum than the Enon soils.
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes (WwC).—These
soils are on small ridges and side slopes in the uplands.
They have a yellowish -brown or grayish -brown to dark -
brown surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam that is
3 to 12 inches thick and contains clayey spots in many
places. The color of the subsoil ranges from brown or
dark brown to gray and yellowish red. The subsoil is 8
to 36 inches thick. It ranges from sandy loam to clay loam
in texture and from very friable to firm in consistence.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils
are somewhat difficult to till, but they can be worked
throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. These soils are fairly
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed, however, if cultivated crops are grown. (Capa-
bility unit IVe-3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife
suitability group 4)
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slopes (WwE).—These
soils are on side slopes that border upland drainageways.
Their surface layer is yellowish -brown or grayish -brown
to dark -brown sandy loam to silt loam and is 3 to 10
inches thick. In many places the surface layer contains
clayey spots. The subsoil ranges from brown or dark
brown to gray or yellowish red in color, from very
friable to firm in consistence, and from sandy loam to
clay loam in texture.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
These soils are mainly in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture. Because of the strong slopes and the bedrock
near the surface in some places, the areas that have been
cleared should be used only for pasture or for permanent
hay crops. (Capability unit VIe-2, woodland suitability
group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)

64
SOIL SURVEY
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes (WwF),—These
soils are on side slopes bordering major drainageways in
the uplands. They have a surface layer of yellowish -
brown or grayish -brown to dark -brown sandy loam to
silt loam 3 to 8 inches thick. Their subsoil ranges from
brown or dark brown to k,ray or yellowish red in color,
from very friable to firm in consistence, and from sandy
loam to clay loam in texture.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of
the strong slopes and bedrock near the surface, these
soils should be kept in forest. (Capability unit VIIe-1,
woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group
4)
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes (WxE).—The
soils of this unit are on side slopes that border major
drainageways in the uplands. Their surface layer is
yellowish -brown or grayish -brown to Clark -brown stony
sandy loam 6 to 10 inches thick. Large stones occupy
from 1 to 2 percent of the surface. The subsoil ranges
from brown or dark brown to gray or yellowish red in
color, from very friable to firm in consistence, and from
sandy loam to clay loan in texture.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of
the strong slopes and bedrock near the surface, these soils
should remain in forest. (Capability unit VIIe-1, wood-
land suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Worsham Series
The Worsham series consists of nearly level and gently
sloping, deep, poorly drained soils of Piedmont uplands.
These soils occupy small areas throughout the county, at
the heads of drainageways, on foot slopes, and in slight
depressions. They have formed under forest in tra.nslo-
cated material and in material that weathered. from most
kinds of rocks underlying this area,. A seasonally high
water table is approximately at the surface.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderately slow. The available
water capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential
is moderate. Except in areas that have received lime,
these soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Worsham soils of Wake County are of only minor
importance for farming. Some areas have been cleared
and are used for pasture or waterways, but most, of the
acreage is in forest. The areas that have been cleared
and have then been allowed to revert to forest are in
pines or in mixed pines and hardwoods.
Representative profile of «rorsha.m sandy loam in a
wooded area 2 miles southwest of Wendell on county
road No. 235S, one-fourth of a mile north on county road
No. 1003, and 25 yards east of road:
01--5 to 2 inches, undecomposed forest litter.
02--2 inches to 0, dark -brown, decomposed forest litter; part
of litter is disintegrated, and part is not disinte-
grated; many fine and medium, woody roots.
A11--0 to 2 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loaam; weak,
medium and coarse, granular structure; very friable
when moist; many fine and medium, woody roots;
common fine pores; very strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
Al2_.,..2 to 7 inches, gray (10YR 5./1) sandy loam; weak,
inedium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
common, fine and medium, woody roots; many fine
pores; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2---7 to 11 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist ;
common, fine, woody roots; common fine pores;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
Big---11 to 13 inches, light brownish -gray (10YR 6/2) sandy
clay loam; common, medium, prominent, yellowish -
brown mottles; weak, medium and coarse, snbangnlur
blocky structure; firm when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; common, fine, woody roots;
common fine pores; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.
B2ltg--13 to 18 inches, gray (10YR 6/i) heavy hardy clay
loam ; common, medium, prominent, strong -brown mot-
tles ; weak, medium and coarse, subangulor blocky
structure; firm when moist., sticky and plastic when
wet ; few, fine, woody roots ; fine pores; thin clay tllms
on ped surfaces ; strongly acid; ; abrupt, wavy bound-
ary.
B22tg-18 to 26 incites, gray (10YR 6/1) heavy .sandy clay
loam ; few, medium, prominent, strong -brown and
few, fine, prominent, yellowish -red mottles; weak,
medium and coarse, subaangular blocky structure;
firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet : few
fine pores; few thin clay filets on ped surfaces;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
1.123tg-20 to 38 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) light sandy clay ;
few, medium, prominent, strong -brown and few, fine,
prominent, yellowish -red mottles; weak, medium, sub -
angular blocky structure ; limn when moist, slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few fine pores;
few thin clay films on ped surfaces ; few small peb-
bles ; strongly acid ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
Bag-,-38 to 45 inches ±, light gray (1.0YR 7/1) sandy loam ;
few, medium, prominent, brownish -yellow mottles;
massive; friable when moist, slightly sticky anti
slightly plastic when wet; common fine pores; many
fragments of feldspar; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 8 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness and from gray or very dark gray to grayish brown or
brown in color. The 13 horizons range from 20 to 50 inches
in combined thickness and from sandy clay loam or sandy
loam to sandy clay in texture. Tim Bt horizons have a gray
color in 10YR and 2.5Y hues. In many places the Bt horizons
are mottled with yellowish red to pale yellow. The solum
ranges from 24 inches to 45 inches in thickness. Depth to
hard rock ranges from a to 15 or more feet.
Worsham soils occur with Colfax and Bibb soils. They are
more poorly drained than the Colfax soils and. have a finer
textured subsoil than the Bibb soils.
Worsham sandy loam (0 to 4 percent; slopes) (Wy).--
This is the only soil of the Worsham series mapped in
Wake County. It occurs at the heads of dra,inagewaays,
on foot slopes, and in slight depressions in the uplands.
The surface layer is very dark brown or brown sandy
loam 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is 24 to 40 inches
thick and consists of gray, flint silty clay loam or sandy
clay, with common mottles of strong brown to pale
yellow.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff. is slow to
ponded. Permeability is moderately slow. Where this soil
has been drained, it. is easy to keep in good tilt:h, but
tillage. may be restricted after hard rains.
If this soil is cleared and properly drained, it. is suited
to corn, soybeans, and pasture. Most of the acreage. is in
forest, but some of it is cultivated or in pasture. (Capa-
bility unit. IVw-1, woodland suitability group 2, wildlife
suitability group 3)

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Use and Management of the Soils
This section discusses use and management of the soils
for crops and pasture, as woodland, for wildlife, and for
engineering. It does not give detailed information about
management of individual soils. For specific suggestions,
consult a representative of the local office of the Soil
Conservation Service, the Extension Service, or the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station.
Use of the Soils for Crops and Pasture'
This section has three main parts. The first discusses
the system of capability classification. The second de-
scribes the subclass and capability units in Wake County
and gives general management suggestions for each
capability unit. The third gives estimated yields at a
high level of management for specific crops on each soil.
Capability groups of soils
Capability classification is the grouping of soils to
show, in a general way, their suitability for most kinds
of farming. It is a practical classification based on limi-
tations of the soils, the risk of damage when they are
used, and the way they respond to treatment. The classi-
fication does not apply to most horticultural crops, or
to rice and other crops that have their special require-
ments. The soils are classified according to degree and
kind of permanent limitation, but without consideration
of major and general expensive landforming that would
change the slope, depth. or other characteristics of the
soils; and without consideration of possible but unlikely
major reclamation projects.
In the capability system, all kinds of soils are grouped
at three levels, the capability class, subclass, and unit.
These are discussed in the following paragraphs.
CAPABILITY CLAssEs, the broadest grouping, are desig-
nated by. Roman numerals I through VIII. The num-
erals indicate progressively greater limitations and nar-
rower choices for practical use. The classes are defined
as follows:
Class I. Soils have few limitations that restrict their
use.
Class II. Soils have some limitations that reduce the
choice of plants or require moderate conserva-
tion practices.
Class III. Soils have severe limitations that reduce
the choice of plants, require special conserva-
tion practices, or both.
Class IV. Soils have very severe limitations that re-
strict the choice of plants, require very careful
management, or both.
Class V. Soils subject to little or no erosion but have
other limitations, impractical to remove, that
limit their use largely to pasture, range, wood-
land, or wildlife food and cover. (None in Wake
County)
Class VI. Soils have severe limitations that make
them generally unsuited to cultivation and limit
'J. E. POLLOCK, conservation agronomist, Soil Conservation
Service, and T. J. WIGGINS, work unit conservationist, Soil Con-
servation Service. assisted in preparing this section.
65
their use largely to pasture or range, woodland
or wildlife food and cover.
Class VII. Soils have very severe limitations that
make them unsuited to cultivation and that re-
strict their use largely to grazing, woodland, or
wildlife.
Class VIII. Soils and landforms have limitations
that preclude their use for commercial plant
production and restrict their use to recreation,
wildlife, or water supply, or to esthetic pur-
poses. (None in Wake County)
CAPABILITY SUBCLASSES are soil groups within one
class; they are designated by adding a small letter, e, w,
s, or e, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The letter
e shows that the main limitation is risk of erosion; w
shows that water in or on the soil surface interferes with
plant growth or cultivation (in some soils wetness can
be partly corrected by artificial drainage) ; s shows that
the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty,
or stony; and e, used in some parts of the United States
but not in Wake County, shows that the chief limitation
is climate that is too cold or too dry.
In class I there are no subclasses, because the soils of
this class have few limitations. Class V (none in Wake
County) can contain, at most, only subclasses indicated
by w, s, and c because the soils in it are subject to little
or no erosion, though they have other limitations that
restrict their use largely to pasture, range, woodland,
wildlife, or recreation.
CAPABILITY UNITS are soil groups within the subclasses.
The soils in one capability unit are enough alike to be
suited to the same crops and pasture plants, to require
similar management, and to have similar productivity
and other responses to management. Thus, the capability
unit is a convenient grouping for- making many state-
ments about management of soils. Capability units are
generally designated by adding an Arabic numeral to
the subclass symbol, for example, IIe-1 or IIIw-1. Thus
in one symbol, the Roman numeral designates the capa-
bility class or degree of limitation, and the small letter
indicates the subclass, or kind of limitation, as defined
in the foregoing paragraph. The Arabic numeral specif-
ically identifies the capability unit within each subclass.
In the following pages, the capability units in Wake
County are described and suggestions for the use and
management of the soils , are given. The names of the
soil series represented are mentioned in the description
of each capability unit, but this does not mean that all
the soils of a given series appear in the unit. To find the
names of all of the soils in any given capability unit,
refer to the "Guide to Mapping Units" at the back of
this survey.
CAPABILITY UNIT I -I
Only one soil, Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent
slopes, is in this capability unit. This soil is on Coastal
Plain uplands and is nearly level and well drained. It
has a surface layer of very friable loamy sand, 8 to 20
inches thick, and a subsoil of friable sandy loam to
sandy clay loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low. Permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is medium. Reaction is strongly acid. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth, can be worked through-

66
SAIL SURVEY
out a wide range of moisture content, aricl has a very
deep effective root zone.. Response is good if suitable
amounts of lime and fertilizer are applied.
A small acreage is in forest1 but this soil is well suited
to all the crops grown locally and is used mainly for
tobacco, cotton, and other row crops. Clean -tilled crops
can be grown intensively without serious risk of erosion.
Returning all crop residue to the soil helps to main-
tain the content of organic matter. Pererwial grasses
included in the cropping system help to reduce losses of
soil and water and to make this soil more productive.
CAPABILITY UNIT lie -I
This capability unit consists of well -drained, ggently
sloping soils on the Piedmont and Coastal Plain uplands.
These soils are in the Appling, Cecil, Durham, Fa.ceville,
Granville, Madison, Ma,yoden, Norfolk, Orangeburg, and
Wedowee series. They have a surface layer of loamy sand
to fine sandy loam that in places contains gravel. The
subsoil ranges from friable sandy loam to firm clay. In
some places the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and. of material from the subsoil; in
other places the subsoil has been exposed through erosion.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. Reaction ranges from medium acid
to strongly acid. The effective root, zone is shallow to
very deep. Response is good if suitable amounts of lime
and fertilizer are applied. The uneroded soils are in good
tilth and can he worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content. The eroded soils are in fair filth and
can be worked within only a somewhat narrow range of
moisture content. If the eroded soils are worked when
too wet or too dry, they become cloddy and a crust forms
on the surface. Stands of crops grown on the eroded soils
are less uniform than those grown on the uneroded soils,
even though the amount of rain is normal. Further ero-
sion is a moderate hazard in cultivated areas.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or community develop-
ments. The soils are well suited to most of the crops
grown in the county. They are especially well suited to
tobacco but are not, well suited to alfalfa., white clover,
and red clover.
Runoff and erosion can be reduced by returning all
crop residue to the soils; by protecting the soils with a
close -growing crop 25 to 50 percent of the time; and by
tilling along the contour, practicing striperopping, and
providing terraces and diversions. Field borders, natural
draws, and other outlets needed for the disposal of run-
off should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of
a sod -forming type. Examples of suitable cropping sys--
terns are 2 or more years of close -growing crops followed
by 1 or 2 years of a row crop; or 1 year of a close -
growing crop followed by 1 year of a row crop. Perennial
grasses are the most suitable close -growing crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-2
This capability unit consists of well -drained, gently
sloping Georgeville, Herndon, Lloyd, and hiayodan soils
on Piedmont uplands. These soils have a surface layer of
loam or silt loam that in places contains gravel. The sub-
soil ranges from friable silty clay loam to firm clay. In
some places the plow layer is a mixture of •the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil;
in others the subsoil has been exposed through erosion.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. Reaction ranges from slightly acid
to strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to
deep. Response is good if suitable amounts of lime and
fertilizer are applied. The uneroded soils are in good
tilth and can be worked throughout a fairly wide range
of moisture content. The eroded soils are in fair tali
and can be worked within only a somewhat narrow range
of moisture content. Stands of crops grown on the eroded
soils are not uniform, even though the amount of rain is
normal. The hazard of further erosion is moderate in
cultivated areas.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture; the rest is in forest or community developments.
The soils are well suited to most of the crops grown
locally, but they are less well suited to tobacco than the
soils in capability units I-1 and Ile--1.
Runoff and erosion can be reduced, soil tilth improved,
and productivity increased by returning all crop residue
to the soils; by protecting the surface of the soils with
a close -growing crop 25 to 50 percent of the time; and
by tilling on the contour, practicing striperopping, and
providing terraces end diversions. Field borders, natural
draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of runoff
should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of a
sod -forming type. Examples of suitable cropping systems
are 1 or more years of a close -growing crop followed by
1 or 2 years of a row crop; or 1 year of a close -growing
crop followed by 1 year of a row crop. Perennial grasses
are the most suitable close -growing crop. Good soil struc-
ture can be maintained through minimum tillage.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-3
This capability unit consists of well drained or mod-
erately well drained, gently sloping soils of the Creed. -
moor, Enon, Helena, Vance, and White Store series.
These soils are on the Piedmont uplands. They have a,
surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam and a subsoil
of fine or very firm silty clay loam to clay. In some
places the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining origi-
nal surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
others, the subsoil is exposed.
Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of
organic matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the
available water capacity is medium to high. Reaction
ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid. The
effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The uneroded soils are in good tilth, but tillage after
heavy rains is restricted because of the slowly permeable
subsoil. The eroded soils are in fair tilth, but if tilled
when too wet or too dry, they become cloddy and a crust
forms on the surface. Stands of crops are not uniform
on the eroded soils, even though the amount of rain is
normal. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of further
erosion is moderate in cultivated areas.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture; the rest is in forest. The soils of this unit are

WAKE COLNTY,
fairly well suited to most of the crops grown locally, but
the Tenon soils are not well suited to tobacco.
Runoff and erosion can be reduced, soil tilts improved,
and productivity increased by returning all crop residue
to the soils; by protecting the surface of the soils with
a close -growing crop front 25 to 50 percent of the time;
and by tilling on the contour, practicing sari propping,
and providing diversions or terraces. Field borders,
natural draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of
runoff should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably
of a sod -forming type. Examples of suitable cropping
ystems are 2 or more years of close -growing crops fol-
lowed by 1 or 2 wears of a row crop; or 1 year of a close --
a -rowing crop followed by 1 year of a row crop. Peren-
nial grasses are the most suitable close -growing crop.
Good soil structure can he maintained through minimum
tiIIage.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIw-I
This capability unit consists of moderately well
Trained and somewhat poorly drained, nearly level or
;ently sloping soils on stream terraces and uplands of
:,he Coastal Plain. These soils are in the Altavista., Golds-
sroro, and Lynchburg series. They have a surface layer of
Tandy loam or fine sandy loam and a subsoil of friable
Tandy loam to firm clay loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
ire low, the available water capacity is medium, and..
permeability is moderate. These soils are in good tilth
end have a very deep or deep effective root zone. Ileac -
ion ranges from medium acid to strongly acid. Response
s good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
nade. The Altavista soil is flooded infrequently, but
hooding does not last long.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, and
ally a small acreage is in forest. These soils are well
uited to most of the crops grown locally, but they are
aot well suited to alfalfa, red clover, and orc.hardgrass.
There are no serious hazards if these soils are used
ntensively for clean -tilled crops, but a moderately high
niter table affects management and is a soil limitation
o sonic uses. Some drainage, is generally needed if
obacco and other specialized crops are grown. Row crops
an be grown year after year if all crop residue is
etiuned. to the rani's. The content of org.rnic matter and
avorable soil tilth can be maintained if close -growing
cops, preferably perennial grasses, are grown every
ther year or 1 year out of 3.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIw-2
This capability unit, consists of well drained and mod-
rately well drained, nearly level Congaree soils on the
ood plains of streams. These soils have a surface layer
f fine sandy loam to silt loam, underlain by friable or
ery friable fine sandy loam to silt loam- or silty clay.
lam.
Natural fertility and the content. of organic matter are
nv, the, available water capacity is medium, and perrne-
bility is moderate to Moderately rapid. These soils are
t good filth and have a deep effective rootzone. They
re strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
ons of lime and fertilizer are made.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a
nail acreage is in forest. These soils are well suited to
NORTI-I CAROLINA
67
most of the, crops grown locally_ Worn, small grain:, ber-
nnulagrass, fescue, and jolutsongrass grow well on them.
Flooding is the only serious hazard if these soils are
cultivated intensively. In some areas, however, simple
drainage, is needed to improve small wet spots. If all
crop residue is returned to the soils, row crops can be
grown year after year. The soils can be kept productive
and the content of organic matter and good soil tilth
can be maintained if close -growing crops, preferably
perennial grasses, are grown every other year or 1 year
out of 3.
CAPABILITY UNIT II16-I
This capability unit consists of somewhat excessively
drained, nearly level and gently sloping WTagr°am soils
on Coastal Plain uplands. These soils have. a surface layer
of loamy sand, 20 to 30 inches thick, and a subsoil of very
friable sandy loam to friable sandy clay loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low or very low. The available water capacity is low,
and permeability is moderate. These soils are iii good
tilth, can be tilled throughout a wide range of moisture
content, and have a very deep effective root zone. They
re droughty and highly susceptible to leaching, however,
and are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a
small acreage is in forest. These soils are fairly well
suited to most of the crops grown locally, but crop resi-
due and other kinds of organic matter burn out rapidly.
A cropping system that adds a large amount of long -
Listing crop residue is needed. Examples of such a crop-
ping system are 2. or more years of perennial grasses or
legumes followed by a row crop grown for 1 or 2 years;
or 1 or more years of a dense stand of annuals followed
by a row crop grown for 1 year. Tillage should be clone
on the contour and kept to a minimum, terraces or diver-
sions are needed, and striperopping is desirable on the
sloping soils (fig. 11). Natural draws and other outlets
for disposal of excess surface. water ought. to be seeded
to perennial grasses, preferably of a sod -forming type.
Fertilizer, especially nitrogen, should be added in split
application.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIe--1
Well -drained, sloping soils of the Piedmont and Coastal
Plain uplands make up this capability unit. These soils
are in the Appling, Cecil, Durham, Faceville, Granville,
Madison, Mayodan, Norfolk, Orangeburg, and Wedowee
series. They have a surface layer of loamy sand to fine
sandy loam and a subsoil of friable sandy loam to firm
clay. In places the plow layer is a mixture of the remain-
ing original surface soil and of material from the sub-
soil. In some spots the subsoil has been exposed through
erosion. In places these soils contain gravel that inter-
feres with tillage.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low. Permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is medium. Reaction is medium acid to
strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow' to very
deep. Response is good if suitable applications of limeand
fertilizer are made. The uneroded soils are in good filth
and can be worked throughout a wide range of moisture
content. Tilt!' is only fair in the eroded soils, and those.

68
SOIL SURVEY
A
" • 4.0400
F
, 0. - '''• . 74111W-. A.r. z, APAL Iiiiiiiiii „„:„.. • -,....".!-: --.111111;:-...._
.............
...........
............
Ik
........ ........ ....... ........
.......
Figure 11.—Contour striperopping of corn and fescue. The soil on the far side of the field is Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes;
that in the foreground is Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes.
soils can be tilled within only a fairly narrow range of
moisture content. A crust forms on the eroded soils, and
those soils become cloddy if worked when too wet or too
dry. Stands of crops on the eroded soils are not uniform,
even though the amount of rain is normal. Erosion is a
severe hazard in the cultivated areas.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture; the rest is in forest or in c,onuiranitT developments.
These soils are well suited to most of the crops grown
locally.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tiith
can be improved, and productivity and the content of
organic matter can be increased by returning all crop
residue to the soils, by protecting the soils with a close -
growing crop 50 to 75 percent of the time, and by tilling
on the contour, practicing striperopping, and installing
terraces or diversions where needed. Natural draws or
waterways, the borders of fields, and other outlets needed
for disposing of runoff should be seeded to perennial
grasses, preferably of a sod -forming type. A suitable
cropping system is 2 or more years of crops that pro-
tect the soils from erosion followed by 1 year of a row
crop; or 2 years of crops that protect the soils from ero-
sion followed by 2 years of row crops. Perennial grasses
are the most suitable crop to protect. the soils from.
erosion.
CAPABILITY CNIT
In this capability unit are well -drained, gently sloping
and sloping soils of the Cecil, Georgeville, Herndon,
Lloyd, and Mayodan series. These soils are on Piedmont
uplands. They have a surface layer of loam or silt loam
to clay loam and a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to
firm clay. The amount of gravel in some places is great
enough to interfere with tillage. The plow layer is a mix
ture of the remaining original surface soil and of mate-
rial from the. subsoil; in some spots the subsoil has been
exposed through erosion. The Cecil soil is severely eroded.
Its surface layer is mainly material from the subsoil,
but it contains some material from the original surface
layer.
Natural fertility and the content. of organic matter
are low. The available water capacity is medium, and
permeability is moderate. The uneroded oils are in good
tilth and can be worked throughout a fairly wide range
of moisture content. Tilth is fair to poor in the eroded
soils. A crust forms on the surface and, the eroded soils

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
become cloddy if they are worked when too wet or too dry.
Stands of crops on the eroded soils are not uniform, even
though the amount of rain is normal. Erosion is a severe
hazard in the cultivated areas. The effective rootzone
ranges from deep to shallow, and reaction ranges from
slightly acid to strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas -
hire, and the rest is in forest or community development.
These soils are fairly well suited to most of the crops
grown locally and are well suited to grasses, legumes,
and small grains.
Erosion and losses of water can he reduced, tilth can
be improved, and productivity and the content of organic
matter can be increased by returning all crop residue
to soils; by protecting the soils with a close -growing crop
50 to 75 percent of the time; and by tilling on the con-
tour, practicing striperopping, and installing terraces
or diversions where needed. The borders of fields, natural
draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of runoff
should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of a
sod -forming type. A suitable cropping system is 2 or
more years of a crop that protects the soils from erosion
followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 3 or more years of
:cops that protect the soil from erosion followed by 1 or
2 'rears of a row crop. Perennial grasses are the most
ndtable crop to protect the soils from erosion.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIe-:i
This capability unit, consists of well drained and mod-
naately well drained, gently sloping and sloping soils of
IIe Creedmoor, Enon, Helena, Vance, and White Store
eries. These soils are on Piedmont uplands. They have
t surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam and a subsoil
of firm or very firm silty clay loam to clay. In places the
plow layer is a mixture of the remaining original surface
oil and of material from the subsoil; in spots the sub-
3oil has been exposed through erosion.
Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of
)rganic matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the
available water capacity is medium to high. Reaction
ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid. The
�f}ective root zone is shallow to deep. Erosion is a severe
'!zazard in cultivated areas. The unerod.ed soils are in
;rood filth, but tillage is restricted after heavy rains
)e.cause of the slowly permeable subsoil. Tilth is fair in
he eroded soils, but a crust forms on the surface, and the
,coded soils become cloddy if they are worked when too
vet or too dry. Stands of crops are not. uniform on the
eroded soils, even though the amount of rain is normal.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas -
Aire, and the rest is in forest. The uneroded soils are well
;lifted to the crops grown locally; the eroded soils are
xtly fairly well suited.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tilth
pan be improved, and productivity and the content. of
arganic matter can be increased by returning all crop
.esidue to the soils; by protecting the soils with a close -
:Towing crop 50 to 75 percent of the time; and by prac-
^icing contour tillage, striperopping, and installing ter-
-aces or diversions where needed. Borders of fields,
aat.urel draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of
unoff should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably
69
of a. sod -forming type. A suitable cropping system for
these soils is 2 or more years of a crop that protects the
soils followed by 1 or 2 years of a row crop. Perennial
grasses are the most suitable crop to protect the soils
from erosion.
CAPABILITY UNIT 'IIIe-4
Well drained to somewhat excessively drained, gently
sloping Louisburg and Wedowee soils are in this capabil-
ity unit.. These soils are on Piedmont uplands. They have
a surface layer of loamy sand or sandy loam and a highly
variable subsoil. In places the plow layer is a mixture of
the remaining original surface soil and of material from
the subsoil; in some spots the subsoil is exposed.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low. Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the avail-
able water capacity is low to medium. Reaction is
strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to mod-
erately deep. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made. The soils in this unit are
generally in good tilth, but stones are near the surface
in some areas. Some of the soils are eroded, and further
erosion is a severe hazard.
About three -fourths of the acreage is in forest; the
rest is in pasture or cultivated crops. These soils are
poorly suited to most of the crops grown locally. If man-
agement is good, however, tobacco of good quality can be
grown on the unerode.d, gently sloping soils. The soils are
suitable for pasture, hay, or trees, and they can be used
for recreation or as habitat for wildlife.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, the con-
tent of organic matter can be increased, and productivity
and soil tilth improved by returning all crop residue to
the soils; by protecting the soils with a close -growing
crop about 75 percent of the time; and by practicing
contour tillage and striperopping and installing diver-
sions. A suitable cropping system is 3 or more years of
crops that protect the soils from erosion followed by 1
year of a row crop; or 2 years of crops that protect the
soil from erosion followed by 1 year of a row crop.
Perennial grasses are the most suitable crop for protect-
ing the soils from erosion. The borders of fields, natural
draws, and other outlets needed for the disposal of run-
off should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of
a sod -forming type.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIe-L
Only Wagrani loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent, slopes, is in
this capability unit.. It is a somewhat, excessively drained
soil on Coastal Plain uplands. The surface layer is very
friable loamy sand, 20 to 30 inches thick, and the subsoil
is very friable sandy loam to friable sandy clay loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low or very low. The available. water capacity is low, and
permeability is moderate. This soil is in good tilth and
can be worked throughout a. wide. range of moisture con. -
tent. It is droughty, however, and the hazard of erosion
is severe if cultivated crops are grown. The effective root
zone is very deep. Reaction is medium acid to very
strongly acid. Plant nutrients leach out rapidly, but
response is good if suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer are made.
This soil is fairly well suited to bermudagrass and to
most of the other crops grown locally. It is poorly suited

70
SOIL SURVEY
to alfalfa, white clover, and red clover. Erosion and losses
of water can be reduced, soil tilth improved, and produc-
tivity and the content of organic matter maintained by
returning all crop residue to the soil; by growing soil -
conserving crops 50 to 75 percent of the time; and by
practicing contour tillage. and stcilucropping. .L suitable
cropping system is 2 or more years of close -growing
crops, 1 year of a row crop followed by a cover crop,
and then another year of a row crop; or 1 or more years
of a close -growing crop followed by 1 year of a row
crop. Perennial grasses are the most suitable close -grow-
ing crop. Natural draws, the borders of fields, anti other
outlets needed for disposing of runoff should be seeded
to at perennial grass, preferably of a sod -forming type.
Liberal amounts of fertilizer, in split, applications, are
needed.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIw-1
This capability unit consists only of Chewacla soils.
These soils are somewhat poorly drained and nearly level,
and they occur on the flood plains of streams. They have
a surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam, underlain by
friable or very friable sandy loam to silt loam or clay
loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low. The available water capacity is medium. and
permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. These
soils are in good tilth and have a deep effective root zone.
They are strongly acid, bit response is good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made. The. soils
are subject to overflow, and wetness is a severe hazard.
Most, of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
is cultivated or in pasture. These soils are fairly well
suited to corn, oats, white clover, dallisgrass, fescue, and
other crops that are at least fairly tolerant of excess
water. They are better suited to pasture than to field
crops. Artificial. drainage, is needed for most crops. The
content of organic matter can be maintained and tilth
can be improved by returning large quantities of crop
residue to the soils. A suitable cropping system is 1 or
more years of a crop thatt provides a dense cover followed
by 1 or 2 years of a row crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIw-2
This capability unit consists of somewhat poorly
drained, nearly level and gently sloping soils of the Au-
gusta, Colfax, Mantacliie, and •Whhre series. These soils
are in depressions and on foot slopes, stream terraces,
and Piedmont and Coastal Plain uplands. They have a
surface layer of sandy loam to silt, loam, underlain by
sandy loam to very firm clay.
Natural fertility is medium to low, and the content of
organic matter is low. The available water capacity is
medium, and permeability is moderately rapid to slow.
These soils are in good to fair tilth and have a deep or
moderately deep effective root zone. They are medium
acid to very strongly acid. Plant nutrients leach out
rapidly, but response is good if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer are made. These soils are susceptible
to flooding, and wetness is a severe hazard.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
is cultivated or in pasture. These soils are of limited
suitability for crops, but they can be used for corn, oats,
rye, white clover, soybeans, annual lespedeza, fescue, and
dallisgrass. They are better suited to pasture than to
field crops. Drainage and good management are needed.
The content, of organic matter can be maintained and the
structure of the soils can be improved by returning all
crop residue to the soils. A suitable cropping system is
3 or more years of pasture followed by 2 years of clean -
tilled crops; or 1 or more years of a crop that protects
the soils, followed by 1 year of a. clean -tilled crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIw--a
Rains fine sandy loam is the only soil in this capability
unit,. It is poorly drained and nearly level, and it occurs
in depressions on Coastal Plain. uplands. The surface
layer is very friable fine sandy loam, and the subsoil
is friable sandy loam to firm clay loam.
Natural fertility is low, and the content of organic
matter is medium. Permeability is moderate, and the
available water capacity is medium. This soil is hi good
filth and has a very deep effective root, zone. Reaction i5
very strongly acid or strongly acid. Response is good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Wetness is a severe hazard where field crops, pasture
plants, or hay are grown
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
is cultivated or in pasture. This soil is limited in suita-
bility for crops. Where it, has been drained, however,
it is fairly well suited to corn, fescue, dallisgrass, white
clover, soybeans, annual lespedeza, and oats, though it,
requires good management.
Drainage is the major requirement if this soil is
farmed. Where drainage is provided, row crops may be
grown year after year, but all crop residue should be
returned to the soil. Productivity, a desirable content of
organic matter, and good tilth can be maintained if per-
ennial grasses and legumes are included in the cropping
system, and if they make up from 25 to 50 percent of the
cropping sequence.
CAPABILITY UNIT ills-1
Only Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes, is
in this capability unit. It consists of somewhat exces-
sively drained soils on Coastal Plain uplands. The surface
layer of these soils is loose sand, 30 to 60 inches thick,
and the subsoil is very friable sandy loam to friable
sandy clay loam.
Natural fertility, the content. of organic matter, and
the available water capacity are low or very low. Per-
meability is moderate to rapid. These soils are in good
tilth and have a very deep effective root zone. They are,
medium acid to very strongly acid. Response is good if
suitable, applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
About two -third of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture; the rest is in forest. Even though these soils are
managed properly, they are not well suited to iriost of
the crops grown locally. They are more suitable for use as
recreational areas or for the growing of peaches and
watermelons than for growing field crops.
Runoff and erosion can be reduced, soil filth improved,
the content of organic matter maintained, and productiv-
ity increased by returning all crop residue, to the soils.
(.Crop residue and other organic matter burn out of the
soils rapidly. The surface needs to be protected by a
close -growing crop, preferably a perennial crop, at least.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
50 percent of the time. A suitable cropping system is
one that adds a large amount of durable residue and
that consists of crops grown in strips. Examples of suit-
able cropping systems are 3 or more years of perennial
grasses or legumes followed by 1 or 2 years of a row
crop; or 3 years of a crop that provides a dense cover
followed by1 year of a row crop. All major draws and
field borders used for disposing of runoff ought to be
seeded to a. perennial grass. Fertilizer, especially nitro-
gen, should be added in split applications.
CAPABILITY UNIT Iye-1
This capability unit consists of well -drained, strongly
sloping Appling, Cecil., Granville, Madison, Mayodan,
and Wedowee soils on .Piedmont uplands. These soils
have a surface layer of sandy loam and a subsoil of
friable sandy clay loam to firm clay. In some eroded
areas, the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining origi-
nal surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
others the subsoil has been exposed through erosion. Fur-
ther erosion is a severe hazard in the cultivated areas.
Natural fertility and the content. of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capa.c.ity is medium. Reaction is medium acid to strongly
acid. The effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response
is good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
made. Tilth of the uneroded soils is good; that of the
eroded soils is only fair. The eroded soils can be tilled
within only a fairly narrow range of moisture content. A
crust forms on the surface and the eroded soils become
cloddy if worked when too wet or too dry. Stands of
crops are not uniform on the eroded soils, even though
the amount of rain is normal.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest or com-
munity developments; the rest is cultivated or in pustule.
Given proper management., these soils are fairly well
toted or well suited to most of the crops grown locally.
Their use for crops is limited, however, by low natural
fertility and susceptibility to leaching. Losses of soil and
water can be reduced, soil tilth improved, and productiv-
:ty and the content of organic matter increased by pro-
ecting the soils with a. close -growing crop at least '75
percent of the time; by tilling along the contour; and
sty seeding field borders, providing diversions, practicing
;triperoppi g, and returning all crop residue to the soils.
Perennial grasses are the most suitable close -growing
;rop. Natural draws and other needed outlets for clis-
)osing• of runoff should be seeded to perennial grasses,
)referably of a, sod -forming type. A suitable cropping
;ystett is 3 years or more of perennial grasses or legumes
'ollowed by 1 year of a row crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT We--2
This capability unit consists of a well -drained, sloping
Lod strongly sloping Cecil, Georgeville, Herndon, Lloyd,
Lnd Mayodan soils on Piedmont uplands. These soils
lave a surface layer of loam or silt loath to clay loam
,nd a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to firm clay. Most
cf the soils are eroded, and the Cecil soil is severely
coded. Further erosion is a severe hazard in cultivated
Teas. In some eroded areas, the plow layer is a mixture
f the retraining original surface soil and of material
rota the subsoil; in others the subsoil is exposed. The
71
CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-3
This capability unit consists of well -drained and sonic -
what. excessively drained, nearly level to strongly sloping
Creedtnoor, Enon, Helena, Louisburg, Pinkston, Wake,
Wedowee, White. Store, aid Wilkes soils on Piedmont
uplands. These soils have a surface layer of loamy sand.
to silt loam and a. subsoil of friable loamy sand to very
firm clay. In some places the. plow layer is a mixture, of
the remaining original surface soil and of material front
the subsoil. In other places the subsoil is exposed. In.
places tliese soils contain gravel and stones in amounts
that interfere with tillage. Some soils contain rock out-
crops (fig. 12) .
Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of
organic matter is low. Permeability is slow to moderately
rapid, and the available water capacity is very low to
high. Reaction is slightly acid to very strongly acid. The
effective root zone is very shallow, to deep. Response is
good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
made.Some of the soils are eroded, and further erosion
is a, very severe hazard if those soils are cultivated. The
micro led soils arc in good filth, but tilth of the eroded
soils is fair to poor. If the eroded soils are worked when
too.wet or too dry, a crust tends to form on the surface
and these soils become cloddy. On the eroded soils, stands
of crops are not, uniform, evert thought the amount of
rain is normal.
surface layer of the Cecil soil is mainly material from
the subsoil, but it contains a small amount of material
from the original surface layer. In places the soils in this
unit, contain enough gravel to interfere with tillage.
Natural fertility and the content:, of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. Reaction is slightly acid to strongly
acid. The effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response
is good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
made. The uneroded or only slightly eroded soils, such as
the Mayodan, are in good tilth, but the eroded soils are
in fair to poor filth. A crust forms on the surface of the
eroded soils, and those soils become cloddy if worked
when too wet or too dry. Even though the amount of rain
is normal, stands of crops are not uniform on the eroded
soils.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest or in com-
munity developments; the rest is cultivated or in pas-
ture. Given proper management, the soils of this unit are
fairly well suited to most of the crops grown locally.
They a,re better suited to pasture and hay, however, than
to field crops.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tilth
improved, and productivity and the content of organic
matter increased by returning all crop residue to the
soils; by protecting the soils %Vitlt a close -growing crop
at least 75 percent of the time; and by tilling on the con-
tour, practicing striperopping, and establishing diver-
sions. Natural draws, the borders of fields, and other
outlets needed for disposing of runoff should be seeded
to perennial grasses that produce sod. Suitable cropping
systems are 3 or more years of perennial grasses or leg-
umes followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 4 or more
years of perennial grasses or legumes followed by 2 years
of row crops.

72
SOIL SURVEY
Figure 12.—Pasture of poor quality on Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent
slopes, in capability unit IVe---1 Rock outcrops are common in some
areas of these soils.
About three -fourths of the acreage is in forest; the
rest is cultivated or in pasture. The uneroded or only
slightly eroded soils in this unit are fairly well suited
to well suited to most of the crops grown locally. They
are better suited to pasture and hay than to cultivated
crops. The eroded soils are poorly suited or only fairly
well suited to the locally grown crops.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tilth
improved, and productivity and the content of organic
matter increased by returning all crop residue to the
soils; by protecting the soils with perennial grasses at
least 75 percent of the time; and by tilling on the con-
tour, practicing striperopping, and establishing diver-
sions. Natural draws, the borders of fields, and other out-
lets needed for disposing of runoff should be seeded to
perennial grasses that produce sod. Suitable cropping
systems are 3 or more years of perennial grasses or leg-
umes followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 4 or more
years of perennial grasses or legumes followed by 2
years of row crops.
CAPABILITY UNIT Ww-I
This capability unit consists of poorly drained, nearly
level or gently sloping soils of the Plummer, Roanoke,
Wehadkee, Bibb, and 'Worsham series, These soils are in
upland depressions, on the flood plains of streams, and
on stream terraces. Their surface layer ranges from sand
to silt loam, and, their subsoil ranges from friable sandy
loam to very firm clay.
Natural fertility is very low to medium, and the con-
tent of organic matter is low to moderate. Permeability
is slow to rapid, and the available water capacity is low
to medium. Wetness is a very severe hazard. Reaction is
strongly acid to very strongly acid. Response is fairly
good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
made. These soils are in good tilth, and they have a mod-
erately deep or deep effective root zone.
Most of tile acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. These soils have a narrow range
of suitability for crops, and as a rule, they are poorly
suited to row crops. Where these soils have been drained,
they are fairly well suited to white clover, annual lespe-
deza, fescue, and dallisgrass. Pastures are fair to good
in areas that have been drained.
A high water table, overflow, and a lack of outlets are
limitations to the use of these soils for crops. A complete
drainage SyStem is needed for all areas intended for pas-
ture and field crops. Proper amounts of lime and a largo
amount of a suitable fertilizer are also needed.
CAPABILITY UNIT IVs-i.
This capability unit consists of somewhat excessively
drained, nearly level Buncombe soils on first bottoms.
The surface layer and the subsoil of the Buncombe soils
are loose sand or loamy sand.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are very low. Permeability is rapid, and the available
water capacity is low. Reaction is strongly acid. The
effective root zone is deep. Response is fairly good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made. These
soils are in good tilth, but during long dry spells, crops
may he damaged from lack of moisture. Plant nutrients
leach out rapidly.
Most of the acreage is cultivated, and a small acreage
is in forest, Even if these soils are properly managed,
they are not, suited or are only poorly suited to most, of
the crops grown locally. They are suitable for trees, for
recreational areas, and as habitat for wildlife-.
Organic matter that helps to retard the leaching of
plant nutrients can be added by returning all crop resi-
due to the soils and by keeping a close -growing crop on
the soils at least half the time. Suitable crops are ones
that produce a large amount of durable residue. A desir-
able cropping system is one in which perennial grasses
or legumes are grown for 2 years and are followed by
a row crop grown for 1 year. Liberal amounts of ferti-
lizer, applied in split applications, are needed to keep
these soils productive,
CAPABILITY UNIT Yle—I
This capability unit consists of well drained or mod-
erately well drained, strongly sloping to steep soils on
Piedmont uplands. These soils are in the Cecil, Creed -
moor, Herndon, Louisburg, Madison, Mayodan, Wed-
owee, and White Store series. They have a surface layer
of loose loamy sand to friable silt loam and a subsoil of
friable sandy loam or sandy clay loam to very firm clay.
In some places the plow layer is a mixture of the remain-
ing original surface soil and of material from the sub-
soil, but in other places the subsoil is exposed.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is slow to moderately rapid, and the
available water capacity ranges from low to high. Reac-
tion is medium to strongly acid. The effective root zone
is shallow to deep. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of fertilizer are made. The uneroded soil is in good
filth. Tilth of the eroded soil is fair to poor, and that

WARE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
;oil can be worked within only a narrow range of mois-
ure content. A crust forms on the surface of the eroded
;oil, and clods form if that soil is worked when too wet
)1- too dry. Stands of crops are not uniform on the eroded
;oil, even though the amount of rain is normal.
Most of the acreage is in forest, and small acreages are
ailtivated or in pasture. The soils are suitable for trees
tnd for use as wildlife habitat. Because of slopes, erosion,
ainoff, lack of adequate surface soil, and low natural
!ortility, these soils are not suited to cultivation. The
meroded soils are fairly well suited to such legumes and
ierennial grasses as serieeti lespedeza, kudzu, white clo-
Ter, be,rmudagrass, and fescue. The eroded areas are
uited to sericea lespedeza and kudzu. A fair amount of
forage can be produced for grazing if the soils are well
nanaged.
CAPABILITY UNIT VIe-2
This unit consists of well -drained or somewhat exces-
ively drained, gently sloping to moderately steep soils
ut Piedmont uplands. These soils are in the Cecil, White
Eltore, and Wilkes series. They have a surface layer of
7ery friable sandy loam to firm clay loam and a subsoil
if very friable sandy loam to very firm clay. Where the
urface layer is clay loam, it consists mainly of material
from the subsoil that has been mixed with a small
tmount of material from the original surface layer.
Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of
irganic matter is low. Permeability is slow to moderate,
tnd the available water capacity is low to high. Reaction
s slightly acid to very strongly acid. The effective root
one is very shallow to deep. Response is good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made. The
meroded soils are in good tilth. The eroded soils are in
iair to poor tilth, and they can be worked within only a
farrow range of moisture content. A. crust forms on the
iioded soils, and those soils become cloddy if worked
when too wet or too dry. Stands of crops grown on the
Toded soils are not uniorm, even though the amount of
'am n is normal.
Most of the acreage is in forest, and small acreages are
iultivated or in pasture. These soils are suitable for
Tees and for use as wildlife habitat. Because of their
dopes, shallowness, and erosion, they are not suitable
or cultivation. They are, however, fairly well suited to
mdzu, sericett lespedeza, white clover, and fescue. Kudzu
at be grown on the eroded areas. A fair amount of
ort-ige can be produced for grazing if the soils in this
omit are properly managed.
CAPABILITY UNIT Vile -I
This unit consists of well drained or somewhat exces-
ively drained, strongly sloping to steep soils of the Pink -
ton, Wake, and Wilkes series and of areas of Gullied
and, These soils are on Piedmont uplands. Their surface
ayer is sandy loam to clay loam or clay, and their sub -
oil is loose loamy sand to very firm or plastic clay. Soils
=f this unit range from slightly eroded to gullied. In the
lightly eroded places, the plow layer is a mixture of the
emaining original surface soil and of material from the
ubsoil. Where more erosion has occurred, the present
urface layer is mainly material from the subsoil. In
;ullied areas nearly all the original surface soil is gone.
335-403-7O--0
73
Figure 13.—Gullied land that is not practical to reclaim for culti-
vation or pasture and that should be used for trees or other
permanent vegetation.
In places part or all of the subsoil has been lost through
gullying (fig. 13).
The soils in this unit have low to medium natural
fertility and are low in content of organic matter. Perme-
ability is moderate to moderately rapid, and the available
water capacity is low or very low. Reaction is slightly
acid to strongly acid. The effective root zone is very
shallow to moderately deep.
All of the acreage is in forest or is idle. The soils are
too steep, eroded, and droughty to be suited to cultiva-
tion. They are suited to trees, to recreational uses, and to
development for wildlife habitat. They are fairly well
suited to kudzu and sericea lespedeza and produce a fair
amount of forage for grazing if properly managed.
CAPABILITY UNIT VIIw--1
Only the miscellaneous land type, Swamp, is in this
unit. It is very poorly drained and nearly level, and it
occurs on stretun flood plains at the upper end of man-
made lakes. The soil material was washed from uplands
and deposited during periods of heavy rains. It is highly
variable in texture and very friable and loose.
Swamp is covered by water nearly all of the time, and
it has a very shallow effective root zone. It is in 'forests
of poor quality. Wetness and flooding make this land
type unsuited to crops or pastureand drainage is diffi-
cult or impractical. The areas can be used as woodland
and as habitat for wildlife.
Estimated yields
Table 2 gives estimates of yields of the principal crops
grown in Wake County. The yields depend upon a com-
bination of soils and climate, the kind of crop, and the
level of management. The estimates in. table 2 are based
on high-level management. Yields are substantially lower
under less intensive management.

74
SOIL SURVEY
TArst:la 2.--Estimated average yields per acre of important crops grown under a high. leccl of management
[Dashed lines indicate that, the crop is not commonly grown on the soil or that data on which to base an estimate are not available]
Soils
Altavista fine sandy loam, (1 to 4 percent slopes--__--_-.--__
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent ;slopes__.. _ _..--
Appinrg gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded .-. ---__
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 t.o 10 percent slopes
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded__ _--
Appling sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes- -
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes--
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent .slopes, eroded
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes__
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes __--
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_._____
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent elopes ...
Appling tine sandy loom, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
Augusta fine sandy loam
'Buncombe soils_ -
Cecil canny loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent. slopes, eroded
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.._..
Cecil sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded__ _
Cecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes_
Cecil sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes_ _
Cecil gravelly sandy loan, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, '2 to (i percent slopes, eroded
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent, slopes
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 1.0 percent slopes, eroded_ _ _ _ _
Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely eroded.-__-.
Cecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely eroded
Cecil clayloam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded
Chewncla soils
Colfax sandy loam ---
Congaree fine sandy loam
Congaree siltloam___
-
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent, slopes.,
Creedrnoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.
Creedrnoor sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent. slopes
Creedrnoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded___
Creedrnoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes
-
Creedmoor• silt loam, 2 to ti percent slopes
Creedrnoor silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_
Durh,an, loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent. slopes__ Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent, slopes, eroded
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_
Durha.ni loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
Knot) fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ ---
}Eon tine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent Slopes, eroded_-.
Enon fine sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent elopes
Enon tine sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent, slopes, eroded____-_------
E,iori fine sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded---_--,
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Faceville .sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.----
Facc v ille sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_
(leorgcville,silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_.---____-_
(;corgi ville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded ----
Cleoigevi0e silt. loam, 6 to 10 percent. slopes-----._
Gcorg;eville Hilt, loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded -
Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 13 percent slopes, eroded
Goldsboro sandy loam
Granville sandy loam, 2 t.o 6 percent. slopes______
Granville sandy loans., 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_. _..
Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent. slope's_
Granville sandy' loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_
Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes-------
Gallied land
Helena sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes
See footnotes at end of table.
'ors
Het.
70
73
68
65
60
73
68
65
60
5) :5
73
68
(i5
60
65
45
73
68
65
60
55
73
68
65
60
50
45
£ir5 1
Cotton
(lint)
Lb.
450
700
625
600
525
700
625
600
473
700
625
600
525
700
625
600
525
473
700
625
600
525
425
400
90 i 650
90 650
60 525
50 450
50 425
40 ' 350
40 325
60 525
50 425
70 550
65 525
65 525
6() 475
54
45
43
36
tuts
65
75
70
65
60
75
70
65
60
fib
75
70
65
6()
55
45
75 2, 200
70 2, 100
65 2, 050
60 2, 000
58 1,900
75
70
65
60
555
42
7:5
75
60
50
40
35
60
:50
62
58
58
53
54
45
45
36
To-
ham-) Soy -
(fine beans
cured)
2, 400 32
2, 300 30
2, 200 28
2, 150 20
2, 100 23
2, 300 30
2, 200 28
'2, 150 26
2, 100 23
2, 00() 20
2, 300 - 30
2, 200 24
2, 150 ' 26
2, 10(1 23
35
:30
2%
26
23
20
Hay
Soy- Annuai
bean les-
pedezn
Tnn.e
2. 1
2. 0
1. 9
1. 7
1. 5
2. 0
1. 9
I. 7
I.5
1_3
2. 0
1. 9
1.7
2. 4
2.0
1. 9
1. 7
1. 5
1. :3
2, 200 30 I 2. 0
2, 100 28 I 1. 9
2, 050 26 1. 7
2, 000 23 1. 5
1, 300
1, 250 -
2 2, 400
2 2, 400
2, 300
1, 900
2, 000
1, 600
1, 400
2, 100
1, 900
2, 300
2, 200
2, 150
2, 100
80 775 , 7:3 2, 200
75 750 70 2, 100
65625 60 1, 800
6% 600 68 1, 900
6555O I 65 1, 850
60 525 60 1, 750
55 500 55 1, 650
50 45050 1, 45080 675 65 2, :150
73 700 I 75 2, 300
68 625 I 70 2, 200
65 600 I 65 2, 150
60 525 I 60 2, 100
55 475 I 58 2, 000
60 . 525 61 2, 100
35 ! -
28
30
35
25
22
20
1.7
15
28
23
30
28
26
23
28
25
2:3
21
35
32
30 I
28
25
23
21
17
37
30
28
26
23
20
1. 9
2. 0
2.4
1.7
1.3
1. 1
1. (1
1. 1)
1. 5
2. O
1. 9
1.7
1. 5
1. 9
1. 7
1. 5
1. 4:
2. 3
2. 2
2. 0
1. 9
1. 7
1. 5
1.4
I. I.
2. 5
2. 0
1. 9
1. 7
1. 5
1. :1
1.. 7
Tome
I. 5 185
1. 5 185
1.5 iSO
l.4 175
1. 3 155
1.. 5 185
I. 5 18()
1. 4 175
1. 3 155
1. 3 155
1. 5 185
I. 5 180
1. 4 175
I. 3 1555
190
Fes cite -
white
clover
pasture,
.8
1. 5
1. 5
1. 4
1.3
1. 3
1.5
1.3
1, 4
I. 3
1. 0
. c)
I. 2
1. 6
1. 6
I. 4
1. 3
1. 1
9
.8
I..4
1, 1
I. 6
1. 5
1. 4
1.:3
1.4
1. 3
1. 1
. if
. ( i
2. 1
2. 0
I. S
1. e5
1- 4
1. 4
1.:3
1.2
190
185
180
100
100
140
190
185
180
160
14,5
130
120
200
1 St)
210
210
170
160
15:5
145
135
170
i r:-i
180
175
163
155
170
100
155
145
125
195
190
170
180
175
170
165
150
185
1..5 180
1,4 i 1.75
1. 3 I 155
1. 3 155
i. 4 170

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
75
TABLE 2. Estimates averaq gieids pet acre of 'important crops groom under a high lerel of -riser-nag Intrat—Contittned
Soils
Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded _
Helenasands loam, 6 to (0 percent slopes_...._
Helena sandy leant, 6 to 1.0 percent slopes, eroded
Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes__
lerndou silt loam, 2 to 6 pe;ree nt slopes
lerndoit silt loam, 2 to 6 here eat slope °, eroded._.
-[tendon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
-lerndon silt. loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
3erndou silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes
]oy d loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
Aoy-d loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_--
.loyd loam, 10 to 1.5 percent slopes, eroded __
:uuishurg Iea.rnr` sand, 2 to (i percent slopes
:ouishurg loamy sand, 0 to .10 percent slopes
ouisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes
:oursburg 1'4'edowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes
ouisburg-Wedoavee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
.,ouisbnrg-Wedowee; complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes
:ouishumg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
,ynchburg sandy loam
dade land-__-.__-
dadison sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_
dadison sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded__
d idison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_
sladison sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded_ _
dantachie soils
dayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
dayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded___
dayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes__
dayodan sandy loam, (i to 10 percent slopes, eroded__._.._
dayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, (!!roded_._.
dayodan sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes
1a:yodan gravelly Handy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes._
iayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
dayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_.
dayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded__ _ _ _
layodcan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes__-
dayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to ti percent slopes, eroded_
la;yodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes
f ay-od an silt loan, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
layodan silt, loam, thin, 10 to 15 percent slopes...............- _ _ .
orfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes
iorfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes_-
iorfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
i orfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ ... _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _.
iorfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_.___
)ra.ngehurg loamy sand,, to 6 percent slopes,
)rangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
Irarigeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_
'inkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes
'inkst:on ;sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes_.
lummer sand_-. -_----
tains fine sandy loam_
1oanoke fine sandy loam . -.
wamp__...-----._,_..____ awe sandy sandy{ loans, 2 to ti percent slopes. _.._._
mice sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
-
mice sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
ragram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes
r agram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes__
rra:gram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes
ragram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes
raliee fine sandy loam__
rake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes
rake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes_-..
Iedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
See footnotes it entl of table.
C'ocit I Cotton
' (lint)
60
50
50
50 I
40
40
65
60
555
50
70
65
60
40
30
Lay
I To- I Fescue -
fits I basso I joy-- j white
(flue be:rain I :nor Annul clover
cured) , beau I les- posture
1 pedeza
Lb. Brr-. Lb.
450 50/�- 1, 900
425 50 1,800
350 1 40 1, 600
325 35 j 1, 400
600 68 I 1, 900
550 1 65 : 1, 5.50
525 I 60 1, 750
500 i 55 I 1, 650
450 5(1 I, 450
525 70 -
475 1 65 _
425 60
400 ; 50 1, 700
:325 40 1, 500
Au,
22
20
17
15
25
22 ,
20
17 1
13
2:5
23
15
17 1
13
50 450 ` 55 1, 800 ,,
115
45 1 400 1 50 1, 700 I 15
40 , 375 I 45 1, 600 13
35 I 325 I 40 1, 500 1 10
80 1 675 i 60 2, 300 . 40
65 1 575 I 65I
55 I 475 1 '
50 i 450 I 50 I -
75 ' 600 I 65
73 I 700 75
68 625 70
65 600 I 63
525 60
450 I 55 ,
2, 300 30
2, 200 2
2, 150 26
2, 100 ,' 23
1, 760 i 15
!3 700 75 2, 300
Ea4 623 70 2, 200
65 ' 600 65 I 2, 15(1
60 i 525 i 60 2, 100
73 '; 700 75 I 2, 200
6a �1 625 70 = 2, 100
65 600 , 65 2, 050
60 , 2.1 ; 60 , 1, 950
a!i 475 I 55 1, 900
75 • 675 65 2, 500
73 I 650 62 ' 2, 450
70 I. 625 60 ; 2, 300
67 600 57 ; 2, 200
62 525 52 ; 2. 000
73 675 05 j 2, 500
73 650 62 ' 2, 450
70 625 . 60 2, 300
35 __ 45 1, 600
45
60
50
40
70
65
60
45
60
30
500 60 2, 000
45
525
450
350
625
590
570
325
300
63 600
60
50
40
50
45
40
45
60
40
30
2S I
26
3
30
2`i
23
20
35
32
30
21,
35
2�5
32
30
2, 200 25
2, 1.00 22
1,,400 17
2, 400 25
2, 300 20
2, 200 15 I
1, 350 18
68 2, 000
1. 3
1. 1
.9
1. ,5
1. (1
1. 1
.8
. s
1. 2 L 1
I.0 1.0'
.8 I, .9 '
.7' .3
2.6 ! 2.0
I 3 ( 165
1. I ' 14(1
I.(11 130
i . 0 I 125I
190
2.0 ; I.5 155
1. 9 ! 1. 5 .1:50
1.7 I 1.4 175
1. 5 1. 3 j 155
1.0 1.2 j 145
1. 1 1 145
2.0' 1 5 l 185
1. 9 I 1. 5 1 180
1.7 i 1.4 ! 175
1.5 I 1.3 155
2, 0 I 1.. 5 165
1.9 1.5 180
1. 7 1. 4 175
1. 5 i 1. 3 155
1. 3 ' 1. 3 155
2.4 `___ ._._ 195
2. I i 180
2. 0 ... _ 165
1.9`----.___..I L60
1.7 '_....--__._ 150
2 4 - 195
2.1 I. . 180
2.0 L__— -__I I68
I R 110
1.7
1. 5
1. 1
1.7
1.3
1.2
1. 2
1.
',.. Au3nrnl-
Torrs ecu:t-stays I
1,3 160
1. 1 155
9 145
j 135
1 5 150
1. 1 173
1. 4 170
1, 3 1 165
1. 2 j 150
1,40
1. 5 175
L 4 165
I. 2 155
125
100
7')
14.0
125
115
1(10
190
170
:155
1. 4. i 170
1. 3 ' 160
.9 145
1. 1 ' .__.
1. 0
.9
175
1.5 180

76
TABLE 2.--Eetimated average yields per acre o
SOIL SURVEY
important crops grown under a high lecc
of management-- Continued
Soils
Wedowee sandy loan, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded__
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_.
Wedowee, sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_
Wedowee sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes
Wehadkec silt loam_ .-___ --
Wehadkee and Bibb soils:
Wehadkee soil
Bibb soil_ ____ __..
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _ --
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded__ _
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent: slopes_
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes_. _
White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, seve
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slopes_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes_
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes_ - -
Worsham sandy loam--_ -.-.
la,. eroded_. _ _
Ha.
58
53
48
38
45
70 i_
50
40
45
50
45
Lb.
575
550
500
425
500
400
425
flu.
63
58
3
To-
bacco Soy -
(flue beans
cured)
Lb.
1, 000
1, 300
1, 700
1, 500
1, 700
50 i 1, 400
50 1, 500
22
20
17
13
17
15
13
Hay
Soy-
bean
Tons
1. 5
1. 3
1.1
.9
500 55 F_-.- 15 ! I.0
375 55 j 1, 600 ' 16 1.0
Fescue -
white
Annual I clover
les- j pasture
pedeza
_A�caruaL
Tan unit -days 1
1.4 I: 170
1.4 170
1. ii , 160
1. 2 : 140
1.2 130
l60
160
180
1. 0 ! .1.50
.9 I4.0
9 ? 14.0
g ! 130
.8 130
1. 0 150
.6 ! 90
.9 i 140
115
135
1 Animal -unit -days is a term used to express the carrying capacity
offpasture. It is the number of animal units carried per acre multi-
plied by the number of days the pasture is grazed during a single
grazing season without injury to the sod. An acre of pasture, that
provides 30 days of grazing for two cows has a carrying capacity
Following are practices generally considered necessary
to obtain the yields given in table 2:
1. Fertilizer and lime are applied according to the
needs indicated by the results of soil tests.
High -yielding varieties of crops are grown.
3. Legumes are inoculated.
4. The soils are properly tilled, and the crops are
properly cultivated.
Weeds, .eeds, insects, and diseases are controlled.
Rotations that conserve moisture and protect the
soils from erosion are used.
Runoff is adequately controlled.
8. Overgrazing is avoided, and the pastures are well
managed.
The estimates given in the table are based on experi-
ence with the crops and soils of the county. They are also
based on assumptions that the average amount of rain-
fall will be received over a long period of tune, that no
supplemental irrigation will be used, that adequate drain-
age will be provided and that; no flooding or pond.rng will
take place.
a.
Use of the Soils as Woodland
All of the land area that is now Wake County was
originally covered by forests. For the most part, these
By Jonfi E. Wrrorrrs, Jr., forester, Soil Conservation Service,
Raleigh, N,C,
of 60 animal -unit -days. An animal unit is one cow, one steer, or
one horse; five hogs; or seven sheep or goats.
2' Tobacco is grown only in areas that are not subject to overflow
during the growing season.
forests were free of the dense, brushy undergrowth. that
is common in many wooded areas today, but some hod
an understory of shade -tolerant trees and shrubs, and of
muscadine grapevines and other woody vines. Shortleaf,
loblolly, longleaf, pond, and Virginiapines, eastern_
reds edar, baldcy press, Atlantic, white -cedar, and a relict
stand of eastern hemlock (11) were part of the original.
forests. Hickory, ash, maple, yellow --poplar, sweetgum,
elnr, black cherry, sycamore, black walnut, white bass-
wood, blaackguin, river birch, and American beech grew
on_ the deep, moistsoils of the flood plains, on the lower
slopes, and in ravines. Growing in the understory of
these hardwoods were flowering dogwood, .Americalr
holly, redbud, sourwood, hophornbeam, blue beech, and
mountain -laurel. On the uplands and high stream ter-
races were the hardwood -forests consisting of hickory,
oak, red maple, yellow -poplar, sweetgum, black walnut,
persimmon, black cherry, and winged elm. Growing in
the understory of these upland forests were dogwood,
holly, sourwood, sery iceberry, red mulberry, and redbud.
Large numbers of loblolly and shortleaf pines were
mixed in the overstory of these upland forests.
Longleaf pine grew on the well -drained to excessively
drained soils in the southern part of the county. Trees in
the uncler.story* of these forests included blackjack, post,
and other scrub oaks. Bald.cypress and swamp tupelo
grew in swampy areas and along streams of the Coastal
PIain. Associated with the cypress -tupelo forest. type
were Carolina ash, green ash, red maple, pond pine, occa-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
sionaa.l Atlantic white -cedars, and other water -tolerant
trees.
The original forests have been disturbed repeatedly
since about 1745, when English and Scotch colonists
began settling the territory. Nearly all of the tillable
part of the county has been cleared at some time or other,
and some areas have been cleared more than once. Many
clearings originally made for wood products and for
farming were later abandoned and then were restocked
naturally with loblolly and shortleaf pines. Many of
these second -growth stands have also been cleared to
meet the demands for wood products or for farming. At
the present time, slightly more than 57 percent of the
land area in the county, or about 317,700 acres, is
wooded. This includes the William B. Umstead State
Park, which contains 5,100 acres of woodland. All non -
park woodland is classed as commercial forest and is
essentially all privately owned. Most of the privately
owned forests are in tracts of less than 5,000 acres.
The original diverse kinds of forests and those found
today in the county are the result, in part-, of the many
different kinds of soils and relief. These factors are
interpreted in the following discussion to help the owner
use and manage his soils properly.
Woodland suitability groups
The soils of Wake County hare been placed in 14
woodland suitability groups to assist landowners in plan-
ning for the productive use of their soils and the man-
agement of their woodland. Each group is made up of
soils that are about the same in water -supplying capacity
and other major characteristics that affect the growth
of trees. The soils within each group are also subject to
similar hazards and have similar limitations that affect
the planting, tending, and harvesting of trees. All soils
in each group, therefore, have about the same potential
productivity for trees and need about the same manage-
ment and conservation pr l:c.tices. The names of soil series
represented are mentioned in the description of each
woodland suitability group, but this does not mean that
all the soils of a given series are included in the group.
To find the names of all the soils in any given woodland
suitability group, refer to the "Guide to Mapping Units"
zra- the back of this soil survey.
1+`or each woodland group, the soils are briefly
described and the preferred kinds of trees for producing
sawtimber, pulpwood, veneer, other wood products,
Christmas trees, and food for wildlife are named. Then,
the site index range for each of several commercially
important forest trees is given., and plant competition,
seedling mortality, equipment limitations, and the haz-
ards of erosion and windthr•ow are discussed.
Site index is the average total height, in feet, of the
dominant and codominant trees in a well -stocked, even -
aged stand at 50 years of age. it is a means of expressing
the potential productivity of a soil for a given kind of
tree. The. ratings are based on many field measurements
of the total average height and age of trees in existing
forest stands on identified soils and on the results of
forest research (, , ., 5, 6, 7, 10, 14)
"The ratings for yellow -poplar are based on 1957 data assem-
bled by W. T. DOOLITTLE, Forest service.
77
Ratings of the soils with respect, to plant, competition,
seedling mortality, equipment limitations, and the haz-
ards of erosion and windthrow are discussed in the fol-
lowing paragraphs.
PLANT Co.lunnermoN.--This term refers to the degree
to which undesirable plants are expected to invade a soil
after the tree canopy is removed. The rating for plant
competition reflects the degree to which these, undesirable
plants impede or prevent regeneration and growth of
desirable species of trees on a: given soil, either in a
naturally occurring or in a planted stand. Where plant
competition is unimportant, a rating of slight is given.
A rating of -/node ate indicates that expected competition
from undesirable plants will delay the establishment of
an adequate stand of desired species of trees. A rating
of severe indicates that competition from undesirable
plants can prevent adequate restocking of the desirable
species of trees, either in a naturally occurring or in a
planted stand, without intensive preparation of the site
and without weeding and other special maintenance
practices.
SEEDLING. MOrtTALrr .--.-This term refers to the expected.
degree of mortality of naturally occurring or planted
tree seedlings, as influenced by the kinds of soils, when
competition from other plants is not a factor. The rating
is slight if ordinarily no morethan 25 percent of the
seedlings required to provide an initial full stocking may
die. Natural regeneration is suitable, or an original plant-
ing can be expected to produce a satisfactory stand. A
rating of moderate indicates that losses of seedlings will
be between 25 and 50 percent:. Natural regeneration can-
not always be relied upon for adequate and immediate
restocking, and planting may be a desirable, alternative.
A rating of severe means that more than 50 percent of
the seedlings are likely to die and that adequate natural
restocking is not expected, unless additional management
is given. For example, use of superior planting tech-
niques and of superior planting stock may be required,
an ! replanting may be necessary, for assurance that the
stand will be adequate.
EQE rn\IENT LIMITATIONS. —Factors that limit the use
of mechanical equipment normally used for woodland
operations ate referred to as equipment limitations. The
dominant factors that limit the use of equipment are
steepness of slope, wetness of the soils, rough terrain,
and rocks or other obstacles. A. soil rating of slight indi-
cates that no particular factors limit the use of equip-
ment. A rating of moderate indicates that not all types
of equipment can be used and that there are periods of
no more than 3 months when equipment cannot be used,
because the soils are wet, have slopes that are greater
than 15 to 25 percent, or are unstable. A. rating of . e,vere
indicates that use of some, kinds of equipment is limited;
that special equipment may be needed; or that the soils
are wet snore than 3 months of the year, have, slopes
greater than 25 percent, or have unfavorable texture
that limits the use of equipment.
EROSION HAZATIDo - -Potential erosion is rated to indi-
cate the hazard of erosion as the result of woodland
management. Steepness of slope is the major factor con-
sidered, but the characteristics of the soils also affect the
rating. Generally, the rating is slight where the slopes
are between 0 and 6 percent; moderate where the slopes

78
SOIL SURVEY
are between 0 and 10 percent; and s(iv rs where the slopes
are steeper than 10 percent. These general rules regarding
slope are modified where erodibility as a result of soil
characteristics emphasizes or minimizes the factor of
slope.
WJNDTI-irow H AzArn.--Patings given for this hazard
indicate the danger of trees being blown over by winds
of high velocity. The ability of a tree to withstand wind
is reflected by the soil characteristics that influence the
development of the root system of the tree. A rating of
Wight indicates that no special hazard is recognized. A
rating of m,ed../ utc indicates that the root development
of the designated tree species is adequate for stability,
except during periods of excessive soil wetness and great-
est wind velocity. A rating of severe indicates that the
soils have prohibited development of a root system ade-
quate for stability.
FOREST DISEASES .,AND INSECTS. —Hazards from forest
diseases and insects are not discussed for all the wood-
land groups. They are discussed only where there is a
relationship between the kind of soil and possible losses
froi.n forest diseases and insects.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 1
This group consists of well -drained or somewhat poor-
ly drained Chewaela and Congaree soils on first. bottoms.
These soils have a surface layer of fine sandy loam or
silt loam and a subsoil of friable fine. sandy loam to clay
loam. Their permeability ranges from moderate to mod-
erately rapid. The available water capacity is medium,
and natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low. Water and tree roots easily penetrate to a great
depth. Frequent flooding is the chief limitation to grow-
ing trees on these soils. It can cause loss of seedlings,
and it impedes logging and other forest management..
Loblolly and shortleaf pines are the preferred species
for pulpwood and saw logs, but yellow -poplar, black
walnut, white ash, green ash, red oak, white oak, sweet-
guiu, sycamore, and other desirable hardwoods also
grow exceptionally well. Veneer logs and long -length
poles and piling can be produced, and Eastern redcedar
and Arizona cypress are suitable for production of
Christmas trees. In addition to the species named as
suitable for pulpwood, saw logs, and other purposes,
oaks, hickories, black cherry, dogwood, and persimmon
grow- well on these soils. They produce food and cover
for wildlife.
The site index is 95 to 105 for loblolly pine, and 85 to
95 for shortleaf pine. It is 100 to 115 for yellow -poplar,
and 95 to 110 for sweetgum.
Plant competition is generally severe for pines and
for yellow -poplar and other desirable hardwoods. Inten-
sive treatment of the site, including disking, blading, or
applying herbicides, is necessary in many places to elim-
inate or control undesirable vegetation prior to the time
pines or desirable hardwoods are planted or seeded.
Seedling mortality is generally slight on these soils;
more than 75 percent of planted seedlings generally sur-
vive. Yellow -poplar should not be planted where the
soils are flooded for 3 days or longer in summer (8) .
Seedlings of this species are killed if they are submerged
for periods longer than 3 days. Surface drainage is re-
quired in places to eliminate or reduce pointing, Ponding
is a. greater hazard on the Chewacla soils than on the
Congaree. Satisfactory stocking generally can be
obtained through natural reseeding if there is an ade-
quate number of seed trees, and if competing plants are
controlled.
Restrictions on the use of equipment commonly em-
ployed in managing the forests are considered moderate,
and most areas of these soils are not readily accessible.
during wet periods. Logging equipment cannot be used
in winter, especially on the Chewacla soils. Use of equip-
ment during winter can cause serious damage to the
roots of trees and to soil structure.
Erosion is only a slight hazard. Windthrow is not a
hazard, except when winds are abnormally high.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 2
This group consists of poorly drained soils of the
Roanoke, W ehadkee, Bibb, and Worsham series. These
soils are on first bottoms, on low terraces, and in draws or
at the bases of slopes in the uplands. They have a sur-
face layer of silt loam to sandy loam and a subsoil that
ranges from very friable sandy loam to very ,firer clay.
Permeability ranges from moderately rapid to slow, and
the available water capacity, content of organic matter,
and natural fertility are medium to low. Because of the.
high water table and, in some places, a very firm or plas-
tic subsoil, roots of trees cannot penetrate these soils to
a great depth.
Where these soils are on first bottoms or low terraces,
they are subject to frequent flooding and water remains
on or near the surface for a long time. Floodwaters pre-
vent seeds from germinating or may drown seedlings,
and they severely limit, the use of equipment. Where
these soils are in draws or on foot slopes, they are not
subject to flooding from streams, but they receive surface
runoff and seepage from soils at a higher elevation.
For the soils of this group, loblolly pine, green ash,
Slrumard and cherrybaxk oaks, yellow -poplar, sycamore,
and swamp tupelo (swamp blackgum) are the preferred
species. All the soils in this group are well suited to the
growing of trees that can be harvested for pulpwood,
saw logs, veneer bolts, or long -length poles and piling.
All trees named are important sources of food for wild-
life.
The site index is 85 to 95 for loblolly pine, sweetgum,
and water oak. It• is 85 to 100 for yellow -poplar.
Plant competition for pines and desirable hardwoods
is generally severe. Unless they are eradicated or con-
trolled, low-grade hardwoods, shrubs, and honeysuckle
and other vines prevent the successful natural seeding or
planting of desired species of trees. Intensive treatment
of the site, including clearing, blading, disking, pre-
scribed burning, and applying herbicides, is necessary to
control the competing vegetation and to prepare a- seed-
bed before desirable kinds of trees are planted.
Seedling mortality is moderate for most species grown
on these soils, though prolonged flooding and silting
during the growing season can result in severe mortality.
Yellow -poplar and pines are especially vulnerable to
excessive moisture. Controlled drainage and disposal of
the excess water reduce mortality and improve the qual-
ity of the site.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.
Restrictions on the use of equipment are moderate to
severe. Poor drainage and flooding limit the time that,
equipment can be used. Ditching and construction of
roads are necessary on first bottoms and low terraces if
those areas are to be made accessible for management
and harvesting of the trees. Use of equipment should be
avoided during wet periods to prevent compacting the
soil and da.ma,ging the roots of trees.
Erosion and windthrow are not significant, hazards on
these soils.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 3
Only one mapping unit, Buncombe soils, is in this
woodland group. These soils are somewhat excessively
drained loamy sands or sands on first bottoms that are
subject to flooding. Permeability is rapid, and the avail-
able water capacity is low. Natural fertility and the con-
tent, of organic matter are very low.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species for pulpwood or
saw logs, but shortleaf pine is also suited. Yellow -poplar,
sycamore, and other desirable hardwoods, once estab-
lished, grow well on these soils.
The site index is 75 to 85 for loblolly pine and 55 to
65 for shortleaf pine.
Plant competition for pines and desirable hardwoods
is generally modera.t.e. Elimination or control of unde-
sirable. vegetation is necessary in places.
Seedling mortality caused by droughtmess is moder-
ate to severe, and losses of seedlings are also caused by
Hooding and siltation. Extensive replanting is required in
places. Natural reseeding cannot be relied upon to estab-
lish a fully stocked stand of desirable trees.
Equipment limitations are moderate. They result from
the coarse texture and depth of these soils.
Erosion and windthrow are not significant hazards.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 4
This group consists of moderately well drained or
omewhat poorly drained soils of the Altavista, Augusta,
fbifax, (..4oldsboro, Lynchburg, Mantachie, and Wahee
aeries. These soils are nearly level or gently sloping and
ire on low stream terraces, in draws, or at the bases of
lopes in the uplands. They have a. surface layer of
-Randy loam to silt loam and a subsoil of sandy loam to
'lay that is friable, to very firm. Permeability ranges
From moderate to slow, and the available water capacity
s medium. Natural fertility and the. content of organic
natter are low.
Loblolly, shortleaf, and longleaf pines, yellow -poplar,
Jack walnut, white and green ash, red and white oaks,
lweet.gum, and sycamore are the preferred species on.
hose soils. River birch and blacl•um are considered less
lesirable. Eastern redcedar and Arizona cypress are suit-
tble for Christmas trees. Blue beech, hophornbeam, and
)oxelder are weed trees. Nearly all of the species of
:Tees named are important as a source of food and cover
°or wildlife,
The soils in this group are suitable for growing trees
hat can be harvested for pulpwood, saw logs, veneer
ogs, or poles and piling.
The site index is 85 to 65 for loblolly pine, slash pine,
'ellow-poplar, and sweetgnim. It. is 65 to 75 for shortleaf
line and longleaf pine and 75 to 85 for southern red
Talc.
335 403-60 6
79
Plant competition is severe for pines and desirable
hardwoods. Intensive treatment of the site, including
land clearing, disking, and applying herbicides, is needed
in many places to eliminate or control competing vege-
tation and to prepare the site before, desired species are
seeded.
Seedling mortality as a result, of soil influences is
generally slight; at least 75 percennt of the planted seed-
lings may be expected to survive. Where the number of
seed trees is adequate, and where competing; vegetation
is controlled, a well -stocked stand can be obtained
through natural regeneration.
Restrictions on the use of equipment are slight, to
moderate. Logging is usually restricted during wet peri-
ods. The Altavista, Augusta. and Wahee soils are sub-
ject to occasional overflow that interferes with manage-
ment of the forests.
The hazard of erosion is slight. The hazard of wind -
throw is also slight, except when the velocity of the
wind is exceptionally high.
Sweetgum is affected by dieba.ck in long droughty
periods.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 5
This group consists of well -drained soils of the Appl-
ing, Cecil, Durham, Georgeville, Granville, Herndon,
Lloyd, Madison, Mayodan, and Wedowee series. The tex-
ture of their surface, layer ranges from loamy sand to
clay loam, and the texture of their subsoil ranges from
sandy clay loam to clay, In some, places the surface layer
is gravelly. Permeability is moderate, and the, available
water capacity is medium. Natural fertility and the con-
tent, of organic matter are low. Most of these soils have
slopes between 2 and 25 percent, but, some have slopes as
steep as 45 percent in places. The soils are mainly tine -
roiled to moderately eroded, but, some areas are severely
eroded.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species for pulpwood,
saw logs, or poles and piling. Shortleaf pine is also
suited, but it brows Mori Slowly than loblolly pine. Vol -
low -poplar, black walnut, sweetgurn, and red and white
oaks are the preferred species of hardwoods. Eastern
redcedar and Arizona cypress are suitable for Christ-
mas trees. Pines, Arizona cypress, redcedar, and privet
are suitable for field .windbreaks, where needed. Oaks,
hickories, black cherry, persimmon, black walnut, beech,
and American holly grow on these, soils and provide
food and cover for wildlife. Virginia, pine is well suited
to the dry, shallow soils.
On the, uneroded to moderately eroded soils, the site
index is 75 to 85 for Ioblolly pine, yellow -poplar, and
sweetgum and 65 to 75 for shortleaf pine and southern
red oak. In the severely eroded areas, the site index is
65 to 75 for loblolly pine and 55 to 65 for Virginia pine.
As a rule, plant competition for pines and desirable
hardwoods is severe on the better soils and is slight to
severe on the severely eroded soils. Where competition
is severe, intensive preparation of the site is necessary
before. desired species ire planted or seeded.
Seedling mortality is generally slight to moderate, but
it can be severe in shallow, dry areas, Where adequate
seed trees of desired species are present, and where com-
peting vegetation is controlled, well -stocked stands can
be obtained through natural regeneration. Some shallow

80
SOIL SURVEY
areas will require intensive treatment if an adequately
stocked stand is to be obtained. Applying a mulch and
fertilizer and establishing a protective cover of grasses
or of grasses and legumes are beneficial. Natural reseed-
ing cannot be depended on to provide an adequately
stocked, stand of pine.
Equipment. limitations are slight, where the slopes are
less than 15 percent, moderate where the slopes are
between 15 and `'25 percent, and severe where the slopes
are steeper.
The hazard of erosion is slight on slopes of less than
li percent, moderate on slopes between 6 and 10 percent,
and severe on slopes of more than 10 percent. Unpro-
tected steels slopes and roads built on a steep gradient
are likely to be severely eroded unless special conserva-
tion measures are used. Where feasible, firebreaks and
roads should be built along the contour.
Windtlrrow is a slight hazard on these soils.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 6
This group consists of well -drained, nearly level or
gently sloping soils of the Faceville, Norfolk, end.
Orangeburg series. These soils have a sandy loam or
loamy sand surface layer and a friable to firm subsoil.
Permeability of the subsoil is moderate, and the avail-
able water capacity is medium. Organie matter content
and natural fertility are low. Water and tree roots
easily penetrate these soils.
Loblolly and slash pines are the preferred species for
pulpwood and saw Iogs, out longleaf pine is also suited.
Yellow -poplar, black walnut, oak, sweetgum, and other
hardwoods ds grow well on these. soils. Eastern redcedar
and Arizona, cypress are suitable for Christmas trees.
Redceclar, Arizona, cypress, cherry laurel, privet, and
photinie are suitable understory species for field wind-
breaks. Blackmun, red mulberry, persimmon, American
holly, and other tree species grow well on these soils
and produce food and cover for wildlife.
The site index is s5 to 95 for loblolly pine and slash
pine, and 70 to 80 for longleaf pine and shortleaf pine.
It is 85 to 100 for yellow -poplar, 85 to 95 for sweetguira,
and 75 to 85 for southern red oak.
Plant, competition for pines and desirable hardwoods
front low -value hardwoods and other vegetation is gen-
erally moderate, but it is severe in places. Scrub oak,
hickory trees, dogwood, sassafras, perlimrnon, red maple,
sonrivood, and bl ickgnnr retard the growth and develop-
nrent of pines and of yellow -poplar and other preferred.
broad-leaved species. Intensive treatment of the site,
including disking, binding, or applying herbicides, is
necessary iii many places to eliminate or control vege-
tation prior to the time pines or desirable hardwoods
are seeded or planted.
Seedling mortality resulting from the characteristics
of the soils is generally slight. Satisfactory stocking from
natural reseeding is usually obtained where an adequate
number of pine seed trees is present, and where com-
peting vegetation is controlled.
Equipment limitations are slight in areas where the
slopes are no greater than 10 percent. In those areas the
hazard of water erosion is slight, but the protective
ground cover should be disturbed as little as possible by
logging and other operations. Where feasible, locating
firebreaks and access roads on the contour is desirable.
Wind erosion is a hazard in large open areas. In those
places ryegrass or a similar cover crop can be used to
protect seedlings planted for windbreaks.
'«'.indthrow is not, a. hazard, except when winds are
unusually strong.
Damage to loblolly pine from infestations of the Nan-
tucket pine tipmoth (Rityacionia f rrestru',ba (Cornst.) )
can be severe on these soils.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 7
The only soil in this group is Rains tine sandy loam.
It is nearly level, is poorly drained, and is in depres-
sions or at. tire bases of slopes in Coastal Plain uplands.
In wet seasons this soil receives runoff and seepage from
higher surrounding areas. The, subsoil is friable and has
a texture of sandy loam to clay loam, The organic mat-
ter content and available water capacity are medium,
Natural fertility- is low.
Loblolly pine and slash pine are the preferred species
in areas that have been drained, but longleaf pine is also
suitable. Paidcypress, swamp tupelo, green ash, and.
water and willow oaks tare adapted species in undrained.
areas. Most trees that are suitable for this soil also
provide food and cover for wildlife. This soil is suit-
able for growing trees that can be harvested for pulp-
wood, saw logs. or longs length poles and piling.
The site index is Sii to 95 for loblolly pine, slash pine,
and swee-tgurn, It is 70 to 80 for longleaf twine.
Plant competition is severe for pines and desirable
hardwoods. { allherry, vines, reeds (sw.itehicaare), unde-
sirable hardwoods, and other plants interfere with the
establishment and growth of pines and desirable broad-
leaved. species. Disking, clearing, prescribed burning,
cutting of brush, or the application of herbicides is
necessary in niany places to eradicate unwanted Vege-
tation before desirable species are planted or seeded.
Seedling mortality of pines is generally slight, in areas
that have been drained, but it, is severe in depressions or
ponded evens because of the excess water. Losses caused
by excess water can exceed 50 percent, and natural regen-
eration cannot he depended. on to establish a well -
stocked stand. Controlled drainage, intensive preparation
of the site, and superior planting techniques are needed
if a, well -stocked stand is to he obtained.
Pondiug and a high water table severely limit the
use of equipment. Water is on or near the surface most
of the time. Controlled drainage is necessary in many
areas to provide and maintain access roads. Drainage
can he costly, however, because suitable outlets are not
always available,,
Erosion and wincltllrow are not: hazards on this soil.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP I
The only soil iir this group, Plummer sand, is poorly
drained and occurs mainly in draws rind depressions on
Coastal Plain uplands. Water stands on the surface of
this soil for long periods each year. The surface layer is
sand that is 40 to 60 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy
loam to sandy clay loam. Permeability is rapid, and the
available water capacity is low. Natural fertility and
the content of organic matter are low.

WA.IiE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Where drainage is adequate, lobloll Y and slash pines
are the preferred species for this soil, but longleaf pine
is also suitable. Pond pine, Atlantic white -cedar, bald -
cypress, sweetgum, swamp tupelo, green ash, and red
maple can be grown in areas where water stands on the
surface for a long time, This soil is suitable for growing
trees that can be harvested for pulpwood and saw logs.
Trees can also be grown for medium- to long -length
poles and piling where drainage is adequate. Most trees
that grow on this soil provide food and cover for wild-
life.
The site. index is 85 1,0 t)5 for loblolly pine, slash pine,
and sweetgum. It is 75 to 85 for longleaf pine.
Desirable species of trees are subject to competition
from undesirable hardwoods, vines, briers, switchcane,
and other plants. Clearing, disking, cutting of brush,
applying herbicides, and draining excess water are
needed to control competing vegetation and to prepare
a site for a new stand.
Seedling mortality is generally slight, in areas that
have been drained, but, it is severe in po.nced areas,
Where losses can exceed 50 percent. Natural reseeding
cannot be depended upon to establish an adequately
stocked stand of the preferred species of trees. Inten-
sive preparation of the. site, superior planting techniques,
and management of water are necessary if a well -stocked
stand is to be obtained.
Restrictions on the use of equipment are moderate in
the areas that have been drained and severe in undraine,d
areas Management of water is necessary if access to the
areas is to be obtained, and if roads are to be maintained.
Because of the lack of suitable outlets, some areas are
difficult to drain. Also, some roads may be hardto main-
tain because the coarse texture of the soil causes under-
cutting and caving of ditches.
Erosion is not a hazard, and windthrow i;; generally
not a hazard,
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP I
The soils in this group are in the Wagriumi series. They
are nearly level to sloping and occur on Coastal Plain
uplands. Their surface layer is i0 to 30 inches thick and
consists of ioamy sand. Their subsoil is friable or very
friable sandy loam to sandy clay loaam. Permeability is
moderate. Natural fertility, the content of organic matter,
and the available water capacity are low. Water and the
roots of trees easily penetrate these soils.
L)bl.olly and ,slush pine; are the preferred species on
these soils, but longleaf pines are also suitable. The soils
are suitable for growing trees that can be harvested for
pulpwood, saw logs, or medium -length poles and piling.
Eastern redcedar and Arizona, cypress are suitable for
the production of Christmas trees. Cherry laurel, red -
cedar, Arizona cypress, and privet are suitable as under -
story species where field windbreaks are needed. Oak,
hickory, dogwood, red mulberry, black cherry, blackgum,
and persimmon growing on these soils provide food and
cover for wildlife.
The site index is 75 to 85 for loblolly and slash pines.
It. is 05 to 75 for longleaf pine.
Moderate competition from oaks, hickories, biackgums,
sassafras, and other hardwoods interferes with the growth.
of pines on these soils. Clearing, disking, cutting of brush,
Sl.
or applying herbicides may be necessary to control unde-
sirable vegetation and to prepare the site where pines are
to be planted or seeded.
Seedling mortality is generally slight, but it is moderate
in some years. Large areas in which seedlings have not
survived should be replanted. Natural reseeding is ade-
quate, as a rule, if enough seed trees are present, if the
site is properly prepared, and if competing vegetation is
controlled.
Restrictions to the use of equipment are slight on
slopes of up to 10 percent. Machinery can he used at
any time without causing must; damage to the roots of
trees or to the structure, of the soils, Equipment is sub-
ject to excessive wear on these soils, however, because of
the abrasiveness of the sand.
The hazard of water erosion is slight on slopes of up to
1.0 percent. Some wind erosion occurs in large open areas.
Young seedlings planted in field windbreaks should be
protected from soil blowing by use of a cover crop. The
hazard of windtlarow is generally slight, except in
normally ab-
normally high. winds.
On these droughty soils, loblolly pine is sometimes de-
formed and retarded in growth y attacks from the
Nantucket pine tipmoth. 'l''his damage occurs when the
pine is a seedling or a sapling.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 10
The only mapping unit in this group is Wagra,rn-
Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes. These are somewhat
excessively drained, nearly level to steep soils on Coastal
Plain uplands. Their surface layer is sand that is 30 to
(i0 inches thick, and their subsoil is sandy loam to sandy
clay loam, Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the
available water capacity is low or very low. Natural
fertility and. the content of organic matter are very
low.
Slash ;fire aged longleaf sine are the tiaeferrecl species ni r
these soils. Lot/lolly pine, is also suitable.
These soils are suitable for growing the preferred
species of trees to a size suitable for pulpwood, small
saw logs, or medium -length poles and piling. Eastern
redreda:r and Arizona cypress are suitable species to
plant. for Christmas trees and as understory species in
Feld windbreaks. Cherry laurel is suitable in field wind-
break, both as an understory and as ara ocerstory species.
Oaks aro an important source of food for wildlife, but
only a limited amount of acorns is produced. on these
soils.
The site index is 75 to 85 for slash pine, 70 to 80 for
loblolly pine, and 60 to 70 for longleaf pine.
Where pines are grown on these soils, plant. competi-
tion is severe front blackjack oak, turkey oak, and other
scrub oaks and wiregrass. Disking, clearing, undercutting,
and other intensive treatment is generally needed to con-
trol competing vegetation and to prepare a site for
regeneration of the preferred species.
Seedling mortality is generally moderate. Losses of
seedlings are caused by an inadequate supply of moisture
and by high temperature of the soil surface. Natural
reseeding cannot be relied upon to obtain an adequately
stocked stand. of the preferred species. Seedlings of high
quality and superior planting techniques are required.

82 SOIL SURVEY
for satisfactory Survival of the plants. Even then, some
replanting inay be. necessary.
Limitations to the use of equipment are moderate on
slopes of up to 6 percent. These loose sands give poor
traction to light, rubber -tired equipment. They do not
provide good support, for heavy machinery. Therefore,
extra power is required. Furthermore, machinery used on
these soils is subject to excessive wear because of the
abrasiveness of the sand.
Water erosion is not a hazard where the slopes are no
greater than 6 percent, but soil blowing is a hazard in
large open areas. Wind strips are necessary- to protect
some planted seedlings. Normally, Windthrow is not a
hazard.
The root, rot fungus (F °Ines an.nosus) is a serious
hazard where pines and redcedar are grown on these
soils. Seedlings and saplings of loblolly pine are subject
to severe da.msge by the Nantucket tipmoth.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 11.
This group consists of well drained or moderately well.
drained soils of the Creedmoor, Enon, Helena, Vance,
and White Store series. These soils are gently sloping
or moderately sloping a.nd are on Piedmont uplands. The
texture of their surface layer ranges from sandy loam
to clay loam, and their subsoil is friable to firm sandy
clay loam to clay. Most areas are uneroded or moderately
eroded, but one of the White Store soils that occupies
a small acreage is severely eroded. Natural fertility is
low to medium, and the content of organic matter is low.
Permeability is slow, and the available water capacity is
medium to High. Root penetration is restricted in areas
that are underlain by a very firm, plastic subsoil.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species on these soils.
Shortlea.f pine also grows fairly fast, but the slow to
medium internal drainage of these soils makes that
species susceptible in some places to severe damage
from littleleaf disease. Virginia pine is suited to the
severely eroded White Store soil. The uneroded or moder-
ately eroded soils are suitable for growing trees to sizes
that can be harvested for pulpwood and saw logs, and
trees grow larger on those soils than on the severely
eroded soil. The severely eroded White Store soil is rela--
Lively Iow in productivity and has limitations to use for
commercial growing of wood crops. Trees should be
planted on this severely eroded soil, mainly to protect it
from further erosion.
Eastern redcedar and Arizona cypress are, suited to
the production of Christmas trees. Oaks, hickories,
blackgum, persimmon, American holly, black cherry, pine,
and cedar growing on these soils provide food anti cover
for wildlife.
On the uneroded or moderately eroded soils, thin site
index is 75 to 85 for loblolly pine (fig. 1I), yellow -pop-
lar, and sweetgum and 60 to 70 for shortleaf pine. On
the severely eroded White Store soil, the site index for
loblolly pine is 65 to 75.
Where the soils are uneroded to moderately eroded,
pines are subject to moderate to severe competition from
undesirable hardwoods and other plants. In some places
disking, Wading, and the application of herbicides are
necessary to control competing vegetation.
Seedling mortality is generally slight on the uneroded
to moderately eroded soils. On those soils an adequately
stocked stand usually can be obtained from natural seed-
ing if enough seed trees are present, if the site is properly
prepared, and if competing vegetation is controlled. Seed-
ling mortality is moderate to severe on the severely
eroded White Store soil. On that soil check dams, mulch -
lug, fertilization, and a protective cover of grasses and
legumes are needed to obtain tin adequately stocked stand.
Natural seeding cannot be depended upon to reproduce
a fully stocked stand.
Limitations to the use of equipment are slight on
slopes of up to 15 percent, and they are moderate on
slopes between 15 and. 25 percent. On the severely eroded.
White Store soil, however, restrictions are. moderate on
the use of equipment during dry periods on slopes of 2
to 15 percent. They are severe where the slopes are more
than 15 percent. In wet periods the use of equipment is
severely restricted by t,lie, sticky and very plastic, clayey
subsoil.
On the uneroded to moderately eroded soils, the hazard.
of water erosion is slight on slopes of up to 6 percent.
It is moderate on slopes between 6 and 10 percent, and
severe on slopes steeper than 10 percent. Firebreaks amid
roads should be run on the contour wherever feasible to
protect them from erosion. A protective ground cover
should be maintained insofar as possible. The Hazard of
erosion is serious on the severely eroded White Store
soil. The hazard of windthrow is slight to moderate
where the soils are uneroded to moderately eroded, but
it is severe on the severely eroded White Store soil.
Littleleaf disease can severely damage shortleaf and
loblolly pines.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 12
In this group are soils of the Louisburg, Wedowee,
ce,
Pinkston, Wake, and Wilkes series. These are well --
drained to somewhat excessively drained, gently sloping
to steep, shallow soils on Piedmont uplands. The texture
of their surface layer is variable, and in some places t-he
surface layer is stony. The subsoil is firm to loose loamy
sand to clay loam. Depth -to bedrock ranges from less
than 20 incises to more than 50 inches. The content of
organic matter is low, and natural fertility is low to
medium. Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the
available water capacity is low or very low. Bedrock
limits the penetration of water and tree roots.
Lobiolly pine is the preferred species for pulpwood
and saw logs. Shortle;tf pine is suitable on the more
favorable sites. The deeper soils can be used for a;row ing
trees to sizes that can be harvested for pulpwood, saw
logs, or poles and piling of medium length. The shallow
and the steep soils should be given an onsite inspection
to determine. if trees should be- planted and intensively
managed for commercial wood products. As a rule, plant-
ing of trees in these areas is feasible only for controlling
erosion and protecting the soils.
Arizona cypress and eastern redcedar are suitable for
the production of Christmas trees and as understory
trees in field windbreaks. These soils are not suited to
the commercial production of hardwoods.
The site index is 70 to 80 for loblolly pine. It is GO to
70 for shortleaf pine.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
83
Figure 11.—A well -managed stand of loblolly pine on Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded. The trees have been
thinned periodically to increase their growth and to improve their quality.
Plant competition is slight, to moderate where pines
are grown, depending on the depth of the soil over bed-
rock. In places disking, girdling, and the application of
herbicides are needed to control undesirable vegetation.
Seedling mortality is generally moderate, but it can
be severe on the very shallow or on the steep soils. Seed-
lings of high quality and superior planting techniques
axe needed to adequately stock an area with pines, and.
replanting may be required. A well -stocked stand cannot
'Pe obtained through natural seeding.
Restrictions on the use of equipment are slight on
dopes of up to 15 percent, moderate on slopes between
15 and 25 percent, and severe on slopes of more than 25
percent. Shallowness, a plastic subsoil, boulders, and
tick outcrops can severely limit the use of equipment on
ill slopes. Operating heavy machinery during wet peri-
ods, especially on the Wilkes soils, can damage the struc-
ture of the soils and seriously injure the roots of trees.
The hazard of water erosion is slight on slopes of up
to 2 percent. It is moderate on slopes between 2 and 6
percent and. severe on slopes of more than 6 percent.
The development of roots is restricted by bedrock
near the surface and by the droughtiness of these shal-
low soils. As a result, the hazard of windthrow is gen-
erally severe or very severe on these soils.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 13
This group consists of three miscellaneous land types —
Made hind, Gullied land, and Borrow area. The texture
and consistence of the soil material varies greatly from
one area to another. The depth to which the roots of
trees and water can penetrate is also widely variable.

84 SOIL
Onsite investigation is required to determine how an area
can best be managed for trees.
The potential productivity of these land types for
trees varies widely. Where some surface soil remains,
merchantable trees can be grown between the. gullies. As
a rule, however, the site indexes are very low for these
land types. Lobloily pine and Virginia pine are the pre-
ferred species for planting, but redceda.r is also suitable.
Competition from undesirable plants is generally slight
where erosion is still active. Where a cover of plants has
become established and the soil material is stabilized,
plant competition is severe for the Limited supply of
moisture.
Seedling mortality, as a, rule, is very severe on these
land types, unless special preparation is given to the
site. Land leveling, disking, construction of check dams,
mulching, fertilization, and the establishment, of a pro-
tective, cover of grasses or of grasses and legumes are
required if an adequate stand of trees is to be established,
and erosion is to be controlled. Even where these prac-
tices are applied, extensive replanting is sometimes neces-
sary. Seedlings must be planted by hand.
The use of most, equipment. is severely restricted by
gullies. Erosion will continue to be a very severe hazard
in the areas of Gullied land and in other Bullied areas
until a protective cover of plants is established, The
hazard of windtlirow is very severe, for all kinds of
trees.
In places loblolly pine "die out" and littleleaf disease
are likely to be severe.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 1.4
Swamp, amiscellaneous land type., is the only mapping
unit in this group. It. is very poorly drained and is
under water most of the time. This land type is at, the
heads of manmade lakes, and it, consists of variable soil
material. Swamp tupelo, red maple, sweetgum, smooth
alder, and other water -tolerant trees and shrubs are
characteristie of thevegetation in areas of S vamp. If
drainage and protection from flooding are provided,
however, loblolly and slash pines can be grown. Inter-
pretations on the potential productivity are not provided
for this land type, because of the lack of information.
Use of the Soils for Wildlife
The soils of. Wake County produce food, cover, and
protection for many kinds of wildlife. Doves, ducks, fox,
quail, rabbit, squirrel, snipe, turkey, woodcock, and non -
game birds are the most common kinds of wildlife in the
county. Deer and geese. are less numerous. Deer mainly
frequent the northwestern corner of the county and scat-
tered areas along bottoms of the Neuse River. A small
flock of Canada geese spends the winter each year on
Lake Wheeler.
Wood ducks, mallards, hooded mergansers, and black
ducks are fairly numerous along the rivers, larger creeks,
and swamps. The wood duck builds its nest in hollow
trees along the rivers, near large creeks, and in the
swamps. Gre.enrving teal, ringnecks, ruddy ducks, scarp,
and widgeons inhabit the larger lakes and farm ponds
in fall, in winter, and early in spring, and canvasbacks,
° By E. R. Smtra, Jza., biologist, Soil Conservation Service.
SURVEY
bufilelreaacfs, gadwalls, mergansers, and pintails also visit
those. areas.
Two other game. birds ---the Wilson snipe and the
woodcock --frequent areas of wetland in-WakeCounty.
These same areas of wetland provide habitat for such
furbearers as beaver, muck, muskrat, and otter. Turkey,
raccoon, and squirrel also share this habitat. and are
fairly common along wooded bottoms of streams and in
other large tracts of woodland. Doves, fox, quail, and
rabbit, are abundant, throughout. most of the county.
Fishing is fair to excellent, in the many farm ponds
and lakes throughout the county. as well as in the large
streams. Bass, bluegills, and shell crackers are the roan
kinds of fish in the farm ponds. Bass, bluegills, him it -
heads, crappies, channel catfish, pickerel, and red breasts
and other kinds of sunfish inhabit the hikes and large
streams.
The food of various kinds of wildlife differs widely.
The abundance of a particular kind of wildlife depends,
to a great extent, on the presence or absence of choice
foods for that species..In the following paragraphs, the
food and habitat requirements of the major kinds of
wildlife are discussed.
BEAVER.— eat only food obtained from plants,
mostly bark, roots, tender twigs, and green plants. Their
favorite food is the tender bark, or cambium, of alder,
ash, birch, cottonwood, hornbeam, maple, pine, sweet -
gum, and willow, but acorns and corn are also choice
foods. In addition, beavers eat the tender shoots of elder,
honeysuckle, grass, and weeds. The main feeding areas
are within. 150 feet of water,
BOBWI-HTL.--.Bobwhites (quail) eat. acorns, beechnuts,
blackberries, browntop millet, wild black cherries, corn,
cowpeas, dewberries, annual and shrub lespedezas, mild),
mulberries, pairicgraiss, pecans, common ragweed, soy-
beans, pine seeds, and the fruits of flowering dogwood
and sweetgum. They also eat many insects. Their food
must he close to sheltering vegetation. Many kinds of
habitat, including areas of woodland, brushy areas, areas
of grassland, d, and open fields, are suitable for these
gam.ebirds, but the best habitat is one that has a variety
of cover types.
Drum —Deer eat acorns, clover, cow -peas, g reenbrier,
honeysuckle, annual and shrub lespedezas, oats, rescue -
grass, rye, ryegrass, soybeans, and wheat. They need an
adequate supply of surface water for drinking, and
wooded areas, 500 acres or more in size, for cover, Food
plants for deer should be well limed and fertilized.
Doti. --Doves eat brow.utop millet, corn, Japanese
millet, pokeberry seeds, common ragweed, !Train sorghum
the seeds of pine and sweetgum, and other kinds of seeds.
Doves do not eat insects, green leaves, or fruits. They
drink water daily. Doves prefer to land in open areas.
Therefore, they need feeding areas and watering place;
free of tall grass or brush.
l)c'cx. Ducks eat acorns, beechnuts, bron-atop millet,
corn, Japanese millet-, and snia-rtweed, which must be
covered by water to be readily aavailable. Occasionally,
ducks eat acorns and grain on dry land.
Grrsr:.---Geese feed in open fields and in shallow
water. Their choice foods are the roots, stems, and leaves
of aquatic plants, and wheat, corn, soybeans, and other.
rains. Geese graze on clover, pasture grasses, .flidl young

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
small grains. When they are not feeding, they rest on
bodies of water.
Fox. —Foxes feed primarily on small animals, gen-
erally rodents, but they also eat apples, persimmons,
acorns, cherries, grapes, corn, blueberries, and peanuts.
The red fox prefers open fields and farmland for his
habitat. The gray fox generally remains in wooded areas
and in patches of dense brush.
MINK. —These furbearers feed on fish, reptiles, am-
phibians, birds, and small mammals. They live near
water.
MUSKRAT. Muskrats feed on cattails, bulrushes, bur -
reeds, rushes, pondweeds, and many other aquatic plants.
They also eat some corn, soybeans, and other crops.
Ponds, lakes, marshes, swamps, and streams provide the
habitat for these animals.
OTTER. —Otters are primarily carniverous. Their prin-
cipal food is fish, mainly coarse and undesirable species,
and crayfish, water beetles, water birds, and clams. Occa-
sionally, they eat water -loving mammals. Swamps,
streams, and lakes are the habitat of otters.
RABBIT. —Rabbits eat clover, winter grasses, and other
succulent vegetation. They also eat waste grain, bark,
and twigs. Rabbits especially need cover, such as black-
berry or plum thickets or patches of honeysuckle. Food
plants that are well fertilized and limed are more at-
tractive to rabbits than those that are not.
RACCOON. —Raccoons eat many kinds of foods. Among
their favorite plant foods are acorns, chuf a, greenbrier,
grapes, persimmon, pokeberries, corn, hollyberries, and
pecans. Favorite animal foods are frogs, crayfish, grass-
hoppers, insects, and small mammals. Raccoons inhabit
bottom lands and swamps where den trees are plentiful.
SNIPE. —The Wilson snipe feeds on earthworms and
on the larval forms of many kinds of insects. This game
bird returns to Wake County only in winter, and it lives
in areas of wet grassland or marshes.
SQUIRREL. —These animals eat acorns, beechnuts, black
cherries, black walnuts, corn, hickory nuts, mulberries,
pecans, pine mast, and the seeds of blackgums and
flowering dogwoods. The gray squirrel inhabits mixed
stands of hardwoods and pines or pure stands of hard-
woods. The fox squirrel is rare in this county. Its habi-
tat is restricted to open stands of pines and hardwoods.
TURKEY. —Turkeys thrive only in large areas of wood-
land, generally 1,000 acres or more in size. They need
surface water daily for drinking. Turkeys often roost
over water in the overhanging branches of large trees.
Their choice foods are insects, acorns, beechnuts, black-
berries, browntop millet, chufa, clover, corn, cowpeas,
wild grapes, hackberries, mulberries, oats, paspalum
seeds, pecans, pine mast, rescuegrass, rye, wheat, and the
fruit of blackgum and flowering dogwood.
WooncocK.—The woodcock is primarily a migrant who
visits this county in fall and winter. Woodcocks inhabit
areas of wet woodland, where they probe the forest
floor for earthworms, their choice food. These birds are
rarely found in the open during the day.
NONGAME BIRDS. —The food preferences of nongame
birds differ widely. Several species eat nothing but
insects; a few eat insects, nuts, and fruits; and others
eat insects and seeds. Many desirable kinds of nongame
birds, such as bluebirds, cardinals, robins, mockingbirds,
85
and tanagers, can be attracted by planting dogwood,
holly, Russian -olive, cherry -laurel, pokeberry, privet,
pyracantha, multiflora rose, smooth sumac, and sun-
flowers.
Fisrr.—The choice foods of many fish are mostly
aquatic worms and insects and their larvae. Bass, pick-
erel, large catfish, crappie, and other predators eat small
fish. The abundance of such foods is directly related to
the fertility of the water, and in a lesser degree, to the
fertility of the soils at the bottom of the ponds and lakes.
Wildlife suitability groups
Most kinds of wildlife can be related to the soils in a
two-step relationship. Each species is related to its
choice foods, and, in turn, each plant is directly related
to the soils.
In this subsection the soils of Wake County are placed
in five groups, based on their capacity to produce plants
that provide food for wildlife. The "Guide to Mapping
Units" at the back of this survey lists the wildlife group
for each of the soils.
In table 3 many of the plants used for food by wild-
life are listed alphabetically and the suitability of each
plant for the soils of four wildlife groups is rated. Wild-
life group 5 is not included in this table, because the
properties of the land types in this group are too vari-
able for meaningful ratings to be. assigned.
With a knowledge of each animal's food require-
ments and of the suitability of the soils for the growth
of particular plants, the symbols on the soil map can
be used as a guide to the selection of areas suitable for
specified kinds of wildlife. The characteristics of the
soils in each wildlife group that are significant to man-
agement for wildlife are described in the following para-
graphs.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 1
This group consists of well drained or moderately well
drained soils on terraces and on ridges and side slopes in
the uplands. These soils are mainly gently sloping to
strongly sloping, but they are nearlylevel in some places
and are moderately steep or steep in others. They are
in the Altavista, Appling, Cecil, Creedmoor, Durham,
Enon, Faceville, Georgeville, Goldsboro, Granville,
Helena, Herndon, Lloyd, Madison, Mavodan, Norfolk,
Orangeburg, Vance, Wedowee, and White Store series.
The texture of their surface layer ranges from loamy
sand to silt loam, except that it is clay loam in severely
eroded areas. Their subsoil is friable sandy loam to very
firm clay. In places gravel is on and in the surface layer.
These soils have low to medium natural fertility and
medium to high available water capacity. Surface run-
off varies considerably because of differences in the tex-
ture of the soils, in the steepness of slopes, and in the
kind of ground cover. The degree of erosion ranges from
none to severe.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 2
This group consists of well -drained to somewhat
poorly drained soils on first bottoms, on terraces, and in
draws and depressions in the uplands. These soils are in
the Augusta, Chewacla, Colfax, Congaree, Lynchburg,
Mantachie, and Wahee series. The texture of their sur-
face layer ranges from sandy loam to silt loam, and their
subsoil is sandy loam to very firm clay.

86
TABLE 3.-. ,Sar.itabi1dy o/ plants fo
Food plants
Alder
Apple
Ash__
SOIL SURVEY
soils in. qr'o
ood for spc-e tfed kinds of uaildlife
Wildlife groups
1 2 3 4
Ba.hiagra ss____
Beech
Blackberry and dewberry
Black cherry�__--
Blaokgrun___
Blueberry
Brownlop .millet_.
Cltufa___.
Clover, crimson
Clover, white__.
Corn._,__.,__.___
Cowpeas
Cypress_
Dogwood_ ____ _.
Elderberry_____
Fescue_ __.____.
Grape, wild
Greenbrier__...
Blackberry_-- _ -
Hickory_.__ --
Holly____------
Honeysuckle
---
Hornbeam
--- _
Japanese. millet - -
Lespedeza., annual
Lespedeza, shrub__
Magnolia______.._
Maple
€ 1ulherry_
Oak (post, blackjack, southern red, scarlet,
black, and white).
Oak (swamp chestnut, water, willow)
Oats
Pa.nicgrass-
Pa,spalum (bull) _
Peanut
Pecan_Persimmon_.
Pine
Plum, chickasanv_-_
Poison -ivy
Pokeberry
Privet._..
Pyr,tcantlaa _
Ragweed
RescucgrassRussirtn--olive_
Rye
Ryegrass__. -
Serviceherry_-
Sniartwced _
Sorghum, grain
Soybeans
Strawberry -bush
Srtntlower
Sweetguni_
Tickclover
Wheat_
Walnut, black
Yellow -poplar
FacirGood__ _ Good
Good an•_-_-- Poor
Fair. Good____ Fair.___.__
Good --- Good Fair_ _.-...
timid_ -- Good Poor_._..-.,
Fair(Food __-- Iiau`___-_.
Good Good Fair
Fair_ _ Good_ __ Fair
Fair Good -___ Fair
Good_ ___ Good__.._ Fair
Good____ (_good____ Poor_____
(,00d__-- Good__-- Poor
Good Good__-_ Poor_ ____
Good Good_ -- Fair
--__--
Good Good_. __ Poor__. _--
Fair•--_..._ Fair Good___
(Good..___ Fair _.___ Poor_ ---
F€air.---- Good__-_ Fair
(.rood_ __- Good_ _-_ Nair_._
(Rood 1 Fair..---_ Poor_
Poor Fair Good____
Good hood__- Fair
Good Good-___ Poor_ _
Good -_ (tood Fair
Good (:Good__-- Fair _
Sair-__- Good--_- Fair
Fair _ Good____ Fair
Good Ctood____ Poor
Good---- Good._ _ _._ Poor
Fair Good Fair•__
Fair Good -.___ Good____
Good Good - Poor_
Good Good --- _I!I Poor.. ___,.
Fair G ooct_ _ _ Fair
Good____! Good____ Fair
Fair_ Good____ Fair_
Fair Good____ Good
Good i Fair Poor
Good____) Good--- Poor_
Good_ _-_' Good_.__ Fair__.
Good___- Good--__ Fair_.
Poor
Fair
Poor
Fair
Poor_.._ _ Pa
Fair._ -
Fair
__ Poor _
Poor_
Fair
Poor_ --
Poor_..__.
Poor•.__-.
Fair-----
Poor_ .......
Fair
Poor
Poor
Fair
_-..--
Poor-___
Poor- - _
Poor__.. .
Poor
Poor
Poor - - - -
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor_ ..- _ _
Poor
Poor_
Poor._'
Poor
Poor_.
Poor
Fair
Fair
Fair
Poor
Good Good_ _ Fair__--- Fair_ ___
Good - Good____ Fair__.._.. Fair.._ _
Good Good____; Poor____._' Faair_..___
Good Good Fair_ _ _ _ _ Fair
Good____Good____ Poor Poor.
Good__-_' Good -- ' Fair _ Fair._
Good_ __ -I Good____ Fair Poor
Good____': Fair Poor Poor
_--_-
Good____1 Good____ Poor
C' Poor
Good___ Good__-- Farr___.-- Poor
Fair Good___ Fair Poor
Fair 1 Good___- Fair___-__ Poor_._.-_-
Good' Good-- Poor----- Poor
Good____ Good---- Fair ___-- Poor
Good ____i Good____ Fair_____ Poor
Good____! Good- Poor_._--- Poor
Good Good-_-_ Fair Poor
Good _ _ _' Good.. _ . _ Poor Poor_.-
Good --. Good_--_ PoorPoor_-
-_-
Good --- Good-- Poor Poor___--
Good____1 Good____ Fair___._.. Poor
Choice foods for —
Bea ver.
Fox, deer.
Wood duck, heaver.
Turkey.
Bobwhite, duck, squirrel, turkey.
Bobwhite, turkey, norrgamc birds.
Bobwhite, squirrel, fox, nougame birds.
Squirrel, turkey, nnngaarne birds
Turkey,'00trga:we birds.
Bobwhite, dove, duck, turkey, nongame
birds.
Raccoon, turkey.
Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Bobwhite, dove, duck, raccoon, squirrel,
turkey, uongarrte birds.
Bobwhite., deer, turkey.
squirrel.
Bobwhite, squirrel, turkey, nongame birds.
Nongame birds.
Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Raccoon, turkey, nongame birds.
'Ulcer, raccoon.
Turkey, :squirrel, nongame birds.
Squirrel.
Raccoon, nongame birds.
Deer, nongame birds.
Wood duck.
Dove, duck, nongame birds.
Bobwhite, deer.
Bobwhite, deer.
Squirrel, nongame birds.
Squirrel.
Bobwhite, squirrel, turkey, nongitrne birds.
Deer, duck, raccoon, squirrel, turkey, non -
game birds.
Deer, duck, raccoon, squirrel, turkey, non -
game birds.
Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Bobwhite, dove, nongame birds, rabbit.
Bobwhite, dove, nongarne birds.
Bobwhite, noirg;arne birds,
Bobwhite, raccoon, squirrel, turkey.
Raccoon.
Bobwhite, dove, squirrel, turkey,
birds.
Squirrel, bobwhite.
Rabbit, quail, nongame birds.
Dove, raccoon, nongame birds.
Notrgarne birds.
Nongtuoe birds, turkey.
Bobwhite, dove, nongaame lArds.
Deer, turkey.
Nougaame birds, turkey.
Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Deer, rabbit.
Beaver, nongame birds.
Duck.
Bobwhite, dove, noi:p:ante birds.
I.)eer, rabbit..
Deer, rabbit_
Dove, nongarne birds, quail.
Bobwhite, dove, aiong,ame. birds.
Bobwhite, turkey-, nongame birds.
Bobwhite, dove, deer, rabbit, turkey
game birds.
Squirrel.
Deer, squirrel.
raga:rr le
loaa-

WAKE COUNTY,
These soils have low to medium natural fertility and
medium available water capacity. Surface runoff is slow,
and the degree of erosion is none to slight.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 3
This group consists of poorly drawed or very poorly
drained soils on first bottoms and low terraces and in
upland draws and depressions. These soils are in the
Plummer, Rains, Roanoke, Wehadkee, Bibb, and Wor-
sham series, and the group also includes the mapping
unit Swamp. The soils have a surface layer of sand to
silt loam, and a subsoil of sandy loam to very firm clay.
Natural fertility is very low to medium, and the avail-
able water capacity is low to medium. Surface runoff
is slow. These soils are commonly covered with water in
winter and for short periods during other wet seasons.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 4
This group consists of well drained or somewhat ex-
cessively drained soils of uplands and first, bottoms.
These soils are in the Biicorahe, Louisburg, Wedowee,
Pinkston, Wa.gra.m, Troup, Wake, and Wilkes series.
They have a surface layer of sand to silt loam, and their
surface layer is underlain by sand to sandy clay. Some
areas are stony, and in places gravel is on and in the
surface layer.
These soils have very low to medium natural fertility
and low or very low available water capacity. They are
nearly level. to steep. Surface runoff ranges from slow to
rapid, and the degree of erosion ranges from slight to
moderate.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 5
This group consists of three miscellaneous land types
—Gnllied land, Made land, and Borrow area —consisting
of soils that have, been altered greatly by erosion or by
man. The soil texture and other soil characteristics are
so variable from one area to another that onsite investi-
gation is required to determine how an area can best be
used for wildlife. If some of these areas are given special
management, they produce habitat for wildlife, but re-
sults are generally poor.
Engineering Uses of the Soils
Some. soil properties are of special interest to engi-
neers because they affect, the construction and mainte-
nance, of roads, airports, pipelines, building foundations,
facilities for water storage, erosion control structures,
drainage systems, and sewage disposal systems. They
also affect the suitability of materials for subgrade, road
fill, and topsoil. The properties most important to the
engineer are permeability to water, shear strength, com-
paction characteristics, soil drainage, shrink -swell char-
acteristics, grain size, plasticity, pH, depth to the water
table, and. topography.
This soil survey contains information that, can be used
by engineers to-_.
1. Make studies that will aid in selecting and evalu-
ating ,areas for developing industrial, business,
residential, and recreational sites.
S. T. Cuninix, civil engineer, Soil Conservation Sera -ice, assisted
in writing, this ,section.
NORTH C SIR OLINA
87
Make preliuninary estiniiite, of the engineering
properties of soils in planning for agricultural
drainage systems, farm ponds, irrigation systems,
diversions, and terraces.
3. Make preliminary evaluations of soil and ground
conditions that will aid in selecting locations for
highways and airports and. in planning detailed.
investigations for the selected locations.
4. Locate sources of construction materials.
5. Correlate the performance of engineering struc-
tures with soil mapping units so that. informa-
tion useful in designing and maintaining the
structures can be obtained..
6. Determine the suitability of the soils for. eross--
country movement of vehicles and construction
equipment.
7. Supplement information from other maps and
reports and from aerial photographs for the pur-
pose of making maps and reports that, can be
readily used by engineers.
With the soil map for identification of soil areas, the
engineering interpretations reported here can be useful
for many purposes. It should be emphasized, however,
that these interpretations may not eliminate the need
for sampling and testing at the site of specific engineer-.
ing works involving heavy loads and where excavations
are deeper than the depth of layers here reported. Even
in these situations, the soil map is useful for planning
more detailed field investigations and for suggesting the
kinds of problems that may be expected.
Some of the terms used by the soil scientist may not
be familiar to the engineer, and some words, for ex-
ample, soil, clay, silt., and sand, have special meanings
in soil. science. Most of these terms are defined in the
Glossary at the back of this survey.
To make. the, best use of the map and the text, the
engineer should understand the classification system
used by soil scientists. He should also have a knowledge
of the properties of the soil material and the condition
of the soil in place.
Much of the information in this section is in tables,.
Table 4 gives engineering test data obtained when
samples of selected soil series were tested. Table 5 gives
estimates of the properties of the soils, and table 6 pro-
vides engineering interpretations of these properties.
Engineering classification of soils
Most highway engineers classify soil materials accord-
ing to the system used by the American Association of
State. IIigliw iy Officials (AA.SIIO) (1). In this system
soils are classified in seven principal groups. They range
from A-1 (gravelly soils of high bearing capacity) to
A-7 (clayey soils having low bearing capacity when
wet). The relative engineering value of the soils within
each group is indicated by group index numbers, which,
range from (i for the best materials to 20 for the poorest,.
The group index numbers can lie determined accurately
only if the ,soils have been analyzed. The, group indexes
for the soils that have been analyzed are shown in
table 4.

88
S()lia SURVEY
TABLE 4.--.-•E .g n-c er2:ng
[Tests were performed by the North Carolina State Highway Commission, Department of Materials and Tests, Raleigh, N.C., under a
the American Association of State
Soil name and location
Parent material
Appling sandy loam:
In a forest 20 yds, S. of a private road; 1 mile N. Granitic gneiss.
and one -eighth of a mile E. of Bethany Church.
(Modal profile)
In a field 5 yds. N. of a paved road; 1 mile N. and Quartz mica gneiss.
400 ft. E. of Bethany Church. (Shallower and
finer textured than modal profile)
Appling gravelly sandy loam:
3 miles N. of junction of N.C. Highway No. 50 and Quartz mica gneiss.
U.S. Highway No. 70 near N.C. Highway No.
50. (Finer textured than modal profile)
Creedmoor sandy loam:
N. of airport and near U.S. Highway No. 70. Triassic sediment,
(Thicker than modal profile)
Durham loamy sand:
In a field 5 yds. S. of a gravel road, one-fourth of a Granite.
mile E. of Bethany Church. (Thicker than modal
profile)
Madison sandy loam:
1.75 miles W. of the bridge across the Neuse River Quartz mica schist.
along N.C. Highway No. 98. (Thinner than
modal profile)
1,75 miles NW. of Pleasant Union Church along Quartz mica schist,
dirt road. (Modal profile)
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam:
West of N.C. Highway No. 55, and one-half mile , Triassic material.
N. of U.S. Highway No. 1. (Thicker than modal
profile)
White Store silt loam:
One-half mile Via of Tom Jack Creek. (,Modal Triassic siltstone,
profile)
Report No. Depth
S64 N C -9;
12-1
12-3
12-5
11-1
11-4
11---8
S6SNC--92
5-1
5-4
5-7
4-1.
4-4
4-5
4--7
s64 VC--O2
10-1
10-3
10-8
63NC--.9
6-1
6-3
6-5
2--1
2-3
2-.7
3-1
3-5
3-7
1-2
1-4
1-9
Moisture density
Maximum ! Optimum
dry density j moisture
Is. Lb. per cu.. ft.
0-5 120
11-20 98
44-50
0-7 123 10
13-20 85 32
38-45 95 24
0-4 119
11-23 ( 89
43-48 103
0-6 114
17-27 i 100
27-40 92
86-96 104
0-15 129
18-30 107
81-105 10(i
11
29
20
11
22
23
18
1-5 117 14
8-16 95 26
24-48 101 21
0-6 118
9-19 87
51-59 93
12
32
24
0-7 ]32 6
25-38 89 30
55-84 88 31
2-8 109 15
10-19 92 27
40-43 116 14
I Based on AASHO Designation T 99-57, Methods A and C (1),
Mechanical analyses according to AASHO Designation T 88-57 (1). Results by this procedure may differ somewhat from results
obtained by the soil survey procedure of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). In the AASHO procedure, the tine material is analyzed
by the hydrometer method and the various grain -size fractions are calculated on the basis of all the material, including that coarser than
2 mm. in diameter. In the SCS soil survey procedure, the fine material is analyzed by the pipette method and the material coarser than
2 mm. in diameter is excluded from calculations of grain -size fractions. The mechanical analysis data used in this table are not suitable
for use in naming textural classes for soils.

WAKE COLN'l"�i, NORTH CAROLINA
Eest data
cooperative agreement with the, T.T.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, in accordance with standard test procedures of
Highway Officials (AASHO) (1) ]
. [echanical analysis
Percentage passing sieve-- Percentage smaller than--
1 I?.'' -in.
No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 0.05
(4.7 (2.0 (0.42 (0.074 mm.
min.) snm.) mm.) mm.)
I00 97 96
_ 100
100
100 ? 7
100 1 88
100
44
100
100
93 ! 5025
99 77 62
98i 79i 58
98 61
100 i 92
100 1 84
0.02 0.005 0.002
mm. nun. mm.
241 201 1.1
62 61 1 54
571 51 38
28 24 1 20
82 81.j 79
55 53 i 47
4,1 36 13
99 1 95 77
95 88 i 58
100 80
100 91
100 97
100 ! 92
100
100
100
12
75
35
7
48
35
Pins -
Liquid ticit,y
Iimit index
24 i
64
63
Classification
AASHO
2 A--1-b(0)
29 I A-7--5-(16)
20 j A--7-5(11)
8 20 ! 2 A--2--4(0)
71 74 33 A--7-5(20)
32 57 j 16 ' A--7--5(8)
11 8: 5 1 4 5 NP 1 5 NP I A-•1-b(0)
76 1 74 68 65 66 1 35 A-7-5(20)
54 46 38 36 48 ( 24 I A-7-6(11)
45 39j 22' 9: 7 NP I NPA--4(2)
79 ` 76 1 64 ` 50 1 44 ! 69 1 43 A 7-6(20)
88 S4 i 76 ( 60 s 53 1 79 ! 49 j A-7-5(20)
76 73 61.1 34 23 43 . 1.8 1 A-7-6(12)
Unified a
SM
MH
MFI
S\1
MH
i 11-1
GM
_ASH -CH
CL
SM
CFI
CH
CL-ML
60 24 22 i 18 10 6 11 NP A- 2-4(0) SM
64 49 49 44 42 53 21 A--7-5(8) S\1
67 I 21 17 i 13 Ei i NP NP ', A-.2-4(0) SM
100 ', 96 M 85 28 1 24 20 1 14 10 I 22 NP A-2--4(0)
100 r 93 65 65 64 52 49 66 i 36 A--7-5(17)
100 I 99 ; fib 39 38 28 . 17 14 i 40 j 3 A-4(1.)
i 1
62 58 50 19 18 15 10 8 29 I 5 I A-1 b
100 99 95 76 76 75 66 j 63 82 i 46 ! A-7-5(20)
100 95 24 I 23 20 12 ! 11 I 46 1 NP A-2- 5(0)
78 42 40 29 l i 9 6 3! 2' NP NP A 1 t
100 95 88 S7 84 fiti 55 1 73 37 A. r 5(20)
100 i 97 9] 90 ! 88 62 ' 50 81 i 43 7 5i20)
24 2 1 A-4(8) \IL
80! 47 i.;.-75(20} CH
35 i 12 A--6(8) CL-ML
94 8 s 1 75 j 63 60 1 39 13 9
100 99 i 97 95 95 1 92 ' 69 60
100 1 98 84 68 65 1 55 29 1 15 1
1
SM
CH
SM
SM
CH-MH
5\1.
GP -GM
MH
iM H
a Based on AASHO Designation Al 145-49 (1).
4 Based on the Unified Soil Classification System, Technical Memorandum No. 3-357, v. 1 (17). SCS and BPR have agreed to consider
that all soils having plasticity indexes within two points from A -line are to be given a borderline classification. An example of a border-
line classification obtained by this use is CL-7.41L.
5 Nonpinstic.

90
SOIL SUI1.VEY
TAIBLE 5.---Est<matcd
[Dashed lines in columns mean that soil properties are too variable for reliable estimates to be made. Miscellaneous land types
Soil series and reap synrbo
Depth to
Depth to seasonally
bedrock high
water
table
from
surface
(typical
profile)
Classificat.
Dominant. US1.)A texture
Altavista (AfA)
Appling (A2B, Ap-B2, AeC, AgC2, ApB, ApB2, ApC,
ApC2, ApD, AsB, AsB2, AsC, AsC2).
Augusta (Au)
Bibb (Mapped only in an unditlerentiaated unit with
Wehadkee soils).
Buncombe (Bu)_
Cecil:
(CeB, CeB2, CeC, CeC2, CeD, CeF, CgB, C282, 1
CgC, CgC2).
(CIB3, CIC3, CIE3)
Che acla (Crn)
Colfax (Cn)_
Congaree (Co, Cp)
Bnct Feet Iru:iiey
5-15+ 2 (1-13
1:3-42
42-48
5-15+ 10+ '',.
5-15+
4-15+ 0 0-36
36-42
10-- 2?(2'"
5--15+ 10+ 0-6
6-59
59-72
5-15+ 10-, ,
4-15+
5-15+
5-15 +
Creedmoor (CrB, CrB2, CrC, CrC2, CrE, CtB, CtC)__. 5-10+
DuB, DuB2, DuC, DuC2)
Enon (En B, En B2, EnC, EnC2, En D2)
Face e (FaB, FaB2, FaC2)
Cleorgevil
e
GeB2, GeC, GeC2, GeC2)
Cloldsboro (Ge)
5-15+
4-10-
20+-
5 15-4-
21)
Granville (GrB, GrB2, GrC, GrC2, GrD)____- 5-1.5+
Footnote at onai oft a
!n
(')
13
(1-11
1.1-44
44- 5(1
Fine sandy loam---___
Clay lottna
Coarse sandy loam
Sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam
Clay loam
Sandy clay Loam-------- --
1)-13 Fine sandy loam
13--36 Sandy clay loam
36-50 Fine sandy loam
Sandy loaum-- - _
II-10 Loamy sand
10-40 Sand______
Sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam_ ..
Clay to clay loam.
Loam
0-6 Clay loam_
6-4040-45 , Loam
0-6 Fine sandy loarn-______
6-48 . Sandy loam to silt loam,
0-19 Satady loam- _ _ -.
111-36 Sandy clay loan!
36-45 Sandy loan.
2) 0-32
32-42
0-12
12-29
29-58
58-96
0-18
18-60
60--81
Fine sandy Mar ra_---._-- .
Silt, loam to loamy sand.
Sandy loam
Sandy clay ,loans to clay loaaa__.___
Clay.._-._._.
Clay to sandy clay
Loamy sand _ - __ ----
Sandy clay loam to clay loam_
Sandy loam---.--- __--
0-8 Fine sandy loans_ ..
8-32 Clay_
32-38 Clay loam
____----
10-!_ 0-14 Sandy loam
14-65 Clay loam
65-72 Sandy loam
1(15- 0-5
5-55
55-92
2tt 0-15
15-61
0 1- 7 2
10+ (1- 12
12-41
41-5O
Silt loam------- -
Clay to silty clay loans_
Silt loun
Sandy loam__ .. _
Sandy clay loans_
Sandy loam
Sandy loam ---
Clay loam
Clay_ - ._

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROL1NA 91
)roperttes of the soils
Sullied land (Cu), Made land (Ma), and Swamp (Sw) a omitted from this table because their properties are highly variable]
Classification-- Continued
Unified AASHO
SAL AIL A -4
CL 1 6
SDl ! A-2, A-4
SM, (_i Al
AIH, CL
SC, CL, AIR
SAI, _AIL
SC, CL
SC, SAI
SDI
SP, SP-SM
A- 2, A-11., A-4
A-6
-2, A-4, A-6, A-7
A4,A-2
A 2, A ti
A-..4, A-2
A-2, A-4
A-1, A-3
SDI A-2, A -I
SP A-1, A-3
Si\l, GC
CI , MI -I
AIL, CL
CL
CL, AMH
ML,CL
AIL, SAI
SA1, AIL
sAI
SC, CL
KM
SAI
AIL, SAI
SAI
SC, CL, CH
CII, AlH
CH, CL, SC
A-2
A-6, A-7
A--4, A-6
A-b
A--6, A-7
A-4, A-6
A-4
A-2, A-4.
A-2, A--4
A-6, A-4, A-2
A-2, A-4
A-2
A-4, A-2
Percentage
)rising sieve
No. 200 Permeability
(0.074 mrn.)
Available Shrink -swell
water Reaction potential
capacity
j leaches 7per inch, of j
1nehes pc Iwrr soil 7)1I
40-55 ).0-6.3 0.12 I 5.6-6.0 I Low.
70-50 0.63-2.0 ! .13 j 5.6-6.0 I Moderate.
30-40 0. 63-2. 0 . 11 5. 1-5. 5 Alodc:rate.
10-40 ':w6. 3 .0S 5- 1-5_ 3 f Low.
50-S5 O. 632.0 . 13 5. 1-6.0 I Moderate.
40-65 0. 63-2. 0 . 13 1 5. 6-6, 0 Moderate.
25--60 €;1.3 ' .12 5 1-5. 5 Low.
20-55 0 2 0. 63 . 13 i 4 0 5. 0 Moderate.
20-50 0.2-0.63 ! . 13 I 5. 6-6. 0 Moderate.
23 45 2. 0 6. 3 . 16 ! 5. 6 6. 0 Low.
0-12 6. i• 05 5- 6 6. 0 Low_
10 35 -6. 3 • 07 5- 1. 5- 3 Low.
0-5fi.:3 0 ! i. l ::i. i) Low.
25-35 0 63-6. 3 . 13 I 1-5. 5 Low.
60-90 '. 0 63-2. 0 14 's` 5. 1 6. 0 Moderate.
50-80 ; 0.63-2.0 ; . 14 5. 1-5.5 Moderate.
55-85 0 63-2.0 . 13 5 1 ). 5 Low,
60-90 O. 63-2. 0 . 14 5. 1-3. 5 Moderate.
50-80 0.63-2.0 .14 5.1-5.5 Moderate.
40-55 ! 0. 63-2. 0 . 15 ' 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
30-100 1 0. 63-2. 0 . 15 i 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate to low.
30-40
25-55
30-40
25-3 3
15-90
A 2, A--4 30 45
A 6, A-7 35-85
A-7 7 0-95
A-7 i 35-90
S AI A-2
SC, CL A-6
SM A--2, A-4.
SA1, Sib A-4
1M1H, CH A--7
CL A-6
SAI, SC A-2
CL A-6
SC, SM A-2, A-4
AIL A-4
Al H A-6, A-7
\ I L A-4
S AI A- 2, A-4
SC, SAI, CL A-2, A.-6
SM A-4, A-2
SDI A-2, A-4
CL A-6, A-7
CL A-7
10-35
35-80
30-40
2. 0-6. 3
0. 2-0. 63
0. 2-0. 63
0. 63-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
2.0-6. 3
0. 63-2, 0
`' 0. 2
0.
6.3
0. 6:3-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
40-60 2.0-6.3
70-90 i 0. 2
55-85 < 0. 2
25-33 2.0-0.3
55-85 0, 03-2. 0
30-40 0.63-2.0
65-S5
80-90
65-85
30-40
20-55
25-45
30-40
55-85
70-90
2. 0-6. 3
0. 6:3-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
2. 0-0. 3
0.63-2.0
0. 63-2. 0
>6.3
0. 63-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
. 11
12
. 12
5. 1-5. :5
5. 1-5. 5
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
Moderate.
Moderate.
. 15 ! 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
. 15 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate to low.
.11 1 5. 1--5. 5 Low.
. 14 4. 5-5. 0 Moderate.
. 14 4.. 5-5. 0 High.
13 4.-,-5. 0 _Moderate.
. 12 5. 6-6.0 Low.
.13 5. 1-5. r5 Moderate.
. 13 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate to low.
. 12 5. 6-6. 0 Low.
. 14 ! 6. 1-6.5 High.
. 14 ' 6. 1-6. 5 Moderate.
12 5. 6-6 0 Low.
. 16 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
. 16 3. 1-5.5 Moderate.
13 ).6-6.0 Low.
- 16 5. 1-6. 0 Moderate.
. 11 5. 1-5..3 Moderate.
. 10
. 1.5
. 15
6. 1-6.5 Low.
5. 1-5.5 Low.
5 1-5. 5 i Low.
12 5. 6-6. 0 Low.
13 5. 1-5.5 Moderate.
. 1.3 ! 5. 1-5. :5 Moderate.

92
Soil series and map symbol
Helena (HeB, HeB2, HeC, HeC2, HeD)___
Herndon (HrB, HtB2, HrC, Hre2, Hir 02. HrE)_.
Lloyd (LdB2, LdC2, D2)_
Louisburg (Lo B, LoC, LoD, Lw B, Lw 82, LwC,
LwC2).
(For properties of Wedowee soils in Lw B, Lw 52,
LwC, and LwC2, refer to the Wedowee-
series.)
Lynchburg (Ly)
Madison (MdB2, MdC2, MdD2, MdE2)._
Mantachie (Me)
May-odan:
(MfB, MfB2, WC, MIC2, MfD2, MfE, MdB,
M3B2, MgC, M2C;2.)
(MyB, MyB2, MyC, MyC2, MyD)____.
Norfolk (NoA, NoB, No,S2, NoC, NoC2)_____
Orangeburg (OrB, 0r132,
Finkston (PkC,
Plummer (Ps)
Rains (Ra).
Roanoke (Ro)...
Troup (Mapped only in a complex with \Vagrant
soils).
Footnote at ensl of table.
son, SURVEY
Depth to
bedrock
Feet
1-15 f
5 15+
2-4.
445+1
3+1
20+1
20+
20-
20
154.
20+1
Depth to ! Depth
seasonally from •
high ! surface
water ! (typical
table I profile)
1%;
10 +
10+1
10+1
10+
10 1
10+
0
10+1
0-8
8-36
36-39
TABLE 5.---.Estimated properties
Classification.
Dominant USDA texture
Sandy loam._
Sandy clay_
Sandy clay loam.
0-6 Silt loam ___ . _ _ _ _ . •
40-45 clay loam
.
6-40 Silty
Silty clay loam_
0--9 Loem
9-38 Clay to clay loam
38.-50 Silty clay loam
0-8
8-12
12-36
Loamy easel
Coarse sandy loan
Loamy sand
13°-2 5 6:3
Sandy loam_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Sandy clay loam to sandy loam_
65-72 Clay
0-6 Sandy loam
6-32 Clay loam
32-48 Silt loam.
0-43 Sandy loam _ _ _
0-7 Sandy loam or gravelly sandy loom
7-40 Clay to clay loam,
40-4S Sandy loam
0-9 Silt loam
9-24 Silty clay loam_
24-30 Silt loam_
0-15 Loamy sand__ __ ___ _
15-65 Sandy clay loam _
65-72 Sandy loam
• . ,
0-1.2 ! Loamy sand._
12-66 ! Sandy clay loam to sandy loam
66-72 ! Loamy sand
• .
0-25
Sandy loant__________
25-36
Gravelly sandy loam_
36 Hard rock,
Sandy loam
Loamy sand.. _
0-8 Fine sandy loam_ _
8-65 Sandy clay loam .
65-72 Loamy sand
• •
0-11 Fine sandy loam_ _ _
11-38 Clay to sandy clay loam.
38-45 Sandy loam._
0-49 I Sa•nd.._..
49-83 ! Sandy loam to sandy clay loam
83-.88 Loamy sand„
0-50
50-60
60-72

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
of the sails --Continued
Classification- --Continued Percentage
passing sieve Available Shrink -swell
No.200 Permeability w=i:ter Reilction pote,ntifil
Unified .ASHO (0,074 cnm.) ! capacity
SM
NTH, CL, SC
CL, SC
I
C
I A-2, A-4
A-7
A-6, A--2
-6, A-7
A-7
1tIL A-4
CL, 1\II 1 A-7
MITI A-7
SAI
SDI, SC
SM
A-2
I A-1.
A-1
SAI A-2, A-4
' CL, SM A-0, A-2
CI, A-7
Sill
AIH, CH
AIL
SAI
30-40
45-60
20-55
65-90
85-95
80-90
Inches per fmur
2. 0-6. 3
0.2
0. 2-0. 63
20-6.3
0. 63-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
Inches per met, of
soil
0. 11
. 14
. 14
p1!
5. 6-6. 0
4. i5-5. 5
5. 1-5. 5
13 5. 1-5. 5
.16 ). 1.--5.5
.14 i 5.0-6.0
Low.
High.
High.
Low.
Moderate.
_Moderate.
.50-80 ! 2. 0-6. 3 . 13 5. 6---6. 0 Low.
55-90 I O. 63-2. 0 . 13 ± 5. 6-6. 0 Moderate.
80-90 0. 63-2. 0 . 13 5. 6-6. 0 Moderate.
10-35
1.0-25
10-35
30-40
25-60
70-90
A-2, A--4. 25-40
A-7 .55-85
A-4 70-90
G. 3
2.0-6.3
2.0-6.3
. 08
10
. 10
5. 1--5. 5
5. 1.5. 5
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
Low.
Low.
2. 0-6. 3 . 12 5. 6-6. 0 Low.
0. 63 2. 0 . 14 ': 5. 1-5, 5 Low.
0. 63-2. 0 . 15 El1 6. 5 Moderate.
>6. 3 .11 ! 5. 1-5.5 Low.
0. 63-2. 0 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 f Moderate.
0. 63-2. 0 . 11 5, 1-5, 5 Low-.
A-2, A-4: 30-40 ! 2. 0--6. 3 . 09 G. 1-6. 5
SAl, GM A--2
' MH, CL A-7
SAI A-2, A-4
AIL A-4
.NIL, CL A-6
I M L A---4
SAI
SC, SM, CL
SM, SC
A- 2, A-4
A-ti, _A-_ 4, A-°2
A-2, A-4
SAI A--2
SC A_-6 A-.4, A--2
S_l'I A-2
SC, SM
SP, SAI-SP
S si
SAI
SAI, MI,
SC, CL
SM
SM, AIL
MII, C'L, SC
SC', SM
SP, SW-SM
SAT, CL
S S-I
-2, A-1
-3, A--2
A-2, A-4
A-1, A-2
A-4
A-2, A--4, A
A-2
A-2, A-4
A-7,A6
A-.-4, A--2
A -3, A-2
A-2, A-6
A-2
12--35
70-90
30-4,0
65-00
80-90
65-90
30--40
20-55
30-40
10-35
2i-55
10-35
30-40
1.0-33
0-15
30-40
15-30
40-55
30-55
15-30
>6. 3
0 63-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
2. 0-6. 3
0. 63-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
2.0--6.3
0, 63-2, 0
0. 63-2. 0
2.0-6.3
0. 63-2. 0
0.63-20
2.0-6.3
2. 0-6. 3
>6. 3
2.0-6.3
.>6.3
0. 63-2. 0
0.63-2.0
O.G3 2.0
25-60 0. 63-2. 0
45-95 I
i <O. 2
30-40 <0.2
0-15 >6.3
30-55 I 0 63-2. 0
15-30 2.0-6.3
Low.
12 5. 6-6. 0 Low.
13 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
13 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
13 5. 6-6. 0
13 5. 1-5. 5
13 5. 1-5. 5
08 f
1 °r
15
. 08
. 1G
12
15
. OS
5. 1-5.5
5. 1-5. 5
5, 6-6. 0
5. 6-6. 0
5_ 1--5. 5
5. 1-.-5. 5
5.6-6.0
4. 5-5. 0
. 05 5. 6-6. 0
. 12 . 5. 1-5. 5
08 E 5. 1-5. 5
. 12
. 14
12
5. 6-6. 0
4. 5-5. 5
4.5-5,0
Low.
\lodcra te,
_Moderate.
Low,
Low.
Low.
Low,
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
93
. 13 6 1-6. 5 ! Low.
. 13 5. 1-5. 5 I High to moderate.
. 1.3 6. 1--6.5 Low,
. 05 6. 1-6. 5 Low.
. 1.4 i 5. 1-5. 5 I Low.
. 10 5. (1-6. 0 Low.

94
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 5. Eat2,rrt.atec
s
Soil series and map symbol
Depth to
bedrock
Depth to
seasonally
high
watt''
table
Depth
from
tatrfacc
(typical
profile)
Classification
Dominant. USDA texture
Vance (VaB, VaB2, VaC2)
`Vagrant (WaA, WaS, WaC, WkA)
(For properties of the Troup soil in W^A, refer
to the Troop series.)
Wit co (Wh)
Wake (WkC, WkE)
Wedowee (Wm B, WmB2, WmC, WmC2, Wm D2,
W m E).
Webadkcc (Wn, Wo)
(For properties of the Bibb soil iu \Vo, refer to
the Bibb series.)
White Store:
(WsB, WsB2, WsC, WsC2, WsE, WtB)
(WvD3)-
Wilkes:
(WwC, WwE, WwF).
(WxE)
Worsham (Wy) 5-1 +
Fret
4-10 +
20
5-] 5 +
<20 inches
4-6-F1
3-15+
4-8+
2-4+1
Has perched water table for short periods because subsoil is
Some engineers prefer to use the Unified Soil Classi-
fication System (17). In this system, soil materials are
identified as coarse grained (eight classes), fine grained
(six classes), or highly organic.
The classification of a soil by either the. AASHO or
the Unified system identifies the soil material with re-
gard to gradation and plasticity. The classification per-
mits the engineer to appraise the soil quickly by compar-
ing it with other soils that have the same classification.
Soil test data
Samples of nine profiles, representing six soil series,
were tested by the North Carolina State Highway Com-
mission so that the soils could be evaluated for engineer-
ing purposes. The test data, are given in table 4, and
they indicate the characteristics of the soil at the speci-
fied location. The physical characteristics of each soil at
(a)
0
10 -r
ia+ciee
0-5 Sandy loam
5-21) Clay
29-35 Clay loam
0-25
25-65
65-1.00
0-14
14-3(3
36-45
0-15
15
I-7
7-24
24-411
0- 6
6-:30
3fi-4t)
tl-1)
6-31
:31-3 5
0-5
5-27
27-38
Loamy sand or sand_
Sandy clay loam
Clay..
Fine sandy loan!, safely clay loam__ _
Clay _
Fine sandy clay lo;r.rn_.-
Gravelly loamy sand__ -
Elr.rd rock.
Sandy loam
Clay loam to sandy clay loam
Sandy loam
Silt loam
Fine sandy clay loam
Sandy loam_
Sandy loam__
Clay__
Sandy clay to clay loans
Clay loam
Clay
Sandy clay to clay loam
(a) 0-8 Sandy loam -
8-19i Clay to clay loam
1.9-38 Silt loam
38 1 hard rock.
10--' 0-8
8-1.5
15-24
24
Stony sandy loam _ _ _
Clay to clay loan
Silt loam _ -
Hard rock,
0 0-11 1 Sandy loam
11-38 Sandy clay loam38-45 Sandy loam_-_-.-
,
very slowly permeable,
other locations may vary somewhat from those of the
soil sampled. All samples were obtained at a depth of
less than 10 feet., The data, therefore., probably are not
adequate for estimating the characteristics of soil ma-
terials in strongly sloping or steep areas, where deep
cuts are required.
The engineering classifications in table 4 are based on
data obtained by mechanical analyses and by tests made
to determine liquid limit and plastic limit. Mechanical
analyses were made by combined sieve and hydro-
meter methods.
The tests to determine plastic limit and liquid limit
measure the effect of water on the consistence of the
soil material. As the moisture content of a clayey soil
increases from a very dry state, the material changes
from a semisolid to a, plastic state. As the moisture con-
tent is further increased, the material changes from. a

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
of the soils -Continued
95
Classification -Continued
Percentage
passing sieve
No. 200
(0.074 mm.)
Permeability
Available
water
capacity
Reaction
Shrink -swell
potential
Unified
AASHO
Inches per inch of
Inches per hour
soil
pH
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
2. 0-6. 3
0. 11
5. 6-6. 0
Low.
CH, CL
A-7
70-90
<0. 2
. 13
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
ML, CH
A-6, A-7
55-85
<0. 2
. 13
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
SM, SP, SP-SM
A-2, A-3
0-35
>6. 3
. 08
5. 6-6. 0
Low.
CL, SC
A-6, A-4, A-2
20-55
0. 63-2. 0
. 15
4. 5-6. 0
Low.
CL
A-7
70-90
0.63-2.0
.12
4.5-5.0
High.
ML, SM
A-4, A-2
25-60
0. 63-2. 0
. 12
6. 1-6. 5
Low.
M11, CL
A-7, A-6
70-90
<0. 2
. 13
5. 1-5. 5
High to moderate.
SC, CL
A-6, A-2
30-60
0. 2-0. 63
. 13
5. 6-6. 0
High to moderate.
GP -GM, SM
A-2
5-35
>6. 3
. 07
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
>6. 3
. 08
5. 6-6. 0
Low.
SC, CL, MH
A-6, A-7
35-65
0. 63-2. 0
. 13
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
SM, SC, CL
A-2, A-4
25-55
0. 63-2. 0
. 13
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
ML
A-4, A-6
65-90
2. 0-6. 3
. 15
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
CL SC
A-4, A-6, A-2
20-55
0. 63-2. 0
. 15
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
Sly
A-2, A-4
30-40
2. 0-6. 3
. 13
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
0. 63-2. 0
. 15
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
CH, MH
A-7
70-90
<0. 2
. 16
5. 1-5. 5
High.
CL, CH, SC
A-6, A-7
35-65
<0. 2
. 16
4. 5-5. 0
High.
CL
A-6
55-85
0.63-2.0
.15
5.6-6.0
Low.
CH
A-7
70-90
<0.2
.16
5.1-5.5
High.
MH, CH, SC
A-4, A-7
35-65
<0. 2
. 16
4. 5-5. 0
High.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
>6. 3
. 12
6. 1-6. 5
Low.
CL, MH
A-7
55-90
0. 63-2. 0
. 15
6. 1-6. 5
Moderate.
ML, MH
A-7, A-6
70-90
0. 63-2. 0
. 15
6. 1-6. 5
Moderate.
SM, GM
A-2
12-35
>6. 3
. 12
6. 1-6. 5
Low.
CL, MH
A-7
55-90
0. 63-2. 0
. 15
6. 1-6. 5
Moderate.
ML, CL
A-4, A-6
70-90
6. 1-6. 5
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
0. 63-2. 0
. 13
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
SC, CL
A-6, A-2
35-55
O. 2-0. 63
. 16
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
0. 2-0. 63
. 16
5. 1-5. 5
plastic to a liquid state. The plastic limit is the moisture
content at which the soil material passes from a semi-
solid to a plastic state. The liquid limit is the moisture
content at which the material passes from a plastic to a
liquid state. The plasticity index is the numerical differ-
ence between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. It
indicates the range of moisture content within which a
soil material is in a plastic condition.
Engineering properties of the soils
Table 5 gives some of the significant soil characteris-
tics of the soils of the county. It also gives the engineer-
ing classification of the principal horizons of typical
profiles. The depth to a seasonally high water table is
based on field observations.
The soil material in the main horizons is classified
according to textural terms used by the U.S. Department
835-403-- O--7
of Agriculture. Except for the soils listed in table 4,
for which engineering test data are available, the classi-
fications shown for the Unified and AASHO systems are
estimates based on the USDA classification of texture
and on the description of the soils.
The estimates of permeability are for uncompacted soil
material. They are based on field observations and
limited laboratory data.
Available water capacity refers to the water in the
soil that is available to plants. It is the amount of water
held in the soil between field capacity and the perma-
nent wilting point; that is, between one-third atmosphere
and 15 atmospheres of tension. The amounts are based
on laboratory tests of a limited number of soils. For
soils not tested, estimates are based on the results of
testing similar soils.

96
SOIL si1RVEY
[Dashed lines indicate that information is not available, or tha
TABLE 6.—Engineering
he practice is not applicable. Miscellaneous land types Gullied land
Soil series and map symbols
Altavista (AfA)_
Appling:
(AgB, AgB2)_._
(A2C, A C2).
(ApB, ApB2, AsB, AsB2)
Suitability as
source of ---
Degree of limitation for ---
I Topsoil I Road fill Homebuilding sites
Fair __.�
Fair__
ir_
(ApC, ApC2, AsC, AsC2)_..__.___7 Fair
(ApD)
Augusta (Au) _.
Bibb (Mapped only in an undiffer-
entiated unit with Wehadkee
soils).
_ Fair
Severe: flooding_.._..
Fair._ ___I Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Fair..... -_..._ Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Fair_-_ _._ _ Slight
Fair___. mall Slight
Fair
Poor____._! Poor
Poor__
Buncombe (Be) Poor_
Cecil:
(CeB, CeB2)__--_---
(Ce.C, CeC2)-
(CeD)_.__-_--
(CeF)_.----..
Moderate: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Septic tank
absorption fields
Severe: flooding_ .
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium_
percolation rate.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high,water table.
Good_ _ _ _I Severe: flooding
Fair Fair _ _.__! Slight
Fair ' Fair Slight
Fair __..I Fair......_...._
Fair--_.__' Fair_ ..
oderate: slopes of
10 to 1.5 percent,
Moderateto severe:
slopes of 15 to 45
percent.
(CrB, CgB2,, CeC, CgC2)..___ Fair Fair Moderate: coarse
fragments.
_ _ Fair_ - _. __ Moderate: clayey
surface layer.
(CIB3, CIC3).-...-
(CI E3)
Poor_
Fair_ _.
Moderate: clayey
surface layer; slopes
-of 10 to 20 percent..
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate;
slopes greater
than 10 percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding__
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
loderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.:
slopes of 1.0 to 15
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than lit
percent.
i ?llode.rate: medium
percolation rate.
loderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate to severe:
medium percolation
rate; slopes of 10 to
20 percent..
Recreation
Campsites
Moderate:: flooding;
fair trafficability.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: coarse
fragments; slopes
of 6 to 10 percent,
Slight:
\toderahte: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table;
poor t.rathcability.
Severe: Hooding_.._
light
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent..
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: clayey
surface yen.
Severe: slopes
'greater than 10
percent.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
interpretations
(Gu), Made land (Ma), and Swamp (Sw) are omitted from this table, because their features are too
variable for interpretations
97
Degree of limitation. for ---Continued
Recreation —Continued
Picnic areas Intensive play areas
Moderate: fair
trafpicability;
flooding.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Slight
Slight-
oderate: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Severe; flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table;
poor traffic -
ability.
Severe: flooding__.._
Slight
Moderate: fair
trafficability;
flooding.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: coarse
fragments;
slopes of 6 to 10
percent.
Slight_....----_--_--_
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table;
poor trafhc-
ability.
Severe: flooding;
poor traffic -
ability.
Slight
Slight Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 15
percent.
Moderate to severe:
slopes of 15 to 45
percent.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: clayey
surface layer.
Moderate: clayey
surface layer.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Severe: clayey
surface layer.
Severe: clayey
surface layer.
Soil features affecting--
Farm ponds
Highway location
Reservoir area
Seasonal high
water table;
flooding.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material..
Frost -susceptible
material.
High water table;
flooding; unstable
ditch slopes.
High water table;
flooding; unstable
ditch slopes.
Flooding; unstable
ditch slopes.
Frost -susceptible
ma terial.
oct-susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
cost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost-susceptib
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderately rapid
permeability.
Rapid per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
foderate perme-
ability.
Compacted
embankment
Moderately low
strength and
stability; impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious.
or impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
semipervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
pervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Ioderate to low
strength amid
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength. and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Sprinkler
irrigation
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Tedium available
water capacity.
.tedium available
water capacity.
Medium avalia.ble
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Low to medium
available water
capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Tedium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
i Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available.
water capacity.
Medium available
Water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity:

98
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.--Engineering
Soil series and map symbols
Chewacla (Cm)_
Colfax (Cn)_.._,
Congaree (Co, Cp)._-..
Creed moor:
(Crs, CrB2, CtB)
(CrC, CrC2, CtC)
Suitability as
source of —
Degree of limitation for —
Topsoil
Fair
Fair_
Good._
Fair
Fair_
(CrE) Fair_
Durham:
(DuB, DuB2)
(DuC. DuC2)
Fnon:
(EnB, EnB2)__
(EnC, EnC2)
(EnD2)..
Faceville:
(FaB, FaB2)
Geor eville:
GeB, GeB2)
(GeC, GeC2)
(GeD2)-,___.
Goldsboro (Go)
Fair
Fair
Road fill
Fair
Fair
Poor__..
Poor
Poor
Fair_
Fair
Hoinebuilding sites
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: high water
table.
Septic tank
absorption fields
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: high water
table.
Severe: flooding Severe: flooding..
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Slight
Slight
Fair____.. Poor_._..__ Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Fair_ _. _ _ _ Poor_ _ _ _ _ Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Fair_____ Poor Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Fair_
Fair..
Fair
Fair
Fair...
Good..
Fair__.___ Slight
Poor...._. __ Slight:_
Fair_ _- _ __ Slight_
Fair _ ._ _ _' Slight.
Fair__ __
Moderate: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Good_ _ - - Slight
Severe: slow per-
colation rate.
Severe: slow per-
colation rate.
Severe: slow per-
colation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Severe: slow
percolation rate.
Severe: slow
percolation rate.
Severe: slow
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
loderate: medium
percolation rate.
__ Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: slopes
greater than
10 percent; medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: seasonally
high water table.
Recreation
Campsites
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: high water
table.
Severe: flooding_
Moderate: fair
tratficability.
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent;
fair trathcability.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent;
fair trafficability.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Slight
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Slight
Moderate: slope
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Slight

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
intcrpretations Continued
99
Degree of limitation fore —Continued
Soil features affecting —
Recreation --Continued
Picnic, areas
Intensive play areas
Highway location
Farm ponds
Reservoir area
Compacted
embankment
Sprinkler
irrigation
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: high
water table.
Moderate: flooding_
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: fair
traffiability.
iodera.te: slopes
of 10 to 20 per-
cent; fair traffic -
ability.
Slight
Slight.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 15
percent; fair
trafficability,
Slight___
Slight
Slight
Slight --
Moderate: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Slight
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: high
water table.
Severe: flooding___
Moderate: fair
trafficabili ty.
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 per -
Cent; fair trafflc-
ability.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 per-
cent.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent
fair trafficability.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Slight
Moderate: slopes
of ti to 10 percent.
Slight
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Slight
Flooding; high
water table;
unstable ditch
slopes.
High water table;
seepage; unstable
ditch slopes.
_I Flooding; unstable
! ditch slopes.
Highly plastic____-..
Highly plastic
ghly plastic.._.. _ _ _ _
None
None
Highly plastic
material.
Highly plastic
material.
Ilighly plastic
material.
one
None- ----
Unstable cut
slopes; frost -
susceptible
material.
Unstable cut
slopes; frost.
susceptible
material.
Unstable cut
slopes, frost -
susceptible
material.
I Seasonally high
j water table.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderately slow
permeability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Slow permeability_..
Slow permeability__
Slow permeability...,.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Slow permea-
bility.
Slow permea-
bility.
Slow permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
loderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; ; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity; semipervious.
Low strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
Low strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
ow strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious.
Low strength and
stability;
impervious.
Low strength and
stability;
impervious.
Low strength and
stability;
impervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to moder-
ately, low strength
and stability; nearly
impervious.
Medium to high
available water
capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium to high
available water
capacity.
Medium to high
available water
capacity.
Medium to high
available water
capacity,.
Medium to high
available water
capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
Water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.

100
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.----Enyimeering
Soil series and map symbols
Suitability as
source of --
Topsoil ! Road fill
Homebuilding sites
Degree of limitation for ---
Septic tank
absorption fields
Recreation
Campsites
Granville:
(GrB, GrB2) •__...-------___.E Fair._
(GrC, GrC2).._.
(GrD)
Helena:
(HeB, HeB2)_
(HeC, HeC2)_
(HeD)
Herndon:
(HrB, HrB2)
(HrC, HrC2)._
(HrD2)___._.-
(HrB)_.._ _..._.
Lloyd:
(LdB2)_____.__...____.. _
(l_dC2)_-_-,__
(Ld D2)_.
.Louisburg:
(LoB, L+n'B, LwB2)___._
(For interpretations of the
Wedowee soils in LwB
and LwB2, refer to the
Wedowee series.)
Fair_____
Fair_
Fair
Fair Fair_ -
!
Fair_ _ _.
Poor._ ..
Fair_ _ -_ _ _': Poor
Fair
Slight
Slight
oderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Poor ! Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Fair ___--- Fair_ __.__I Slight_._
Fair _ Fair_--,__) Slight__
Fair_ ._ _ _ _ ( Fair_. _ ._ _ _ - Moderate: slopes of
10 to 15 percent.
• Fair_ . _ Fair_. _ _ _ _ Moderate: slopes of
15 to 25 percent.
Fair
Fair
air
Fair_. _.
Slight.
Slight
Moderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight.
Slight_ _
Moderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent,
Severe: slow percola-
tion rate.
Severe: slow percola-
tion rate.
Severe: slow percola-
tion rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium.
percolation rate;
slopes of 10 to 15
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
od.erate: medium
percolation rate;
Elopes of 10 to 15
percent.
Moderate: depth to Severe: depth to
j rock is 2 to 5 feet. j rock is 2 to 5 feet.
Slight_ _
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes greater
than 10 percent.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent;
fair trathcability.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight_ _
• Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes greats
than 10 percent.
Severe: slopes greater
than 15 percent.
Slight:_ _._ _
Moderate: slopes of
0 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes greater
than 10 percent.
Slight... -- _

WAKE C"OLTNTY, NORTH CAROLIINA 101
aterpretationns----Continued
Degree of limitation for —Continued
Recreation ---Continued
Picnic areas
Intensive play area
Highway location
Soil. features affecting —
Farm ponds
Reservoir area.
Compacted
embankment
Sprinkler
irrigation
Slight,..-.
Slight
Moderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: fair
traflicability.
Moderate: fair
trafpicability.
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 15
percent.
Slight
Slight_
Slodera.te: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Slight_.._
Slight
Moderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight_
Slight..
Moderate: slopes
of 0 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10
percent; fair
t.rafficability.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight
federate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Unstable cut slopes.._
unstable cut slopes_--
Unstable cut slopes__
Highly plastic;
frost -susceptible
material; unstable
slopes.
Highly plastic;
frost -susceptible
material; unstable
slopes.
Highly plastic;
frost -susceptible
material; unstable
slopes.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Slight._ _ .. Frost -susceptible
material.
orate: slopes of Frost -susceptible
6 to 10 percent. material.
vere: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
rock_
Frost -susceptible
material.
Rock_
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meabiliy,
Slow permeability_
Slow permeability...
Slow permeability_
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate perinea-
bility.
loderate permea--
bility,
oderate permea-
bility,
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stabiliy; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
Low strength and
stability.; impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious-
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderately low or
low strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low or
low strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low or
low strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately rai i Moderate strength
permeability, and stability; nearly
impervious.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity,
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
lediurn available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
ow available
water capacity.

102
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.----Engincerin-g
Soil series and map symbols
Suitability as
source of --
Degree of limitation for —
Topsoil j Road fi11 j Homebuilding sites
Septic tank
absorption fields
Recreation
Campsites
Louisburg —Continued
(LoC, LwC, LwC2)
(For interpretations of the
Wedowee soils in LwC
and LwC2, refer to the
Wedowee series.)
(LoD)_ _11 Fair
Lynchburg (Ly)
Fair__ _
Fair to
poor.
Madison:
(MdB2)___-...____ { Fair.,.
(MdC2)
(MdD2)___ _-.-
(MdE2)-____.._...
'lantachie (M e)
Mayodan;
(MfB, MfB2)
(MfC, MfC2)
(MfD2).,._.._-
(MfE)...____.
(MgB, Mg82, MgC, MgC2)___j Poor._..
(MyB: MyB2)_..
(MyC, MyC2)..
Fair
Fair_
Fair_
Fair_____! Moderate: depth to
rock is 2 to 5 feet.
Good_ ___j
Fair
Moderate: depth to
rock is 2 to 5 feet;
slopes greater than
10 percent.
Moderate: flooding;
high water table.
Slight.
Fair_____! Slight
Fair_ Fair Moderate: slopes of
Fair
Fair
10 to 15 percent.
Moderate: slopes of
15 to 25 percent.
Fair to ! Fair_____I Severe: flooding;
good.
high water table.
Fair I Fair_ .. _ _ _ Slight
Fair Fair_
Slight..
Fair_.......__.; Fair_.- Moderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
air__ _ Moderate: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
_ Fair..___._. Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Fair_
Fair.,
Slight._
Slight.
Moderate: depth to
rock is 2 to 5 feet.
Moderate: depth to
rock is 2 to 5 feet.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate;
slopes of 10 to 15
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
_': Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
loderate: slopes of
10 to 15 percent,
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
liioderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate
Moderate_______._____
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes greater
than 10 percent..
Moderate: high
water table; fair
trafficability.
Slight
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Severe: high water
table.
Slight.._
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Moderate: coarse.
fragments.
Slight
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent..

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
interpretations Continued
103
{
Degree of limitation for —Continued
Soil features affecting—
tl.ecreation--Continued
Picnic areas
Slight'_-
11loderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: high
water table; fair
traf icability.
Sliglit_
Slight
loderate: slopes
of 10 to 15 per-
cent.
• Moderate: slopes
of 15 to 25 per-
cent.
Severe: high
water table.
Slight
Slight
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 15 per-
cent.
Moderate: slopes
of 15 to 25
percent.
loderate: coarse
fragments.
Slight_.
j Slight.
335-40,3--70•--3
Intensive play areas
Severe: rock
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
Percent.
Moderate: high
water table; fair
trafcability.
Sligh
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 1.0 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater tha
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Sea we: high
water table.
Slight
oderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
oderate: coarse
fragments.
Slight
Highway location
Rock_,__ ______-
Seasonally high
water table.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
High water table;
flooding.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost uscel
material.
Farm ponds
Reservoir area
Moderately rapic
permeability.
Moderately rapid
permeability.
loderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permet
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility,
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderately
rapid permea-
bility.
11oderate perinea-
bility.
ible Moderate permea-
bility.
Frost susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material,
Frost -susceptible
material.
oderate: slopes of 1 Frost -susceptible
6 to 10 percent. material.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Compacted
embankment
Moderate strength
and stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious.
1lloderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Sprinkler
irrigation
ow available
water capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.

104
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.-__- ng-in.rering
Soil series and neap sy
\iayeden--Continued
(MyDj_
Norfolk:
(NoA, NoB, NoB2)-
Suit:abilit�* a.s
source of
Fair
Fair.. _ - ..
(NoC, NoC2) Fair__
Orangeburg:
(OrE, OrB2)__.. Fair
(OrC2) fair
Pinkstou:
(PkC)
I Fair_____
(PkF) .. .._; Fair
Plummer (Ps)
Rains (Fla) - -
Roanoke (Rn)
Troup..._._ .. ..
(Mapped only in a complex
with Wagram soils.)
ce:
(VaB, VaB2)
(VaC2)
Road fill j Hornebuilding sites
Good
Good
oderate: slopes
greater that=_r 10
percent.
Slight
Good _ _ Slight
Degree of limitati
for --
Septic tank
absorption fields
e
Slight_
Recreation
Campsites
Severe: slopes gre:.ter
than 10 percent.
Slight
ht.,, Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Slight_.
Good__ _ Slight_ Slight.
Fair_ _...
Fair
Poor- - Fair__
Poor_
Poor_
Moderate.: depth to
rock 2 to 5 feet.
Moderate where
slopes are. 10 to 25
percent; depth to
rock 2 to 5 feet.
Severe where slopes
are greater than
25 percent-.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Fair_ _ Severe: flooding; high
water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
ir_ ,Slight
'air--_ __I Poor _
Fair_
Wagram:
(WaA, WaB, WgA)_________._-- Fair
(For interpretations of the
Troup soil in WgA, refer
to the Troup series.)
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Poor Severe: shrink. -swell
I potential.
Good._ _ _ _
Slight
Severe: depth to
rock 2 to 5 feet.
Severe: depth to
rock 2 to 5 feet.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flood
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
louerate: rapid
colation rate;
limited filtering
action.
Severe slow percola-
tion rate; shrink --
swell potential.
Severe: slow pereoln-
ton rate; shrink -
swell potential.
Slight
Slight
oclerate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Slight, where slopes
are 0 to 6 percent.
Moderate where slopes
are ti to 10 percent.
! Severe: slopes greater
than 10 percent.
Severe: flooding; highs
water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table,
t ere: flooding;
high water table.
Moderate: fair
tr Lthcability.
Moderate: fair t.ra the --
ability ; slopes of l%
to 10 percent,
Slight

WAKE CO1JNTY, NORTH CAIROLINA
nterpreta,tians----Continued
1.05
Degree of limitation for --Continued
H ecreation---Conti need
Picnic areas
Intensive play areas
Moderate: slopes of ::Severe: slopes
10 to 15 percent. greater than 10
percent.
Slight
Slight._
Slight_
Sligll
Slight: slopes of 0
to 10 percent.
Moderate where
slopes are 10 to 25
percent.
Severe where :slopes
are greater than 25
percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
glr neater table.
Slight.
jI Moderate: fair
trahcability. .
oderate: fair
traffi cability.
`iliglat_
Slight-_
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percen
Slight
Moderate: slopes of
u to 10 percent.
Severe: rock
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent; rock,
Severe: high water
table.
Severe: flooding;
high watt table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Moderate: fair
trafficabiiity.
Moderate: fair
trafficability_
j Moderate: fair
traffl c:a ball ty ;
( slopes of 6 to 10
percent.
j Slight..
Highway location
ost-susceptible
material,
None
None _
"one
None
ck
i Rock
High water table;
ditchbanks un-
stable,
High water table-.
Nigh water table
flooding.
able cut slopes-.
Frost -susceptible
inn tonal.
Frost -susceptible
material.
None_
Soil features affecting --
Farm ponds
Reservoir area,
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Iodera,te perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
oderately rapid
permeability.
Moderately raap
permeability.
rnaeahil-
M oderaate. permea-
bility.
S.
v tier
eabilit
Rapid perrneabil
ity.
Slow perrneahilit
Slow permea.bili
Moderate permea-
bility.
Compacted
embankment
Moderate to low
strength and staabil-
ity ; nearlyimper-
vious.
Moderate strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
:Moderate strength and
stability; imper-
viou;.
Moderate strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
Moderate strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
Moderate strength and
stability; pervious.
Moderate strength anti
stability; pervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; se.mipervi-
ous.
oric ra c' strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
oderatelylow strength
and stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
semipervioals.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity; impervious.
Moderately low
strength aau.d stabil-
ity; impervious.
federate to low
strength and sta-
bility; nearly
impervious.
Sprinkler
irrigation
odium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity,
odium available
water capacity.
odium available
water capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Medium available
hater capacity,
Medium available
water eapabity.
Very low avail. e
water capacit}'.
edium available
ble
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Low available
water capacity.

106
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6. Engineer"
ng
Soil series and map symbols
Vlv agrain—Contmnued
(WaC)_
Wahee (Wh)
Wake:
(WkC)...__.._
(WkE)
Wedowee:
(WrB, WmB2)._.
(WmC, WmC2)_..
(WmD2)___
(WmE)
Wchadkee (We, We) _.._.-.._ _--
(For interpretations of the
Bibb soil in We, refer to
the Bibb series.)
White Store:
(WsB, WsB2, WtB),.
(WsC,
(WsE)._._
(WvD3)__..____
Wilkes:
(W WC)___..
(WwE)
Suitability as
source of ---
Topsoil
Fair
Degree of limitation for --
Road fill j liomebuilding sites
Good Slight
Poor Poor E Severe: flooding;
high water table.
' Poor__-.._i Poor.-_-__i Severe: shallow to
rock,
1
Poor_..__-' Poor__ _ Severe: shallow to
Fair._ ... _ _ _ ( Fair. _
Fair __...__ Fair__
Frrir ._.___ Fair-.-
ir_ .., _ _ _ Fair-
1 Poor
Poor
Fair
Fair_
Poor
Poor
rock.
Slight..
Slight.
Moderate: slopes of
10 to 15 percent.
oderate: slopes of
15 to 25 percent.
vere: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Poor Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Poor-_-.__j Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Poor.___- Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Poor_____! Severe: depth to
rock I to 10 feet;
shrink -swell
potential.
Poor ___-._- Severe: depth to
rock 1 to 10 feet;
shrink -swell
potential.
Septic tank
absorption fields
Slight..
II ecrea.tion
Campsites
Moderate: elopes of
6 t.o 10 percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: Shallow to
rock.
Severe: shallow to
rock.
Moderate: inedilun
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: slopes of
10 to 15 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table
Seve::r•e: slow perco-
lation rate; shrink -
swell potential.
Severe: slow perco-
lation rate; shrink -
swell potential.
Severe: slow perco-
lation rate; shrink -
swell potential.
Severe: slow perco-
lation rate; shrink -
swell potential.
Severe: depth to
rock 1 to 10 feet:;
shrink -swell
potential.
Severe: depth to
rock 1 to 10 feet.;
shrink -swell
potential.
i Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Slight to moderate:
slopes of 2 to 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight•..
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent,.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Severe: flooding;
I high water table.
Moderate: fair
traffieability.
.Moderate: fair
traffieability; slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
I Severe: clayey ci
face layer.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
107
2 nterpr'etations--Con.tiliued
Degree of limitation for- Continued
Recreation ---Cot ti uti d
Picnic areas ! Intensive play areas
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 per-
cent.
Slight,.
verc: flooding;
high water table.
Slight
Moderate: slope,.
of 10 to 25
percent.
Slight
Slight..
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 15
percent.
Moderate: slopes
of 15 to 25
percent.
Severe: flooding:
high Ayn#ter table.
Moderate: fair
traH cability.
todcraate: fair
trafticability.
Moderate: fair
tra:flicability;
slopes greater
than 1.0 percent.
Severe: clayey
surface layer.
Moderate: fair
traftica,bility.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: rock
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight_
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Severe: Hooding;
high water table.
Moderate: fair
tra fhcabili ty.
Moderate: ate: fair
tra.fiicability;
slopes of 6 to 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: clayey
surface layer.
ItIodera.te: fair
Ira flica.bility.
Moderate: fair Severe: slopes
traffcability; greater than 10
slopes of 10 to 20 percent.
percent.
Nwte...
coding: high
water table.
flock
Rock..
ureeptihle
nia.terial.
Frost, susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
iraaateria1.
high water table;
Hooding.
s Ilighly plastic
material.
Highly plastic
material,
ighly plastic
materiel.
Highly plastic
material.
Rock
oC
Soil features affecting --
Farm ponds
It.ceervoir area
Compacted
embankment
oder.a•te perorea-
bility,
Slow perinea-
! bility.
Moderately rapid
permeability.
oderately rapid
permeability.
Moderate perrne t-
b ility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
loderate permea—
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate
bility.
ermea-
Moderate to low
strength and sta-
bility, nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and sta-
bility; nearly
impervious.
loderate st,rength and
stability; per-
vious.
Moderate strength amid
stability; per -
Ate strength amstability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity: nearlyimper-
vious.
'Slow perinea,- Low strength an
bility. stability: imper-
vious.Slow permea.- Low strength and
bility. stability: imper-
vious.
Slow perm ea- € Low strength and
bslityr. stability: imper-
vious.
Slow per ea- Low strength and
bility. stability: imper-
violls.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate
bility.
ermea-
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity: nearly imper-
vious,
loderately low
strength and stabil-
ity: nearly imper-
vious.
ler
irrigation
,ow- available
water capacity.
limoavailablewater capacity.
Very low
to l ble Wtttet
a 1p i c fty.
i Very low
available water
capacity.
ed am available
er capacity.
'Medium aavailablc
water capacity.
',Medium :Ivailahl€'
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
High available
water capacity.
High available
water capacity.
High available
water capacity.
High available
capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Low available
water capacity,.

108
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.---Erig2neerrng
Soil series and map symbols
Wilkes —Continued
(WwF)_.__
(WxE)_.
Suitability as
source of ----
Topsoil
Road fill
Iloruebuilding sites
Fair_ - Poor.. Severe: depth to
rock 1 to 10 feet;
shrink -swell
potential.
;Poor_ .__. ;Severe stoniness;
depth to rock 1. to
I 10 feet.
Worsham (Wy) __..._ .__•_!. Poor_
I'oorSevere: flooding;
high water table.
Reaction, or the degree of acidity or alkalinity, is
given in terms of pH values.
Shrink -swell potential indicates the expected change
in volume when the moisture content changes. It, is esti-
mated primarily on the basis of the amount and type of
clay in a soil. In general, soils classified as CH and A..--;
have high shrink -swell potential. Sandy soils have low
shrink -swell potential.
Engineering interpretations
Table 6 gives interpretations of the properties that
affect suitability of the soils for engineering. The ratings
as a source of topsoil are based on thickness, texture, fer-
tility', and available water capacity. For example,
droughty sands are given a rating of poor, but, Maass are
given a rating of fair to good, depending° on the thick-
ness of the soil material.
Suitability as a source of road fill is rated according
to texture, shrinkage., plasticity, water content, and the
degree of conapact.ive effort required to obtain the de-
sired density. The water content of the soil at the time
of n:e may a affect suitability for road fill. A clayey soil,
for example, is difficult to handle when it is wet,
The degree of limitation for home-building sites is
based on the hazard of flooding, the height of the water
table, slope,. shrink -swell potential, and depth to hard
rock.
The degree of limitation for sewage disposal in septic
tank absorption fields is rated according to permeability
of the soil, its --slope and filtering capability, the level of
the water table, and the hazard of flooding. Much of
Wake County is rural; therefore, septic tank absorption
fields are required for the disposal of sewage. Generally,
absorption fields installed in a poorly drained soil fail
because the soil is not permeable enough to absorb the
effluent. In wet, weather and for long periods afterward,
the soils are saturated and the water table is near the
surface. At such times, there is no space for outflow
Degree of limitation for ----
Septic tank.
absorption fields
Recreation
Campsites
Severe: depth to
rock 1.to10feet;
shrink -swell
potential.
Severe: depth to
rock 1 to 10 feet.
evere: flooding;
high water table.
Set ere: slopes
greater than 20
percent,.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Severe: t;oodin g;
high water table-.
from the septic tank and the movement of sewage ef-
fluent is very slow. Onsite investigation should be made
before a, septic tank absorption field is installed .in any
soil.
The degree of limitation for campsites is based on the
hazards of flooding and wetness, and on. trafiicability
and slope. Trafficability, as used here, refers to the
ability of a soil to support vehicles or other traffic dur-
ing normal. weather. Campsites are considered as are -as
suitable for tents and activities that accompany outdoor
living for periods of at least 1 week,
The degree. of ]imitation for picnic areas is based on
the hazards of flooding, wetness, and slope. Picnic area:
are places suitable for pleasure outings, where picJIi.c
tables and fireplaces are usually furnished, and where
meals can be prepared and eaten outdoors. Apart from
these facilities, only a small amount of site preparation
is needed.
The degree of limitation as areas for intensive play is
based on the slope, depth to hard rock, wetness, soil tex-
ture, and the amount of coarse fragments in and on the
soils, Areas for intensive play arc developed for use as
playgrounds and for playing organized games, as base-
ball, tennis, and, badminton.
The suitability of the soils for highways is affected, by
such soil characteristics, as plasticity, high water tal:ile,
water content, flooding, depth to hard rook, susceptibility
to frost, and stability of slopes. Durham soils. for ex-
ample, have no soil features that adversely affect their
use as locations for highways. 'Their water table is low
enough that it will not interefer with the construction
of roads, the soil material has good bearing capacity and.
is not difficult to compact, and permeability is moderate.
White Store soils, on the other hand, we -re rated as hav-
ing features that adversely affect the location of high-
ways. These soils are highly plastic, are slowly perme-
able, and have low bearing capacity (fig. 15) .

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLLNA
109
inttrpretations --Continued
Degree of limitation for —Continued
Reorcatiore—Cenlinued
Picnic areas
Severe: slopes
greater than 20
percent.
Moderate: slopes
of 15 to 25
percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
intensive play areas
Severe: slopes
greater than 20
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
percen t.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Highway location
Soil features affecting --
Farm ponds
Reservoir area Compacted
Rock Moderate
Rook
High, water table;
flooding.
The suitability of the soils for farm ponds is affected
principally by such characteristics as strength, stability,
and permeability of the compacted soil material. Esti-
mates of strength and stability are based on a standard
slope of 2.5:1 for dams less than 50 feet high. Flatter
side slopes make a more stable embankment. Perme-
ability of an undisturbed soil is the best indicator of
seepage. The permeability ratings used in table 6 range
from slow for firm clays to rapid for sands. As used in
table 6, pervious, 8C771;lpe7'2,q0U4, nearly imperviou,8, and
linperv1oir,8 refer to the relative permeability of com-
pacted embankments. Water losses are excessive in per-
vious soils and are significant in semipervious soils. They
are minor in nearly impervious soils and are almost
negliible in impervious soils.
Rainfall in Wake County is generally adequate for
agriculture but is not always well distributed during the
growing season. Some of the soils hold little water avail-
able to plants, and sprinkler irrigation is beneficial at
times. The main factors affecting suitability of the soils
for irrigation are available water capacity, permeability,
and rate of water intake. The Soil Conservation Service,
in cooperation with the North Carolina Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Agricultural Research Service, and
the Agricultural. Extension Service, has prepared an
"Irrigation Guide," which gives detailed information
useful in the planning and design of sprinkler irrigation
systems.
The soils are not rated in table 6 for suitability for
terraces, but terraces and other erosion control practices
are needed on the sloping soils that are cultivated. Ter-
races can be established on most soils in the county that
have a slope of not more than 6 percent, except those
that have a thick, sandy surface layer and those that are
shallow over bedrock. Most soils need smoothing to make
feasible the construction of parallel terraces, the use of
four -row equipment, and the improvement of row drain-
age.
Moderately slow
permeability.
Moderate
embn nkirien t
Moderately low
permeability, 1 strength and
stability; "really
impervious.
Moderately low
permeability. strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious_
Sprinkler
irrigation
ow available
water capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Adequate outlets are needed for safe disposal of sur-
face runoff from terraces, diversions, and other drainage -
ways. A cover of plants is needed in these drainageways.
Grade -control structures, such as pipe drops, drop spill-
ways, and sod chutes, as well as supporting agronomic
practices, are needed in places to control erosion.
Formation and Classification of Soils
In this section the factors that have affected the for-
mation and composition of soils in Wake County are dis-
cussed. In addition, the soils are classified according to
the current systemand are placed in their respective
great soil groups according to the old system of classi-
fication.
Figure 5 o dba
5©1
caved during a wet season. The
ore sandy loam.

110
SOIL SURVEY
Formation of Soils
Soil is the product of the combined effects of parent
material, climate, plant and animal life, relief, and time.
The characteristics of a soil at any given place depend.
r.apon the combined effects of these five environmental
factors at the particular place. All of these factors affect
the formation of every soil. In many places, however, one
or two factors are dominant and fix most of the prop-
erties of the soil.
Parent material
Parent material is the mass from which a soil is
formed. It is the factor that is primarily responsible for
the chemical and mineralogical composition of a soil,
and it is one of the most important factors that has
caused differences among the soils. Some major differ-
ences among. soils, such as those in texture, are easily
seen and- can be determined in the field. Minor differ-
ences in mineralogical composition are determined only
by careful laboratory analysis.
The parent material of the soils in Wake County
ranges from Precambrian to Tertiary in age. It differs
greatly from one part of the county to another in
mineral and chemical composition. Nevertheless, the
parent material of the soils in the county is of only three
main kinds---(1) material that, weathered from bedrock;
(2) Coastal Plain sediment; and (3) alluvium. The fol-
lowing paragraphs discuss the soils in relation to these
main kinds of parent material.
Material that 'weathered from. bedrock. --Cecil, App-
Ting, Durham, and Madison soils have formed in ma-
terial that weathered from mica gneiss, mica schist,
granite, and other acidic rocks that contain a large
amount of quartz. These soils have a surface layer of
sandy loam to loamy sand and a subsoil of red to yellow,
clayey material. The Louisburg and Wake soils, which
were derived from some of these same kinds of parent
material, have a surface layer of loamy sand to sand and
have a loaruv subsoil or no subsoil. These soils occur
throughout the county, except in the western part.
Lloyd and tenon soils have formed in material that
weathered from granodiorite, hornblende gneiss, and.
other basic rocks, or from mixed acidic and basic rocks.
They have a surface layer of loam to fine sandy_ loam
and a dark -red. to olive -yellow, clayey subsoil. Wilkes
soils have the same kind of parent material as the Lloyd
and Enon soils, and they have a surface layer of sandy
loam to silt, loam and a varicolored and varitextured
subsoil. Wilkes soils occur primarily northwest and west
of Raleigh.
Georgeville, Herndon, and other soils have. formed in
material that weathered from phyllite, one of the rocks
included in the Carolina slates. They have a surface layer
of silt loam and a red to strong -brown, clayey subsoil.
These soils have a high content of silt throughout their
profile. They occur primarily in the western part of the
county, but smaller areas are east of Zebulon and in the
southern part of the county.
The Mayodan, Granville, White Store, and Creedmoor
soils have formed. in material that weathered from the
Newark group of sedimentary rocks of Triassic age.
These rocks are primarily sandstone and shale, but they
include lesser amounts of mudstone, claystone, siltstone,
and conglomerate. The Mayodan, Granville, White More,
and Creedmoor soils have a surface layer of sandy loam
to silt loam and a varicolored, clayey subsoil. The White
Store and Creedmoor soils have a clay subsoil that is
very firm when moist and plastic when wet, and they
have, a high content of aluminum. The Pinkston soils,
which are derived from the same kind of parent material
as the White Store and Creedmoor soils, have a surface
layer of sandy loan and a subsoil of coarse loamy ma-
terial, or they lack a subsoil. Pinkston soils occur in the
western part of the county.
Coastal Plnvr, s'cc.lz ar..at,.--'I'lre soils that forn'e.c'1. in
Coastal Plain sediment, for example the Norfolk, Wag -
rarer, Fa.ceville, Orarrgeburo-, and Rains, have a surface
layer of loamy sand to fine sandy loam and a subsoil of
loamy to clayey material. Drainage of these soils ranges
from somewhat excessive to poor. These soils occur in the
southern part of the county.
Allary ,,i: --.-..The soils that formed in general alluvium
or in deposits of local alluvium are the Buncombe, Con-
garee, Clrewicla, Wehadkee Bibb, and Ma.ntachie. These
soils have a surface layer of sand to silt loam and a sub-
soil of sandy to fine loamy material. They occur along
streams and in upland depressions and draws throughout
the county, and they are somewhat excessively drained
to poorly drained.
Climate
Climate affects the physical, chemical, and biological
relationships of soils, primarily through the influence, of
precipitation and temperature. Water from rain and
snow dissolves minerals, is necessary for biological ac-
tivity, and transports minerals and organic residue
through the soil profile. The amount of water that actu-
ally percolates through the soil over a broad area de-
pends mainly on the amount and duration of rainfall,
the relative humidity, the rate of evapotranspiration,
and the, length of the, frost -free period. Temperature in-
fluences the kind and the growth of organisms and the
speed of physical and chemical reactions in the soils.
Wake County has a warm, humid climate. The average
annual temperature is 61° F., and the average annual
daily minimum temperature is 51 The average monthly
temperature ranges from 42° in January to 79° in July.
Precipitation is well distributed and averages 46.9 inches
per year. The amount of annual precipitation, however,
ranges from 50 inches, in the southern part of the
county, to 43 inches in the northwestern part. The mild
temperature and the abundant moisture cause rapid de-
composition of organic matter and hasten chemical re-
actions in the soils. The large amount. of rainfall leaches
out a large part of the soluble bases and moves less
soluble, fine material deeper in the soil.
The climate of the county varies only slightly from
place to place, and the small differences that occur have
probably not caused local differences in the soils. Never-
theless, the soils show the effects of climate in that they
are acid and have a profile that is strongly leached in
the upper part. Climate has also effected variations in
the plant and animal life of the county. The most, im-
portant effects that climate has had on the formation of

WAKE COUNTY,
NORTH CAROLINA 111
the soils is the alteration of parent material through
changes in temperature, through changes in the amount,
of precipitation, and through influence on plant, and
animal life.
Plant and animal life
Plants and animals modify the formation of soils to
some extent. The kinds and numbers of organisms in
and on the :Soil are determined, to a large extent, by the
climate and, to a varying degree, by the parent material,
relief, and age of the soils. Bacteria, fungi, and other
microscopic organisms aid in the weathering of rocks
and in the decomposition of organic matter. The larger
plants and animals furnish orgaxaic matter and transfer
elements from the subsoil, to time surface layer.
The activity of fungi and micro-organisms in the soils
of Wake County usually takes place only in the upper-
most few inches of the soil material. Earthworms and
other small invertebrates carry on a slow, but commons,
cycle of soil mixing, also mostly in the uppermost few
inches of soil material. Rodents have had little effect on.
the formation of soils in this county.
This county wits originally covered by a forest con-
sisting of many kinds of hardwoods and several kinds of
conifers. These trees took up elements from the subsoil
and added organic matter by depositing leaves, roots,
twigs, and eventually the whole plant• on the surface.
here, these plant rents iris decayed and were acted on by
micro-organisms, earthworms, and other forms of life
and by direct chemical reaction.
Organic matter decays rapidly in a well -drained soil,
but excess moisture, retards oxidation of ora•anic matter.
Therefore, decay is slow- in wet soils. Generally, the wet-
ter the soils the greater the accumulation. of organic
matter.
For the most part, plants and animals determine the
kinds of organic matter added to the soil and the way
in which the organic matter is incorporated in the soil.
They transfer plant nutrients from one horizon to an-
other, and often they transport soil material from one
horizon to another. Plants and animals also affect the
gains and losses in organic matter and the gains and
losses of nitrogen and other plant nutrients. They also
affect the soil structure and porosity of the soils and may
also effect some other soil characteristics.
Relief
Relief is largely determined by the kinds of rock
formations underlying the soils and by the geologic his-
tory of the area, including crustal movements, dissection
by streams, and the development of the landscape through
the retreat of slopes. Relief influences the formation of
soils through its effect on moisture relationships, erosion,
temperature, and the cover of plants. Its influence is
modified by the other factors of soil formation.
In Wake County the, slopes range from 0 to 45 percent.
The soils of uplands, such as the Cecil, Mayodan, and
Norfolk, have a thick, well -developed profile in areas
where the slope is less than 10 percent. Where the slope
is greater than 10 percent, geologic removal of soil mate-
rial is more rapid. As a result, many of the steeper soils,
for example the Wilkes, Pinkston, and Wake, have a
thin, poorly defined profile.
Relief largely determines the natural drainage of a
soil. As an example, several different, soils, such as the
Durham, which are well drained, the, Colfax, which are
somewhat poorly drained, and the Worsham, which are
poorly drained, have formed in similar parent material
but have different characteristics because of differences
in drainage,. The poorly drained soils have a dark -colored
surface laver and are nearly level. \lost soils that, formed
in alluvium also are nearly level.
Time
The length of time required for a soil profile to
develop depends on the other factors of soil formation.
Less time is required for profile development. in ar humid,
warm area, where, the cover of plants is dense thara in a
dry, cold areft where the cover of plants is sparse. Like-
wise, less time. is required for a soil profile to develop in
coarse -textured material than in similar, but liner tex-
tured material, even though the environment is the same
for both.
Soils wary considerably in age. Old soils ggenerally have
more distinct. horizons than young soils. In Wake County
the old soils on the smoother parts of the, uplands have
well-defined horizons. The younger soils that have steep
slopes as the result of geologic erosion are, generally shale
lower oye:c bedrock and have as less well developed profile
than the older soils. Young soils, such as those that have
formed in alluvium, have not been in place long enough
for well-defined horizons to have developed.
Classification of Soils
Soils are classified so that we can more easily remem-
ben their significant characteristics. Classitiea.tion enables
us to assemble knowledge about. the soils, to see their Te-
lationslaips to one another and to the whole environment,
and. to develop principles that help us to understand
their behavior and their response. to manipulation. First,
through classification, and then through use of soil maps,
we can apply our knowledge of soils to specific fields and
other tracts of land.
Thus, in classification, soils are placed in narrow- cate-
gories that are used in detailed soil surveys so that
knowledge about the soils can lie organized and applied
in managing farms, fields, and woodlands; in developingrural areas; in performing engineering work; and in
many other ways. They are placed inbroad classes to
facilitate study and comparison in large. areas, such as
countries and continents.
Two systems of classifying soils have been used in the
United States in recent years. The older system was
adopted in. 1938 (2) and later revised (1.). The system
currently used was adopted for general use by the Na-
tional Cooperative Soil Survey in 1965. The current, sys-
tem is under continual study. Therefore, readers inter-
ested in developments of the current, system should
search the latest literature available (12, 16).
In table 7 the family, subgroup, and order of the cur-
rent system are given for each soil series. Also given are
the great soil groups under the older system. Some soils
in this survey area do not fit any series recognized in the
current classification, but placing them in a new series
would not serve a useful purpose. Such soils are named

112
SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 7.--- Classification.
i,c soils
Soil series
Fancily
Subgroup
Order
Great soil group of tho 1938 system
Altavista
Apl>lirrg
Augusta_
Bibb_
Buncombe_
Cecil_
Chewacha__
Colfax
Congaree
Creednioor...
Durham
Enoui.._
Faceaille-_--
(iee-orgeville__
Goldsboro
Granville _
Helena_ _
Herndon_
Lloyd
Louisburg..
.
Lynchburg
l[a.dison
Iatitaelrio 1__-
Alay>od tu_
Norfolk_
Orangeburg _._
Pink -ton _ _
Fine -loamy, mixed, tlterrnic__-
Chayey, kaolinitic, thermic..._,____
Fine -loamy, mixed, thermic__ ___
Coarse loamy, siliceous, acid,
thermic..
Mixed, thermic_
Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic__
Fine -loamy, mixed, thermttie_.
Fite -loamy, mixed, ureic...
Fine -loamy, mixed, nonacid,
thermic.
Clayey, mixed, thermic.
Fine -loamy, siliceous, thermic__
Fine, mixed, thermic_
Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic___--
Clayey, kaolinttie, thermic_.__
Fine -loamy, siliceous, thermic__
Fine -loamy, siliceous, thermic__
Clayey, inrxod, thermic..._...__
Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic..__ _. .
Clayey, kaolinitme, thermic.___
Coarse -loamy, mixed, thermic.._.
Fine -loamy, , siliceous, thermic .
Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic.
Fine -loamy, siliceous, acid,
thermic.
Clayey, ktoliu tic, thermic_.._
line--loatny, siliceous, thermic..
Fine -loamy, ,siliceous, thermic_
Coarse -loamy, mixed, thermic_
Plummer ___ Loancv, n'i]iceous, thermic.____
Rains Fine -loamy, siliceous, thermic
Roanoke_ __ Clayey, mixed. thermic______
Troup___ Loaanty, siliceous, thermic___.
Vance__
Wagram
\Vallee 1._
Wake_
Wedowee
We:hndkce
White Store..
Worsham_
Clayey, mixed, thermic_
Loamy, siliceous, thermic._...
Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic__
Siliceous, thermic_
Clayey, kreliuitic, thermic,_
Fine -loamy, mixed, nonacid,
thermic.
Clayey, mixed, thermic.
Loamy, mixed, thermic, shallow_...
Clayey, mixed, thermic.._._ --
Aquic Hapludults..
Typic H.c,p'ludults_
Acne Ochraquults_
Typic Haplaquents__
Typie Ltdipstainments _ _ ..
Typie Hapludults_.._
Aquic F1uvenfic Dystro-
chre]'sts.
.Aquie Progiudttlts_
Typic Ldifluvercte___
Aquic Hapiudults_ _ _
Typic Hapiudult:s_.
L"ltic Hapltl dalfs...._
'Typic Paleud.ull _
Typie Hapluduits_ . _
Aquic Palc u.dults
Typic Hapludults_ Aquic H;apludults_
Typic Hapludults___
Typic Hapludults
ltrmptic-Ultic D-sstroclu•epts
Aerie Ochra:quult
Typic Haplu.dults__._._
Aerie Fluveirtie Hapin-
quel.:rts.
Typic Hapludcdt:s_,
Typic Paleudults.
Typic Paleudults_
Ruptic-tiltic Dystro-
ch.repts
Grossarenic Ochra.quults
Typie Ochritquults
Typic Ochraquults.__-.
Grossarenic Pai.endultg_
Typic 1-I l 'luduli- -._
Annie Paleud .Uts..
Aerie Ochra_aquults__
Lithic C'dipsaamnents_.
Typic Hapludult.s
Fit:ventic Haplaquepts_
t'ertic H.apludults__
Typic Ilapludnits .....
Typic Ochraqutrits__
El 'sots_ Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Ttltisols._ Red -Yellow Podzolic ,'oils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils inter -
grading toward Low-Humnie
Gley soils.
Entiaols_ Low—Humic Gley soils.
C ltlaoh_.
Entisols____
I iti,sols _ -
Incclrti oh..._
Ult sole__...
sole._
Lilt isols._
l'ltLsals__ _
Altisols.._
T1ltisols _ _
l ltisols_
L'lt,isol
Eft isole
t'ltisols
tiltisols.
Litisoic_
I;t epttsols
U1ti.ot___
-
Inceptisols____
L?1..5o1=s -
Lllt-i�;als_ __-
Inceptiso]s_._..
Latisols..__
Ultisols.
Litisol _.
T-it.isols_._ .
LJltisols_._
Litrrola _..
'Clt -cols,.__
Eutisol _._
L]t14 1V._ _
Ineept]zsols_
Llltisola._._ _
41fi or -_
l tisois_.
Alluvial soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Alluvial soils.
lied -Yellow Podzolic sails iirt(
grading toward Loa -Hume
Gley soils.
Ailuvitl soils,
Planosols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic ,soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils
inter„riding toward Planosols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Red --Yellow :Podzolic
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Planosols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Lithosols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils inter -
grading toward Low -Han is
Oley- soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Alluvial soils iniergrading
i arc a,rd Low-Humlc Clley
soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
fled -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Lithosols.
Low-Humic (;ley soils.
Low-Humie (Hey soils.
Low-Hurn_c (Rey soils.
Regosols,
Red Yellow Podzolic :wails.
Red-Yellov, Podzolic soils..
Planosols.
Lithosols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Alluvial soils intergrading
toward Low-Humic Gley
soils.
Pla:nosois.
Lithosols.
Low-Humic °ley Soils.
These soils are taxudjunets to the respective series. They are enough like the series that a new series is not
for the series they strongly resemble., because they differ
from that series in ways too small to be of consequence
in intert)reting their usefulness or behavior. Soil scien-
tists designate such soils as taxadjuncts to the series for
which they are named.•
In this survey, soils named as members of the Con-
garee, Mantachie, Wahee, and Weba,dkee series are tax -
adjuncts to those series. Soils of this survey area that
were placed in the Congaree series are more acid than
typical for that series; those in the Mantachie series are
ranted,
less clayey and are nonacid; those: in the Wahee series
have a: subsoil that is slightly brighter colored; and
those included with the, •Wehaclkee series are more :acid.
Additional Facts About the County
This section gives general facts about Make County.
ft describes physiography, relief, drainage, water supply,
and climate. It also discusses briefly the history and de-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLI 'A 1.13
velopruent and gives facts about commerce and industry
in the county. Facts about the water supply and about
physiography, relief, and drainage were taken largely
from a manuscript on file at the North Carolina Depart-
ment of Water Resources.s
Physiography, Relief, and Drainage
Wake County is part of an uplifted. peneplain, dis-
sected in places by a network of streams that generally
flow in a southeasterly direction. The part of the county
in the Coastal Plain province has relief typical both of
that in the Piedmont physiographic province and that
of the Coastal Plain. Because of this overlapping of
physiographic characteristics, the area is considered to
be. a transitional zone between the Piedmont uplands
and the Coastal Plain and is often referred to as the fall
zone or fall line.
Throughout the county, erosion has altered the origi-
nal relief. Most areas are gently rolling, but the areas
between streams are broad and flat. No hills stand. out
prominently above the general land surface. The areas
in which relief is most broken are near large streams,
where the differences i.n elevation range from 50 to 100
feet from the highest to the lowest points.
Differences in elevation are more pronounced in the
eastern part of the county than in the southeastern
part. The highest point in the county, about 510 feet
above sea level, is a quarter of a mile north of Leesville.
The lowest point, about 160 feet above sea level, is a half
mile southeast of Shotwell, where Marks Creek flows
into Johnston County. Raleigh, in the centred part, of the
county, is about 350 feet above sea level.
In most places a thick layer of soil material and of
soft, weathered rock overlies the bedrock. in some parts
of the county, where road cuts are deep, this soft,
weathered. material is exposed to depths greater than
20 feet. Stone lines that. are apparent at various depths
in many places indicate that; repeated cutting and filling
occurred until the present landscape, mainly of broad
ridges and of smooth, gentle side slopes, became fairly.
stable.
The Neuse River and its tributaries drain, about, SO
percent of the county, but the southwestern part is
drained by tributaries of the Cape Fear River. The
.reuse River and many of its larger tributaries are ante-
cedent; streams that flow in a southeasterly direction. The
direction of flow of the smaller streams is primarily con-
trolled by the regional structure and resistance to erosion
of the underlying rocks.
Because of differences in relief, the natural surface
drainage is generally medium to rapid. It is slow, how-
ever, on some nearly level interstream divides and on the
flood plains of streams. In the part of the county called
the Triassic Basin, the. valleys are U-shaped and the
food plains are fairly wide. This basin is a swampy de-
pression or lake where the rock and mineral deposits
were made during the Triassic period. In other parts of
the comity, the valleys are V-shaped and the flood plains
are .generally narrow.
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES. GEOLOGY
AND GROUND -WATER RESOURCES IN TILE-RALEIGH AREA, NORTH CARO-
LINA, [Open file manuscript]. 179 pal., illns. 196G.
Water Supply
Water for domestic and industrial uses is obtained
from wells and from surface sources in Wake County.
The. ground water is suitable for most uses. All of the
rocks in the county, except those of Triassic age, are
good aquifers. Springs are rarely used as a source of
water, because their yield is small and generally the
springs are inaccessible.
Drilled wells are the most common type in this county,
but there, are a number of bored wells and a few that
are dug. Wells that penetrate granite or metamorphic
rocks generally yield an a.dectuate amount of water for
domestic use. A yield of 10 to 15 gallons per minute can
be obtained from wells that penetrate the saprolite that
overlies granite, or it can be obtained from the uncon-
solidated Coastal Plain sediment. The yield from soils
that overlie rocks of Triassic age generally is only 3 to
6 gallons per minute. Where a larger yield is required
wells should be located in areas where the potential
sources of ground water appear to be the most favor-
able. Visible features that indicate a favorable source of
ground water are fracture zones, quartz veins, deeply
weathered areas, intruded dikes, and draws, depressions,
or other low spots in the landscape. The best yielding
wells in rocks of Triassic age are located near diabase
dikes.
The largest number of wells in this county is on the
broad upland flats. Many wells are on the tops of hills,
however, some are. on the side slopes, and a few are in
draws. The average depth of these wells is 157 feet. The
yield ranges from 0 to 2e}5 gallons per minute, but the
average yield is 17 gallons per minute. The diameter of
drilled wells used as ti source of water for domestic use
is 3 to 8 inches; that of drilled wells used to supply iii-
dustrial and municipal needs is 6 to 20 inches.
In rural areas wells are the source of practically all
of the water needed for domestic use. Water for munici-
palities comes both from wells and from surface sources.
Raleigh, Wake Forest, and Apex obtain water from
stream -fed, manmade lakes; Zebulon obtains about one-
fourth of its supply of water from four wells, and the
rest from Privetts Pond on the Little River; and Cary
obtains part of its supply from 14. ~wells and part from
the city of Raleigh. Other municipalities in the county
obtain all their supply of water from wells.
Climate
'\Vake, County has a moderate climate. The weather is
rarely extremely rigorous, though constantly changing
weather patterns that affect the area, bring a. variety of
weather that is changeable both by seasons an.d within
seasons. The climate is determined, to some extent, by
the latitude. Also, the county is located near the central
part of North Carolina. It is about halfway between the
Appalachian Mountains, on the northwest, -and the At-
lantic Ocean, on the southeast, and it is protected from
e.li.matic extremes, to some degree, both by the mountains
and the ocean. In winter the mountains serve as an ef-
fective barrier to the cold fronts that frequently move
down across 'the Central Plains -from Canada. The moue
By A. V. HARDY, State climatologist of North Camlin

114
SOIL SURVEY
tains turn aside some weak cold fronts so that those
fronts never reach the county. The stronger cold fronts
are modified, to some extent, as they cross the moun-
tains.
When winds blow from directions ranging from north-
- east or east to southwest, the effects of the Atlantic
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the inland bodies of
water that occupy much of the eastern part of North
Carolina are most strongly felt. The temperature of
these bodies of water changes much less rapidly with
changes hi the seasons than does that of masses of land.
Seasonal variations in the temperature of land areas
crossed by air that has passed over these bodies of water
tend to be minimized. Also, the air picks up a significant
amount of moisture as it passes over the water, and it
releases this moisture in the form of rain or snow when
it passes over the land.
Lesser influences, for example, relief, cause variations
in climate within the county, even within short dis-
tances. The county is mostly gently rolling. It is mainly
between 300 and 500 feet above sea level, though some
areas are higher than 500 feet and some are lower than
200 feet. These differences in relief and in elevation
cause some differences in temperature.
Records of temperature and precipitation have been
kept at several places within the county, and all have
been considered in preparing this study of the climate.
The longest period of record is that maintained. since
1887 to the present time by the U.S. Weather Bureau in
or near the city of Raleigh. The most complete record
in rural areas is that at the Weather Bureau Airport
Station at Raleigh-liurharn Airport. That record was
begun in 1944 and has been kept continuously since that
time.
\1 onth
Average
daily
n axlrnuni
Table 8 gives facts about temperature and precipita-
tion in Wake County, When that table was prepared,
consideration was given to all available data for this
county. Where feasible, the data were adapted so that
they would be representative of temperature and pre-
cipitation in rural areas in the centralpart of the county,
as well as of those in other parts.
TEMPERATURE. -The first columns of table 8 indicate
both the average temperatures and the average van -
ability of temperature in Wake Count.~,-. The highest,
temperature ever officially recorded within the county
occurred on 2 different days in July 1952, when a i'0111-
pentture of 103° F. was reached. The lowest, tempera are
of record is 2° below zero, which occurred in February
Is99. Only once since 1899 has the temporalalie reached
zero or below. During warm spells during any month in
winter, the temperature occasionally reaches as high as
S0°, and during cold snaps in summer, the temperature
sometimes drops as low as the forties. Rarely. however,
does a temperature as high as SO' occur in winter or a
temperature as low as the forties occur in summer.
Figure 16 shows the probabilities that a specified tern
perature will occur on or before the specified dates in
spring or before the specified date in fall, Local diifer--
ences in temperature, especially in minimum tempera-
ture, can be caused by differences in relief and by the
presence of cities or community developments.
In calm, clear weather, heat is radiated from open,
unsheltered earth surfaces at night; the surfaces cool
rapidly and, in turn, cool the layer of air in contact
with them. Air, thus cooled, is heavier than warm. air.
It flows downhill to the lowest spots and accumulates in
any closed basin in the area, Continued radiation and
air drainage during a clear night, can produce a differ -
TABLE S.-Tciaperatqcre and precipitation.
[Elevation, 400 feet]
or lVak'e Con ty, N.C.
Ten pc,'rabturo
Average
daily
Inin'II fun
Two year: in 10 will have at
Least 4 day with
\lax an urn Iiniruum
I'InpentLur' ! tempera tare
equal to or r equal to or
hi her than- ! lower than-
F. I''.
January 51 33 69
February 53 34 i 72
March 61 41 ` 76
April 71 , 49 • 36
i 79 58 91
June .------_ _ _i 86 ! 66 97
July___- 58 69 : 97
August 87 68 96
September 82 63 91
October .- 72 ! 52 , 86
November_._ 61 42 77
December__ ....... _ 52 ' 34 67
Year 70 51 4 99
r.
15
19
24
33
43
54
61
)9
47
34
26
15
12
total
Pm'ecipitatlotc
One year in 10
trill have -
Less
than -
More
hen- ;
lecher lades i IneheS
3. 3 1. 6 6. 6
3. 5 , 1. 2 5. 4
3.7 I 1.6 6.0
3.8 1.8 5. 4
3.8 1.2 6 3
3, 9 1. 8 8. 0
5. 9 2. 6 10, 0
5. 4 1. 4 9. 7
4.6 1.3 6.4
2.8 . 5 6.2
3. 0 ; 1. 1 7. 0
3. 2 ! 1, 7 6. 1
46.9 1 36.1 55.0
Days
with
Grow
CO
0
0,
1
Avert;
depth of
snow on
da,y'; with
now
cover
Soil
tempe `L-
ture at
4-inch
depth
I An average of 4 daily observations made at 6-hour intervals.
2 Less than one-half day.
2 Less than one-half inch.
1 Average annual highest temperature.
5 Average annual lowest temperature.
40
42
59
48
67
76
'79
79
73
63
52
43
60

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
ence of several degrees in minimum temperatures within
a short distance. As a result, frost and freezing tempera-
tures can occur in one area while the temperature in a
nearby area is above freezing. When dense clouds cover
an area, or when winds blow continuously throughout
the night, no pockets of cold air form, and temperatures
remain fairly uniform throughout the county.
PRECIPITATION. —The amount of precipitation de-
creases gradually from the southeastern part of the
county to the northwest. The average amount recorded
for any given location depends, to a great extent, on the
length of the period of years of record. The average
amount recorded for a given period, even for a period
as long as 25 to 30 years, can vary noticeably from the
average for an earlier or a later period of similar length.
Comparisons of figures for precipitation for a recent
10-year period, when the period during, which records
were kept was the same for all stations, indicate that the
average precipitation is about, 50 inches or more per
year in the southeastern part of Wake County, about 47
inches in the central part, and only about 43 inches along
the northwestern edge of the county at the Raleigh -
Durham Airport. These figures agree fairly well with
those for older periods in which amounts of precipita-
tion were recorded for the same general areas. No re-
cent observations are available for the extreme southern
and the extreme northern parts of the county.
In spite of these minor variations, precipitation is
generally plentiful and is well distributed throughout,
the year. Distribution during a particular rain, how-
ever, can vary a great deal. The amount of rain received
in a storm in summer, generally in a thundershower, is
especially likely to vary greatly within a short distance.
Individual thunderclouds are sometimes effective in only
a small area, and they sometimes cause copious rain in
one part of the county while another part has less rain
or no rain. Sometimes an area is repeatedly missed by
such small-scale summer rains, and it thus becomes dry
enough that supplemental irrigation is necessary for
crops to grow well. Rains in winter are usually the re-
sult of large, moving, low-pressure storms. The amount
of moisture these storms bring is likely to be more nearly
uniform throughout the county than that received. in a
storm in summer.
Thunderstorms in summer occasionally bring rain
heavy enough that it causes damage. In a given area of
the county, rain amounting to as much as 2 inches in a
single hour is to be expected on an average of about once
in 5 years; rain amounting to 4 inches or more in an
hour is to be expected only about once in 50 years. In
some areas of the county, heavy rain may occur almost
every summer, but the area affected is generally small.
Data for snow, given in table 8, were mostly derived
from records kept during recent years at the Raleigh -
Durham Airport, but averages for the entire county were
also considered. Though snow may fall at any time dur-
ing the period from November through March, it is most
likely to accumulate and remain on the ground in Janu-
ary and February. A few of the heaviest snows have
fallen early in March, but these storms occur rarely and
the snow generally melts quickly. Earlier records, not
used in accumulating data for table 8, indicate that a
heavy snow once fell in April.
PROBABILITY IN PERCENT
PROBABILITY IN PERCENT
2-
5 —
10-
20-
30-
40-
50
20-
30—
,1°-
50
10 2
FEBRUARY
10 20
SEPTEMBER
SPRING
20 30 10 20
ARCH I APRIL
CALENDAR DATE
FALL
115
10 20 30
MAY I
20 30 10 20 30 10 20
OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
CALENDAR DATE
Figure 16.—Probability that the temperature in an open, level area
in Wake County will be 16°, 20", 24, 28, 32, 36, or 40° F. after
the dates indicated in spring and before the dates indicated in fall.
STORMS. Summer thunderstorms are sometimes ac-
companied by hail, damaging winds, or both. Hail or
windstorms usually affect only a small area, however,
and a given area is not likely to be damaged by these
storms more than once in many years. Once in a great
many years, a small tornado accompanies a thunder-
storm, and serious damage is inflicted in a small area.
The likelihood is negligible, however, that any given
place will be affected by such a storm. At times in most
summers, the velocity of the wind is strong enough that
the, limbs of trees are broken and antennas or signboards
are damaged. Also, hail that noticeably punctures to-
bacco leaves falls at times. The areas affected by these
windstorms or hailstorms are generally small.
Sleetstorms or glaze, winter cold fronts, and tropical
hurricanes are other storms that sometimes affect the
weather of Wake County. Sleet sometimes accumulates
on the ground like snow. Glaze results when rain falls

116
SOIL SURVEY
in freezing weather and forms a layer of ice that ac-
cumulates on the surface where it falls. Periods of glaze,
sometimes called ice storms, occur less frequently in this
county than in the western and extreme northern parts
of the Piedmont, but they occasionally cause breakage
of trees, shrubs, and communication lines. Usually, win-
ter cold fronts must cross the mountains to reach this
area. Therefore, they lose much of the force with which
they pass over the Great Plains. Tropical hurricanes
rarely cause serious damage this far inland. They some-
times cause an increase in precipitation and bring winds
of moderate force.
OrmrFAc•rors THAT AFFECT CLIMATE. --Other fac-
tors besides temperature, precipitation, and storms affect
climate. Among these are wind, sunshine, and humidity.
The prevailing direction of the wind in this county is
from the southwest, but the wind blows from the north-
east almost as much as from the southwest. It blows
from the northeast, especially in autumn. The average
velocity of the wind near the earth's surface is 8 miles
per hour. The average velocity is higher iii early after-
noon and is lower between midnight and dawn than at.
other times.
The sun shines more than half the total number of
daylight hours. The time during which the sun shines
ranges from half the possible time in winter to two-
thirds or more of the possible time late in spring and
early summer.
The average relative humidity is about 70 percent
year round. The. average daily variation ranges from
about 50 percent. in midafternoon to 85 to 90 percent at
sunrise. The relative humidity varies slightly according
to the season. The average humidity is lowest in spring
and highest late in summer.
History and Development
The first settlers to arrive in what is now Wake
County came from Halifax about 1741. In 1760 one of
these settlers built his home in the area that is now the
city of Raleigh. The county was formed in 1771 from
parts of Johnston, Cumberland, and Orange Counties
and was named for the Wake family.
The early settlers grew corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and
some cotton on the uplands and used the grassy areas
along streams for grazing cattle and hogs. Because only
crude implements were available for cultivation and
most of the work was done by hand, returns from farm-
ing were small, Most farmers owned a mill for grinding
corn and wheat, and a distillery for processing surplus
grain and fruit. They also produced turpentine and tar,
but those products were of only minor economic im-
portance.
At first, the settlers did little trading outside of their
own area, but later they began to take flour, pork, and
tobacco to New Bern to trade for commodities that they
could not produce. Still later, after the Cape Fear River
came into use for navigation, Fayetteville became the
market for the eastern, southern, and western parts of
the county. Petersburg, Va., was the preferred market
for farmers in the northern part of the county, and
large riuinbers of cattle were driven there.
The development of Wake County and of the city of
Raleigh were closely associated. Atter the country be-
came independent, North Carolina's General Assemblies
met, in many different places, but they had no place to
store their State records. When they met in 1.778, it was
resolved that a permanent site be selected for a State
capital. A tract of 1,000 acres was selected for the State
capital and was purchased at a price of S2,750. The city
was planned and was laid out while it was still in forest
and farmland, and it was named Raleigh for the English
adventurer, Sir Walter Raleigh.
The history of the county is closely linked to the de-
velopment: of the railroads. Between 1856 and 1870, the
towns of Cary, Garner, ;Morrisville, Apex, Zebulon, and
Fuquay Springs sprang up along the railroad rights -of -
way, and those communities are still active. The develop-
ment of the towns of Holly Springs, Wake Forest, Wen-
dell, and Knightd ale was also influenced by the growth
of the raiilroad.s.
As late as 18'79, cotton was the most, important. crop.
Corn amid small grains were grown on large acreages,
however, and only small acreages were used to grow
sweetpotatoes, hay, and tobacco. Ten years later, the
acreages of cotton, corn, and wheat had decreased con-
siderably and the acreages of tobacco, oats, rye, sweet -
potatoes, and hay had increased (9). This marked the
beginning of a trend that has continued into the present;
decade. Cotton is now of only minor importance. To-
bacco contributes a major part of the gross farm income.
Cattle, poultry, and hogs are raised. extensively ; in-
c.onie from sales of livestock and livestock products ac-
counted for more than a fifth of the gross farm income
in 1904. Over the past several decades, industry, com-
merce, and research have increased steadily in their con-
tribution to the economic life of the county.
Commerce and Industry
Government and education are extremely important
to the economic life of Wake County. Government at all
levels employs a great number of people.
Since 1.953, manufacturing has grown al great deal.
Many people aro employed in electronics, in metal fabri-
cation, and in the manufacture of machinery, apparel,
textiles, food items, chemicals, and a number of other
products.
The Research Triangle concept, built around Duke
University in Durham, the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, and North. Carolina State University at
Raleigh, has been one of the. great spurs to the indus-
trialization of this area. This concept; led to the esta,b--
lishment of a 5,000-acre industrial park to be used for
research and research -oriented industries. The Research
Triangle Park has attracted leading research firms, and
these firms, in turn, have attracted leading manufac-
turers to _the area.
Wake. County is also a distributing and wholesaling
center. Food distributors, who serve the. eastern purls
of the Carolinas, are among the most important of these
distributors and wholesalers. Numerous retail stores, in-
surance companies, utility companies, and others not
only serve the communities but. also provide employment
for many people.

Literature Cited
(1)
WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS.
1961. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY MATERIALS
AND METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING. Ed. 8,
2 v., Plus.
(2) BALDWIN, M., KELLOGG, C. E., and THORP, JAMES.
1938. SOIL CLASSIFICATION. U.S. Dept. Agr. Ybk.: 979-
1001, illus.
BROADFOOT, W. M., and KRINARD, R. M.
1959. GUIDE FOR EVALUATING SWEETGUM SITES. U.S. For-
est Serv. South. Forest Expt. Sta., Occasional
Paper 176, 8 pp.
(3)
(4)
(5)
1963. GUIDE FOR EVALUATING WATER OAK SITES.
est Serv. Res. Paper SO-1, 8 pp.
CHAIKEN, L. E., and NELSON, T. C.
1959. SITE CURVES FOR PIEDMONT' VIRGINIA PINE.
est Serv., S.E. Forest Expt. Sta. Res.
2 pp.
(6) COrLE, T. S.
1952. SOIL AND THE GROWTH OF FORESTS. Advances in
Agron. IV : 329-398, 2 pp.
and SCHI:MACIIER, F. X.
1953..SITE INDEX OF LORLOLLY ANT) SHORTLEAF PINES IN
THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU REGION. Jour. Forestry
51: 432-435.
MCALPINE, ROBERT G.
1959. FLOODING KILLS YELLOW -POPLAR. Forest Farmer 19
(3) : 9, 13-14, Plus.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
1896. NORTH CAROLINA AND ITS RESOURCES. 413 pp., illus.
Winston, N.C.
(10) OLSON, D. J.
1959. SITE INDEX CURVES FOR UPLAND OAK IN THE SOUTH-
EAST. U.S. Forest Serv., S.E. Forest Expt. Sta.
Res. Note 125, 2 pp.
(11) OOSTING, H. J., and HESS, D. W.
1956. MICROCLIMATE AND RELICT STAND OF TSUGA CANADEN-
SIS IN THE LOWER PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Ecol. 37: 28-39, illus.
(12) SIMONSON, ROY. W.
1962. SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES. SCi.
1.37: 1027-1034.
(13) THORP, JAMES, and SMITH, GUY. D.
1949. HIGHER CATEGORIES OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ORDER,
SUBORDER, AND GREAT SOIL GROUPS. S011 SCI. 67:
117-126.
(14) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
1.929. VOLUME, YIELD, AND STAND TABLES FOR SECOND -
GROWTH SOUTHERN PINES. Mlsc. Pub. 50, 202 pp.
(Out of print)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(15)
(16)
U.S. For-
U.S. For -
Note 135,
1951. SOIL SURVEY MANUAL. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook
18, 503 pp., illus.
1960. SOIL CLASSIFICATION, A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM,
7TH APPROXIMATION. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Con-
servation Service, 265 pp., illus. (Supplement is-
sued in March 1967)
(17) WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
1953. THE UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. Tech.
Memo, No. 3-357, 3 v., Plus.
Glossary
Acidity, soil. See Reaction, soil.
Alluvium. Soil material, such as sand, silt, or clay, that has
been deposited on land by streams.
Available water capacity. The capacity of a soil to hold water
in a form available to plants. The amount of moisture held
in a soil between field capacity, or about one-third atmos-
phere of tension, and the wilting point, or about 15 atmos-
pheres of tension. Commonly expressed as inches of water
per inch of soil.
117
Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than
0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a textural class, soil material
that is 40 percent or more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and
less than 40 percent silt.
Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease with which a
lump can be crushed by the fingers. Terms commonly used to
describe consistence are —
Loose. Noncoherent; the soil does not hold together in a mass.
Friable. When moist, the soil crushes under gentle to moder-
ate pressure between thumb and forefinger and can be
pressed together into a lump.
Firm. When moist, the soil crushes under moderate pressure
between thumb and forefinger, but resistance is distinctly
noticeable.
Plastic. When wet, the soil is readily deformed by moderate
pressure but can be pressed into a lump; forms a wire
when rolled between thumb and forefinger.
Sticky. When wet, the soil adheres to other material, and
tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart, rather than to
pull free from other material.
Hard. When dry, the soil is moderately resistant to pressure
and is difficult to break between the thumb and forefinger.
Soft. When dry, the soil breaks into powder or individual
grains under very slight pressure.
Cemented. Hard and brittle; little affected by moistening.
Creep, soil. The downward movement of masses of soil mate-
rial, primarily through the action of gravity. The movement
is generally slow and irregular. It occurs most commonly
when the lower part of the soil is nearly saturated with
water, and it may be facilitated by alternate freezing and
thawing.
Drainage, natural. Refers to moisture conditions that existed
during the development of the soil, as opposed to altered
drainage, which is commonly the result of artificial drainage
or irrigation but can be caused by the sudden deepening of
channels or the blocking of a drainage outlet, The following
seven different classes of natural drainage are recognized:
Ewcessively drained soils are commonly very porous, are rapid-
ly permeable, and have low water -holding capacity.
Somewhat excessively drained soils are also very permeable
and are free from mottling throughout their profile.
TVell-drained soils are nearly free from mottling and are com-
monly of intermediate texture.
Moderately well drained soils commonly have a slowly perme-
able layer in or immediately beneath the solum. They have
uniform color in the A and upper B horizons and have
mottling in the lower B and C horizons.
Somewhat poorly drained soils are wet for significant periods
but not all the time.
Poorly drained soils are wet for long periods, are light gray,
and generally are mottled from the surface downward,
though mottling may be absent or nearly absent in some
soils.
Very poorly drained soils are wet nearly all the time. They
have a dark -gray or black surface layer and are gray,
light gray, or without mottling in the deeper parts of the
profile.
Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by wind,
running water, and other geologic agents.
First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, subject to fre-
quent or occasional flooding.
Flood plain. Nearly level land, consisting of stream sediment,
that borders a stream and is subject to flooding unless pro-
tected artificially.
Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the sur-
face, that has distinct characteristics produced by soil -
forming processes and that differs in one or more ways
from adjacent horizons in the same profile. These are the
major soil horizons:
0 horizon. The layer of organic matter on the surface of a
mineral soil. This layer consists of decaying plant residue.
A horizon. The mineral horizon at the surface or just below
an 0 horizon. This horizon is the one in which living or-
ganisms are most active, and it is therefore marked by
the accumulation of humus. The horizon may have lost one
or more of soluble salts, clay, and sesquioxides (iron and
aluminum oxides).

118
SOIL SURVEY
B horizon. The mineral horizon below an A horizon. The B
horizon is in part a layer of change from the overlying A
to the underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has dis-
tinctive characteristics caused by accumulation of clay,
sesquioxides, humus, or, some combination of these; by
prismatic or blocky structure; by redder or stronger col-
ors: or by some combination of these characteristics. The
combined A and B horizons are usually called the solum,
or true soil. If a soil lacks a B horizon, the A horizon
alone is the solum.
C horizon. The weathered rock material immediately beneath
the solum. This layer, commonly called the soil parent
material, is presumed to be like that from which the over-
lying horizons were formed in most soils. If the under-
lying material is known to be different from that in the
solum, a Roman numeral precedes the letter C.
B. layer. Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The rock gen-
erally underlies a C horizon but may be immediately
beneath an A or B horizon.
Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the immediate
surface of soil or other material, as contrasted with per-
colation, which is movement of water through soil layers or
material.
,lloiflcd. Irregularly marked with spots of different colors that
vary in number and size. Mottling in soils usually indicates
poor aeration and lack of drainage. Descriptive terms are as
follows : Abundance ---few, common, and many; size —fens°,
rin'tlium., and coarse; and contrast —faint, distinct, and prom-
inent, The size measurements are these: Fine, less than 5
millimeters (about 0.2 inch) in diameter along the greatest
dimension; medium, ranging from 5 to 15 millimeters (about
0.2 to 0.6 inch) in diameter along the greatest dimension;
and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch) in
diameter along the greatest dimension.
Pod. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a crumb,
a prism, or a block, in contrast to a clod.
Permeability, soill. The quality of a soil horizon that enables
water or air to move through it. Terms used to describe
permeability are as follows : Very slow, slow, moderately
slow, moderate, moderately rapid, rapid, and very rapid,
Plinthitc. The sesquioxide-rich, humus -poor, highly weathered
mixture of clay with quartz and other diluents that common-
ly shows as red mottles, usually in platy, polygonal, or retic-
ulate patterns. Plinthite changes irreversibly to hardpan or
to irregular aggregates upon repeated wetting and drying,
or is the hardened relict of the soft, red mottles. It is a form
of laterite.
Reaction, soil. The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil, ex-
pressed i.n pH values. A soil that tests to pH 7.0 is precisely
neutral in reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline.
An acid soil is one that gives an acid reaction ; all alkaline
soil is one that is alkaline in reaction. In words, the degrees
of acidity or alkalinity are expressed thus:
pH
Extremely acid Below 4.5
Very strongly acid.__4.5 to 5.0
Strongly geld_ _ .___.5.1 to 5.5
Medium a.cid_...__..___._.5.6 to 6.0
Slightly acid__..___.__....___6.1 to 6.5
pH
Neutral _6.6 to 7.3
Mildly a.lF:a.line_._._._._,__7.4 to 7.8
Moderately nikaline___7A) to 8.4
Strongly alkaline_.___. 8.5 to 9.0
Very strongly alkaline
9.1 and higher
Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral fragments
ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters. in diameter.
Most sand grains consist of quartz, but, sand may be of any
mineral composition. As a textural class, soil that is 85 per-
cent or more sand and. not more than 10 percent clay.
Sesqu.ioxid's. Oxides having trivalent; cations, as iron or alumi-
num oxides,
Silt. Asa soil separate, individual mineral particles that range
from the upper limit of clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower
limit of very fine sand (0.05 millimeter). As a textural class,
soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 percent
clay.
Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body on the earth's surface
that supports plants and that has properties resulting from
the integrated effect of climate and living matter acting
upon parent material, as conditioned by relief over periods
of time.
Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil particles into
compound particles or clusters that are separated from ad-
joining aggregates and have properties unlike those of an
equal mass of unaggregated primary soil particles. The prin-
cipal forms of soil structure are --platy (laminated), pris-
matic (vertical axis of aggregates longer than horizontal),
columnar (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or
suhangular), and granular. Structure/cgs soils are (1) single
grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or (2) mas-
sive (the particles adhering together without any regular
cleavage, as in many claypaus and hardpans).
Subsc'il. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the
profile below plow depth.
Substratum. Any layer lying beneath the solum, or true soil.
Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or un-
dulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Stream ter-
races are frequently called second bottoms, as contrasted with
flood plains, and are seldom subject to overflow. Marine ter-
races were deposited by the sea. anti are generally wide.
Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay
particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural classes, in order
of increasing proportion of fine particles, are sand, loans/
sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loon, silt, sandy clay loam, clay
loam, silty clay loam, sandy clap, silty clay, and clay. The
sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be further
divided by specifying "coarse," '`fine," or "very fine,"
Tiltlr,, soil. The condition of the soil in relation to the growth of
plants, especially soil structure. Good tilth refers to the fri-
able state, and is associated with high noneapillary porosity
and stable, granular structure. A soil in poor filth is non -
friable, hard, nonaggrega.ted, and difficult to till.

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS
For a full description of a mapping unit, read both the description of the mapping unit and the soil series
to which it belongs. Other information is given in tables as follows:
Map
symbol
AfA
AgB
AgB2
AgC
AgC2
ApB
ApB2
ApC
ApC 2
Ap7
AsB
AsB2
AsC
AsC2
Au
(ll)
Bu
C eB
Ce32
CeC
CeC2
CeD
CeF
C gB
CgB2
CgC
CgC2
C1B3
C1C 3
ClE3
Cm
Cn
Co
Cp
CrB
CrB2
CrC
Acreage and extent, table 1, p. 7. Engineering uses of the soils, tables
Estimated yields, table 2, p. 74. 4, 5, 6, pp. 88 through 109.
Mapping unit
Altavista fine sandy loam, 0
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes
Appling gravelly sandy loam,
slopes, eroded
Appling gravelly sandy loam,
slopes
2 to 6 percent
6 to 10 percent
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Appling sandy loam
Appling fine sandy
Appling fine sandy
eroded
Appling fine
Appling fine
eroded
Woodland Wildlife
Capability suitability suitability
Described unit group group
on
page Symbol Page Number Page Number Page
to 4 percent slopes- 9 IIw-1 67 4 79 1 85
9 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
10 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
10 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
10 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
10 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
11 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
11 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
11 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
, 10 to 15 percent slopes 12 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes12 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
12 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-- 12 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
Augusta fine sandy loam
Borrow area
Buncombe soils
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
Cecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes
Cecil sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
eroded
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded
Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
eroded
Cecil clay lcam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
eroded 17 IVe-2 71 5 79 1 85
Cecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes,
severely eroded 18 VIe-2 73 5 79 1 85
Chewacla soils 18 IIIw-1 70 1 78 2 85
Colfax sandy loam 19 IIIw-2 70 4 79 2 85
Congaree fine sandy loam 20 IIw-2 67 1 78 2 85
Congaree silt loam 20 IIw-2 67 1 78 2 85
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 21 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 21 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 22 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
13 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
13 IIIw-2 70 4 79 2 85
14 (1;) -- 13 83 5 87
14 Ivs-1 72 3 79 4 87
15 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
15 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
16 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
eroded- 16 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
16 Ive-1 71 5 79 1 85
16 VIe-1 72 5 79 1 85
slopes- 16 Ile-1 66 5 79 1 85
slopes,
17 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
17 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
17 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
17 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85

Map
symbol
CrC2
C rE
CtB
CtC
DuB
DuB2
DuC
DuC2
EnB
En32
EnC
EnC2
En02
FaB
FaB2
FaC2
GeB
Ge32
GeC
GeC2
Ge02
Go
GrB
Gr32
GrC
GrC2
GrD
Gu
_LeB
ileB2
IIeC
HeC2
He0
HrB
HrB2
HrC
HrC2
HrD2
IIrF.
Ld132
LdC2
LdD2
LoB
LoC
Mapping unit
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to
eroded
Creedmoor sandy loam
Creedmoor silt loam,
Creedmoor silt loam,
Durham loamy sand, 2
Durham loamy sand, 2
Durham loamy sand, 6
Durham loamy sand, 6
eroded
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Enon fine sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Faceville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopesGeorgeville silt loam, 6 to l0 percent slopes,
eroded
Georgeville
eroded
Goldsboro
Granville
Granville
eroded
Granville sandy
Granville sandy
eroded
Granville sandy
Gullied land
Helena sandy
Helena sandy
eroded
Helena sandy loam,
Helena sandy loam,
eroded
Helena sandy
iierndon silt
Herndon silt
Ferndon silt
Herndon silt
eroded
IIerndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded
Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes
Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
Lloyd loam, 6 to l0 percent slopes, eroded
Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes
GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS --Continued
10 percent slopes,
, 10 to 20 percent slopes----
2 to 6 percent slopes
6 to 10 percent slopes
to 6 percent slopes
to 6 percent slopes, eroded -
to 10 percent slopes
to 10 percent slopes,
silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
sandy loam
sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
loam, 10 to 15 perrcent slopes ----
loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
6 to 10 percent slopes
6 to 10 percent slopes,
loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes
loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded -
loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
loam, 6 to 1C percent slopes,
Capability
Described unit
on
page Symbol Page
22
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
30
30
3T
32
32
32
33
IVe-3
VIe-1
IIe-C
IIIe-3
IIe-1
IIe-1
IIIe-1
71
72
66
69
66
66
67
IIle-1 67
IIe-3 66
IIe-3 66
IIIe-3 69
IIIe-3 69
IVe-3 71
IIe-1 66
IIe-1 66
IIIe-1 67
IIe-2 66
IIe-2 66
IIIe-2 68
IIIe-2 68
IVe-2
IIw-1
IIe-1
71
67
66
IIe-1 66
IIIe-1 67
67
71
73
66
33 IIIe-3 69
33 IIIe-3 69
33
34
34
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
38
IVe-3
IVe-3
IIe-2
IIe-2
IIIe-2
71
71
66
66
68
IIIe-2 68
IVe-2
VIe-1
IIe-2
IIIe-2
IVe-2
IIIe-4
IVe-3
71
72
66
68
71
69
71
Woodland
suitability
group
Wildlife
suitability
group
Number. Page
11
11
11
11
5
5
5
5
11
11
11
6
82
82
82
82
79
79
79
79
82
82
82
82
82
8o
6 8o
6 8o
5 79
5 79
5 79
5 79
5
4
5
79
79
79
5 79
5 79
5
5
13
11
79
79
83
82
11 82
11 82
11 82
11 82
5
5
5
79
79
79
5 79
5
5
5
5
5
12
12
79
79
79
79
79
82
82
Number Page
1 85
1 85
1
1
85
85
�5
85
85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
l 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
185
1 85
1 85
1
1
1
1
15
1
85
85
85
85
87
85
1 85
1 85
1 85
85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
1 85
l 85
4 87
4 87

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS --Continued
Map
symbol
Lon
LwB
LwB2
LwC
LwC2
Ly
Ma
MdB2
MdC 2
MdD2
MdE2
Me
MfB
MfB2
MfC
MfC2
MfD2
MfE
MgB
MgB2
MgC
MgC2
MyB
MyB2
MyC
MyC2
MyD
NoA
NoB
NoB2
NoC
NoC2
OrB
OrB2
OrC2
PkC
Mapping unit
Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2
slopes, eroded
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6
slopes
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded
Lynchburg sandy loam
Made land
Madison sandy
eroded
Madison sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded
Madison sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes,
eroded
Mantachie soils
Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded
Mayodan sandy loam, 15
Mayodan gravelly sandy
slopes
Mayodan gravelly sandy
slopes, eroded
Mayodan gravelly sandy
slopes
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopesMayodan silt loam, thin, 2 tc 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopesMayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 10 to 15 percent slopes ---
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Pinkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes
Woddland Wildlife
Capability suitability suitability
Described unit group group
on
page Symbol Page Number Page Number Page
15 percent slopes---- .38 VIe-1 72 12 82 4 87
to 6 percent slopes- 38 IIIe-4 69 12 82 4 87
to 6 percent
38 IIIe-4 69 12 82 4 87
to 10 percent
loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
to 25 percent slopes
loam, 2 to 6 percent
loam, 2 to 6 percent
loam, 6 to 10 percent
38 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87
39 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87
4o TIw-1 67 4 79 2 85
4o (1') 13 83 5 87
40 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
41 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
41 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
41 VIe-1 72 5 79 1 85
42 IIIw-2 70 4• 79 2 85
43 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
43 lIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
43 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
44 TIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
44 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
44 Vie-1 72 5 79 1 85
44 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
44 Ile-1 66 5 79 1 85
45 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
45 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
45 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
45 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
46 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
46 TIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
46 IVe-2 71 5 79 1 85
47 I-1 65 6 8o 1 85
-47 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
47 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
48 ITIe-1 67 6 8o 1 85
48 IIIe-1 67 6 80 1 85
49 lie-1 66 6 80 1 85
49 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
49 ITIe-1 67 6 8o 1 85
50 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87

GUIDE TO NAPPING UNITS --Continued
Map
symbol
PkF
Ps
Ra
Rc
Sw
VaB
VaB2
VaC2
WaA
WaB
WaC
Wgu
Wh
WkC
WkE
WmB
WmE2
WmC
WmC 2
WmD2
WmE
Wn
Wo
WsB
sB2
'Ni sC
WsC 2
UsE
WtB
WvD3
Well
WwE
WwE
WxE
Wy
Mapping unit
Pinkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes
Plummer sand
Rains fine sandy loam
Roanoke fine sandy loam
Swamp
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded Vance sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded-
Wagram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes
Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes
Wahee fine sandy loam
Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes
Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded
Wedowee sandy loam,
eroded
Wedowee sandy loam, 15 to
Wehadkee silt loam
Wehadkee and Bibb soils
White Store sandy loam, 2
White Store sandy loam, 2
eroded
White Store sandy loam, 6
White Store sandy loam, 6
eroded
White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes --
White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes,
severely eroded
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slopes
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes
Worsham sandy loam
10 to 15 percent slopes,
25 percent slopes
to 6 percent slopes ----
to 6 percent slopes,
Capability
Described unit
on
page
Woodland
suitability
group
Wildlife
suitability
group
Symbol Page Number Page Number Page'
50 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
51 IVw-1 72 8 8o 3 87
51 IIIw-3 7o 7 8o 3 87
52 Ivw-1 72 2 78 3 67
52 VIIw-1 73 14 84 3 87
54 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
54 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
54 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
55 Its-1 67 9 81 4 87
55 Its-1 67 9 81 4 87
56 IIIe-5 69 9 81 4 87
56 Ills-1 7o l0 81 4 87
56 IIIw-2 70 4 79 2 55
57 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87
57 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
58 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
58 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
58 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
58 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
59 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
59 VIe-1 72 5 79 1 85
6o IVw-i 72 2 78 3 87
60 IVw-1 72 2 78 3 87
61 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
61 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
to 10 percent slopes--- 61 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
to 10 percent slopes,
61 IVe-3 71 11 82 1 85
62 VIe-1 72 11 82 1 85
62 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
63 VIe-2 73 11 82 1 85
63 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87
63 VIe-2 73 12 82 4 87
64 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
64 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
64 Ivw-1 72 2 78 3 87
1/
Identified by its name on the soil map; not assigned to a capability unit.

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