20201654 Ver 2_Response to 03-11-22 RFI_20220511

Staff Review Form
NORTH CAROLINA
Envlronm¢ntcl Qvofiry
Updated September 4, 2020
Staff Review
Does this application have all the attachments needed to accept it into the review process?*
Yes No
ID#*
20201654
Version* 2
Is this project a public transportation project?*
Yes
• No
Reviewer List: * Sue Homewood:eads\slhomewood
Select Reviewing Office: *
Winston-Salem Regional Office - [phone]
Does this project require a request for payment to be sent?*
Yes
No

Project Submittal Form
*
Please note: fields marked with a red asterisk below are required. You will not be able to submit the form until all
mandatory questions are answered.
Project Type: *
For the Record Only (Courtesy Copy)
New Project
Modification/New Project with Existing ID
More Information Response
Other Agency Comments
Pre -Application Submittal
Re-Issuance\Renewal Request
Stream or Buffer Appeal
Pre -Filing Meeting Date Request was submitted on:
Is this supplemental information that needs to be sent to the Corps?*
Yes No
Project Contact Information
Name:
ClearWater, an EnviroScience Company
Who is submitting the information?
Email Address: [e-mail]
Project Information
Existing ID #:
20201654
20170001 (no dashes)
Project Name: Mulberry Gap Farms, LLC
Is this a public transportation project?
Yes
No
Existing Version:
2
Is the project located within a NC DCM Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)?
Yes No Unknown
County (ies)
Madison
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05.11.22_Mulberry Gap Farms_Response to
03.11.22 RFI (DWR#20201654 ver2).pdf
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52.43MB
Response to More Information Request for Mulberry Gap Farms DWR#20201654 ver 2.

Sign and Submit
By checking the box and signing box below, I certify that:
• I, the project proponent, hereby certifies that all information contained herein is true, accurate, and complete to the
best of my knowledge and belief.
• I, the project proponent, hereby requests that the certifying authority review and take action on this CWA 401
certification request within the applicable reasonable period of time.
• I agree that submission of this online form is a "transaction" subject to Chapter 66, Article 40 of the NC General
Statutes (the "Uniform Electronic Transactions Act");
• I agree to conduct this transaction by electronic means pursuant to Chapter 66, Article 40 of the NC General
Statutes (the "Uniform Electronic Transactions Act");
• I understand that an electronic signature has the same legal effect and can be enforced in the same way as a
written signature; AND
• I intend to electronically sign and submit the online form.
Signature:
Submittal Date: Is filled in automatically.

CLearWaer
An EnviroScience Company
ClearWater Environmental Consultants,Inc.
www.cwenv.com
May 11, 2022
Ms. Sue Homewood
NC DWR, 401 & Buffer Permitting Unit
450 W. Hanes Mill Road, Suite 300
Winston Salem, North Carolina 27105
RE: Mulberry Gap Farms, LLC
Response to DWR Request for Additional Information (DWR#20201654 v2)
Madison County, North Carolina
NC DWR Project No. 2020-1654
USAGE Action ID SAW-2020-00632
Dear Ms. Homewood,
Please reference the letter dated March 11,2022(Attachment A)sent by the NC Division of Water
Resources (DWR) in response to the permit application resubmittal by ClearWater, an
EnviroScience Company (ClearWater), on behalf of Mulberry Gap, LLC (Applicant) represented
by Mr. Richard Kelly. The permit application requested written authorization for impacts
associated with development of the School of Wisdom and Enlightenment and associated
infrastructure. The purpose of this letter is to provide the DWR with substantive responses to the
issues raised in the March 11, 2022 letter, and request that the DWR directly contact the
undersigned should the responses provided in this letter not adequately address their concerns.
We have provided responses to each comment in order below:
DWR Comment#1
Please submit site plans that shows all proposed buildings, roads, other infrastructure and all
proposed impacts at a 1":50'scale. Figure 5A is insufficient to sufficiently evaluate the project and
detailed figures 5B -5D do not show the entire project and/or all impact areas. [15A NCAC 02H
.0502(9)]
Please refer to Attachment B, Sheets L-1.11 thru L-1.17, prepared by Osgood Landscape
Architecture, for the Preliminary Impact Plans at the requested 1":50' scale.
DWR Comment#2
Please explain why you are proposing to remove culvert S4 and re-install a new culvert just
upstream at S31. Utilizing the existing crossing location would provide further avoidance and
minimization of total impacts. [15A NCAC 02H.0506(b)(1) and(2)]
The existing culvert at location S4 is no longer necessary. This culvert is to be removed
and the area restored.
At location S31, the proposed roadway stream crossing, to include 20 LF (0.001 AC) of
new culvert, will connect four (4) accessible guest cabins to the main facilities (Dining,
145 7th Avenue West. Suite B
Hendersonville,NC 28792
828-698-9800 Tel

Mrs. Sue Homewood
May 11,2022
Page 2 of 7
Meeting, and Event Halls). Per the Department of Justice's American with Disabilities Act
of 1990, guests staying in these cabins must be provided an accessible route to the
services these building provide. This portion of the roadway, at location 531, is located
and graded to follow the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, ensuring compliance
with the law.
DWR Comment#3
Why has stream impact S22 been removed from the impact table? it appears that TB4B is still
proposed and would impound water at this location. [15A NCAC 02H.0502(4) and(6)]
Stream impact 522 accounted for the fill impacts associated with the construction of TB4B,
while stream impact 523 still accounts for the potential inundation impacts resulting from
TB4B. The construction of the TB4B structure will occur within the footprint of an existing
culvert, which is proposed for removal and accounted for as stream impact 56. Therefore,
stream impact 522 will not result in any new stream impacts as it is proposed to occur
within a currently impacted reach of stream.
DWR Comment#4
Please provide some clarification regarding the 480 feet of stream enhancement proposed for
Thomas Branch. Please provide:
a. Estimated dimensions of the log jam structures;
Additional detail has been added to the stream enhancement plans. Proposed
dimensions of log vane can be found in Detail B on Sheet C802 in Robinson Design
Engineers Ecosystem Restoration Plan. Please see Attachment C for the
Ecosystem Restoration Plan.
b. Provide clarification as to which portions of the right bank will be stabilized with
revetments and which type of revetments.
Additional detail has been added to the stream enhancement plans. Annotations
and call-outs have been updated on sheet C103 and proposed dimensions have
been added to Detail C on Sheet C802. Please refer to Sheets C103 and C802 of
Attachment C for Robinson Design Engineers Ecosystem Restoration Plan.
DWR Comment#5
Please provide US Army Corps of Engineers(USAGE) confirmation for all Isolated wetlands. [15A
NCAC 02H.1301]
Per the US Army Corps of Engineers rule change on August 30, 2021 and confirmed by
Brandee Boggs of the USACE Asheville Regional Office via email on April 06, 2022, all
previously verified non-jurisdictional, isolated wetlands on the project site are now
considered jurisdictional wetlands. Updated delineation maps depicting changes in the
jurisdictional status of isolated wetlands within the project boundary are included as
Attachment D. As a result of the rule change, two(2) previously non jurisdictional wetland
impacts, NJW1 and NJW2, are now jurisdictional impacts to Waters of the US. Project
aquatic resource impact calculations and maps have been updated to reflect these

Mrs. Sue Homewood
May 11,2022
Page 3 of 7
changes. These impacts are now included as "Proposed Wetland Fill Impact W10 (0.034
AC)" and "Proposed Wetland Fill Impact W11 (0.001 AC)". A revised 1":50' scale
preliminary impact plan is included as Attachment B. Please refer to sheets L-1.13 and
L-1.16 of the preliminary impact plan for the details and locations of wetland impacts W10
and W11.
DWR Comment#6
With regards to the Beaver Dam Analogs (BDAs), please provide the following additional
information:
a. it appears that the Hopewell Branch BDA will impact a wetland by inundation that is not
shown on the impacts Plan. According to Predicted Depth Map 5 the upper limits of
inundation will impact the wetland shown downstream of the bridge however this wetland
has not been called out on Figure 5B: impacts Plan - Hopewell Branch. Please revise
impact tables and calculations to include this wetland feature. [15A NCAC 02H .0502(4)
and (6)]
The maximum potential extent of inundation has been highlighted on Figure 5B:
Impacts Plan - Hopewell Branch. The above referenced wetland (W48 on JD
maps; Attachment D)will not be inundated and the impact totals for BDA HB4 are
correct. Please refer to Attachment E for the highlighted Figure 5B: Impacts Plan
- Hopewell Branch.
b. The Operation and Maintenance Plan does not include any information on the removal
of sediment accumulation within the pool areas. Prior information and discussion indicated
that sediment is likely to be trapped behind the BDAs and that periodic maintenance may
be necessary. Please include information regarding when sediment removal would be
expected, what locations within the backwater areas it would be proposed to be
maintained and how the work would be conducted. [15A NCAC 02H.0506(b)(2) and (3)]
The Operation and Maintenance Plan has been updated to include sediment
removal procedures and scheduling. Please refer to Attachment F for the updated
Operation and Maintenance Plan; see Section 4.4.
c. The monitoring location maps do not include all monitoring activities that are proposed
within the Monitoring Plan. Please provide specific locations for all proposed monitoring
activities. For example, the monitoring proposal indicates that groundwater and surface
water level monitoring will be conducted but locations for proposed wells and/or gages
have not been provided. [15A NCAC 02H.0506(b)(2) and(3)]
The monitoring location maps have been updated to include all monitoring
locations. Please refer to Attachment F for the updated Operation and
Maintenance Plan; see Appendix A.
DWR Comment#7
Please submit a complete Stormwater Management Plan for the project. [15A WAG 02H
.0506(b)(2) and (3)]

Mrs. Sue Homewood
May 11,2022
Page 4 of 7
a. The application states that a Storm water Management Plan for the reception center and
guest parking lot would be submitted by February 25, 2022. To date the Division has not
received this information. Please ensure that when it is submitted it includes all appropriate
supplemental forms, O&M agreements, calculations, engineering drawings, etc., that
complies with the requirements of the State Stormwater Program. The Storm water Design
Manual and applicable forms may be found on the DEMLR's website at
h ttps:IIde q.n c.go vIa bo utldi visions/energy-mine ra l-lan d-reso urces/energy-min eral-la n d-
permit-guidancelstormwater-bmp-manual. In addition, please also submit the application
form S WU-101 (attached). However, the$505 application fee and last two signature pages
of this form may be omitted.
Mercer Design Group submitted the Stormwater Management Plan for the
reception center and guest parking to the Division on May 10, 2022.
b. The application states that the overall site response regarding storm water and drainage
is to use an integrated Water Resources Plan for the project that integrates natural
patterns of hydrology into the site master plan. Please provide more detailed information
regarding storm water from all impervious surfaces throughout the project. Specifically
identify all new impervious surfaces on an overall plan sheet and provide indication of
stormwater collectionlconveyance for each drainage area will be managed. The Division
is particularly interested regarding impervious surfaces within 50 feet of streams and/or
on steep topography where overland flow may not be successful and may lead to
channelization and/or erosion. For any areas where measures such as rain gardens,
vegetated swales, or other constructed storm water control measures are proposed,
provide detailed information regarding the sizing, location and outlets of such measures.
Osgood Landscape Architecture, Chonticha McDaniels of NCDWR, and Andrew
Moore of NCDWR discussed the Stormwater Low Impact Development Plans via
video meeting on March 23, 2022. Following the recommendations of Ms.
McDaniels provided during the above-referenced meeting, Osgood Landscape
Architecture worked with Mercer Design Group to produce plans detailing the
sizing, location, and outlets of proposed rain gardens, vegetated swales, or other
constructed stormwater control measures. An example exhibit for Stormwater LID
measures was submitted to and approved by Ms. McDaniels via email on April 8,
2022. Please see Attachment G for preliminary Bioretention Site Plan and Pond
Details for the Reception Center and Guest Parking Area. Attachment G also
includes Main Campus rain garden site plans,tables, and detail. Please note sheet
C-220 of Attachment G includes a typical rain garden profile view.
Following is a preliminary plant list for the rain gardens per email correspondence
request via Ms. Chonticha McDaniels on April 7, 2022:
Rushes & Herbaceous Shrubs
Juncus effusus Xanthorriza (spreads)
Juncus tenuis itea virginica
Chelone lyonia Rhododendron arborescens
Liatris microcephala ilex verticillata
Lobelia cardinalis Hypericum densiflorum
Trees
Magnolia virginiana

Mrs. Sue Homewood
May 11,2022
Page 5 of 7
DWR Comment#8
With regards to the proposed Permittee Responsible Mitigation plan: [15A NCAC 02H.0506(c)]
a. Pursuant to 15A NCAC 02H.0506(c)(5), the Division requires a mitigation ratio of 1:1.
Please also note that pursuant to 15A NCAC 02H .0506(c)(5) additional multipliers are
applicable for any proposed mitigation that is not classified as restoration (e.g.
enhancement, preservation). Please provide a revised mitigation plan that will meet the
requirements of 15A NCAC 02H.0506(c).
The proposed Permittee Responsible Mitigation will meet the requirements set
forth in 15A NCAC 02H .0506(c)(5).
b. While the Division acknowledges that the proposed mitigation plan is conceptual at this
time, certain basic information is required for the Division's consideration of the proposed
mitigation plan:
i. The application states that the mitigation plan will be developed in accordance
with the 2013 Mitigation Guidance. Please note that the 2016 Mitigation Guidance
is the appropriate current document.
The proposed Permittee Responsible Mitigation Plan will be developed in
accordance with 2016 Mitigation Guidance.
ii. Information regarding long term protection mechanisms and stewardship of the
proposed mitigation site.
Restrictive covenants will be utilized to ensure long term protection of the
proposed mitigation site. Please refer to Attachment H for a U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers model restrictive covenant. The applicant proposes no
revisions to the language of the model restrictive covenant.
iii. Conceptual plans for the mitigation site with enough information to determine
what lengths are proposed for the various stream mitigation activities of
restoration, enhancement and preservation and the width of protected buffers and
any conflicts with existing or proposed activities within the mitigation site (roads,
trails, utilities, etc)
Robinson Design Engineers is preparing stream mitigation plans depicting
lengths that are proposed for the various activities (restoration 1
enhancement i preservation), the width of protected buffers, and any
conflicts with existing or proposed activities within the mitigation site. The
plans will include a minimum of 30-foot buffer along the mitigation areas.
The plans are being prepared in accordance with the 2016 Mitigation
Guidance and will be submitted to DWR and the Corps of Engineers by
August 2022

Mrs. Sue Homewood
May 11,2022
Page 6 of 7
iv. Upon receipt of this information the Division will require a site visit to the
proposed mitigation site.
The applicant acknowledges this requirement and welcomes the Division
to visit the proposed mitigation site at their earliest convenience.
DWR Comment#9
With regards to the responses provided to prior WRC comments please address the following:
a.Attachment H(#3a) notes that the deep marshlsubmergent zone (Zone D) will no longer
be planted due to the limiting water depths. However, Sheet L-2.00 still lists species to be
planted in that zone.
Sheet L-2.00 of the BDA Planting Plan has been updated to eliminate this
discrepancy. Please refer to the BOA Planting Plan in Attachment I for an updated
Sheet L-2.00. The new Zone D includes all in-floodplain portions of the proposed
BDAs. Zone D is now the BDA planting zone.
b. Attachment H (#3b) notes that the species list has been revised per input from Kevin
Caldwell and is provided in engineering plans sheet C805. This is not included in the
application materials, and the species lists in Sheet L-2.00 of Attachment C and pp. 27-28
of Attachment A have not changed.
Please find Sheet C805 of Robinson Design Engineers Ecosystem Restoration
Plans in Attachment C. Sheet L-2.00 of the BDA Planting Plan and pp. 27-28 of
the Project Justification and Design Narrative have been updated to eliminate this
discrepancy and to be consistent with Sheet C805. Please refer to the BDA
Planting Plan in Attachment I for an updated Sheet L-2.00. Please refer to
Attachment J for a revised Project Justification and Design Narrative.
c. Sheet L-2.00 (Attachment C) still includes alternative species that Attachment H (#3d)
notes would be eliminated.
The alternative species list on sheet L-2.00 of the BDA Planting Plan has been
removed. Please refer to the BDA Planting Plan in Attachment I for an updated
Sheet L-2.00.
d. The monitoring plan does not reflect 7 years of vegetation monitoring as noted in #4 of
Attachment H;instead, 3 years of monitoring reports are proposed. in addition, CVS plots
are still described as the method for vegetation monitoring instead of line transect
monitoring noted in Attachment H.
The Operation and Maintenance Plan has been updated to reflect that there will
be seven (7) years of vegetation monitoring and to reflect that line transect
methods will be utilized for vegetation monitoring. Please refer to Attachment F for
an updated Operation and Maintenance Plan; see Section 3.8 and Section 5.

Mrs. Sue Homewood
May 11,2022
Page 7 of 7
As part of the final design of the stormwater management plan for the reception center and guest
parking area, a bioretention pond is proposed to be installed south of the guest parking area,
along the south side of Enlightenment Way. Grading for the proposed bioretention pond results
in two new proposed wetland fill impacts: wetland impacts W12 (0.001 AC) and W13 (0.010 AC).
Please refer to sheets L-1.11 and L-1.12 of Attachment B for wetland impacts W12 and W13
details. Please refer to Sheets C219 and C219.1 of Attachment G for the bioretention site plan
and detail.
The applicant believes the information included in this submittal addresses all issues set forth by
the DWR in the letter dated March 11, 2022. Should you have any questions or comments
concerning this project, please do not hesitate to contact me at 828-698-9800.
Sincerely,
?Af ilePaidey.
Jeff Golladay
Biologist
ATTACHMENTS:
Attachment A—DWR Request for Additional Information, March 11, 2022
Attachment B— 1":50' Scale Preliminary Impact Plans
Attachment C— Ecosystem Restoration Plans
Attachment D— Updated Delineation Map
Attachment E—Fig 5B Inundation Map—Hopewell Branch
Attachment F—Revised Operation and Maintenance Plan
Attachment G— Bioretention Site Plan & Pond Details and Rain Garden Detail &Tables
Attachment H—Model Restrictive Covenant
Attachment I — Revised BDA Planting Plan
Attachment J— Revised Project Justification and Design Narrative
Copy Furnished:
NC Division of Water Resources, Asheville Regional Office—Andrew Moore
NC Division of Water Resources, Raleigh Regional Office—Chonticha McDaniel
US Army Corps of Engineers, Asheville Regulatory Field Office— Brandee Boggs
NC Wildlife Resources Commission, Mountain Region Coordinator—Andrea Leslie

Attachment A
DWR Request for Additional Information, March 11, 2022

DocuSign Envelope ID:5E9685A2-5C58-4A5D-936C-97995DA31 D10
, i. may:
ROY COOPER `� I�1
Governor t _
ELIZABETH S.BISER !" a?:''
� '"r 4x.RA * /.:
Secretory 'a•`'ril.n'^�
S.DANIEL SMITH NORTH CAROLINA
Director Environmental Quality
March 11,2022
DWR#20201654 v2
Madison County
Mulberry Farm—Madison LLC
Attn: Mr. Richard Kelly
1126 Upper Thomas Branch Road
Marshall, NC 28753
Delivered via email to: [e-mail]
Subject: REQUEST FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Mulberry Gap Farms
Dear Mr. Kelly:
On February 1, 2022,the Division of Water Resources(Division) received your application requesting a
401 Individual Water Quality Certification from the Division for the subject project. The Division has
determined that your application is incomplete and cannot be processed.The application is on-hold
until all of the following information is received:
1. Please submit site plans that shows all proposed buildings, roads,other infrastructure and all
proposed impacts at a 1":50' scale. Figure 5A is insufficient to sufficiently evaluate the
project and detailed figures 56-5D do not show the entire project and/or all impact areas.
[15A NCAC 02H .0502(9)]
2. Please explain why you are proposing to remove culvert S4 and re-install a new culvert just
upstream at S31. Utilizing the existing crossing location would provide further avoidance and
minimization of total impacts. [15A NCAC 02H .0506(b)(1) and (2)]
3. Why has stream impact S22 been removed from the impact table? It appears that TB4B is
still proposed and would impound water at this location. [15A NCAC 02H .0502(4)and (6)]
4. Please provide some clarification regarding the 480 feet of stream enhancement proposed
for Thomas Branch. Please provide:
a. Estimated dimensions of the log jam structures;
b. Provide clarification as to which portions of the right bank will be stabilized with
revetments and which type of revetments.
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quathy Division of Water Resources
�Jrl, 512 North Salisbury Street 11617 Matl Service Center I Raleigh,North Carolina 27699-16W
n..pmy.Mvib�.�w�m.a.ixr �" 919.707.9000

DocuSign Envelope ID:5E9685A2-5C58-4A5D-936C-97995DA31010 Mulberry Farm—Madison LLC
DWR#20201654 v2
Request for Additional Information
Page 2 of 5
5. Please provide US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) confirmation for all Isolated wetlands.
[15A NCAC 02H .1301]
6. With regards to the Beaver Dam Analogs(BDAs), please provide the following additional
information:
a. It appears that the Hopewell Branch BDA will impact a wetland by inundation that is
not shown on the Impacts Plan. According to Predicted Depth Map 5 the upper limits
of inundation will impact the wetland shown downstream of the bridge however this
wetland has not been called out on Figure 5B: Impacts Plan—Hopewell Branch.
Please revise impact tables and calculations to include this wetland feature. [15A
NCAC 02H .0502(4) and (6)]
b. The Operation and Maintenance Plan does not include any information on the
removal of sediment accumulation within the pool areas. Prior information and
discussion indicated that sediment is likely to be trapped behind the BDAs and that
periodic maintenance may be necessary. Please include information regarding when
sediment removal would be expected,what locations within the backwater areas it
would be proposed to be maintained and how the work would be conducted. [15A
NCAC 02H .0506(b)(2) and (3)]
c. The monitoring location maps do not include all monitoring activities that are
proposed within the Monitoring Plan. Please provide specific locations for all
proposed monitoring activities. For example,the monitoring proposal indicates that
groundwater and surface water level monitoring will be conducted but locations for
proposed wells and/or gages have not been provided. [15A NCAC 02H .0506(b)(2)
and (3)]
7. Please submit a complete Stormwater Management Plan for the project. [15A NCAC 02H
.0506(b)(2)and (3)]
a. The application states that a Stormwater Management Plan for the reception center
and guest parking lot would be submitted by February 25, 2022. To date the Division
has not received this information. Please ensure that when it is submitted it includes
all appropriate supplemental forms, O&M agreements, calculations, engineering
drawings, etc.,that complies with the requirements of the State Stormwater
Program.The Stormwater Design Manual and applicable forms may be found on the
DEMLR's website at https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/energy-mineral-land-
resources/energy-mineral-land-permit-guidance/stormwater-bmp-manual. In
addition, please also submit the application form SWU-101 (attached). However,the
$505 application fee and last two signature pages of this form may be omitted.
b. The application states that the overall site response regarding stormwater and
drainage is to use an Integrated Water Resources Plan for the project that integrates
natural patterns of hydrology into the site master plan. Please provide more detailed
information regarding storm water from all impervious surfaces throughout the
project. Specifically identify all new impervious surfaces on an overall plan sheet and

DocuSign Envelope ID:5E9685A2-5C58-4A5D-936C-97995DA31010 Mulberry Farm—Madison LLC
DWR#20201654 v2
Request for Additional Information
Page 3 of 5
provide indication of stormwater collection/conveyance for each drainage area will
be managed. The Division is particularly interested regarding impervious surfaces
within 50 feet of streams and/or on steep topography where overland flow may not
be successful and may lead to channelization and/or erosion. For any areas where
measures such as rain gardens,vegetated swales,or other constructed stormwater
control measures are proposed, provide detailed information regarding the sizing,
location and outlets of such measures.
8. With regards to the proposed Permittee Responsible Mitigation plan: [15A NCAC 02H
.0506(c)]
a. Pursuant to 15A NCAC 02H .0506(c)(5),the Division requires a mitigation ratio of 1:1.
Please also note that pursuant to 15A NCAC 02H .0506(c)(5)additional multipliers are
applicable for any proposed mitigation that is not classified as restoration (e.g.
enhancement, preservation). Please provide a revised mitigation plan that will meet
the requirements of 15A NCAC 02H .0506(c).
b. While the Division acknowledges that the proposed mitigation plan is conceptual at
this time,certain basic information is required for the Division's consideration of the
proposed mitigation plan:
i. The application states that the mitigation plan will be developed in
accordance with the 2013 Mitigation Guidance. Please note that the 2016
Mitigation Guidance is the appropriate current document.
ii. Information regarding long term protection mechanisms and stewardship of
the proposed mitigation site.
iii. Conceptual plans for the mitigation site with enough information to
determine what lengths are proposed for the various stream mitigation
activities of restoration,enhancement and preservation and the width of
protected buffers and any conflicts with existing or proposed activities within
the mitigation site(roads,trails, utilities,etc)
iv. Upon receipt of this information the Division will require a site visit to the
proposed mitigation site.
9. With regards to the responses provided to prior WRC comments please address the
following:
a. Attachment H (#3a) notes that the deep marsh/submergent zone(Zone D)will no
longer be planted due to the limiting water depths. However,Sheet L-2.00 still lists
species to be planted in that zone.
b. Attachment H (#3b) notes that the species list has been revised per input from Kevin
Caldwell and is provided in engineering plans sheet C805. This is not included in the
application materials, and the species lists in Sheet L-2.00 of Attachment C and pp.
27-28 of Attachment A have not changed.

DocuSign Envelope ID:5E9685A2-5C58-4A5D-936C-979950A3101fl Mulberry Farm—Madison LLC
DWR#20201654 v2
Request for Additional Information
Page 4 of 5
c. Sheet L-2.00(Attachment C)still includes alternative species that Attachment H (#3d)
notes would be eliminated.
d. The monitoring plan does not reflect 7 years of vegetation monitoring as noted in#4
of Attachment H; instead, 3 years of monitoring reports are proposed. In addition,
CVS plots are still described as the method for vegetation monitoring instead of line
transect monitoring noted in Attachment H.
Pursuant to Title 15A NCAC 02H .0502(e),the applicant shall furnish all of the above requested
information for the proper consideration of the application. Please respond in writing within 30
calendar days of receipt of this letter by sending one(1) copy of all of the above requested information
to the 401 & Buffer Permitting Branch, 1617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1617 OR by
submitting all of the above requested information through this
link: https://edocs.deq.nc.gov/Forms/Supplemental-Information-Form (note the DWR# requested on
the link is referenced above).
If all of the requested information is not received within 30 calendar days of receipt of this letter,the
Division will be unable to approve the application and it will be denied as incomplete. The denial of this
project will necessitate reapplication to the Division for approval, including a complete application
package and the appropriate fee.
Please be aware that you have no authorization under the Section 401 of the Clean Water Act for this
activity and any work done within waters of the state may be a violation of North Carolina General
Statutes and Administrative Code.
Please contact Sue Homewood at 336-776-9693 or [e-mail] if you have any
questions or concerns.
Sincerely,
�DocuSigncd by:
Pora4+e14e n•Ski
�940091 BA53EF4E(r..
Paul Wojoski,Supervisor
401 & Buffer Permitting Branch
Electronic cc: Clement Riddle and Jeff Golladay, ClearWater Environmental Consultants
Brandee Boggs, USACE Asheville Regulatory Field Office
Andrea Leslie, NCWRC
Byron Hamstead, USFWS
DWR ARO 401 files
DWR 401 & Buffer Permitting Unit
Filename: 20201654v2_Mulberry Gap Farms_401_Addlnfo.docx

DocuSign Envelope ID:5E9685A2-5C58-4A5D-936C-97995DA31010 Mulberry Farm—Madison LLC
DWR#20201654 v2
Request for Additional Information
Page 5 of 5

Attachment B
1":50' Scale Preliminary Impact Plans

LEGEND
PROPERTY BOUNDARY
i-..� -•---
WETLAND - NO DISTURBANCE
LINEAR WETLAND
EXISTING OPEN WATER
1
STREAM
CULVERT TO REMAIN
CULVERT TO BE REMOVE
PROPOSED CULVERT
PROPOSED WETLAND IMPACT
PROPOSED STREAM IMPACT
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is
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PROPOSED STREAM MITIGATION
L\ N
IMPACTS SUMMARY
Project Area 450.53
Jurisdictional Waters of the US
Perennial & Intermittent Streams 20,217 LF
Wetlands 2.177 AC
Existing Open Waters 0.643 AC
BDA Impacts
BDA Fill Stream Impacts 160 LF 0.011 AC
*BDA Inundation Stream Impacts 1,093 LF 0.079 AC
Culvert Removal in BDA 167 LF 0.007 AC
TOTAL BDA STREAM IMPACTS 1,420 LF 0.097 AC
BDA Fill Wetland Impacts 0.002 AC
*BDA Inundation Wetland Impacts 0.020 AC
TOTAL BDA WETLAND IMPACTS 0.022 AC
Wetland Impacts
Wetland Fill Impacts 0.046 AC
Total Wetland Finl Impacts 0.046 AC
PR
Culvert Impacts
New Culvert Stream Impacts 61 LF 0.005 AC
TOTAL CULVERT STREAM IMPACTS 61 LF 0.005 AC
Stream Enhancement Plan
*Stream Enhancement 480 LF 0.055 AC
Culvert Removal (Stream Daylight) 101 LF 0.004 AC
TOTAL STREAM ENHANCEMENT 581 LF 0.059 AC
Total Impacts
Total Stream Impacts 2,062 LF 0.161 AC
Total Wetland Impacts 0.068 AC
Avoidance
Perennial & Intermittent Streams 18,155 LF
Bridge - Road 3 EA.
Wetlands 2.109 AC
Open Waters 0.643 AC
Stream Mitigation
Requiring Mitigation 1,375.5 Credits
Stream Restoration - Hopewell Branch 1,375.5 Credits
*Refer to RDE Drawings C101, C102 and C103
S6:
EXI
EXISTING CULVERT TO
REMAIN, TYP.
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS WISDOM
OPOSED WETLAND FILL IMPACT
W I I (0.00 I AC)
S7: EXISTING 20 LF (0.001 AC)
CULVERT TO BE REMOVED/
RESTORED
SCHOOL OF HEALING AND ENLIGHTENMENT
S3: EXISTING 74 LF (0.003 AC)
CULVERT TO BE REMOVED/
RESTORED
CULVERTS TO REMAIN
WHOLENESS SANCTUARY
BRIDGE
TING 118 LF (0.005 AC) CULVERT
TO BE REMOVED/ RESTORED
S5: EXISTING 29 LF (0.001 AC) CULVERT
TO BE REMOVED/ RESTORED
•
BRIDGE
REFER TO RDE DRAWINGS C 101 FOR
IMPACTS S8-S9 (193 LF; 0.018 AC)
IMPACTS W6 (0.007)
RECEPTION CENTER
PROPOSED STREAM MITIGATION
REFER TO RDE DRAWINGS
Z
4!,
grzi
4
•
US HIGHWAY 25/7O
NEW ENTRANCE ROAD
i
S32: EXISTING 20 LF (0.001 AC)
CULVERT TO BE REMOVED/
RESTORED
54: EXISTING 27 LF (0.001 AC)
CULVERT TO BE REMOVED/
RESTORED
PROPOSED 20 LF CULVERT NEW
IMPACT S31: 20 LF (0.001 AC)
BRIDGE
DINING HALL
EVENT CENTER
MEETING HALL
I REFER TO RDE DRAWINGS C102 FOR
IMPACTS SIO-530 (1,540 FT; 0.127 AC)
\ IMPACTS W7-W8 (0.015 AC)
EXISTING 80 LF CULVERT TO BE
REPLACED WITH 121 LF
PROPOSED NEW IMPACT S I: 41 LF
(0.004 AC)
ADMINISTRATION
BUILDING
PROPOSED WETLAND FILL
IMPACT W 10 (0.034 AC)
PROPOSED WETLAND FILL
IMPACT WI 2 (0.00 I AC)
PROPOSED WETLAND FILL
IMPACT W 13 (0.01 AC)
ood
USllLANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
JOEL OSGOOD, RLA
14 CHURCH STREET
ASHEVILLE, NC 28801
828.527.6466
SEAL
ISSUED
DATE ISSUED: 3-MAY-2022
DRAWN BY: ZAC, RJB
APPROVED BY: JJO
REVISIONS
PRELIMINARY
IMPACT PLAN
SHEET TITLE
VULBERRY
FARV -
VADISON, LLC.
MARSHALL, NC
PRELIMINARY
FOR REVIEW PURPOSES ONLY
NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
N
ecy 150'
SCALE:
300' 600
1 " = 300'-O"
L-1.00
SHEET 1 OF 9
THE DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY OSGOOD LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE INC. FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS SERVICE FOR USE
SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROJECT. REPRODUCTION
OR USE OF THESE DRAWINGS OTHER THAN FOR THIS
PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED. UNAUTHORIZED
USE WILL BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL ACTION.
Copyright 2022 - Osgood Landscape Architecture, Inc.

Site Plan
LEGEND
PROPERTY BOUNDARY
L. ■ ■
WETLAND - NO DISTURBANCE
LINEAR WETLAND
EXISTING OPEN WATER
STREAM
CULVERT TO REMAIN
CULVERT TO BE REMOVE
PROPOSED CULVERT
116
PROPOSED WETLAND IMPACT
PROPOSED STREAM IMPACT
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PROPOSED STREAM RESTORATION
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USllLANDSCAPE ARCIIITECTURE
JOEL OSGOOD, RLA
14 CHURCH STREET
ASHEVILLE, NC 28801
828.527.6466
SEAL
ISSUED
DATE ISSUED: 3—MAY-2022
DRAWN BY: ZAC, RJB
APPROVED BY: JJO
REVISIONS
PRELIMINARY
IMPACT PLAN
ENLARGEMENT
SHEET TITLE
VULBERRY
FARM -
VADISON, LLC.
MARSHALL, NC
PRELIMINARY
FOR REVIEW PURPOSES ONLY
NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
L-1 • 1 1
SHEET 3 OF 9
THE DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY OSGOOD LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE INC. FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS SERVICE FOR USE
SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROJECT. REPRODUCTION
OR USE OF THESE DRAWINGS OTHER THAN FOR THIS
PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED. UNAUTHORIZED
USE WILL BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL ACTION.
Copyright 2022 - Osgood Landscape Architecture, Inc.

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r f 1 r ! 1 ! I 1 I 111 I / I I / 1 1 ' 1 f r f \ �\ _ . \ �` \ \ �\\ \ \ \,♦ \\ \ \\� ` • • \ \�..
/ III I 1 + 1 \_ - 1 1 l i l r 11 r I 1 ! f i l l 1 1 Ill I 1 I I r / \ .`
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11 1 y 1 j 1 i I 1 III III, II I I /■ I, , 1 1 l r r 1 1 1 ■ \\ \\ t \ \t \\♦ \\♦♦ \\♦\. \
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l ' I 41 1 1\ ■t t ♦\\\; ` ~. `\ ' j j I 1 j I/ i' Jr tf1 i t // ' /,' �!/ ir/ it /I j j lr l 1 r lr 1 1 r 11� Illlll i+ 1 1 11 1! f 1 i+ i l r+! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I Ij I �' I I �' �' 1 1 11 I I 1r 1 '/ /' r 1 ' \\ t\ :\\\ .\•\\ \ \\
1 \,\ 1 / I r t/ / I III 1 l l 1+ Ir I I r 1 1 1 1 1 I r 11 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ' f ' ' 1■ 1 1 ■■ \ \\ \ ♦. \ \..\ \♦\ \
1 1 ■ I■ \ t \\ \\ \\ \ I rl l 1 I 1 I // // '/// '�t 1 II/t �/ ft�r/' J//JI /IIr11I j f r 1 1 f 1 r l 1 r r r f r Illy 111 j l l j j j 1 r l l 1 i f 1 1I ! 1 I 1 + 1 1 1 r r! I 1 I' 1 1 1 +' l+ } 4l .- -' rI f I} \1 \■ ■■ ■1 \1 ■\\\ \� \ \�♦`�� \\ti i \`�\ \
_ ,1 11 ■ \ ■ . \' ,' 1 r i 1 1 /I I///// /// - r1 �( // I / ,', : 11111 IIII r1111f1111r1f F i + 1 { i I i 1 r 1 r + + '- ' 1 1 \ ■ , \, \\ \♦ \\\ \\\\,\
�, 1 \ \\ 1 4+ 1 1 J ri /r�/IIII/ IIII! r 11+Irrlrl i I 1 1 IIII 111 111 I f r l l 1 4 --- / / i \\\\\\\\\\\
1 1 1 ■1 1 1 1 l l/, 1/ r' /- �r-/,'r/ /- �� /r� ' I/ I // I aT ////r///'/i/ I Jj 1 111 111 'r / r r r 1! 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 l I! 1 1 j 1 l 1 l V V+ 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 r 1 - l 11 \1 \■\ t \\ ;\`♦\\ ♦\♦\
r 1 % 1 I �' I I ' I l i -r' // i :'.� - r ri' ' ,'//- 1 // I'/ / J I r r ,/,// 111 l i I I+! 1 1 1 I 11r 1 i j 1 1 j 1 I I I I l l I l l{ V i 1 l l+ V{ 1 i }1 { y{ ` 1 + j f l 1 1■ --� - - // I \■ \\ \\ ■■ \\ \\ \\\� \\ t\\
\ ] III/ IrI-.-r..• -. r-/ r Ir/rr�''/I/I/I I r111 r I 1 1 Il IIII l{l{1{l 1 1 ! 4 1 \ _- - - - rI 1 + 1 \ ■ \ \\\ \\,\,
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I f r / / / / / J/ / / . - . / / - - • r r / / / / / . / I 111 1 1 1 ! l l 1 + i 1 I l l } 1 l 1 4 4 1 - - / 1 i 1 \ \ • t \
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1 \ ■ \
I t / /// // I r r /r // / t // / r i s-' - ��- /�11/ // �/f %J't'/i'/ -i/J t/i'I I/ I111 1 t, 11 1{ l I f 11 1 i l 1 V l l f+ l 1 I 1 I l{ I l 1 1 1 l \ --- - _ '' rl f 1 1 1 ll ■ 1♦\ tt ` i \.
/ / 1 I I / / . / / /r !r r / It / / - . . . _ / / / /I/ J, l l 1 \ - - --J- I J 1 1 \ \
I / / / /// /t / // /, ---.-- i`/// // / / / !t /r / -, /r///III I/ I/11I !, ]1 ! i l l l 1 l l l I I 1 I I 1 1 l l { 1 } { I 1 1 ■ .` - ---- _---� / r 1 l 1i 1\■■\ 1■ `1\\\;
' / /-_.' / / / r.','r'/rr// / -rr / J / r , ,-. - �� - �T.-. �" r. / / / / // '/ / / / ' / II,„/ // /I / /l / 11 1 I ! i I V l 1 1 i 1 1 i i I 1 1 \ - _ _ _ / 1 \
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�... I / / / / I / / / // I I I 1 ! r 1 1 - . . r
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1 1 1 �i / t / /, / ! / / /ii' /' I - / / ti i i -�-r /t t ! t // I// Jir I r I } l 1, ` - - J // ! 1 1 ■■ \\
r 1 ' ,/ rl�rl /' /I ,J t j/ / / !IIII I// / / / / / / %t /'ri'/ ir�! f -� -ii'' / f'/"I III / '/ r', IJ r1 /I / I /, / /,'r / /' / I 1 1 I 1 i l 1 ■ 1 \\ - -- - --- r J 1 + ♦
�1 �'lr / r/tt I / I 1'1I / t /IIII J// //t /// d'- _-- - /� IIII /Jr. . / / / / / , /t I I I ! 1 - - I
1 1 1'/I r / /1 1 ! 1 I / ,' 11 /!r,//! / / J/J/ / r/rr!// //r/ ' i !i --� -, rr,,/// //J/rr/ /�.,r// IIII // / //!/ J /f / / !/ ! / t'/ I 1 1 1 1 j I 1 1 1 ■ \ �� `-- .- ,' - -r / /1
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1 1 � 1/ ' ' / I I/ J IIII / /r/rr r, // /.IrI L - IIII/ / . / / ! // / / / I 1 1 1 ■ ♦ - . . - �- -. / !
1 r 11 11 I l 1 1 l 1 1 1 /,' II ■, / / / / t t / / ! / /r /r/%/,'�%I t�,. ��_� �`�- // r/ t//!///r'/rr'r/ .///r//r/ /J // ! //'/ r //'// / / / / I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■\ \- _ - - .. /. -. -. - --- _--
r r I1 1 1 i ' 1 1 1 1 ' ' / /' / / r'/!/ 'I t'/////r! / t IIII / f / / I / / 'jam- - . = ___ /'/ J/ f/////'r / r/i / /, f/'! / / t / / // r / / / / /r / t 1 / 1 1 l 1 1 ■ \ -_ !� �- �. . -- - - -- _-- - -
1 1 1 1 1 1 I t / ._ . . - -- - / /t!//ft! / /. / / , t 1 J Jr ! , / / / I 1 i I 1 1 \ \ -_ - . ./ , .-_
I r 1 f 1 + I 1 J I ! I ' IIII I / / / / / / t /j / I �r . -.- f . !J t /r / r'/// ! t J/'I r!/' / J r'tJ/ /J/ r / I 1 l 1 1 \ - - / -
I r r i ] I r 1 i I 1 f f r ' I / I ' /II 1 / / // I / I r r/ �', - ,r / e fr- -�- --- -_- -�/!// / I, ///' 'r r / /, / r / ' I III / / / ! 1 I \ \ �_ --- ---^ .' ,' / r / - _ -�--
�+ 1 I. + rr ! i f l,+ l I1± ? 1 1 rlrl■ i r/1111'I'1/I I I / I,//''-1 If�/t�r�r�-.- .----JiJ//I!/'/r//r-r'•Irr/!rJJ j j//'IlI/ //'t'I JJt/ /IIII /1 I f f { 11 1■ t\ \\. y r���-', r/ r/rI /r - - -
1 11I I ■ I ' / / -/' - �- =r--/r j/JI/ '// // r .'/ ! /r JJ 1 t/t/ / / ', / 1 I / I ' ' r 1 11 \ \ -_ --��-' -' /'rrI/ / r'-� -- _ __-
REFER TO RDE DRAWINGS C I D I FOR I I j 1 i / - - - - / / ! I / I! / ' '' t J // /r , I I 1 r 1 ■ ■ -
1 I 1 I 1 / tr r r- �. -- -,///r III I/ t // -✓,/t r/ / / r / / // / I 1 I \ \ . -- .---- r / / / / / / - -� -
IMPACTS 5$-59 (193 LF 0.OIS AC} 1 1 I� 1 1 1 / IJ J / r-•,---_--- J/ �// I/ / rr - /• / / r// I / / / I I 1 - _ - -___- -- ' ' //' /Irr // -� --_- - ___-- - - -
. / I / / I . - - . - _
IMPACTS W6 D.OD7 AC 1 1� , r 1'/r/It !. / ,/ f / .-/ r ! / II I/ II / r , / r t rr /' I ■ 1 1 ' ' 1 / 1 \ \ . -- --_-- . /' rr / / / • _ - -___ --- --- _ __---
1 ) 1 I 1 1'_ I r / , / r . r - - / /I / I / r / / / 1 1 \ \ \ \- . . �- -' r r / / / / r r r-- .� - -
11 i /l/ / ! / / r . / I I II III I I 1 / / I / / l I ■ ♦ - - - / / / / / r _ -
LIMITS OF DISTURBANCE, TYP. 1'i 1' 11 i r 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 r 1 r,'�'I' I ■ ' ' , / /l ' •' /' / '/r'JI i i i ' ' / ■/ IIII I 1 / I' ' 1 + ' ` _ _ - ' ''/////'�'' - - -_,__ --- -- - ----
II I f I r l 1 11 1 , 1 / I / / / r/ - / // 1 I I , I I 1 1 . - •- -� /' / / / / / / / • -'- - - -
1 1 I r i 1 1 I; i 1 1 t I / / / / 1 1 1 I I ■ \ \ - - - - - _ rl _. r / / / J / - _ - - - _____
11 1 1 1 1 f I r 1! r ! / !/ r r'r,/ JI/I I I 1 I I r - - _ . _ -- - J / - .� --� - -- «
STREAM, TYP. i i 11r111i 1I�11�rI 11 I rI ill I / /I //,,�-- .'r./ /r/'11 r1'111 / / I I I - - _ -_� - _ _ ,' r' _ _- __� --- .-'_� ____--
1 I .' i + 1 / L I• 1 + i 1 1 I I 1 I // - / / J t / 1 1 1 ' ' 1 I I \` -_ - -� . r - // /J/J/r /!!// r _ . . - `- l - r - ____
�I + 1 f f 1 f I I 1 1 f rl I Ilrvj�ll ; f it ± i F r l 1 I I /r/t, ,/,',r Irr;/i/', I 11 , I 1 11 I 1 11 I1 I 41 \\ ��� - - - - `� -. _� - - .' /////r / ///'/'// /'r- -4 ..- ... -,. ---- ---'- �' �'-- J ------
PROPOSED WETLANDIFILL 1 f 1 f 1 r r I` 1 1 1 1 f l / /•/ /! r •/ r. r 1 - -
1' f 1! f i 1 1 I i r 1 11� 1 t 1 l f I f i I 1 l I' I I// r /I/,/ / /' 11 1 1 ! t\ -�__� --- - - --' // !// ,' ,-~�-- -_ �, ----�� -,-/ ----'
I ` 1 ! i I �1 I' \�i I f I 1 1 I I J , I 1 1 1 1 l - - - - --�. _`� -__ rrr / ,/! r / / /'/r, _ . -� _ - . .-� . , '- _-
IMPACT W12 [�.DDI AC} , i I I 1 1 1 _- , , , , r _ �___ _ r
I I 1 i 1 r 1 1 f 1 f I I r / I I / I I I I ` - - . - / / / •� . - -
' 1 1 1 11 1 11 I I r r�' + 1 1 1 1, l+ 1 1 1 f l 1 1 1 / / _
1 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 1 r 1 1 r r 1 I 1 '+V1 I 1 i 1 f I / I 1 --- ---__� - -7 - . 7. -7 --- rrI /t / r , / ///t/i rr-- -- 7- 7- �- �= �- .r r --
1 WETLAND TYP. ' 1 r 1 r r 1 1 f r '� • 1 1 j I[ r l 1 IIr 111 1 1 + 1 I r 1 / 11 ! 1 1 1/ I' 1 i i + _ _--_----_--`�___ - ',/ // J J r/ r ! J -_ -- --' /' /r / -- __
1 1 ! I 1 1 ! 1 1 r + i 1 I 1 1 f r I 1 1 \ - - . \ ♦ \ /-�- / / ! / ! / / -- __\ ._ - __�-- ' / ' r
_ / • _
♦ /
I r r l f I i 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 r 1 } \ - - r J I/ J r r _. -' . r, r r
1 1 f I 1 } I i i I I 1 1 1 1 1 + f r I f 1 1 __� ��-__ . \ . . \ -__. / / / , / r / / / t / ' _ . . �_ - • / -
I r 1 11 1 r r 1 r 1 - . - J r
PROPOSED STREAM MITIGATION i t 1 r rf 1 r+ r 1 r 1 11 r I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I ______ - �\ \\ • ' r •-- - _____
1 1 i 1 j- l i f 1 1 1 1 1 1 r I I i I 1 1 i f r [ 1 V \ - _- - `� \ \ �.` `.�-' �--/ / IIII J J J/tr/r,',/ / /�- -� .` .`�`�.--�- - --/ r/ /t ///- /-
' REFER TO RDE DRAWINGS f + + I f + r r + 1 l 1'1 ? f 1 + + 1 + 1 1 1 r I I i i 1 i 1 1 i l } I, \\ --_ _ -- _------- _ `\ \ \ '/'// / /' / . --__� r ! / -
/ r r r+ 11 1 1+ 1 1 1 I+ 1+1 11� 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 f Ir 1 1 1 f+ 1 V 1 1 l 1 `. - __-___--- ~_ -\7� \ .` --.'/r / /r t t t/ /t - ,-� -- -�- / / /! -
3D UPLAND BUFFER, TYP. 1 + r 1 + 1 1 1 i r 1 1 1 { I 1 I i r f r 1 1 1 l i 1 4 1 l + 1 , . .___�- _ _ ____ - ` ■ , `\ 7 . r/ r / / r / / / / rr _ _,r rr , Jt rr , r-_
! I r r r r I + i i + ! 1 1! _I I 1 ' 1 1 1 1 l I l { I I 1 1 \\ \\ t \\ \ `-_- -- /r, / //rrI/, rlrr / •' �. ` / r I / - -_ �_
1 i i r 4 r { 1 l 1 1 1 - - _ -� - \ \\ \\ \\ ` - r, r / / - - ♦ \` - - /r /// / / . -
PROPOSED BIORETENTION POND I + 1 1+ 1 .. � I I r 4 1 I 1 , _ - . _ _ J / r r r ti__ J. -
. I i 1 1 + i 1 1 1 i■ 1 1 1 ll l { l i l l } 1 1 1 } 1 _ __-___��` ., \■ 1 ■' \ ♦ -w- / // //r/ !// % // rr - ` `\\ 7- 7. / /
i i 1 1 I i 1 1 Il 11 ■\ - - - \1 \\ \ / -. rrr /'//r/•'/ J / / / - ` . / /
f V 1 ' �, - 4 \ l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 ti ' - /-` _ ---7 \111 ■ 1 ■ \ \\ \\ ,- r/ / /r// / ! / ,' / / r'r/r/ // - -� �♦ •\ -� �_ ��-�__�-� I
REFER TO MDG DRAWINGS. I i i l, i i 1 1 �� 1 I i 1 1' l I I I i' 1} I 1 ' 1 - - - __ - 1 1 1 ,. r J / t// /, ,,-. /' f /
1 1 1 I i 1 \ 1 i t l l 1 1 1 1 - .- /- "1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ ti_r . //// t, / /r r . . \ ♦ \ . �_ -/ /, ■ I
J j 1 1 1 1 4 l l \� `1 ■1 l i l l l l 1 i 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 \. .'---- - 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ r-� / //! / J/ / // / r'/' / .�` `` �. -___ ,/ /' ■ 1// /
PROPOSED WETLAND FILL { 1 i l l { l { l 1 } 1 '. ,� , , , 1 1 'i 1 I 1 { I 1 1 } I - _ - '-- `- --___ l 1 1 1 1 , , r ! . / / , / ! , ♦ ,
I \ { 1 1 1 1 l l 1 4 I ■ \.. 1 1 1 1 , I l l I} l l I 1 1 l + I \ __- .- - - ^l 1 1 1 \ -/ / t/////// / r r' r/-�. `� \ `� \ - --- /' J I I /--
1 I MPACT W 13 [O.D I AC} l l l 4 1 1 1 } } l \ ' , 1 1 y l 1 I I l 1 \ _ / / _ _ - 1 . r / / , . /r _ . , , _ - ' / J I / / I / / - -
11 { f + , I l l l } } \ �- -- -- -- -1 y 1 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 r^ / t t t / I /,J ! ! / // r' / \ �, \ - J I I II
} 1 1 y 1 y V 1 4 \1,, l 4 1 I l i 1 ■ - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ I , / t t J// / t/ / ,�, \ _ _ I r
II 1+ 1 1 1 1} l l 1 1 i 1 1 L I \ _�- /. -- .--- -- l 1 l I l l 1 \ / I/ / I / // r . \ . ____ /// 1 -
\ 1 I l l 1 • // t //! /// \ I l i I
LINEARWETLAND, TYP. 1 r' II f l 1 1 1 \ 1 1 4 l► 1 1 -, i I} 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ - -- .-- v1 1 1 ■ 1 1 [ 1 1 1 \ \ -- ,/ I I J / // \\ `_ - - ./ ', 1 1 1
\ 1 11 l 1 1" \' l l 1 1 -. . _ I 1 1 t / t/ I / t'/ // \ . ___� J I
f { l l 11 I l 1 i 1 ♦ - r - -- l 1 f 1 1 1 \ \ / / // t / •- _�- \ ti♦ \ - - I I I r 1
i \ 1 \ 1 1 I I 1 ■ - - . r - �l l 1 / / / I I t / / r . - . ��_ / I J
1 1 4 1 4 l 1 1 l l I l 1 l l 1, 1 1 111 l 1 I l 4 l \ t i 1 l 1 1 1 1 Il 1} 1 i 1 1 1' \\-- - / . / ---- 1 1 l4 i I } 1 t ._-' -'/ ,' I J ,'/'/ I/ t/ r / ,- -� `\ \\ \ ._ �___�- / / I l l r I
l { l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l I 1 1 f, 1 1l 1 1 l l ■♦■ 1 1 1 1, l l 1 1 1 1 '1 I \ 1 \I 111. 1 1 I 1 1 I l 1 1 - . . r . _ �1 Il I i l 1 - // tI t / I/ i !' 1 I
1 r
\ . . . / r 1 1 i 1 \ rr /I /// IIr/// ;t i' /��_ -\ ♦ ♦` �,`�- �- - .- ' / 1 1
1 1 I l i 1 I 1 1■ \ I1 i 11 ■ 11 ,{ i i I I \. 1 \' i 1 l I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l \ -- -' -r / - . -- ■ 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 \ \\ ! I I I I I I ' / r- - .\ �___ / I
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I
LEGEND
PROPERTY BOUNDARY
■ ■
WETLAND - NO DISTURBANCE
LINEAR WETLAND
EXISTING OPEN WATER
STREAM
CULVERT TO REMAIN
CULVERT TO BE REMOVE
PROPOSED CULVERT
PROPOSED WETLAN❑ IMPACT
PROPOSED STREAM I M PACT
................:::
PROPOSED STREAM MITIGATION
//////
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Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Attachment C
Ecosystem Restoration Plans

Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Attachment D
Updated Delineation Map

Mulberry Gap Farms (+1- 450 AC )
. _,
Jurisdictional Waters of tie US
Wetland(AC) Stteam(LF) Open Water(AC) Tyr
W 2 0.025 W33 0.0Li0
6 W63 0A06 S2 1,500 OW 2 0529 Sheet 2 1 V
W2 0.028 W33 0.006 W64 O6 S2 1�00 OW2 0.029
W3 0.015 W34 0002 W65 0.015 S3 1,484 OW3 0005 r.wF ¢
W4 0176 W35 0.006 W66 0.015 S4 568 OW4 0.0W :0 -.a. ' +
W5 0.095 W36 0.001 W67 O003 S5 1,909
WO 0.014 W37 0.018 W68 0.133 56 178
W7 0.054 W38 0124 WOO 0.004 S7 83
W 8 0.009 W39 0.106 W70 0.002 58 2,862
W9 0.019 W40 0.020 W71 0.017 S9 219
Wi0 0.007 W41 0.020 W72 0.053 S10 435
Wil 0.003 W42 0.015 W73 0.011 51l 109
W12 0.059 W43 0.643 W74 0.052 512 703
W13 0.009 W44 0.108 W75 0.001 S13 2,104
W14 0.064 W45 0.040 W76 0.128 514 945 .��\
W15 0.061 W46 0.063 W77 0.035 S15 473
F.
Wi6 0.027 W47 0007 W78 OM516 862 _--- 1 pp
t 3
Wiz 0.066 W48 0.032 W79 0.009 S17 23 //^~ • `` j She e
W18 0.025 W49 0.096 W80 0.033 518 524
Wig 0.067 W50 0.017 W81 0.057 S19 15 Sheet - 1 / �,
W20 0.064 W5i 0.020 WS2 0.012 S20 117 ! r� 1
W21 0.012 W52 0.045 W83 0.002 521 90 �- 1
W22 0.036 W53 0003 W84 0.081 S22 116 -,���� ?
/
W23 0.001 W54 0 004 W 85 0.001 523 489 /
/� !
W24 0.002 W55 OMW86 OMj ',.`/�
W25 0.003 W56 0002 W87 0.001 . ! �-N
W26 0.002 W57 OMW88 0.064 -� q
��- ;/.....W27 0.006 w58 0.061 w89 WW2
W28 0.005 W59 0.064 W90 0.010 j ..'. ..." I
W29 0.004 W60 0.007 W91 aom ����
W30 0.010 W61 0.007 W92 0.065 I j I
W31 0.003 W62 0AOi 1 I
Total 2.177 Iotal 20,217 Total 0.643 1
r
i f-\� ! j r
1 ti , i N. f
1�� - -Y�r
N.
,\ i^ f
r
1 ♦ � i
� 1
1
1 i) L_
i
I I
I I
I I
Legend
L-___1 Project Boundary 0 500 1000 2000
Sheets 1
Sheet 4
L 1- i Drawn by:, WY 7:21.2020; Project# 1025,610 Feet
B
pd a llJ _ _ted:i05.03:2022
CLear\j\/aer Stream and Wetland Delineation Map
Madison County, An EnviroSeience Company p
North Carolina 145 7th Avenue West Delineated September 2019 - June 2020
Hendersonville, NC 28792 Figure 5 Key

Mulberry Gap Farms (+1- 450 AC)
.- .. ,.., ..,.. .44.0:„„..„.,,,,,... . M
Jurisdidonal wetlands and waters identified on this map have been located within sub-meter accuracy utilizing a Trimble mapping grade Global Positioning System(GPS)and the subsequent differential correction of that data GPS points may demonstrate uncorrectahle errors
due to topography,vegetative cover,and/or multipath signal error.
Moto The illustrated wetland and stream locations are approximate- These areas have been flagged in the field;however;they have not been surveyed- Although ClearWater Environmental Consultants,Inc-(CEC)is confident in our assessment,the US Army Corps of
Engineers(Corps)is the only agency that can make final decisions regarding jurisdictional wetland and waters of the US delineations- Therefore,all preliminary determinations are subject to change until written verification is obtained- CEC strongly recommends that written
verification be obtained from the Corps prior to closing on the property,beginning any site work,or making any legal reliance on this determination.
Thismap was prepared by CEC using the best information available to CEC at the lime of production- This map is for informational purposes only and should not be used to determine precise boundaries,roadways,property boundary lines,nor legal descriptions- This map
shall not be construed to be an official survey of any data depicted.
SourceData:Togo and Project Boundary-Madison County GIS�� tea. _ r. m �.e t . + _ra�,..o .. ..r •r ..
Juristicti Una l Waters of the US •t• 3• R' y "'
Wetland(AC) Stream(LT) Open Water(AC) ` ' r. + ii
W1 0-005 W32 0.010 W63 0-006 51 4,401 OW1 0.529 .11k'�
W2 0-028 W33 0-006 W64 6696 52 1,500 OW2 0-029 i 4---': ir.'�.•i.• .••q. '.r +Ht+
W3 0.015 W34 0.002 W65 0.015 53 1,484 OW3 0.005 /.i1'R d
W4 0.076 W35 0.006 W66 0.015 54 568 OW4 0.080
Ws 0.095 W36 0-001 W67 0-003 55 1,909 - ' - • - ' •• +��
W6 0.014 W37 0.018 W68 0.133 56 178 • •1: r. ••- - - __ •
W7 0.054 W38 0.024 W69 0.004 57 83 j'.
W8 0-009 W39 0.106 W70 0.002 58 3,351 =F %..�
W9 0.019 W40 0.020 W71 0.017 59 219
W10 0-007 W41 0.020 W72 0.053 510 435
W11 0.003 W42 0.015 W73 0.011 511 109
,404001. ... . „
W 12 0.059 W43 0.043 W74 0.052 512 703
W13 0.009 W44 0.108 W75 0.001 513 2,104 \,
W 14 0.004 W45 0.040 W76 0.128 514 945
W15 0.061 W46 0.063 W77 0.035 515 473
W16 0.027 W47 0.607 W78 0.002 516 862
W17 0.066 W48 0.032 W79 0.009 517 23
W18 0.025 W49 0.096 W80 6033 518 524
W19 0.007 W50 0.017 W81 0.057 519 15
W20 0.064 W51 0.020 W82 0.012 520 117 r_-.
W21 0.012 W52 0.045 W83 0.002 521 98 I "---------- //
W22 0-036 w53 0-003 W84 0.081 522 116 �� ��- .;•L•;.,,; •;•/ ,://;; /
W23 0.001 W54 0-004 W85 0.001 �E1 > I ��- Wetland Waters of u
W24 0.002 W55 0.003 W86 0.605 Non-Wetland Waters I -•• the US(NWPR:AA}
W25 0-003 w56 0-602 w87 a-a01 I of the US(NWPR:A2) 1 •,` -�W59
W26 0.002 W57 0.003 W88 0.004 (cr,- ! ���-� _-�
W27 0-006 W58 0.601 W89 0.002
W28 0-605 W59 0.004 w90 0.010 1 W52
W29 0.604 w60 0.007 w91 0.007
1
W30 0.010 W61 0-007 W92 0.005 5�g i Non-Wetland Waters
W31 0-003 w62 0-001 I, W79 Non-Wetland Waters of the US(NWPR:A2) S77
Total 2.177 Total 20,217 Total 0.643 f of the US(NWPR:A3) , W51
.'r• 1 W8O R � +.•
�..: • + W50
S.-�..
Wetland Waters of '' ` !"�"°' ''
W82 ,. �
the US(NWPR:Al) r W81 • . .: /fr....1,- I Wetland Waters of
- ^.-. *-.+k •rrr• .:► ql1.•4i;r:. Y f`'� f [ 14i :li�;r::tge ►F• rry 'l4y� f the US(NWPR:A4) ...\\\I W49
f/
/
1 -
W48 Sat\1
i
W47
1
1 Non-Wetland Waters Wetland Waters of Wetland Waters
of the US(NWPR:A2) • the US(NWPR:A4) I. of the US
1 _ (NWPR:A4)
W46
1 Wetland Waters of ,-,
1 the US{NWPR:A4}
It W45
Non-Wetland Waters W39 w42
of the US(NWPR:A2) 527 '� W37 5( W43
58 5�sy `' 7:, 4 W58
r W38 ,
I �� W41 W44
r
Pk-
.• , .)Prillif- 1 I
1\\
t� . N II
Wetland Waters of
: fr. S22�t J I the US(NWPR:A4)
1 Non-Wetland Waters l I
`� ~r^~~' 1 Non-Wetland Waters
of the US(NWPR:A2} I • ` : .. .^ l of the US(NWPR:A2)
1
Project Boundary 1 ____,
1------- ----... Wetland Waters of
Legend et . - - - - -- the U5{NWPR:A4}
Data Form • . _ .._. � ' 1 I
4,• .•
----1 Project Boundary �.�- , 4,....1
_ N;; .- ti�w 1* :•••11
Existing Culvert • • ;:�.
Linear Wetland -WOTUS ;.
Stream -WOTUS N i
Wetland -WOTUS -
Open Water 0 250 500 1 ,000
Contours(1 oft) Feet + ..,
Drawn by: BWY 7.21.2020; Project# 1025 • / /
Updated: 05.03.2022 y
Madison County,
year ater Delineation Map
An EnvrroScrence Companyc3 Site Delineated
North Carolina 145 7th Avenue West Sept. 2019 - June 2020
Hendersonville, NC 28792 Figure 5 Sheet 1

Mulberry Gap Farms (+1- 450 AC)
. . . --
Jurisdictional wetlands and waters identified on this map have been located within sub-meter accuracy utilizing a Trimble mapping grade Global Juriscictional Waters of the LIS
Positioning System(GPS)and the subsequent differential correction of that data GPS points may demonstrate uncorrectable errors due to Wetland(AC) Stream(LF) Open Water(AC)
topography,vegetative cover,and/or multi path signal error-
W1 0_005 W32 0-010 W63 0-006 Si 4,401 OWl 0-529
Note: The illustrated wetland and stream locations are approximate- These areas have been flagged in the field;however,they have not been W2 0.028 W33 0-006 W64 0-006 S2 1,5IX1 OW2 0-029
surveyed- Athough ClearWater Environmental Consultants,Inc-(CEC]is oontident in our assessment,the US Army Corps of Engineers(Corps)
is time only agency that can make final decisions regarding jurisdictional wetland and waters of the US delineations- Therefore,all preliminary • W3 0_015 W34 0-002 W65 0_015 53 1,484 OW3 0-005
determinations are subject to change until written verification is obtained- CEC strongly recommends that written verification be obtained from the
Corps priorto closing on the property,beginning any site work,or making any legal reliance on this determination- W4 0-076 W35 0-006 W66 0_015 S4 568 OW4 0-080
W5 0-095 W36 0-001 W67 0_003 S5 1,909
This map was prepared by CEC using the best information available to CEC at the time of production- This map is for informational purposes only
and should not be used to determine precise boundaries,roadways,property boundary lines,nor legal descriptions- This map shall not be W6 0-014 W37 0-018 W68 0_133 S6 178
construed to be an official survey of any data depicted- W7 0-054 W38 0-024 W69 0.004 S7 83
Source Data:Topo and Project Boundary-Madison County GIS W 8 0-009 W39 0-106 W70 0-002 S8 3,351
W9 0-019 W40 0-020 W71 0-017 S9 219
W10 0-007 W41 0-020 W72 0_053 S10 435
1000 Wi! 0-003 W42 0-015 W73 0-011 511 109
• 0 250 500 1 ,/ .' W13 0-009 W44 0-108 W75 0-001 513 2,104
Feet W14 0-004 W45 0-040 W76 0_128 514 945
R'15 0-061 W46 0-063 W77 0-035 515 473
W16 0-027 W47 0-007 W78 0-002 516 862
Legend W17 0-066 W48 0-032 W79 0-009 517 23
W18 0-025 W49 0-096 W80 0-033 518 524
{ Data Form W19 0-007 W50 0-017 W 81 0-057 519 15
Contours{loft} W20 0-064 W51 0-020 W82 0-012 520 117
----- W21 0_012 W52 0-045 W83 0-002 Sal 98
�— I Project Boundary
W22 0-036 W53 0-003 W84 0-081 522 116
Linear Wetland-WOTUS W23 0-001 W54 0-004 W85 0-001
Existing CulvertW24 0-002 W55 0-003 W86 0-005
W25 0-003 W56 0-002 W87 0-001
Open Water-WOTUS
PeW26 0-002 W57 0-003 W88 0-004
Wetland-WOTUS W27 0-006 W58 0-001 W89 0-002
W28 0-005 W59 0-004 W90 0_010
Stream-WOTUS r•••. . .:'., . _ x. „. .--4 _
• _: `��. # 9:` J W29 0-064 W60 0-007 W91 0-007
;'fir • • l ,Y-
x• ' `- 'ax":'" ''qr ' `y a ,?• - t• W30 0-010 W61 0-007 W92 0-005
s `s. ";a3 •lk 'r� ,� • •et ••: .; r {' W31 0-003 W62 0-001
t T- ^.7. -Y• Total 2.177 Total 20,217 Total 0.643
• [• . .. r . - W- . Drawn by: BY 7:21.2020:Project# 1025
'Updated:.05:03:2022
f /! Project Boundary •1.
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i _
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II �; i \ Wetland Waters of the US(NWPR:A4)
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W20
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' : ' ,; ' >. W34 the U5(NWPR:A4) 11 the U5{NWPR:A4}
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k _ �
Wetland Waters of b.
the US(NWPR:A4)
%I A ilk.
tear ter Delineation Map
Madison County,
y Site Delineated
C `An EnviroScience ompany@
North Carolina 145 7th Avenue West Sept. 2019 - June 2020
Figure 5 Sheet 2
Hendersonville, NC 28792

Mulberry Gap Farms (+1- 450 AC)
Jurisdictional wetlands and waters identified on this map have been located within sub-meter accuracy utilizing a Trimbe mapping grade Global Positioning System(GPS)and the subsequent
�" dfferential correction of that data.GPS points may demonstrate uncorreclable errors due to topography,vegetative cover,and/or multipath signal error.
�' \
-.•�! �\ Note: The illustrated wetland and stream locations are approximate. These areas have been flagged in the field;however,they have not been surveyed. Although Clearwater Environmental
•'\ Consultants,Inc.(CEC)is confident in our assessment,the US Army Corps of Engineers)Corps)is the only agency that can make final decisions regarding jurisdictional wetland and waters of
�fs. the US delineations. Therefore,all preliminary determinations are subject to change until written verification is obtained. CEC strongly recommends that written verification be obtained from the
/: Corps prior to closing on the property,beginning any site work,or making any legal reliance on this determination.
\
r �, •\ This map was prepared by CEC using the best information available to CEC at the time of production. This map is for informational purposes only and should not be used to determine precise
'N\ boundaries,roadways,property boundary lines,nor legal descriptions.This map shall not be construed to be an official survey of any data depicted.
1
Source Data:Togo and Project Boundary-Madison County GIS
1 • -¢ r:r } -w b ). if. <%6,-,..a • Y.. ..r- T 'fie, .
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•
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W67 l.;_ ':
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r of the US(NWPR:A2) 1
'. `;.'.' Jurisdict anal Waters dale US
Y i Wetland(AC) Stream ) Open Water(AC) 11
`i ' :�' 6 w1 0.005 W32 0.010 W63 0.006 Si 4,401 OW1 0.529
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6$ `tom"�y :lsy rf� �'�/,ii, :'. W2 0.028 W33 0.006 W64 0.006 52 1,500 awl 0.029
";1 .1111
•' 1 ?•.... w3 0.0I5 W34 0.002 W65 0_015 53 1,484 aw3 0.005 •
I W4 0.076 W35 0.006 W66 0-015 54 568 OW4 0.080
w5 0.095 W36 0.001 W67 0.003 55 1,909
+ W6 0.014 W37 0.018 W68 0.133 56 178
Wetland Waters
of the US[NWPR:Al) 1 a W7 D.ost was 0.o2a W69 o.Doa 57 83
j W8 0.009 W39 0.106 W70 0.002 58 3,351
fit! Wetland Waters of '!' w9 0.019 W40 0.020 W71 0-017 59 219
W74 IV the US(NWPR:A4) :, w10 0.007 W41 0.020 W72 0.053 510 435
W71 - . W 11 0.003 W42 0.015 W73 0-011 511 109
4ja Q I • , -:..F W12 0.059 W43 0.043 W74 0-052 SE 703
W 13 0.009 W44 0.108 W75 0.001 513 2,104
SAS `'-•� ! z'• W14 0.004 W45 0.010 W76 0_128 514 945
r W73 �'\ r 76 W15 0.061 W46 0.063 W77 0035 515 473
Lt: • w16 0.027 w47 0.oa7 W78 O.002 516 862
r . a ..= / W17 0.066 W48 0.032 W79 0.009 517 23
W7-7_ 3 �= , w1s 0025 wag 0.096 W80 D_033 sls s24
W18 0.om W49 0.096 W81 0-033 518 is
Nan-Wetland Waters / 5�7 i - • ,1- ' w20 0.064 w51 0.020 Wag D.012 520 117
of the US(NWPR:A2) / f' W21 0.012 W52 0.045 W83 0.002 521 98
-- Wetland Waters of 513 W22 0.036 W53 0.003 W84 0.081 522 116
-� the US{NWPR:A4) 1 �� W23 0.001 W54 0.004 Was o.001
. • fi r; . •. . • ---- W24 0.002 W55 0.003 W86 0.005
f .r 4i, 2; _ ,� " \ • • ^'• ; W25 0.033 W56 0.032 W87 0.001
•• p • .4f ,,,, •- w2C, 0002 w57 0.003 W88 uoo4
F �;t' •. i;�'a ,•� •.Fars.� •°; '� � �. •.�+ I 1 � � 0.006 wss 0.Do1 Wsa o.002
•�,� c9'�'u~ �'t ; , •.',y;•7k, _ - ti Non-Wetland Waters • W28 90.03s W59 0.004 W90 0-010
1s d ,.�iN y a Y. of the U5{NWPR_A2} W29 0.034 who 0.037 W91 0-007
N •
tp,yE Al? • - W30 0.010 W61 0.037 W92 0.005
:.i:,'1", . +•. ,a; W31 0.003 W62 0.001
- ; Total 2.177 Total 20,217 Tap/ 0.543
re .
..• +
0 250 500 1 ,000
Drawn by: BWY 7121.2020; Project# 1025dated Up *05.032022 . Feet
r
•
Madison Count 11 1�
year` ater Delineation Map
Site Delineated
y' A l An Env►roScience Company
North Carolina Sept. 2019 - June 2020
145 7th Avenue West
Figure 5 Sheet 3
Hendersonville, NC 28792

Mulberry Gap Farms (+1- 450 AC)
Wetland Waters of . Wetland Waters of W5
the US{NWPR:A4} /1 the US(NWPR:A4) f.'
W14 W1 2 W11 +L Wetland Waters of the US(NWPR:AA)
I W23
4.....W 2 Wetland Waters of 90
i/I
OW1 the US(NWPR:A4) �g8 WS9
Non-Wetland Waters Non-Wetland Waters \01
of the US(NWPR:A3) I of the US(NWPR:A2)
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• Non-Wetland Waters /. W2 53
-- of the US(NWPR:A2) / W92
Wetland Waters of -ram
the US(NWPR:A4) - - -.
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W10 W8
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WB
�
W� W9. Wetland Waters of �.
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of the US(NWPR:A3) f'
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e
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• . .=', ..t Updated:,05.703.2022
Jurisd,ctional Waters of the LG
Legend Wetland(AC) Sfmam(IF) Open Water(AC)
-EJUStlrlg Culvert W• I 0-1305 W32 0-010 W63 0.006 Si 4,401 OWl 0.529
1 W2 0.028 W33 0-006 W64 0-006 S2 1,500 OW2 0-029
-Stream-WOTUS W3 0.015 W34 0.002 Wfi5 0.015 S3 1,4&1 OW3 0605
L' W• 4 0.076 W35 0-006 W66 0.015 54 568 0W4 0.080
r Linear Wetland-WOTLJS
_ WS 0-095 W3fi 0-001 W57 0-003 55 1,909
Wetland-WOTUS W6 0.014 W37 0-018 W68 0.133 Sfi 178
0•r ,;A W7 0-054 W38 0-024 W69 0.004 S7 83
Open Water-WOTUS
`• W8 0.009 W39 0.106 W70 0.002 S8 3,351----I ..
Project Boundary •\ W9 0.019 W40 0-020 W71 0.017 59 219
----J _ - ,, , r _ . �; . W 10 0-007 W41 0-020 W72 0.053 S10 435
Data Farm 4'
�. _ ...Fr..i... • q ..-i.., W11 0-003 W42 0-015 W73 0-011 S11 109
Contours 10tt r • ; :. .; .....,.p,..•
[ ] .L _ W12 0-099 W43 0-043 W74 0-052 S12 703
. ... fr • .. . .. .?.-.r .42 • W13 0-009 W44 0-108 W75 0-001 S13 2,104
r _ ' •
... w _• A. _ a,. ,.i,. r W14 0-004 W45 0-040 W7fi 0-128 S14 945
N
�+ ...',P... W15 0.061 W46 0.063 W77 0-035 S15 473
+ :If'''..",:,•Alt!.....,: , '•151�.�. ..yt' �. • .• .: 44,,..- .. y W 16 0-027 W47 0-007 W78 0-002 S16 862
- 4•�•a r, z 1 W17 0-0666 WIS 0-032 W79 0.009 S17 23
s ;
D 25D 5DD 1 DDD WlS 0-025 W49 0-096 W80 0-033 51s 524
' W19 0-001 WSD 0.017 W81 0.057 519 15
I
•
Feet �" ` W20 0.064 W51 aW82 0.012 520 117
W21 0.012 W52 0-045 W83 0-002 S21 98
' � -n s ,,' W22 0.036 W53 0.003 W84 0.081 S22 115
'. W23 0-001 W54 0604 W85 0.001
Jurisdictional wetlands and waters identified on this map have been located*thin sub-meter accuracy utiliang a Trimble mapping grade Global Positioning System(GPS)and the t
subsequent differential correction of that data. GPS points may demonstrate uncorredable errors due to topography,vegetative cover,and/or multi path signal error. -'� W24 0-Dill W55 0-003 W8fi 0.005
,.+ W25 0.003 W56 0.002 W87 0.001
Note: The illustrated wetland and stream locations are approximate. These areas have been flagged in the field;however,they have not been surveyed. Although ClearWater - W• 26 0602 W57 0-003 W88 0.004
Environmental Consultants,Inc(CEC)is confident in oil assessment,the US Army Corps of Engineers(Corps)is the only agency that can make final decisions regarding
jurisdictional wetland and waters of the US delineations- Therefore,all prelirrinary determinations are subject to change until written verification is obtained. CEC strongly 'j W27 0-006 W58 0601 W89 0.002
recommends that written verification be obtained from the Corps prior to closing on the property,beginning any site work,or making any legal reliance on this determination- ? W28 0.005 W59 0-0114 W90 0.010
This map was prepared by CEC using the best information available to CEC at the time of production. This map is for informational purposes only and should not be used to W29 0-004 W60 0-0117 W91 0-007
determine precise boundaries,roadHays,property boundary lines,nor legal descriptions-This map shall not be construed to be an official survey of any data depicted- W30 0.010 Wfil 0-01T7 W92 0.005
W 31 0.003 W fi2 0-001
Source Data: Topo and Project Boundary-Madison County GIS '
Total 2.177 Total 20,217 Total 0.643
-.
-.,,•• .
pearl A later Delineation Map
Madison County,
v iompanyJ Site Delineated
An Env►roSCJence .._,
North Carolina 145 7th Avenue West Sept. 2019 - June 2020
Figure 5 Sheet 4
Hendersonville, NC 28792

Attachment E
Fig 5B — Inundation Map for Hopewell Branch

Site Plan
Attachment F
Revised Operations and Maintenance Plan

Operation & Maintenance Manual
For Beaver Dam Analog Stream-
Wetland Complex
Prepared for
The School of Wholeness
& Enlightenment
Madison County, NC
May 10, 2022
v
It
Arlie Robinson
,n/ Design
Engineers
1

BDA OEM Plan II School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. OBJECTIVES 5
2.1 SUPPORT WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT 5
2.2 PROVIDE FORAGE AND SHELTER FOR WILDLIFE 6
2.3 PROVIDE BEAUTIFUL AND INSPIRING SCENERY 7
3. MONITORING 8
3.1 BDA WEIR INSPECTIONS 8
3.2 HYDROLOGIC MONITORING 8
3.3 HYDRAULIC MONITORING 9
3.4 ALIGNMENT AND TEXTURE MAPPING 9
3.5 SEDIMENT MAPPING 9
3.6 WOO❑ MONITORING 10
3.7 PHYSIOCHEMICAL MONITORING 10
3.8 VEGETATION MONITORING 11
3.9 INVASIVE SPECIES MONITORING 11
4. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT 12
4.1 BDA WEIRS 12
4.2 VEGETATION PERFORMANCE 12
4.3 TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE 12
4.4 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT 13
4.5 BEAVER MANAGEMENT 13
5. REPORT PREPARATION AND SUBMITTAL 14
6. REFERENCES 15
Revised: May,2022

BDA❑&M Plan 1/ School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 3
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Monitoring Maps
APPENDIX B: Target Invasive Species
Revised: May,2022

BDA O&M Plan 11 School of Wholeness and Enlightenment 11 Page 4
1. INTRODUCTION
The applicant, Mulberry Farm Madison LLC represented by Richard
Kelly, is seeking a Nationwide Permit 39 and Water Quality General
Certification 4134 for 415 linear feet (0.0307 acres) of impact to
streams and 0.044 acres of impacts to wetlands, and Nationwide
Permit 27 and Water Quality General Certification 4139 for 1,828
linear feet (0.1315 acres) of impacts to streams and 0.064 acres of
impacts to wetlands on Thomas Branch and Hopewell Branch and
unnamed tributaries. The impacts are associated with the
construction of a residential education and training center called
the School for Wholeness and Enlightenment (SOWE). The project
site consists of +1- 448 acres located at 1126 Upper Thomas Branch
Road, Marshall, North Carolina. The applicant is submitting this O&M
plan to satisfy the monitoring plan requirement for NWP 27 as a
proposed permit condition.
This document describes a monitoring and management regime
that will require dedicated professionals to implement, but is
applicable across the SOWE campus and is adaptable over time.
This document replaces the previous monitoring plan submittal.
The BDA stream-wetland complex systems will be monitored and
evaluated based on the following quantifiable elements:
- Rainfall accumulation
- Surface water levels
- Ground water levels
- Water temperature and other physiochemical components
- Dynamic fluvial traits
- Vegetation species and density
These elements will be evaluated, over time, to understand the
trajectory of the system and adaptive management strategies will
be implemented on a case-by-case basis depending on the
system's trajectory.
The ecological functioning of the stream-wetland complex and
associated vegetation will make the SOWE campus beautiful and
inspiring.
Revised:May,2022

BDA O&M Plan 1/ School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 5
2. OBJECTIVES
This manual offers practical guidance on the monitoring,
maintenance, and adaptive management operations of the BDAs
and associated wetland complex and vegetation at SOWE. These
guidelines should serve SOWE staff in their efforts to maintain the
health, function, and appearance of these areas.The design of
these features has been carefully considered to augment
ecosystem services that improve water quality, restore habitat,
and enhance the visitor experience at SOWE.The key components
contributing to these improvements are the BDA structures and the
vegetation. As such, the purpose of this manual is to outline key
considerations for maintaining the function and integrity of the
BDAs and these important plant communities which will, in turn,
support the health of the stream-wetland complex on the SOWE
campus.
The Monitoring and Management Objectives are listed below.
• Support water quality improvement.
• Provide forage and shelter for pollinators, aquatic
invertebrates, and birds.
• Provide beautiful and inspiring scenery (this objective will not
compromise the preceding objectives)
2.1 Support Water Quality Improvement
The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) were once common in
stream systems across the United States and played an important
ecological role. Beaver dams impound stream and river systems,
creating wetlands that raise the ground water table and allow the
adjacent wetlands to act as a sponge — absorbing flood waters
and slowly releasing ground water — creating a more resilient
system. This project uses beaver dam analogues (BDAs), which are
structures designed to create similar hydrologic impacts as natural
beaver dams.
The existing streams proposed for restoration utilizing BDA features
are poor quality ecosystems, with degraded channel and riparian
functions. This manifests as homogenous stream bed structures,
poorly established or absent woody plant buffer, and underutilized
capacity for floodwater retention and attenuation. We expect the
introduction of these BDA features to reduce slope gradient
thereby reducing sediment transport capacity, diversifying bed
sediments, and increasing ground water recharge. Enhanced flood
Revised:May,2022

BDA O&M Plan 11 School of Wholeness and Enlightenment 11 Page 6
storage capacity will be achieved by creating a highly accessible
and topographically diverse floodplain, resulting in flattening and
elongation of storm hydrographs. Through these fluvial processes,
BDA features will create a heterogenous stream-wetland complex.
Fluctuating surface water and groundwater levels within the
wetland complex will promote nutrient transformation and
assimilation, consequently improving freshwater habitat conditions
in the project area.
The native trees, shrubs, grasses, and herbaceous perennials
planted around this wetland complex also contribute to water
quality improvement in several ways. Vegetation decreases erosion
by adding "roughness"that slows water velocity, and holding soil in
place with deep, networked root systems. Additionally, many types
of pollutants are taken up and absorbed by plants, reducing their
occurrence in waterways.
2.2 Provide forage and shelter for wildlife
Beaver dam-formed wetlands provide habitat for many species of
birds, mammals, amphibians, and insects. Microtopography around
the BDA structures will support a range of emergent species in
shallow water areas and riparian species along the banks and on
small hummocks that are crucial for bird nesting. The assemblage of
plants selected for the BDA wetland complex provide an array of
forage, blooming at different times of the year and serving
different life stages of pollinator insect species. The shelter that
these plants will offer comes in the form of hollow stemmed
grasses perfect for encasing larval pollinators and dense
undergrowth offering protection for ground nesting birds. In an
experiment observing ecological productivity of agricultural
hedgerows in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States,
researchers found that hedgerows consisting of non-native plants
had 90% fewer caterpillars than their ecologically productive native
plant counterparts (Richard et al. 2018). Given that most bird
species are insectivorous at birth, one can imagine how the
presence or absence of flourishing invertebrate communities
impacts the availability of suitable nursery environments for avian
life.
Revised: May,2022

BDA O&M Plan 11 School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 7
Turf Grass Habitat Riparian Corridor Habitat
=rs eorar
rnsaa PO�e[I,Heeler,
6 Leaf Ea}ere
cr:a Tarr,
=4),
31104
Itoro. „, seed.
7-4 SPECIES 79
Figure 1.The diagram above demonstrates the comparative
ecological productivity (as measured by species interactions) of
diverse native landscapes as compared to monocultures of close-
cropped grasses. (Image: inspired by Sturm & Frischie 2020)
2.3 Provide beautiful and inspiring scenery
We have evolved to appreciate the gestalt presented by a well-
functioning ecosystem.
gestalt: an organized whole that is perceived as more than the
sum of its parts.
On the whole, it is the ecological functioning of the stream-wetland
complex and associated vegetation that will make these stream-
wetland complex systems beautiful and inspiring. However, some
aesthetic components of the site maintenance will neither diminish
nor enhance the ecological functions discussed above. For example,
pruning trees for pedestrian safety and appearance in addition to
health, choosing plants that have more charismatic flowers even if
the pollinator benefits are the same, and planting in legible species
clusters so that the eye can register patterns even though
pollinators show no preference. Maintenance for aesthetic design
will never take priority over ecological function, but it will enhance
the visitor experience at SOWE. Joan Nassauer's essay, Messy
Ecosystems, Orderly Frames offers some strategies that can be
employed at SOWE to show what she terms "cues to care" in the
landscape. Two example cues to care that could help people
appreciate landscape at SOWE are:
Revised: May,2022

BDA O&M Plan 1/ School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 8
• Maintaining neat edges by mowing a narrow strip between
the edge of the riparian vegetation zones and pedestrian
paths.
• Incorporating suitable native plants with large, showy flowers
or foliage instead of using only plants with clusters of small
flowers. Plants with diminutive flows are often perceived as
weedy, and it is often easy to find showier native plants that
fill the same ecological niche.
3. MONITORING
It will be essential to monitor this novel ecosystem before
establishment and through development for management and
maintenance decisions. While regulatory requirements for BDA style
restoration are not currently codified, we are proposing a rigorous
monitoring regime to ensure onsite and downstream water quality
protections. This monitoring is recommended to document the
ongoing success of this milestone ecological restoration project
and to ensure that the project is meeting intended goals.
3.1 BDA Weir Inspections
If a beaver colony existed at this site, the BDA features would be in
a constant state of structural maintenance. Beavers would be
stacking stones, pressing mud, and weaving branches to ensure
that the pools sustained depths sufficient for refuge. However,
beavers are not expected to inhabit these features in the near
future. Therefore:
The pools and the entire linear length of the BDA weir will be visually
inspected after every storm event which exceeds 1.5 inches in 24
hours. Overflow areas along the BDA weir will be noted and
inspected for erosion after the water level drops.
Reporting for these efforts will include field reports and
photographs.
3.2 Hydrologic Monitoring
Hydrologic monitoring will include continuous monitoring of rainfall.
barometric pressure, and air temperature. Hydrologic monitoring will
be evaluated to inform the SOWE's decisions for adapting the
riparian, wetland, and open water areas towards the design goals.
Revised:May,2022

BDA O&M Plan 11 School of Wholeness and Enlightenment 11 Page 9
3.3 Hydraulic Monitoring
Groundwater monitoring wells and surface water monitoring gages
will be recorded continuously. These will be installed to evaluate
fluctuations and direction of flow between the BDA pools and the
adjacent uplands. Groundwater levels will be evaluated to inform
SOWE's decisions for adapting the riparian areas.
Reporting for these gages will be a sub-hour time series that show
relative elevations and accurately depict storm event hydrographs.
3.4 Alignment and Texture Mapping
Annual aerial photographs will document the fluctuation in water
flow paths through repeated inundation and drying cycles. The use
of a drone aircraft will assist in documenting the aerial view of the
site under varying hydrologic conditions. Alternatively, publicly
available aerial imagery can be utilized to document changes over
time.
Reporting for these efforts will be annual maps that show changes
in the channel alignment and clearly depict areas with an
anabranched pattern.
Annual texture mapping will be conducted to quantify roughness
characteristics in the channel and floodplain. Texture Mapping that
incorporates and quantifies all roughness features (e.g. vegetation,
bedforms, grain roughness, etc.) will be accomplished discretizing
areas by type and then quantifying the roughness of each feature.
For example, gravel bars will be measured using the Wolman Pebble
Count, and bedforms such as sand dunes will be measured directly.
Reporting for these efforts will be annual polygon-based GIS maps
that show changes in surface texture.
3.5 Sediment Mapping
Annual longitudinal profile surveys will be performed across each in-
channel BDA to evaluate scour, deposition, and crest elevations.
Annual cross section surveys will be performed along select pools,
upstream of BDA structures. The cross-sections will be
monumented with permanent capped rebar pins on each bank to
serve as a spatially referenced control. The cross-section surveys
Revised:May,2022

BDA O&M Plan /1 School of Wholeness and Enlightenment 1/ Page 10
will be repeated annually using a laser-level, reel tape, and stadia
rod. Photographs of each cross section facing upstream and
downstream will be taken on the day of monitoring. The location of
these control pins will be recorded with a sub-meter accuracy
Global Positioning System (GPS) device. Stream surveys will follow
the methodology contained in the USDA forest service manual
"Stream Channel Reference Sites" (Harrelson, et al 1994).
Reporting for these efforts will be to quantify sediment
accumulation 1 erosion and observe long-term trends in aggradation
or degradation of the system.
3.6 Wood Monitoring
Annual mapping of large woody debris, snags, and rack-lines will be
performed. Appropriate methods for these efforts include
WooDDAM and LWDI.
Reporting for these efforts will include an annual GIS map showing
large debris and snags, along with the reports from the selected
wood quantification method.
3.7 Physiochemical Monitoring
Water temperature will be collected continuously and evaluated
twice per year. Temperature measurements can be recorded
continuously using HOBO "Pendant" MX Water Temperature Data
Loggers.
Other physicochemical samples will be collected annually. This
monitoring will consist of turbidity, conductivity, pH, dissolved
oxygen, and dissolved nutrients. Physicochemical monitoring
stations will be established at the outlet of each BDA complex.
Samples will be sent to PACE Analytical Laboratory for analysis.
Baseline samples will be collected before creation of the BDA
features. This information, along with state standards, will be used
to evaluate the physiochemical affects that the BDA stream-
wetland complex imposes on the receiving waters.
Reporting for these efforts will be an annual report that quantifies
temperature and other physiochemical affects to downstream
waterways.
Revised:May,2022

BDA O&M Plan II School of Wholeness and Enlightenment 1! Page 11
3.8 Vegetation Monitoring
Vegetation is perhaps the most conspicuous feature of wetland
ecosystems and has been used extensively as an indicator of the
presence of wetlands themselves,their boundaries, and as a basis
for many wetland classification schemes. Wetland plants can
include herbaceous and woody species, and they may be floating,
submerged or emergent (US EPA, 2002). Vegetation features will be
monitored annually, using the line-transect sampling method
outlined in the EPA publication Methods for Evaluating wetland
Condition: Using Vegetation To Assess Environmental Conditions in
Wetlands.
Quantitative data collection will be supplemented with qualitative
observations that are not captured within transects. After
construction, permanent point-based baseline photographs (or
drone imagery) will be collected from established points that can be
duplicated and compared annually for the greater BDA habitat
zone.
Line-transect data collection and photo documentation will begin in
the first spring 1 summer after construction and initial planting has
been completed. Example line-transects are shown in Appendix A.
3.9 Invasive Species Monitoring
Seven invasive species have been identified for monitoring and
targeted control, and the appendix of this manual helps with
identification of these species. Care should be taken to note the
presence of these species in the vegetation plots and calculate the
percent invasive cover for each plot. This list is not exhaustive, but
it should serve as a small, targeted list highlighting the most
immediate threats of colonization by exotic invasives while the
focal plant species populations establish. The seven target invasive
species (described further in the appendix) include:
• Royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa)
• Asian bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata)
• Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense)
• Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
• Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergil)
• Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
• Goat willow (Salix caprea)
Revised: May,2022

BDA 0&M Plan 1/ School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 12
In addition to the above, these species are a serious problem in the
North Carolina mountains region and should be monitored:
• Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• Japanese Meadowsweet (Spiraea japonica)
• Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)
• Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya)
• Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis)
• Coltsfoot (Tussilago farafara)
• Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)
• Garlic Mustard (Aillaria petiolata)
• Mimosa (Albiaia julibrissin)
4. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
In general, this management regime has the goal of maintaining or
improving post-construction site conditions over baseline
conditions, thereby restoring or enhancing the ecosystem. The
following sections outline adaptive strategies that aim to maintain
or enhance the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of
surface waters, both on-site and off-site (downstream).
4.1 BDA Weirs
Erosion and degradation of the BDA weirs is expected. If the in-
channel portions of the BDA are found to be eroded, or
"shortened," they will be refreshed by hand in accordance with
engineering plans using similar materials (e.g. stone grain size) to
rebuild the feature. No large equipment (e.g. track hoes or mini
excavators) shall be used below the ordinary high water mark.
If the in-floodplain portions of the BDA weir are found to be eroded
or degraded, they can be rebuilt in accordance with the engineering
plans using similar materials. Live stakes or other hardy vegetation
will aid in "roughening" and "reinforcing" areas that tend to
degrade. No large equipment (e.g. track hoes or mini excavators)
shall be used below the ordinary high water mark.
4.2 Vegetation Performance
Groundwater and surface water will be evaluated alongside
performance of vegetation. SOWE will assess the need to adjust the
planting plan and propagate species upslope or downslope based
on the data.
Revised:May,2022

BDA❑&M Plan 1/ School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 13
4.3 Temperature Performance
Temperature impacts are not expected to create any deleterious
effects downstream. However, if temperature spikes are ❑bserved,
shade-provisioning vegetation can be installed in areas that are
accepting solar radiation.
4.4 Sediment Management
Sediment accumulation will be closely monitored and documented in
the monitoring reports. Timing, location, and methods for removing
sediment will be determined ❑n a case by case basis. If dredging is
proposed in the BDA areas, even if the work will be accomplished
by-hand, SoWE will notify the US Army Corps ❑f Engineers and
NCDEQ before performing the work.
4.5 Beaver Management
The BDA type chosen for the site will offer a good mix of function
and aesthetics. It is worth expressly stating that vacant, high-
quality habitat that will exist here is likely to attract Beaver. Historic
beaver activity is widely discussed in the local community, so it is
safe t❑ expect local beaver populations to migrate up Thomas
Branch and Hopewell Branch.
The proposed stream-wetland complex can be easily adapted t❑
colonization, but the sites will be closely monitored for beaver
activity and, if beaver are found, they will be trapped and removed
from the site.
If SOWE decides to allow beaver colonization, the following section
describes various management strategies.
Management of Castor Canadensis
The proposed design is well situated t❑ accommodate colonization
with a low degree of conflict. The BDA design, placement, and
overall morphology of the site should be able to accommodate
beaver colonization and a normal amount of dam building without
flooding, or infrastructure damage. The inclusion of the AgriDrain
systems would be especially useful for controlling flooding and
maintaining desired maximum pond elevations. Beaver have an
uncanny way of finding conveyances, so it would be wise t❑
anticipate a potential conflict at the inlet of this structure. A cage
Revised:May,2022

BDA O&M Plan 11 School of Wholeness and Enlightenment 11 Page 14
or other exclusion fence around the inlet may be necessary if they
become clogged. The primary purpose here is to keep beaver far
enough away (>2 ft) from the inlet that they cannot feel the pull of
water. The feel of flowing water triggers an instinct to plug the hole
- at all costs. Alternatively, a second AgriDrain inlet placed either
further upstream or laterally from the primary inlet might serve as a
backup.
If beaver do colonize the site, there will likely be a number of other
infrastructure conflicts that can be anticipated. There are a
number of structures - buildings, bridges, and culverts - that cross
or convey streams. These all have the potential to be blocked with
debris by beaver and used to make dams. These areas are often
targeted by beavers as they are visual choke points and may also
be areas of concentrated flow; choke points and the sound of
flowing water are both primary triggers for beavers to build dams. In
these areas, we recommend design elements to reduce dam-
building success as well as ease maintenance requirements, such as
ensuring that the ceiling and walls of culverts/bridges are as smooth
as possible, or sufficiently wide/high as to dissuade dam-building.
Doing so lessens the potential for sticks to get wedged into
structures.
If beaver colonize this area, they are also likely to modify pond
morphology to some degree. While this should be largely beneficial,
problems could be encountered in areas where beaver do
substantial excavation and canal building in the pond bed. This may
be specifically troubling if beaver penetrate any natural confining
layers in the pond bed or human infrastructure, such as building
foundations. Beaver are most likely to excavate mud and bed
material in proximity to the dams, so those are the areas that
should be built with exclusion material to prevent burrowing, and
these areas should be frequently monitored.
5. REPORT PREPARATION AND SUBMITTAL
The applicant will prepare seven (7) annual monitoring reports
beginning post construction (anticipated in 2022) and spanning
through 2029. The annual monitoring summary will indicate any
project components that may require repair or maintenance. The
reports will be submitted by December 31 of each year to USACE
and DWR.
Revised:May,2022

BDA❑&M Plan 1/ School of Wholeness and Enlightenment II Page 15
6. REFERENCES
Davis, J.C., G.W. Minshall, C.T. Robinson, and P. Landres, 2001. Large
Woody Debris. In Monitoring Wilderness Stream Ecosystems.
General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-70, pp. 73-77. US
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
U.S. EPA. 2002. Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition: Using
Vegetation to Assess Environmental Conditions in Wetlands.
Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. EPA-822-R-02-020.
Harman, W.A., T.B. Barrett, C.J. Jones, A. James, and H.M. Peel. 2017.
Application of the Large Woody Debris Index: A Field User
Manual Version 1. Stream Mechanics and Ecosystem Planning &
Restoration, Raleigh, N.C.
Harrelson, C.C., Rawlins, C.L., and Potyondy, 1994. Stream Channel
Reference Sites: an illustrated guide to field technique. Rep.
RM-245. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Lee, M. T., Peet, R. K., Roberts, S. D., and Wentworth, T. R.2008.CVS-
EEP Protocol for Recording Vegetation: All Levels of Plot
Sampling, Version 4.2.
Nassauer, J. 1995. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames. Landscape
Journa114 (2): 161-170.
Richard, M., Tallamy, D.W. & Mitchell, A.B. 2018. Introduced plants
reduce species interactions. Biollnvasions 21:983-992.
Sturm, A. and Frischie, S. Mid-Atlantic Native Meadows: Guidelines
for Planning, Preparation, Design, Installation, and
Maintenance. Mahan Rykiel Associates and Xerces Society.
Revised:May,2022

Appendix A: Monitoring Maps
Temperature Measurement Locations
groundwater well
\711
groundwater well

Appendix A: Monitoring Maps
Vegetation Monitoring Plots
cvs plots have been,
removed from plan
.7\ ‘%V
TB1-2 Plots
m line-transect
sampling locations

Appendix A: Monitoring Maps
Vegetation Monitoring Transects
m line-transect
sampling locations
cvs plots have been
removed from plan

Appendix A: Monitoring Maps
Vegetation Monitoring Transects
line-transect
sampling locations
groundwater well
temperature
monitoring
•
temperature &
hydraulic monitoring
HB4 Plots

Appendix B: Target Invasive Species
Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergi,) Asian bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata)
40,. il Nor
'11' . Ai , .___
r, , ,
- ,,,-
. , , , .
4.0.7 di
IfitistiAit ' a:1;4 - : ,' ' .
_-A4rtor.'-- -4.111 r .
_ 0 're' d'.1.4.
Creamy white The bright red C. orbculate in flower C. orbculata's red
flowers appear in berries of B. - After flowering, berries appear in late
Spring. Spines are thunbergii persist orange-yellow fall to winter.
present along the through winter. capsules appear.
stem.
Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense)
- 7,V - . Willil .
i .., . ,„lior ....
0101 ,IP.4 410 . , ...._
_,..
'•*3, 4 -1144_gfr•it - :;a :44\ . -,.‹.... ... ___r_....._,::..,„ _,. .
4/0 „.... , 644 e4 ,
L a . • �"
White to pale yellow, E. umbellate fruits L. sinense has Berries of L. sinense
fragrant flowers are brown to red white flowers and are green in summer
form in early summer. with brown to silvery an opposite leaf and turn dark blue by
Leaves are alternate. specks. arrangement. late fall.
Royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
ti 1 ! •
°t w• 1
4 Y %, e ; :4r,• ,:e •
- AK . \ 'AA * .._
P. tomentosa P. tomentosa leaves R. multiflora has Red fruits form at
flowering structure grow in an opposite white flowers. The the end of summer.
leaf arrangement in leaves are alternate
sets of two. compound, and
leaflets are arranged
opposite one
another.

Appendix B: Target Invasive Species
Goat willow (Satix caprea)
A
1,
r .:' S':. , ''',4'. '
. - '
Ifirr I 41, -. i
�;.
S. caprea have broad Male catkins are grey
elliptic to oblong and oval shaped and
leaves that are dark become yellow when
green on top ripe with pollen

Attachment G
Bioretention Site Plan and Pond Details
Rain Garden Detail and Tables

Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Attachment H
Model Restrictive Covenant

MODEL DECLARATION OF RESTRICTIONS
August, 2003
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
COUNTY
CONSERVATION DECLARATION
This DECLARATION of CONSERVATION COVENANTS, CONDITIONS, and
RESTRICTIONS (" ") is made on this day of
200_,by[NAME AND ADDRESS OFDECLAR4NT] "Declarant").
RECITALS & CONSERVATION PURPOSES
A. Declarant is the sole owner in fee simple of the certain Conservation
Property(Property) being approximately acres, more particularly described in
Exhibit A attached hereto and by this reference incorporated herein [reference to a
recorded map showing a survey of the preserved area may be required]; and
B. The purpose of this Conservation Declaration is to maintain wetland and/or
riparian resources and other natural values of the Property, and prevent the use or
development of the Property for any purpose or in any manner that would conflict with
the maintenance of the Property in its natural condition. The preservation of the Property
in its natural condition is a condition of Department of the Army permit Action ID
issued by the Wilmington District Corps of Engineers (Corps),required
to mitigate for unavoidable impacts to waters of the United States authorized by that
permit, and this Conservation Declaration may therefore be enforced by the United States
of America.
NOW, THEREFORE the Declarant hereby unconditionally and irrevocably declares that
the Property shall be held and subject to the following restrictions, covenants and
conditions as set out herein, to run with the subject real property and be binding on all
parties that have or shall have any right, title, or interest in said property.
ARTICLE I. PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES
Any activity on, or use of, the Property inconsistent with the purposes of this
Conservation Declaration is prohibited. The Property shall be maintained in its natural,
scenic, and open condition and restricted from any development or use that would impair
1

or interfere with the conservation purposes of this Conservation Declaration set forth
above.
Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the following activities and uses are
expressly prohibited or restricted.
A. Disturbance of Natural Features. Any change disturbance, alteration or
impairment of the natural features of the Property or any introduction of non-native
plants and/or animal species is prohibited.
B. Construction. There shall be no constructing or placing of any building,
mobile home, asphalt or concrete pavement,billboard or other advertising display,
antenna,utility pole, tower,conduit, line,pier,landing, dock or any other temporary or
permanent structure or facility on or above the Property.
C. Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use. Industrial,residential and/or
commercial activities,including any right of passage for such purposes are prohibited.
D. Agricultural, Grazing and Horticultural Use. Agricultural, grazing, animal
husbandry, and horticultural use of the Property are prohibited.
E. Vegetation. There shall be no removal, burning, destruction, harming, cutting
or mowing of trees, shrubs, or other vegetation on the Property.
F. Roads and Trails. There shall be no construction of roads,trails or walkways
on the property.
G. Signage. No signs shall be permitted on or over the Property, except the
posting of no trespassing signs, signs identifying the conservation values of the Property,
signs giving directions or proscribing rules and regulations for the use of the Property
and/or signs identifying the Grantor as owner of the property.
H. Dumping or Storage. Dumping or storage of soil,trash, ashes,garbage,waste,
abandoned vehicles, appliances,machinery or hazardous substances, or toxic or
hazardous waste, or any placement of underground or aboveground storage tanks or other
materials on the Property is prohibited.
I. Excavation, Dredging or Mineral Use. There shall be no grading, filling,
excavation, dredging,mining or drilling; no removal of topsoil, sand, gravel,rock,peat,
minerals or other materials, and no change in the topography of the land in any manner
on the Property, except to restore natural topography or drainage patterns.
J. Water Quality and Drainage Pattern. There shall be no diking, draining,
dredging, channeling, filling, leveling,pumping, impounding or related activities, or
altering or tampering with water control structures or devices, or disruption or alteration
of the restored, enhanced, or created drainage patterns. In addition, diverting or causing
2

or permitting the diversion of surface or underground water into,within or out of the
easement area by any means,removal of wetlands,polluting or discharging into waters,
springs, seeps, or wetlands, or use of pesticide or biocides is prohibited.
K. Development Rights. No development rights that have been encumbered or
extinguished by this Conservation Declaration shall be transferred pursuant to a
transferable development rights scheme or cluster development arrangement or
otherwise.
L. Vehicles. The operation of mechanized vehicles, including, but not limited to,
motorcycles, dirt bikes, all-terrain vehicles, cars and trucks is prohibited.
M. Other Prohibitions. Any other use of, or activity on, the Property which is or
may become inconsistent with the purposes of this grant, the preservation of the Property
substantially in its natural condition, or the protection of its environmental systems, is
prohibited.
ARTICLE II. ENFORCEMENT & REMEDIES
A. This Declaration is intended to ensure continued compliance with the
mitigation condition of authorizations issued by the United States of America,U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District, and therefore may be enforced by the United
States of America. This covenant is to run with the land and shall be binding on all
parties and all persons claiming under the Declarant.
B. Corps, its employees and agents and its successors and assigns, have the
right, with reasonable notice, to enter the Property at reasonable times for the purpose of
inspecting the Property to determine whether the Declarant, Declarant's representatives,
or assigns are complying with the terms, conditions and restrictions of this Conservation
Declaration.
C. Nothing contained in this Conservation Declaration shall be construed to
entitle Corps to bring any action against Declarant for any injury or change in the
Conservation Property caused by third parties, resulting from causes beyond the
Declarant's control, including,without limitation, fire, flood, storm, and earth movement,
or from any prudent action taken in good faith by the Declarant under emergency
conditions to prevent, abate, or mitigate significant injury to life, damage to Property or
harm to the Property resulting from such causes.
ARTICLE III.PUBLIC ACCESS
A. This Conservation Declaration does not convey to the public the right to
enter the Property for any purpose whatsoever.
3

ARTICLE IV.DOCUMENTATION AND TITLE
A. Conservation Property Condition. The Declarant represents and
acknowledges that the Property is currently undeveloped land, with no improvements
other than any existing utility lines,Declarations and rights of way.
B. Title. The Declarant covenants and represents that the Declarant is the
sole owner and is seized of the Property in fee simple and has good right to make the
herein Declaration; that there is legal access to the Property, that the Property is free and
clear of any and all encumbrances, except Declarations of record.
ARTICLE V. MISCELLANEOUS
A. Conservation Purpose.
(1) Declarant, for itself, its successors and assigns, agrees that this
Conservation Property shall be held exclusively for conservation purposes.
B. Entire Agreement. This instrument sets forth the entire agreement of the
parties with respect to the Conservation Declaration and supersedes all prior discussions,
negotiations, understandings or agreements relating to the Conservation Declaration. If
any provision is found to be invalid, the remainder of the provisions of this Conservation
Declaration, and the application of such provision to persons or circumstances other than
those as to which it is found to be invalid, shall not be affected thereby.
C. Recording. Declarant shall record this instrument and any amendment
hereto in timely fashion in the official records of County, North Carolina,
and may re-record it at any time as may be required to preserve its rights.
D. Environmental Condition of Conservation Property. The Declarant
warrants and represents that to the best of its knowledge after appropriate inquiry and
investigation: (a) the Property described herein is and at all times hereafter will continue
to be in full compliance with all federal, state and local environmental laws and
regulations, and (b) as of the date hereof there are no hazardous materials, substances,
wastes, or environmentally regulated substances (including, without limitation, any
materials containing asbestos) located on, in or under the Property or used in connection
therewith, and that there is no environmental condition existing on the Property that may
prohibit or impede use of the Property for the purposes set forth in the Recitals.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Declarant has hereunto set his hand and seal, the day and
year first above written.
[Signature of Declarant in proper form]
4

Attachment I
Revised BDA Planting Plan

Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Attachment J
Revised Project Justification and ❑esign Narrative

Project Justification
& Design Narrative For
Proposed Beaver Dam Analogs
,. -r- " Prepared for
ievaimiguip
The School of Wholeness
& Enlightenment yt. . • = .
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2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
2. LAND USE LEGACIES 5
3. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 8
3.1 THE STREAM EVOLUTION MODEL 10
3.2 PROCESS DOMAINS 13
3.3 CONNECTIVITY PARADIGM 14
3.4 BEAVER HYDROLOGIC HABITAT 16
4. DESIGN 19
4.1 DESIGN APPROACH 19
4.1.1 RESTORATION PRINCIPALS 19
4.1.2 RESTORATION TECHNIQUES 20
4.2 BDA TYPE SELECTION 21
4.3 PROPOSED FEATURES 22
4.3.1 BEAVER POOL DESIGN 22
4.3.2 TB4 23
4.3.3 ADDITIONAL WOODY STRUCTURES 24
4.3.4 FLOW DIVERSION DEVICES 24
4.3.5 BDA DEGRADATION ANALYSIS 25
4.3.6 EROSION CONTROL 25
4.3.7 VEGETATION 25
REFERENCES 29
APPENDIX 36

3
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Madison County Soil Survey(1942)
Figure 2: Site Photographs(summer 2020)
Figure 3:Aggradational Deposits in Fluvial Systems
Figure 4: Cluer&Thome's Stream Evolution Model(SEM)
Figure 5: Process-Driven Ecological Benefits Associated with SEM Stages
Figure 6: Connectivity Concept Overlay
Figure 7: Riparian Hydrologic Drought

4
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The School of Wholeness and Enlightenment(SoWE)envisions a transformation of their
land from a series of degraded streams and abandoned agricultural fields into flourishing
native habitat. If their motives are not pure, it is only because they do not want to foster
this naturally beautiful aesthetic within a vacuum of wilderness without humans in it.
Rather,they would put the natural landscape and the wildlife it attracts on full display to
visitors of their proposed new campus. Robinson Design Engineers(RDE)finds the
project goals commendable,and we are proud to serve as the liaison to these efforts.
Currently,the streams on SoWE's property are narrow,racing trickles,and even when
these streams emerge from confined,gorge-like valleys into valley flats,the channels
remain simplified and homogenous and disconnected from their floodplains.This is not a
new condition,nor sadly is it a unique case. Even if all human activity in the watershed
ceased today,the streams on site would evolve through a slow adaptation to legacy
effects of land use, cycling through further degradation and widening. Riparian corridors
would suffer increasing levels of Riparian Hydrologic Drought,and it would take many
human lifetimes before wetlands would expand,riparian zones would flourish,and the
streams would sustain themselves as sediment sinks instead of sediment sources.
At SoWE,we have a unique opportunity to repair stream to land connectivity,even as
human activity within the watershed increases!The broad and flat terrain near the
confluence of Hopewell and Thomas branch is ideally suited for a wetland-stream complex
using biomimicry of one ecosystem engineer's formerly ubiquitous handiwork.
Anastomosing streams flowing through dense wetland areas and buffered by wide riparian
corridors, known as Stage 0,prevailed for eons,as they were designed and sustained by
Castor canadensis carolinensis,the carolina beaver.
Rewilding beaver colonies is problematic in most of the developed world for societal
reasons, but not on ecological grounds.As an alternative to beaver reintroduction, many
practitioners across the globe are emulating this master builder by establishing"Beaver
Dam Analogs"(BDAs)that generate food and forage supporting the life cycles of plants,
animals,and other living things coevolved to the patch dynamics fostered by this keystone
species. Broad valleys with productive soils are naturally scarce in Madison County,and
because they are scarce,they have been preferentially developed for agriculture or
transportation infrastructure. Proposing BDAs and the Stage 8 restoration approach is
only possible because SoWE is relinquishing these valuable flatlands from development.
The intent of the BDAs on this project site is to enhance the physical,chemical,and
biological integrity of the surface waters and wetlands to be featured as an attraction for
visitors to the School.An obvious co-benefit of this project approach is that it will slow the
flow of water,passively rebuild stream beds and banks,phytoremediate runoff,and
provide habitat that enhances Waters of the US held in the public trust.The inevitable
result of BDAs is the sustenance of streams and expansion of wetlands. In this way,the
project approach effectively removes the stream corridor from future development.

5
In our experience, Natural Channel Design methods tend to offer a short cut to decreased
sediment transfer rates in the short term,yet they are at high risk for failure and tend not
to deliver long term habitat improvements. Here at SoWE,we have an unusual opportunity
to work with pioneering clients to develop the land with integrity and leave it better than we
found it. Based on our research experience and observation of beaver in their natural
environment,we feel confident that BDAs will foster the truest to natural design available
for this project site with the highest level of ecological benefits sustained.
2. LAND USE LEGACIES
Legacy effects of rapid sediment exchange caused by forest clearing and agricultural
cultivation,affecting both uplands and valley bottoms,drastically altered the southeastern
landscape,primarily over the course of the early 19th to early 20th centuries(Trimble
1975;Jackson et al.2005;Walter&Merritts 2008;Wohl 2019; Ferguson 1999; Dearman
&James 2019). Hugh Hammond Bennett,who grew up in North Carolina's Piedmont
amongst row-cropped tobacco farms,wrote prolifically over the course of the 1930's to
draw national attention to the degradation of his southeastem home:"This paper is not
primarily concerned with the effects of normal or natural erosion,except as a basis for
comparison. It pertains to changed physical,chemical,and biologic conditions resulting
from abnormal erosion,the accelerated soil washing following man's activities,his free
use of axe and plow and the overcrowding of live stock upon sloping ranges"(Bennett
1932,pg.385). It was Bennett who secured federal funding to establish the Soil Erosion
Service,which became the Soil Conservation Service, now known as the Natural
Resources Conservation Service(NRCS)(Helms 2008;Sporcic&Skidmore 2011).
Missing from the forest floor,missing from the valley bottoms,untold volumes of topsoil
forever lost,wasted away,carried off downstream and buried under yet another blanket of
eroded deposits—the infertile subsoil,friable parent material,weathered rock,and
jagged gravel pieces exposed when the forest floor vanished.All of this missing water
holding capacity,not to mention plant available nutrients and the microorganisms that
make it so,have forever changed the hydrogeomorphic processes at work in this
landscape,shown in Fig. 1 below in a soil map from 1942 checkered with varying
designations of`accelerated erosion,'which is to say,anthropogenic process disruption.

6
ACCELERATED EROSION
S Moderate sheet erosion
S5 Severe sheet erosion
G Moderate gully erosion
GG Severe gully erosion
SG Moderate sheet and gully erosion
-- Gully
Fig. 1: The map above has been adapted from the Soil Survey of Madison County by
Goldston et al. (1942a) to highlight the project area (roughly circled) and includes the part
of the legend referring to accelerated erosion.
The soil scientists who mapped Madison County in the early 1940's have this to say about
the conditions of mountain streams in the region:
"As a whole, Madison County is rough and rugged, as most of the mountain slopes are
very steep — in some places precipitous. The streams have played a major part in making
the relief what it is today. In places they have cut valleys several hundred feet deep, and
in some places these valleys, or gorges, are flanked by precipitous walls. [...] Streams
have dissected these low, steep hills so badly that comparatively little level land remains.
[...] Slopes to streams are steep, and only in very few places does any bottom land occur
at the foot of these slopes or along the streams. [...] The streams have thoroughly
dissected the Blue Ridge Plateau. They have cut very narrow V-shaped valleys and
gorges and have created an extremely rugged land form. Drainage is good to excessive.
The streams are swift and transport large quantities of material." (Goldston et al. 1942b,
pg. 3 - 4)
The legacy effects of land use are still in evidence on the property today. Where native
hydrophilic vegetation is able to reach deep to the water table lowered to meet the base
level of incised streams, roots dangle from cut banks and will soon crumble and fall into
the flow, if they haven't already (Fig. 2A). Such slumped material, jagged gravel pieces,
and steep banks are all too familiar to us. Gullies are on nearly every site we visit. Some

7
portions of the streams look little better than excavated roadside ditches.The lawn is kept
closely clipped on either side,and the presence of grass is in and of itself an indication the
stream is currently unable to support obligate wetland plants(Fig.2B).
It
h 4�� ?.r`:�.`... �ri'M1v ,"� �r'i,i .:ram ;` �� 1,
'+ 1.1a -.a - ' 'A i
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~.:
w:� _. - - `fit-,'`�` ;, - y. �' �.«;.: `jl"�;, �' $;; .v..
•Fig.2:These photos depict streams visited in August of 2020 on the project site.The
photo on the left(A)shows Hopewell Branch and demonstrates how incision triggers
Riparian Hydrologic Drought.The photo on the right(B)shows Thomas Branch hardly
able to sustain baseflow.
Shifting Baselines Syndrome(SBS)is a term that describes a phenomenon conceming
regulatory standards of ecosystem management.Stemming from fisheries science,where
regulations such as catch limits are established with a recent past condition set as the
standard for return to a state of equilibrium,misremembered prior conditions often result in
successive lowering of expectations through`generational amnesia'over human lifetimes,
as the impairments of one generation are adopted as baselines of the next(Campbell et
al.,2009; Papworth et al.2008).Generational amnesia seems an apt diagnosis regarding
society's expectations of stream form and function in the southeast,as the Carolinas
establish Reference Hydraulic Geometry Curves,or design stream dimensions based on
regression curve analysis of`reference condition'channel form.This method of
comparative analysis,while useful for understanding trends between a watershed's
drainage area and response variables of channel slope,width,depth, etc.,could dictate
prescriptive stream form measurements that do not take into account the highly variable
landscape context of mountain streams and the omnipresent, underlying co-morbidities
impairing them, not to mention the wide error bands recognizing variation along the fitted
regression equation.
How would it look and feel to restore and conserve these relatively flat alluvial systems?
Historical evidence and recent scholarship strongly suggest that this hydrologic landscape
should be a sluggish, productive backwater marsh,created by a pleasingly-messy series
of small and frequent beaver dams. Here, in this mountainous Madison County context,
that would mean willow, birch,and other native riparian trees would ring upstream areas
of the marsh;dead and down trees would stand a slant in its chesty backwater,providing
perches and nesting cavities for birds and bats. If you plodded into the ponded water your
step fall would sink into silt and leaves.The sweet smell of decomposing organic material
would waft through the air. Heterotroph invertebrates of this system,so-called"shredders",

8
can be five times more abundant in this habitat than in single-thread channels.Because of
the topographic complexity and the tenacious vegetation,the ponded water would
frustrate anglers, but native fauna would thrive.Warblers,sandpipers, and flycatchers
would perch in the overhanging willows;peepers(frogs)would provide a twilight
symphony,croaking along the marshy aprons;the deep,cool pools and refuge channels
would provide abundant trout shelter;and otters may eventually chase these trout through
the submerged branches of downed trees.
To recover this waterway to pre-settlement conditions is impossible.To stabilize it and
keep it just the same as it is today by using,for example, `natural channel design,'would
be to preserve a blighted system. The overarching goal of our work is to repair the
disconnected valleys and simplified streams by fostering conditions that can support a
thriving wetland complex and the positive feedback loops unleashed by working with,not
against nature.This work will restore natural processes that slow the flow of water,
increase floodplain soil fertility, enable hyporheic groundwater exchange,and provide
suitable habitat for the return of rare mountain wetland plant species within the perpetual
care of an environmentally conscientious land stewardship program at SoWE.
This design narrative presents our research to provide justification that Beaver Dam
Analogue structures(BDAs)are the most promising means to accomplish the goal of
restoring these streams into their native and natural state—a stream-wetland complex.
This narrative also presents our design approach to building these wetland complex
systems,outlines regulatory considerations,and provides schematic design drawings,
example materials, and case studies to help guide the project.We recognize that the
approach we are taking using BDAs is novel in the Carolinas,but rest assured, it is
nothing new, and it is being implemented successfully across the nation.
3. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
In 2003 Glen Albrecht, an Australian philosopher, coined solastalgia, a word for the
emotional distress we feel at witnessing the destruction of beloved homelands.
Albrecht's neologism, which drew from the roots for comfort and pain,had its origins in
the territory of New South Wales, where open pit coal mining destroyed hundreds of
square kilometers and inflicted deep psychic wounds on residents. in four syllables
solastalgia captured the Anthropocene and its discontent:the dissonance of change,
the rapidity of loss, the disorientation wrought by environmental grief. Solastalgia,
simply put,'Albmcht wrote, `is The homesickness you have when you are still at home"'
(Goldfarb 2018,pg.239)
Land development typically limits undisturbed natural areas to the fringes of parcel
boundaries,so that scrappy wilderness patches are normal and expected. Instead of this
usual development pattern,the School of Wholeness and Enlightenment(SoWE)aims to
integrate the preservation of natural areas into every aspect of the campus it has
envisioned.We commend the architect's vision to first restore the land,unlock its natural
beauty,and then build human interfaces within these natural systems.We have been
working closely as a team during the design process to foster a rare relationship at SoWE.
Instead of subjecting the existing conditions to suit the built environment,this project

9
seeks first and foremost to develop a flourishing natural environment, and then to
thoughtfully tie in the human infrastructure.
The form of a stream is an expression of the history of the surrounding landscape (both
natural and anthropogenic) and regional climatic variables, which influence the mass
balance of water, sediment, and organic material transferred from the contributing
drainage area into valley bottoms, shaping waterways (Knighton 1984; Julien & Raslan
1998; Brooks et al. 2012; Kasprak et al. 2016; Leopold et al. 2020; Wohl 2020). Few of
these factors remain static, and fluctuations in water, sediment, and wood affect stream
form both along a spatial and temporal continuum.
Montgomery and Buffington (1997) note that unlike low -gradient stream networks, high-
energy mountain drainage basins are prone to external forcing by constraints such as
confinement within a narrow valley, shallow bedrock outcroppings, natural woody debris
pileups, and the influence of anchoring riparian vegetation, all of which force morphologies
that would otherwise, in an analogous unobstructed flow pattern, take on the morphology
of a higher energy system. Studies conducted in the Pacific Northwest demonstrate that
log jams and woody debris pileups have the capacity to create aggradational deposits
over streams that would otherwise flow across exposed bedrock and that the systematic
removal of these naturally -accumulating obstructions have reduced backwater sloughs,
side channels, and meandering headwater tributaries to a more simplistic single -threaded
planform (Montgomery et al. 1996; Sedell & Froggat 1985, see Fig. 3). Wohl (2013)
suggests that research conducted in the Pacific Northwest offers insight into the role
beaver once played in shaping North American rivers, as most thorough fluvial
geomorphic investigations have occurred in streams that suffered deforestation, beaver
extirpation, and obstruction removal long before the scientists arrived to study them with
contemporary quantification methods.
Fig. 3: On the left, a diagram from Montgomery et al. (1996) depicts stores of sediment (grey hatching) raising stream beds
behind natural debris jams (marked as an X). On the right, Sedell & Froggatt (1984) depict the Toss of planform heterogeneity
to the Willamette River in Oregon over time.

10
A contentious debate within the field of river restoration in the US hinges on one
classification system,the Rosgen classification system and method of`natural channel
design'(Malakoff 2004; Kondolf 2006;Simon et al.2007; Rosgen 2008;Simon et al.2008;
Lave 2008). Kasprak et al.(2016)found that Rosgen's Classification system aligned well
with the River Styles Framework of Brierly and Fryirs(2013),popular in Australia,but that
both classification systems failed to accurately predict processes in streams with
significant anthropogenic disturbances and biotic controls,such as beaver activity and
cattle grazing. Nevertheless,aspects of Rosgen's method have become so entrenched in
the regulatory permitting process for stream restoration,compliance is all but mandatory,
as other restoration methods have adopted aspects of Rosgen's approach.
River restoration efforts typically focus on the geometry of channels with the goals of
reducing and then balancing sediment loads at the reach scale, effectively attempting to
turn every reach into a sediment transfer zone.This perpetuates an erroneous approach
to management of the alluvial channel system and may partially explain why the
regeneration of high-quality habitat remains limited(Doyle&Shields 2012)and restoration
of freshwater ecosystems remains elusive(Bernhardt&Palmer 2011).
Conceptual frameworks for understanding the spatial and temporal processes affecting
stream geometry and its effects will be discussed in this section on Project Justification,
including the concepts of stream evolution,process domains,and connectivity.Within
these concept clarifications,we offer corresponding limitations to Natural Channel Design.
We conclude this section with specific justification for mimicking beaver activity as a water
resource conservation and enhancement project.This context will provide a foundation for
the next section on our Design Approach,which proposes an intervention that is built to
recover within the recurrence intervals of natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes
(e.g.storms and construction), rather than to rigidly hold form in spite of inevitable
changes and disturbance within the watershed,as Natural Channel Design methodologies
would.
3.1 The Stream Evolution Model
Schumm's(1997)Channel Evolution Model(CEM)provides a framework for stream form
alternatives by helping to predict the natural evolutionary sequence of streams as they
adapt to disruptions both natural and anthropogenic.Assumptions inherent in Schumm's
Channel Evolution Model(GEM)include the Stage I precursor form,which presupposes
that undisrupted streams have a single-threaded planform;whereas growing evidence
suggests that single-threaded channels are a symptom of beaver extirpation,natural
debris obstruction removal,and active straightening,or channelization,of streams,and do
not adequately describe the precursor stage of undisrupted streams which would exhibit
an anastomosing or braided planform of wetland complexes and vegetated isles
interrupting and separating streamflow(Neiman et al. 1988;Walter&Merritts 2008;Wohl
2013; Cluer&Thorne 2014;Pollock et al.2014; Goldfarb 2018).Cluer&Thome(2014)
adapted Schumm's CEM to incorporate this relatively recently understood precursor stage
(Stage 0 Anastomosing)and provide further detail on complex responses of streams to
anthropogenic disruptions of mass balance equations of sediment,water,and wood in

77
streams—the Stream Evolution Model(SEM).Another important difference in Cluer&
Thorne's(2014)expansion on Schumm's concept is that they have redrawn the
progression of stages into a cyclical, not linear progression,where Stages 0—4 can
become stuck in a feedback loop not unlike a"short-circuit,"where downcutting and
widening can be triggered over and over again(see Fig.4).
STAGE 0
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Fig.4: Cluer&Thome's(2014)Stream Evolution Model(SEM)adapts the Channel
Evolution Model(Schumm 1977) to include a precursor stage(Stage 0)to better
represent predisturbance conditions,two successor stages to cover late-stage evolution,
and a cyclical rather than linear progression. Dashed arrows indicate`short-circuits' in the
normal progression, indicating for example that a Stage 0 stream can evolve to Stage 1
and recover to Stage 0,a Stage 4-3-4 shortcircuit,which occurs when multiple head cuts
migrate through a reach and which may be particularly destructive.Arrows outside the
circle represent`dead end'stages,constructed and maintained (2)and arrested(3s)
where an erosion-resistant layer in the local lithology stabilizes incised channel banks.
The Stream Evolution Model &Limitations of Natural Channel Design
The channels in most alluvial reaches are restored from Stage 3 to Stage 6 forms in the
Stream Evolution Model(SEM,see Fig.4).These relatively low value forms are then
preserved through contrived stabilization measures. In a recent webinar, Colin Thome
suggested that another`arrested'stage could be included as an offshoot to Stage 6
(Quasi-equilibrium)where restoration activities halt lateral activity at Stage 7 through
biotechnical revetments of beds and banks,just as with Stage 3a(Thome 2020).The only
way out of this short-circuit cycle of degradational process,according Cluer&Thorne
(2014),is through the eventual longitudinal gradient stabilization of sufficient degradation
and widening at Stage 5 for the stream to recover a terraced floodplain of alluvial
deposition inset in the large,degraded former channel boundaries.This hypothesis is

12
supported by the literature on stream competence,as for example, Montgomery&
Buffington(1997)point to the availability and limitations of sediment supply as a driving
factor in the form a stream takes. Even though using soft engineering and natural
materials such as biotechnical revetments and large wood have become common,
stabilization impedes the fluvial processes that could drive continued evolution to the
substantially more resilient and ecologically valuable Stages 7 and 8.
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Fig.5: Cluer&Thome(2014)offer in this diagram a demonstration of associated physical
characteristics and ecosystem benefits associated with each Stage of stream evolution
(shown in Fig.4).The relative size of the circles represent the ordinal points achieved at
each stage relative to the maximum achievable points,where a high rank represents
`abundant and fully functional'and a low rank signifies`absent or dysfunctional'.This
conceptual framework of ecosystem benefits and physical attributes demonstrates that a
return to pristinity at Stage 0 is impossible;that to freeze forms at Stage 2 or Stage 6(the
target of most Natural Channel Design methods)misses enhancing benefits;and that late
adaptations to Stage 8 offer the closest possible return to pre-settlement conditions and
the highest level of habitat enhancement represented by Stage 0.
Cluer&Thorne(2014)diagram conceptual benefits of stream processes throughout the
evolutionary trajectory of dominant process(see Fig.5).Whereas Rosgen's`natural
channel design'methodology seeks to freeze streams into a rigid Stage 6 form of`Quasi
Equilibrium,'we have the capacity to usher surface waters towards a Stage 8
Anastomosing'stream form with higher benefits to habitat and ecosystem attributes,
according to Cluer&Thorne's(2014)analysis of stream form and function.
The channels on SoWE property are at stages 2 and 3 as described by the SEM diagram
(Figure 4).As the SoWE campus is built and the watershed continues to develop,these
channels will experience the predictable progression to stage 3a(arrested degradation)or
a stage 3-4-3 short circuit of degradation and widening. Degraded channels like these are

13
sadly all too common and are a source of solastalgia for the initiated. Polvi et al.(2011)
demonstrate that entrenched stream channels limit the width and frequency of riparian
inundation, having measurable impacts on the health and spread of riparian corridors.
Cluer&Thorne(2014)describe the relative benefits of each stage of the SEM,
demonstrating that this concept for a Stage 8 channel will facilitate multiple aims of habitat
enhancement.
3.2 Process Domains
The existence of process domains implies that river networks can be divided into discrete
regions in which ecological community structure and dynamics respond to distinctly
different physical disturbance regimes(Montgomery 1999).Wohl(2020)provides a
comprehensive literature review exhibiting the usefulness of categorizing process domains
along a river network. By delineating these process domains we can understand spatial
patterns of riparian vegetation (Polvi et al.2011),sediment dynamics(Wohl 2010),organic
carbon stock in river corridors(Wahl et al.2012;Sutfin and Wohl 2017),aquatic
ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity(Bellmore and Baxter 2014), channel geometry
(Livers and Wohl 2015),and connectivity(Wahl et al.2019).
Some river geomorphic parameters exhibit progressive downstream trends whereas
others exhibit so much local variation that any systematic longitudinal trends which might
be present are obscured(Wohl 2010). Local variation that overwhelms progressive trends
is particularly characteristic of mountainous terrain,where spatially abrupt longitudinal
transitions in substrate resistance,gradient,valley geometry,and sediment sources can
create substantial variability in river process and form. Under these conditions,
characterizing river dynamics based on these longitudinal transitions can be more
accurate than assuming that parameters will change progressively downstream. Examples
of geomorphic parameters for which spatial variation is better explained by process
domain classifications than by drainage area or discharge include riparian zone width
(Polvi et al.2011),floodplain volume and carbon storage(Wohl et al.2012),connectivity
(Wohl et al.2019), instream wood load (Wohl and Gadol 2011), and biomass and
biodiversity(Bellmore and Baxter 2014; Herdrich et al.2018;Venarsky et al.2018).
Process Domains&Limitations of Natural Channel Design
A geomorphic perspective on river resilience would characterize a resilient river as having
two basic characteristics.First, a resilient river has the ability to adjust form and process in
response to changes in water,sediment,and wood inputs,whether these changes occur
over many decades to centuries(e.g.climate variability)or over relatively short time
periods(e.g.watershed development or a large flood).This is an important distinction
from a robust river system which must rigidly maintain one set of conditions in order not to
fail.An artificially dammed river is robust.A beaver dammed river is resilient.The latter
can be flexible to changing conditions and recover or be made stronger by disturbance,
the former is at its best on the day of installation and only gets worse over time(see Graf
2001;Wohl 2004;Wohl&Beckman 2014).

14
Second,a resilient river has spatial and temporal ranges of water,sediment,and large
wood inputs and river geometry similar to those present under natural conditions(Wohl
2020). Montgomery and Buffington(1997)distinguish source,transport,and response
segments in reach-scale classification of mountain channel morphology.Sklar and
Dietrich(1998)hypothesize consistent changes in dominant incision mechanism(e.g.
headcuts)and substrate type(coarse-bed alluvial,fine-bed alluvial)at threshold slopes,
regardless of drainage area.
Natural Channel Design would presuppose that all streams on the project site should exist
as sediment transfer zones,stabilizing beds and banks with boulders, rock toes,and other
robust features resistant to high-energy flows. If instead,we acknowledge legacy
manipulations to channel-floodplain connectivity,we can restore these channels to a
resilient system that takes a lower-gradient process domain as its target.Where the
streams emerge from confined valleys,the carolina beaver would have had an outsized
effect on stream form and function.By emulating beaver and recognizing an opportunity to
transition dominant processes,we should see Thomas and Hopewell transform into a
lower-energy,diffuse storage area to capture the water,sediment,and wood we would
expect to find in these broad valleys.
3.3 Connectivity Paradigm
The spectrum of stream connectivity to disconnectivity(see Fig. 6)describes the
longitudinal(upstream/downstream),vertical (surface water/ground water),and lateral
(floodplain/instream)exchange over spatial and temporal scales, involving the movement
of water,organic material,and sediment(Ward 1989; Montgomery 1999; Kondolf et al.
2006;Wohl&Beckman 2014;Wohl 2019). Connectivity is neither a priori better nor worse
than disconnectivity,depending on constraints imposed by the natural context.A high-
gradient mountain stream passing through a closely confined valley,for example,would
exhibit lateral disconnectivity,but experience high longitudinal connectivity,exporting
runoff,sediment,and organic material downstream. Conversely,an anastomosing stream
would experience high lateral connectivity,delivering sediment,organic material and water
to floodplains,but longitudinal connectivity would occur much more slowly in this diffuse
energy zone.

15
addilk
channelization
removal of large wood /iH/NA
removal of beaver dams
J
I Allij
W flow
> regulation
LATERAL 101111,
levees
bank stabilization
Water,Sediment,Wood, channelization
Solute,Animals floodplain drainage
. Water,Sediment,
Wood,Solutes
■ Animals
Water,Solutes,Animals
Fig.6: From Wohl(2019),this diagram demonstrates the concept of connectivity,the
movement of water,sediment,wood,solutes, and organisms vertically between the
atmosphere and groundwater, longitudinally from upstream to downstream,and laterally
between a stream and its floodplain. Examples of anthropogenic disruptions to
connectivity are offered next to the wavy lines breaking the arrows of connective transfer.
Among the many challenges in managing rivers are those of quantifying connectivity and
understanding how human activities have and will increase or decrease connectivity within
a landscape(Kondolf et al.2006).This connectivity ultimately reflects geomorphic context
and governs the extent to which a river network or a reach of a river is integrated into its
floodplain and the greater landscape.Geomorphic context includes spatial dimensions of
river corridor geometry, location within a drainage basin,and location within a global
context(Wohl 2020).
High connectivity implies that matter and organisms move rapidly and easily within a river
network. Landscapes typically include some characteristics that create at least temporary
storage and limit connectivity.Subsurface units of low permeability can limit the
downslope transmission of water from hillslopes to channels,or limit hyporheic and
ground-water exchanges along channels(e.g.Gooseff et al.2017). Lakes, broad
floodplains with extensive wetlands,and numerous channel-spanning obstructions such
as beaver dams and logjams can substantially decrease the rate at which floods move
through a river network(e.g.Lininger&Latrubesse 2016;Wegener et al.2017). Extensive
and active floodplains increase the residence time of suspended particles, including
sediment and soluble nutrients,within a river network,so that these basins have a greater
capacity to store and filter whatever the water carries than streams without extensive
floodplains or with inaccessible floodplains.

16
Some river networks naturally have high levels of connectivity,whereas others include
many features that limit connectivity(e.g.Burchsted et al.2010; Mould and Fryirs 2017).
The three dimensions of connectivity commonly have different relations to reach-scale
characteristics:channel obstructions such as logjams and beaver dams,for example,
promote lateral and vertical connectivity for water,solutes,and particulate organic matter,
but limit longitudinal connectivity for these materials. High sediment inputs that promote
channel avulsion and high rates of lateral migration may increase lateral connectivity for
water,solutes,sediment,and large wood, but restrict longitudinal connectivity for these
materials.
Connectivity Paradigm&Limitations of Natural Channel Design
Natural Channel Design conducted with the best of intentions retains the potential to
become subsumed under the future heading legacy effects of hydromodrficatron.
Understanding the connectivity paradigm within the natural context of valley slope,stream
segment,and underlying geology helps elucidate pathways to recovery where streams
have long suffered human-induced impacts.The paradigm at these SoWE sites is similar
to many other agriculturally manipulated and impaired floodplains in western North
Carolina: increase in longitudinal connectivity(stream straightening),a decrease in lateral
connectivity(drain floodplains for planting), and indirectly decreasing vertical connectivity
(incision impacts ground surface water interaction).
The streams on the SoWE property flow through headwater valleys with relatively thin,
narrow alluvial veneers over bedrock and then experience a drastic shift as they enter the
broadest valleys on the property.Streams situated in valleys like these,on long-standing
farmsteads,have assuredly been impacted through centuries of anthropogenic
management.And,predictably,the more incipient soils in these areas will be the first to
degrade,continuing their march through the Stream Evolution Model(SEM). However,
these broad valley areas also present an opportunity.These areas are relatively flat and
the finer grained soils are fertile ground for riparian trees and wetland meadow grasses.
Using BDA techniques,these broad valley areas can be fast-forwarded into wetland
complex systems;they will provide greater floodplain buffers and increased hyporheic
exchange.The presence of these floodplain buffers will create depositional zones,and
progressively more extensive floodplains providing greater average residence time of
sediment,surface flow during overbank floods,and subsurface flow.Coarse and fine
particulate organic matter will be sequestered within these wetland complex systems.
3.4 Beaver Hydrologic Habitat
Contemporary research on log pieces and log jams as structural interventions capable of
reversing stream incision has considerably influenced stream restoration methods in other
parts of the United States. In the arid Southwest,for example,Beaver Dam Analogs
(BDAs)and Post Assisted Log Structures(PALS),sometimes combined with beaver
reintroductions, have significantly improved the hydrological and ecological functions of
restored streams(see review Philiod et al.2017).Many of these methods draw from
designs adapted in the early 1900's by the USDA Forest Service and Soil Erosion Service

17
(see,e.g. Kraebel&Pilsbury 1934;Ayres 1936).While these practices have enjoyed a
renaissance in the western US,their application to the unique environmental legacies of
the southeast are underrepresented in the literature and in practice(Wohl 2019). Hand-
built wooden structures offer tremendous potential to reverse stream incision in the
Southeast by passively raising stream beds and reducing stress on banks.
In the wetter conditions of the southeast,there is a chance that seasonally inundated
riparian zones can become permanently flooded areas,as hyporheic exchange allows
groundwater sources to connect depressional wetlands with additional water inputs.
Beaver ponds have been shown to increase hyporheic exchange, buffering water
temperatures(Weber et al.2017)and influencing nutrient dynamics(Margolis et al.2001;
Bason et al.2017). Riparian zones of beaver ponds have been shown to have denser
above ground biomass compared to riparian zones of same or similar species composition
in nearby unobstructed stream side zones(Gatti et al.2018).
The effects of beaver on the hydrologic condition of streams has rippling effects for the
floodplain and the plant communities comprising them.As Naiman et al. (1988)
demonstrate,some of these effects catalyze long-term successional processes,even if
the ponds are abandoned and transform back into streams. By slowing the flow of water,
beaver create positive feedback loops that allow vegetation to establish,which further
decreases hydraulic stress(Box 2018). Beaver ponds create sediment sinks that build up
stream beds,creating newly exposed areas for vegetation to establish(Osterkamp&
Hupp 2010).The slower water allows sediment to settle raising the stream bed level,
offering incising streams an avenue for reunion with its floodplain(Pollock et al.2014).
This latter mechanism is of particular interest to the southeastern region given the ubiquity
of gullying in response to historic land cultivation legacies.
Streams suffering from legacy effects of incision may experience a condition called
Riparian Hydrologic Drought,where incision causes both fewer instances of floodplain
activation achieved by overbank flows(decreased lateral connectivity),as well as a
localized lowering of the water table near incised streams(decreased vertical connectivity)
(Groffman et al.2003;Hardison et al.2009). In Fig. 7 below, Hardison et al.(2009)
diagram the comparative lateral and vertical disconnectivity of incised stream channels.
On the left,a cross section of a stream is depicted where vertical connectivity is
demonstrated by the high water table saturating floodplain soils, and lateral connectivity is
possible within the breadth of the bold arrows demarcating the floodplain. In the diagram
on the right,stream incision is halted by the confining unit,as in Cluer&Thorne's(2014)
SEM Stage 3s(see Fig.4 above).Vertical and lateral disconnectivity is indicated by the
lowered water table and narrowing of the'floodplain'.The effect this has is called Riparian
Hydrologic Drought,a wilting of riparian corridors starved of nutrients and seeds delivered
in floods and groundwater accessible to shallow rhizospheres of wetland vascular plant
species.

18
(a) Floodplain (b) "Floodplain"
I( ?I I(—)1
)'(1 i
I I I I
d% Confining Unit Confining Unit , /r
r F/
Fig.7: From Hardison et al. (2009),demonstrating the differences in channel form that
can lead to Riparian Hydrologic Drought,the wilting of short-rooted riparian vascular
plants as incision lowers the local water table and deprives floodplains of periodic
inundation during high flow events.
Comparative analyses conducted in the Appalachians and across the Carolinas indicate
that beaver ponded streams are better for bat forage(Franc)et al.2004)and nesting
(Menzel et al.2001), better for avian communities(Otis&Edwards1999),better at
reducing suspended sediment and nitrate loads(Belson et al.2017), better for the
richness,diversity, and evenness of herpetofaunal communities(Metts et al.2001)than
other streams,wetlands,or forests depending on the study in question.Of particular
interest to regulators concerned about minimizing impacts to the'use'of streams and
wetland in favor of beaver ponds,you might read the concluding paragraphs of one essay,
the heading of which is entitled,"Beavers do not present a threat to flowing-water species
and need not be controlled for that reason"(Snodgrass 1997,pg. 1055).Snodgrass
suggests that land managers should only consider beaver removal when land
management objectives favor valuable timber stands and the preservation of access
roads.The client and design team are aware of this management issue and are
developing the buildings and roads with potential flood extends and wetland expansion in
mind.

19
4. DESIGN
"We cannot know what we are doing until we know what nature would be doing if we were
doing nothing."
Our restoration work is guided by the above refrain,written in 1979 by the farmer-poet,
Wendell Berry. In all of our work,we strive to emulate and catalyze the natural processes
of self-renewing ecosystems.Our experience continues to strengthen our devotion to
natural process-based restoration as the only sustainable way to manage aquatic
resources.
4.1 Design Approach
Scholarship and responsible practice demand that river restoration be based on or include
five principles(Kondolf and Larson 1995; Hughes et al.2001; Kondolf et al.2001;Ward et
al.2001; Hilderbrand et al.2005;Wohl et al.2005; Kondolf et al.2006;Sear et al.2008;
Brierley and Fryirs 2009; Hester and Gooseff 2010).
These principles—and how we've endeavored to implement them—can be summarized
as follows:
4.1.1 Restoration Principals
First, restoration should be designed with explicit recognition of complexity and
uncertainty regarding river process and form, including the historical context of variations
in process and form through time.We have observed Hopewell Branch and Thomas
Branch through this lens,using Cluer&Thome's(2014)Stream Evolution Model(SEM)to
conceptualize not only the present dominant processes at work, but those trajectories that
may apply under expected future scenarios and the legacies of the past that compromise
habitat on site today.
Second, restoration should emphasize processes that create and sustain river processes,
rather than imposition of rigid forms that are unlikely to be sustainable under future water
and sediment regimes.On Hopewell Branch and Thomas Branch,we are recommending
wetland complex systems created by small BDA structures that enable the system to
undergo the transformation it would eventually undergo if we did nothing. Further,our
intention is not to build permanent structures or"freeze"the stream in time 1 year after
construction. Rather,we are proposing wetland complex systems that will be stable in the
near-term while catalyzing processes that offer a path to self-adjustment and ongoing
improvement despite changes to the watershed.
This is an important consideration for our restoration approach as the planned
development in the Thomas Branch watershed would otherwise cause degradation,and
the development pattern in the Hopewell Branch watershed is uncontrolled and
unpredictable.To expect incoming flows to follow the same trends present in our recent
observations(2019-2020),would be folly.Our approach is to design a channel and a

20
floodplain that anticipate future geomorphic trends and have the capacity to adapt and
thrive in spite of potential future impacts.
Third, projects should be monitored after completion, using the set of variables most
effective for evaluating achievement of objectives,and at the correct scale of
measurement(Comiti et al.2009 provides an example of effective monitoring).The
proposed restoration efforts at Mulberry Gap are not tied to any mitigation performance
standards. However,the operations at the proposed SoWE campus will include long-term
operation and maintenance of the grounds,including these wetland complex systems.
There will also be on-site stream and weather gages so that the maintenance plans and
adaptive management can be tied to specific triggers(i.e.storm flood events).
Fourth,consideration of the watershed context, rather than an isolated segment of river,
is crucial because of the influences of physical,chemical, and biological connectivity on
alterations undertaken for river restoration. Our approach aims to leverage the full project
area of floodplain and stream corridor within the context of the high gradient watershed
that feeds it. Moreover, by working within the floodplain area,we will create habitat
diversity that can sustain a more biodiverse community of native flora and fauna adapted
to floodplain conditions long absent from this site.
Fifth,accommodation of the heterogeneity and spatial and temporal variations inherent in
rivers is necessary for successful restoration (Brierley and Fryirs 2009).The proposed
wetland complex systems on Hopewell Branch and Thomas Branch will continue to adjust
parameters such as bedform configuration,grain-size distribution,and emergent
vegetation clustering in response to fluctuations in water,sediment,and wood yields.
These adjustments are commonly not synchronous or of the same magnitude between
distinct reaches of the river. So,our design will allow the BDA features some freedom to
adjust, and this will be reflected in the long-term operation and maintenance plan.
4.1.2 Restoration Techniques
RDE considered two approaches to water resource conservation and restoration
enhancement during the design phase: Natural Channel Design and Process-Based
Design.The former approach was screened from consideration because it fails to achieve
a high level of habitat conservation and enhancement, a consideration of utmost
importance for the client(SoWE).
Natural Channel Design,as described in the Engineering Handbook on stream
restoration, is at its heart a misnomer. Former channels are abandoned for excavated
channels in the floodplain. Beds and banks are rigidly held in place by robust quantities of
rock not native to the local lithology.This approach creates an artificial and contorted
canal masquerading as a'natural feature'.
On the other hand,Process Based Design catalyzes self-renewing cycles of
stream/floodplaintwetland interactions to create habitat that is responsive to the natural
forces at work on the site.We trust natural processes will dictate the expansion of wetland
areas and delineation of streams.We have provided a broadly applicable illustration that

21
shows these potential outcomes in the appendix(see the"Potential Outcomes after BDA
Construction"illustration).And the client is willing to accommodate increased lateral and
vertical connectivity over strictly defined and rigidly maintained canal and wetland
boundaries.
RDE and the State of North Carolina have a unique opportunity on this site to follow the
lead of many other states in the US currently engaged in encouraging beaver mimicry and
hopeful beaver reintroduction. In the arid western United States,Process-Based
Restoration approaches including beaver dam analogs,post-assisted log structures, large
woody debris jams,and rewilding of beaver have made demonstrable improvements to
fish populations,riparian corridor width and vegetation densities,water quality parameters
such as temperature,turbidity,and nutrient concentrations,and fire suppression in every
case we know of.While in the west,primary habitat loss has occurred from a legacy of
overgrazing and water diversion, here in the southeast,legacy effects of soil loss and
`positive drainage improvements'have had similar consequence to aquatic habitat and the
native plant communities that depend on soggy soils and periodic flooding for the
nutrients,seed dispersal,and open space to achieve population dynamics that work with,
rather than against,the coevolution of wetland communities and ecosystem engineers,
like the beaver that once had a hand in every trickle of WoUS,an indelible and forgotten
influence on the landscape.
4.2 BDA Type Selection
We considered three design alternatives for the BDA structures,these typologies are as
follows:
1)Post&Weave BDA: Posts driven into the channel and f oodplain at regular intervals
with long small caliper trees and branches woven into the structure.Mud,gravel,and
stone is packed against this hand-built structure.These structures are intended to
provide habitat that attract beavers.This would not be a permanent feature; it would
require regular maintenance and would likely need to be re-built in the event of an
extreme storm event.
2)Full Engineered with Facade: Building on the option above, but with extensive grading
and structural subsurface elements(sheet piles,concrete cores, etc.).These structural
elements would physically impound the water, provide a non-erodible barrier,and
prevent seepage.This also requires regular maintenance but is less susceptible to
failure and is less adaptable to changes in regimes of flow,sediment,and wood.This
option has been disregarded because of its reliance on non-natural materials and
susceptibility to weaken over time and its susceptibility to failure with changing
conditions.This alternative offers a robust, but not resilient approach.
3)Aggradation Structure: In this third option—which we are proposing at SoWE—
engineered materials(stone aggregates,woody materials, and fine grained soils)
provide the'core'of a retention structure upon which additional mud and sticks are
placed to replicate a beaver dam. Post and weave BDA is then built on top of this

22
earthen feature.This would require regular maintenance, but less maintenance than the
post&weave option alone,and would be more robust in the face of extreme storm
events.
This third option(aggradation structure)is contextually appropriate and balances the
benefits and drawbacks of all the three options.The core of these BDA features will be
constructed of carefully blended aggregates for site-specific incipient motion criteria.The
aggregate will include a wide range of grain sizes,ideally native material consisting of
cobble,gravel,sand,and silt,and will be placed in layers of gradually increasing grain
size.When this inner core of the BDA aggradation structure is built,it will appear to be a
natural riffle.
After the core has been constructed,the BDA feature will be capped with interlocked
woody material.A slash matrix will be fanned-out on the downstream side of the feature,
in the dip of the ogee shape,and imported cobble will be used as a downstream armor
layer that anchors the woody material and resists scouring to a higher degree than the
core aggregates.The size of this cobble will be in the uppermost range of the largest
cobble native in the system.The larger cobble will then be covered with a thin layer of the
native bed material,providing a soil matrix for emergent vegetation.
The shape of these BDA features will be convex in plan-view,pointing in the downstream
direction. In profile,they will have a 2H:1 V or milder grade on the upstream side with a
designed ogee shape on the downstream side.The downstream side will also consist of
the largest gradation sediments,carefully designed,but likely cobble-sized material and
interwoven with woody material.
4.3 Proposed Features
Our approach includes hydraulic and geomorphic design considerations.This approach
ensures that the individual BDA features are dimensioned to sufficiently resist the stresses
and velocities they will have a 2H:1V or milder grade on the upstream side with a
designed ogee shape on the downstream side.The downstream side will also consist of
the largest gradation sediments,carefully designed,but likely cobble-sized material and
interwoven with experience during regular floods,while allowing certain areas to break-
away during extreme, catastrophic events(i.e. 100-year recurrence storm).
4.3.1 Beaver Pool Design
The future marsh aprons upstream of the BDAs will be selectively excavated to provide
undulations and deep-water refuge.A variety of depths and morphologies will provide
habitat and thermal heterogeneity.Longitudinal profiles of Thomas Branch and Hopewell
Branch,have been provided in the appendix, and the appendix also includes an example
cross section cut through the floodplain of the core area along Thomas Branch—this
section shows the topographic heterogeneity proposed in the floodplain.

23
These micro-topographic features can be seen on the grading plans and the Predicted
Depth Maps(see appendix).The complicated relationship between seepage,
evapotranspiration,and the potential inundation extent is difficult to predict, but the
vegetation plan will feature plants with population dynamics having the capacity to adapt
to these future water level conditions.
We have prepared depth maps that predict and define the areas upstream of each BDA
feature into their respective depth zones.These zones were developed using the range of
probable conditions,from flooded conditions to drought conditions.A flooded condition
was defined as 1'above weir crest elevation and drought was defined as 2'below weir
crest elevation.These zones are defined here:
• Deep pool zone:sustained deep pools(3'or greater).This zone represents areas that
retain 3'depths during drought conditions.3'was chosen for this delimiter because
this is the minimum depth for beaver shelter and this will stifle growth of emergent
wetland plants keeping vigorous vegetation growth along the fringe areas.
• Deep Marsh 1 Submergent Zone:typically inundated(2'-5').Submerged plants are
expected here.
• Shallow Marsh 1 Emergent Zone:frequently inundated(0'-2').This zone would not
be inundated during drought conditions, but would be inundated to some level
depending on other environmental conditions.The upper bound of this zone is
defined by the crest elevation of the floodplain BDA. Emergent plants will be
appropriate,but this zone is the hardest to predict.
• Lower Riparian Zone: infrequently inundated.This zone would be inundated only
when the water level goes above the weir/floodplain BDA,which would happen
infrequently.This zone will have shallow groundwater and contain very moist soils.
• Upper Riparian 1 Upland Zone:not typically inundated.This zone will also have
shallow groundwater,but is not expected to be inundated.
The BDA features and our predicted depth maps will be initially planted based on these
expected conditions, but ultimately,these features are meant to change and to adjust
based on their temporally varied inputs of water,sediment,and wood.
4.3.2 TB4
All the BDA features will be constructed within the existing channel-floodplain topography,
with some excavation in opportune areas for habitat diversity(described above in the
beaver pool design section). It is likely that all the pools will have seasonal and storm-
related fluctuations in pool elevation.We know that the pool elevations won't stabilize any
higher than the in-channel BDA crest elevation, but we cannot predict exactly how low the
pool elevation will be when it reaches equilibrium.This uncertainty is because of the
complicated dynamics between inflows(rainfall and groundwater)and outflows(seepage
and evapotranspiration).We cannot predict what the equilibrium pool elevation will be at a
particular BDA,although we know reducing the outflow parameters will have an increasing
effect on pool elevation.

24
The proposed pool upstream of Thomas Branch BDA#4(aka TB4)is the largest and most
prominently featured on site.Because of this reason,we were tasked with developing a
nature-based approach to hedge against the outflow variables.This makes the pool
design upstream of TB4 a deviation all other proposed BDAs.The floodplain area above
TB4 will be excavated and then amended with clay soil to reduce permeability in the deep
pool areas(see engineering plans,sheet C102).The existing channels and the fringe
areas(shallow marsh and lower riparian zones)will not be amended with clay soil to allow
for hyporheic exchange.
4.3.3 Additional Woody Structures
Other low-tech, process-based restoration strategies will be incorporated at other areas on
site,or as an adaptive management strategy through long term operation and
maintenance. For example,downstream of the proposed administration building on
Thomas Branch—where the valley necks-down to a more confined floodplain—BDA
weir-like features are infeasible here.However,it is appropriate to install a permeable
large woody debris structure(see example detail in the Engineering Plans).This would
allow base-flow to pass through unencumbered but would provide a backwater affect on
its upstream BDA counterpart during storm events, reducing storm event stresses and
create a fluvial transition zone between the BDAs and the downstream single-thread
channel.This approach would decrease erosive forces in-stream and increase resident
times for wood,organic material,and sediment—contributing to the overall goal of the
wetland complex system.
4.3.4 Flow Diversion Devices
So-called"pond levelers"or"beaver deceivers"—or more sophisticated Agridrain
systems—are a common tool used to manage nuisance water levels of beaver
impoundments.These devices can be incorporated on the peripheral of beaver-made
dams or human-made BDA's to avoid unwanted flooding, but they must be carefully
designed so that they are not immediately clogged by the eager beaver.These devices
are commonly installed at existing roadway culverts,and generally these devices fall
within the non-notifying category of activities in Waters of the US.
We have incorporated a flow diversion device into this plan, but the purpose is NOT so
that the pools maintain a minimum elevation. Instead,this device is anticipating potential
flooding problems.As initially designed,the stream-wetland complex will not inundate
roads or walking paths. However, in the event that natural processes cause flooding,this
flow diversion device will already be installed to allow for vehicular and pedestrian
ingress/egress around the complex. Natural processes that could cause this type of
flooding include beaver activity that increases the elevation of the BDAs,or sediment and
wood recruitment from large storm events.
An Agridrain device will be embedded into the BDA weir, but separated from the main
BDA spillway area.The intake areas for this Agridrain device will be caped with"T"
connection and screened to dissuade from clogging.This intake will be placed in a deep

25
pool and the outlet will be buried and in the downstream floodplain and released in the
downstream channel.
The need for additional flow diversion devices is not anticipated at this time.
4.3.5 BDA Degradation Analysis
Wild beaver dams are in a constant state of degradation,constantly being rebuilt by the
beaver colony. Hence the"business"that is often used to characterize this keystone
species.These BDA structures are designed to mimic their natural counterparts,and in
keeping with this approach,the BDA weirs have been specified to naturally degrade
during large storm events.
We have performed hydrology and hydraulic calculations for each of the proposed BDA
weirs.Through this analysis we have estimated the shear stress that BDA will
experienced during predictable rain events.Based on this analysis,we have sized the
materials to become mobilized during large storms. Particularly,the stone gradation of the
in-channel BDA has been specified such that large storm events will exceed the incipient
motion criteria.That is to say:the dams are designed to partially degrade during large
storm events.
4.3.6 Erosion Control
The in-channel BDA features will be constructed"in the dry."A temporary coffer dam(see
appendix)will be placed on the upstream toe of the proposed BDA feature and a small
trash pump or other similar method will be used to divert water around the work area.All
work will be planned such that the coffer dam will not become overwhelmed during storm
events and the individual work areas will be stabilized at the end of each day.
There are several being removed and converted back to open channels. Upon removal of
these culverts the channels will be re-constructed in accordance with the culvert removal
details(see appendix).Culvert removal and channel construction will be conducted"in the
dry"using similar methods used to dewater the BDA work areas(coffer dam and pump
around).
4.3.7 Vegetation
Native riparian plant species have evolved to withstand and depend on the natural flow
regimes and disturbance regimes that trigger seed dispersal,cavitation,and propagule
establishment in stream corridors and adjacent floodplains,so that extreme deviations due
to anthropogenic disruption could incur cascading habitat impacts(Tyree et al. 1994;
Schaff et al.2003; Merritt et al.2010;Osterkamp&Hupp 2010;Wohl 2019).Thus,spatial
and temporal dynamics of connectivity are important factors driving the form and function
of streams as ecological agents of the landscape.Although beaver reintroduction is not
planned,and is not a specific goal of these efforts,the vegetation plans are being
prepared in-keeping with beaver habitat.

26
Most of a beavers diet is made up of tree bark and cambium. Cambium is the soft tissue
that grows under the bark of a tree.Willow,maple, birch,aspen,cottonwood, beech,
poplar, and alder trees are preferred varieties,but beaver are known to eat other
vegetation like roots and buds and other water plants.
All plantings around the BDA complex will be native species adapted to the hydrologic
conditions we intend to restore on site. BDA planting schedules are provided in the plans,
both on RDE's sheet C805, and on Osgood Landscape Architecture's sheet L-2.00.
Desirable native vegetation and undesirable non-native invasive vegetation management
is discussed further in the Operation and Maintenance Manual and will be monitored post-
construction.
The planting schedule is divided into four planting zones, based on expected recurrence
of inundation.A description of these zones is included below.

27
Planting Zone Descriptions
Zone A
Uplands: This zone will not be inundated.This zone will abut future roads,
pedestrian paths,and other upland programing.
Zone B
Wetland Fringe: This zone will be infrequently inundated but will have moist soil.
Zone C
Shallow Inundation: This zone will be frequently inundated with very shallow water.
Zone D
BDA Area: This zone stretches across the length of all BDA weirs(in-floodplain
portions of the weir),just above the waterline to the crest of the BDA.

28

29
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36
APPENDIX
A. Potential Outcomes After BDA Construction
B. Predicted Depth Maps&Area Tables
C. Culvert Removal Details
D. Creek Profiles and BDA Pool Sections
E. Example Dewatering Details(coffer dam)

Potential Outcomes after BDA Construction
Existing Condition Potential Outcome 1
.4. 11*-iip .:.. . . 4 0
,.:._. .r,
ti ,
•
Riparian -
vegetation -.
t , i
-- ) Wetland
J. Meadow
s
y'. BDA
'' ' ) .t:-
i . _.
: • - ' - .._
Potential Outcome 2 Potential Outcome 3
-11;..) --'- _ •.. . , -.,, 4
. ., (0
It . •
,-.1, , of . . . fiti ..?,...!/ - li, : .
Ir---IN7
•
reCE
L.. "
AN, Robinson
/ft/ design
AN, Engineers

Map
LEGEND
❑eep Pool Zone - Sustained
deep pools (3' or greater)
❑eep Marsh J Submergent Zone -
Typically inundated
Shallow Marsh / Emergent Zone -
Frequently inundated
Lower Riparian Zone -
Infrequently inundated
Upper Riparian / Upland Zones -
Typically not inundated
For area upstream
of TB4A&B, see
PDM3 and PDM4
PDM2: Predicted Depth Map 2
N Robinson
Design
N Engineers
0 1

Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
BDA
Deep Pool
Zone (SF)
Deep Marsh -
Submergent
(SF)
Shallow Marsh
- Emergent
(SF)
TOTAL (SF)
TB1
2 81 ,
5,463
4,726
12,513
T B2
294
3.024
3.705
7.023
T B3
678
8,168
8,800
17,646
TB4
5,551
12,337
15,934
33,822
TB5
-
1,424
9,008
10,432
1.6
TB6 -
47070
4,015
- 8,251
HB4
582
9,343
16,338
26,263
TOTAL
9,590
43,834
62,526
115,950
REVISED TOTALS = 34,296 53,785 95,186
removed
from
plans
removed
from
plans
PDM6: Predicted Depth Map Area Table
N Robinson
Design
/1/ Engineers

BDA
Deep Pool
Zone (ac)
Deep Marsh -
Submergent
(ac)
Shallow Marsh
- Emergent
(ac)
TOTAL (ac)
T El 1
I V I
0.05
0.13
T B2
0.01
0.07
0.09
0.16
TB3
0.02
0.19
0.20
0.41
TB4
0.13
0.28
0.37
0.78
TB5
0.03
0.21
0.24
r
_ n r_
1 V V
0.19
removed
from
plans
H B4
0.01
0.21
0.38
0.60
TOTAL
0.22
1.01
1.44
2.66
REVISED TOTALS = 0., 0.78 1.25 2.19
removed
from
plans
PDM7: Predicted Depth Map Area Table
N Robinson
Design
/1/ Engineers

Match downstream channel
bottom -width
12' overlap, minimum
CREEK CHANNEL - FREE FLOWING
apply channel armor
to depth =12'
existing culvert to be removed
vegetation per landscape architect
apply coir rnathng to al
disturbed channel slopes
Bio-D block soil Id
Compacted sub -grade
Channel bottom of granite ballast stone 8" mininum thickness
Underlain by bedding stone 6" minimum thickness
COMPLETELY FILL AL INTERSTITIAL SPACES WITH CLEAN SAND
apply outside of deep marsh zones SCALE:1" = 4'
Match downstream channel
bottom -width
CREEK CHANNEL - WITHIN INUNDATION ZONE
existing culvert to be removed
vegetation per landscape architect
Compacted sub -grade
Channel bottom of beddng stone 6" mininum thickness
COMPLETELY FILL ALL INTERSTITIAL SPACES WITH CLEAN SAND
apply inside of deep marsh zones SCALE:1" = 4'
APPENDIX C. CULVERT REMOVAL DETAILS
itobmkresen
Air
1

Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
ROCK COFFERDAM
COFFERDAM CROSS-SECTION
COARSE AGGREGATE
s
CREEK BOTTOM
SANDBAGS
COFFERDAM PROFILE
LINER
WORK
AREA
EXCESS LINER
NOTES:
1. THE LINER SHALL BE PLACED ON
BOTTOM ❑F WATERWAY W/EXCESS LINER
EXTENDING OUT OF THE COFFERE❑ AREA.
ONCE STONE 15 PLACED, LINER WILL BE
PULLED OVER ROCK AND EXTEN❑ BEYON❑
THE PILE ON THE DOWNSTREAM SIDE.
SANDBAGS WILL SECURE THE EXCESS
LINER AS SHOWN. REFER TO THE
STANDARD FOR LINER SPECIFICATIONS.
0
0
LI—
COFFERDAM
ENERGY DISSIPATING
SURFACE
PUMP
PLAN VIEW
SUMP PIT
AND PUMP
FILTRATION
AREA
REFERENCE
Project
Designed Date
Checked Date
Approved Date
STANDARD DWG. NO.
IUM-503RF
SHEET 5 OF 7
DATE 7-09-2012