NC0039446_Engineering Alternatives Analysis_19991005

NPDES DOCUMENT SCANNINO COVER SHEET
NPDES Permit:
NC0039446
Linville Resorts WWTP
Document Type:
Permit Issuance
Wasteload Allocation
Authorization to Construct (AtC)
Permit Modification
Complete File - Historical
Engineering Alternatives (EAA)'
Correspondence
Instream Assessment (67b)
Speculative Limits
Environmental Assessment (EA)
Document Date:
October 5, 1999
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PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORT
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
MR
LINVILLE RESORTS, INCORPORATED
AVERY COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
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MEI
Mel
rum MICHAEL J. WARESAK, P. E.
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PM
McGffl
ASSOCIATES
Engineering • Planning • Finance
Post Office Box 2259
Asheville, North Carolina 28802
SEPTEMBER , 1999
'I 99728
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I GENERAL INFORMATION
II. EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES
III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX CURRENT NPDES PERMIT
SPECULATIVE NPDES PERMIT LIMITS
AVERY COUNTY SOILS INFORMATION

SIMI
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
A. INTRODUCTION
Linville Resorts, Incorporated, is a resort community located in The Town of Linville in Avery
County, North Carolina. Linville Resorts owns and operates a 100,000 gallons per day (gpd)
_ wastewater treatment plant located near the intersection of U.S. 221 and N.C. Highway 105 in
Avery County. Linville Resorts currently has a NPDES permit (No. NC0039446) to discharge
100,000 gpd to the Linville River. The wastewater treatment facility serves approximately 100
residents of Linville Resorts and other customers within the Town of Linville. A location map is
°'~ provided in Figure 1-1.
—
The wastewater treatment plant is currently receiving flows averaging approximately 37,000 gpd
over a 12-month period (August, 1997 to July, 1998). However, due to the seasonal nature of the
area, flows average over 50,000 gpd during the summer, and the maximum daily flow for the
same 12-month period was 157,000 gpd. The influent wastewater is 100% domestic sewage.
MIR
B. PROPOSED WWTP EXPANSION
MOM
Avery Health Care System, Incorporated, is currently constructing Charles A. Cannon Memorial
Hospital on Highway 181, approximately one (1) mile west of the Linville Resorts wastewater
., treatment plant. The hospital and adjacent medical offices are estimated to produce a wastewater
flow of approximately 33,000 gpd. Avery Health Care System recently spent a considerable
amount of time and effort in negotiations with the Town of Newland with a request that
Newland's WWTP accept the hospital wastewater. However, Avery Health Care System and the
Town of Newland were unable to arrive at an agreement, so Avery Health Care System requested
that Linville Resorts receive and treat the wastewater from the new hospital. Avery Health Care
Page 1

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Water Quality (NCDWQ) Regional Office in Asheville, and NCDWQ has approved the project in
concept.
C. NEED FOR PROJECT
Based on current average daily flows, the Linville Resorts WWTP appears to have adequate
reserve capacity to treat the wastewater from the new hospital. However, during peak season
(June, July and August), average daily flows increase to as high as 55,000 gpd, with maximum
daily flows greater than 150,000 gpd. Therefore, the flow from the hospital would increase the
flow of the plant to as much as 88,000 gpd during the summer, and could result in peak flows
greater than 200,000 gpd. In addition, Linville Resorts owns additional undeveloped land and
must replace the reserve capacity that would be lost by the hospital flow. Therefore, a
wastewater treatment plant expansion of at least 33,000 gpd is required. To take advantage of
the economy of scale in expanding the WWTP, it is recommended that a 50,000 gpd expansion be
constructed immediately to treat the flow from the hospital, and that an additional 50,000 gpd
expansion be constructed as a Phase 2 project to provide adequate treatment capacity at the
WWTP for the 20-year planning period. Therefore, it is recommended that a 100,000 gpd
increase in permitted discharge to the Linville River be obtained by Linville Resorts.
D. EXISTING FACILITIES
As mentioned earlier, the Linville Resorts WWTP currently has a capacity of 100,000 gpd. The
plant was recently expanded and modernized in 1993 with the installation of a new influent pump
station and a new 100,000 gpd package type wastewater treatment plant. The facility discharges
to the Linville River which is a Class C Trout Water. The facility's current NPDES permit limits
are 30 milligrams per liter (mg/1) BOD and 30 mg/1 TSS. The facility has a good performance
record and consistently meets the permit limits. A copy of the current NPDES permit is included
— in the Appendix to this report. A schematic of the existing WWTP is provided at the end of this
section.
Page 2

permit is included in the Appendix to this report. A schematic of the existing WWTP is provided
at the end of this section.
E. PHASING OF PROJECT
The NCDWQ Asheville Regional Office has approved a phased schedule to allow the hospital to
open in December of 1999. The construction of a pump station and transmission force main has
already been permitted by NCDWQ and is scheduled to be constructed by December, 1999.
These facilities will transmit the wastewater generated by the hospital to the Linville Resorts
WWTP for treatment. However, NCDWQ expressed concern regarding the Linville Resorts
'— WWTP's capability to treat the hospital flows during peak tourist season. Due to the time
required to permit, design and construct a WWTP expansion, the expansion could not reasonably
be completed by December, 1999. Therefore, NCDWQ requested that Phase 1 of the WWTP
expansion project be constructed by June 1, 2000. After completion of Phase 1, the WWTP will
have a rated capacity of 150,000 gpd. It is recommended that Phase 2 be constructed when
average flows during the peak season approach 80% of the plant's rated capacity, or
approximately 120,000 gpd. It is estimated that Phase 2 will be constructed around 2016.
Therefore, the schedule for the phased project is as follows:
Phase Description Estimated Completion Date
Phase lA
Phase 1B
Phase 2
Hospital Pump Station and
Force Main
Linville Resorts WWTP
Expansion to 150,000 gpd
Linville Resorts WWTP
Expansion to 200,000 gpd
Page 3
December 15, 1999
June 1, 2000
June, 2016

F. WASTERWATER FLOW PROJECTIONS
The table below shows wastewater flow projections for the Linville Resorts WWTP through the
year 2020.
Year
Estimated
Average
Residential Flow
(gpd)
Estimated
Average
Comm./Inst.
Flow (gpd)
Estimated Total
Average Flow
(gpd)
Peak Season
Estimated Total
Avg. Flow (gpd)
1999
17,000
20,000
37,000
55,000
2000
18,000
53,000
71,000
88,000
2005
19,900
58,500
78,400
98,000
2010
22,000
64,600
86,600
108,250
2015
24,300
71,300
95,000
119,500
2020
26,800
78,700
105,500
131,875
NOTE: Above flow projections are based on flow increases of 2% per year, and peaking factors of 1.25 for peak
season flows after the year 2000.
G. SPECULATIVE NPDES PERMIT LIMITS
NCDWQ has issued speculative NPDES permit limits for both Phases 1 and 2 to expand the
Linville Resorts to 150,000 gpd and 200,000 gpd, respectively. The speculative permit limits for
both phases are identical and include 30 mg/1 BOD, 30 mg/1 TSS and limits for ammonia of 3
mg/1 during the summer and 9 mg/1 during the winter. A copy of the speculative limits are
included in the Appendix.
Page 4

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II. EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL
ALTERNATIVES
A. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
This section of the report will evaluate several alternatives for the disposal of the treated
—
wastewater. The following alternatives will be evaluated:
1. Do nothing
2. Increase discharge to the Linville River
3. Connection to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
4. Drip or spray irrigation of treated effluent on land in area
B. ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
1. Alternative No. 1— Do Nothing
The alternative to do nothing is not a feasible alternative because the NCDWQ Asheville
Regional Office has already requested that the plant be expanded if it is to accept the flow
from the hospital. (This was discussed in greater detail in Section I.E.) In addition, the
tourism industry in the area and the increase in new residential home development
necessitate additional treatment capacity of the Linville Resorts WWTP as shown in the
wastewater flow projections provided in the Section I. Therefore, Alternative No. 1 is
dismissed as a feasible alternative.
Page 5

2. Alternative No. 2 — Increase Discharge to the Linville River
Alternative No. 2 consists of pumping the wastewater flow from the hospital to the
Linville Resorts WWTP, and expanding the Linville Resorts WWTP by 100,000 gpd in
two separate 50,000 gpd phases. The transmission project includes a sewage pump
station and approximately 4,700 L.F. of 4-inch force main. The WWTP project consists
of the installation of a new mechanical bar screen, upgrades to the influent pump station,
construction of a flow splitter box, installation of two (2) 50,000 gpd package type
wastewater treatment plants adjacent to the existing 100,000 gpd package plant,
construction of a new blower building to house the aeration blowers, and upgrades to the
chemical feed systems. Sludge will be treated in digesters included with the package
plants to provide a Class B biosolids. Currently, Linville Resorts contracts their sludge
disposal with a local contractor. There is adequate land on -site owned by Linville
Resorts for the construction of the proposed facilities. The estimated project cost in 1999
dollars is $751,900 for Phase 1, and $279,700 for Phase 2, for a total project cost estimate
of $1,031,600 for both phases to result in a 200,000 gpd treatment facility. A detailed
project cost estimate and a proposed plant schematic are provided at the end of this
section. The plant expansion design will be based on the speculative discharge limits
furnished by NCDWQ which are included in the Appendix.
3. Alternative No. 3 — Connection to the Town of Newland WWTP
Since the construction of the hospital has accelerated the need to expand the Linville
Resorts WWTP, transmission of the hospital wastewater to a municipal wastewater
treatment facility should also be considered. The Town of Newland WWTP is the closest
municipal system, and it is located approximately 2.5 miles east of the new hospital. The
proposed sewage transmission system would consist of two (2) sewage pump stations,
3,200 L.F. of 4-inch force main and approximately 10,000 L.F. of gravity sewer along
Page 6

Highway N.C. 181. In addition, the Town of Newland WWTP should be expanded to
replace the reserve capacity that would be lost with the addition of the 33,000 gpd in flow
from the hospital. The Town of Newland WWTP has a capacity of 0.32 MGD, and
currently receives average daily flows of approximately 250,000 gpd. The addition to the
hospital flow would push the Newland WWTP over the 80% flow capacity threshold,
requiring the Town to submit a plan of action to NCDWQ for expansion. Therefore, a
50,000 gpd WWTP expansion at Newland is included with this alternative, as well as an
additional Phase 2 expansion to 50,000 gpd.
The estimated total project cost for Alternative No. 3 is $1,541,200 for Phase 1 and
$446,000 for Phase 2, for a total cost of $1,960,200. A detailed cost estimate and a map
showing the proposed improvements is included at the end of this section. As mentioned
earlier, the Town of Newland has not agreed to accept the hospital wastewater at this
time.
4. Alternative No. 4 — Drip or Spray Irrigation of Effluent
Alternative No. 4 includes the expansion of the Linville Resorts WWTP, but instead of
discharging the additional 100,000 gpd to the Linville River, the treated effluent is
applied to land in the area by either drip or spray irrigation. It should be noted that land
application requires that the effluent be treated to tertiary limits, requiring additional
treatment facilities at the WWTP. A review of the Avery County soils map and
characteristics of soils in the area reveal that the white oak sandy loam soil on slopes
between 2% and 8% is the only soil in the area that would be ideally suitable as a drip or
spray irrigation site. Copies of the County soils map and accompanying soils
characteristics are provided in the Appendix for reference. For this type of soil, a best
case loading rate for the treated effluent is 0.15 gpd/SF. Utilizing this loading rate, 7.65
acres of effective area would be required for each 50,000 gpd phase, not including
setbacks. According to State regulations, drip irrigation systems require 50 foot setbacks,
Page 7

and spray irrigation systems require 150 foot setbacks from property lines. Therefore, a
drip irrigation system will be less costly than a spray irrigation system, and the remainder
of this discussion will be pertaining to a spray irrigation system.
Utilizing the 50-feet setback requirement, a drip irrigation site would need to have a total
area of approximately 10.5 acres for each 50,000 gpd phase, or a total of approximately
21 acres. The total amount of acreage will vary depending on the shape of the tract of
land.
The State regulations require a minimum of 5-day storage pond to hold the effluent during
wet or freezing weather. Due to the cold climate in Linville, it is recommended that a
minimum 15-day storage pond be provided, or 750,000 gallons for each 50,000 gpd
phase.
Tertiary filters will need to be installed at the WWTP to meet State effluent requirements,
and an effluent pump station and force main will be needed to transmit the effluent to the
drip irrigation site.
The County soils map shows some suitable soil (Type 18B) north of the WWTP, but part
of this land is developed and the amount of usable land is insufficient. For the purposes of
this report, it will be assumed that land approximately 3,500 L.F. to the south of the
WWTP will be utilized as the drip irrigation site, and the tertiary filters, holding ponds,
and effluent pump station will be located in the areas adjacent to the existing WWTP. If
this alternative is pursued further, site restrictions and practical land availability must be
investigated in greater detail. It is questionable whether 21 acres of usable land could be
obtained in this area for a drip irrigation system.
The total estimated cost for Alternative No. 4 is $1,297,100 for Phase 1 and $928,900 for
Phase 2, for a total estimated cost of $2,226,000. A detailed project cost estimate and a
schematic of the proposed improvements are provided at the end of this section. As noted
Page 8

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earlier, since spray irrigation land and facilities would be greater in cost than drip irrigation
facilities, the spray irrigation alternative has been dismissed.
5. Present Values of Costs
a. Alternative No. 1— Do Nothing
There are no direct monetary costs associated with this alternative. However, this
alternative is not feasible and has been discarded.
b. Alternative No. 2 — Increase Discharge to Linville River
The operation and maintenance costs associated with the Phase 1 expansion of
50,000 gpd is $30,600 per year. The operation and maintenance costs for the
Phase 2 expansion beginning at year 2016 is $60,000 per year. Therefore, the
combined present value utilizing a discount rate of 8% for a 20-year time period is
$1,162,398 for the 100,000 gpd expansion. If Phase 1 is considered alone without
Phase 2, the Phase 1 present value is $1,052,334. A detailed estimate of the O&M
costs for both Phase 1 and Phase 2 are provided at the end of this section.
c. Alternative No. 3 — Connection to Newland
The operation and maintenance costs associated with transmitting the hospital flow
to Newland and expanding the Newland WWTP by 50,000 gpd are estimated to be
$34,500 per year for Phase 1, and $62,800 for Phase 2. Utilizing an 8% discount
for 20 years, and assuming Phase 2 begins in year 2016, the present value of this
alternative is $2,037,466. A detailed estimate of the O&M costs is included at the
end of this section. If Phase 1 is considered alone without Phase 2, the Phase 1
present value is $1,879,925.
Page 9

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d. Alternative No. 4 — Drip Irrigation System
The operation and maintenance costs associated with the drip irrigation system
alternative are estimated to be $32,100 per year for the 50,000 gpd Phase 1
system, and $62,500 per year for the Phase 2 system. Assuming Phase 2 occurs in
2016, and utilizing an 8% discount rate for 20 years, the present value of both
Phases 1 and 2 combined is estimated to be $1,912,787. If Phase 1 is considered
alone for 20 years, the present value of Phase 1 is estimated to be $1,612,261. A
detailed estimate of the O&M costs is included at the end of this section.
e. The table below summarizes the present values of all the treatment and
disposal alternatives.
SUMMARY OF PRESENT VALUES
ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
Alternative No. 1
Description
Phase 1— Present
Value
Phase 1 & Phase 2
Present Value
1
Do Nothing
-0-
-0-
2
Expand Linville
Resorts WWTP
$1,052,334
$1,162,398
3
Connection to
Newland
$1,879,925
$2,037,466
4
Drip Irrigation
System
$1,612,261
$1,912,787
Page 10

ALTERNATIVE NO. 2
LINVILLE RESORTS WWTP EXPANSION
PROJECT COST ESTIMATE
Phase 1— 50,000 GPD Expansion
1. Transmission System, Including Pump Station and $217,000
,I, 4,700 L.F. of 4-inch Force Main
2. Mechanical Bar Screen (Install in existing channel) $ 50,000
3. Influent Pump Station Upgrades 30,000
,•q 4. Flow Splitter Box 7,000
5. 50,000 GPD Package Plant, Installed 100,000
6. Blower Building 50,000
Pia, 7. Chemical Feed System Upgrades 10,000
8. Yard Piping 20,000
9. Relocation of Existing Blowers 5,000
10. Sitework 10,000
11. Electrical 45,000
oi" Construction Cost Subtotal $544,000
10% Construction Contingency 54,400
Engineering 82,100
rim Construction Administration 61,400
Legal Easements 10,000
1•,
Phase 1— Total Project Cost $751,900
forl
Page 11

Phase 2 — Additional 50,000 GPD Expansion
1. Influent Pump Station Upgrades
2. 50,000 GPD Package Plant, Installed
3. Yard Piping
4. Sidewalk
5. Electrical
Construction Cost Subtotal
10% Construction Contingency
Engineering
Construction Administration
Phase 2 — Total Project Cost
Total Project Cost — Phase 1 and Phase 2
Page 12
$ 30,000
100,000
20,000
30,000
27,000
$207,000 ,,
34,200
30,000
22,000
$279,700
S1,031,600

nal
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ALTERNATIVE NO. 3
CONNECTION TO NEWLAND WWTP
PROJECT COST ESTIMATE
Phase 1 — 50,000 GPD System
1. Sewage Pump Stations — 2 @ $120,000
2. 3,200 L.F. of 4-Inch Force Main
3. 10,000 L.F. of Gravity Sewer Line
4. 50,000 GPD WWTP Expansion
Construction Cost Subtotal
10% Construction Contingency
Engineering
Construction Administration
Easements
Legal Administration
Total Project Cost — Phase 1
Phase 2 — Additional 50,000 GPD System
1. 50,000 GPD WWTP Expansion
2. Pump Station Upgrades — 2 @ $30,000
Construction Cost Subtotal
10% Construction Contingency
Engineering
Construction Administration
Total Project Cost — Phase 2
Total Project Cost — Phases 1 and 2
Page 13
$240,000
64,000
650,000
300,000
$1,254,000
125,400
87,800
37,600
26,400
10.000
$1,541,200
$300,000
60,000
$360,000
36,000
31,000
19,000
$446,000
$1,960,200

111
ALTERNATIVE NO. 4
DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
PROJECT COST ESTIMATE
Phase 1— 50,000 GPD System
1. WWTP Expansions, Including Tertiary Filters
2. 750,000 Gallon Holding Pond
3. Effluent Pump Station
4. 3,500 L.F. of 4-Inch Force Main
5. Drip Irrigation System
Construction Subtotal
10% Construction Contingency
Engineering
Construction Administration
Land Acquisition (10.5 acres)
Legal/Administration
Phase 1— Total Project Cost
Phase 2 — Additional 50,000 GPD System
1. WWTP Expansion, Including Tertiary Filters
2. 750,000 Gallon Holding Pond
3. Effluent Pump Station Upgrades
4. Drip Irrigation System
Construction Subtotal
10% Construction Contingency
Engineering
Construction Administration
Land Acquisition (10.5 acres)
Legal/Administration
Phase 2 — Total Project Cost
Total Project Cost — Phases 1 and 2
Page 14
$400,000
300,000
120,000
70,000
132,000
$1,022,000
102,200
73,600
36,800
52,500
10,000
$1,297,100
$250,000
300,000
30,000
132,000
712,000
71,200
54,200
29,000
52,500
10.000
$928,900
$2,226,000

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ALTERNATIVE NO. 2
LINVILLE RESORTS WWTP EXPANSION
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST ESTIMATE
ESTIMATED ANNUAL
ESTIMATED ANNUAL
ITEM
PHASE 1 COST
PHASE 2 COST
WWTP Operation and
Maintenance (Contract)
$7,000
$14,000
Laboratory Costs
500
1,000
Sludge Disposal Cost
5,000
10,000
Electricity (WWTP)
10,500
21,000
Chemicals
3,000
6,000
Miscellaneous
1,000
1,500
Pump Station at Hospital
3,100
5,000
Force Main from Hospital
500
500
TOTAL
$30,600
$60,000
•., PRESENT VALUE
20-year present value at 8% assuming Phase 2 in 2016:
Phase 1 and Phase 2 Present Value = $1.162,398
1-9 20-year present value at 8% for Phase 1 only:
Phase 1 Present Value = $1,052,334
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Page 15

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ALTERNATIVE NO. 3
CONNECTION TO NEWLAND WWTP
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST ESTIMATE
ITEM
ESTIMATED ANNUAL
PHASE 2 COST
ESTIMATED ANNUAL
PHASE 1 COST
Pump Stations
$6,200
$8,000
Force Main and Gravity Sewer
1,300
1,300
WWTP 0 & M Costs
7,000
14,000
Laboratory Costs
500
1,000
Sludge Disposal Cost
5,000
10,000
Electricity
10,500
21,000
Chemicals
3,000
6,000
Miscellaneous
1,000
1,500
TOTAL
$34,500
$62,800
PRESENT VALUE
20-year present value at 8%, assuming Phase 2 in 2016:
ns, Phase 1 and Phase 2 — Present Value = $2,037,466
20-year present value at 8% for Phase 1 only:
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Phase 1— Present Value = $1,879,925
Page 16

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ALTERNATIVE NO. 4
DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST ESTIMATE
ITEM
ESTIMATED ANNUAL
PHASE 1 COST
ESTIMATE ANNUAL
PHASE 2 COST
WWTP O & M. Costs
$7,000
$14,000
Laboratory Costs
500
1,000
Sludge Disposal Costs
5,000
10,000
Electricity (WWTP)
10,500
21,000
Chemicals
3,000
6,000
Miscellaneous
1,000
1,500
Drip Irrigation Pump Station
3,100
5,000
Irrigation System
2,000
4,000
TOTAL
32,100
62,500
PRESENT VALUE
ran
20-year present value at 8%, assuming Phase 2 in 2016:
,i, Phase 1 and Phase 2 — Present Value = $1,912,787
20-year present value at 8% for Phase 1 only:
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Phase 1 Present Value = $1,612,261
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Page 17

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N_ ........." / / r"..I
(ABA
\ : .N
I IEDGE OF PON.41..ty
TIE—IN TO
MANHOLE
INVERT IN 3633.77'
'N.., , .....; .•••••• ett• I
• j. •4111, .
••••• ,••........... ..,
--......,.... •
....... • 1,
.. •••. . •
.....
...
• - 1 . k L
• V - • \
MANHOLE \
TOP3640.49'
INV.3633.57.
0
(
BAR SCREEN
40" HEMLOCK
12" GRAVITY 1
SEWER LINE
0 1% GRADE
/ 40" HEMLOCK
CHLORINATION
DE—CHLORINAT1ON
BUILDING
30" HEMLOCK
FIGURE 2.1
PROPOSED VVVVTP EXPANSION
LINVILLE RESORTS
100,000 GPD
WASTEWATER •
(.71
TREATMENT PLANT •
F.F.E.
3640.5' _
(SEE DETAIL SHEETIZ . ,
: \cc
ocx ;-.L6,-...)\',‘.• •
• •
30HEMLOCK
12' WIDE DOU
SWING GATE
INFLUENT
40" HEMLOCK
-re) ue6gAzop
•
20" WHITE PINE
•
0
- 0
0
'lance
NC 2SA01

.
'B
•I
/
• A• /
�pU
•
`,
wer
iii tab • o
1111
gY
r A • a
,0},14vA
FIGURE 2.2 PROPOSED CONNECTION
TO NEWLAND WWTP
!J
NI:e701.!4!1
SANITARY SEWE
PUMP STATIONS
' NJ -.' & Est
SI
SANITARY SEW:
FORCE MAIN
NOTE: DISREGARD PROPOSED WATER LINE - NOT IN PROJECT
Al Lt
•
)to
Qg St
3600,,?
E 1" = 2000' �`
iltl"LBaCi 1�.' =�tl \� _ 5,-..`•! 1' K/ 1�1� ;1i
SCAL

f�1
fail
fag
NMI
FAT
Source: Soil Survey Field Sheet, Avery County, North Carolina,
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
•
S,
•
' •' Q•
•
i +•
e i-
Approximate Scale: 1" = 1000'
3 •• Existing and Proposed WWTP
.-, }. sgn'
•
FIGURE 2.3 DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM ALTERNATIVE
.

NCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the detailed alternatives analysis for treatment and disposal of the 100,000 gpd of
—• wastewater, it is recommended that the Linville Resorts WWTP be expanded immediately by
50,000 gpd. The Phase 1 expansion should be completed prior to the peak season, which begins
in June, 2000. In addition, to accommodate for future growth, Linville Resorts should plan on
expanding the WWTP by an additional 50,000 gpd. It is estimated that the Phase 2 expansion
should occur no later than 2016. To streamline the design and permitting process, it is
recommended that Linville Resorts obtain an increase of 100,000 gpd to their permitted discharge
at this time to accommodate both phases of the proposed expansion.
Page 18

1.1
APPENDIX
- --Current NPDES Permit
- --Speculative NPDES Permit Limits
- --Avery County Soils Information
Page 19

ONO
Permit No. NC0039446
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PERMIT
TO DISCHARGE WASTEWATER UNDER THE
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
In compliance with the provision of North Carolina General Statute 143-215.1, other lawful standards and regulations
promulgated and adopted by the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission, and the Federal Water Pollution
• Control Act, as amended,
Linville Resorts, Incorporated
is hereby authorized to discharge wastewater from a facility located at
Linville Resorts
near the intersection of U.S. 221 and N.C. 105
./01 Avery County -
to receiving waters designated as the Linville River in the Catawba River Basin
in accordance with effluent limitations, monitoring requirements, and other conditions set forth in Parts I, II, and III hereof.
The permit shall become effective June 1,1995
This permit and the authorization to discharge shall expire at midnight on April, 20, 2000
1411 Signed this day April 25,1995
Original Signed BY.
David A. Goodrich
lot
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
Division of Environmental Management
By Authority of the Environmental Management Commission

SUPPLEMENT TO PERMIT COVER SHEET
Linville Resorts, Incorporated
is hereby authorized to:
Permit No. 39446
1. Continue to operate an existing 0.100 MGD .wastewater treatment facility consisting of influent bar
screen, pump station, flow equalization basin, dual aeration basins, dual clarifiers, chlorination and
dechlorination facilities, and flow recording and totalizing equipment located Linville Resorts near
the intersection of U.S. 221 and N.C. 105, Avery County, (See Part III of the Permit), and
j .
2. Discharge from said treatment works at the location specified on the attached map into the Linville
River which is classified C-Trout in the Catawba River Basin.
t

J
1 1 Di
A. (1). EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS SUMMER (April 1- October 31)
During the period beginning on the effective date of the permit and lasting until expiration, the Permittee is authorized to discharge from
outfall(s) serial number 001. Such discharges shall be limited and monitored by the Permittee as specified below:
4
Effluent Characteristics Discharge Limitations
Flow
BOD, 5-Day, 20°C
Total Suspended Residue
NH3 as N
Fecal Coliform (geometric mean)
Total Residual Chlorine
Temperature
Total Phosphorus
Total Nitrogen (NO2 + NO3 + TKN)
Monthly. Avg. Weekly Avg.
0.10 MGD
30.0 mg/1
30.0 mg/I
6.5 .mg/I
200.0 /100 ml
* . Sample locations: E - Effluent, I - Influent
400.0 /100 ml
Permit No. NC0039446
Monitoring Requirements
Measurement Sample
Daily Max,, Frequency Type
Continuous Recording
45.0 m g./ I Weekly Composite
45.0 m g / l Weekly Composite
2/month Composite
Weekly Grab
28.0 µg/1 2/week Grab
Weekly Grab
Quarterly Composite
Quarterly Composite
'Sample:
Location
lorE
I,E
I, E
E
E
E•
• E • •
E
• E
The pH shall not be less than 6.0 standard units nor greater than 9.0 standard units at the effluent. Effluent monitoring shall be conducted weekly.by grab .;
samples.
There shall be no discharge of floating solids or visible foam in other than trace amounts.
•

J
1
3 1 #► A I 4 L
A. (1). EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS WINTER (November 1- March 31)
Permit No. NC0039446• ..
During the period beginning on the effective 'date of the permit and Iasting until expiration, the Permittee is authorized to discharge from
outfall(s) serial number 001. Such discharges shall be limited and monitored by the Permittee as specified below:
Effluent Characteristics
Flow
'BOD, 5-Day, 20°C
Total Suspended Residue
NH3 as N
Fecal Coliform (geometric mean)
Total Residual Chlorine
Temperature
Total Phosphorus
Total Nitrogen (NO2 + NO3 + TKN)
Discharge Limitations
Monthly. Avg. Weekly Avg,
0.10 MGD
30.0 mg/I
30.0 mg/I
19.0 mg/I
200.0 /100 ml
Sample locations: E - Effluent, I - Influent
400.0 /100 m1
gaily Max,
45.0 mg/I
45.0 mg/I
28.0 µg/1
Monitoring Requirements
Measurement Sample 'Sample
Frequency Type Location
Continuous Recording • 1 or E
• Weekly Composite I, E
Weekly Composite .1,E.
2/tho.nth Composite • E
Weekly Grab E •
2/week Grab E
Weekly Grab E
Quarterly Composite E
Quarterly Composite E
The pH shall not be less than 6.0 standard units nor greater than 9.0 standard units at the effluent. 'Effluent monitoring shall be conducted weekly by grab
samples.
There shall be no discharge of floating solids or visible foam in other than trace amounts.
f •
•

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Wayne McDevitt, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
January 8, 1999
Mr. Bentley Parlier, Vice President
Linville Resorts, Inc.
11 Linville Avenue
Linville, North Carolina 28648
Dear Mr. Parlier:
DEHNRAvi"A
Subject: NPDES Permit Modification
Linville Resorts WWTP
Avery County
The Division has received a request for clarification from Mr. Dana Bolden of McGill Associates regarding the
November 24`'' letter sent to you. Mr. Bolden requested more specific information on the effluent limits for the expansion of
the Linville Resorts facility. The tentative discharge limits for oxygen consuming constituents that the expanded
facility would have to meet are as follows:
Summer Winter
BOD5 30 mg/1 30 mg/I
NH3-N 3 mg/1 9 mg/1
As mentioned previously, a quarterly chronic toxicity limit of 13% would also be applied since the wastewater could contain
metals or toxicants from hospital waste.
Secondly, regarding the question of the soil analysis report required for the Linville Resorts project, the
requirements in Appendix B of the Guidance for the Evaluation of Wastewater Disposal Alternatives (page 5) for "existing
facilities proposing an expansion" need to be provided to our office. This includes county soil maps, best -case loading rates,
and a present value of costs analysis for all non -discharge alternatives. This requirement supports the antidegradation policy
as stated in 15A NCAC 2B .0201(c)(1) where "each applicant for ... NPDES permit expansion to discharge treated waste
shall document an effort to consider non -discharge alternatives pursuant to 15A NCAC 2H .0105(c)(2)". The .0105
regulation requires that "the summary should have sufficient detail to assure that the most environmentally sound alternative
was selected from the reasonably cost effective options;...". The NPDES Unit has determined that the aforementioned
guidance document outlines what is needed to provide "sufficient detail". If the requested information is not provided the
project will be returned to Linville Resorts as incomplete.
If you have any questions regarding this matter, please contact me at [phone], extension 512.
S}rjcerely,
n Nol, ell
cc: Asheville Regional Office / Water Quality Section L
Central Files
Mr. Dana J. Bolden, E.I.T., McGill Associates
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535
Telephone 919-r133-50831FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 1Q°(a post`consumer paper

74, ,;•,, ----..— - --- —•• --
w1 • o•
;rr•�"���t?;i'•;;: Approximate Scale: 1" = 1000' •,' A'. �'� �Ce •
. •.,
•
01114
a4
c :•
R
Existing and Proposed
•
WWTP�2.
Source: Soil Survey Field Sheet, Avery County, North Carolina, 4•'
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Servicex.

WhB=Whiteoak fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes
Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range: 3,000 to 4,200 feet
Landform: Coves, colluvial fans, and benches
Landform position: Foot slopes, toe slopes, and saddles
Shape of areas: irregular
Size of areas: 2 to 100 acres
Whiteoak soils and similar inclusions: 90 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:10 percent
Composition
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 9 inches=very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam
Subsoil:
9 to 12 inches=dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam
12 to 30 inches=yellowish brown clay loam
30 to 55 inches=yellowish brown loam
55 to 62 inches=yellowish brown loam
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth lass: Very deep
Drainage class: Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeability: Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding: None
Shrink -swell potential: Low
Slope class: Gently sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Moderate
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Special climatic conditions: Subject to slow air drainage allowing for late spring and early fall frost
Parent material: Colluvium derived from felsic to mafic low-grade metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock Greater than 60 inches
Other distinctive properties: Random areas of seeps and springs
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Soils with more rock fragments in the subsoil, in drainageways as well as occurring randomly
• Poorly drained Nikwasi soils that are loamy in the upper part and 20 to 40 inches to strata high in rock fragments,
along stream channels
• Somewhat poorly drained Cullowhee soils that are loamy in the upper part and 20 to 40 inches to strata high in rock
fragments, along stream channels
Similar inclusions:
• Whiteoak soils with sandy loam or loam surface texture

Of'
• Whiteoak soils with surface layers that have less organic matter, and lack the thick dark surface layer
• Staffer soils that rarely flood for very brief duration, along stream channels
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Pasture, hayland, fraser fir production, and omamental crops
Other Uses: Woodland and cropland
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, soil fertility, herbicide retention, and climate
Management measures:
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce soil erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, herbicide retention, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce soil erosion and increases germination.
• Fencing livestock from creeks and streams helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, climate, root disease, frost action, ball and burlap harvesting, herbicide retention,
and soil fertility,
Management measures:
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• When planting fraser fir, avoid toe slope and foot slope positions on the landscape in this map unit Also avoid drains,
drainways, concave, and depressional areas where water would concentrate for prolonged periods of time. These
areas are more susceptible to phytophthora root disease.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
n4

• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
Woodland
Suitability: Well suited
Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow -poplar
Management concerns: Erodibility, seeding survival, and herbicide retention
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent sal erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs aciacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• These soils are best reforested by managing for natural regeneration of hardwoods or planting improved varieties of
Eastern white pine.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced sal moisture. Planting
when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seedling survival.
• Soil applied herbicides are retained due to herbicide -organic matter binding which may damage tree seedlings when
cropland is converted to woodand.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Well Suited
Management concerns: Erodbility, seeps and springs, and conosivity
Management measures:
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Installing a subsurface drainage system around foundations helps to intercept water from seeps and springs.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Restricted permeability and seeps and springs
Management measures:
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance.
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Excavations may cut into seeps and springs. These areas should be avoided.
• Installing dstribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Low strength, erodibility, frost action and seeps and springs
Management measures:

4. t
AIM
Pft
PIS
O
110
PIN
• Incorporating sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds helps to improve soil strength.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water erectly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and f[11
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• Intercepting and diverting underground water from seeps and springs helps to stabilize cut and fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, soil compaction, frost action, herbicide retention, climate, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding sal on site.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation helps to establish lawns and landscape plants.
• Stockpile topsoil from disturbed areas and replace it before landscaping.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: He
- Woodland ordination symbol: 7A for yellow -poplar

AIINA
ater-
,Ea
ISA
talc
AMA
pap
eso
ReA=Reddies fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, frequently flooded
Setting
Landscape: Mountains
Elevation range:1;600 to 3,800 feet
Landform: Flood plains
Landform position: Planar to slightly convex slopes
Shape of areas: Long and narrow to oblong
Size of areas: 2 to 65 acres
Composition
similar inclusions: 80 percent
Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent
Reddies soils and
Typical Profile
Reddies soils
Surface layer.
0 to 11 inches=very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam
Subsoil:
11 to 24 inches=dark yellowish brown sandy loam
Underlying material:
24 to 62 inches=dark yellowish brown very cobbly sand
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Moderately well drained
General texture class: Loamy in the upper part and sandy or sandy -skeletal in the lower part
Permeability: Moderately rapid in the surface and subsoil and rapid in the underlying material
Depth to seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.5 feet below the surface during the months of December through April
Hazard of flooding: Frequent
Shrink -swell potential.. Low
Slope class: Nearly level to gently sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of wafer erosion: None to slight
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
. Potential frost action: Low
Special dimalic conditions: Subject to slow air drainage allowing for late spring and early fall frost
Parent material.• Alluvium derived from felsic and mafic low-grade metamorphic and high-grade metamorphic or
igneous rock
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Other distinctive properties: Subject to scouring and deposition during flooring
Minor Components:
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Well drained Rosman soils with depth to strata high in rock fragments greater than 40 inches, on slightly higher -lying
positions
• Somewhat poorly drained Cullowhee soils with subsoils that are loamy in the upper part and 20 to 40 inches to strata
high in rock fragments, in depressions, old stream channels, and backwater areas
• Moderately well drained Dellwood soils with underlying material that is sandy and less than 20 inches to strata high in
rock fragments, usually next to the stream channel, or in old stream channels

► + :
-
04-
MIA
tvia
a•t
• Nikwasi soils that are poorly drained, in depressions, old stream channels, and backwater areas
Similar inclusions:
• Redc#es soils with sandy loam and loam surface texture
• Reddes soils with sandy overwash from recent deposition
• Similar soils with an occasional flood hazard, on slightly raised areas
• Similar soils with a lighter colored surface layer or a thinner dark surface layer
• Similar soils with more clay in the subsoil
• Reddes soils that are well drained
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Pasture and hayland
Other Uses: Ornamentals, cropland, and woodland
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Well suited (where drained and either protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing
season)
Management concerns: Flooding, droughtiness, herbicide retention, soil fertility, nutrient leaching, and climate
Management measures:
• The potential for flooding during the growing season may make soils in this map unit dfficult to manage for cropland.
• Using conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue management, and crop rotations which include grasses
and legumes help to increase available water and improve soil fertility.
• Harvesting row crops as soon as possible can reduce the risk of damage from possible flooding.
• Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage system may reduce wetness limitations and improve the productivity
of these soils.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Using split applications helps to increase the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concems: Flooding, droughtiness, herbicide retention, soil fertility, nutrient leaching, and erodibility
Management measures:
• Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible is a good way to reduce the risk of damage from flooding.
• Using drought tolerant plants helps to increase productivity.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland
• Using split applications helps to increase the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, in time to allow forage plants
to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
• Flooding may pose a hazard to livestock. Timely removal of livestock is needed when high intensity rain storms are
predicted.
• Fencing livestock from creeks and streams helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops

Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Flooding, droughtiness, root dsease, climate, soil fertility, herbicide retention, and ball and
burlap harvesting
Management measures:
• The potential for flooding makes soils in this map unit difficult to manage for omamental crops and fraser fir
production. '
• Using shade cloth reduces evapotranspiration and helps to maintain soil moisture in seed beds and lineout beds.
• Soils wetness can cause the risk and incident of phytothphora root disease to increase. Wetter areas should be
avoided at all costs.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Using split applications helps to increase the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during dry periods helps prevent fracture of the ball and separation of the soil
from the roots caused by low moisture and minimal clay content
Woodland
Suitability Well suited
Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow -poplar
Management concerns: Flooding
Management measures:
• Frequently flooding potential can make harvesting timber in these areas difficult Timely planning of harvesting is
essential.
• Planting appropriate species as recommended by a forester helps to achieve maximum productivity and helps to
ensure planting success.
• Soil applied herbicides are retained due to herbicide -organic matter binding which may damage tree seedlings when
cropland is converted to woodand.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for dwellings because of flooding and wetness. Another site
should be selected with better suited soils.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for septic tank absorption fields because of floodng, wetness
and poor filtering capacity. Contact the local Health Department for additional guidance.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Flooding
Management measures:
• Flooding makes soils in this map unit difficult to manage and severely limits use during periods of inundation.
• Areas within this map unit may need surface or subsurface drainage.
• Constructing roads on raised, well -compacted soil material helps to overcome the wetness limitation as well as
elevating the road above the level of flooding.
Lawns and Landscaping

ARP
(110
Oli
MIN
IMF
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, droughtiness, herbicide retention, sal fertility, nutrient leaching, and climate
Management measures:
• Flooding makes soils in this map unit difficult to manage and severely limits use during periods of inundation.
• Areas within this map unit may need surface or subsurface drainage.
• Using supplemental irrigation and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase the
survival of grasses and landscaping plants.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation helps to establish lawns and landscape plants.
• Using split applications helps to increase the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: I I Iw
Woodland ordination symbol: 8A for yellow -poplar

(ilgE
RsB=Rosman sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, frequently flooded
Setting
oat
Landscape: Mountains
Elevation range:1;600 to 3,700 feet
Landform: Flood plains
tea Landform position: Planar to slightly convex slopes
Shape of areas: Long and narrow
Size of areas: 2 to 25 acres
roc
Composition
Rosman soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Fs* Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
Typical Profile
a4
Surface layer.
0 to 10 inches=dark brown sandy loam
Underlying material:
mob 10 to 25 inches=yellowish brown sandy loam25 to 62 inches=yellowish brown loamy sand
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeability Moderately rapid
Depth to seasonal high water table: 2.5 to 5.0 feet
Hazard of flooding: Frequent
Shrink swell potential: Low
,.ra Slope class: Nearly level to gently sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: None to slight
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
les Potential frost action: Moderate
Special climatic conditions: Subject to slow air drainage allowing for late spring and early fall frost
Parent material: Alluvium derived mainly from felsic to mafic low-grade metamorphic and high-grade metamorphic or
igneous rock
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Other distinctive properties: Subject to scouring and deposition during flooring
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
oit • Moderately well drained Reddies soils with 20 to 40 inches to strata high in rock fragments, occurring randomly
• Moderately well drained Dellwood soils with underlying material that is sandy and less than 20 inches to strata high in
rock fragments, usually next to the stream channel, where scouring has occurred
• Somewhat poorly drained Cullowhee soils with subsoils that are loamy in the upper part and 20 to 40 inches to strata
high in rock fragments, in depressions
• Poorly drained Nikwasi soils with subsoils that are loamy in the upper part and 20 to 40 inches to strata high in rock
fragments, in depressions
a•q
Similar inclusions:
• Rosman soils with loam and fine sandy loam surface texture
,.., • Random areas of soils similar to Rosman with lighter colored surface layers or thin dark colored surface layers

OR -
-4161
a.�
• Similar soils with a rare flood hazard
• Similar soils with sandy overwash
• Excessively well drained soils with sandy subsoils
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Pasture and hayland
Other Uses: Ornamentals, cropland, and woodand
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Flooding, droughtiness, soil fertility, nutrient leaching, herbicide retention, and climate
Management measures:
• These areas are characterized by sandy overwash, hummocky appearance, and generally make poor cropland.
Limitations usually exceed benefits for crop production. A site with better suited soils should be found.
• The potential for flooding during the growing season makes soils in this map unit df lcult to manage for cropland
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Flooding, droughtiness, herbicide retention, soil fertility, nutrient leaching, and erodibility
Management measures:
• Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible is a good way to reduce the risk of damage from flooding.
• Flooding may pose a hazard to livestock. Timely removal of livestock is needed when high intensity rain storms are
predicted.
• Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase crop production.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland
• Using split applications helps to increase the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
• Fencing livestock from creeks and streams helps to prevent stieambank erosion and sedimentation.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Flooding, droughtiness, root dsease, climate, sal fertility, herbicide retention, and ball and
burlap harvesting
Management measures:
• The potential for flooding makes soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental crops.
• The coarse sandy textures of the underlying material has poor water holdng capacity. Droughtiness is a major factor.
Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions help to increase productivity.
- Soils wetness can cause the risk and incident of phytothphora root dsease to increase. Wetter areas should be
avoided at all costs. Prolonged periods of inundation also increases the chance of root disease.
• Using shade cloth reduces evapotranspiration and helps to maintain sal moisture in seed beds and lineout beds.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Using split applications helps to increase the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.

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osi
et
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during dry periods helps prevent fracture of the ball and separation of the soil
from the roots caused by low moisture and minimal clay content
Woodland
Suitability: Suited'
Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow -poplar
Management concerns: Flooding
Management measures:
• Frequent flooring can make harvesting timber in these areas difficult Timely planning of harvesting is essential.
• The coarse sandy textures of the underlying material has poor water holding capacity. Droughtiness is a major factor.
Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions help to increase productivity.
• Soil applied herbicides are retained due to herbicide -organic matter binding which may damage tree seedlings when
cropland is converted to woodand.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for dwellings because of flooding and the seasonal high water
table. Another site should be selected with better suited soils.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for septic tank absorption fields because of flooring and
potentially the seasonal high water table. Contact the local Health Department for additional guidance.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Flooding
Management measures:
• Flooding makes soils in this map unit difficult to manage and severely limits use during periods of inundation.
• Areas within this map unit may need surface or subsurface drainage.
• Constructing roads on raised, well -compacted soil material helps to overcome the wetness limitation as well as
elevating the road above the level of flooring.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for lawns and landscaping because of flooring, droughtiness,
herbicide retention, soil fertility, nutrient leaching, and climate. Another site should be selected with better suited soils.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: Ilw
Woodland ordination symbol: 8A for yellow -poplar

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Land Use
Dominant Uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland
Other Uses: Fraser fir production and omamental crops
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability. Poorly suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, steepness of slope, tilth, soil fertility, herbicide retention, and dimate
Management measures:
• Soils in this map unit are difficult to manage for cultivated crops because steepness of slope limits equipment use.
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce sal erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoidng tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
dodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Suited to pasture; suited to poorly suited to hayland
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• Steepness of slope may limit equipment use on steeper areas when harvesting hay crops.
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce soil erosion and increases germination.
• Fencing livestock from creeks and streams helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, steepness of slope, climate, root disease, ball and burlap harvesting, frost action,
herbicide retention, and sal fertility,
Management measures:
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing dsease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Proper channetization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• When planting fraser fir, avoid toe slope and foot slope positions on the landscape in this map unit. Also avoid drains,
drainways, concave, and depressional areas where water would concentrate for prolonged periods of time. These
areas are more susceptible to phytophthora root dsease.
• Stow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.

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lag
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
4.0 • Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
Woodland
Suitability: Suited
Potential for commercial species: Moderately high for cove hardwoods
Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow -poplar
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, seedling survival, and herbicide retention
fail
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent sal erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• These soils are best reforested by managing for natural regeneration of hardwoods or planting improved varieties of
Eastern white pine.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced sal moisture. Planting
+�* when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seedling survival.
• Soil applied herbicides are retained due to herbicide -organic matter binding which may damage tree seedlings when
cropland is converted to woodland.
Urban Development
Dwellings
mit
Suitability: Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, steepness of slope, seeps and springs, stones and boulders, and corrosivity
Management measures:
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Designing structures that conform to the natural slope helps to improve soil performance.
• Installing a subsurface drainage system around foundations helps to intercept water from seeps and springs.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• Large stones and boulders may be encountered during excavation.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, restricted permeability and, seeps and springs
Management measures:
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
any, • Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance.
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption Melds.
• Excavations may cut into seeps and springs. These areas should be avoided.
itstalling dstribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
I.c►,cal Roads and Streets
AAA

Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, low strength, erodibility, frost action, and seeps and springs
Management measures:
• Incorporating sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds helps to improve soil strength.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water drectly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• Intercepting and diverting underground water from seeps and springs helps to stabilize cut and fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil compaction, frost action, herbicide retention, large stones
and boulders, climate, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding soil on site.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Removing the large stones and boulders and limiting the use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to improve
the suitability of these soils.
- Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation helps to establish lawns and landscape plants.
• Stockpile topsoil from disturbed areas and replace it before landscaping.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: Vle
Woodland ordination symbol: 7R for yellow -poplar

•
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PnC=Pineola gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony
Setting
Landscape: IntermpdIate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range: 3,400 to 4,400 feet
Landform: Mountain ridges and sideslopes
Landform position: Ridgetops and upper sidesiopes
Shape of areas: Irregularly shaped
Size of areas: 2 to 150 acres
Flo Composition
Pineola soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 7 inches=dark brown gravelly loam
Subsoil:
7 to 20 inches=yellowish brown clay loam
o wl
20 to 26 inches=brownish yellow loam
Underlying material:
26 to 32 inches=brownish yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
OKI 32 to 61 inches=multicolored, soft weathered, metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth lass: Moderately deep
Drainage class: Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeability. Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the sal surface
Hazard of flooding: None
,p, Shrink -swell potential: Low
Slope lass: Strongly sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Severe
,to" Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 25 to 75 feet apart
• Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent material.• Residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to mafic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches
1.4
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Soils with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Soils with depth to soft or hard bedrock at less than 20 inches on shoulder slopes and scattered randomly throughout
the map unit
• Whiteoak soils that are colluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddles and on toe
slopes
• Randomly scattered areas of rock outcrop
awl Similar inclusions:

•.
raM
• Pineola soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction
• Mineola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
• Crossnore soils which have less clay in the subsoil
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Woodand, fraser fir production, omamentals
Other Uses: Pasture and hayland, and buildng site development
Cropland
Agricultural Development
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
Management measures:
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce sal erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
+�► overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of Pineola soils.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
fat Management measures:
• Preparing seecbeds on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing seedbeds helps to prevent further soil
erosion and increases germination.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
a"' • Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
oft Orchard and Omamental Crops
Suitability. Suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, root disease, frost action, soil fertility, herbicide retention, rooting depth, and ball
and burlap harvesting
Management measures:
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing dsease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.

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tINS
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• Soils in this map unit may retain soil applied herbicides due to the high clay content. The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pineola soils in this map unit difficult to manage for omamental and
orchard crops because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase productivity.
Woodland
Suitability: Well suited
fan Productivity class: High for eastem white pine
Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, seeding survival, and windthrow hazard
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
+► aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastern white pine helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pineola soils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seeding
survival.
Urban Development
Rim
Dwellings
4.1 Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, corrosivity, and depth to bedrock
Management measures:
1.4 • Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve soil performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit does not require special equipment for excavation but is difficult
to revegatate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
p., Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Depth to soft bedrock, permeability and steepness of slope
4101 Management measures:
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because the dominant soils are moderately deep
to soft bedrock.
PIM

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ram
• Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and.Streets
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, frost action,
erodibility, and steepness of slope
�• Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
fmk difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
•
Owl
inn
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil fertility, frost action, and soil compaction
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding soil on site.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, irrigation, and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: IVe
Woodland ordination symbol: 10D for eastem white pine
FIR

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VD
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law
PnD=Pineola gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, stony
Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range: 3,400 to 4,600 feet
Landform: Mountain ridges and slopes
Landform position: Ridgetops and upper sideslopes
Shape of areas: Irregularly shaped
Size of areas: 2 to 275 acres
Pineola soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:15 percent
Surface layer.
0 to 7 inches=dark brown gravelly loam
Subsoil:
7 to 20 inches=yellowish brown clay loam
20 to 26 inches=brownish yellow loam
Underlying material:
26 to 32 inches=brownish yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
32 to 61 inches=multicolored, soft weathered, metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Properties and Qualities
fmq
Composition
Typical Profile
Depth Bass: Moderately deep
Drainage class: Well drained
PAR General texture class: Loamy
Permeability Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding: None
Shrink -swell potential: Low
Slope Bass: Moderately steep
Extent of erasion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Very severe
Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 25 to 75 feet apart
Mg, Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent material:: Residuum affected by sal creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to mafic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Soils with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Soils with depth to soft or hard bedrock at less than 20 inches on shoulder slopes and scattered randomly throughout
the map unit
• Whiteoak soils which are colluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddes and on toe
slopes
• Randomly scattered areas of rock outcrop

PEI
Moo
Similar inclusions:
• Pineola soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction
• Pineola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
• Crossnore soils which have less clay in the subsoil
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Woodand, fraser fir production, ornamentals
►orn Other Uses: Pasture and hayland, and buildng site development
gal
Cropland
Agricultural Development
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, filth, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and
droughtiness, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated crops because the slope limits the use of equipmnet
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce soil erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
Fft+ • Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
1.4 clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
- Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
lam overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of Pineola soils.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Suited to pasture; suited to poorly suited to hayland
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
„m Management measures:
• Steepness of slope may limit equipment use on steeper areas when harvesting hay crops.
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing seecbeds helps to prevent further soil
erosion and increases germination.
""' • Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
fag concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Suited

O 4, 1 f
Management concerns: Erodibility, root disease, frost action, soil fertility, herbicide retention, rooting depth, and ball
and burlap harvesting
Management measures:
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing dsease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high clay content of the subsoil.
• Soils in this map unit may retain soil applied herbicides due to the high day content. The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pineola soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and
orchard crops because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase productivity.
Woodland
Suitability: Suited
Productivity class: High for eastem white pine
Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, seeding survival, and windthrow hazard
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs aciacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodand.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastem white pine helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pineola soils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seeding
survival.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodbility, corrosivity, and depth to bedrock
Management measures:
• Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve soil performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit does not require special equipment for excavation but is difficult
to revegatate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Poorly suited

• •
FAR
Management concerns: Depth to soft bedrock, permeability and steepness of slope
Management measures:
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because the dominant soils are moderately deep
to soft bedrock.
• Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Installing dstribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, frost action,
erodibility, and steepness of slope
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water drectly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil fertility, frost action, and soil compaction
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding soil on site.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, irrigation, and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
• Interpretive Groups
Land capability classificafon: Vie
Woodland ordination symbol: 1OR for eastern white pine
Forl

r!q
41.
Pim
Fam
UdC=Udorthents-Urban land complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes
Setting
Landscape: Intermountain hills, low, intermedate, and high mountains throughout the county
Elevation range: 2,700 to 5,000 feet
Landform: Variable
Landform position: Variable
Shape of areas: Irregular
Size of areas: 2 to 100 acres
Composition
Udorthents and similar inclusions: 60 percent
Urban land: 30
Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent
} Typical Profile
Udorthents consists of borrow areas, revegetated mine spoil areas, cut and fill areas where the soil and underlying
material have been removed and placed on an adjacent sites, such as major highways, golf courses, and commercial
sites. Other areas included in the map unit are landfills, borrow pits and recreational areas such as ball fields. A typical
pedon is not given due to the variable nature of the soil.
Urban land consists of impervious areas that are covered by buildings, roads, and parking lots
F,, Soil Properties and Qualities
Properties are variable for udorthents and dependent on the type of fill material used or the type of rock exposed at the
surface
Depth lass: Variable, but predominantly very deep
Drainage class: Well drained to poorly drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeability: Very rapid to slow
Depth to seasonal high water table: Variable, commonly greater than 6 feet
Hazard of flooding: Variable, commonly none or rare
Shrink -swell potential: Low
Slope class: Nearly level to moderately steep; sides can be very steep to nearly vertical
Hazard of water erosion: Moderate to very severe
Rock fragments on the surface: Usually removed but occasionally a few fragments remain
Surface layer organic matter content Low due to disturbance
Potential frost action: Low to moderate
Parent material: Loamy fill material
Depth to bedrock Predominantly greater than 60 inches
pa' Other distinctive properties: Subject to down slope movement when lateral support is removed and to differential
settling
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Areas of undsturbed soils around the edge of the units
• Areas of Udorthents with depth to bedrock at less than 60 inches and possibly at or near the surface
• Areas of Udorthents with slopes greater than 15 percent
• Pits filled with water
rain • Areas of Udorthents and Urban land adjacent to streams that are subject to frequent or occasional flooding

• • G ,
Similar inclusions
• Areas of Udorthents that contain asphalt, wood, glass and other waste material
Land Use
rpmOnsite investigation is needed before the use and management of specific areas are planned
Dominant Uses: Built-up areas with parking lots, buildings, schools, towns, borrow areas, highway right-of-way
corridors, and abandoned or active mines
win Other Uses: Building site development
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for crop production because of highly variable soil properties.
Another site should be selected with better suited soils. An on site investigation is needed to determine the suitability
and limitations of any area within this map unit.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for pasture and hayland because of highly variable soil
properties. Another site should be selected with better suited soils. An on site investigation is needed to determine the
suitability and limitations of any area within this map unit.
mai
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for orchard and ornamental crops because of highly variable
soil properties. Another site should be selected with better suited soils. An on site investigation is needed to determine
the suitability and limitations of any area within this map unit
Woodland
1.1
Suitability: Unsuited
• Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for woodland because of highly variable soil properties.
�•, Another site should be selected with better suited soils. An on site investigation is needed to determine the suitability
and limitations of any area within this map unit.
''' Urban Development
Dwellings
Fml
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: Highly disturbed soils
Management measures: An on site investigation is needed to determine the suitability and limitations of any area within
this map unit.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields

: 1105
k ' �A
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: Highly disturbed soils
Management measures: This map unit is severely limited for septic tank absorption fields because of highly variable
soil properties. Contact the local Health Department for additional guidance.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: Highly disturbed soils
Management measures: An on site investigation is needed to determine the suitability and limitations of any area within
Rim this map unit.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: Highly disturbed soils
Management measures: An on site investigation is needed to determine the suitability and limitations of any area within
this *nap unit
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: Udorthents=Vle; Urban=Vll is
Woodland ordinaton symbol: Not assigned
Ilml
Full
fern