20220131 Ver 1_soil survey_20220125

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Issued Noveral)er 1970
•D STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL
Soil Conservation Service
Ili cooperation with
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICUL ' 'L EXP I WE STATION

ijer . for thhi seit Wa4 ainC; 1; SOH names and
cieseriplia7a vyee,1? arivroveri LIii,t141 Unless otherwise indicated, statements in the
yeabilcatioh ref : COIlditi.0113 in the troonty ot the thhe the survey was in progress.
ourvey of Wake Coil U:.y wade eacperatively by the Sail Censervation Service
and the North Ca rolhia Air ielltunti Statien, it in r,; part of the teohnicsi
assislance fat:Ili-Ai-alin tt:e a i?Cil Zi rater Com:en-aim District by the Soil
Conservation 1tinr
Either 011.41146d r u;the 3;4Hutcd soil amp tititi vAlteation cellbe;made
by coraieercial littotographors, e:in be piirchaseeL :`115. rivhbnitUrdor from the Cartu-
gTaphic So i.AMSOIVIEUE&LI i3eico, 'USDA, Washington, DC. 20259.
.....
HOW TO US l_,L7 THIS SOIL SURVEY
illS SOIL SURVEY of Wake COUR- developed, by using the soil map and the
ty,N.C. contains information.that Can information in the text. Translucent Ina-
ba applied in managing farms and wood- terial can be used us an overlay over the
lands; in selecting sites for roads, ponds, soil map and colored to show soils that
and buildings or other structures; and in have the same limitations or suitability,
estimating suitability of traets of land for For example, soils that have a slight lirni
agriculture,industry,,,-e..ereation,and other to lion.for a given use can be colored green,
uses. those with a moderate limitation can be
colored, yellow,
and those with a severe
limitation can be colored red.
Loc g SOUS
F CfrITOM and those who work with f arin,
All the soils of Wake County are shown er can learn about use and management of
on the detailed map at the back of this the soils from th soil descriptions and
survey. This map consists of many sheets from the discussion of the capability units.
made from aerial photog,raphs. Each sheet 17 ore6ters and other's con refer to the Bee-
is numbered to correspond-. with 111111.112r3 tuna Use of the Soils as Woodland,"where
shown on the Index to Map Sheets. the soils oi hu country are grouped accord.
On each sheet of the detailed map, soil ing to their suitability for trees.
areas ar© outlined and are identified by Game manager& sportsmen, and others
symbol, All areas marked with the same concernFd via wiWlife will find informa-
symbol are the same kind of soil. The soil tion about soils and wildlife in the section
symbol is inside the area if there is enough "Use of the, Soils for Wildlife."
room.; otherwise,it is outside and a pointea. Engineers and builders will find, under
shows where the symbol belongs, "Engineering Uses of the Soils," tables
that give descriptions of the engineering
Finding and using Inform:di= properties of the soils in. the county and
that soli features that atlfect
engi-
rfl.le "Guide to Mapping Units" can be er:ng praAiees and structures.
used to find informatten iii this survoy. Scionti8t$and others can read about how
This guide lists all,of the soils of.tic sutra y the aui.ls formed and how they are cl assi-
in alphabetical order by map symbol. It ilea ii LhC section 'Tormation. and Clas-
shows the page where each kind of soil sifientiou of Soils."
is described and also the page for the carya.-- Newcomos to Wake. 6Yoway may be
Way unit, wc.)odiand gtvtip and Nvfl especially :interested in the goetion “Gren_
which be
group
l itbeer: - ,
oral Soil Map, where broad patterns of
in ',villain] colored maps showimx the soils are described. They may also be in
relative suitibility or deg f hmne on terested in the .section Fact.;4
of soils for many specific Purposes eau be About the County,"
nIE;TEN. OFqqt.,:!
„....
Fortlu 112'/4v-I,MIvT1,,OlideV, Documno.f.., 11,S. a Prirlthig 011A c'e
us,

Contents
Page Page
How this survey was made___ _ 1. Descriptions of the soils—Continued
2 Rains series 51
1. Creedmoor-.White Store association_._____ 2 Roanoke series_____-____ 52
2. Mayodan-Granville.-Creedmoor association_ 3 Swamp_..___.__. _.._...__. _ 52
3. Herndon-Georgeville association__..._-_ __._. 3 Troup series_-__ .------------ -_-------------- 53
4. Appling-Durham association.._.... -- 4 Vance, series-----------------._-.___- 53
5. Cecil-Appling association 4 Wagram series . . 55
6. Cecil association__ . .._______ 4 Wahee series_____._ _ 56
7. Cecil-Madison association___._.__._..---------- 5 Wake series 57
8. Appling association_.__._ 5 Wedowee series_.___ 57
9. Wagram-Norfolk association__._ _ 6 Wehadkee series__.__. ._ . 59
1.0. Appling-Louisburg-Wedowee association___ 6 White Store series.__,. 60
Descriptions of the soils..__.__...____.-_...._.___ ._._..__.._... 6 Wilkes series_.____...__...____... 63
Altavista, series____---.........--.------..____.__.__._._.._ S Worsham series____...._.....__..._..._..--.----_----___-. 64
Appling . -------------------------------series.___ 9 Use and management of the soils_.____.____ 65
Augusta series__.__...__-._...., 13 Use of the soils for crops and pasture__._.__. 65
Bibb series_. 14 Capability groups of soils_.____ _.__ 65
Borrow area____... _ 14: Estimated yields___-_-._ 73
Buncombe series_.___._._.. . 14 Use of the soils as woodland.._._ 76
Cecil series__.________ ___. 15 Woodland suitability groups_ 77
Chew-acla series.-. __-_-_.. 18 Use of the soils for wildlife._.__._ 84
Colfax series-.____..._____ 19 Wildlife suitability groups____.__....._.__.______-_. 85
Congaree series__.______._ 19 Engineering uses of the soils._..____ 87
Creedmoor series___..._. _ 20 Engineering classification of soils_____ .____--- 87
Durharn series._......_..-.___-- 23 Soil test data----.___...--._._.__.__ 94
Enon series____________ _____________.__ 24 Engineering properties of the soils _.___ 95
Faceville series__.___.._ 26 Engineering interpretations__...__._.___. 10S
Georgeville series_..___ _-_ 27 Formation and classification of soils 109
Goldsboro series ---------------___ -_ 29 Formation of soils___-_ 110
Granville series____ __ 30 Parent material... 110
Gullied land---- ._._... 32 Climate 110
Helena series_-------__ _-----_----------__ __-- 32 Plant and animal life 111
Herndon series___-_-.....__._ _ 34 Relief____._-____.___. 111
Lloyd series_...-... _..____ 36 Time__. 111
Louisburg series-.__.. ._ 37 Classification of soils-..,.._ ._...__._.___ .._.----_-. _-- 111
Lynchburg series___. ._.._._ ___ 39 Additional facts about the county. 112
M ade land____-- 40 Physiography, relief, and drainage _. _-- --- 113
Madison series 40 Water supply._._..__._.__._._._._-----------_-- 113
Mantachie series_..-____----__.___.__ 41 Climate._ 113
Mayodan series_._....__.__ ____._______._._ 42 History and development_...-_.__. 116
Norfolk series____-_.- 46 Commerce and industry-.--------- 116
Orangeburg series.._._._ 48 Literature cited___.__. 117
Pinkston series_.__ ____ 50 Glossary ___._ 117
Plummer series_______ 50 Guide to mapping units-_-------.- Following 11.8
I
Issued November 1970

SOIL SURVEY OF 111„-"VAIKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
BY JOEL W. CAWTHORN, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
SOILS SURVEYED BY JOEL W. CAWTHORN, VAN S. JENKINS, RONALD B. STEPHENS, WILLIAM I. SHOPE, R. CLYDE
PLEASANTS, DANIEL G. SPANGLER, GORDON H. ROBERSON, CARL F.EBY, OWEN R.DEMO, JAMES R.WOODRUFF, AND
JOHN H. LANE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, AND BY JOHN P. BRYANT, ROBERT M. CRAIG, CHARLES D. SOPHER,
AND DON W. GOSS, NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, IN COOPERATION WITH THE
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
WAKE COUNTY, in the east-central part of North How This Survey Was Made
Carolina (fig. 1), has a land area of 864 square
miles. Raleigh is the county seat and is the capital Soil scientists made this survey to learn what kinds
of the State. The county had a population of 1.69,082 in of soils are in Wake County, where they are located,
1965. The population of Raleigh was 93,931 in that year. and how they can be used. They went into the county
The county is mostly in the Piedmont physiographic knowing they likely would find many soils they had
province, but a small area in the southern part is in the already seen, and perhaps some they had not. As they
Coastal Plain province, The parts of the county that lie traveled over the county, they observed steepness, length,
north and west of Raleigh are rolling to hilly and con- and shape of slopes; size of streams; kinds of native
tam n major drainageways that are bordered by steep plants or crops; kinds of rock; and many facts about the
slopes. The areas east and south of Raleigh are gently soils. They dug or bored many holes to expose soil pro-
sloping to rolling and contain drainageways that are files. A profile is the sequence of natural layers, or hor-
bordered by moderately steep slopes. izons, in a soil; it extends from the surface down into the
Farming is a leading, enterprise, in the county. The parent material that has not been changed much by
comparatively short, mild winters and the long, hot sum- leaching or by roots of plants.
niers permit a wide range in types of farming and in The soil scientists made comparisons among the pro-
choice of crops. Tobacco is the chief cash crop, and files they studied, and, they compared these profiles with
contributes a major part of the farm income. The rest of those in counties nearby and in places more distant. They
the farm income is derived mostly from sales of cotton, classified and named the soils according to nationwide,
soybeans, corn, small grains, and vegetables, and from uniform procedures. To use this survey efficiently, it is
poultry and eggs, dairy products, hogs, and beef cattle, necessary to know the kinds of groupings most used in
Well-diversified industries, government, educational in- a local soil classification,
stitutions, and wholesale and retail outlets also contribute Soils that have profiles almost alike make up a soil
substantially to the economy of the county, series. Except for different texture in the surface layer,
In 1964 approximately 100,178 acres was in field crops all the soils in one series have major horizons that are
and 31,162, acres was in pasture.' The rest of the acreage similar in thickness, arrangement, and other important
was largely in trees, though some areas were in cities or characteristics. Each soil series is named for a town or
commtunty developments and about 5,100 acres was in other geographic feature near the place where a soil of
State parks. The parks are used for camping, picnick- that series was first observed and mapped. Appling and
ing,boating,swimming, hiking,fishing, and nature study. Norfolk, for example, are the names of two soil series.
The soils of Wake county are mostly strongly acid and
strongly leached; only the Enon soils have alase satura-
tion of more than 35 percent. The soils are generally low
in natural fertility and in content of organic matter. -7
Except in areas where suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer have been made, the content of calcium, phos- n` 00"'
!thorns, and potitssium is low. About 63 percent of the
acreage consists of well drained soils; about 13 percent, 1 '" "7'4' eee.ne-1', /en-n
of moderately well drained soils; about 6 .percent, of —
Somewhat poorly drained soils; 8 percent, of poorly
drained or very poorly drained soils; and 10 percent, of
Somewhat excessively drained, droughtv soils -
Statistics from records of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. - Figure L—Location of Wake-County in North Carolina.
1

2 SOIL SURVEY
All the soils in the United. States having the same series crops under defined practices are assembled from farm
name are essentially alike in those characteristics that records and from field or plot experiments on the same
affect their behavior in the natural landscape. Soils of kinds of soils. Yields under defined management are esti-
one series can differ somewhat in texture of the surface mated for all the soils.
soil and in slope or some other characteristic that affects But only part of a soil survey is done when the soils
use of the soils by man. have been named, described, and delineated on the map,
Many soil series contain soils that differ in texture of the laboratory data assembled, and yield estimates made.
their surface layer. According to such differences in tex- The mass of detailed information then needs to be organ-
ture, separations called soil types are made. Within a ized in such a way that it is readily useful to different
series, all the soils having a surface layer of the same tex- groups of readers, among them farmers, managers of
tare belong to one soil type. Cecil sandy loam and Cecil woodland, engineers, and homeowners. Grouping soils
clay loam are two soil types in the. Cecil series. The dif- that are, similar in suitability for each specified use is the
ferenee in texture of their surface layers is apparent method of organization commonly used in the soil stir-
from their names. veys. On the basis of yield and practice tables and other
Some soil types vary so much in slope, degree of ero- data, the soil scientists set up trial groups. They test
sion, or some other feature affecting their use, that practi- these groups by further study and by consultation with
cal suggestions about their management could not be farmers, agronomists, engineers, and others, and then
made IT they were shown on the soil map as one unit. adjust them according to the results of their studies and
Such soil types are divided into phases. The name of a consultations. Thus, the. groups that are finally evolved.
soil phase indicates a feature that affects management. reflect up-to-date knowledge of the soils and their belay-
For example, Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, is for under present methods of use and management.
one of several phases of Cecil sandy loam, a soil type
that ranges from gently sloping to steep.
After a guide for classifying and naming the soils General Soil Map
had been worked out, the soil scientists drew the boun-
daries of the individual. soils on aerial photographs. The general soil map at the hack of this soil survey
These photographs show woodlands, buildings, field bor- shows, in color, the soil associations in Wake County. A
ders, trees, and other details that greatly help in drawing soil association is a landscape that has a distinctive pro-
boundaries accurately. The soil map in the back of this portional pattern of soils. It normally consists of one or
survey was prepared from aerial photographs. more major soils and at least one minor soil, and it is
The areas shower on a soil map are called mapping named for the major soils. The soils in one association
units. On most maps detailed enough to be, useful in may occur in another, but in a different pattern.
planning management of farms and fields, a mapping A map showing soil associations is useful to people
unit is nearly equivalent to as soil type or a phase of a who want a general idea of the soils in a county, who
soil type. It is not exactly equivalent, because it is not want to compare different parts of a county, or who want,
practical to show on such a map all the small, scattered to know the location of large tracts that are suitable for
bits of soil of some other kind that have been seen within a certain kind of farming or other land use. Such a map
an area that is dominantly of a recognized soil type or is not,suitable for planning the management of a farm or
soil phase. field, because the soils in any one association ordinarily
in preparing some detailed maps, the soil. scientists differ in slope, depth, stoniness, drainage, and other char-
have a problem of delineating areas where different kinds acteristics that affect management.
of soils are so intricately mixed, and so small in size that Ten associations are in Wake County. These are dis-
it is not practical to show them separately on the map. cussed in the following pages.
Therefore,they show this mixture of soils as one mapping
unit and call it a soil complex. Ordinarily, a soil complex
is named for the major kinds of soil in it, for example, 1. Creedmoor-White Store Associate©n
Louisburg-Wedowee complex,6 to 10 percent:slopes. Also, Gently sloping to hilly, deep and .moderately deep, mod-
in some places two or more soils are mapped in a. single erately well drained soils that have a very fine clayey
unit, called an undifferentiated soil group or undifferen subs©ils derived from sandstone, .shake, and mx-udstone
tiated unit, if the differences between the soils are too
small to justify separation, though these soils occur sepa- This association consists of gently sloping soils on
rately. An example of such a unit is Wehadkee and Bibb broad ridges and of hilly soils near drainageways in the
soils. Furthermore, on most soil maps areas are shown uplands. The areas are dissected by many streams that
where the soil material is so wet, rocky, shallow, fre- form a dendritic drainage pattern. The association oceu-
quently worked by wind and water, or altered by man pies about 15 percent of the county and is in the western
that it cannot be classified by soil series. These areas are part.
shown on the map like other mapping units but are given
descriptive names, such as Gul.lied land, Made land, or
and The major soilsc in the association are the Creedmoor
Swamp, and are called land types. White Store, which_ formed in material that wea,th-
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of soils are ered from sandstone, shale, and mudstone of Triassic
taken, as needed, for laboratory measurements and for age. The Creedmoor soils, which are moderately well.
engineering tests. Laboratory data from the same kinds drained and deep, make up about 50 percent of the asso-
of soils in other places are assembled. Data on yields of ciation. They have a sandy loam or silt loam surface

WAKu COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 3
layer, a friable silty clay loam to sandy clay loam upper Moderately well drained, deep Creedmoor soils make
subsoil, and a very firm, very plastic clay lower subsoil, up another 15 percent. They have a surface layer of sandy
Moderately well drained, moderately deep White Store loam to silt loam, an upper subsoil of friable silty clay
soils make up about 30 percent of the association. They loam to sandy clay loam, and a lower subsoil of clay that
have a sandy loam, silt loam, or clay loam surface layer is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
over a subsoil of very firm and very plastic clay. The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
Minor soils are the Mayodan,
Granville, Pinkston, areas of White Store, Altavista, Augusta,Wahee,Chewa-
Chewacla, Wehadkee, Altavista, Wahee, and Augusta. cla, and Wehadkee soils.
Except in the steep areas, most of the soils have been
Most of the soils that are less than moderately steep
cultivated. Now, about 70 percent of the association is in have been cultivated. Now, about half of this association
forest and the rest is still cultivated or in pasture. The is in cultivated crops or pasture and the rest is in forest.
farms are generally less than 100 acres in size, and most The farms are generally less than 100 acres in size, and
are operated by the owner on a full-time basis. The grow- most are operated by the owner on a full-time basis.
ing of tobacco and, to a lesser extent, the raising of live- Growing tobacco, raising cattle, and growing trees are
stock are the main farm enterprises. Some commercial the chief farming enterprises.
companies own woodlots within the association, and The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, alfalfa,
these forestry farms are much larger than the farms lespedeza, and small grains. They contain a large amount
where field crops are grown. of exchangeable aluminum, however, and some crops
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn, grown on them show signs of aluminum toxicity, unless
cotton, and small grains. In many places they have a the soils have been properly limed. The soils are easily
high content of exchangeable aluminum, however, and if tilled, and the crops respond well to good management.
they are not properly limed, some crops grown on them Erosion is a hazard.
show signs of aluminum toxicity. In areas that are not In some places in this association, the soils have se-
severely eroded, the soils are fairly easily tilled and vere limitations if used as absorption fields for septic
crops grown on them respond favorably to good manage- tanks. Also, the soils that have a very firm or very plas-
ment. The soils are subject to erosion. The Creedmoor, tic subsoil are of limited use for road construction or as
Mayodan, and Granville soils are the ones most used for support for foundation footings of large buildings.
tobacco. Wells in this association generally yield about 3 to 5
The major soils of this association have severe limita- gallons of water per minute, which is not enough for
tions if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. Also, industrial use. The amount of surface water varies a
their very firm or very plastic subsoil makes them poorly great deal, according to the season.
suited to road construction or as support for foundation
footings of large buildings. 3. Herndon-Georgeville Association
Wells in this association generally yield about 3 to 5
gallons of water per minute, which is not enough for Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep, well-drained
industrial use. The amount of surface water available soils that have a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to clay;
varies considerably, according to the season, derived from phyllite (Carolina slates)
This association is in the uplands. It is made up of
2. Mayodan-Granville-Creedmoor Association gently sloping soils on ridges, of gently sloping to
strongly sloping soils on side slopes near small drain-
Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep or moderately ageways, and of moderately steep soils on side slopes
deep,well drained and moderately well drained soils that near large drainageways and streams. The association is
have a subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to very firm dissected by many streams that form a dendritic pattern.
clay; derived from sandstone, shale, and mudstone In the western part of the county, it consists of a long,
This association is dissected by many streams that narrow area, extending from the town of Holly Springs
form a dendritic drainage pattern. It is on uplands and to Cary. In the eastern part, it occupies a small area east
consists of gently sloping soils on broad ridges, and of of the town of Zebulon and extends to the Johnston and
moderately steep soils near the major drainageways. The Nash County lines. This association occupies about 2
association is in the western part of the county, near the percent of the county.
towns of Apex and Friendship and west of Holly Well-drained, deep Herndon soils occupy about 45 per-
Springs. It occupies about 4 percent of the county. cent of the association. They have a surface layer of silt
The major soils are the Mayodan, Granville, and loam and a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to silty clay.
Creedmoor. These soils have formed in material that Well-drained, deep Georgeville soils make up about
weathered from sandstone, shale, and in u d st o n e of Tri- 40 percent of the association. They also have a surface
assic age. layer of silt loam, but their subsoil is firm silty clay loam
Well-drained, moderately deep or deep Mayodan soils to clay.
make up about 55 percent of the association. They have a The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
surface layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam to areas of Appling, Cecil, Wilkes, Enon, Chewacla, We-
silt loam over a subsoil of firm silty clay loam to clay. hadkee, and Bibb soils.
Well-drained, deep Granville soils make up about 15 Except for the moderately steep areas, all of the soils
percent of the association. They have a surface layer of of this association have been cultivated within the past
sandy loam and a subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to 100 years. Now, about 80 percent of the association is in
clay loam, forest, and the rest is used for cultivated crops or pasture.

4 SOIL SURVEY
The farms are generally about .200 acres in size and are minute are common from private wells. The quantity' of
operated by the owner. Growing tobacco and raising cat- surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
tie are the chief farming enterprises. except during periods of extreme drought.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, alfalfa, lespedeza, and small grains. They are 5, Cecil-Appling Association
fairly easy to till,. an.d crops grown on them respond well
to applications of lime and fertilizer. Erosion is a Gently sloping to steep, deep, well-drained sods that have
hazard, a subsoil, of firm' clay loans to clay; derived mostly from,
The Herndon and Georges ille soils have moderate granite, gneiss, and schist
limitations if used for absorption fields for septic tanks. This association occupies several large areas on the
They have no special limitations if used for road con- uplands of the county. It consists of gently sloping soils
struction or as support for foundation footings of large on ridges and of sloping to steep soils near draina-geways
buildings. and streams. The areas are dissected by many streams
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within that, form a dendritic drainage pattern. The association
this association, Yields of 1.0 to 15 gallons of water per occupies about 16 percent of the county.
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of Deep. well-chained Cecil and Appling soils make, up a
surface water is good, and the supply is generally con- major part of the association. They have formed in.
stint, except during periods of extreme drought. material that, weathered from gneiss :and schist. Some
areas of Cecil soils are moderately steep or steep, but the
4. Appling-Durham Association Appling soils are less sloping.
The Cecil soils make up about 35 percent of the also
Gcntli s7,0pia2,g to sloping, deep, well-drained soils that elation. They have a surface layer of sandy loam, gra,-
have a subsoil of fr°ia.blc. s°cr,iadr; clrr-y/ Ioanz to frig. olc?/; velly sandy loam, or clay loam and a subsoil of red, firm
derived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist clay.
This association consists of gently sloping and slop- Appling soils make up about. 30 percent of the associa-
ing soils on ridges and side slopes in the uplands. It Lion. They have, a surface layer of sanely loam, gravelly
occupies two long, narrow areas in the eastern part of sandy loam, or fine sandy loam and a subsoil of firm clay
the county. The areas are dissected by manysmall streams loam to clay.
that form a dendiitic drainage pattern. The association Minor soils make up the rest of the association. They
occupies about 2 percent of the county. are the Wedowee, Louisburg, Colfax, Worsham, Che`s-a-
A major part of the association consists of Appling chi, Congaree, Wehadkee, Bibb, and Altavista,.
and Durham soils, which formed in material that weath- Most of the farms in this association are at least 200
erect from granite and gneiss. Appling soils make up acres in size. The soils in the northern part of the asso
about 50 percent of the association. They are deep and elation are mainly idle or in forest. In those areas the
well drained and have a surface layer of sandy loam, chief farming enterprises are the raising of beef cattle
gravelly sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. '.their subsoil is and providing pasture for the. cattle. Most. of the acreage
firm clay Ioa.m to clay. in the southern part is in pasture or in cultivated crops,
Deep, well-drained Durham soils make up iibout 40 mainly tobacco, corn, and soybeans.
percent. They have a surface layer of loamy sand end a The soils of this association are well suited to tobacco,
subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to clay. corn, cotton, soybeans, lespedeza, small grains, and pas-
The rest of the association consists mainly of minor ture. They are easily tilled, and crops grown on them
areas of Vance, Colfax, Worsham, Mantachie, Congaree, respond well if suitable applications of lime and fert.i._
Chen acla., 1Vehadkee, end Bibb soils. lizer are made. Erosion is a hazard.
Most of the areas, except those that are wet, have been Time Cecil and Appling soils have moderate limitations
cultivated within the past 100 years. Now, about fi 5 per- if used as absorption fields for septic, tanks. They have no
cent of this association is cultivated and the rest. is in special limitations if used for road construction or as
forest. The farms are generally more than 100 acres in support for foundation footings of large buildings.
size and are operated by the owner. Tobacco, cotton, corn, Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
soybeans, and small grains are the chief sources of farm this association. Yields of 1.0 to 15 gallons of water per
income. minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
The soils are suited to corn, cotton, soybeans, lespe- surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
deza, small grains, and pasture, and they are especially except during periods of extreme drought.
well suited to tobacco. They are easily tilled, and crops
grown on them respond well if suitable applications of 6. Cecil Association
Iime and fertilizer are made,
The Appling and Durham soils have moderate limi- Gently sloping to steep, deep, wed-drained soils that
tations if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. They have a subsoil of firm red clay; dcrir.'ed mostly from
have no special limitations if used for road construction gnzei s and schist
or as the support of foundation footings for large build- This association consists of gently sloping soils on
ings. ridges and of sloping to steep soils on the sides of ridges.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within It is in the uplands, mainly in the central and north-
this association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per central parts of the county. The areas are dissected by

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 5
many streams that form a dendritic drainage pattern. About 75 percent of this association is in forest, and
This association occupies about 18 percent of the county. the rest is cultivated or in pasture. The farms are gen-
Deep, well-drained Cecil soils, which formed in erally less than 150 acres in size. The chief farming oper-
material that weathered from gneiss and schist, occupy ation is the raising of beef cattle.
about 65 percent of the association. They have a surface The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, soybeans,
layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam to clay loam lespedeza, small grains, and pasture. They are suscepti-
and a subsoil of firm, red clay. ble to erosion but are easily tilled. Crops grown on them
Soils that make up the rest of the association are respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.
mainly the Appling, Madison, Wedowee, Enon, Wilkes, The Cecil and Madison soils of this association have
Chewacla, Congaree, Wehadkee, and Bibb. moderate limitations if used as absorption fields for sep-
Except for the steep areas, the soils in most of this tic tanks. They have no special limitations if used for
association have been cultivated within the past 100 road construction or as support for foundation footings
years. Now, about 80 percent of the association is in for- of large buildings.
est and the rest is cultivated or in pasture. The farms are Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
generally about 150 acres in size, and most of them are the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
operated by the owner. Growing tobacco and raising cat- minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
tle are the chief farming enterprises. surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, soybeans, except during periods of extreme drought.
lespedeza, small grains, and pasture. They are easily
tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown on 8. Appling Association
them respond well if suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer are made. Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep, well-drained
The Cecil soils of this association have moderate limi- soils that have a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay; der-
tations if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. They ived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist
have no special limitations if used for road construction This association occupies three large areas of irregular
or as support for foundation footings of large buildings. shape in the eastern, central, and western parts of the
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within county. It consists of gently sloping soils on ridges and
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per of sloping to steep soils on the sides of ridges. The areas
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of are in the uplands and are dissected by many streams
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant, that form a dendritic drainage pattern. This association
except during periods of extreme drought. occupies about 23 percent of the county.
Well-drained, deep Appling soils make up about 70
7. Cecil-Madison Association percent of the association. They have formed mainly in
Gently sloping to steep, deep, well drained soils that material that weathered from granite and gneiss but
partly in material derived from schist. These soils have
have a subsoil of red, friable to firm clay loam to clay; a surface layer of sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam, or
derived mostly from gneiss and schist fine sandy loam and a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay.
This association occupies an area about 2 miles wide Soils that occupy the rest of the association are mainly
on uplands in the northern part of the county. It consists those of the Durham, Wedowee, Vance, Louisburg, Col-
of gently sloping soils on narrow ridges and of sloping fax, Worsham, Mantachie, Congaree, Chewacla, Wehad-
to steep soils on the sides of ridges near drainageways kee, and Bibb series.
and streams. The area is dissected by many streams that Except for wet areas, the soils in nearly all of this
form a dendritic drainage pattern. The association occu- association have been cultivated in the past 100 years.
pies about 1 percent of the county. Now, about 85 percent of the association is cultivated or
Well-drained Cecil and Madison soils make up a in pasture and the rest is in forest. The farms are gen-
major part of the association. They have formed in erally 100 to 200 acres in size and are mostly operated by
material that weathered from gneiss and schist. the owner. The growing of tobacco, cotton, corn, and
Cecil soils occupy about 40 percent of the association. soybeans is the chief farming enterprise.
They are deep soils that have a surface layer of sandy The soils of this association are suited to corn, cotton,
loam, gravelly sandy loam, or clay loam and a subsoil soybeans, lespedeza, small grains, and pasture, and they
of red, firm clay. are especially well suited to tobacco. They are easily
Madison soils occupy about 37 percent of the associa- tilled, but they are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown
tion. They are deep and have a surface layer of sandy on them respond well if suitable applications of lime and
loam and a subsoil of red to dark-red, friable clay loam fertilizer are made.
to clay. The Appling soils of this association have moderate
Soils that occupy the rest of the association are mainly limitations to use as absorption fields for septic tanks.
those of the Appling, Wilkes, Chewacla, and Congaree They have no special limitations if used for road con-
series. Herndon, Enon, and Lloyd soils,however,occur in struction or as support for foundation footings of large
the southeastern part of the association, where a large buildings.
area contains many outcroppings of soapstone high in Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
content of talc. Many veins of highly basic minerals the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
are mixed within the soapstone. minute are common from private wells. The quantity of

6 SOIL surtVFY
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant, county and extends from the Franklin County line to
except during periods of extreme drought. a point near the Johnston, County line. The association
occupies about 10 percent; of the county.
9. Wagram-Norfolk Association The major soils of this association have, formed in.
material that weathered from granite and gneiss. Deep,
Nearly hovel, to sloping, verydeep, woo what c;reissrvelr/ well-drained ekppling soils make up about 20 percent of
drained and well drained soils that have a subsoil of fri- the, association. They have a surface layer of sandy loam,
able sandy learn to sandy clay loam; formed in Coastal fine sandy loam, or gravelly sandy loam and a subsoil of
Plain sediments clay loam to clay.
This association is on uplands in the southern part of Sioderately deep, somewhat excessively drained Loa-
the county. It, consists of nearly level or gently sloping isburg soils make up about 20 percent. They have a stir-
soils on ridge:3, and of sloping soils on the sides of ridges, face layer of lotany sand that is underlain by very 1'.ria-..
The area is dissected by many streams that form a den- ble sandy loam.
dritic drainage pattern. This association occupies about. Deep, well-drained 'Wedowee soils make up about 1.
9 percent of the county. percent of the association. They have a surface layer of
Wagram and Norfolk soils, which make up a major sandy loam and a subsoil of firm sandy clay loam to clay
part of the association, have formed in Coastal Plain loam.
sediments. These soils are, very deep. The rest of the association consists mainly of Wake,
Durham, Vance, Colfax, Worsham, Ghe.wacla, Wehacl.-
Wagram soils, which are somewhat excessively drained,
make up about B0 percent of the association. They have kee, and Bibb soils.
a surface layer of loamy sand about 20 to 10 inches About half of tins association is cultivated, and, the
thick. Their subsoil is friable sandy loam to sandy clay rest is in forest. The farms are generally about, 200 wares
loam. or less in size. The chief crops are tobacco, cotton, soy-
Well-drained Norfolk soils make up about 25 percent beans, and corn.
of the association. They have a surface layer of loamy The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, soybeans, lespedeza, small grains, and pasture, but
sand and a subsoil of friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam. they are droughty in many places. The soils are easily
The rest of the association consists mainly of soils of tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown on them
the Faceville, Orangeburg, Troup, Goldsboro, Lynch. 1 zeroare mall if suitable applications of lime and fert.i
burg, Rains, Plummer, Appling, and Herndon series.
About 85 percent of this association is cultivated, The major soils of this association hay-e moderate to
severe limitations to use as absorption fields for septic,
and the rest is in forest. The farms are generally more tanks. They have no special limitations if they are used.
than 200 acres in size and are operated by the owner. The to support foundation footings for large buildings. 13ed
growing of tobacco, cotton, corn, and.soybeans is the pp i? "
chief farming enterprise. rock near the surface is the main limitation to use for
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn, road construction.
cotton, soybeans, small grains, and pasture. They are Wells adequate for industrial use can be located, 'within
easily tilled but rani susceptible to erosion. Cropsthis association. Fields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
on them respond well if suitable applications o of limel minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
and fertilizer are made. surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
The��'agram and Norfolksoils of this association have except during periods of extreme drought.
only slight limitations to use as absorption fields for sep-
tic tanks, They have no special limitations if used for Descriptions of the Soilsroad construction or as support for foundation footing:;
of Iarge buildings. This section describes the soil series and mappir>cr
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
its of Wake, C .the association. Fields of 10 to 15 gallons of watea• per uortionatc extent ofteac Tlma e rliiing unitaire,rgiv enximtat ,geain tltble
minute are common from private. ��ells. The. quantity of 1 Their roc aion in the county is shown on the soil may
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant, at the back of this soil survey.
except during periods of extreme drought. The procedure is first to describe the soil series, and
then the mapping units in that series. Thus. to get full
10. Appling-Louisburg-Wedowee Association information on an3r mapping unit, it. is necessary to react
Gently sloping to steep, deep and moderately deep, i�s�;ll the description of that unit and also the description of
the soil series to which it belongs. As nncntioned in the
drained and so?)2(%' ghat excess drained soils that have section ".How This Survey. Was 1lade,'' not all mapping
a subsoil of very friable coarse sandy loam to firm clay; units are members of a soil series. Gullies[ land and nide
from mostly fro granite, gneiss, and schist, land, for example, are miscellaneous land types that do
This association consists of gently sloping soils on not belong to a soil series. They ate listed, nevertheless,
broad ridges in. the uplands, and of sloping to steep soils in alphabetic order along with the soil series. The colors
on the sides of ridges near drainagewarl-s and streams. shown tire, those of a moist soil.
.The area is dissected by many streams that form a den- In comparing a mapping unit, with a soil series, many
dritic drainage pattern. It is in the eastern part of the will prefer to react the short description of the profile in

WAKE] COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 7
TABLE 1.Approxi`mate acreage and proportionate extent of the soils
Soil Acres Per-- I1 Soil Acres Per-
; cent; 11 1 cent
� E
!!!!1 1
I
Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes___; 4,093 0. 7 1, Georgevillo silt loam,6 to 10 percent slopes._______; 614 0. 1
Appling gravelly sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes-_I 3,21.0 ° 6 11 Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, 1
tippling gravelly sandy loam,`'2to6 percent slopes, II eroded___--,_-_._______. ______._--____.__ - i 1, 555 1 " 3
eroded ..-. ____.. _€ 7, 130 1, 3 11 Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent I . _.eroded ___ 921 . 2
slope, __ _ 4,617 . 8
I Goldsboro sandy loans 457 . 1
Appling gravelly sand} loam, 6 to 10 percent Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes______, 1, 317 . 2
slopes, eroded_______._ ---- 8, 136 1. 5 I Granville sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes,eroded f 300 , 1
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent lopes..._ 16, 682 3. 0 II Granville sandy loani,6 to 10 percent slopes_-_._.__ 898 , 2
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 0 percent slopes, eroded_ 40, 724 7, 4 1 Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ ,. I 8,470 1. 6 11 eroded___._ 401 . 1.
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent. slopes, 1 Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes 274 " 1
eroded._______ _ 126, 136 4- 7 Gnllied la, d 1 1,447 . 3
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes 10, 520 1. 9 I Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__.. 217 (1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes i 1, 261 . 2 , Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.-_' 330 - 1
Appling fine sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, ; Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___._-__I 232 (1)
eroded ______ __._..____ 2, 384 ' . 4 e Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_I 553 . 1.
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to l 0 percent slopes --_ 1, 216 I . 2 Helena sandy loam, 10 to 1.5 percent slopes.. 24,7 (1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, k Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes____a 436 . 1
eroded ___._ ._..-. _.. _; 1, 594 . 3 11 Herndon silt.loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded__ 1, 079 . 2
Augusta fine sandy loam__._._ _ 3, 876 . 7 1 Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.__ -__-_._ 854 . 1
Buncombe soils__._._-_____.____--_____.___..__._ " 587 i . 1 Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded._ 1,803 . 3
Peril sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_.____ 1, 366 . 2 Herndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_ 1, 098 . 2
Cecil sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 19,363 . 3. 5 Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes__-.____ 901 . 2
Peril sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_____ 2, 043 . 4 ' Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 756 ! . 1
Peril sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 18, 173 3. 3 d Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_____ - 794 . 1
Pecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes_______ 15, 291 2. 8 1 Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent elopes, eroded_. 298 1
cell sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes 11,214 i 2. 0 Louisburg loamy a?and, 2 to 6percent slopes__.... 3, 104 . 6
Pecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 1,446 . 3 Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes___-. 7,969 1. 4
Peril gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes.___ 6,41.1. 1 1. 2
eroded _ 12, 637E 2. 3 1 Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent
Eecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 3,006 ' . 5 , slopes __-___. 1.,524, j . 3
Peril gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, j ! Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent I
eroded - 16,243 3° 0 slopes, eroded _-- _ _- 377 . 1
Pecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely i Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
eroded__. . _ -- 1,902 ' . 3 F1 slopes _,.-._ 2, 597 . 5
Pecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely P Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
eroded____-__. _-_-..-__..- 2, 485 . 4 slopes, eroded_-----.___.__ 986 . 2
Pecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely 11 Lynchburg sandy loam __.__,_ 763 ° 1
eroded _.-- - 1, 286 ! . 2 II Made land -- ; 3,779 I - 7
-'hewacla soils . 15,950 2. 9 11 Madison sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.-1 442 . 1
.'olfa,xsandy loam______.____________________ r, 797 1° 4 , .Madison sandy loam, 6 to IO percent slopes, 1
,ongatee,line sandy loam ________._ _._ __I 2, 057 4 eroded_...__ -_--_._._-.._..__ .___ 1, 154 ° 2
`ongaree silt loam-.-.--------_- 2,294. • 4 i Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
-reedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__ __ 2, 026 1 , 4 „ eroded_ __ ____ 951 i -2
reedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
_, ; Madison sandy learn, 15 to 25 percent slopes,
eroded . ... __.,-....__.___--..._ , __ 11, 06b : 2. 0 11 eroded__—.-. 1, 352 . 2
reedmoor sandy loan, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ 3, 097 + 6 Mantachie soils .,,___ _ ._-_ 6 260 1. 1
'reedm aor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent. slopes, d Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ 58O . 1.
eroded .___ _ _ 14, 216 . 2. 6 ; Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slope,
;'_"reedmoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes __".. 0, 081 i 1, 1 1 eroded_ _ 950 I , 2
Jreedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _ 1,234. 2 1, Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___.. .', 928
reedmoor silt,loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___ 1, 275 1 . 2 11 Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
Durham loamy sand,2 to 6 percent slopes_. __ -_ 12, 699 1 2. 3 eroded _-_ _. 2, 28(1 . 4
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,eroded. 851 1 . 1 .11 Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
Durham loamy sand, 6tol0 percent slopes___ 2, 095 1 . 4 1 eroded___--.-- I 2,497 . 5
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 1.0 percent slopes, d Mayodan sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent. slopes___-_.1 716 1 . 1
eroded.—_----------_.____.---_--_- ________..._._; 716 1 , I Mayodan gravelly sand} loam, 2 to 6 percent
Enon line sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__ 260 1 (1) jF slopes_____ 543 j . 1
Enon fine- sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, ! Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 0 percent
eroded 987 , 2 li slopes, eroded ._. - _ -- 1, 335 1 . 2
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___._.-_1 472 ' . 1 Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to .10 percent
Enon the sandy loam 6 to 10 percent slopes, I Ii slopes_._ i 579 . 1
eroded._. ..--__. __.__ __ ....__ _1 1, 221 2 ,i Mayodaan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
Enon fine sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, ; 1! slopes, eroded 1, 175 , 2
eroded_ 422 1 11 Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes_.__ 987 ! . 2
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes______ 793 1 . 1 11 bin.yodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
Faceville sandy loam.,2 to 6 percent slopes,eroded 935 1 . 2 11 eroded__ __ __. 858 . 1.
Faceville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, II , Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes_._! 1, 1.21 ! . 2
eroded.. 1S6 1 (1) 1, Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
.leorgcville silt loam, 2 to 6percent slopes 1 439 ; . 1 1; eroded __ 1, 164 . 2
ieorgevtlle silt loam. 2 to 6 percent slopes,eroded_I 1, 720 I . 3 11 Mayodan silt loam, thin, 10 to 1.5 percent slopes._I 1, 852 1 . 3
See footnote at end of table.
335-41)3---70._.._.__2

8 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 1.---Appro. imafe acreage and proportionate extent, of the sods--Continued
Soil ' Acres I Per- I' Soil I Acres Per-
_ cent
I
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes... 1, 246 0. 2 II Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, ;
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes I 8, 103 1. 5 ii eroded I 4. 089 0. 7
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_I 2, 319 . 4 II Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_____I 1, 184 . 2
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes 1, 137 . 2 Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, 3, `l51
l l
Norfolk loamy sand,6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 987 . 2 eroded _.._ c 8 . 7
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes____ 696 . 1 I Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-_- _ 1, 552 . 3
eroded......._.._,_.... ..____..._._..___--....._..______ 777 . 1 i, Wedowee sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-_-._I 5, 71.9 I 1. 0
Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, II '\Vehadkee silt loans 1 7, 431 I I. 3
eroded 506 . I II Wehadkee and Bibb soils__ 21, 131 I 3. 8
Pinkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes 533 . 1 II White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes___ 51.2 I . 1
Pinkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes. _ 2,730 . 5 iI White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
Phunmer sand_-_-. 634 ' . 1 eroded--- .- I 1, 950 . 9
Rains fine sandy loan __-_. 1, 328 . 2 I White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_._._, 793 1 . 1
Roanoke fine sandy loam_._ __.. - 1,475 . 3 I White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
Swamp .._.-- --__-_____-___. 1.77 1) I eroded __-- I 7 215 1.
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-..... I 609 . 1 '1 White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes- 5, 559 1. (1
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 2, 037 . 4 II White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ I351 . I
Vance sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, eroded.-: 1, 179 . 2 II White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, ;
Wagramloamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes_ 1,445 . 3 I severely eroded 464
Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes..._..___I 10,086 1. 8 �� Wilkes sods, 2 to 10 percent slopes__ _____. _. __._I 659 1
Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes -___ 4, 894 . g Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent,slopes 847 . 1
Wagram-Troup sands 0 to 4 slopes.__ .__'� 4,434. Wilkes soils, 20 to 4 p percent slopes 4, i20 - 81
percentI 8 Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slope.;_ 2:3r, (')
p 892 . 2 Worsham sandy loans ___ _-._I 12, f113 ; 2. 3
V ake soils to 10 percent slopes__....._ ___ .___ 906 . 2 Borrow area-__-. 1 346 j . 1
'ghee fine sandyloam_.__.
Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes I 7, 226 1. 3 1__ — .
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes____.._I 1,449 ! . 3 1 Total I552, 960 100 0
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
paragraph form under the description of the mapping main for only short periods. Reaction is medium acid to
unit.. It differs from the, technical description in that, it strongly acid in areas that, have not been limed. Response
is less detailed and does not identify layers by A, B, C, is good if a suitable amount of lime and tlte, proper kinds
and R horizons and depth ranges. The technical profile and amounts of fertilizer are applied.
descriptions are mainly for soil scientists and others who Their litnite,d extent makes the Altavista soils of only
want detailed information about soils (15).2 minor importance for farming. Most of the acreage is
Following the name of each mapping unit, there is a cultivated or in pasture.
symbol in parentheses. This symbol identifies the map Representative profile of Altavista fine sandy loam, (1 to
ping unit on the detailed soil map. Listed at, the end of -1 percent slopes, in a cultivated field 11/,, miles southwest
each description of a, snapping unit is the capability unit, of Plymouth Church and.200 yards east of farm road:
woodland suitability group, and wildlife suitability AP--0 to 10 inches, light brownish-gray (10YR 6t;2) fine
group in which the mapping unit has been placed. The sandy loans; weak, medium, granular structure; very
page on which each capability unit. is described can be friable when moist; many tine, woody and fibrous
found by referring to the "G-nide to Hipping Units" it: p_ roots; medium acid; abrupt, a n.vy boundary.
A:_ 10 to 1:, inches, pale:brown (10YR 6: a) fine sandy loam;
the back of this survey. 'Many terms used in the soil de-- weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
scriptions and in other parts of the Survey- are defiled in moist; few, fine, woody roots; medium acid; abrupt,
the Glossary. smooth boundary.
111--13 to 15 ini•hes, brownish-yellow (10YR 6/6) and pale-
brown (10YR 6/3) tine sandy clay loam: weal:_ fine,
Altavista Series subangular blocky structure; friable when moist;
feat-, medium, woody roots; medium acid; abrupt,
The Altavista series consists of nearly level dead gently wavy boundary.
sloping, deep, moderately well drained soils on lost B.21t-----15 to 19 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) clay
loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky strue-
stream terraces. The. areas are fairly large and are near ture; friable when moist: discontinuous clay films;
the major stre-ams in the county. The soils have formed medium acid; clear. smooth boundary.
in alluvial deposits under forest vegetation. A seasonal B22t 10 to 20 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5%8) clay
high water table is at a depth of approximately 2 feet. loam; common, nne, distinct, yellowish-red mottles;
moderate, medium, subottgular blockystructure; fri-
satural fertility and the content of organic matter are able to firm when moist; discontinuous clay films on
low. Permeability is nloderalte, the available water capa- pod surfaces; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
city is medium,, and the shrink-swell potential is model.- B23t---2i) to 3t.1 inches, yellowish—brown (10YR 5/8) clay
'loam; common, fine, distinct, light brownish-gray
ate. Infrequent flooding occurs, but the floodwaters re- mottles, weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist; few di.scontlaiuous clay films;
`Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 117. strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 9
B;3-•-36 to 42 inches, brownish-yellow (10YR 0/6) sandy clay Ap-0 to 8 incites, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) sanely loam;
loam; many, medium, distinct, light brownish-gray weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when
mottles; weak, line, subangular blocky structure; fri- monist; many, fine, fibrous roots; medium acid; clear,
able when moist; few, thin, discontinuous clay films; smooth boundary.
strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary. A2-8 to 11 inches, light yellowish-brown (10YR 614) sandy
C--42 to 48 inches +, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) coarse loam; weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable
sandy loam; many, medium, distinct, strong-brown when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; Medium
and light grayish-brown mottles; massive; friable acid; clear, smooth boundary.
when moist; strongly acid, 1i1--11 to 14 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay
Tim A horizons range from 3 to 15 inches in total thickness loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
and from light brownish gray or pale brown to light grayish friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
brown or dark grayish brown in color. The B horizons range wet; few fine mice' flakes; few quartz pebbles;
stroyfront 12 to 29 inches in combined thickness and from sandy 1i21t-14 to I?0 iiId, st un rizrowootln (7©underYR ) clay loam;
clay loam to clay loan n in texture. Their cola• ranges from few, rice, distinct, yellow mottles; moderate, fine and
yellowish brown or brownish nish yellow to reddish yellow in
10YR or 7.5YR hues. Grayish mottles are 10 to 20 inches iueduut subangular blocks structure; firm when
below the top of the 12It horizon. The Combined thickness moist., sticky find plastic when wet; few that clay
of the surface layer and subsoil ranges from 24 inches to films; strongly acid; clear°, smooth boundary.
Ieas than 60 inches. Depth to hard rock is more than 5 feet F_2t-20 to 2 5 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5i6) clay loam;
and commonly is more than 15 feet. few, line, distinct, brownish-yellow and coalition,
Altavista soils occur with Appling, Goldsboro, Colfax, and lisle, prominent, red mottles; moderate, fine and
Augusta soils. They are less well drained than the Appling medium subangular blocky structure; firm when
soils, have. a thinner solum than the. Goldsboro soils, and moist, Sticky and plastic when wet; thin clay films
are better drained than the Colfax and Augusta soils.
on ped surfaces; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
Altavista fine sandy loam,0 to 4 percent slopes(AfA).-- B23t-25 to 37 inches, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/6) clay loam;
This i5 the only Altavista soil mapped in Wilke County. few, fine, distinct, resin mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure friable when
It is on low stream terla(es. The surface layer is light moist, sticky and plastic when wet; thin clay films
hiownislr-gra.y and light, grayish-brown to dark grityisil- on tell surfaces; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid;
brown fine sandy loam 3 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is clear, smooth boundary.
yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow, friable sandy clay P2-lt. 37 to all inches, yellowish-brown (10YR i"/(1} clay
loam; common, medium, prominent, mottles;
Main tO clay loans mottled with gray in most places. It is l nen , re mo es
weak and moderate, fine,, subangular blocky atruC-
12 to 29 inches thick. tore tending to niassive; friable wlien moist, sticky
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow la tledL and plastic when wet; few clay films in vertical
um. This soil is easy to keep in good filth sand can be cranks; some s'iprolitc; common to many mica
flakes;; strongly acid; elte.tr, smooth boundary.
wO1'ked throughout, a wide range of moisture content. B3 39 to 44 inches, red (2.5YR 5/8) lo:rat eoinmon, fne,
Thus soil is well suited to most of the locally grown distinct, brownish-yellow mottles; weak. medium,
(l:°op5. It i5 used mainly for row cl crops or pasture, but a subangular. blocky structure tending to massive; fri-
ible when moist lightly sticky and slightly plastic
snail acreage is in trees. In places some inrprosenient when net few clay films in vertical c.rlck:s; many
in drainage is needed if tobacco .and specialty crops are mica flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
grown. (Capability unit Ilyv 1 ysootlhLnd sitihl.bility C--44 to 50 inches +, mottled rest and brownish-yellow sandy
group 4, wildlife suitabilitygroup 1) clay loam saprolite containing many mica flakes;
5 1 e 1 strongly acid.
The A horizons range front dark gray or dark grayish
Appling Series brown to light grayish brown or light yellowish brown in
color and front 3 to 30 inches in total thickness° In general,
Gently sloping to strongly sloping*, deep, well-drained their texture ranges from sandy loam or fine sandy loam
Soils of the Piedmont uplands make up the Appliilg ser" to gravelly sand) loam that contains cobblestones in pliues. Ira
lucre eroded areas:, however, the texture ranges t;o sandy
ies. These soils are on side slopes and on rounded divides clay. The B horizons range from loam to clay in texture and
that have a difference in elevation of about 50 feet be- from 24 to 40 inches; in total thickness. The 1:1 horizon is
t,ween the highest and the.lowest points, They liii e formedcommonly yellowish brawn iuste id of Strong brown. TheI32
horizons are generally mottled with red, and their color
under forest in matel'mai that weathered from granite, ranges from yellowish brown or strong brown to yellowish
gneiss, schist, and other acidic rocks. Large areas are ill red or reddish yellow in hues of 10YR to 5YI{. The color of the
the i i teI'ii part of the county, Rlld smaller areas are in B3 horizon ranges from red to yellowm ii red, and that horizon
Ethel" parts. is streaked with gray in places, The combined thickness of the
s surface layer and subsoil ranges from 30 to €10 inches. Depth
Natural fertility and the content of organic smatter are to .hard rock ranges front 5 to more than 15 feet.
low. The available water capacity is medium, and perme- Appling soils occur with Herndon, Durham, Cecil, Vance,
ability and the shrink-swell potential are moderate. Ex- and Mayodan soils. They contain more s41.nd and less silt than
the Herndon soils and contain more clay and are more reddish
eept in areas that have receive.d litre., these soils are than the Durham soils. Appling soils are less red and less
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications of clayey than the Cecil :;oils, are less firm than the Vance
lime and fertilizer are made. soils, and contain less exchangeable aluminum than the
Appling soils are suited to all the locally grown crops. itfayodan soils.
quell of the acreage is cultivated. Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Representative profile of an Appling sandy loam in a (A9B)•--This soil is on broad, smooth intorstream divides
niltivated field 1 mile north of Bethany Church on a in the uplands. It has a surface layer of light gra.yisli-
paved road, one-eighth of a mile east on a private road, brown to dark-gray gravelly sandy loam that is fi to 20
and 20 yards south of private road. inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish-brown to yellowish-

10 SOIL SURVEY
red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in most Infiltration is good, and Surface runoff is rapid. The
places and is 24 to 40 inches thick. From 15 to 30 percent hazard of erosion is severe, This soil can be worked
of the surface layer is gravel. In many places cobbles throughout a wide range of moisture, content. It is diffi-
are on and in the surface layer. Included in mapping cult to till, however, in areas where the content of gravel
were a few areas where the slope is less than 2 percent. and cobblestones is high.
Infiltration is good, a.nd surface runoff is medium. The About one-fourth. of the acreage is in cultivated crops
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil can be worked or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses.
throughout, a wide range of moisture content., but where Where ere this soil has been cleared, it.is used chiefly for row
the content of gravel and cobblestones is high, tillage is crops, but is is well suited to all the locally grown
difficult, crops. Intensive practices that effectively control runoff
About half of the acreage is in cultivated crops or pas- and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil-
t:ur°e, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cal- ity unit Ilk--1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
tivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil suitability group 1)
is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
that. effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in eroded (AgC2).----This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mixture
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) of the remaining original surface soil and of material
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, from the subsoil. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick
eroded (A jB2).---This soil is on broad, smooth interstream and ranges from light grayish-brown gravelly sandy
divides in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7 loam in the less eroded spots to yellowish-brown gravel-
inches thick, and in many places it is a mixture of the ly sandy clay in the more eroded areas. The, subsoil is 21
remaining original surface soil and of material from to 36 inches thick and is yellowish-brown to yellowish
the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface. layer is red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in
light, grayish-brown gravelly sandy loam, but in the most places. In many places cobbles are in the surface
more eroded spots the color ranges to yellowish brown layer and on the. surface..
and the texture ranges to gravelly sandy clay. The sub- Included in mapping were some severely eroded spots
soil is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish-brown to where the subsoil is exposed. These areas make up from
yellowish-red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit..
red in many places. Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
Included with this soil in mapping were some se- hazard of further erosion is severe. The large number of
verely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These pebbles and cobblestones, and the thin surface layer, make
areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the. this soil difficult to keep in good tilth, but the soil can be
mapping unit. worked throughout a. fairly wide range of moisture. con--
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The tent. A crust forms on the. severely eroded spots after
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is dilfi hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be. worked through- when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms a.tion. As a result, stands of crops are poor and. replanting
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods is sometimes necessary. An even stand of tobacco is
form there if those areas are worked when wet. The crust hard. to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at
and the clods interfere with germination. As a. result, different times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas and curing the crop, a.nd it. reduces the quality of the
may be. necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to tobacco.
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at. different. About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated, and the
times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting and cur- rest is in forest. This soil is well suited to all the locally
hug the crop, and it reduces the quality of the tobacco. grown. crops, and the areas that are cleared are used
.About, half of the storage is cultivated or in pasture, chiefly for row crops. Intensive practices that: effectively
and the. rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group
suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that effec- 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
tively control runoff` and erosion are needed in the cul- Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (ApB).--
tivated areas. Capability unit IIe---1, woodland suitabil- This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
ity group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) uplands. Its surface layer is light, grayish-brown to dark-
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes gray sandy loans 8 to 2.0 inches thick (fig. 2). The subsoil
(AgC) ---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish-brown to
Its surface layer is light grayish-brown to dark-gray yellowish-red, firm clay loam. to clay that is mottled with
gravelly sandy loam 6 to 15 inches thick. The content of red in many places. Included in mapping were a fen
gravel in the surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 percent. areas in which the slope is less than 2 percent.
The subsoil is 24 to 36 inches thick and is yellowish- Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
brown to yellowish-red, firm. clay loam to clay mottled hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
with red in many places. In many areas cobblestones are- in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
on the surface and in the surface layer. of moisture content.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLLNA 11
. . .
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- . ,•00.,,,, ,,, q ,,,,,,^
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cul- -,','• • •-, ••..• c • , , , • ; , •, • •• :
•••;--- •. ,,,c- ' '•;,'.,-.•
tivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially . • -., . , „.- N ;04,;‘,„ '
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the , . , •!,, ,
locally grown crops. Practices that effectively control
. ,
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit lie-I, woodland suitability group 5, *,,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(ApB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick, ' ,• ,-47
-7 ,-- ---;•• ,
and in places it is a mixture of the remaining original .'1,';'• , ,
:"•:•;v•„,,•,
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less • 't-,-.-4''; ';;%;,,1:-..4.-
•.'. ,,4 ,, 4.
.
eroded areas, the surface layer is light grayish-brown 4-,-
sandy loam, but the color ranges to yellowish'brown and t7•i. r ,..,, -' t,,,,...,
-,_4(-7:.* :- 4 : , .0 ;-
the texture ranges to sandy clay in the more eroded spots. ... ;
The subsoil is 24 to 40 inches thick, and it is 1 yellowish-
,
brown to yellowish-red, firm sandy clay loam to clay that f " ,,'"t.'
is mottled with red in many places. -
. ,
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely f , 4.., • te, „.*A,,..,1 ,,,'..i,.; •, 0,-;(•
; ,, ' ; *„'•• . .- '. ; - •g„1, ' 40;010,,..4.
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas „.,-:t. ' • -,-,7-7 s r•-.44;, .• - . .1"..:„„,;
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the map- t : . ' i 0-'t. "".' ;
ping unit. „„• ,,:.a
iiifiltreioi, is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is easy ,., ;'; - e .,' , -.0 .a , • X, , ,,
,1 j i :t.1 ;:"Vii4 4"
to keep in good tilth and cart be worked throughout a
,A..4'‘ Atif '4.4..;1!.4V"' , ''''A :",,• ''''4,";• . •
wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on the ,' t, • '
severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and „-- ". tx- !,- #:••
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust ' ,4, -4.%4• :.-,'„,-, • . .
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, . „
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely ;
: ' f ,'
, • ,-A,
eroded spots may be necessary. An even stand of tobac- , ,,,,,,,: ,, , ra
co is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature ; m-, • •--• . ,
. ;•,;,,,44 4 - •
. •t:',
at different times. This increases the difficulty of harvest- • •.„ , -f- .
, ,.;--;
ing and curing the crop and reduces the quality of the I, ,,„,, •,'',,
tobacco. 1,';,, h -
''' t. !,:,',C Air:., '
About two-thirds of the acreage is in cultivated crops r ,:;. ,,r, „„ ,tz•4,,,,.., 4,,,,,‘
or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. 1: 't:- t '''f,i-r' . -•,-,sf ' „
. ,
The cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, es- , 1. , ., •,-, ,e,' •-,
pecially tobacco and eotton, but this soil is well suited '• - ',' ,,, ,. . . 1; 0 .• ,
to all the locally grown crops. In the areas that are cul.- • • -':,' ,•
tivated, practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion 2.—Profile of Appling sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes,
sion are needed. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (ApC).— Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has (ApC2).--This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
a surface lztyer of light grayish-brown to dark-grtty sandy In many places the present surface layer is a mixture
loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish-brown of the remaining original surface soil and of material
to yellowish-red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled from the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the surface
with red in most places. The subsoil is 2-1 to 36 inches layer is light grayish-brown sandy loam. In the more
thick.
eroded spots, the color ranges to yellowish brown and
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
the texture ranges to sandy clay. Thickness of the sur--
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
face layer ranges from 3 to 7
good filth and can be worked throughout a wide range inches. The subsoil is 24 to
of moisture content. 36 inches thick and is yellowish-brown to yellowish-red,
fi
About two-thirds of the acreage is in cultivated crops
clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in most
or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The places,
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially Included with this soil in mapping were some severe-
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the 1y eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively make up from 5 to 25 percent of the total acreage in the
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated mapping unit.
areas. (Capability unit Tile-1, woodland suitability Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult

12 SOIL SURVEY
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout. a Infiltration is good, and surface, runoff is medium.
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust. forms on The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easily kept
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide
clods form if those areas aro worked when wet. The. crust, range of moisture content.
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
stands of crops are poor and replanting is sometimes tune, and. the, rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited
in those areas. Plants in an uneven stand .mature at to all the locally grown crops. Where, cultivated crops
different, times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting are grown, practices that effectively control runoff and
and curing the crop and reduces the quality of the erosion are needed. (Capability unit, IIe-1, woodland
tobacco. suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
pasture, and the rest, is in forest or in other uses. The eroded (AsB2).--Thus soil is on broad, smooth interstream
cultivated areas are used. chiefly for row crops, especially divides in the uplands. In places its surface, layer is a
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the mixture of the, remaining original surface soil and of
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that, effectively material from the. subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated surface layer is light grayish-brown fine sandy loam,
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group but in the more eroded spots the color ranges to yellow-
5, wildlife suitability group 1) ish brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay. Thick..
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (AIDED).— ness of the, surface layer ranges from 3 to 7 inches. The
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drainage- subsoil is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish-brown
ways in the uplands. Some slight or moderate erosion to yellowish-red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled
has taken place. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface with red in most places.
layer is light grayish-brown to dark-gray sandy loam 7 Included with this soil in mapping were some se-
to 12 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,, the verely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These
surface layer ranges front light grayish-brown sandy areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of the total acreage
loam to yellowish-brown sandy clay and is 3 to 7 inches in the mapping unit.. Also included were areas of a
thick. The subsoil is 24 to 30 inches thick and consists soil that has a slightly more brownish color and prob-
of yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, firm clay loam to ably a higher base saturation than this Appling soil.
clay that is mottled with red in most places. In many Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
areas pebbles and cobblestones are on and in the surface hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil can be
layer. worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture con-
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas tent. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
where the surface layer is fine sandy loam, and some se- hard rains, however, and clods form if those areas are
verly eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Also in- worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
chided were a few areas of Durham loamy sand. germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very replanting of these areas is sometimes necessary. An
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe. even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain in these areas.
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times.
in good filth. Where is is moderately eroded, it is all- This increases the difficulty of harvesting and curing
cult to keep in good filth, but it can be worked through- the crop, and it reduces the quality of the tobacco.
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust, forms About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or iii pas
on the severely eroded spots after laird rains, and clods tire, and the rest is in forest:. The cultivated areas arc
form if those areas are workedwhen wet. The crust and used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands to all the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
spots may be necessary, areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas group :5, wildlife suitability group 1)
tine, and the rest is in forest. Tlre, cultivated areas are Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is suited to all (A,C).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
the locally grown crops. Intensive practices that. effec- It has a surface layer of light grayish-brown to dark-
tivehv control runoff and erosion are necessary if cuiti- gray fine sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The subsoil is
sated crops are grown. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland 2.4 to 36 inches thick and is yellowish-brown to yellow-
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) yellow-
ish-red, firm cia,y loam to clay that is mottled with red
Appling fine sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes IAsBJ.— in most places. Included in mapping were are is of a.
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the soil that has a slightly more brownish color and probably
a. higher base saturation than this soil.
uplands, It has a surface layer of light grayish-brown to Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
dark-gray fine sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
subsoil is 24 to 10 inches thick and is yellowish-brown good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
to yellowish-red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled of moisture content.
with red in most places. A. few areas where the slopes About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
are less than 2 percent were included in the mapping. and the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are used

RAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 13
chiefly for row crops, but; this soil is well suited to all Representative profile of Augusta fine sanely loam in a
the locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effec- hardwood forest 200 feet south of Swift Creek and one-
tively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the half mile west of Old Stage Road:
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe.1, woodland suit- g1_...0 to 0 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) flue sandy
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, able when moist; many fine and medium, woody
eroded (A;C2).--This soil is on narrow side slopes in the and fibrous roots; many fine pores; strongly acid;
uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mixture abrupt, smooth boundary.
of the remaining original surface soil and of material A2--6 to 13 inches, pale-brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam;
few, fine, distinct, brownish-yellow and many, medi-
from the subsoil. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick um, prominent, dark yellowish-brown mottles; weak,
and ranges from light grayish-brown fine sandy loam, medium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
in the less eroded areas, to yellowish-brown sandy clay, common, fine and medium, woody roots; many fine
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 24 to 36 inches pores; few tine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear,1 ie wavy boundary.
thick and is yellowish-1)i1.wn to yellowish-red, firm clay B1—13 to 16 inches, pale-brown (10YR 6/3) heavy sandy
loam to clay that is mottled with red in many places. loam; common, fine, distinct, brownish-yellow mot-
Included in mapping were some severely eroded spots ties and many, medium, prominent, gray mottles;
where the subsoil is exposed. These areas make up from
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure tending
to massive; very friable when moist, slightly sticky
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit. and slightly plastic when wet; many fine pores; thin
Also included were areas of a soil that has a slightly clay films; very strongly acid; clear, smooth bound-
more brownish color and probably a higher base satura. ary.
tion than this soil. B21t---16 to 24 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) sandy
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is ra ,id. 'Ihs
clay loam; many, medium, prominent, light-gray
� 1 mottles; moderate, medium and coarse, subangular
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult blocky structure; friable when moist, Mighty sticky
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a, and slightly plastic when wet; few, fine and niedi-
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on um, woody roots; many tine pores; thin clay films
the severely eroded s rots after hai.rcl rtiirrs however flees on ped surfaces; very strongly acid; clear, wavy
1 , boundary.
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust B22t--24 to 36 inches, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8) sandy clay
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, loam; many, medium, prominent, light-gray mottles;
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
eroded spots is sometimes necessary. An even stand of when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
tobacco is hard to obtain, Plants in an uneven stand ma- wet; few, medium, woody roots; common fine pores;
thin clay films on ped surfaces; very strongly acid;
ture at different times. This increases the difficulty of gradual, smooth boundary.
harvesting and curing the crops and reduces the quality B3-30 to 43 inches, light-gray (2.5Y 7/2) heavy fine
of the tobacco. sandy loam; ninny coarse,prominent,yellowish-brown
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or ill (10YR 5/8) mottles; massive; friable when moist,
gsticky and slightly plastic when wet; few, fine,
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The woody roots; many fine pores; strongly acid; clear,
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but tins smooth boundary.
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Inten- C-43 to 50 inches+,gray (10YR 6/i) sandy loam; few, fine,
sive, practices that effectively control runoff and erosion. prominent, yeilowish-red mottles; massive; very fri-
ars necessary inthe cultivated areas. Ca )ability unit able when moist, nonsticky and nonplastie when
1 wet; common fine pores; medium. acid.
Me-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil--
The A horizons range .from (i to 15 inches in total thick-
ity group 1) ness, and from dark gray or dark grayish brown to pale
brown in color. The B horizons range from 10 to 30 inches in
Augusta Series total thickness and from sandy loam to clay loam in texture.
Their calor ranges from pale brown to reddish yellow mot-
The Augusta series consists of nearly level and. gently tied with gray. The gray colors increase with depth, and
sloping soils that are deep and somewhat poorly drained, the lower part of the profile is mostly gray or is entirely
These soils are on low stream terraces near the la.r�e gray. The subsoil has weak to moderate, fine to medium, sub-
streams in the county. They have formed in alluvial
angular blocky structure. The combined thickness of the
surface layer and subsoil. ranges from 18 to 43 inches. Depth
deposits under forest.. A seasonally high. water table is at to bedrock ranges from 5 to more than 15 .feet.
a depth of itmA feet. Augusta soils occur with Altavista and Wahee soils. They
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are are less well drained than the Altavista soils and lack the
low, permeability is moderately slow, and the available firm, clayey subsoil that is typical of the Wahee soils.
water capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is Augusta fine sandy loam (0 to 4 percent,slopes) (Au).---
moderate. These soils are frequently flooded, but the This is the only soil of the Augusta series mapped in
floodwaters remain for only a short period of time. Ex-
Wake
cept in areas that have received lime, these soils are County. it is on low terraces. The. surface layer is
very strongly acid. Response, is fairly good if suitable dark-gray to pale-brown fine sandy .loam, and it has a
are made. total thickness of 6 to 15 inches The subsoil is pale-
applications of lime and fertilizerbrown. to reddish-yellow, friable sandy clay loam to clay
Augusta soils are of only minor importance for farm-
ing. Most of the acreage is in hardwood forests, but some loam mottled with gray, and it is 10 to 25 inches thick_
areas are used for pasture. Only a small acreage is cul.ti Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to me-
vated, dium. If this soil is drained, it iseasy to keep in good

14 SOIL SURVEY
tilde and can be worked, throughout a wide range of Borrow area, identified by name on the soil ina;p, is a
moisture content. miscellaneous land type consisting of areas where. the
Most of the acreage is in forest-, but some. areas are in soils have been excavated to a depth of several feet° The
pasture or are cultivated. If this soil is properly drained, more recent areas of this land type are bare, and are sub-
it is suited to most of the locally grown crops. Ade- ject to accelerated erosion. The older areas are eroded.
quate drainage is required, however, for it to be well Where pines and other plants are growing, however,
suited to row crops. The areas that have been cleared are ninny of the older areas are, somewhat stabilized.
used chiefly for pasture. (Capability unit III« : , wood- The Borrow areas are not extensive, but small areas
land suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group 2) are scattered throughout the county.
This miscellaneous land type is so variable that the
Bibb Series areas require onsite investigation to see if they are suit-
able for the intended use. (Not placed in a capability
In the Bibb series are soils that are poorly drained unit; woodland suitability group 13, wildlife suitability
and nearly level or gently sloping. These soils are, on the group 5)
flood plains of streams and in depressions and draws
in the uplands. They have formed in coarse loamy alit- Buncombe Series
vium and in local alluvium. A seasonally high water ta-
ble is at the surface. The Buncombe, series consists of nearly level, some-
Natural fertility and the content of organic platter what excessively drained soils on flood plains of the
are, low. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid, large streams in the county. These soils have formed in
and the available water capacity and the shrink-swell sandy alluvial deposits. They have, a seasonally high •cva-
potential are low. These soils are frequently flooded for to table at a depth of approximately 21/2 feet.
long periods of time. Except in areas that have received Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
lime, they are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if are very low, and. permeability is rapid. The available
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made. water capacity and the. shrink-swell potential are low.
Bibb soils are not important for farming. Practically These soils are frequently flooded, but the floodwaters
all of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods and pines. In remain for only a brief period of time. Except in areas
this county the Bibb soils are mapped only in an undid that have received lime, reaction is strongly acid. Re,
erent.iated unit with % ehadkee soils.
Representative profile.of.a Bibb sandy loam in a wooded
spouse is moderately good if suitable applications of
area three-fourths of a mile south of F.C. Pearce Store, lime and fertilizer are made.
45 yards west of county road, anti 25 yards north of a Buncombe soils are not important for farming. They
creek: are mostly in forest, but a small acreage is cultivated or
in pasture.
01. 1 v, inches to 0,undecomposed forest litter.
A11--ci to 0 inches, grayish-brown (2.5Y a/2) sandy loam; Representative profile, of a Buncombe loamy sand in a,
many, fine, prominent, yellowish-red mottles; moder- cultivated field 4 miles southeast of Shotwell, 2.5 yards
ate, fie and medium, granular structure; very fri- south of a creek, and 50 yards northwest of the Johnston
able when moist; many fine, woody and 'fibrous
roots; common fine mica flakes; medium acid; County line
abrupt, wavy boundary. <4p-.---0 to 1.0 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) loamy
Al2-6 Lto 9 inches, very hale brown (10YR 7/4) coarse sand; sated; single
few, fine, prominent, reddish-yellow mottles; single grain; loose when moist;; many. line
grain; loose when moist; few tine, woody and fibrous and medium, woody roots; few fine mica flakes;
roots; medium cid; abrupt, wavy boundary. strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21g-0 to 20 inches, grayish-brown (2.5Y 5/2) tine sandy 1 1-10 to 2 inches, light yellowish 15r°uyvrr (10YR hi4) sand;
loam; few, fine, prominent yellowish-red and coin-
roots;Single gram; loose when moist; common, fine, woody
pion, medium, faint, light-gray mottles; structure-
smooth Eery fine mica flakes; strongly acid; abrupt,
less; very friable when moist, slightly sticky and ? smooth boundary.slrg'htly plastic when wet; fin;v, tin' woody and
25 to 33 inches, light yellowish-brown (10YR 0/4! sand;
fibrous roots; irony fine mica flakes; strongly acid;
common streaks.s of dark yellowish brown (101R 4/4)
abrupt, wavy boundary. that are one-fourth of an .inch or less thick; single
B22 —?0 to 3u inches, grayish brown (10YR a/2) sandy grain; louse when moist; few medium mica flakes;
"
loam; structeueless; very friable when moist, non- strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
sticky and nonelastic: when wet; common fine mica. C3-33 to 40 inches -I-, pale-brown (10YR 0/3) sand; single
tln.he3; strongly acid.; abrupt, yyavy boundary. grain; loose when moist; few• medium riles- Fl ake,s;
( --30 to 42 inches -f-, gray (1.OYR ,5/1) sand containing strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
lenses of very fine sandy lotus 14 to h' inch thick; The A horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness, from
single grain; loose when moist; (the very fine sandy dark grayish brown to pale brown in color, and from sand
loam is massive and is very friable when moist) ; to loamy sand in texture. The total thickness of the C heri-
many fine mica flakes; slightly acid. zone ranges from 30 to more than 30 inches, The C horizons
The A horizons range from 4 to i2 inches in total thick- range from pale brown to yellowish brown in color and from
ness, from grayish brown to very dark grayish brown or very sand to loamy sand in texture. The substratum extends to a
pale brown in color, and from sandy loam to coarse. sand depth of more than 40 inches. Depth to bedrock range's to more
in texture. The B horizons are variable in color and texture, than 10 feet.
Their color ranges from light brownish gray to black mot- Buncombe soils occur with the Congaree soils but are
tied with gray and brown, and their texture ranges from coarser textured than those soils.
sandy loam to loam. These soils are massive or single grain Buncombe soils (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Bu):----These are
and are very friable to loose. The combined thickness of h te Oil Buncombe soils mapped in Wake County. They
their surface layer and subsoil is about 30 inches. Depth to 11i l
bedrock ranges from 4 to more thou 15 feet. have a, surface layer of dark grayish-brown to pale-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLIN A 15
brown sand or loamy sand 4 to 1.0 incites thick. Be C 59 to 72 inches -+-, red (2.5YR 4/6') loam (disintegrated
death the surface layer are layers of pale-brown to yet schist) ; common, fine, prominent, reddish-yellow and
tew, fine, distinct, dark-red mottles; massive; very
lowish-brown sand or loamy sand that range from 30 to friable when moist, nonsticky and nonpinstic when
more than 36 inches in total thickness. wet; strongly acid.
Droughtiness is a hazard during dry spells, and these The A horizon ranges from dark grayish brown or yellow-
soils are subject to lent'liing during wet spells, Nara,- ish brown to dark brown or red in color, from sandy loam or
tion is good, and surface runoff is slow. The soils are gravellysandy loam to clay loam in texture, and from 3 to
12 inches in thickness. The B2 horizons range from '28 to 50
easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked through- inches in total thickness. They haven red color of 2.5YR hue
Out, a wide range of moisture content. and a clay texture. In ,Maces these soils contain a yellowish-
These, soils are fairy well suited to corn, truck crops, red Bl. horizon, ;and the 113 horizon is streaked. with yellow
small grains, and pasture. iyrIost of the acreage is in for- in some areas. The combined thickness of the surface layer
and the subsoil is 36 to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges
est., but a small acreage, is in histure. (Capability unit from 71 to more than 15 feet.
It`s.-1, woodland suitability group 3, wildlife. suitability Cecil soils occur with Appling, Lloyd, Madison, and George-
group 4) vale soils. They have ai more reddish color and a more clayey
subsoil than the Appling soils. Cecil soils have a lighter
colored .surface layer, a lighter red color beneath the surface
Cecil Series layer, and more sand in the subsoil than the Lloyd soils.
They are thicker and less micaceous than the Madison soils
The Cecil series consists of gently sloping to steep, and have less silt and more sand throughout the profile than
well-drained, deep soils of the Piedmont uplands. These the Georgeville soils,
soils are on side slopes and on rounded divides that have Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CeB).--This
a difference in elevation of about 75 feet between. the soil is on broad, smooth int.erstream divides. Its surface
highest and the lowest points. They occupy large areas layer is dark grayish brown to yellowish-brown sandy
in the northern and central parts of the county, where loam 7 to 12 inches thick. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30
they have formed under forest in material that weathered to 50 inches thick.
from gneiss, schist,. and other acidic rocks. The water Included in mapping were some areas of a soil that has
table remains below the solum. a surface. layer of fine sandy loam. Also included were a
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter few areas where the slopes are less than 2 percent.
are low, and permeability is moderate. The available wa- Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
ter capacity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential is hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
soils are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good of moisture content.
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made. About one-half of the act-caste cag;e is cultivated or in pas-
Cecil soils are fairly important, for farming. Never'the- t.ure, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Whore
tins soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops
less, much of the acreage is in forest.
and pasture, but it is well suited to all th
Representative profile of a Cecil sandy loam in a cue e locally grown
titiated field one-half mile northwest of Barton Creek crops. Practices that effectively control runoff' and er'o-
ww�here N.C. rIi hwwaa No. 5G crosses that stream.: sion are. needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability Hint
g Ile-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife, suita,bil-
Ap-0 to 6 inches, dark-brown (7.5YR 4/1) sandy loam; ity ga'ollp 1
weak, fine and medium, granular structure; very
friable when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
fine pores; common small quartz pebbles; strongly (CeB2).--This soil is on broad, smooth interstreani divides
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary. in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches -thick. In
B21t—ti to 1.1 inches, red (2.5YR 5/8) clay; strong, fine and many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
medium ,subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common, fine, surface layer and. of material from the subsoil. In the
fibrous roots; many fine pores; medium clay films less eroded areas, the surface layer is yellowish-brown
on the surfaces of most peds; medium. acid; clear, sandy loam, but the color ranges to reddish brown and
smooth boundary. the texture, rans e to clayloamin the more, eroded spots.
B22t-11. to 24 inches, red (2.5YR 4/S) clay; strong, fine and ranges 1
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when "lhe subSoil is red, firm clay that is ,d) to 50 mc:lies thick.
moist, sticky and. plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
roots; many fine pores; medium clay films on the where the surface laver is fine sandy loam. Also included
surfaces of most peds; fewv fine mica flakes; strongly were some severely eroded spots ,where the subsoil is
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B23t-29: to 34 inches red (2.SYR 4/6) clay; few, fine, exposed. The severely eroded spots make up from 5 to 25
prominent, reddish-yellow mottles; strong, fine and percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
medium, aubangular blocky structure; firm when Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium.
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, The hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is
fibrous roots; many fine pores; medium clay films on
the surfaces of most peds; few fine mica flakes; difficult, to keep in. good tilth, but it can be worked
medium acid.; clear, wavy boundary. throughout a fairly wide ra.niie of moisture content.. A
i33--34 to 59 inches, red (2.5Y11 4/S) clay loam; common, crust forms on the, spots eroded after hard rains,
fine, prominent, reddish-yellow mottles; weak, medi-
um and coarse, subangular blocky structure; friable and clods form if those areas are worked when wet:, The
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
wet; medium clay films on the vertical surfaces of result, stands of crops are poor and replanting- of the
peas; common fine mica flakes; strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary, severely eroded areas may be necessary.

16 SOIL SURVEY
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, loam 3 to 6 inches thick. The subsoil is red, firm. clay that
and the rest is in forest, or in other uses. 'Where this soil is 30 to 40 inches thick.
is cultivated, it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is Included with tins soil in mapping were areas where
well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that the texture of the surface layer is fine sandy loam. Also
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the included were many areas where pebbles and cobbles
cultivated areas. (Capability unit. IIe 1, woodland suit- are on the surface and in the surface layer, and some
ability groups 5, wildlife suitability group 1) severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (CeC).—This infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
soil is on short to long side, slopes in the uplands. Its sur- rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. Where this
face layer is 7 to 12 inches thick, and it. is Clark grayish- soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep in good
brown to yellowish-brown sandy loam. The subsoil is red, filth. Where it is moderately eroded, it is difficult to keep
firm clay 30 to inches thick, Included with this soil in in,good tilth. This soil can be worked throughout a fairly
mapping were some areas where the surface layer is fine wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on the
sandy loans. severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The clods form if those areas are worked when wet.. The crust
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of stands of crops are poor and replanting of a severely
moisture content. eroded spot is sometimes necessary.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-- About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti- we, and the rest is in forest. 'Plus coil is suited to all the
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil locally grown crops, but practices that effectively control
is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in (Capability unit Ire-1, woodland suitability group
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Tile-1, woodland 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) Cecil sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes (CeF).—This
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow side
(CeC2).—This soil is on short to long side slopes in the slopes bordering upland dra.inageways. ~Where erosion, is
uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick and in only slight, the surface layer is dark grayish-brown to
many places it is a mixture of the remaining original yellowish-brown sandy loam 5 to 9 inches thick. Where
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less erosion is moderate, the surface layer is only 3 to 6
eroded areas, the surface layer is yellowish-brown sandy inches thick, its color ranges from yellowish brown to
loam. In the more eroded spots, the color ranges to red- reddish brown, and its texture ranges to clay loam. The
dish brown and the texture ranges to clay loam. The sub- subsoil is red, and
clay 30 to 36 inches thick.
soil is red, firm clay 30 'to 45 inches thick. Included with this soil in mapping, were some areas
Included in mapping were some areas where the sur- where the subsoil is only 1f to 30 inches thick, and other
face layer is fine sandy loam. Also included were some areas where the surface layer is fine sandy loam. Also
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. The included were many areas where pebbles and cobblestones
severely eroded areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of are in the surface layer and on the surface; a few severely
the acreage in the mapping unit. eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed; and some areas
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The of Georgeville silt looms and of Lloyd loams.
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult Infiltration is fair to good, and surface, runoff is very
to keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout a rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to erosion.
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on Practically all of the acreage is in forest. This soil is
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form not suited to crops that require cultivation. Areas that
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the have been cleared can. be used for permanent hay and
clods interferewith germination. As a result., stands of pasture. (Capability unit Vie-1, woodland suitability
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
areas may be necessary. Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or ill pas (CgB);This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
tore, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is in the uplands. It has a surface layer that is 7 to 1.2 inches
well suited to all the. locally grown crops. The areas that thick and consists of dark grayish-brown gravelly
are cleared are used chiefly for row crops and pasture sandy loam that is 1.5 to 30 percent pebbles. The subsoil is
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are red, firer clay 30 to 50 inches thick. In many places cob-
needed. (Capability unit 7lle-1, woodland suitability blestones are in the surface layer and on the surf me.
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) infiltration is good, and surface runoff is moderate.
Cecil sandy loam,10 to 15 percent slopes (CeD). This The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil can be
is a well-drained, slightly to moderately eroded soil on worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
narrow side slopes bordering upland drainageways. Where the content of pebbles and cobblestones is high,
Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark however,tillage is difficult.
grayish-brown to yellowish-brown sandy loam 6 to 10 About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
inches thick. Where erosion is moderate, the surface layer and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where this soil
is yellowish-brown to reddish-brown :sandy- loam to clay has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and pas-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAR©LINA 17
ture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown crops. ginal surface soil and of material from the subsoil, In
Practices that electively control runoff and erosion are the less eroded areas, the surface layer is yellowish-
needed in the, cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe 1, brown gravelly sandy loam, but the color ranges to red-
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group dish brown. and the texture ranges to gravelly clay loam
1) in the more eroded spots, The content of gravel in the
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 percent. The subsoil
eroded (C9B2).--This soil. is on broad interstream divides is red, firm clay 30 to f5 inches thick. In many places
in the uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mix- cobblestones are in the surface layer and on the surface.
tune, of the remaining original surface. soil and of miter- Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
sal from the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the surface eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
layer is yellowish--brown gravelly sandy loam. In the make up from 5 to 2-5 percent of the acreage in the map-
more eroded spots, the color ranges to reddish brown and ping minta
the texture ranges to gravelly clay loam. Thickness of the Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
surface layer ranges front 3 to 7 inches, and the content hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
of gravel in the surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 per- to keep in good tittla, but it can be worked throughout a
cent. fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
Included with this soil in mapping were, some, areas the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
that contain cobblestones.Also included were some severely if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the,
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These se- clods interfere with germination. Asa result., stands of
verely eroded spots make up from 5 to c25 percent of the crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
acreage in the mapping unit. spots is sometimes necessary.
Infiltration is fair, anti surface runoff is medium. The About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is d&Il-i- ture, and the rest is in forest or un other uses. This soil is
cult to keep in good filth, but it can be. worked through- well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the culti-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms va.teci areas are used chiefly for row crops. Intensive
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1,
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded spots 1)
may be necessary. Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
About half of the. acreage is cultivated or in pasture, eroded (CB3).--This soil is on smooth interstreani divides.
and the rest is in forest or in other uses, There this soil The surface layer is red clay loam 3 to 6 inches thick.
has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and. pas- Mostly, it consists of material from the subsoil, but it
ture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown crops. contains some material from the original surface layer.
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to 50 inches thick. Includ-
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit lie—1, ed with this soil in mapping were small areas of soils
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group that have a subsoil of dark-red clay.
1) Infiltration is poor, and surface runoff is rapid. The
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to Id percent slopes hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
(CgC).---This soil is on short to long side slopes in the to keep in good tiltla, and it can be worked within only
uplands. It,lags a surface. layer that is 7 to 12 inches thick a narrow range of moisture content. A crust forms after
that c-onsists of dark grayish-brown sandy loam that, is hard rains, and clods form if this soil is worked when
15 to 30 percent pebbles. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 wet. The crust and. the, clods interfere with germination.
to 45 inches thick. In many places cobblestones are in the As a result, stands of crops are poor.
surface lever and on the surface. This soil is suited to only a limited number of crops
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The grown locally. Only a small acreage is cultivated or in
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil can be worked pasture, and most of the acreage is in forest. Where cul-
throughout a wide range of moisture content. Where the tivated crops are grown, intensive practices that e-ffec-
content, of pebbles and cobblestones is high, however, till- tively control runoff and erosion are necessary. (Capabil-
age,is difficult,. ity unit IIIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wild-
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or ill pas- life suitability group 1)
ture, and the. rest is in forest or in other uses. Where Cecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops eroded (CIC3).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
and pasture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown uplands. Its surface layer is red clay loam 3 to 6 inches
crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and ero- thick. The surface layer consists mostly of material
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit from the subsoil, but it contains some material from the
IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil- original surface layer. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to
ity group 1) 45 inches thick. Included with this soil in mapping were
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, small areas of soils that have a subsoil of dark-red clay.
eroded (CgC2).—This soil is on short to long side slopes Infiltration is poor. Surface runoff is very rapid, and
in, the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 niches thick, the hazard of further erosion is very severe. This soil is
and in many places it is a mixture of the remaining ors- difficult to keep in good tilth,, and it can be worked

18 SOIL SURVEY
within only a narrow range of moisture content. A crust Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
forms after hard rains, and clods form if this soil is low, permeability is moderate to moderately rapid, and
worked, when wet, The crust and the clods interfere with the available water capacity is medium. The shrink-swell
germination. As a result, a good stand of crops is hard to potential is moderate to low. These soils are frequently
obtain. flooded (fig, 3), butthe floodwaters remain for only a
This soil is suited to only a limited number of crops
brief period, of time. Except in areas that have received
grown locally. It is mostly in forest, and only a small
acreage is cultivated or in pasture. If cultivated crops
lime, the soils are strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
are grown, intensive practices that effectively control able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
runoff and erosion are necessary. (Capability unit The Chewacla, soils in Wake County are not important
IVe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil- for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest, and only a
ity group 1) small acreage is cultivated or in pasture.
Cecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely Representative profile of a Chewacla fine sandy loam
eroded (CIE3).—This soil is on narrow side slopes border- in a cultivated field 100 yards north of Horse Creek and
ing upland clrainageways. The surface layer is red clay one-fourth of a mile east of N.C. Highway NO. 98:
loam 3 to 6 inches thick. Mostly, it consists of material Ap-0 to 6 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; weak,
from the subsoil, but it contains some material from the flue, granular structure; very friable when moist;
original surface layer. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to many to common, fine, fibrous roots; fine pores;
40 inches thick, common fine mica flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.
Included with this soil in mapping were small areas of A1-6 to 10 inches, dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4) fine
a soil that has a subsoil of dark-red clay. Also included sandy Wain; weak, fine, granular structure; very frt-
were a few areas where the slopes are greater than 20 per- able when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; common
cent. fine pores; many small mica flakes; slightly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
Infiltration is poor, and surface runoff is very rapid. B21-10 to 18 inches, dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4) silt
This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, and it can be loam; many, medium, prominent, reddish-yellow and
worked within only a narrow range of moisture content. common, medium, distinct, pale-brown mottles; weak,
A crust forms after hard rains, and clods form if this fine, subangular blocky structure; very friable when
moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet; few, fine,
soil is worked when wet. Because of the crust and the fibrous roots; common fine pores; many fine mica
clods, a good stand of pasture and hay crops is difficult to flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
obtain. B22--18 to 38 inches, pale-brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam;
This soil is suited to permanent hay, pasture, and for- common, medium, prominent, brown mottles and
common, medium, distinct, grayish-brown mottles;
est, but it is chiefly in forest. It is too steep and eroded weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; very fri-
for cultivated crops. (Capability unit VIe-2, wood- able when moist, nonsticky and nouplastic when wet;
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) few fine pores; common black concretions and few
fine mica flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
Chewacla Series Clg-38 to 42 inches, light brownish-gray (2.5Y 6/2) fine
sandy loam; common, medium, prominent, dark
The Chewacla series consists of nearly level, somewhat yellowish-brown mottles; structureless; very friable
poorly drained soils on the flood plains of most of the when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet; few
fine pores; few fine mica fakes; very slightly acid;
streams in the county. These soils have formed in allu- abrupt, smooth boundary,
vial deposits of fine loamy material. A seasonally high C2g 42 to 48 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy loam;
water table is at a depth of about 11/2 feet. few, medium, prominent, dark-brown mottles and few,
fine, distinct, yellowish-brown mottles; structureless;
very friable when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic
when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; common flue
pores; very slightly acid.
The A horizons range from 4 to 12 inches in combined
thickness, from brown to dark grayish brown or dark yellow-
, ish brown in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in
texture. The B horizons range from 10 to more than 40
inches in total thickness and from sandy loam or silt loam
'
to clay loam in texture. Their color ranges from light yellow-
- -- - - -- ,-- -, --- --- - -- -- -- -- ish brown or pale brown to dark grayish brown in 7.5YR,
-- -- -- - -- - --, -- -----------,----liafgrrrrrrWtiiiii:rriMt 10YR, and 2.5Y hues. Mottles are at depths below 10 to 30
"Er rErl:Tliiikrd:WiCrr:rrOr:%50„ieerrmiinintifrir , i: : rr::'
inches. The subsoil and substratum are massive or have
weak, medium, aubaucrular blocky structure. The profile
ranges from 34 inches to more than 72 inches in thicknesis.
Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to more than 15 feet,
Chewacla soils occur with Congaree and Wehadkee soils.
- - They are less well drained than the Congaree soils and are
better drained than the Wehadkee,
Chewacla soils (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Cm).—The soils
of this mapping unit are on the flood plains of streams.
! Their surface layer is brown to dark grayish-brown
sandy loam to silt loam 4 to 12 inches thick. Beneath the
Figure 3.—Young corn on Chewacla soils that have been flooded -
by the waters of Crabtree Creek. surface layer, the color of the soil material ranges from

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH C.AROLI A 19
brown to dark grayish brown, with mottles of brown and wet; few fine pores; few thin clay filmy on ped stir-
gray, and the texture ranges from sandy loam or silt faces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary,
Cg-36 to 45 inches -I-, gray (10YR 5./11 sandy loam; few,
loam to clay.The total t`hlekness of the profile ranges from fine, prominent, yellowish-brown mottles; massive;
34 inches to more than'flinches. firm when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. The when wet; many fine pores; strongly acid.
hazard of flooding is severe, and the hazard of wetness The combined thickness of the A horizons ranges from 5
i$ very severe. These soils are easy to keep in good tilth to 20 inches, and the color of those horizons ranges from
light gray to very daark, grayish brown. The B horizons range
and can be worked throughout a wide range of moisture from 15 to 50 inches in combined thickness, and they have a
content. texture of clay or clay loam instead of sandy clay loam in
t, but a small acreage is some places. The color of the B horizons ranges from light
Most of the acreage is in fore8olive yellow to strongbrown or gray '.:in hues of oY. 10YR,
in pasture or is cultivated. These soils are fairly well and 7.5YR. Mottles that have the gray color of a gleyed soil
are in the uppermost 10 inches of the B2t horizon. In places
suited to many of the locrnlly grown crops, but subsur
these soils contain a brownish-yellow B1 horizon. The corn-
face drainage is needed for crops that require good biped thickness of the surface layer and subsoil ranges from
drainage. (Capability unit IIIw--1, woodland suitabil- 24 inches to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to
ity group 1, wildlife suitability group 2) more than 15 feet.
The Colfax soils occur with Helena and Worsham soils.
They are less well drained, have less clay in their subsoil,
Colfax Series and are less firm than the Helena soils. The Colfax soils are
better drained than the Worsham soils.
Soils of the Colfax series, as mapped in the county, Colfax sandy loam (0 to 6 percent slopes) (Ca).—This
lack a fragipan, and in the future will be assigned to some is the only soil of the Colfax series mapped in Wake
other series. The series consists of nearly level and County. It occurs at the heads of drainageways, on foot
gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained soils on Pied- slopes, and in slight depressions. The surface layer is
mont uplands. These soils are at the heads of drainage- light-gray to very dark grayish-brown sandy loam 5 to
ways, on foot slopes, and in slight depressions. They 20 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to 50 inches thick and
have formed under forest, in translocated material, and is light olive-yellow to ;strong-brown or gray, firm sandy
in material that weathered from most kinds of rocks in clay loam or clay loam that is commonly mottled with
the county. A seasonally high water table is at a depth brown, yellow, and gray. Included with this soil in map-
of about 11/2 feet. ping were a few areas of a soil that has a surface layer of
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are silt loam.
low. Permeability is moderately slow, and the available Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
water capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is slow. This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, and it can
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these be worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is suited
to many of the locally grown crops. The areas that have
applications of lime and fertilizer are made. been cleared are used chiefly for pasture or waterways.
The Colfax soils in this county are mostly in forest (Capability unit Illw-2, woodland suitability group 4,
and are not important for farming. Where they have wildlife suitability group 2)
been cleared, they are generally used for pasture or for
waterways. The areas are mostly too small for manag- Congaree Series
ing as a field independent of the surrounding soils.
Representative profile of Colfax sandy loam in a pas- The Congaree series consists of nearly level, well-
tare one-half mile southwest of Wakefield on county drained soils on the flood plains of most of the streams
road No. 2368 and 35 yards north of the road: in the county. These soils have formed in deposits of
Ap-0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) tine loamy material. A seasonally high water table is at
sandy loam; many, fine, distinct, dark-brown mot: a depth of about 21/2 feet.
tics; weak, tine, granular. structure; very friable Natural fertility and. the content of organic matter are
when moist; ninny fine, fibrous roots: many fine
pores; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary. low, and, permeability is moderate to moderately rapid.
Al. 7 to 11 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) sandy The available water capacity is medium, and the shrink-
loam; weak, fine, granular structure; very friable swellpotential is moderate to low. These soils are flooded
when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fins p
pores; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary. frequently for a brief period of time. _Except in areas that
A2-11 to 19 inches, grayish-brown (101R 5/2) loamy sand; have received lime, they are strongly acid.
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
moist; brittle in place; many fine pores; strongly The Congaree soils of Wake County are fairly i.lnpor-
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary. tant for farming. illost of the acreage is cultivated or in
Bet-19 to 31 inches, strong-brown (7,5YR 5/8) sandy clay pasture, but a small acreage is hi forest.
loam; many, medium, prominent, gray mottles;
moderate, coarse, satbanotalar blocky structure; firm Representative profile of Congaree fine sandy loam on.
when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few fine Sycamore Creek, 114 miles south of Ebenezer Church in a
pores; thick clay films on most ped surfaces; strongly wooded area one-fourth mile west of road;
acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B 3tg-31 to 36 inches, gray (10YR (1/1) sandy clay loam; A s--0 to 8 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine sandy loam;
common, fine, prominent, yellowish-brown mottles; weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; firm moist; many fine, woody roots; medium acid; abrupt,
when moist, slightly sticks and slightly plastic when smooth boundary.

SOIL SURVEY
fine
20
KYR 4/4) heavy
lar
brown (7-7 medium, adbangnue 4
20 inches, dark-
to weak,
B21.--8 to i loam; massive
moist; common,
smooth
ennt Y structure; veryd
blocky (tots; strongly
fine, woody r
T.t, 5 ) line sandy
friable awhdet.);
CT-5Y— /6 1,r blocky
boundttrY. -tronp-brown zobangn 41.000 and i„ v.* " 77,'...» 1,$) - e, ,„. 4 ' ; -, „---. -'• 4 ', . -r .,1
B22--
20 to abrupt,
82 leehei. ?* weak, medium, t• few, --- .
loam; massive
clS roots; common,
smooth boundary. 'al loamy
structure; very, friable when fine mica
medium, w.", -abrupt, -n (10YR 5/4-' : corn-
strongly acid'
yellowish-brow
moist or .--17 ly r4,
Indies +7 loose when pebbles; strong t,-,
0_32 to 42 igle grain; . f small pen IV , :,r4 , '''''' ,
MOTI,
in thickness,
acid. from 4 to 12 inne.hece.oiner and from
sand;filen-mica flakes, eve
A, horizon rangesvn , strong bro5,,le143 horizons rane
The ' k brown or brat to
loam in texture' '"" from fine sandy - ,
from dark
loam to silt
h f4 in combined thickness,4,4,„,mtexture, and from ,,,7 :r441"77 ,04-7,9 ''''''04,7';.-i-",;-„, —t,,,,,z,„:,, ,,,---•.. ,,4 , - ,\:,
fli:oien .„,.„ w 30 inches i siltye clay - — 111 brownish yellow, ,,,,a
-- 1 or silt loamto brown to pale brown,
gray mottles are
. '''
loam
brown or strong in color. In places angee from yellow-
dark dark grayish brown
and from loamyf
or
in color
below a depth
k brown or gray
It extends to a depth o
to dark
intexture. 4 ranges from
of 30 inches. The 0
ish brown ley loam horizon r.
th to bedrock
sand to silty c
.
B e nthe soils* 4,„7
34)tto more
ethan 15 feet.
1 with chewaela andi unao and are 7 #.4.;
than 12.0 inches, Depth
5 Coonion'eoreree soils oecinriedtaan the Chrecle4 soils.
They - drained
than the Buncombe
\ (cp).----TiliS 4
finer textured throughout
are better
(0 to 2 a brown or 4,* '
'It loam
. It has 4,1,,,.,k. .,...,...' '
Congaree silt percent slopes)
4 12 lnches `,1 ' '1',,
to
ay
material is silt loam
the soil
soil is on the flood plains oilasftreisanis
dark-brown surface
layer,
in color and from
Beneath the surfaceh. -n to dark brown
in total thickness.runoff is slow. in
that ranges from
The
30 to 108 inches IOW
good and surface soil .
easy to keep
is
is
Infiltration
throughout a wide range „,
can be worked
,,,,
' -
ith, and it
hazard of overflow. is severe. This
good tilth,
content.
or
been
of moisture_
is cultivated in pasture, but a
this soil has
pasture. It 7,,4.7,k4 . V • 4„,'
Most
is in forest. Where crops and(Capability ,..
of the acreagei
small acreage. used
grown crops.
cleared, )0eally , wildlife slut-
many of the .
it is mainly for row
1.3
is suited to
woodland
In these soils the
unit Iiw.--i,), 2)
when
fit loam. very firm . ,
ability group suitability group 1, wildlife
percent slopes surface
/.---Profile of a.0 eedmoor s that is 1 rconsists of clay
high shrink-swellentia.pa I
flood of ' sandy loam 4 to Figure Congaree fine sanfiY loan!plains streams. Its
part of the subsoil
This -1 is on the -
brown fine ,
Sol
strong
moist,is very
isdirk-brown to thesurface layer, the soil mate- lower plastic when i yellow to dark
and the low-
laver
Beneath
so
r the highest in material
16 inches thick.
brown or browm, from fine sandy
from pale •
'*0 feet between
color,
OS
1 under forest of
is about ‘-' formed iu
dstone, and
rial ranges fri grayish brown ill
and from 10 to 1
vation
have
shaleremainsl
brown or d
siltyar dark
loam in texture,
The est points. wet,and has
They dfrom sandstonet,ern
table usually permeability ofthe
loam to
runoff is slow.
keep in that weathereo 4). The water slow during
good, and surface ., is easy to _
ue Triassic
age g.Because of the water table
inches in total,thickness.
Infiltration is g
throughout a wide ran
solum.
perched
overflow worked
below the .
thei.e is a
matter are
andit can be ere. This son
subsoil, however,
"c
11.th,
hazard of is severe.
grown
tent of organ'
good ti
water capa-
city many of the locally ,,,
t asture. wet seasons. if
and time con available
.
Ay
The
al is
of moistme
well suited to
or in )
1 Natural fertility
permeability is slow.
potent?
This soil
is acreage is cultivated.
bility group , ,
and
and the shrink-swell. lime, these
of the
woodland suitability
low, to high,
havereceived .
table
crops. Most
unit Ilw-2, woo
.
medium
areas (that „ good if suitable
(Capability
gr"P 2)
city is
Except in Response is g
I id,
made.
wildlife suitability
high.
strongy acid.
fertilizer are
e is
soils are very
of lime and.
but a large cultivated
d oor Series
of gently sloping to
applications in forest,
e is
that are
Cree m consists
d ;oils ofi
Pied-
the acreage
The areas
Much of pasture.
le
The '
Creedmoor series
well drained
county. These orin pa
steep, moderately. part of the
. eie„ cultivated
moderately .
the western
the difference in
itiont uplands
divides where
in rounded soils are on

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 21
are used intensively for growing tobacco and other rowCreedmoor sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes (CrB).•---
•
crops. This soil is on broad, smooth interstreaill divides in the
Representative profile of a Creedmoor sandy loam in a uplands. It has a surface layer of gray to grayish-brown
stand of young pines one-fourth mile west of Airport, sandy loam that ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total
Road, one-third mile south of L.S. Highway No. 70, and thickness. The upper part of the subsoil is friable sandy
ti yards north of farm road: clay loam that is 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part. is
14 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish-
An-0 to 6 inches, grayish-brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loam; brown clay loans that has common mottles of red and
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, woody and fibrous roots; few light gray and is very firm when moist, and very plastic
quartz pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy bound- when wet. Included with this soil in mapping were a
ary. few areas where the surface layer is coarse sandy loam.
A2-6 to 12 inches, pale-yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy loam; weak,
medium, granular structure; very fri=abl when moist; Infiltration is (rood, but �p er mea.blaity is slow and sur-
common, fine, woody and fibrous roots; few small face runoff is me ium. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
quartz pebbles; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy This soil is easy to keep in good tilth. After heavy rains,
boundary however, tillage may be restricted because of the slow
B1-12 to 18 inches. pale-yellow (2.5Y 7/4) heavy sandy clay
loam; common, medium distinct, brownish-yellow pe•rmeability of the subsoil.
mottles; moderate, fine and medium, subangular About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
plastic when wet; few, fine, woody and fibrous roots; areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco,
few small quartz pebbles; very strongly acid; clear,
wavy boundary. This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown crops,
B21t-18 to 29 inches, yellow (10YR 7/8) clay loam; few, but it contains a large amount of exchangeable afu-
fine, prominent, red mottles and common, medium, lninum, which is toxic to some plants. In the cultivated
distinct, strong-brown mottles; strong, fine and medi- areas, practices that effectively control runoff and erosion
um, angular blocky structure; friable to firm when are needed. (Capability. unit IIe 3, woodland suita,bil-
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous
roots; thin clay films; few quartz pebbles; red mot- ity group 11, wildlife, suitability group 1)
ties' are disintegrated nodules; very strongly acid; Creedmoor sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
clear, wavy boundary. (CrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth int.erstre:aan divides
B22t--29 to 40 inches, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay; in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In
many, coarse, prominent, light-gray (5YR 7/1) mot-
tles and few to common, fine, prominent, red mottles; many places the surface, layer is a mixture of the remain-
strong, fine and medium, angular blocky structure; ing original surface layer and of material from the stub-
very firm when moist, sticky and very plastic when soil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-
wet; several disintegrated roots in old root channels; brown to pale-yellow sandy loam, but in the more eroded
red mottles are disintegrated nodules; thin clay
films; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary, spots tare, color ranges to strong brown and the texture
B3t 10 to 58 inches, light-gray (5Y 7/2) clay; many, coarse, ranges to clay loam. The upper part of the subsoil is fri-
prominent, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8) mottles and able sandy clay loam that is 6 to 10 inches thick. The
a few, fine, prominent, red mottles; weak, coarse, lower part is 11 to 51) inches thick. It consists of yellow
angular blocky structure tending to massive; very to reddish-brown clay that has common mottles of red
firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; com-
mon disintegrated roots in old root channels; red and light, gray and is very firm when moist and very
mottles are disintegrated nodules; few thin clay plastic when wet.
films; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary. Included with this soil in mapping were a few places
a`-58 to 96 inches, pale-red, disintegrated shale that generally where the texture of tlae surface layer is coarse sandy
has a texture of clay to sandy clay but contains
pockets of gray clay; very strongly acid; abrupt, loam. Also included were some severely eroded spots
smooth boundary. where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
R-96 to 100 inches +, dusky-red, stratified, weakly cemented make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the map-
sandstone of Triassic age. ping unit.
In general, the A horizons range from 3 to 15 inches in Infiltration is fair, and permeability is slow. Surface
total thickness, from gray or grayish brown to pale yellow
in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in texture. In runoff is medium, and the hazard of further erosion is
eroded areas, however, the color ranges to strong brown and severe. This soil is difficult, to keep in good ti.lth. Because
the texture ranges to clay loam. The B1 horizon ranges from of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
6 to 10 inches in thickness and from friable silty clay loam hard rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
to sandy clay loam in texture. It has weak or moderate, fine
and medium, subangular blocky structure. The B2t horizons after heavy rains, and clods form if those areas are
range from 14 to 50 inches in total thickness, from yellow to worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
reddish brown or reddish yellow in color, and from friable germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor andto firm clay loam to very firm clay in texture and consis-
tepee. In those borizons the color of the mottles ranges from replanting of those areas may be necessary. An even,
red or strong brown to light gray. Creedmoor soils have a stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven
high content of exchangeable aluminum.
Creedmoor soils occur with Helena, Colfax, Mayodan, and stand mature at different, times, This increases the diffi-
White Store soils. They contain more exchangeable aluminum culty of harvesting and curing the crop and reduces the
than the Helena soils, are better drained and have a firmer quality of the tobacco.
and more plastic lower subsoil than the Colfax soils, and are About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
less well drained and have a firmer and more plastic lower and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
subsoil than the Mayodan soils. The Creedmoor soils have a
coarser textured and more friable upper subsoil than the areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco.
White Store soils. This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown

22 SOIL SURVEY
crops, hut it contains a large amount of exchangeable About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Practices that ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
effectively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the va.ted areas are used chiefly for row crops. This soil is
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland well suited to most of the locally grown crops, but it con-
suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1) tains a large amount of exchangeable aluminum, which
Creedmoor sandy loam,6 to 10 percent slopes(CrC).— is tonic to some plants. Very intensive practices that
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has a effectively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the
surface. layer of gray to grayish-brown sandy loam 7 to cultivated areas. (Capability unit 1'Ve-3, woodland
15 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is friable suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1.)
sandy clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part is Creedmoor sandy loam,10 to 20 percent slopes(CrE).--
14 to 40 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish- This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering upland
brown clay that has common mottles of red and light drainageways. It is slightly eroded in some paces and
gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic when is moderately eroded in others. In the slightly eroded
wet. Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas areas, the surface layer is gray to grayish-gown sandy
where the surface layer is coarse sandy loans. loam 6 to 14 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur- the surface layer is only 3 to 7 inches thick and consists
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. This of grayish-brown or pale-yellow sandy loam to strong-
soil is easy to keep in good filth. After heavy rains, how- brown clay loam. The upper part of the subsoil is friable
ever, tillage inay be- restricted because of the slow per- sandy clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The Iower part, is
meability of the subsoil. 14 to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish-
A.bout one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- brown clay that has common mottles of red and light
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti- gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic when
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially wet.
tobacco. This soil is well suited to most locally grown Included with this soil in mapping were a few places
crops, but. it contains a large amount of exchangeable where the surface layer is coarse sandy loam, and sonic
aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Because of the areas where the surface layer has a texture of silt loam.
slopes and slow permeability, practices that effectively Also included were a few severely eroded spots where
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots make, up
areas. (Capability unit IIIe--3, woodland suitability from 5 to 10 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit..
group 11, wildlife, suitability group 1) Infiltration is fair to good, and permeability is slow.
Creedmoor sandy loam,6 to 10 percent slopes,eroded Surface. runoff is very rapid.
(CrC2). This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands, Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
The. surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick, and in many cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared,
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface it is better suited to pasture or hay crops than to field
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded crops. It is not suitable for cultivated crops, because of
areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown to pale-yellow the strong slopes and the slowly permeable subsoil,
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and the (Capability unit VIe-1, woodland suitability group 11,
texture. ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The wildlife suitability group 1)
upper part of the subsoil is friable sandy clay loam that Creedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CtB).—
is 6 to 10 inches thick. The, lower part. is 14 to 40 inches This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
thick. It. consists of yellow to reddish-brown clay that, uplands. Its surface layer is gray to grayish-brown silt
has common mottles of red and light, gray and is very loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The upper part of the.. subsoil
fine when moist and very plastic when wet. is friable, silty clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas part is 14 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow to red-
where the surface layer has a texture of coarse sandy dish-brown clay that contains cominou mottles of red
loam..Also included were some severely eroded spots and light gray and is very firm when moist and very
where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots plastic when wet.
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage- in the map- Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
ping unit. face runoff is medium. The.hazard of erosion is moderate.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur- This soil is easy to keep in good tilth. Because of the
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage may be. restric-
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because ted after heavy rains.
of the slow permeability of the subsoil,tillage is restricted Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
after heavy rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded cultivated or in pasture. Where. this soil has been
spots after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and pasture, but
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with it is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. This
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and soil has a high content of exchangeable aluminum, how-
replanting of the severely eroded areas may be necessary. ever, which is toxic to some plants. Because of the slopes
An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an and the slow permeability, practices that effectively con-
uneven stand mature at different times, which increases trol runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
the difficulty of harvesting and curing the. crop and (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suitability group 11,
reduces the quality of the tobacco, wildlife suitability group 1)

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 23
Creedmoor silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes ;CtC).--- 1323t--.-12 to 50 inches, pale-brown (10YR 6/3) sandy clay
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the loam; common, medium., distinct, yellowish-brown
uplands. Its surface layer ci is gray to grayish-brown silt and few, medium, prominent, yellowish-real mottles;
l g g y moderate, fine and medium, subangular blocky strne-
loaan 7 to 15 inches thick. The upper part, of the subsoil tore; friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly
is friable silty clay lam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower plastic when wet; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
part is 14 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow to red- boundary,
dish-brown claythat has common mottles of red and common,
to 57 inches, pale-brown (1.0YR 6/3) clay loam;
common, medium, distinct, yellowish-brown and few,
light gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic medium, prominent, yellowish-red mottles; moderate,
when wet. fine and medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur- able when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
face runoff is rapid. 7,lle hazard of erosion is severe.This B3t-57 to 60 inches, mottled red (2.5YR 4/3) anti strong-
soil is easy to keep in good tiltu. Because of the slowly brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam and gray (10YR
permeable subsoil, however, tillage may be restricted (3/1) clay; weak, fire and medium, subangular blocky
after heavy rains. structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
Most Of the acreage i9 in forest but a small acreage is slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
cultivated or in pasture Where this soil has been cleared, C--60 to 81 inches +, gray and black sandy loam saprolite
it is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. It is well that has the same structure as the original rock;
suited to most of the locally grown crops, but it has a strongly acid.
high content of exchangeable aluminum, which is toxic The A horizons range from 3 to 20 inches in total thick_
to some plants. Because of the slopes and slow perinea- ness and from brown or pale brown to pale yellow or dark
bills intensive practices that effectively control runoff in color, The B horizons range from 30 to more than
ya 50 inches in total thickness and from clay to sandy clay loam
and. erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil- in texture. Their color ranges from yellow or pale brown to
ity unit IIIe--3, woodland suitability group 11, wild- strong brown or gray in hues of 10YR and 7.51R. The com-
life suitability group 1) Mined thickness of the A horizons and B horizons ranges from
36 to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to more
than 15 feet.
Durham Series Durham soils occur with Appling, Vance, Norfolk, and
Granville soils. They have a coarser textured subsoil (less
The Durham series consists of gently sloping to slop- than 35 percent clay) than the Appling and Vance soils, and
ing, deep, well drained soils on Piedmont uplands, they have a less firm subsoil than the Vance .soils. The com-
bined thickness of their surface layer and subsoil is less than
that of the Norfolk soils. Durham soils contain less exchange-
but small areas are scattered in other parts. They are able aluminum than the Granville soils.
on rounded divides where the difference in elevation is Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (Duo).---
about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest points. This soil is on broad, smooth interstreani divides in the
The soils have formed under forest in material that uplands. Its surface layer is pale-brown to dark-gray
weathered from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. loamy sand that ranges from 8 to 20 inches in total thick-
The water table remains below the solum. ness. The subsoil is •yellow to strong-brown, friable sandy
Natural fertility and the content; of organic matter are clay loam or clay loans that is mottled with yellowish red
low, and the available water capacity is medium. Perinea- and is 30 to 50 inches thick.
bility and the shrink-swell potential are moderate. Ex- Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
cept where lime has been applied, these soils are strongly where the slope is less than 2 percent. Also included were
acid. Response is good if suitable applications of limesome areas where the surface layer is 18 to 30 incheu
and fertilizer are made. thick.
Durham soils are good for farming. Much of the acre- Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
a,ge is cultivated, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. •h ,,za.rd of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
Representative profile of a Durham loamy sand in a in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
dfield one-fourth mile east of the Bethany of Moisture content.
pas-
Church and 5 aids south of road: About; two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pa,s-
tune, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Tills soil
Ap-0 to 15 inches, pale-brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand; is well suited to all the locally grown crops, especially
weak. coarse, granular structure; very friable when tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively Control run-
moist': medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2--15 to 18 inches, pale-yellow (2.5Y 7/4) loamy sand; off and erosion are needed, however, in the cultivated
weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group
moist; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary. 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
1321t-18 to 30 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) sandy Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
clay loam; moderate, fine and medium, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky (DuB2).---This soil is on broad, smooth interstreun divides
and slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid; clear, in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick_
smooth boundary.
B22t--30 to 42 inches, brownish;yellow (10YR 6/0) clay In many places it is ;a mixture of the remaining original
loam; few, medium, prominent, yellowish-red mot_ surface layer and of material from the subsoil. In the
ties; moderate, fine and medium, subangular blocky less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown or pale-
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and 1 r
slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid; gradual, brown canny sand, but the color ranges to strong brown
smooth boundary. and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the more

24 SOIL SURVEY
eroded spots. The subsoil is 30 to 50 inches thick and is Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
yellow to strong-brown, friable sandy clay loam to clay hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult to
loam that is mottled with yellowish red. keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout a
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
where the texture of the surface layer is sandy loam. the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form.
Also included were some severely eroded spots where the if those areas are worked when wet.. The crust and the
subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded areas make up clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit. crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi- to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
cult to keep in good filth, but it can be worked through- times. This mereases the difficulty of harvesting and. cur-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust; ing the crop, and it reduces the quality of the tobacco.
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in liar-
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust 'tore, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, well suited to all the locally grown crops, especially
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
eroded areas is sometimes necessary. An even stand of control runoff and erosion are necessary in the cultivated
tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand areas. (Capability unit IIIe---1, woodland suitability
mature at different times. This increases the difficulty of group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
harvesting and curing the crop and reduces the quality
of the tobacco. Enon Series
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest, is in forest, or in other uses. This soil The Enon series consists of gently sloping to strongly
is well suited to all the locally grown crops, and the sloping, deep, well-drained soils on Piedmont upli,nds.
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially These soils occupy fairly small areas in the northern and
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run- western parts of the county. They are on rounded divides
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa- that have a difference in elevation of about 50 feet
bility unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife between the highest and the lowest points. The soils have
suitability group 1) formed under forest in material that weathered from
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (DuC).--- mixed acidic and basic rocks. The water table generally
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its remains below the soluin, but there is a perched water
surface layer is pale-brown to dark-gray loamy sand that table during wet seasons because of the slow permeability
ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total thickness. The subsoil of the subsoil.
is 30 to 40 inches thick and is yellow to strong-brown, Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
friable sandy clay loam to clay loam that is mottled with matter is low. Permeability is slow, the available water
yellowish red. capacity is medium, and the shrink swell potential is
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The high. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
hazard of erosion i.s severe. This soil is easy to keep in are slightly acid. Response is good if suitable a,pplica-
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of lions of lime and fertilizer are made.
moisture. content.
The Enon soils of this county are. of only minor
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- importance for farming. About two-thirds of the acreage
tare, and the rest is in. forest, or in other uses. This soil is is fin fore .
well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the culti-
vatedI;.epresentative profile of an Enon fine sand} loam in
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially r pasture 25 feet east o- N.C. Highway o. 5() and :l. mile,
tobacco arcs cotton. .Intensive practices that effectively north r N.C. easoNo. 9 s
control runoff and erosion are necessary in the cultivated Highway .'
trreas. (Capability unit IIIe--1, woodland suitability Ap---a to S inches, darli-brown (7 5 R 4/4) fine sandy loan;
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) weak, fine and medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; many. fine, fibrous root; ninny- tine
pores; few dark-colored concretions; slightly acid;
DuL2).—This soil is on narrow side. slopes in the uplands. abrupt, wavy boundary.
Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places it Bolt-8 to 12 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; coni-
is a mixture of the remaining original surface soil and mon, fine, distinct, yellowish brown mottles; moder-
ate, medium and coarse, angular blocky structure;
of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the very firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet;
surface If is brown to pale-brown loamy sand. In the medium clay films; common, fine, fibrous roots; many
more eroded spots, the color ranges to strong brown and fine pores; many, soft, black concretions; slightly
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam. The subsoil is 30 acid; clear° wavy boundary.
to 40 inches thick and is ellow to strop b fibl 7122t--12 to 26 inches, strong-brown (7.5Y11 5/6) clay; corn-
yellow grown rae mop medium, faint, dark-brown mottles n.nd few,
sandy clay loam that is mottled with yellowish red, fine,' prominent, black mottles; weak, coarse, pris-
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely matic structure breaking to weak, medium, angular
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas blocky structure; very firm when moist, sticky and
snake up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the p pores: when laywet; lms fin fiyro roots; i• fine
mapping Llnit, bounclaryick clay films; slightly acid; clear, smooth

4VA.E E COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 25
is3t--20 to 32 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/0) clay; many, this soil. Other inclusions consist of some severely eroded
medium, prominent, red mottles and common, fine, spots where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
distinct, brownish-yellow mottles; weak,coarse,angi- spots make u p from to 25 percent of the acreage in the
tar blocky str�itcture; firm when moist, sticky and s p
plastic when wet;; few decayed roots in vertical mapping unit.
cracks; thick clay films on the vertical sarfaces of Intilt.ra,tioln is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
peus and thin day films on the horizontal surfaces; facie runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is
few fine pores; Slightly acid; abrupt, smooth bound moderate, This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth.
ary.
C----3°? to 38 inches -I, mottled strong-brawn (7.5YR 5/6), Because of the slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage
reddish-yellow (7.SYR 6/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8) is restricted after heavy rains. A crust forms on the
clay loam; massive; firm when moist, slightly sticky severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if
and slightly plastic when wet; few fine pores; corn-
.those a're:as are worce when wet. The crust and the clods
mon, soft black concretions; slightly acid.
interfere with germination. As a result., stands of crops
The A. horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and
from br(i�vn or dark brown to grayish brown or light gray are poor and replanting of the severely eroded areas is
in color. The B2 horizons range from 10 to 3() inches in total sometimes necessary.
thickness and from clay loam or silty clay loam to clay in About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
texture. Their color ranges from strong brown to reddish rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited
yellow, yellowish brown, or olive yellow-in 7.5YR, 10YR, and to many of the locally grown crops, but practices that
2. 5Y hues, and these horizons are mottled with brown or
red in many places. In some areas the weak prismatic pre- effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
mary structure of the 112 horizons breaks to moderate instead cultivated areas, (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suit-
of weak, coarse and medium, angular blocky structure. The ability group 11, wildlife,Suitability group 1)
combined thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranges Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (EnC)•---
from 20 to 40 inches. :Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to
more than 10 feet. This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
Enon soils occur with Helena and Vance soils. They are a surface layer of dark-brown or grayish-brown to light-
better drained than the Helena soils and are more acid than gray fine sandy loam 7 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
either the Helena or Vance soils. 10 to 25 inches thick and is reddish-yellow or yellowish-
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (EnB).-- brown to olive-yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay
This soil is on smooth interstrearn divides in the uplands. loii i to clay that has common mottles of brown or red.
The surface layer is 7 to 10 inches thick and is dark Included in mapping were some soils that have a sur-
brown or grayish brown to light gray. The subsoil is 10 face layer of silt loam. Also included were some areas
to 30 inches thick and is reddish-yellow or yellowish- of soils that have a more reddish subsoil than this soil.
brown to olive-yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
loam to clay that is commonly mottled with brown or face runoff' is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. This
red. soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but tillage must be
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of restricted after heavy rains.
soils that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest, and
were some areas in which the subsoil is more reddish than the rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well
typical for this soil, suited to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive
infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur- practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3,
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but, tillage must be woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group
restricted after heavy rains. 1)
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the Enon fine sandy loam,6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited (EnC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
to many of the locally grown crops. Practices that effec- Its surface Iayer is 4 to 7 inches thick and is brown to
tivelv control runoff and erosion are needed in the c°ulti- grayish brown. In many places it is a mixture of the
voted areas. (Capability unit IIe, 3, woodland suitability remaining original surface soil and of material from the
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1) subsoil. 7_n the less eroded areas, the. texture of the sur-
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded face layer is fine sandy loam. In the more eroded spots,
(EnB2). This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the the texture ranges to sandy clay loam. The subsoil is 10
uplands. The surface layer is I to 7 inches thick and is to 25 inches thick and is reddish-yellow or yellowish-
brown to grayish brown. In many places it is a mixture brown to olive-yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay
of the remaining original surface soil and of material loam to clay that has common mottles of brown or red.
from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the texture of Included with this soil in mapping were sorn.e areas of
the surface layer is fine sandy loam, but the texture soils that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included
ranges to sandy clay loam in the more eroded spots. The were some areas of soils that have a more reddish subsoil
subsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick and is reddish-yellow or than this soil. Other inclusions consist of severely eroded
yellowish-brown to olive-yellow, very firm clay loam or areas where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
silty clay loam to clay that has common mottles of spots make up from 5 to 25 percent of the mapping unit.
brown or red. Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
Included with this soil in mapping were areas of soils face runoff is rapid, The hazard of further erosion is
that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included were severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good filth, Because
some areas of soils that have a more reddish subsoil than of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after

26 SOI.L SURVEY
heavy rains, A crust forms on the severely eroded spots The Faceville soils of Wake County are moderately
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are important for farming. Most of the acreage is cultivated
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with or in pasture, but some is in forest.
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and Representative profile of a Faceville sandy loam in a
replanting is sometimes necessary, cultivated field 1 mile south of holly Spring and 25
About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest, and the yards east of N.C. Highway No. 55
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. Tins soil is well suited
to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive practices Ap -0 to b inches, brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam.; moderate,
medium and fine, granular structure; very friable
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed. in when moist; many fine and medium, fibrous roots;
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland many fine pores; few small pebbles; medium acid;
suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1) abrupt, smooth boundary.
Enon fine sandy loam,10 to 15 percent slopes,eroded AI-6 to 10 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy loam;
moderate, medium, granular structure; eery friable
(CnD2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drain- when moist; common, fine and medium, fibrous:roots;
ageways in the uplands. In most places it is moderately many fine pores; medium acid; clear, wavy boundary.
eroded, but some areas are only slightly eroded. In the A2---10 to 14 inches, reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6) sandy loam;
moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to moderate, medium, granular structure; very friable
when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; ninny fine
grayish brown and ranges from fine sandy loam to sandy pores; few small pebbles; medium acid; abrupt,
clay loam in texture. In the slightly eroded areas, it is smooth boundary.
dark-brown or grayish-brown to light-gray fine sandy B21t-14 to 21 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/0) clay loam;
loam. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil moderate, medium, subangniar blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
is 10 to 20 inches thick and consists of reddish-yellow or wet; many fine pores; few thin clay films on the
yellowish-brown to olive-yellow, very firm clay loam or surfaces of peds and common thin clay films in root
silty clay loam to clay. It has common mottles of brown channels; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
or red. B22t-21 to 38 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) heavy clay
Included with this soil in mapping were a few severely loam; few, medium, distinct, strong-brown mottles;
moderate, fine and medium, subangular blocky
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Also included structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
were some areas of soils that have a redder subsoil than plastic when wet; few fine pores; few thin clay
this soil. films; strongly acid; diffuse, smooth boundary.
Infiltration is fair to good, but permeability is slow B23t-38 to 51 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) clay loam;
few-, coarse, distinct, strong-brown (7.5YR o/8) mot-
and surface runoff is very rapid. The hazard of further tl.es; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure;
erosion is very severe. Where this soil is slightly eroded, friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
it is easy to keep in good filth. Where it is moderately wet; few fine pores; few thin clay films; common,
eroded, however, it is difficult to keep in good tilth, small sesquioxide nodules; strongly acid; clear,
65
Because of the slowlypermeable subsoil, >,tillage is B3--aI. tom5oth oundlry.
inches, yelmi�ish red (5YR 5/8) light sandy clay
restricted after hard rains and clods form if those areas loam; common, coarse, distinct, red (2,5YR 4/8)
are worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere mottles and common, coarse, distinct, strong-brown
with germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate, medium, angular
and replanting is sometimes necessary. blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; common fine. pores;
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is few thin clay films in pores and around pebbles; few
in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited to small pebbles; few, small sesquioxide nodules;
many of the locally grown crops. If it is cultivated, how- strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
ever, very intensive practices that effectively control run-
(5YR s5 to 72 inches +, mottled real (10R 5/8), yellowish-red
unit I�'e 3 (5YR 5/6), and strong-brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy
oft and erosion are needed.
(Capability , loam; nmassive friable when moist; few quartz
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group pebbles; strongly acid,
1) The A horizons range from 4 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness. Their color ranges from grayish brown or dark brown
Faceville Series to light yellowish brown or reddish yellow in 10YR, 7.5YR,
and 5YR hues. The B horizons range from 50 to 72 inches
in total thickness, from strong brown to yellowish red or
The Faceville series consists of gently sloping to slop- red in 7.5YR, 5YR, and 2.5YR hues, and from clay loam to
ins', very deep, well-drained 0 1 1 s on Coastal Plain sandy clay loam in texture. hi many places the B horizons
uplands in the southern part of the county and on ter- are mottled with red, strong brown, or yellow. The combined
races along the large streams. These soils are on broad, thickness of the surface layer and subsoil is more than 60
smooth, rounded divides where the difference in elevation inches. Bedrock is at a depth of more than 20 feet.
is about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest Faceville soils occur with Norfonc and (Jrsangeburg soils.
points. They have formed under forest in CoastalPlain They are finer textured than those soils and are more red-
sediment and in alluvial deposits. The water table dish than the Norfolk soils.
remains below the solunt. Faceville sandy loan, 2 to 6 percent slopes (FaB),
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides and on
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water stream terraces, Its surface layer is grayish-brown to
capacity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential is low, dark-brown sandy loam that ranges from 8 to 20 inches
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are in total thickness. The subsoil is 50 to 72 inches thick and
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications is red to yellowish-red, friable to firm clay loam or sandy
of lime and fertilizer are .made. clay, with common mottles of strong brown.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 27
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of clay loam or sandy clay, with common mottles of strong
a soil that contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon, brown.
with plinthite. Also included were a few areas where the Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
slope is less than 2 percent. eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These make up
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep In many places this soil contains an incipient and dis-
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range continuous horizon, with plinthite.
of moisture content. Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run- if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
off and erosion are needed where this soil is cultivated. clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
wildlife suitability group 1) necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain.
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times. This
(FaB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult and
and on stream terraces. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches reduces the quality of the tobacco.
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
light yellowish-brown sandy loam, but the color ranges cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
to reddish brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to 72 off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Cape-
inches thick and consists of red to yellowish-red, friable bility unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife
to firm clay loam or sandy clay, with common mottles of suitability group 1)
strong brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely Georgeville Series
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the The Georgeville series consists of gently sloping to
mapping unit. In many places this soil has an incipient strongly sloping, deep, well-drained soils on Piedmont
and discontinuous horizon, with plinthite. uplands. These soils are on rounded divides where the
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The difference in elevation is about 35 feet between the high-
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffl- est and the lowest points. They are mostly in the western
cult to keep in good filth, but it can be worked through- and southern parts of the county, where they have
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust formed under forest. The material in which they formed
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and has weathered from phyllite (Carolina slate).
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely capacity is medium,and the shrink-swell potential is mod-
eroded areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco crate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good if
different times. This makes harvesting and curing of the suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
crop difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco. The Georgeville soils of Wake County are fairly
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in important for farming, but much of the acreage is in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This forest.
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The Representative profile of a Georgeville silt loam in a
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially pine forest near the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, 11/4
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run- miles southwest of the town of Cary and two-thirds of a
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Cape- mile north of U.S.Highway No.1:
bility unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife
suitability group 1) Ap—O to 5 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam;
Faceville sandyloam, 6 to 10percent slopes, eroded weak, medium and coarse, granular structure; very
p friable when moist; many fine, fibrous and woody
(FaC2).—This soil is on stream terraces and on narrow side roots; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
slopes in the uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches B1-5 to 9 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining moderate, medium and fine, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In when wet; few, fine, woody roots; medium acid;
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to light abrupt, smooth boundary.
yellowish-brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to B21-9 to 30 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; strong, medium
and fine, subangular blocky structure; firm when
reddish brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to 60 inches roots; medium clay films: medium acid; clear,
thick and consists of red to yellowish-red, friable to firm smooth boundary.

28 SOIL SURVEY
B22--30 to 40 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; few, fine, prom- eroded spots. The subsoil is red, firm silty clay loam to
inent, brownish-yellow mottles; strong, medium and clay and is 30 to 55 inches thick.
fine, subangular blocky structure; firm when-moist,
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody roots;
medium clay films; few fine mica flakes in lower where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
• part of horizon; this layer is somewhat more friable with pebbles and cobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent of
and contains less clay than the B21 horizon; strongly the surface laver consists of pebbles and cobblestones. Also
acid; clear, wavy boundary.• included were some severely eroded spots where the sub-
1131---40 to 49 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay; common,
coarse, distinct, dark reddish-brown (2.5YR 3/4) soil is exposed. The severely eroded areas make up from
mottles and a few, coarse, prominent, brownish- 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles that contain less clay Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium, The
than the soil material in the matrix; moderate,
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is difti-
medium and fine, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist., sticky and plastic when wet; cult to keep in good tilth and can be worked only within
medium• clay films; few fine mica flakes; strongly a rather narrow range of moisture content without
acid; clear, wavy boundary. puddlimr'7". A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
1132--49 to 55 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay loam; many,
fine, distinct, weak-red to dusky-red (purplish cast) after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
mottles and Common, coarse, prominent, brownish- worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles; moderate, medium, germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
subangular blocky structure; friable when moist, replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
sticky and plastic when wet; few thin clay films;
few fine mica flakes that increase in number with About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest. This
depth; pockets of saprolite associated with the mot- soil is suited to most of the locally grown crops, however,
ties; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary. and the areas that are cleared are used chiefly for row
c-55 to 92 inches +, mottled yellow and red (purplish cast) crops and pasture. Practices that effectively control run-
sin loam that is disintegrated phyllite; massive; -
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
some accumulation of clay hi vertical cracks;
strongly acid. bility unit Ile-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 8 inches in thickness and suitability group 1)
from dark grayish brown or grayish brown to yellowish Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (GeC).----
broWn in color, The B horizons range from 30 inches to 55 This soil is on short to long side slopes in the uplands. Its
inches in total thickness and from silty clay loam to clay surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick and consists of dark
in texture. The color of the 112 horizons is red in 2.5YR
grityish-brown to yellowish-brown silt loam. The subsoil
hue. The combined thickness of the A and B horizons is 33
to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to more than is red, firm silty clay loam to clay that is 30 to 45 inches
1.5 feet. thick. Included with this soil in mapping were many areas
The Georgeville soils occur with Cecil, Lloyd, and Herndon
where from 20 to 50 percent of the. surface is covered
soils. They contain more silt and less sand than the Cecil
with pebbles and oobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent of
soils, and they contain more silt and are not so dark a red
as the Lloyd soils. They are redder than the Herndon soils. the Surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (GeB).— Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands. hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is fairly easy to
Its surface layer is dark grayish-brown to yellowish- keep in good tilth and can be, worked throughout a fairly
brown silt loam 4 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil is red, wide range of moisture content.
firm silty clay loam to clay 30 to 55 inches thick. In many Though most of the acreage is in forest, this soil is
e
places front 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered suited to most of the locally grown crops. A small acre-
with pebbles and cobblestones,and from 20 to 50 percent of age that has been cleared is used chiefly for row crops
the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. and pasture. Intensive practices that effectively control
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is fairly easy to (Capability unit Ille-2, woodland suitability ef,roup 5,
keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a fairly wildlife suitability group 1)
wide range of moisture content. Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
This soil is suited to most of the locally grown crops, (GeC2).—This soil is on short, to long•side slopes in the
but about three-fourths of the acreage is in forest. The uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mixture
areas that have been cleared are used chiefly for row of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. It is 3 to 6 inches thick. In the less
crops and pasture. Practices that effectively control run-
eroded areas, the surface layer is a mixture of' the re-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility -unit He 2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife maining original surface soil and of material from the
suitability group 1)
silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded subsoil. In those areas it is grayish-brown to yellowish-
Georgevillebrown silt, loam, but the color ranges to reddish brown
•. '
and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in the more
(GeB2).—This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the eroded areas. The subsoil is red, firm silty clay loam to
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many clay.and, is.'30 to 45 inches thick.
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface Included with this soil- in mapping were many areas
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded .
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
spots, the surface layer is grayish-brown and yellowish- with pebbles and cobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent of
brown silt loam, but the color ranges to reddish brown the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.Also.
and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in the more included were some severely eroded spots where the sub-

WAKE COUNTY; NORTH. CAROLINA 29
soil is exposed. These severely eroded areas make up from between the highest and the lowest points. They have
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit, formed under forest in. Coastal Plain deposits. A season-
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The ally high water table is at a depth of about 2/ feet.
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
to keep in good tilts and can be worked only within a are low, permeability is moderate, and the available
fairly narrow range of moisture content without pud- water capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is
filing. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after low. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked are strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica
When wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germi- tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
nation. As a result, stands•of crops are poor and replant- The Goldsboro soils -of Wake County are not impor-
ing of those areas maybe necessary. : tant for farming. Nevertheless, most of the acreage is
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is suited cultivated or in pasture.
to many of the locally grown crops. The cleared areas Representative profile of Goldsboro sandy loam in a
are used chiefly for row crops and pasture. Intensive cultivated. field 1.1 miles south of the New Hope Church,
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are 04 of a mile west on a farm toad and. 30 yards south
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit HIe--2, of the -farm road:
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1) Ape-0 to 10 inches, dark grayish-brown (2.5Y 4/2) sandy
Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded loam; streak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; many
(GeD2).--This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary,
upland drainageways. It is dominantly moderately A2--10 to 15 inches, pale-yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy loam;
eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in places. The sur- weak, medium, granular structure; very friable
face layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In the moderately when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
eroded areas,the surface layer isgenerallygrayish-brown pores; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
y ra yisrown B21t-15 to 18 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
to yellowish-brown silt loam, but the color ranges to red- clay loam; few, medium, distinct, strong-brown mot-
dish brown and the texture ranges to silty clay loam. ties; weak, medium and fine, subangular blocky
In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is dark structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
grayish-brown brotiou to yellowish-brown silt loam. The subsoil slightly plastic when wet; few, tine, fibrous roots;
y thin, clay films on sand grains; many fine pores;
is red, firm silty clay loam to clay that is 30 to 36 inches strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
thick. 1322t--18 to 26 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) sandy
Included with this soil in mapping were areas where clay loam; many, medium, prominent, strong-brown
mottles; moderate, medium and fine, subangular
from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
pebbles and and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent of and slightly plastic when wet; medium clay films;
the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. Also common fine pores; strongly acid; clear, smooth
included were some severely eroded spots where the sub- boundary.
B23t-26 to 30 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
soil is exposed. clay loam; many,medium, prominent, light brownish-
Infiltration is fair to.good, and surface runoff is very gray mottles; moderate, medium and fine, ,subangu-
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe. far blocky structure; slightly brittle in place; friable
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few thin clay films; strongly acrid; clear,
keep in good filth. Where it is moderately eroded, it is smooth boundary.
difficult to keep in good tilts and can be worked within B3t--30 to 61 inches, mottled yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6),
only a narrow range of moisture content without pud- light brownish-gray (10YR 6/2) to gray (10YR 6/1),
dling. A. crust foams on the severely eroded spots after and red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; moderate,
and clods form if those areas are worked medium and fine, subangular blocky structure;
hard rains, slightly brittle in place; friable when moist. slightly
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin- sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few thin clay
Mien. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant- films; common fine pores; strongly acid; clear,
in.n of those areas may be necessary. smooth boundary.
G--61 to 72 inches -I-, mottled red (10R 4/6), gray (N 6/0),
iviuch of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is suited and yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; inas-
to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has been sive; brittle in place; friable when moist, slightly
cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. sticky and slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid.
Very intensive practices that effectively control runoff The A horizons range from 0 to 20 inches in total thick-
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa- ness and from light gray to very dark grayish brown in color.
The B horizons range from 46 to 60 inches in combined
bilit.y unit IS e 2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife thickness and from sandy Imam to sandy clay loam in tex-
suitability group 1) ture. The color of the B horizons is pale brown to yellowish
brown of 10YR. hue. Gray mottles are at a depth of 10 to
Goldsboro Series 20 inches below the top of the B211; horizon. The combined
thickness of the A and B horizons is more than 60 inches.
The Goldsboro series consists of nearly level and gently Depth lsboroI.d is loc iswith
ithh\orffolke and Lynchburg soils.
sloping, very deep, moderately well drained soils on They are not so well drained as the Norfolk soils and are
Coastal Plain uplands in the southern part of the county. better drained than the Lynchburg soils.
These soils are chiefly on broad flats or in slight depres- Goldsboro sandy loam (0 to 4 percent slopes) (Go)a---
sions where the difference in elevation is about 5 feet This is the only Goldsboro soil mapped in Wake County.

30 SOIL SURVEY
It has a surface layer of light-gray to very dark gray- B3t-31 to 41 inches, brownish-yellow (10YR 6/8) clay loam;
ish-brown sandy loam 6 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil ninny, coarse, prominent, red (2.5YR 5/8) mottles
is 46 to 60 inches thick and is gale brown toyellowish- and common, coarse, distinct, very pale brown (10YR
l 7/3) mottles; moderate, fine, subangular blocky
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam that is structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
mottled with gray in the lower part. In many places this sliehtly plastic when wet; common thin clay films;
soil contains an incipient and discontinuous horizon, with common small pebbles; red mottles appear to be
plinthite. Included m. mapping were some areas of a soil weathered parent material; strongly acid; gradual,
pp g, smooth boundary.
that has a finer textured subsoil than is typical for this 0---41 to 50 inches +, layered red, light-gray, and strong-
soil. brown clay; thick platy primary structure breaking
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This to strong, medium, angular and subangular blocky
Still is easy to kee.3 1r1 OOcl. tiltll and Cari be avOrked structure; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when
I wet; thick silt coatings; common rounded pebbles
throughout a wide range of moisture content. It is used as Large as 3 inches in diameter; red material is
chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco, but it is well hard and brittle; strongly acid.
suited to all the locally grown crops. In places some drain- The A horizons range from 6 to 20 inches in total thickness
age is Necessary for crops that require good drainage, and from brown or dark brown to pale yellow in color. The
(Capabilityunit Ilwr 1, woodland Et horizons range from 26 inches to 50 inches in combinedelitability group �, thickness, from clay loam to sandy clay loam in texture, and
wildlife suitability group 1) from yellow to strong brown in color. From 5 to 10 percent
of the profile generally consists of rounded and angular peb-
Granville Series tiles.
Granville soils occur with Durham, Idayodan, and Creed-
moor soils. They contain more exchangeable aluminum than
The Granville series consists of gently sloping to the Durham soils, have a less reddish subsoil than the
strongly sloping, deep, well-drained soils on Piedmont Mayodan soils, and have a coarser textured, less firm and
uplands in the western part of the county. These soils are less plastic lower subsoil than the Creedinoor soils. Gran-
on rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of ville soils are better drained than the Creedrnoor soils.
about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest points. Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (GrB).--
They have formed under forest in material that wen,- This soil is on broad, smooth interstrea:m divides in the
thered from sandstone, shale, and mudstone of Triassic uplands. It has a dark-brown or brown to pale-yellow sur-
a e.. The water table remains below the solum. face layer that is 7 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
strong-
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter 26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong-
are low, permeability is moderate, and the available "son
friable clay loam or sandy clay loam, with coin-
are capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is "son mottles of yellowish red.
Included with this soil in .mapping were a few areas
moderate, to low. These soils have a high content of alu where the slope is less than 2 percent. Also included were
Minim. Except in areas that have received lime, they are areas where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is coy-
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications of ered with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the sur-
lime and fertilizer are made. face layer is gravel.
The Granville soils of this county are moderately iln- Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium.
portant for farming. Most, of the acreage is cultivated The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to
or in pasture. keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide
Representative profile of a Granville sandy loa.ln in range of moisture content.
a cultivated field one-fourth of a mile west of the Salem This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown
Church and 600 feet west of road: crops, and most of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture. Row crops, especially tobacco and cotton, are the
medium and coarse, granular structure; very friablemain crops grown. Practices that effectivelycontrol run-
when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; common small off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
pebbles; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary. bility unit Ile-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
A2-6 to 12 inches, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sandy
loam; weak, medium and coarse, granular structure;
suitability group 1)
very friable when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
few small pebbles; medium acid; clear, wavy bound- (GrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth in.terstr•ealn divides
miry. in the uplands. Its surface layer is 6 to 8 inches thick. In
B1-12 to 15 inches. brownish-yellow (10Y1i 6/6) sandy clay
loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; many places it is a mixture of the remaining original sur-
friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plas- face soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
tic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; medium acid; eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to pale-yellow
clear, smooth boundary. sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and
1321t-15 to 20 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) clay
loam; moderate, medium and fine, subangular blocky the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the more eroded
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and spots. The subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and is yellow
slightly plastic when wet; few thin clay films; to strong-brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay loam
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
1322t-20 to 31 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) clay that has common mottles of yellowish red.
loam; few, coarse, prominent, yellowish-red (5YR Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
5/8) mottles; moderate, medium and fine, subangular where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky with gravel and front 20 to 50 percent of the surface
and slightly plastic when wet; few thin clay films;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary. layer is gravel. Also included were some severely eroded

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 31
spots that make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (GrC).—
in the mapping unit. This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The a dark-brown or brown to pale-yellow surface layer that
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is difli- ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total thickness. The subsoil
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through- is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay loam, with corn-
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and mon mottles of yellowish red. Included with this soil in
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust mapping were some areas where from 20 to 50 percent of
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, the surface is covered with gravel and from 20 to 50 per-
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas is cent of the surface layer consists of gravel.
sometimes necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop difli good tali and can be worked throughout a wide range
cult and reduces the quality of the tobacco. of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to most of the locallygrown About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
This ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil
crops, and most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture. is ell suited to most of the locally grown crops. The
The cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, espe- cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
cially tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively con- tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
trol runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, areas (fig. 5). (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suit-
wildlife suitability group 1) ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
: i::" ,' .ram'•"
- -: '-.+gyre:
e' ., - j
ib#_.
S..r
Figure 5.—Striperopping in a field of Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.Water front the ponds is used for irrigation.

32 soft SURVEY
Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded Erosion has removed practically all of the original sur-
(GrC2).---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. face laver and, in places, much of the subsoil from the
Its surface layer is 6 to 8 inches thick. In many places original, soils. More than one-fourth of the acreage con-
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original si:sts of gullies. 'Tillage equipment, can be operated across
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less some of the gullies but will not obliterate them. In some
eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to pale-yellow areas the gullies are too deep and too numerous to be
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and smoothed, even if heavy equipment is used. Some gullies
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the more eroded have cut into the weathered rock that underlies the area.
spots. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of The uppermost part of the soil material is clay.
yellow to strong-brown, friable clay loam or sandy•clay •The rate of infiltration is slow. Most of the water from
oam, with common mottles of yellowish red. rainfall runs off the surface very rapidly.
Included with this soil in mapping were some area. This land type can be used for growing pines, but
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered growth of the trees will be slow.(Capability unit Vile-1,
with gravel and where from 20 to 50 percent of the sir- woodland suitability group 13, wildlife suitability group
face layer consists of gravel. Also included were some 5)
severely eroded spots that make up from 5 to 25 percent
of the acreage in the mapping unit. Helena Series
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult The Helena series consists of gently sloping to strongly
to keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout sloping, deep, moderately well drained soils that. occupy
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on small areas on Piedmont uplands. These soils are in the
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods northern part of the county and are on side slopes and
form if those areas are worked when wet.. The crust and on rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands about 30 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
of crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be They have formed under forest in material that weaath-
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. ered from mixed acidic and. basic rocks. The water
Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times, table remains below the solum most of the time. During
which makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult wet seasons, however, these soils contain a perched water
and reduces the quality of the tobacco. table as a result of their slowly permeable subsoil.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This are low, and. permeability is slow, The available water
soil is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. capacity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential is
Row crops, especially tobacco and cotton, are grown in high. Except in areas that have received, lime, these soils
the cultivated areas, and other crops are grown to a lesser are strongly acid or very strongly acid. Response is good.
extent. Practices that effectively control runoff and ero- if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made..
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit The Helena soils of Wake County are not important
TIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability for. farming. Most of the acreage is in forest or pasture.
group 1) Representative profile of a Helena sandy loam in a
Granville sandy loam,10 to 15 percent slopes (GrD).--- cultivated field 150feet north of a paved road and 2.2 miles
This soil is in the uplands. It has a dark-brown or brown east of the Wake Finishing Plant:
to pale-yellow surface layer 7 to 12 inches thick. The sub Al,—o to fi i.nches, grayish-brown (2.5X 5/2) sandy loam;soil is 26 to 40 inches thick dead is yellow to strong-brown, weal:, fine and medium, granular structure; very
friable clay loam or sandy clay loam that has common friable when moist; many line, fibrous roots; medium
mottles of yellowish red. acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas 1 1--S to 10 inches., bale-brown (2,5I a/<1) light sandy clay
loam; common, medium, prominent, brownish-yellow
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered mottles; weak, medium, subaa.ngular blocky straw:
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface time; friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; medium acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. B21t--10 to 22 inches, brownish-yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is very rapid. clay; many, coarse, prominent, light yellowish-brown
The hazard of erosion is very severe. This soil is easy (10YR 6/4) mottles; weak, medium, angular blocky
to keep ingood tilth, and it can be worked throughout structure; very firm when moist. sticky and very
plastic when wet; distinct clay 'films on ped aur-
a wide range of moisture content. faces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
About haa]f of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, B22t--22 to 27 inches, brownish-yellow (10Y11 6/6) clay;
and the rest is in. forest. This soil is well suited to most common, coarse, prominent, gray (10YR Gil) mot-
tles; weak, medium, angular blocky structure; very
of the locally grown crops, and the cultivated areas are firm when moist, sticky and very plastic when wet;
used chiefly for row crops. Very intensive practices that thin clay films; very strongly acid; gradual, smooth
effectivelycontrol runoff and erosion are needed in the 32boundry.
B23t-27 to inches, light-gray (2.5Y 7/2) sandy clay to
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland suit- clay; many, coarse, prominent, brownish-yellow
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) (10YR 6/6) mottles; weak, medium and coarse,
to allied land (Gut is a miscellaneous land type consisting angular blocky structure; very Perm when moist,
sticky and very plastic when wet; thin clay films
of areas that have eroded beyond feasible reclamation. very strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 33
B3t-32 to 36 incites; gray (10YR Oil) sandy clay; few, Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and rune
coarse, prominent, brownish-yellow (10YR 01(i) mot- off is medium. The hazard of further erosion is severe.
ties; Avea.k, ebarse, angular blocky !.4tructnre up-proaching massive; firin when This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of
moist, sticky and plas-
. • • tie when •wet;• few thin clay films; strongly acid; the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
clear, smooth-boundary, heavy rams. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
C-36 to 39 inches •.-i-• mottled light-gray and brownish yellow after hard, rains and clods form if those areas are
sand u y clay loanthat is disintegrated, acid crystal- worked when wet.7
The crust and the clods interfere with
line rock,
vermination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
The A horizon ranges from 3 to 15 inches in thickness and replanting of the severely eroded spots is sometimes Dec
grayish brown, dark grayish brown, or light brownish
gray to pale yellow in color. In places the B1 horizon is essary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants
absent. Where it occursa it ranges from 2 to :10 inches in in an uneven stand mature at different times. This makes
thickness and from sandy clay leant to sandy clay in tex- harvesting and curing of the Oro!) difficult and reduces
tore. The modal color of. the Bt horizons is yellowish brown, the quality of the tobacco.
but the color ranges from brownish yellow, yellow, or olive
to strong brown or light gray. Gray mottling occurs below About, ha If of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
the uppermost 10 inches of the B21t horizon. The B2t hori- and the rest is in fOreA. ''this soil is fairly well suited
zons range from 10 inches to 30 inches in combined thick- to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has been
ness and from clay to sandy clay in texture. The combined cleared it is used chiefly for row crops. Intensive p• rac-
thickeess of the A horizon and B horizons ranges from 20 " ' '
to GO inches, Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to 15 feet aces that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed
or more. in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Iiie-3, wood-
Heleaa soils occur with Durham, Appling, 'Wedowee, Vance, land suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Ilnun, Wilkes, Colfax, and Creedmoor soils. They are less Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (Had).—
well drained than the Durham, Appling, Wedowee, Vance, • •
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its sun-
Enos, and Wilkes soils, and they have a finer textured sub-
soil than the Durham, Colfax, and Wedowee soils. Helena face layer is dark grayish-brown to light brownish-gray
soils are less brown and are niore acid than the Enon soils. sandy loam 7 to 14 inches thick. The subsoil is 10 to 26
They have a thicker surface layer and subSoil than the iitclie:_q thick '•iiia Consiqt'; of V el 1 0'F" to qr0110.-brOWli sandy
Wilkes soda, are better drained than the Colfax soils, and , - ' ' ' ' -
cm to clay, with common mottles of gray. It is
eantain less exchangeable ultuninum than the Creedmoorlay loa
soils, very firm. when moist and very plastic when wet.
Helena sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes (HeB).- This Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
.
soil is on smooth interstream divides. It has a d face runoff is rapid The lutzard of further erosion is
ish-brown to light brownish-gray surface layer 7 1
ark gray-
severe. This soil is easy to keep in good tab, but tillage
inches thick. The subsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick.'to 5
is restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly Itper-
consists of yellow to strong-brown sandy clay or clay meable subsoil.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in
that is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet. •
The subsoil contains common gray mottles, pasture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well
suited to most, of the locally grown crops. Where it has
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Intensive
face runoff is medium, The hazard of erosion is moderate. practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
This soil is easy to keep in good filth. Because of the needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa,bility unit. ITTe--3,
slowly permeable subsoil, hoWever, tillaare •is• restricted
a after heavy rains. woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group
11
About• half of the acreiwe is cultivated or in pasture,
a 'Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
and. the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited HeC2)s—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
to most of the locally grown crons. Where it has been Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick, in. many places it
cleared., it i.s used chiefly for row crops. Practices that is a, mixture of the remaining original surface soil and of
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas,the Stir-
eultivated areas. (Capability unit Ile-3 woodland suit-
1 -face layer is pale-yellow to light brownish-gray sand
ability gToup 11, wildlife suitability group 1) loam, but the color•ranges to strong brown and the texture
Helena sandy loam, 2. to 6 percent slopes, eroded ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots.
(HeB2).---This soil is on smooth interstrem divide,s. Its Included with this soil in mapping Were some Severely
surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places it is eroded_ spots where the subsoil is exposed. These amens
a mixture of the remainino- original surface soil and of
amake, up* from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
material from the subsoil. In. the less eroded areas, the mapping' unit.
surface layer is pale-yellow or light brownish-gray sandy Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and runoff
Loam, but the, color ranges to strong brown and the tex- is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe,
sure ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Tillage is
lubsoil. is 10 to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellow restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly perme-
;o strong-brown sandy clay or clay that has common able subsoil. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
4ray mottles and is very firm when moist and very after hard rains, the clods form if those areas are worked
)1astic when wet. when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germi-
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely nation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
Toded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These spots ing of the severely eroded spots is sometimes necessary.
flake up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
napping unit, uneven stand mature at different times. This makes bar-

3•4 SOIL SURVEY
vesting and curing of the crop difficult and reduces the subrounded quartz pebbles; strongly acid; clear,
quality of the tobacco. navy boundary.
About: one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in B1-6 to 9 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/S) silty clay loam;
e weak, medium, subangular• blocky structure; friable
pasture, and the rest is in forest. 'Ibis soil is fttirly well when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has wet; common, fine, woody roots; many fine pores;
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Very inters- strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B21t---S)to 20 inches yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
sive practices that effectively control runoff and erosion strong, medium and fine,snhaugarlax blocky structure;
are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit friable when moist, sticky and plastic when tvet; few,
IVe-3, woodland suitability group 11, wildlife su tabu- fine, wocrir roots; common fine pores; thick, yellow-
ity group 1) ish-red (5YR 5/8) clay films on ped surfaces; strongly
Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (1eD(.- —�
B22 acid; clear, smooth boundary.0 to 30 inches, ,yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) silty clay;
This is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow many, fine, prominent, red mottles and many, line,
side slopes bordering upland drainageways. In the prominent, brownish-yellow mottles; strong, medium
slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is dark grayish- Anil fine suboi«,ula.r blocky structure; friable when
ui'owa to light brownish-gray sandy loam 6 to 12 inches moist, sticky raid plastic when wet; thick and moder-
ately thick clay films; few, fine and medium, woolly
thick. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer roots; few fine pores; thick and moderately trick.
is grayish-brown or pale-yellow sandy loam to strong- continuous clay films; strongly acid; clear, smooth
brown clay loam and is 3 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil boundary.
is 10 to 24 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong- B3t-30 to 40 incites, mottled dark-red, red, and yellow silty
clay loam; moderate, medium and fine, subturgular
brown sandy clay or clay, with common gray mottles, It blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and pins-
is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet. tic when wet; common fine pores; thin clay films;
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
C-40 to 45 inches +, mottled red, yellow, white, and yellow-
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur- ish-reel silty clay loam; massive; friable when moist;
face runoff is very rapid. The hazard of further erosion strongly acid.
is gels severe. from
A horizon ranges from 3 to 8 inches in thickness and
from very dark grayish brown or brown to yellowish brown in
here this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for color. The B horizons range from 20 to 45 inches in thickness
row crops, but it is fairly well suited to most of the and from silty clay loam to silty clay in texture. The color of
locally grown crops. Most of the acreage is in forest, but the B2t horizons range from strong brown to yellowish red in
a small acreage is cultivated or in pasture. Very intensive 7,5YR and 5YR hues. In many places those horizons contain
common mottles of red or yellow. The combined thickness of
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are the A and B horizons ranges train 30 to 48 inches. Depth to
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-3, hard rock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet..
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group Herndon soils occur with Appling, Georgeville, and.nlayodan
1) soils. They have more silt and less sand throughout the profile
than do the Appling soils. Herndon soils are less red than the
Georgeville soils and have more silt throughout their profile
Herndon Series than the Mayodan soils.
Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (HrB).--This
The Herndon series consists of gently sloping to mod
g 1 g soil is on smooth int•erstrea:m divides in the uplands. It
erately steep, deep, well-drained soils of Piedmont has a very dark grayish-brown or brown to yellowish-
uplands. These soils occupy small areas in the western, brown surface layer 5 to S inches thick. The subsoil is 20
southern, and eastern parts of the county. They are on
side slopes and on rounded divides that have a difference to 45 inches thick. It consists of yellowish-red to strong
ill elevation of about 50 feet, between the highest and th© brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay that contains
lowest points. The soils have formed under forest in common mottles of red or yellow. Included in mapping
material that weathered from phyllite (Carolina slates). were many areas where from 20 to 50 percent, of the stir-
The water table remains below the solum. face is covered with pebbles and cobblestones and from 20
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are to 50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water cobblestones.
capacity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential is Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is fairly easy to
soils are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good keep in good filth, and it can be worked throughout a
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made. wide range of moisture content.
The Herndon soils of Wake County are not important Most of the, acreage is in forest, but a small. acreage is
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest. cultivated or in pasture. Tins soil is well suited to most
_epresenta.tive profile of a Herndon silt loam in a of the locally grown crops. Where it has been cleared, it
wooded area 1. mrle,s south of U.S. Highway .No. 1 anci
10 yards south of county road To. 101.0 a is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. Practices that
inches to 0, undecormposecl and decomposed pine effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
01-2
litter. cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suit-
Ap-0 to s inches, yellowish-brown (IOYR 5/4) silt loam; ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
weak, medium and fine, granular structure; very fri- Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
able when moist; common, fine and medium, woody
roots; many fine pores; common, small and medium, 1HrB2).---This coil is in the uplands, In many places its

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 35
surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original sur- subsoil is 20 to 40 inches thick. It consists of yellowish-
face soil and of material from the subsoil. The surface red to strong-brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay
layer is 4 to 6 inches thick. In the less eroded areas, it is that contains common red or yellow mottles.
brown and ,yellowish-brown silt loam, but the color Included with this soil in mapping were many areas
ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges to silty where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer is cov-
clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 20 to eyed with pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 per-
4,5 inches thick. It consists of yellowish-red to strong- cent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobble-
brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay that has coin- stones. Also included were some severely eroded spots
mon mottles of red or yellow. where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded spots
Included with this soil in mapping were many areas occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered unit.
with pebbles and cobblesstones, and from 20 to 50 percent. Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult to
Also included were sonic severely eroded spots where the keep in good tilth and can be worked within only a fairly
subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded spots make up narrow range of moisture content:. A crust forms on the
from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit. severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi- interfere with germination. As a result, stands of crops
cult to keep in good filth and can be worked within only are poor and replanting of the severely eroded areas may
a fairly narrow range of moisture content without be necessary.
puddling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots A large part of the acreage is in forest, but this soil
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and
germination. As a result:, stands of crops are poor and I?asture. Practices that effectively control runoff and ero
replanting of those areas is sometimes necessary. sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is IIIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability
cultivated or in pasture. The cultivated areas are used group 1)
chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited to most Herndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
other locally grown crops. Practices that effectively con- (HrD2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
trol runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. upland drainageways. In most places it is moderately
(Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in some places. In
wildlife suitability group 1) the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is brown
Herndon silt loam,6 to 10 percent slopes (HrC).—This O1' yellowish-brown silt loan to strong-brown silty clay
soil is on short side slopes in the uplands. It, has a loam.In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is very
very dark grayish-brown or brown to yellowish-brown dark grayish-brown and brown to yellowish-brown silt
surface layer 5 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 20 to 40 loam. The surface layer is 3 to 6 incises thick. The sub-
inches thick. It is yellowish real to strong brown, friable soil is 20 to 36 inches thick and consists of yellowish--red
silty clay loam to silty clay and contains corrinron mottles to strong-brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay that
of red or yellow. Included in mapping were many areas contains common mottles of red or yellow.
where from 20 to 50 percent, of the surface is covered Included with this soil in mapping were areas where
with pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent from 2.0 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with
sf the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobl,lestenes, pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent of the
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. Also in-
a,7ard of erosion is severe. This soil is fairly easy to eluded were some severely eroded spots where the subsoil
ceep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide -s exposed.
:tinge of moisture content. Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is ery. severe.
A large part of the acreage is ui forest, but this soil Wheret this soil is only slightly eroded, it is fairly easy
s well suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where to keep in good tilth. Where it, is moderately eroded, it
t has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. is difficult to keep in good tilth and can be worked with-
:ntensive practices that effectively control runoff amid in only a fairly narrow range of moisture content. A.
rosion are needed in. the cultivated areas. (Capability crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
init IIIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit- and clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
,bility group 1) crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
-irC2).---This soil is on short side slopes in the uplands. severely eroded spots may be necessary.
is surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick. In many places A large part of the acreage is in forest, but this soil
t is a mixture of the remaining original surface soil is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where
nd of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Prac-
he surface layer is brown to yellowish-brown silt loam, taces that effectively control runof and erosion are needed
ut the color ranges to strong brown and the texture in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit, We-2, wood-
anges to silty clay loam in the more eroded spots. The land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)

36 SOIL SURVEY •
Herndon silt loam,15 to 25 percent slopes (HrE) This roots; many fine pores; thick and medium clay films;
soil is on narrow side sloes borderin -ma or drains e medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
pt; ' 143t.-38 to 44 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay loam; Many,
ways in the uplands. It is-slightly eroded in some places
fine, prominent, strong-brown mottles; moderate, fine
and is moderately eroded in others. In the slightly eroded amid medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
areas, the surface layer is very dark grayish-brown or when moist, Sticky and plastic when wet; many fine
brown to ellowish-brown silt loam 4 to 6 inches thick. pores; thin, continuous clay films; medium acid;
yabrupt, smooth boundary.
In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is C _4.4 to 30 inches +,mottled red and yellowish-red silty clay
brown to yellowish-brown silt loam to strong-brown silty loam; massive;; friable when moist; few thick clay
clay loam and is 3 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 20 films in vertical cracks; medium acid.
to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellowish-red to strong- The A. horizon ranges from 4 to 12 inches in thickness, and
brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay, with common the B horizons range from 30 to 50 inches in combined thic_k-
ness. The combined thickness of the A horizon and R horizons
mottles of red or yellow. ranges from 36 to 60 inches. The texture of the 13 horizons
Included with tiffs soil in mapping were many areas ranges from clay to cloy loam or silty clay loam, The color of
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered the.B2t horizons ranges from red to Clark red in 2.5YR or JOH
with pebbles and cobblestones, and areas where from 20 to hues. In many places these soils are mottled with strong
brown. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet.
50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and Lloyd soils occur with Cecil, Madison, and Georgeville soils.
cobblestones. Also included were some severely eroded They have a darker red color in some parts of the subsoil
spots where the subsoil is exposed. than do those soils,and they have less silt throughout the pro-
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very file than the Georgeville soils,
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion. Lloyd loam,2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded (tdB2).—This
Practically all of the acreage is in forest, but areas of soil is on broad, smooth interstreaan divides in the up-
this soil that have been cleared are well suited to pas- lands. The surface layer is 4 to 12 inches thick. In many
ture and hay crops. This soil is not suited to crops that places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
require cultivation.. (Capability unit VIe--1, woodland soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability- group 1) areas, the surface layer is reddish-brown loam, but the
color ranges to dark reddish brown and the texture
Lloyd Series ranges to clay loans in the more eroded spots. The sub-
soil is red and dark-red, firm clay loam to clay that is
The Lloyd series consists of gently sloping to strongly 30 to 50 inches thick.
sloping, deep, well-drained soils on Piedmont uplands Included with this soil in mapping wore some severely
in the western part of the county. The soils are on side eroded spots, which occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the
slopes and on rounded divides that have a difference iii total acreage in the .mapping unit. Also, in some places
elevation of about 30 feet between the highest and the from 20 to 30 percent, of the surface is covered with
Iowest points. They have formed under forest, in material pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the
that, weathered from hornblende gneiss. The water table e3irface layer consists of pebbles :Lnd col:11estones.
remains below the solum. Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
hazard of further erosion i.s moderate. This soil is dilli-
lorr. The a vailable water capacity is medium, a,nct per- cult, to keep in good tilth and can be worked within only*
meaability and the shrink-swell potential are moderate. fairly narrow range of moisture content without pad.
filing•. •A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
Except in. areas where these soils have received lime, they hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
are slightly acid to medium. acid. Response is good if when wet. The crust mid the clods interfere with ;Terinin..
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer vase made. atior. ,As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
The Lloyd soils of Wake Coiiiltr ire of only minor ink• of the severely eroded spots maybe necessary.
importance for farming Much of the acreage is in forest, About, half of the acreage is cultiva-ted or in pasture,
Representative profile of a. Lloyd loam 550 yawls- and the rest is in forest. where this soil has been cleared
northeast of Bass Lake and 125 feet south of road. ,
it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is well suited to
Ae-0 to 9 inches, dark reddish-brown (2.5YR 4/4) loam; most of the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively
moderate, medium and fine, graiauiartructui structure; very control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
friable when moist; many fine and medium, woody
and fibrous roots; many fine pores; few small quartz areas. (Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suitability group
pebbles; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary. 5, wildlife suitability group1.
R21t-9 to 12 inches, red (2,5YR 4/6) clay loam; moderate, Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded (l.ciC24.----
medium and fine, subangular blocky structure; firm
when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common, This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its su,r-
fine, woody and fibrous roots; many fine pores; thin face layer is 4 to 10 inches thick. In many places it is
clay films; few small quartz pebbles; medium acid; a mixture of the remaining original surface soil and of
clear, wavy boundary,
B22t-12 to 32 inches, red (10R 4/6) clay; moderate, tire, matterial from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
subangular blocky structure; firm when moist, sticky surface layer is reddish-brown loam, but the color ranges
and plastic when wet; common, fine, woody roots;
many fine pores; medium clay films; medium acid; to dark reddish brown and the texture ranges to clay
clear, smooth boundary. loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 30 to 42
B23t-32 to 38 inches, dark-red (10R 3/6) clay loam; corn- inches thick and consists of red and dark-red, firm clay
mon, fine, distinct, red mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when loa,lal t0 Clay.
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody Included with this soil in mapping were some severely

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 37
eroded spots that occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the material that weathered from granite, gneiss, schist, and
acreage in the mapping unit. Also, in some places from other acidic rocks. The water table remains beneath the
20 to 30 percent of the surface is covered with pebbles solum.
and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the surface Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. low. Permeability is moderately rapid, and the available
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The water capacity and the shrink-swell potential are low.
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
to keep in good tilth and can be worked within only a strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable applica-
fairly narrow range of moisture content without pud- tions of fertilizer and lime are made.
dling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after The Louisburg soils in this county are fairly important
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked for farming,but much of the acreage is in forest. .
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin- Representative profile of a Louisburg loamy sand in a
ation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant- cultivated field three-fourths of a mile south of Hodges
ing of the severely eroded areas may be necessary. Creek and 30 yards east of county road No. 2217:
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is well Ap-6 to 8 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) loamy
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has sand, weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Practices able; many fine, fibrous roots; common coarse frag-
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed ments of feldspar; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Ille-2, wood- P S to 12 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam;
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) structureless; very friable; few, fine, fibrous roots;
Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded (LdD2).-- common coarse particles of feldspar; strongly acid;
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drainage- clear, smooth boundary.
Its surface layer is 4 to 8inches thick. In many C-12 to 36 inches, brownish-yellow (1OYlt 6/6) loamy sand;
ways.
ystructureless; very friable to loose; strongly acid;
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface abrupt boundary.
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded R-36 inches-i-,hard granitic gneiss.
areas, the surface layer is reddish-brown loam, but the The Ap horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and
color ranges to dark reddish brown and the texture from very dark grayish brown or dark grayish brown to light
ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil yellowish brown in color. The B horizon ranges from 4 to 35
inches in thickness. Its color ranges from light yellowish
is red and dark-red, firm clay loam to clay that is 30 to brown to yellowish brown or yellowish red in hues of 2.5Y to
36 inches thick. 5YR. In places the profile contains a discontinuous lower B
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely horizon that ranges from 2 to 6 inches in thickness and from
eroded spots that occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the sandy clay loam to sandy clay in texture. The texture of the
C horizon is commonly loamy sand, but it ranges to sandy
total acreage in the mapping unit. Also, in some places clay loam in some areas. The combined thickness of the Ap
from 20 to 30 percent of the surface is covered with horizon and B horizons ranges from 20 to 50 inches. In general,
pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the depth to hard rock is 2 to 4 feet, but outcrops of rock are
surface layer consists ofpebbles and cobblestones. common in most of these soils.
Louisburg soils occur with Wedowee, Wake, and Wilkes
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is very rapid. soils. Their subsoil is coarser textured than that of the Wedo-
The hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is diffi- wee soils, and their solum is thicker than that of the Wake
cult to keep in good tilth and can be worked within only soils. They are snore acid and generally have a coarser tex-
a fairly narrow range of moisture content without tured subsoil than the Wilkes soils.
puddling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (LoB).—
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are This soil is on small ridges in the uplands. Its surface
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with layer is very dark grayish brown to light yellowish
ge rmination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and brown loamy sand 4 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary. light yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, very friable
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is well sandy loam 4 to 35 inches thick. Included with this soil
grown crops.ut Where it has in mapping were some areas in which from 20 to 50 per-
suited to most of the locally cent of the surface is covered with pebbles and cobble-
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Practices stones, and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer con-
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in sists of pebbles and cobblestones.
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-2, woodland Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
Louisburg Series moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
The Louisburg series consists of gently sloping to rest is cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been
strongly sloping, moderately deep, somewhat excessively cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is fairly
drained soils on Piedmont uplands. These soils occupy well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Because
large areas in the northern and eastern parts of the of the slopes and shallowness over bedrock, intensive
county and small areas in other parts. They are on side practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
slopes and on rounded divides that have a difference in needed in the cultivated areas. During rainy seasons, its
elevation of about 30 feet between the highest and the coarse texture makes this soil subject to leaching of
lowest points. The soils have formed under forest in mobile plant nutrients. (Capability unit IIIe-4, wood-

38 SOIL SURVEY
land suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4) cent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobble-
Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (IcC).— stones.
This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. Its surface Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
layer is very dark grayish-brown to light yellowish- hazard of erosion is severe. These soils are easy to keep
brown loamy sand 4 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil is in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
light yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, very friable of moisture content.
sandy loam 4 to 30 inches thick. Included in mapping Most of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are
were some areas in which from 20 to 50 percent of the fairly well suited to many of the locally grown crops.
surface is covered with pebbles and cobblestones,and from Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
20 to 50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
cobblestones. unit Illes-4, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suit-
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The ability group 4)
hazard of erosion is very severe. This soil is easy to keep Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide range eroded (Ly/B2).—The soils of this complex are on rather
of moisture content. small ridges in the northeastern part of the county. In
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is fairly a typical mapped area, about 60 percent of the acreage
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Where is Louisburg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2 par-
it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Inten- cent is Durham, Vance, and other soils.
sive practices that effectively control runoff and erosion The Louisburg soil of this complex has a grayish-
are needed in the cultivated areas. During rainy seasons, brown to light yellowish-brown surface layer of loamy
its coarse texture makes this soil subject to leaching of sand 4 to 8 inches thick. Its subsoil is light yellowish.-
mobile plant nutrients. (Capability unit IVe-3, wood- brown to yellowish-red, very friable to loose sandy loam
land suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4) 15 to 35 inches thick.
Louisburg loamy sand,10 to 15 percent slopes RoD).— The. Wedowee soil has a surface layer 3 to 7 inches
This soil is on side slopes bordering drainageways in the thick. In many places its surface layer is a mixture of
uplands. Its surface layer is very dark grayish-brown to the remaining original surface soil and of material from
light yellowish-brown loamy sand 4 to 6 inches thick. The the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is
subsoil is light yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, very grayish-brown to pale-brown sandy loam. The color
friable sandy loam that is 4 to 24 inches thick. Included ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy
in mapping were some areas in which from 20 to 50 per- clay loam, however, in severely eroded spots, and those
cent of the surface is covered with pebbles and cobble- areas make up from '5 to 10 percent of the total acreage
stones, and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer con- in the mapping unit. The subsoil is yellowish-brown to
sists of pebbles and cobblestones. yellowish-red, firm sandy clay loam 9 to 20 inches thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is very rapid. Included with these soils in mapping were some areas
This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion. in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
This soil is not suitable for cultivation, and practically with pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 20 to 50
all of the acreage is in forest. Areas that have been percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cleared should be used for pasture or hay crops. (Capa- cobblestones,
bility unit VIe-1, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife In the Louisburg soil, infiltration is good. In the Wed-
suitability group 4) owee soil, it is only fair. Surface runoff is medium, and
Louisburg:Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes the hazard of further erosion is severe. The Louisburg
RwB).—Soils of this mapping unit are so intricately mixed soil is easy to keep in good -filth and can be worked
that they cannot be separated on a man of the scale used. throughout a wide. range of moisture content, The- Wed-
Also, the areas of each soil are generally too small to be owee soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, but it can be
managed as an individual unit. Therefore, these soils worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture
were mapped together as a soil complex. In a typical content.
mapped area, about 60 percent of the acreage is Louis- Most of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are
burg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee, soil, and 2 percent is fairly well suited to many of the locally grown crops.
Durham, Vance, and other soils. The soils are on small Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
ridges in the northeastern part of the county. erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
The Louisburg soil has a, very dark grayish-brown to unit IIIe-4, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suit,-
light yellowish-brown surface layer of loamy sand 5 to ability group 4)
8 inches thick. The subsoil is light yellowish-brown to Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes
yellowish-red, very friable to loose sandy loam 15 to 35 fl_wC).--The soils of this complex are on side slopes of
inches thick. medium length in uplands in the. northeastern part of
The Wedowee soil has a dark grayish-brown to light tile, county. In a typical mapped area, about 60 percent
yellowish-brown surface layer of sandy loam that grades of the acreage is Louisburg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee
to loamy sand and is 5 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil is soil, and 2 percent is Durham, Vance, and other soils.
yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, firm sandy clay loam The Louisburg soil has a dark grayish-brown to light
9 to 20 inches thick, yellowish-brown surface layer of loamy sand 4 to 6
Included with these soils in mapping were some areas niches thick. Its subsoil is light yellowish-brown to
in which 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with yellowish-red, very friable to loose sandy loam 15 to 30
pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 20 to 50 per- inches thick.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 39
The Wedowee soil has a dark grayish-brown to light Lynchburg Series
yellowish-brown surface layer of sandy loam that is 4 to
6 inches thick and grades to loamy sand. Its subsoil is The Lynchburg series consists of soils that are nearly
yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, firm sandy clay loam 9 level, very deep, and somewhat poorly drained. These
to 15 inches thick. soils are in upland depressions of the Coastal Plain in
Included with these soils in mapping were some areas the southern part of the county. They have formed under
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered forest in Coastal Plain sediment. A seasonally high water
with pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 2Q to table is at a depth of about 11/2 feet.
50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
cobblestones. low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is low.
hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils are easy to Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are,
keep in good tilth and call be worked throughout a wide strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
range of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are of lime and fertilizer are made,
fairly well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Most areas of Lynchburg soils are cultivated or in pas-
If cultivated crops are grown, intensive practices that ef- tare. Because of their limited acreage in Wake County,
festively control runoff anti erosion are needed. (Capabil- however, these soils are not important for farming.
itv unit IVe-3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife Representative profile of Lynchburg sandy loam in a
suitability group 4) cultivated field 0.5 mile west of Fuquay Springs on N.C.
Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes, Highway No. 42, 0.75 mile north on a paved road, 100
eroded (LwC2).—These soils are on side slopes of medium yards west on a farm road, and 200 yards south of farm
length in uplands in the northeastern part of the county. road:
In a typical mapped area, about 60 percent of the acre-
age is Louisburg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2 Air--a to 8 inches, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
percent is Durham, Vance, awl other soils. moist; many fine and medium. fibrous roots; coin-
The Louisburg soil has a grayish-brown to light yel- mon hue pores; medium acid; abrupt, irregular
lowish-brown surface laver of loamy sand 4 to 6 inches boundary.
thick. The subsoil is light yellowish brown to yellowish- A2---S to 13 inches, light yellowish-brown (2.5Y 6/4) -sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
red, very friable to loose sandy loam 15 to 30 inches able when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
thick. pores; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
The Wedowee soil has a surface layer that is 3 to 7 B1-13 to 16 inches, olive-yellow (2.5Y 6/6) sandy clay loam;
inches thick. In many places its surface layer is a mix- few, medium,distinct,brownish-yellow mottles; weak,
fine and medium, subangular blocky structure; fni-
ture of the remaining original surface soil and of mat.er_. able when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few,
ial from the subsoil. In the slightly eroded or moder- fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores; strongly acid;
ately eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown abrupt, wavy boundary.
to ale-brown sandy loam. The color grades to strong B21t-16 to 20 inches, light yellowish-brown (2.5Y 6/4) sandy
brown and the texture ranges to sandy lay loam in the clay loam; many, medium, distinct, yellowish-brown
gmottles; moderate, fine and medium subangular
severely eroded spots. The severely eroded spots make blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and
up from 5 to 10 percent of the acreage in the mapping plastic when wet; common fine pores; few thin clay
unit. The subsoil is yellowish-brovvn to yellowish-red, films; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
)322t-20 to 20 inches, light brownish-gray (2.5Y 6/2) sandy
firm sand «clay loam to 15 inches thick. clay loam; common,medium,distinct,yellowish-brown
.Included with these soils in napping were some areas mottles and few, medium, prominent, yellowish-red
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered mottles; moderate, fine and medium, subangular
with pebbles and cobblestones. In those areas from 20 to 50 blocky ,structure; friable when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet; many fine pores; few thin clay
percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and films on pea surfaces; strongly acid. gradual, smooth
cobblestones. boundary.
For the Louisburg soil, infiltration is good and sur- B23tg-26 to 31 inches, light brownish-gray (1OYR 6/2) sandy
face runoff is medium. For the Wedowee Sall infiltration clay loam; many, coarse distinct, yellowish-brown
(IOYR 5/8) mottles; weak, fine and medimn, sub..
is fair and surface runoff is rapid. For both soils, the angular blocky structure; friable when moist:, sticky
hazard of further erosion is very severe. The Louisburg and plastic when wet; common fine pores; thin clay
soil is easy to keep in good filth and can be worked film on ped surfaces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
throughout a wide range of moisture content. The Wed- boundary.
I324tg---31 to 37 inches, mottled light brownish-gray (2.5Y
()wee soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, but it can be 6/2) and yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay
worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture- loam; weak, medium and coarse, subangular blocky
content. structure;friable when moist, sticky and plastic when
wet; common fine pores; few thin clay film;;; strongly
Most of the acreage is in forest. Because of the, slope acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
and bedrock near the surface- in many places, intensive 1;3g-37 to 65 inches, coarsely mottled light brownish-gray
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are (`4.SY 6/2), red (2.51R 4/S), and brownish-yellow
needed if these soils are cultivated. (Capability unit (10YR 6/S) heavy sandy loam; weak, coarse, sub
angular blocky structure; wry friable when moist,
I\'e-3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suita._ slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet; strongly
bility group 4) acid; clear, smooth boundary.
335-4.03—7O__..--4,

40 SOIL SURVEY
C-65 to 72 inches +, mottled gray, yellowish-brown,and red of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
clay; massive; firm when moist; strongly acid. rounded divides where the,difference in elevation is about
The A horizons range from 8 to 20 Inches in combined thick- 60 feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
ness and from dark brown or dark grayish brown to light have formed under forest in material that weathered
yellowish brown or light gray in color. The Et horizons range
frOill mica schist, mica gnieiss, and other acidic rocks.
from 21 to 60 inches in combined thiclutess. Their texture is
mostly sandy lOatti Or sandy clay loam that is 18 to 35 percent Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
• clay. In places these horizons contain pockets and lenses of low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
sand. The color of the Bt horizons ranges from yellowish capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is mod-
brown to pale yellow or light brownish gray in 10YR, or more "
yellowish hues. In places few to common gray mottles are orate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
within 10 inches of the top of the uppermost Et horizon. The are strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
E3g horizon is pale brown to light brownish gray or brownish tions of lime and fertilizer are Made.
yellow and generally contains distinct, grayish mottles. The The Madison soils of Wake County are not important
combined thickness of the A horizons and B horizons is more • '
than 6() Inches, Depth to bedrock is more than 20 feet, for farming. They are mostly in forest.
Lynchburg soils occur with Goldsboro and Rains soils, and Representative profile of a Madison sandy loam in a
their texture is similar to the texture. of those soils. They are
Nvooded area 1% miles west of the Neuse Hirer :Bridge
less well drained than the Goldsboro soils, however, and are
better drained than the Rains, on N.C. Highway No. 98 and 10 yards south of road:
Lynchburg sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (iv).— Ap—O to 6 inches, brown (1.0YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak,
This is the only Lynchburg soil mapped in Wake Coun- medium,granular structure; very friable when moist;
many fine,woody and fibrous roots;common fine mica
ty. It is in depressions in uplands of the Coastal Plain. flakes; few small quartz and quartz mica schist peb-
The surface layer is dark-brown or light-gray to very Ides; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
dark gray sandy loam 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is B1-6 to 12 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) heavy sandy clay loam;
30 to 60 inches thick and is pale-yellow to yellowish- weak, medium, subangular blocky .structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam mottled wet; common, fine, woody and fibrous roots; common
with shades of gray, fine mies flakes; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy bound-
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This miry.
E2t--12 to 20 inches, red (2.5YR 4/(3) clay loam: moderate,
SOH is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
throughout a wide range, of moisture content. moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic When wet.;
Drainage is required for most row crops to do well on thin clay films; common, tine, woody and fibrous
this soil. If proper drainage is provided, this soil is well roots; many fine mica flakes; few partly disinte-
suited to most of the locally grown crops. It is used grated schist fragments; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.
mainly for row crops or pasture. (Capability unit iiw-i, E3t-26 to 32 inches, red (2.5YR 4/(1) sandy clay loam; moder-
woodland suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group ate, inedinm, subangular blocky structure; friable
2) when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few thin clay films; few, small, woody roots
Made land (Ma) is a miscellaneous land type in which many fine mica flakes; common schist fracnnents, and
the areas have been altered by man to the extent that the pale-yellow and dusky-red mottles around the frag-
profile of the original soils cannot be recognized. The meets; strongly acid; clear. wavy boundary.
altered soil material does not function as did the, original c--32 to 45 inches +, mottled dusky-red, red, pale-yellow,
strong-brown, and brown silt loa in disintegrated
soil, and in many places it, does not resemble the original quartz 'Inca •7 eh i st: common dark flakes that appear
soil. to he disintegrated garnet.; few, small, woody roots
Some areas of Made land were made, when cutting and extending to a depth of more than 48 inches; strongly
filling was done, to construct parking lots, airfields, indus- acid.
trial sites, and highway interchanges. In many places all The Ali horizon ranges from 3 to 10 inches in thickness and
or part of the solum and part of the material underlying from dark brown to brown in color. The B horizons range
from 10 to 35 inches in combined thickness and from sandy
the original soils was cut from one area and was moved clay loom to clay in texture. The Ill horizon is yellowish red
to another spot for use. as lill material. Other areas of to red. The modal color of the it horizons is red ot 2.5YR
Made land are near quarries where the overburden has hue, but the color of those horizons ranges to dark red, The
been dumped into large mounds. In those places gravel number of mica flakes ranges from few to common in the A
horizon and from common to many in the 1.11 horizon, but the
has been spread and packed into the soils until the soil B2t horizon, and, in places, the C horizon, contain many mica
material is compacted and hard. flakes. The combined thickness of the Ap horizon and, B host-
The areas included in. this land type are so diverse zons, ranges from 20 to 40 holies, and, in places, the
in characteristics that general statements cannot be made thickness varies greatly within a short.lateral distance. Depth
5
about them. Onsite examination of each area is necessar to hard rock ranges from to more than 15 feet.
Madison soils occur with the Cecil, Georgeville, and Lloyd
before any land use is planned. (Not placed in a capa- sous. but they have a thinner solum and contain more mica
bility unit; woodland suitability group 13, wildlife suit- flakes than those he se soils. T Madison soils contain less silt than
. .ability group 5) the Georgeville soils and are more acid than the Lloyd soils.
Madison sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
Madison Series (MdB2). . This soil is on smooth interstremun divides. Its
surface layer is 3 to 10 inches thick. In many places it is
The Madison series consists of gently sloping to mod- a mixture. of the remaining original surface soil and of
erately steep, deep, well-drained soils that occupy fairly ninteriai from the sub:moil. In time less eroded areas, the
small areas on Piedmont. uplands in the northern part surface layer is dark brown to brown, but the color is

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 41
redder .and the texture. ranges to clay loam in the more Included with this soil in ma >ping•were some severely
eroded spots. The subsoil is red to dark-red, friable clay eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These eroded
to clay loam and is 10 to 28 inches thick. areas make up from about 5 to 25 percent of the acreage
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely in the mapping unit.,
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These spots Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is very rapid.
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the The hazard of further erosion is very severe.•This soil is
mapping unit. difficult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. Tlie throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content. A
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is difl'r- crust forms on the severely eroded. spots after hard rains,
cult to keep in good filth, but it can be worked through- and clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
out a fairly wide range of moisture content.. A crust crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust severely eroded areas May be necessary.
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, Practically all of the acreage is in forest, but a small
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely acreage is in pasture or cultivated crops, mainly row
eroded spots may be necessary. crops. This soil is well suited to all the locally grown
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, crops, but very intensive practices that effectively control
and the rest is in forest. Whore this soil has been cleared, runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
it is used chiefly for row crops and pasture, but it is well (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that effec- wildlife suitability group 1)
tii-ely control runoff and erosion are needed in the culti_- Madison sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded
'sated areas. (Capability unit lie-1, woodland suitability (MdE2).•—This soil is on narrow side slopes reordering
group 5, wildlife, suitability group 1) major upland drainageways. Its surface layer is 3 to 5
Madison sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded inches thick. In many places the surface layer is a mix-
EMdC2►.--This soil is our short, to long side slopes in the tore of the remaining original surface soil and of mate-
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many i'ial from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining• layer is dark-brown to brown sandy loam, but the texture
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In ranges to clay loam that• has a reddish color in some of
the less eroded spots the surface layer is dark-brown to the more eroded spots. The subsoil is red to dark-red,
brown sandy loam, but tire texture ranges to clay loam friable clay loam to clay that. is 10 to 24 inches thick.
that, has a reddish color in the more eroded spots. The Included with this soil in mapping wine some severely
subsoil is red to dark-red, friable clay loam to clay, and eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
it is 1.0 to 30 inches thick, make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
Included with this soil in mapping were seine severely mapping unit.
eroded areas where the subsoil is exposed. These areas Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is very rapid.
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
mapping unit.. Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Where this
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The soil has been cleared, however, it is suited to permanent
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult hay or pasture. It is not suited to cultivated crops. Capa-
t.o keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a bility unit VIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife,
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on suitability group 1)
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and_
clods form if those areas are worked when wet.. The crust Mantachie Series
and the. clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas The Matita,chie series consists of nearly level or gently
may be necessary. sloping, deep, somewhat poorly- drained soils in clepres-
About three-fourths of the, acreage is in forest, and the sions of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain uplands. These
rest is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. This soil is soils have formed in coarse loamy deposits of local allu-
well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that vium washed from surrounding soils of the uplands. A
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the seasonally high water table is at a depth of about. 2 feet.
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suit- Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) low, and permeability is moderate to moderately rapid.
Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded The available `rater capacity is medium, and the shrink-
MdD2).- This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering swell potential is low. These soils are frequently flooded,
upland drainageways. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches but: the floodwaters remain for only a brief period of
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining time. Except in areas that have received lime, the soils
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In are medium acid. Response is fairly good if suitable
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is dark-brown to applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
brown sandy loam, but in the more eroded spots the tex- In Wake County Mantaclrie soils are not important for
ture ranges to clay loam that. has a. reddish color. The farming. The areas are generally too small to be managed
subsoil is red to dark-red, friable clay loam to clay that is as a field independent of the surrounding soils, and most
10 to 35 inches thick. of the acreage is in forest. Where these soils have been

42 sou SURVEY
-very pale brown to dark brown in color and from sandy
loam to loam in texture. It contains common gray
•, • • mottles.
•
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
medium. Flooding is frequent but of short duration.
These soils are easy to keep in good tilth, and they can
be worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
" If suitable drainage is provided, these soils are well
suited to most of the locally grown crops, but most of the
acreage is in forest. Where the soils have been cleared,
they are used chiefly for pasture or as sod waterways.
(Capability unit I11w-2, woodland suitability group 4,
wildlife suitability group 2)
•
-; - • Mayodan Series
The Mayodan series consists of gently sloping to mod-
erately steep, well-drained soils that are deep or mod-
Figure 6.--Grassed waterway through an area of Mantachie soils. erately deep over hard rock. These soils are on rounded
divides that have a difference in elevation of about 50
feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
cleared, they are used mostly for pasture or waterways occupy large areas in the western part of the county,
(fig. 6). where they have formed under forest. The material in
Representative profile of a Mantachie sandy loarn in a draw in a wooded area L3 miles southeast of U.S. High-
which they formed has weathered from sandstone, mud-
stone, and shale of Triassic age. The water table remains
way No. 64 on county road No. 2337, 1,000 feet northeast
on a farm road, and 100 feet west of the farm road: below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
Ap-0 to 10 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) sandy low. The available water capacity is medium, and loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very perme-
ablefri-
when moist; many fine and medium, woody ability and the shrink-swell potential are moderate,
roots; many fine pores; slightly acid; gradual, wavy Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
boundary. strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
B21-10 to 20 inches, dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4) sandy
loam; common, medium, distinct mottles of grayish of lime and fertilizer are made.
brown; weak, medium, granular structure; friable Mayodan soils are not important for farming. In
when moist; common fine and medium roots; comnion this county most of the acreage is in forest.
fine pores; medium acid; gradual, wary boundary,
B22g-20 to 29 inches, gray (N 5/0) sandy loam; common, Representative profile of a Mayodan sandy loam in a
medium, distinct mottles of pale brown; structure- cultivated field 11/3 miles southwest of the Apex Junior
less; very friable when moist; common, fine, woody High School and 100 yards south of road:
roots; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
Clg-29 to 35 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy sand; common, Ap---0 to 1' inches, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
medium, distinct, brown mottles; structureless; very weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
friable to loose when moist; common, fine, woody moist; many fine,fibrous roots; few small quartz peb-
roots; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary. bles; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
C2g-35 to 45 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; corn- B21t--7 to 11 inches, yellowish-red (5YR, 5/61 clay loam;
mon, medium, distinct mottles of pale brown; strum strong, fine and medium, subangular blocky struc-
tureless. ture; firm to friable when moist, sticky and plastic
when wet; thin, continuous clay films; strongly acid;
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 20 inches in thickness, from
dark brown or gray to dark grayish brown In color, and from
clear, iavy boundary,
sandy loam to silt loam in texture. The B horizons range from B22t-11 to 18 wnches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) clay; common,
10 to more than 40 inches in combined thickness, and those coarse, distinct, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;
horizons are variable in color and texture. The colors range strong, fine and medium, subangular blocky struc-
from gray or very pale brown to dark brown or dark yellow-
tire; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet;
ish brown mottled with gray. The texture ranges from sandy thin clay films; strongly acid; clear, smooth bound-
loam to light loam. The structure ranges from subangular arY.
B23t-18 to 25 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 4/8) clay ; many,
blocky or granular to single grain and massive. The consis-
tence is friable to loose. The profile of the Mantachie soils coarse, distinct, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;
is more than 40 inches thick. Depth to hard rock ranges from strong, medium and coarse, subangular blocky struc-
5 to 15 feet or more. ture; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet;
Mantachie soils occur with Bibb, Chewacla, and Wehaelkee thin, continuous clay films; strongly acid; clear,
soils, They are better drained than the Bibb and Wehadkee smooth boundary.
soils and are coarser textured than the Chewacla and Wehad- B3-25 to 40 inches, mottled red, strong-brown, and yellow
kee soils, sandy clay loam; moderate, fine and medium, angular
blocky structure to massive; friable when moist,
Mantachie soils (0 to 4 percent slopes) (Me).—These slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet; medi-
soils are in depressions and draws in the uplands. Their um, discontinuous clay films on vertical surfaces;
surface layer is dark-brown or gray to dark grayish-- strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary,
48 inches, mottled red, yellow, strong-brown, and
brown sandy loam to silt loam 4 to 20 inches thick. The C-40 to light-gray sandy loam from disintegrated sandstone
subsoil is 10 to 40 inches thick and ranges from gray or of Triassic age; strongly acid,

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CARO.LINA 43
Where the sohuu is only 188 to 30 inches thick, a thin cultivated areas are used chiefly for tobacco and cotton
phase of the Mayodan series is recognized. Following is and to a lesser extent for other row crops, but this soil
a representative profile of a thin phase of Mayodan silt is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices
loam in a wooded area one-half mile west, of Morrisville that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
and 20 yards north of county road No. 1002: the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland
C11--_•2 inches to 0, underompased forest litter. suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
A1-0 to 1 inch, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when (MfB2).--This soil is on broad, smooth iilterstr.'eatii divides
moist; many fine, woody and fibrous roots; medium in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick.
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary. In manyplaces it is a mixture of the remainingoriginal
A2-1 to 4 inches, yellow (10YR 7/0) silt loam; weak, medi-
um,
um, granular structure; very friable NS-hen moist; surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
common,fine,woody and fibrous roots; strongly acid; eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown to light
clear, smooth boundary. yellowish-brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to
B1-4 to 9 inches, reddish-yellow (7.5YR (i/6) heavy silt .,trovtexture rato sandy
e. brown and the nges clayloam
loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; br,
friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic in the more eroded areas. The subsoil is 2G to 50 inches
when wet; common, fine, woody roots; strongly acid; thick and consists of yellowish-red to strong-brown, firm
clear, smooth boundary. clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red and
B21t-0 to 15 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam; brown.
common, medium, distinct, reddish-yellow mottles;
moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; fri- Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
able when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; very eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
few thin clay films; few, fine, woody roots; strongly make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
acid; clear, smooth boundary. mapping unit.
B222t—•15 to 20 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) silty clay
loam; few, fine, prominent, red mottles; moderate, Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is difficult to
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common thin clay keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
films; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary' fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on-
133t--20 to 24 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) silty clay loam;
common, medium., prominent, red mottles; moderate, the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few clay films in the clods interfere with germination. As a. result, stands
vertical cracks; common small fragments of shale; of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
strongly acid; abrupt, broken boundary. areas be necessary. An even stanch of tobacco is hard
C-24 to iti inches, red (.,.oIR 4/8) silt loam from disinte- may
grated shale. to obtain in the severely eroded spots. Plants in an
R---36 inches -}, red, hard shale. uneven stand mature at, different times, which makes
The A.horizon ranges from 3 to 15 inches in thickness, from harvesting and curing of the crop difficult. and reduces
dark grayish brown or grayish brown to light yellowish brown the quality of the tobacco.
or strong brown in color, and from sandy loam or gravelly About two--thirds of the acreage is cultivated or its
sandy loam to sandy clay loam in texture. The Et horizons
range from 15 to 50 inches in combined thickness and from pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where
clay loam or silty clay loam to clay in texture. The color of cultivated, this soil is used chiefly for row crops, espe-
the Bt horizons ranges from yellowish red to strong brown in chilly tobacco, but it is well suited to all the locally
5YR to 7.5YR hues. Many of those horizons have common mown crops. Practices that effectivelycontrol runoff and
mottles of brown and red. Typically, from 5 to 30 percent of b p
the soil material throughout the profile consists of roundederosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
and angular pebbles. .Mayodan soils have a high content of Unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
exchangeable aluminum. The combined thickness of the A ability group 1)
horizon and 13 horizons ranges from 20 to 50 inches. Depth to Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10percent slopes Mfg:,).--
hard rock ranges from 3 to more than 15 feet. p
Mayodan soils occur with Granville, Creedmoor,and Appling This soil is on narrow side. slopes in the uplands. It has
soils. They are redder than the Granville soils, lack the very a surface layer of grayish-brown to yellowish-brown
firm or plastic lower subsoil of the Creedmoor soils, and con- sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The subsoil is 26 to 45
taiu more exchangeable aluminum than the A.pplimg soils. inches thick and is yellowish--red to strong-brown. firm
Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (MfB).------ clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red and
This soil is on broad, smooth, interstream divides in the brown.
uplands. Its surface layer is grayish-brown to yellowish- Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
brown sandy loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil. is hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
yellowish-red to strong-brown, firm clay loam to clay good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
that has common mottles of red and brown and is 26 to of moisture content.
50 inches thick. Included in mapping were a few places About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in
in which the slope is less than 2 percent.. pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The cultivated areas are, used chiefly for row crops, especially
hazard of erosion is moderate, This soil is easy to keep in tobacco, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
good tilth and can be worked throughout a, wide range of grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively control
moisture content. runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The wildlife suitability group 1)

44 soII, SURVEY
Mayodan sandy loam,6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded Most of the acreage is in forest, but it small acreage is
MfC2l.—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. in pasture. Also, a small acreage is used for row crops.
Its surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick. In many places This soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops.
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original If it is cultivated, however, very intensive. practices that
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In- the less effectively control runoff and erosion are needed. (Ca pa-
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown to light bility unit IVe-1., woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
yellowish-brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to suitability group 1)
strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam Mayodan sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes (MfE).—
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering major drain-
thick and consists of yellowish-red to-strong-brown, firm ageways in the county. It is slightly or moderately
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red and eroded. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is
brown. grayish-brown to yellowish-brown sandy loam 6 to
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely inches thick.. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas layer is grayish-brown to light yellowish-brown sandy
make up from 5 to 25 percent, of the acreage in the loam to strong-brown sandy clay loam 4 to 6 inches thick.
mapping unit. The subsoil is 26 to 36 inches thick and consists of
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The yellowish-red to strong-brown, firm clay loam to clay,
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult with common mottles of red and brown. In many places
to keep in good tiltli, but it can be worked throughout a pebbles and cobblestones are on the surface and in the sur--
fairly wide range of moisture content. A. crust forms orm face laver. Included with this soil in mapping were some
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared, it is suitable
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different for pasture or perennial hay crops. It is not suited to
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop cultivated crops. (Capability unit Tie-1, woodland suit-
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco. ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti- (MgBI.—This soil is on broad, smooth interstreamn divides
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially in the uplands. Its surface layer is 7 to 15 inches thick.
tobacco, but this soil is well suited to all the locally It is grayish-brown to yellowish-brown gravelly sandy
grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively control loam that has a content of gravel of 15 to 30 percent. The
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellowish-
(Capability unit Me-1, woodland suitability group 5, red to strong-brown, firms clay loam to clay, with corn-
wildlife suitability group 1) ion mottles of red and brown.
Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
(MfD2l. This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering hazard of erosion is moderate Because of the high con-
upland drainageways. It is dominantly moderately tent of gravel, many areas of this soil are difficult to till,
eroded, but it is slightly eroded in places. In the mod- but. tillage can be performed throughout a wide range of
erately eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown moisture content.
to light yellowish-brown sandy loam to strong-brown About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
sandy clay loam 4 to 6 inches thick. In the slightly and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown to areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco
yellowish-brown sandy loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The and cotton, but, this soil is well suited to all the locally
subsoil is 26 to 40 inches thick and consists of yellowish- grown crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and
red to strong-brown, firm clay loam to clay, with coin-- erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
nmon mottles of red and brown. In many places pebbles unit Ile--1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
and cobblestones are on the Surface and in the surface ability group 1)
layer. Included with tins soil in mapping were some Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. eroded (MgB2).--This soil is on broad, smooth. inte.r°streamn
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very divides in the uplands. Its surface layer is 4 to 7 inches
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe. thick. In many places it is a mixture. of the. ream ining
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
in good tilth. Where it is moderately eroded, it is difficult In the less eroded areas, the surface layer isgrayish--
to keep in good tiltli, but it can be worked throughout a brown to light yellowish-brown gravelly sandy loam, but
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on the color ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form to gravelly sandy clay loam in the more eroded spots.
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the From 15 to 30 percent of the surface layer is gravel. The
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellowish-
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be red to strong-brown, firm clay loam to clay, with com-
necessary. mon mottles of red and brown.

WAKE COUNT, NORTH CAROLINA 45
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content. A
eroded spots. Those areas make up from 5 to 25 percent crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
of the acreage in the mapping unit. and clods form if those areas are worked. when wet. The
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is moderate. The crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is cliff- result., stands of crops are poor and replaritirng of those
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through- areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust to obtain. Plants iu an uneven stand mature at different
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and times, which makes harvesting and curing of the crop
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the tare, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cult.i-
severely eroded spots may be necessary. An even stand of vated areas are used chiefly for row crops; especially
tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
mature at different times, which makes harvesting and locally grown crops. •Where cultivated crops are grown,
curing of the crop difficult and reduces the quality of the intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
tobacco. erosion are needed. (Capability unit II:Ie-1, woodland
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
and the rest in forest. or in other uses. The cultivated Mayodan silt loam,thin,2 to 6 percent slopes (MyB).—
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands.
and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally Its surface layer is dark grayish-brown to yellowish-
grown crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and brown silt loam 4 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to
erosion. are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability 24 inches thick. It is yellowish-red to strong-brown, firm
unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit- silty clay loam to clay, with common red mottles.
ability group 1) Included in mapping were some areas in which the slope
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes is less than 2 percent.
(MgC).--This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Infiltration is good, surface runoff is medium, and the
It, has a grayish-brown to yellowislr-brown surface layer hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
of gravelly sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The content in good tilth and can be worked throughout, a fairly wide
of gravel in the, surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 per- range of moisture, content.
cent. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches thick. It consists of About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
yellowish-red to strong-brown, firm clay loam to clay, and the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are used
with common mottles of red and brown. chiefly for row crops, but this soil is suited to most of
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively control
hazard of erosion is severe. In many places the high con- runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
tent of gravel makes this soil difficult to till, but tillage (Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suitability group 5,
can be performed throughout a wide range of moisture wildlife suitability group 1)
content. Mayodan silt loam,thin,2 to 6 percent slopes,eroded
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in (MyB2). This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the
pasture, and the rest is in forese or in other uses. The uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown to yellowish-
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated brown silt loam, but the color ranges to strong brown
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in the more
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) eroded spots. The subsoil is 15 to 24 inches thick and con-
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam,6 to 10 percent slopes, sists of yellowish-red to strong-brown, firm silty clay
eroded (MeC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the loans to clay, with common mottles of red.
uplands. Its surface layer. is 4 to 6 inches thick and has a Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
content of gravel ranging from 15 to 30 percent,. In many eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. mapping unit.
In the less eroded areas, it is grayish-brown to light Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
yellowish-brown gravelly sandy clay loam, but the color hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is difficult to
ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges to gray- keep in good tilth, but, it can be worked throughout a
elly sandy clay in the more eroded spots. The sub- fairly wide range of moisture content,. A crust forms on
soil is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of yellowish-red the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
to strong-brown, firm clay loam to clay, with common form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
mottles of red and brown. the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely of crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
eroded spots. These make up from 5 to 25 percent of the necessary.
acreage in the mapping unit. Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. This row crops and pasture, but it is suited to most of the
soil is difficult to keep in good filth, but it can he worked locally grown crops. About half of the acreage is culti-

46 SOIL SURVEY
•vated or in pasture, and the rest is in forest. Practices red to strong-brown, firm silty clay loam to clay, with
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in common mottles of red. Included with this soil its
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-2, woodland mapping were some severely eroded spots where the sub-
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) soiI is exposed.
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes Infiltration is fair to good, surface runoff is very rapid,
(MyC).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. and the hazard of further erosion is very severe. Where
The surface layer is dark grayish-brown to yellowish- erosion is only slight, this soil is easy to keep in good
brown silt loam 4 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to tilth. Where erosion is moderate, this soil is difficult to
20 inches thick and consists of yellowish-red to strong- keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout a
brown, firm silty clay loam to clay, with common red fairly wide range of moisture content. A. crust forms on
mottles. the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
good filth and can be worked throughout a fairly wide crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
range of moisture content. necessary.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for This soil is suited to most of the locally grown crops,
row crops and pasture, but it is suited to most of the but practically all of the acreage is in forest. Where this
locally grown crops. Most; of the acreage is in forest, but soil has been cleared, it is used for row crops and pasture.
a small acreage is in other uses. Intensive practices that Very intensive practices that effectively control runoff
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil-
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIle-2, woodland suit- ity unit IVe 2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) suitability group 1)
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (MyC2). This soil is on narrow side slopes in the Norfolk Series
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining The Norfolk series consists of nearly level to sloping,
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In very deep, well-drained soils on Coastal Plain uplands in
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown the southern part of the county. The soils are on broad
to yellowish-brown silt loam, but the color ranges to flats and on smooth, rounded divides that have a dif-
strong brown and the texture ranges to Silty clay loam in ference in elevation of about 20 feet between the highest,
the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 15 to 20 inches thick and the lowest points. They have formed under forest in
and consists of yellowish-red to strong-brown, firm silty Coastal Plain sediment. The water table remains below
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red, the solum.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas low. Permeability is moderate, the available water cappac-
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the ity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential is low.
mapping unit. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
Infiltration is fair, and surf ace runoff is rapid. The strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult of lime and fertilizer are made.
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout In Wake County the Norfolk soils are important for
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on farming. Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form but some of the acreage is in forest..
if those areas are worked when wet. 'The crust and the Representative profile of a Norfolk loamy sand in a
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of cultivated field 1?4 miles west of the New Providence
crops •are poor and replanting of the severely eroded Church and 10 yards north of mad:
spots may be necessary. Ap—o to 6 inches, grayish-brown (2.:5Y 5/2) loamy sand;
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
has been cleared. This soil is suited to most of the locally moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores;
grown crops, but the cleared areas are used chiefly for strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
A��—6 to 15 inches, light yellowish-brown (2,5Y 6/1) loamy
row crops and pasture. Intensive practices that effec- sand; weak, coarse, granular .structure; very friable
tively control runoff and erosion are needed in the cult"- when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many fine
rated areas. (Capability unit, IIle-2, woodland suitabil- pores; strongly acid; abrupt, rt navy boundary.
ity group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) Blt-15 to 17 inches, yellowish-brown (1OYR 5/6) sandy clay
Mayodan silt loam, thin r 10 to 15 percent slopes loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
(MyD).—This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; common fine pores;
draina:geways in the uplands. Some areas are slightly strongly aria; clear, wavy boundary.
eroded, and others are moderately eroded. In the slightly B21t 17 to 32 inches, yellowish-brown (IOYR 5/3) sandy clay
Main; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; fri-
eroded areas, the surface layer is dark grayish-brown to able when moist, sticky mud slightly plastic when
yellowish-brown silt loans 4 to 6 inches thick. In the wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; common fine pores; few
moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is 3 to 6 sesquioxide nodules; few, small, rounded quartz peb-
inches thick and ranges from grayish-brown to yellowish- _ 4
hies; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
brown silt loam to strong brown silty clay loam. The B22t-32 to _ inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/S) sandy
cloy loam; common,on, medium, prominent, red mottles;
subsoil is 15 to 18 inches thick and consists of yellowish- moderate, medium and coarse, subangular blocky

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 47
. ,
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; few line pores; thin, continuous
clay films on pert surfaces; few, small, hard sescmi-
oxide nodules; strongly acid;clear, smooth boundary.
B3t-42 to 65 inches, pale-brown (10YR 8/3) sandy clay loam; .' . . ::.k-':- ','-''.,,;• v. Araiirr -,.:8 "'• '
•, "'4 .•,,,.',', "..,-*"...•:. ',' ...4"*"-i. '$•'
common,medium, distinct mottles of yellowish brown. $(: ..
.)".. :.f..0'. '$ '''07."•.,, •,...1.,..,- •,"44;•*"".i. -" : "..'.: ' ;"-<`,•*,'"- *-7-T,
red, and light gray; moderate, medium, subangular --'';": ! •:;;;"4" ;‘,' ' ' '"ile;:„ „"'44,..;",:-'. ;•'\.'".;---
blocky structure; friable when moist,and red mottles .•$, •..,,1•7...,„,-,*;"'i'l*,...;". '1.4S4'4.7.414‘',-.-`,:.-- - NE
E' ,',` .:% „,
are firm and brittle; few fine pores; thin clay films ,Z.-..;• -.' "•'. -• '.:,'.'"44;-'. A''.,''''',''''.:...,„0,'''... . . •
on ped surface*; strongly acid clear, wavy boundary. ,
to 72 inches +, mottled red,pale-yellow, reddish-yellow,
'''''"Ir ''''''‘''.•'" --41.:"Skr 4..•.";- .
and light-gray sandy loam; massive (few platy struc- ..
tures occur, probably because of the nature of the * -
parent material) ; fin and brittle when moist; corn- -' .::' - -"'„,"' 4;,•.--',4•o*,-.. -..z 4'iv„,„-„,.: •;'"..-,., . -
.A-,,.. .;-,.9-"`;:,;''',741k
mon fine pores; sand particles appear to be cemented
by oriented clay; medium acid. '' '•'$: .*.-',':; . .';"y,'"q,it ..., .,,,w.,„;;:.*-,',.;4.:',.44,W,t, "•,; ;;; -- ....
.:.,'"), -;'-'9,.*' '''' -"."-;' ,;•17:;-''ILVII.'4.;;;,'.:,
The A horizons range from 4 to 20 inches in total thickness 4.,„ 7 4''''.44 NZ"-4-:ft,4- ,'i ''''..','-.4,-/-i4';1...;":,,:"'.'--';t4;,.....';1,'," ,;.'
and from dark grayish brown to pale yellow or strong brown ..i 4.4.0„.,„,.,t,,,,„„-,,,-, - i , .i...„,; ,., NI :it.; 1,- N'Y'.7 .:' 'S.:'
. '." .
in color. The B horizons range from 50 to 72 inches in cow- "4,-',: -' .--:-",4.• ."." :"'3,„-"'q „, .•.- ..-
billed thickness. Their texture ranges from sandy loam or .," ; „'.'..*', ,$1";" -,-.4 *4 •„ ::;„ %„,:.',,,, ,'..,, ;.
loam to sandy clay loam that is less than 20 percent silt. The : . ",'''',"'. ''-.:L "4;: "" --`,- '. .i'--- ':• " '""..0:4.,,_''
color of the B horizons ranges from yellowish brown to -, .',...•,"4.4 %;,,.• i,,t,"1„-.7.---:•:...4”.,:,";,•":74,•" ,:::..•-..- 4"
brownish yellow in 10Y11 Imes. In places the B horizons are :2,::: - : ''r- - - - ...%;,. .,:' „,7...4.444,7 '",..,""4,
mottled with red. The combined thickness of the A horizons •4.,,,„,,: ,..%
and B horizons is more than 00 inches. Depth to hard rock is ,-;
$ .
more than 20 feet.
Norfolk soils (fig. 7) occur with Orangeburg, Faceville,
Goldsboro, and Wagram soils. They are less red than the
Orangeburg and Faceville soils and have a coarser textured "
subsoil than the Faceville soils. The Norfolk soils are better
drained than the Goldsboro soils and have a thinner surface ,
layer than the Wagram soils. .1
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes (NoA).—
This $,
soil is on broad, flat interstream divides in the '..i ,
uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish-brown to pale-
yellow
loamy sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is At . ,;.,..„:,....
yellowish-brown to brownish-yellow, friable sandy loam
to sandy clay loam and is 50 to 72 inches thick. In many •
places this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous lion- " ....... • 44
4
zon, with plinthite. ..,, ,
4,„ .- •
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This , ::;„ ' . , . , • s,
soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked ,, , , , ,
throughout a wide range of moisture content. It has no ,k ' •A,"'
limitations to intensive use and no major hazards if it 4
, ‘, , „ „' 4'4.4, t's
is farmed intensively. , , „3,, ,
" '..s .'
,
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- ',4--- ....wnts. 4,447.4c,.,„;47L., ,,,, ,, ,,,,4:11- ,'• • • s;'''''''''f'—'4',,,z.`1'11:ff ,•,4,"::1.,..
, .s.:T..s..4.,.,- -,..v.---.44,...,,, ....,'i.'4.4,6', '1-:!,-.. ''':'?. --
tune, hut but a small acreage is in forest. The cultivated areas
are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco and Figure 7.—Profile of a Norfolk loamy sand.
cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally grown
crops. (Capability unit I-1, woodland suitability group
6, wildlife suitability group 1) needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIes-1,
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (NoB).— woodland suitability group 6, wildlife suitability group
This soil is on broad, smooth interstrearn divides in the 1)
uplands. Its surface layer is dark grayish-brown to pale- Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
yellow loamy sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is (NoB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
yellowish-brown to brownish-yellow, friable sandy loam in the uplands. Its surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. In
to sandy clay loam 50 to 72 inches thick. In many places many places the surface layer is a mixture of the remain-
this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon, tug original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
with plinthite. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The brown to pale-yellow loamy sand, but the color ranges to
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
the more eroded spots. The subsoil is yellowish-brown
in
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range b to brownish-yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay
)f moisture content. loam 50 to 72 inches thick. In many places this soil con-
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- talus an incipient, discontinuous horizon, with plinthite.
ure, and only a small acreage is in forest. This soil is Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
well suited to all the locally grown crops and is used eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
?.hiefly for row crops, especially tobacco and cotton. make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are mapping unit.

48 SOIL SURVEY
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The necessary. An even stared of tobacco is hard to obtain.
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diifi- Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times,
cult to keepp in good filth, but it can be worked through- which makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust and reduces the quality of the tobacco,
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rams, and About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or, in
clods form if those areas are worked when wet, The crust pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to tobacco and cotton.. Intensive practices that effectively
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco. group 6, wildlife suitability group 1)
This soil is well suited, to all the locally grown crops,
and it is used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco Orangeburg Series
and cotton. Part of the acreage ism pasture, however,
and a small acreage is in forest. Practices that effectively 'fire Orangeburg series consists of gently sloping and
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated sloping, very deep, well-drained soils on Coastal Plain
areas. (Capability unit He-1, woodland suitability group uplands in the southern part of the county. These soils
6, wildlife suitability group 1) are on broad, smooth, rounded divides that have a dif-
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (NoC).— ferellce in elevation of about 20 feet between the highest,
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. The and the lowest points. They have formed under forest in
surface layer is dark grayish-brown to pale-yellow loamy Coastal Plain deposits. The water table remains below
sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish-brown the soluln.
to brownish-yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
loam 50 to 60 inches thick. In many places this soil con-- low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
tains an incipient and discontinuous horizon, with capacity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential is low.
plinthite. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
gfoomoistd and worked throughout a wide range The Orangeburg soils of Wake County are of only
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in minor importance for farming. Most of the acreage is
pasture, and the rest is in forest and in other uses. This cultivated or in pasture, but some is in forest.
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the Representative profile of an Orangeburg loamy sand in
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially a cultivated field one-half mile north of Partins Pond
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively and 50 yards east of the road.:
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated Apo to 8 inches, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand;
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
group 6, wildlife suitability group 1) moist.; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded A2-8 to 12 inches, pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy woad; weak,
(NoC2). This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands, fine, granular structure; very friable when moist;
medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
Its surface layer is I to 6 inches thick. In many places 1321t-12 to 141 inches, reddish-yellow (3YR 6/8) sandy clay
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original loam; modersate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the le:,,-; ture; friable when moist; strongly acid; gradual.
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brownsmooth boundary.
°v
to >a,le
1 1322t---19 to 26 inches, yellowish red (3YR 5/81 sandy clay
yellow loamy sand, but the color ranges to strong brown h'am; moderate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the severely ture; friable when moist; strongly acid; gradual,
eroded spots. The subsoil is yellowish-brown to brownish- smooth boundary.
yellow, friable sandyloamto sandy clay loam that is Si) 11231 20 to 50 inches, yellowish red (5YR 5/S) sandy clay
loam; common, medium, distinct, brownish-yellow
to 60 inches thick. In many places this soil contains au mottles; moderate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
incipient, discontinuous horizon, with plintliite. ture; friable when moist; strongly acid; gradual,
Included with this soil in mapping were some spots smooth boundary.
that are eroded to the extent, that the subsoil is exposed. l33 5o to G6 inches, red (2.5XR 5/0) sandy loam that con-
tains lockets of yellow (10YR 7/8) sandy clay loam;
These areas occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
in the mapping unit. able when moist; strongly acid; gradual, diffuse
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The boundary.
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficultC---GG to 72 inches + mottled red, yellow, and gray loamy
sand; loose when moist; strongly acid.
to keep in good filth, but it can be worked throughout a
The A horizons range from 6 to 20 inches in combined thick-
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on ness and from grayish brown or pale yellow to light brownish
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form gray or olive brown in color. The B horizons range from 50
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust, and the to more than 72 inches in combined thickness and from sandy
clods interfere withgermination. As a result, stands of loam to sandy clay loam in texture. Their color ranges from
reddish yellow to red or yellowish red or strong brown in
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be 2.5YR to 7.5YR hues. The combined thickness of the A hori-

CAllc1Zl 49
Boas and horizon is greater than inches. Depth to hardt Y
reek is more than$}ft
Orangeburg soils oce r with Norfolk and Facevilie sails ,
They are snore reddish than the Norfolk soils and have a
coarser textured ,ulrsoil than the Facevllle soils.
Orangeburg loamy d, to 6 percent slopes ( r . - #r
This soil is on l road stzzc cxth arxt nitr am divides iu the
uplands. Its surface layer is grayish'brown, light t -
brown.ish-gray, and pale-yellow to olive-brown loamy \ �
sand to 20 inches thick ¶ he subsoil is red to yellowish
red and strong-brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay s k
loam that is 50 to 72 inches thick fig. }< In manly, places
this soil contain �cipient, lzseont'mzzous oznn, `� � '
with plinthite. 3%� x
Included with this soil in mapping w ere a fe y places
where the slope is less than 2 percent. iseor included. were
sonic spots wheregravel is on and in the surface layer.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is m€sdderate. This soil is easy to deep s ' ,
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops,
sect practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas_
titre. The cultivated are are used chiefly for• row crops
especially tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively `{
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit llie-1, woodland suitability group «,•«hF< fi
f,wildlife suitability group 1} t "
Orangeburg loay sand 2 to 6 percent slopes,eroded
t`OrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstreain divides
A 50
in the uplands> Its surface layer is 6 to 8 inches thick. In
maz.ny places the surface layer is a mi ture of the original _
surface soil azzd of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish brown to light
brown b emy sand, but the texture ranges to sandy clay °<<
loam and the color is reddish in the more eroded spots.
The subsoil is red to yellowish-red or strong-brown, fri
able sandy loam to sandy clay loam that is o0 to ,2 inches
thick. In many places this soil contains an incipient, dis
continuous horizon, with pli.nthite.
Included with this soil in map ing were some areas
where gravel is on the surface and in the surface layer.
Some severely eroded spots occupy from 5 to 20 percent Figure&.An Orangeburg loony sand to a depth of 4 feet.
of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is di.ffa- Orangeburg loamy send, to l0 percent slopes,
cult to keep in. good filth, but it can be worked through eroded (CJ.C2).—This soil is on narrow side stapes izz the
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A erns zz lands. In about three fourths of the acres: e it is road
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and. e tely eroded. Ira the rest it is slightly exoele €ir severely
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust eroded. The severely eroded spots make up from to 2:
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result, percent of the acreage in the mapping unit. In many
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas places the surface layer is a zxzixture of the remaining
may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to original surface soil and of material front the subsoil, fzz
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different the severely eroded spats, the subsoil is exposed. Ixi the
times, and this makes harvesting and curing of the crop slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-brown
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco, to light-brown loamy sand that is 6l to inehes thick, but
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- the texture ranges to sandy clay loam and. the color is
ture, but a small acreage is in forest. This soil is well reddish in the severely eroded spots. The subsoil is .50 to
suited to all the locally grown crops, especially tobacco 60 inches thick and is red to yellowish-red and strong-
and cotton. Practices that effectively control runoff and brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam. fn many
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability places this soil contains an incipient., discontinuous li.ori-
unit IIe-i, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife suit- zon, with plinthite. Included in mapping w=ere some areas
ability group I) where gravel is on the surface and izz the surface layer.

50 SOIL SURVEY
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The blocky to massive. The C horizon is single grain or massive.
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult Depth to hard rock ranges from 2 to 3 feet.
Pinkston soils occur with Louisburg, Mayodan, and Gran-
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout ville soils. They contain less weatherable minerals than the
a wide range of moisture content. A crust forma on the Louisburg roils, and they have a coarser textured subsoil than
severely eroded: spots after hard rains, and clods form if the Mayodan and Granville soils.
those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods Pinkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes (PkC).—
inter•fere with germination. Asa result, stands of crops are This soil is on small ridges and side slopes in the uplands.
poor and replanting of those areas may be necessary. An its surface layer is pale-brown to dark-brown sandy loam
even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an 4 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is 5 to 30 inches thick
uneven stand mature at different times, and this makes and consists of yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, very
harvesting and curing difficult and reduces the quality of friable or friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
the tobacco. Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in that are moderately eroded. Also included were some
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This areas where 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially layer consists of gravel.
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. This soil is
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout:
group 6, wildlife suitability group 1.) a wide range of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
Pinkston Series rest is cultivated orin pasture. This soil is fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops. Where it is
The Pinkston series consists of gently sloping to steep, cultivated, however, very intensive practices that effec-
moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils in Lively control runoff and erosion arc necessary. During
fairly small areas on Piedmont uplands in the western rainy seasons, this soil is subject to lene..lring of mobile
part of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on plant nutrients because of its coarse texture. It is drough-
rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of ty during dry seasons. (Capability unit IVe-3, woodland
about 75 feet between the highest and the lowest points. suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
They have formed under forest in material that weath- Pinkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes (Pkr).
ered from sandstone and shale of Triassic age. The water This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. Its surface
table remains below the solum. layer is pale-brown to dark-brown sandy loam 4 to 8
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are niches thick. The subsoil is 5 to 20 inches thick and con-
low, and permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. slats of yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, very friable or
The available water capacity and the shrink--swell po- friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
tential are low. Except in areas that have received lime, included with this soil in mapping were some areas
that are moderately eroded. Also included were some
these soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if areas where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made. covered with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the sur-
The Pinkston soils of Wake County are not important face layer consists of o'ravel.
for farming. Most of the is in forest.
acreageInfiltration is good. �urface runoff is very rapid.
Representative profile of a Pinkston sandy loam in a Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of
cultivated field three-fourths of a mile southwest of the the steepness of the slopes and the shallowness of the sub-
entrance to Raleigh-Durham Airport,one-fourth of a mile soil, this soil should not be cleared. (Capability unit
west and south on a farm road,and 50 yards south of road: VI.Ie--1, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suit-
Ap-0 to 5 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak, fine, ability group 4)
granular structure; very friable when moist; common
quartz pebbles; medium acid; clear, wavy boundary. Plummer Series
I12 of to 17 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) sandy loam;
common, medium, light yellowish-brown and pale-
brown mottles: weak, medium, subangular blocky The Plummer series consists of nearly level, deep,
structure; quartz gravel makes up 25 percent of hori- poorly drained soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain.
son, by volume; friable when moist; strongly acid; These soils occupy small areas in depressions in the south-
gradual boundary, ern part of the county, where the difference in. elevation
B3 17 to 25 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) sandy loam; is about 5 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
common, medium, distinct, pinkish-gray and strong-
brown
brown mottles; structureless; very friable when The seasonally high water table is at the surface.
moist; quartz gravel makes up 85 percent of horizon, Natural fertility is very low, and the content of ore an-
by volume; strongly acid; gradual boundary. ic, hatterrapid,is low. Permeability is pid, and the available
C-25 to 36 inches +, partly weathered sandstone that has a
texture of gravelly sandy loam; very strongly acid. water capacity and the shrink-swell potential are low.
uent.. and the floodwaters remain for a is f g din re
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and Flooding q
from pale brown to dark brown in color.The B horizons range long period of time. Except in areas that have received
from 5 to 30 inches in combined thickness. Their color ranges lime, these soils are strongly acid. Where proper drain-
from yellowish brown to yellowish red in 10YR to .5YR hues. �•
The texture of the B horizons ranges from loam to sandy age is provided, response is moderate if suitable appli-
loam, and their structure ranges from weak, fine, subangular cations of lime and fertilizer are, made.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLLN A 51
Plummer soils are limited in suitability for crops, and They have formed under forest in Coastal Plain deposits.
they are not important for farming. Most of the acreage A seasonally hig,h water table is at the surface.
is in forest, but a small acreage is lei pasture. Natural fertility is low. The content, of organic matter
Representative profile of Plummer sand in a pasture is medium, and permeability and the shrink-swell po-
t.1 miles south of Holla.11d station, 1,300 yards northwest tential are moderate. Flooding is frequent, and the flood-
on a farm road, and 15 yards east of road: waters stay on the surface for a long time. Except in
0 1 inch to 0, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) decomposed areas that ave received lime,these soils are very strongly
grass, weeds; and other litter; medium acid. acid or strongly acid. Where the soils are properly
Ap----0 to 4 inches, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand; stale- drained, response is good if suitable applications of lime
tureless; very friable when moist; many fine and and fertilizer are made.
medium,fibrous roots; many fine pores;medium acid;
clear, smooth boundary. The Rains soils of Wake County are of only minor
A1g---4 to 11 inches, mottled dark-gray (10YR 4/1) and gray importance for farming. Most of the acreage is in mixed
(10YR 6/1) sand; structureless; very friable when hardwoods and pines, but a small acreage is in pasture
moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores;
medium acid; clear, irregular boundary, or in cultivated crops,
A21g__-11 to 36 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sand; very few, fine, Representative profile of Rains fine sandy loam in a
distinct, very pale brown stains of organic matter; cultivated field 1.7 miles south of Willow Springs and
structureless; very friable when moist; few, fine, 100 a rds west, of road:
fibrous roots; many fine pores; some sand grains are y
coated, but many are uncoated; medium acid; clear, Ap-0 to 8 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
smooth boundary. loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very friable
A22g-36 to 50 inches, light-gray (10YR 7/1) sand; structure- when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
less; loose when moist; sand grains are uncoated; pores; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
various feldspar colors stand out among the light-gray B21tg-8 to 13 inches, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) sandy clay
quartz sand grains; few, fine,subrounded quartz peb- loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish-brown
bles; medium acid. mottles; weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky
Btg--50 to 60 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; common, structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
medium, distinct mottles of brownish yellow; weak, plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when pores; thin clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid;
moist; strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary. clear, wavy boundary.
Cg-60 to 72 inches +, gray (10YR 6/1) loamy sand; strut- B22tg-13 to 22 inches, grayish-brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay
tureless; very friable when moist; strongly acid, loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish-brown
The A horizons range from 40 to 60 inches in combined mottles; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
thickness and from very dark brown to gray or black in color. friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
in many places the A horizons are mottled with gray or dark wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores; thin
gray. The Btg horizon ranges from 10 inches to more than clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear, wavy
40 inches in thickness. Its texture is sandy loam to sandy clay boundary.
loam, and its color is gray of 10YR hue, mottled with brown- B23tg-22 to 28 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) heavy sandy clay
ish yellow. The combined thickness of the A. and B horizons loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish-brown
is 60 inches or inure. Depth to hard rock is 20 feet or more. mottles; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
Plnnune.r soils occur with Rains soils, but they have a friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
thicker surface layer than those soils, wet; many fine pores; medium clay films on ped sur-
faces; very strongly acid; clear, irregular boundary.
Plummer sand (0 to i percent Slopes) (Ps).--This is B3tg-28 to 65 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loam;
the only soil of the Plummer series mapped in Wake many, medium, prominent, strong-brown mottles;
.iolinty. It is in upland depressions. The surface layer is weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure tending to
Very dark brown or gray to black sand 40 to 60 inches massive; strong-brown mottles are slightly brittle and
:.hick The subsoil is light-gray,a very friable sandy Clay' are friable when moist; greyed mottles are y p1 ile
�, g y� r�' y when moist and are slightly sticky and slightly plas-
.oaln to sandy loam 10 to 40 inches thick, tie when wet; strongly oriented clay films in cracks;
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to few, small, rounded pebbles; very strongly acid.
C---65 to 72 inehes +, gray (10-R 5/1) loaamy sand; strut-
)carded. Wetness and surface pondingare severe hazards tureless; friable when moist; very strongly acid.
o crops. Where adequately drained, this soil is easy to The Ap horizon ranges from 6 to 20 inches in thickness rind
Beep in good filth and can be worked throughout a wide from very dark gray to grayish brown or dark grayish brown
':A/we of moisture content. in color. The B horizons range from 40 to 60 inches or more
Practically all of the acreage is in. forest, but if it is in combined thickness and from sandy loam to clay loam in
)roperly drained, this soil call be used to u ow a felt/ texture. The color of the B horizons ranges from gray to
)erelsilial crops that are suitable for grazing Both sus grayish brown in 10YR to 5Y hues, and these horizons are
Lace and subsurface drainage are needed if cultivated mottled with yellow or brownBhorizons in many places.thanTne combined
(Capability
g thickness of the A and B is more 60 inches.
Slops are grown. (Capability. unit IVw--1, woodland Depth to hard rock is 20 feet or more.
ailtability group 8, wildlife suitability group 3) Rains soils occur with Lynchburg and Plummer soils. They
are more poorly drained than the Lynchburg soils and have a
thinner surface layer than the Plummer soils.
[tains Series
Rains fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Ra):—
The Rains series consists of nearly level, very deep, This soil is in depressions in the uplands. it is the only
)oorly drained soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain. Rains soil mapped in Wake County. The surface layer is
l'hese soils are in depressions where the difference in very dark gray to grayish-brown fine sandy loam 6 to 20
levation is about. 5 feet between the highest and the low- inches thick. The subsoil is 40 to 60 inches thick and con-
cst points. These soils are in the southern part of the sists of gray to grayish-brown, friable sandy loam to clay
ounty, where they occupy both large and small areas, loom, with common mottles of yellow and brown.

52 SOIL SURVEY
•
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas sticky and plastic when wet; many fine, woody roots
where the subsoil is clay. Also included were a few areas in vertical cracks; thick clay films on ped surfaces;
strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary,
of a very poorly drained soil that has surface layer of B22tg-22 to 31 inches, gray (1OYR 5/1) heavy clay loam;
loam. few, fine, distinct, yellow mottles; very coarse, pris-
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to (antic primary structure breaking to strong, coarse,
Y angular blocky Structure; very firm when moist,
pond Wed. etness and surface ponding are severe hazards
to crops. Where this soil is adequately drained, it is easysticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody roots
in vertical cracks; thick slay films on ped surfaces;
to keep in good. filth and can be worked throughout a strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary
wide range of moisture content. B3tg-31 to 38 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam;
If this soil is properly drained, it is well suited to few, fine and medium, distinct, yellowish-brown mot-
tles; weak, coarse, angular blocky structure; firm
many of the locally grown crops. Both surface and sub- when moist:, sticky and plastic" when wet; thin, ciis-
surface drainage are needed, however, if cultivatted crops continuous clay films on peel surfaces; medium acid;
are grown. Most of the acreage is in forest, but. It small gradual, wavy boundary.
Y Clg-38 to 42 inches, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
acreage is cultivated or in pasture. (Capability unit massive; hard in place; friable when moist, slightly
IIIw-3, woodland suitability group 7, wildlife suit- sticky and slightly plastic when wet; slightly acid;
ability group 3) clear, wavy boundary.
C2 12 to 45 inches -I-, gray (10YR ti/1) sandy loam; few,
fine, distinct, olive mottles; massive friable when
Roanoke Series moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet;
slightly acid.
The Roanoke series consists of nearly level, deep, poor The A horizons rings from 6 to 20 inches in combined
ly drained soils that occupy large areas on low stream thickness and from dark gray to grayish brown or dark
terraces. These soils are in all parts of the county near grayish brown in color. The B horizons range from 20 to 30
the large streams, and they have formed under forest in ` inches in combined thickness and from sandy clay loam to
alluvial deposits. A seasonally high water table is at the clay in texture. The color of the lit, horizons is gray in 2.5Y
silt'face. and 10YR hues. In many places the Bt. horizons are mottled
with yellow said brown. In many areas the lower boundary of
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are the B3tg horizon separates that horizon from a stone line,
medium, permeability is slow, and the available, water sand, or unconsolidated sand and clay. The combined thick-
capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is high to ness of the A horizons and B horizons ranges from 30 to 40
moderate. I'lf tiding is frequent, but the floodwaters re inches. Depth to hard rock is more than 5 feet and commonly
is more than 15 feet.
main for only a short time.. Except, in areas where lime Roanoke soils occur with Wahee and Wehadkee soils. They
has been applied, these soils are strongly acid. Where tare more poorly drained than the %V ahee soils and have less
proper drainage is provided, response is fairly good if sand in their subsoil than the Wehadkee soils.
suitable applications of lithe and fertilizer are made. Roanoke fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Rol.--
In Wake. County the Roanoke soils are not important This is the only Roanoke, soil mapped in Wake County.
for farming. Most of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods It is on low stream terraces. The surface. laver is dark-
and some pines, but a small acreage is cultivated or in ara,y to grayish-brown fine sandy loam 6 to 20 inches
pasture. thick. The subsoil is gray, very firm clay to clay loam
Representative profile. of Roanoke fine sanely loam in. that is mottled with yellow and brown in many places.
a wooded area 0.6 of a mile southwest of Plymouth The subsoil is 20 to 30 inches thick.
Church on a farm road, and 100 yards southeast of the Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
farm road: ponded. Wetness and surface ponding are severe hazards
(li—? inches to 1 huh, 'nnilecatnposeai forest liltea°. if crops are grown. Where this soil is properly drained,
021 inch to 0, decomposed forest litter. it is easy to keep in good tilth. Tillage is sometimes re-
Ai-0 to 7 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy stricted after heavy rains, however, because of the slowly
loans; few, medium, distinct, brown mottles weak, permeable subsoil.
coarse, granular structure: very y friable when moist;
many fine and medium, hlreon•; roots and few, large If this soil is properly drained, it is suited to pasture,
woody roots; many fine pores; slightly acid; clear, hay, and some row crops. Surface and subsurface drain-
wavy boundary, age are needed if cultivated crops are grown, but obtain-
A2 7 to 11 inches, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy
loam: many, coarse, distinct, light brownish-dray ing proper drainage is difficult. Most. of the acreage is
(10YR 6/2) mottles; weak, coarse, granular struc- in forest, but some of it. is cultivated or in pasture.
tare; very friable when moist, slightly brittle; few, (Capability unit IVw-1, woodland suitability group 7,
fine, woody roots; many fine pores; slightly acid; wildlife suitability group 3)
clear, smooth boundary.
B1tg-11 to 15 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam; Swamp (Sw) is a miscellaneous land type that is covered
common, anediuna, distinct, brownish-yellow and few, by water most of the time. it is not extensive but occurs
fine, prominent, strong brawn mottles; moderate, at, the heads of manmade lakes in most parts of the
coarse, subangular blocky structure; firm when moist,
slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few, county. The soil material has washed from soils of up-
fine, woody roots; common fine pores; medium clay lands ebbing periods of high rainfall. Swamp sustains a
films on ped surfaces; medium acid; clear, wavy cover of alder, cattails, and bog rush.
boundary.
B2itb 15 to 22 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) clay; common, Because of wetness and inaccessibility, few observa-
naedium, distinct, yellowish-brown and few, medium, tions of the soil characteristics of this land type have
prominent, yellowish-red mottles; very coarse, pris- been made. Therefore, all onsite investigation is neces-
matic primary structure breaking to strong, coarse, r
angular blocky structure; very firm when moist., sary before use. is planned. (Capability unit V IIw--1,

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 53
woodland suitability group 14, wildlife suitability group color. The B horizons range from 30 to more than 72 inches
3) in combined thickness and from sandy loam to sandy clay
loam in texture. The color of the B horizons ranges from
yellowish brown to strong brown in 10YR and 7.5YR hues,
Troup Series and generally the B horizons are mottled with yellowish red
and strong brown. The combined thickness of the A horizons
The Troup series consists of nearly level or gently and B horizons ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Depth
sloping, very deep, well drained soils on Coastal Plain to hard rock is generally more than 20 feet.
Troup soils occur with Wagram soils. They have a thicker
uplands in the southern part of the county. These soils surface layer, however, than the Wagram soils.
are on broad flats and on smooth, rounded divides where
the difference in elevation is about 10 feet between the Vance Series
highest and the lowest points. The water table remains
below the solum. The Vance series consists of gently sloping and slop-
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are ing, moderately deep, well-drained soils on Piedmont
low, permeability is rapid, and the available water capac- uplands that are mostly in the northeastern and eastern
ity is very low. The shrink-swell potential is low. Except parts of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
in areas that have received lime, these soils are strongly rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
acid. Response is moderately good if suitable applica- 20 feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
tions of lime and fertilizer are made. have formed under forest in material that weathered
Though most of the acreage is cultivated, these soils from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
are not important for farming. In Wake County they table remains below the solum.
are mapped only with the Wagram soils. Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
Representative profile of a Troup sand in a cultivated matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the available
field 21/2 miles south-southeast of Varina on N.C. High- water capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is
way No.42,one-eighth of a mile north on a farm road,and moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these
10 yards west of that road: soils are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
Ap—O to 8 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) sand; if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
single grain; loose when moist or dry; many, fine, The Vance soils of Wake County are moderately
fibrous roots; many fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt, important for farming. Most of thege is cultivated
wavy boundary. P acreab
A21-8 to 27 inches, light yellowish-brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand; Or in pasture, but a small acreage is in forest.
single grain; loose when moist or dry; few, fine, Representative profile of a Vance sandy loam in a
fibrous roots; few fine pores; slightly acid; gradual, cultivated field 3.5 miles west of the Wakefield Church,
smooth boundary.
A22 —27 to 49 inches, light yellowish-brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand; 600 feet northeast on a farm road, and 15 feet south of
common, medium, faint, pale-yellow mottles; single the farm road:
grain; loose when moist or dry; few, fine, fibrous
roots; few fine pores; strongly acid; clear, smooth Ap—O to 5 inches, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
boundary. weak, medium and coarse, granular structure; very
B1-49 to 58 inches,yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; friable when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; few
common, coarse, distinct, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine pores; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
mottles; weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky B21t-5 to 14 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) clay; few,
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly fine, prominent, red mottles; weak, coarse, prismatic
plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; few fine primary structure breaking to moderate,coarse,angu-
pores; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary. lar blocky structure; very firm when moist, sticky
B21t-58 to 64 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay and plastic when wet; common, fine, fibrous roots in
loam; common,medium, prominent,yellowish-red and cracks between the pods; common fine pores; medium
common, medium, distinct, strong-brown mottles; clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear,
weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky structure; smooth boundary.
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when B22t-14 to 23 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; com-
wet; few fine pores; thick coatings on sand grains; mon, fine, prominent, red mottles; moderate, medium,
few small quartz pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt, angular blocky structure; very firm when moist,
smooth boundary. sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots
B22t-64 to 74 inches, mottled brownish-yellow (10YR 6/8), in cracks between the peds; few fine pores; medium
strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish-red (5YR clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear,
5/8) clay loam;moderate,medium,subangular blocky wavy boundary.
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly B3-23 to 29 inches,yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) clay; many,
plastic when wet; few fine pores; thick coatings on medium, prominent, red mottles; moderate, very fine
sand grains; few clay bridges; few small quartz peb- and fine, angular blocky structure; firm when moist,
bles; red (2.5YR 4/6), brittle sesquioxide nodules; sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary. in cracks; many fine pores; thin clay films in cracks;
B3-74 to 83 inches. strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay common particles of weatherable material from the
loam; few, fine, prominent, red mottles; weak, fine C horizon; strongly acid; abrupt,irregular boundary.
and medium, subangular blocky structure; friable C-29 to 35 inches +, mottled strong-brown and yellowish-
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when red weathered granite or gneiss that has a texture
wet; few fine pores; strongly acid; gradual, smooth of clay loam; massive; friable when moist; strongly
boundary, acid. This layer contains common pieces of weathered
C-83 to 88 inches-I-,mottled reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and feldspar.
yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) loamy sand; massive; brit- The Ap horizon ranges from 4 to 15 inches in thickness and
tle and friable when moist; few, thin, discontinuous from grayish brown to yellowish brown in color. The B hori-
iron coatings on sand grains; medium acid, ions range from 8 inches to 30 inches in total thickness and
The A horizons range from 40 to 60 inches in thickness from clay to sandy clay in texture. The color of the Bt hori-
and from dark grayish brown to light yellowish brown in ions ranges from yellowish brown to yellowish red of 10YR

51 SOIL SURVEY
and 5YR lines, and those horizons are mottled with brown times delayed after heavy rains because of the slowly
and red. The combined thickness of the A horizon and B permeable subsoil.
horizons ranges from 20 inches to 40 inches. Depth to hard
rock is generally more than 4 feet and is commonly more About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
than 10 feet. pasture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is well suited
Vance soils occur with Appling, Wedowee, En on, and to most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated
Helena soils. They are firmer when moist and are more are th ng areas are used chiefly for row crops. Practices that effec-
plastic when wet than e Appli and Wedowee soils. •
Vance soils are more acid and less brownish than the Enon tively control runoff. and erosion are needed inthe culti-
soils and are better drained than the Helena soils. rated areas. (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suitability
Vance sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes (VaB).—This group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands. The Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
surface layer is grayish-brown to yellowish-brown sandy (VoB2).—This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the
loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 30 inches uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 7 inches thick. The
thick and consists of yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, subsoil is 8 to 30 inches thick and consists of yellowish-
very firm clay to sandy clay, with common mottles of brown to yellowish-red, very firm clay to sandy clay
red (fig. 9). that has common mottles of red.
Infiltration is ,Yood, but permeability is slow and sur- Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
This soil is easy to keep in good filth, but tillage is some- make.up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is
• ".• "i moderate. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth and
ir, ';‘,,,l'-'' ' ;'. ''A '' ' ' „' tillage is restricted after heavy rains because of the
, .„
, . : 401 slowly permeable subsoil. A crust forms on the severely
eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if those
• "
4i7 ', - s!',.-,- '*
-•::,-,''',±/ek, , , f.,,.,, a reas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
interfere
with germination. As a result, stands of crops
,,,s- .;i4V- are poor and replanting of those areas may be necessary.
'..' 441,F„..:,,,,,::-.00 ,f,v1.4, ;.ii.pic4,,.. „kit; :,,,: , ,,:t:, An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times, which makes har
l -
,. ' s.„ , .• 1 -, , 'stotj.,, :.,•,,,igS4„.1.1(0 .
.7, „ " - ::1;:.'"'',::•t', '''.,: ., , ' vesting and curing difficult and reduces the quality of
... the tobacco.
- ,-7Aik .. ' ' , '' ' --• --,. :`"7t:PY':*e ''
.. ,/, . •„ ." .,, ' ' About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
s
s,„ ture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is well suited to
. ;
most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated areas, , ssis ,I
. are used chiefly for row crops. Practices that effectively
-'-e ',- .,,4, ' -,„, , - s ' .4.' ,„ control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
fi: T!,,-,:', areas. (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suitability group
11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Vance sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
• _ .- ,,,,, 0,, . r
„c '''': '..„ ' '44, s. ',''`' ,It''' '' (VaC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
.its s - -
,,.'so,..'-,,,,s;',,, s ''F'' ..",'' ,1•1%; ,^ ,,.',-,. , !'. -,:: ',,'',:, $ 'It.
Where erosion is moderate, the surface layer ranges from
brown to yellowish brown in color, from sandy loam to
sandy clay in. texture, and from 4 to 6 inches in thick-
, , Pe. s , ",,,'"' ness. Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is
,*'",(4?4'wis..„)„,' ,',' :',,..so.' „s, -•-4s'ss,,,,r' „„-.,-- - '
grayish brown to yellowish-brown sandy loam 6 to 12
inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 30 inches thick and Con
:', 75-A.,:?,Z. ''.?",':'.4t;1/2,...„ _, 7;:it:•.:7; -1", -':: ,........;- - , 3-.- A',..t Fists of yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, very firm clay
-:: to sandy clay, with common mottles of red. In some
,,:, ,Ti:,„vit ,•cte:77:, so t.7.-.,,.,t,-, != ,,.WI,. ";;x ':i,"
'. ., r:- - ,•-. 7 ,,,,' ::',r?....,'W''',,,... places some severely eroded spots where the subsoil is
o'sescesks ' , '
, afr,: -,, exposed were included with this soil in mapping.
* ri :-,...**„4..*„:-= ','.., ,' „'-'-.-...,, " !;it:Z.4 Nr"„, --- ' ( 4 ' A Infiltration is fair to good, but permeability is slow
,- ", „,^4r,-----,,,,, ,,,,6: ...,.‘^- 4'' -.„: and surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion
sr.-- ,-,, -';',',twaVty„-- ,s.:... ...:1" - -'-- ,'1?otar"..,37 '<" ' ''.' , , L
z.•-,,,,.- -,. --,,'• i.!'ef if,.t, :- ,.:,=k,..: - ',1 "ric,,,,,,,,-;'•,,,,v 3/4. .4t,,:i, . is severe. Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is
4 .-, - easy to keep in good tilth. Where it is moderately eroded,
2 ,,, ' s , ,s . it is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of the slowly
-.F.7'* ..,,,-, Tk.:se '
'-',- ,.-• `-,..- -. -:,:t4-.. .,-...-- .. . ' - -,,.;-iirtt., ,.-,, ,,,, , . permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after heavy rains.
i'S''' - s
-;'1 ' , 10;', ' ,,,,' , ', Oi A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard
' ,1,...:7 s ''!,;i,, e',, ' rains, and clods form if those areas are worked when
wet The crust and the clods interfere with germination• ' ' '
' ts":, , -'0•'-- -- • - --'---: - - •'"-,---- - As a result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of
Figure 9.—Profile of a Vance sandy loam. In this soil the subsoil those areas is sometimes necessary. An even stand of
is clay that is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet, tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand

1,vAK1t COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 55
mature at d iferelit times, which makes harvesting and IIE32-035 to 733 inches, mottled brownish-yellow (20YR (3/0),
curing of the crop difficult and reduces the quality of the • yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8), red (2.5YR 5/8), and
tobacco. light-gray (10YR 7/2) clay; moderate, fine, angular
blocky structure; very firm when moist, sticky and
This soil is •well suited to most of the crops grown plastic when wet; few thin clay films; very strongly
locally. Where it is cultivated, it is used chiefly for row acid; clear, smooth boundary.
crops. About one-third •of the acreage is cultivated ar in IIG---73 to 100 inches +, coarsely mottled, light-gray (10YR
pasture, and the rest is•ill forest. Intensive practices that 7/1),dark-red (10R 3/6), and yellowish-brown (10YR
p ., 5/8) clay; massive; very firm when moist, sticky
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the and plastic when wet; very strongly acid.
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland suit- The A horizons range from 20 to 40 inches in combined
ability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1) • thickness, from dark grayish brown or grayish brown to pale
yellow in color, and from loamy sand to sand in texture. The
Wagram Series B horizons range from yellowish brown or brownish yellow
g to reddish yellow in color and from 30 to more than 6()inches in
combined thickness,The texture of the B horizons ranges from
The Wagram series consists of nearly level to sloping, sandy loam and sandy clay loam to clay. The combined thick-
very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that nese of the A horizons and B horizons is more than 00 inches.
occupy large areas on Coastal Plain uplands in the Depth to hard rock is generally more than 20 feet.
Wagram soils occur with Norfolk and Troup soils. They
southern part of the county. These soils are on side slopes have a thicker surface layer than the Norfolk soils and a
and on broad, smooth, rounded divides where the dif- thinner surface layer than the Troup.
fer•ence in elevation is about 20 feet between the highest Wagram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes (WaA).---
and the lowest points. They have formed under forest This soil is on broad flat in.terstream divides in the
in Coastal Plain sediment. The water table remains below uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish-brown to
the solum. pale-yellow loamy sand 20 to 40 inches thick. The sub-
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter soil is yellowish brown to reddish yellow, friable sandy
are low or very low, and permeability is moderate. The loam to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 inches or more thick.
available water capacity and the shrink-swell potential In many places this soil contains an incipient and dis-
are low. Except in areas that have received lime, these continuous horizon, with plinthite.
soils are medium acid to very strongly acid.. Response is Infiltration is (rood, and surface runoff is slow. This
good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked
made. Wake
a wide range of moisture content. The thick,
The Wagram soils of T�ake County are moderately sandy surface layer makes it droughty, however, and
important for farming. Most of the acreage is cultivated, subject to leaching.
but part of it is in pasture or forest. Practically all of the acreage is cultivated, but a small
Representative profile of a Wagram loamy sand in a acreage is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited to
cultivated field one-half mile north of the line between most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated areas
Wake and Johnston Counties, 1% miles south of Little are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco. Mod-
Black Creek, and 100 yards south of a paved road: erately intensive practices that effectively conserve rnois-
Ap 0 to 8 inches, grayish-brown (1.OYR 5/2) loamy sand; ture and that restrict leaching are needed in the areas
weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when used for crops. (Capability unit Its-1, woodland suit-
nro mt; many fine, fibrous roots; medium acid; abrupt, ability group 9, wildlife suitability group 4)
smooth boundary.
A.2 S to 25 inches, pale-brown (10YR 0/3) loamy sand; few, Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WaN.—
medium, distinct, yellow mottles; weak, coarse, This soil is on broad, smooth inter'strearn divides in the
granular structure; very friable when moist; comn-
men, tine, fibrous roots in uppermost 4 inches; medi-
um uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish-brown to pale
urn acid; clear, wavy boundary. yellow loamy sand 20 to 40 inches thick. The subsoil is
111-25 to 31 inches, brownish-yellow (10YR 6/8) sandy loam; yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow-, friable sandy loam
weak, medium and coarse, subangula.r blocky ;:true-
ture; very friable when moist., slightly sticky and to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 inches or more thick. In
slightly plastic when wet; medium acid; clear, wavy many places this soil contains an incipient and (Escort-
boundary. tinuous horizon, with plinthite.
B21t-31 to 30 inches, yellowish brown (1OYR 57'8) sandy clay loam; weak, medium and coarse, subangular infiltration is food, and surface runoff is medium. The
blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep in
slightly plastic when wet;few,thin,discontinuous clay good. tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
filing; few fine pores; strongly acid; clear, w IN of moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes
bu i!i,latc.
1392t---,39 to 45 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR. 5/8) sandy it droughty, however, and it is subject to leaching.
clay. loam; common, fine, distinct, reddish yellow Practically all of the acreage is cultivated, but a small
mottles: weak, medium subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when acreage is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited to
wet; thin, discontinuous clay films; few, red, soft most of the locally grown crops, but it• is used chiefly
nodules; strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary. for row crops, especially tobacco. Moderately intensive
B31t--15 to 65 inches, brownish-yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy
clay loam; common, medium, distinct mottles of gel- Practices that. effectively conserve moisture and restrict
lowish brown, red, and light gray; moderate, medium, leaching are needed. Practices that effectively control
subangular blocky structure; friable when moist, runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
sticky and slightly elastic when wet; medium, discon- (Capability unit, Its-1, woodland suitability group 9,
tinuous clay film ; very strongly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary. wildlife suitability group 4)

56 SOTS, SURVEY
Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (WaC1.---- deposits. A seasonally high water table is at a depth
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. The sur- of about 11/2 feet.
face layer is.. dark grayish-brown to pale-yellow loamy Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
sand 20 to 40 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish-brown matter is low. Permeability is slow, the available water
to reddish-yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam capacity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential is
30 to 60 inches or more thick. In many places this soil moderate. Flooding; is frequent, but the floodwaters
contains •an incirent and discontinuous horizon, with remain for only a Short time. Except in areas that have
plinthite. Included with this soil in mapping were some received lime, these soils are strongly acid. Response is
areas where the slope is between 10 and 15 percent. fairly good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The are made.
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in The Wahee soils of Wake County are not important
good filth and can be worked throughout a wide range of for farming. Most of the acreage is in forests of mixed
moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes hardwoods, but a small acreage is in pasture or is culti-
the soil droughty, however, and subject to leaching of vated.
mobile plant nutrients. Representative profile of Wahee fine sandy loam iin a
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in recently cleared field 1.3 miles southwest of Plymouth
pasture, and the rest is in forest:. This soil is fairly well Church on a farm road and 135 yards north of the end
suited to most of the locally grown crops, and the culti- of the farm road:
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially Air---o to 6 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
tobacco. Intensive practices that effectively control run- loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
of-f and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Caps- able when moist; many fine and medium, fibrous
bility unit IIIe-5, woodland suitability group 9, wildlife roots; common fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt,
suitability group4) smooth boundary.
s
y B1-6 to 14 inches, yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) light fine
Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes (WgA).-- sandy clay loam; few, fine, distinct, gray mottles;
The soils in this soil complex are so intricately mixed weak, medium, subanauler blocky structure; friable
that the areas cannot be shown separately on a map of when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, fibrous roots; few fine pores;
the scale used. About 60 percent of a typical mapped area strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
is Wagram sand, 30 percent is Troup sand, and about B2t---14 to 36 iuches, yellowish-brown (10YR E/8) clay;
10 percent consists of other Wagram soils, Norfolk soils, common, medium, distinct,gray mottles and few, fine,
and similar soils, prominent, yellowish-red mottles; strong,medium anti
coarse, angular blocky structure; very firm when
The Wagram sand has a surface layer that is dark moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody
grayish brown to pale yellow and is 20 to 40 inches and fibrous roots; few flue pores; thick, medium
thick. The subsoil is yellowish-brown to strong-brown, clay films on ped surfaces; thin layers of fine sandy
friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 inches material in vertical cracks; strongly acid; gradual,
irregular boundary.
thick. B:3-36 to 45 inches +, mottled gray (10YR 6/1) and yellow-
The Troup soil has a surface layer of dark grayish- ish-brown (10YR 5/8) fine sandy clay loam that con-
brown to light yellowish-brown sand 40 to 60 inches tains pockets of gray (10YR 6/1) heavy sandy clay;
thick, The subsoil is yellowish-brown to strong-brown, friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
W wet; few, fine, woody roots; medium acid.
friable. sandy loam to clay loam 30 to 72 inches or more
thick, The A horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and
from dark grayish brown to pale olive in color. The B hori-
In both soils infiltration is good. Surface runoff is zons range from 39 to 70 inches in combined thickness and
medium to slow. These soils are easy to keep in good from fine sandy clay loam to clay in texture. The color of
tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of the B horizons is yellowish brown mottled with yellowish
moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes or gray mottles of 5Y, 2.5Y, and 10YR hues. The gray colors
t increase with increasing depth until the soil material is
them droughty, however, and subject to severe leaching mostly gray or is entirely gray. The tower boundary of the
of mobile plant nutrients. B2t horizon commonly separates that horizon from a stone
About two-thirds of the acIeage is cultivated, and the line, .sad, or unconsolidated sand :and clay. The thickness of
rest is in forest. The soils are fairly well suited to most the solum ranges from 24 to more than 45 inches. Depth to
hard rock is more than 5 feet and is commonly more than 15
of the locally grown crops, though returns are generally feet.
not high. Most of the acreage that is cultivated is used Wahee soils occur with Augusta, Altavista, and Roanoke
for row crops. Intensive practices that effectively con- soils. They have a finer textured subsoil than the Augusta
serve moisture and. that protect the soils from leaching and Altavista soils. Wahee soils are more poorly drained
(Capability
are needed in the cultivated areas. than the Altavista, soils but are better drained than. the
unit Roanoke soils.
ills-1, woodland suitability group 10, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 4) Wahee fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (VVh).---
This is the only Wahee soil mapped in Wake County. It
Wahee Series is on low stream terraces. The surface layer is dark gray-
ish-brown to pale-olive fine sandy loam 4 to 10 inches
The Wahee series consists of nearly level, deep, some- thick. The subsoil is yellowish-brown fine sandy clay
what poorly drained soils on low stream terraces. These loam to clay mottled with gray and is 39 to 70 inches
soils occupy large and small areas near the major streams thick. Included with this soil in mapping were some
in the county. They have formed under forest in alluvial areas where the slope is between 2 and 4 percent.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 57
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
ponded. If this soil has been drained, it is easy to keep rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils
in good tilth. Because of a slowly permeable subsoil, are easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked through-
however, tillage can be performed within only a fairly out a wide range of moisture content. The coarse texture
narrow range of moisture content. and the bedrock near the surface make the soils very
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage droughty during dry seasons. Leaching of mobile plant
is in pasture or is cultivated. Where this soil is properly nutrients takes place during rainy seasons.
drained, it is fairly well suited to pasture, hay, and some Most of the acreage is in forest, but some of it is
row crops. Wetness and the slowly permeable subsoil are cultivated or in pasture. These soils are suited to only a
the main limitations to use for crops. Drainage of this few of the locally grown crops. Very intensive practices
soil is difficult. Nevertheless, if cultivated crops are to be that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
grown, a complete system of surface and subsurface the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-3, woodland
drainage is needed. (Capability unit IIIw-2, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group 2) Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes (WkE).—These soils
are on side slopes bordering drainageways in the uplands.
Wake Series Their surface layer is very dark grayish-brown to light
yellowish-brown loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand 2 to 10
The Wake series consists of gently sloping to moderate- inches thick. It is underlain by yellow to yellowish-brown
ly steep, somewhat excessively drained soils that are very loamy sand 0 to 10 inches thick.
shallow over hard rock. These soils occupy rather large Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
areas on Piedmont uplands, primarily in the northeast- Because of bedrock near the surface and slopes, these
ern part of the county. They are on side slopes and on soils should be kept in forest. They are not suitable for
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about cultivation. (Capability unit VIIe-1, woodland suit-
50 feet between the highest and the lowest points. The ability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
soils have formed under forest in material that weathered
from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water Wedowee Series
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are The Wedowee series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep soils that are deep and well drained.low. Permeability is moderately rapid, the available
water capacity is very low, and the shrink-swell poten- These soils are on Piedmont uplands, mostly in the
tial is low. Except in areas that have received lime, these northeastern part of the county, but sonic scattered areas
soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suit- aro in other parts. They are on side slopes and on
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made. rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
In this county Wake soils are not important for farm- 50 feet between the highest and the lowest points. The
ing. Most of the acreage is in forest. soils have formed under forest in material that weathered
Representative profile of a Wake gravelly loamy sand, from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
1.4 miles east of Wake Crossroads on county road No. table remains below the solum.
2224, 0.15 of a mile south on a private road, in a small Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
cultivated field south of the road: low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
�p 0 to 6 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loamy sand; capacity is medium. The shrink-swell potential is moder-
single grain; loose when moist or dry; contains many ate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
coarse quartz sand particles and many feldspar parti- are strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
cles; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary. tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
C-6 to 15 inches, yellow (10YR 7/6) loamy sand; single
grain; loose when moist or dry; contains common The Wedowee soils of Wake County are important for
fine pebbles and many feldspar particles; strongly farming. Much of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
acid; clear, wavy boundary. but part of it is in forest or in other uses.
R-15 inches +, light-colored granite that is high in content Representative profile of a Wedowee sandy loam in a
of quartz. cultivated field one-half mile north and one-fourth mile
The color of the surface layer ranges from brown or very west of the Lockhart School on a paved road, 1 mile
dark grayish brown to light yellowish brown. The color of north on a road
the C horizon ranges from yellow to yellowish brown. In gravel , and 10 yards east of road:
places the C horizon contains particles of unweathered feld- Ap-0 to 7 inches,brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak, fine
spar, mica, and other dark minerals, as well as particles of and medium, granular structure; very friable when
quartz. In places the texture throughout the profile is gravelly moist; many fine, fibrous roots;many fine pores; few
loamy sand instead of loamy sand. Depth to hard rock is fine mica flakes; medium acid; abrupt, wavy bound-
only 20 inches or less. ary.
Wake soils occur with Louisburg soils. They are shallower B21t-7 to 12 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
over bedrock than are the Louisburg soils. weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky structure;
Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes (WkC).—These soils firm when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, fibrous roots; common fine pores;
are on small ridges and side slopes in the uplands. They thick clay films on most ped surfaces; few fine mica
have a surface layer of very dark grayish-brown to light flakes; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
yellowish-brown loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand 2 to B22t-12 to 18 inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) clay loam;
mod-
10 inches thick. Beneath the surface layer is yellow to common, medium,faint, reddish-yellow mottles;erate, medium and fine, subangular blocky structure;
yellowish-brown loamy sand 0 to 14 inches thick. friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when

58 SOIL SURVEY
wet; few, fiue, fibrous roots; few fine pores; thick Included with this soil in inappir)g were some areas in
clay itlnis on most pea surfaces; few fine mien which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer is
flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary. l severely spots
B3t-18 to 2!1, inches, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) sandy clay gravel, Alsoincludedwere some eroded
loam; few, fine, prominent., brownish-yellow mottles; where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
moderate, coarse,s tbangulnr blocky structure;friable make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plaStie when imp
ping unit.
wet; thick, continuous, reddish-brown (5YR 4/4)
clay films that are more strongly developed on verti- Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
cal surfaces than in other places; common fine pores; hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
common fine mien flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth cult to keep in ;oocl tilth, but it can be worked through-
boundary. out a, fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
C-24 to 40 inches +, mottled brownish-yellow (10YR (3/8),yel dy forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
loan;massive; friable whenmois, and red t;5mgy/fine 8) snllca clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust.
flakes; strongly acid. and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
The A horizon ranges from 3 to 12 inched; in thickness and stands of crops are poor and rep.lanting of those ai.'eas
from pale brown or brown to dark grayish brown of 10YR may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to
hue in color. The Bt horizons range from 8 to 30 inches in obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
combined thickness and from sandy clay loam to clay loam times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
in texture. The color of the lit horizons ranges from yellow-
ish brown to yellowish red of 10YR to 5YR hues, and typi- difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
c'slly those horizons are mottled with red and yellow. In About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
places the B3 horizon is streaked with yellow and gray. The ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cult;i-
combined thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranges sated areas are used chieflyfor row crops, but this soil is
from 20 to 37 inches. Depth to hard rock Ls generally more
than 4 feet and is commonly more than i; feet. fairly well suited to most of the other locally grown
Wedowee soils occur with the Appling, Louisburg, and crops. Intensive practices that effectively control runoff
Vance soils. The combined thickness of their surface layer and-erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil--
and subsoil is less than that of the Appling soils, and they its unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
have a finer textured subsoil than the Louisburg soils. The
Wedowee soils have a more friable subsoil than the Vance suitability group 1)
soils. Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (WmC).----
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WmB).— This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. It has a surface
This soil is on smooth inteistream divides in the uplands. layer of pale-brown and brown to dark grayish--brown
The surface layer is pale-brown or brown to dark sandy loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 26
grayish-brown sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The sub- inches thick and consists of yellowish-brown to yellowish--
soil is yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, firm sandy clay red, firm sandy clay loam to clay loam, with common
loam to clay loam 8 to 30 inches thick. The, subsoil con- mottles of red or yellow. Included with this soil in
tains common mottles of red or yellow. Included with mapping where some areas as where from 20 to 50 percent
this soil in mapping were some areas where from 20 to of the surface is covered with gravel and from 20 to 50
50 percent of flue surface layer is covered with gravel percent of the surface layer consists of gravel. The
from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer consists Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
of gravel. hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium, The good filth, and it can be worked throughout a wide range
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep of moisture content.
in good filth and can be- worked throughout a wide range About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
of moisture content. tare, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti--
About, two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The is fairly well suited to most of the locally grown crops.
cultivated areas are used mainly for row crops, but this intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
soil is fairly well suited to most of the other locally erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively control unit Il.Ie-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. ability group 1)
(Capability unit Iie-1, woodland suitability group 5, Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
wildlife suitability group 1) (WmC2).—This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. The
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places it
(WmB2).—This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the is a mixture of hire remaining original surface soil and of
uplands. It has a surface layer that is 3 to 7 inches thick. material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
In many places the surface layer is a mixture, of the surface layer is pale--brown to grayish-brown sandy loam,
remaining original surface soil and of material from but the color ranges to brown and the texture ranges to
the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is sandy clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is
pale-brown to grayish-brown sandy loam, but the color S to 26 inches thick and consists of yellowish-brown to
ranges to brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay yellowish-red, firm sandy clay loam or clay loam, with
loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 8 to 30 common mottles of red or yellow.
inches thick and consists of yellowish-brown to Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
yellowish-red, firm sandy clay loam to clay loam, with where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
common mottles of red or yellow. with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 59
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely Wedowee sandy loam,15 to 25 percent slopes (WmE).—
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. The severely This is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow
eroded spots make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage side slopes bordering the major drainageways in the
in the mapping unit. uplands. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The is pale-brown and brown to dark grayish-brown sandy
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult loam 6 to 8 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout the surface layer ranges from pale-brown and grayish-
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms brown sandy loam to brown sandy clay loam and is 3
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods to 6 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 20 inches thick and
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and consists of yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, firm sandy
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands clay loam to clay loam, with common mottles of red or
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded yellow.
spots may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco. layer consists of gravel. Also included were some
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed, and
ture,and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where this other areas where the slopes range from 25 to 45 percent.
soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops, but Infiltration is good to fair, and surface runoff is very
it is fairly well suited to most of the locally grown crops. rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Where this
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability soil has been cleared, however, it should be used for pas-
unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit- ture and permanent hay. This soil is not suitable for
ability group 1) cultivated crops, because of the moderately steep slopes
Wedowee sandy loam,10 to 15 percent slopes,eroded and susceptibility to erosion. (Capability unit VIe-1,
(WmD2). This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
drainageways in the uplands. In most places it is mod- 1)
erately eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in some
areas. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer Wehadkee Series
is pale-brown and grayish-brown sandy loam to brown
sandy clay loam 3 to 6 inches thick. In the slightly eroded The Wehadkee series consists of nearly level, poorly
areas, the surface layer is pale-brown and brown to dark drained soils on the flood plains of most of the streams
grayish-brown sandy loam 6 to 8 inches thick. The sub- in the county. These soils have formed in fine loamy
soil is S to 24 inches thick and consists of yellowish- alluvial material. They have a seasonal high water table
brown to yellowish red, firm sandy clay loam or clay approximately at the surface.
loam, with common mottles of red or yellow. Natural fertility is low, and the content of organic
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas matter is medium. Permeability is moderate to moderate-
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered ly rapid, the available water capacity is medium, and
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface the shrink-swell potential is low. Flooding is frequent,
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely and the floodwaters remain for a long time. Unless lime
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Other inclu- has been applied, reaction is strongly acid or very
sions consist of a few areas of Vance soils in which the strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable appli-
subsoil is firmer than typical for the Wedowee soils. cations of lime and fertilizer are made.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very Wehadkee soils are not important for farming. Most
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe. of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods and a few pines,
Where erosion is only slight, this soil is easy to keep in but a small acreage is in pasture.
good tilth. Where erosion is moderate, the soil is difficult Representative profile of Wehadkee silt loam in a
to keep in good tilth. This soil can be worked throughout wooded area 11A miles east of the Wakefield Church on
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on county road No. 2320, three-fourths of a mile north on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and county road No. 2341, and 200 feet west of road:
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a 01—layer of thinly scattered hardwood leaves, not thick
enough to measure.
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the A1-0 to 6 inches, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam;
severely eroded spots may be necessary. common, medium, faint, grayish-brown mottles and
Most of the acreage is in forest, but some of it is culti- common, fine, distinct, yellowish-red mottles; the
rated or in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared, the yellowish-red mottles appear to be stains of organic
matter in root channels; moderate, medium, granu-
acreage that is cultivated is used chiefly for row crops, lar structure; very friable when moist; many fine
but this soil is fairly well suited to most of the locally and medium, woody roots; many fine pores; strongly
grown crops. Very intensive practices that effectively acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated B21g-6 to 10 inches, gray (1OYR 5/1) silty clay loam; com-
mon, fine, prominent, strong-brown mottles; weak,
areas. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland suitability medium and fine, subangular blocky structure; fri-
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1) able when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic

60 SOIL SURVEY
when Wet; many fine, woody roots; many flue pores; thick. Its subsoil is varied in color and texture, but the
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary. colors range from light brownish gray to black mottled
B22g-10 to am inches, dark-gray (10YR 4/11 fine sands clay with gray andbrown, and the texture ranges from loam
loaru, few, medium, prominent, strong-brown mat-
ties; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; to sandy loam. The combined thickness of their surface
friable when moist; slightly sticky and slightly pima- layer and subsoil is more than 36 inches.
tic when wet; common, tine, rvoodv root:.; many flue The soils of this mappino- unit are on flood plains, in
pores; strongly acid, clear, smooth boundary.
elry. narrow upland draws, and in depressions throughout the
B23g-20 to its) inches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loam; p1
massive; friable when moist. slightly sticky and county. In those areas the stream channels are poorly de-
slightlyplastic when wet; few fine pores; few, small, fined. Where these soils are on flood plains along streams,
rounded pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth they are wet, are subject to very requent flooding of
holm}nry, long duration, and have a water table at the surface for
Cg--30 to 40 inches +, mottled gray and clerk-gray. sandy
loam; massive: very friable when moist, slightly periods of as much as 6 months. The soils in draws are
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; common fine also wet and have a water table at the surface for periods
mica flukes; few, tine, rounded quartz pebbles; of as ones.! its months. In those areas, however, flootlittg
strongly acid. is of only short duration, though it is frequent. In Many
The Al horizon ranges from dark grayish brown to brown places. the stream (,.kennels in the upland da a.ws ape wel l
in color and from 3 to 12 inches in thickness, The color of defined.
the B horizons ranges from gray to dark gray of 101'R hue,
and the combined thickness of those horizons ranges from Surface runoff is slow to Bonded. Infiltration is fair
15 to 30 inches. In general, the texture of the B horizons for the Wehadkee soil and good for the Bibb.
ranges from Sandy loam to silty city loam or sandy clay Nearly all of the tel is in mixed hardwoods and
loam. In places, however, the texture ;n tarts of the 11 bar;- pines. I!'looding and poncling are very severe hazards.
zonS is sand. The soil material in those areas is massive or
has subang lcir blocky structure. Thickness of the solum Adequate drainage of these wet soils is difficult to obtain,
ranges from 20 to 40 niches. Depth to hard rack ranges from but both surface drainage and subsurface drainage are
3 to 15 or more feet. needed if cultivated crops are to be grown. (Capability
1ls. kee .soils occur with E`i ewacla, Roanoke, and Bibb unit I\'w--1, woodland suitability group 2, wildlife suit-
soils. They are more poorly drained than the Chewacla sails,
have a coarser textured subsoil than the Roanoke soils, and ability group 3)
have a finer textured subsoil than the Bibb soils.
Wehadkee silt loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Wn).--This White Store Series
is a poorly drained soil on the flood'plains of streams. It
has a surface layer of dark grayish-brown to brown silt The White Store series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep, moderately deep, moderately well.
loam 3 to 12 inches thick. subsoil is rtt. to dark-
:, ldrained soils on Piedmont uplands in the western part
lgray, friable sandy loam to silty in clay log or sandy clay o f the county. These soils are on rounded divides that
oam. It is commonly mottled with strong brown and
yellowish brown and is 15 to 30 inches thick. have a difference in elevation of about 50 feet between
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to the highest and the lowest points. They have formed
ponded. Where, this soil is drained, it, is fairly easy to under forest in material that weathered from sandstone,
keep in good tilts! and. can he worked within a fairly shale, and mudstone of Triassic age. The water table gen-
orally remains below the solum. Because of the slowly
wide range of moisture content.
This soil is fairly well suited. to a, few locally grown permeable subsoil, however, these soils have a perched
crops. It is mainly in forest, however, though a. small water stable during wet seasons.
acreage is in pasture. The soil is wet and is subject to
_Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
overflow and poridin.g, ii hi.ch arer cry severe hazards. low, and permeability is slow. The available water capa,c.-
Adequate drainage, is difficult to obtain, but surface and itt' and than shrink-swell potential are high. E1c,c,pt in
subsurface drairi€tge are needed if cultivated. clops are `ire is *.last have received lime,these soils ;ir very strongly
acid
to be grown. (Capability unit. I�"w 1, woodland suit :Response is fairly good if suitable applications of
ability group 2, wildlife suitability group 3) Lime. and fertilizer are made,
Wehadkee and Bibb soils (0 to.}percent,slopes) (Wo). The White Store soils of this county are mainly in
The. soils of this unit are poorly (brained and are so forest. Some areas, however, are used for cultivated
similar in use and management that, they were mapped crops or pasture. '
Representative profile of a White Store sandy loam
together as an undifferentiated unit. Sonic areas consist ,
entirely of . 'ehadkee soil, others consist of Bibb soil. in a w-oocacd area one-fourth of a mile southwest o-f the
' line between lfiale. and Chatham Counties on U.S. High-
and still l others consist of a combination of Wehadkee, way No. 1, 2 miles southeast on a gravel road to a five
-
Bibb,pbaland minor mapped areacluded is Wehadkeeils. About
u 1 dl eesoil, 30 percent rt of a
is Bibb points intersection, 1.1, miles southwest on a gravel road,
soil, and 30 percent in Chewacla, Mant:achie, or other anti. 500 feet west of road:
soils. le-0 to 0 inches, light yellowish-brown (10YR (3/4) sandy
The 'L relaadkee soil has a surface layer of dark grayish.- loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able to brawl! silt loam 3 to 12 inahc�s thick. Its subsoil .able ;when moist; many, fine, fibrous and less medi-
iun, woody roots; few small quartz pebbles; strongly
is gray or dark-gray, friable sandy loam to silty clay acid; ,abrupt. smooth boundary.
loam 15 to 30 inches thick. In most places the subsoil is ni.—s to tl inches, yellowish-red (5Yit 5/0) clay loam ; moiler-
mottled with strong brown and yellowish brown. ate, fine, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common, fine,
The Bibb soil has a grayish-brown or very dark gray- fibrous and woody roots; few thin clay films` very
ish-brown surface layer of sandy loam 4 to 12 inches strongly acid; clear, wary boundary.

WAKE COUNTY; NORTH CAROLINA 61
B21t-••-9- to 20 inches, reddish-brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay; In many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
strong, fine, angular blocky structure; very rimer surface layer and of material from the subsoil. In the
when moist, sticky,and very plastic when wet; few, less eroded areas,•the surface layer is brown to light
fine, woody rents; Medium clay films; very strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary. yellowish-brown sandy loam, but the texture ranges to
B22t----20 to 25 inches, dark reddish-brown (2.5YR 3/44) clay; clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is dusky-
common, fine, prominent, light-gray mottles; strong, red, yellowish-red, strong-brown, and olive-yellowy clay,
medium, artgatiar blocky structure;; very firm when with common mottles of gray. It is very firm when moist
moist, sticky and very plastic when wet; thin clay
films; few pockets of dark-red weathered;hale; very and very plastic when wet.
strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary. Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
B3t--25 to 31 inches, dark-red (10R 3/(3) clay; common, of a soil that has a surface layer of coarse sandy loam,
medium, prominent, light-gray mottles; weak, meth- and other areas of a soil that has a surface layer of fine
um angular blocky structure tending toward inns sand loam. Also included were some severelyeroded
e; very firm, when moist, sticky and plastic When
wwet; thin clay films; common fragments of disinte- spots where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
grated shale; veay strongly acid; clear, wavy bound- areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in
ary. the mapping unit.
C:1-31 to 33 inches, dusky-red sandy clay,; disintegrated shale
containing pockets of light ray clay; very strongly Infiltration is fair, permeability is slow, and surface
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary. - runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is se-
R---35 inches. +, dusky-red shale of Triassic age. were. This soil is difficult to keep in good filth. Because
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 12 inches in thickness, of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
from dark grayish brown or brown to light yellowish brown heavy rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
or red in color, and front sandy loam to silt loam or clay loam after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
in texture. The B horizons range from 0 to 86 inches in corn- wroi'ked. whenwet. The crust and the clods interfere with
billed thickness and have a texture mostly of clay that is
very firm when moist and very plastic when wet. The clay germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
cracks when the soils ore dry. The color of the B horizons replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
ranges from dusky red through yellowish red- and strong About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pits-
brown to olive yellow in hues ranging from IOR to 2.5Y. In tiLr°e and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairlywell
many places these soils are mottled with gray in the upper
part of the B2t horizon, These soils have columnar structure suited to many of the locally grown crops, .and the multi-
when dry; have strong to weak, medium and coarse, angular voted areas are used mainly for row crops. The soil con-
blocky structure when moist; and are massive when wet. tains a large amount of exchangeable aluminum, which
They have a high content of exchangeable aluminum. The i•
to some
5 toxic plants. IrltellsitTe�practices that effectively
combined thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranges
from 24 to more than 48 inches. Depth to hard rock is control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
generally more than 3 feet and is commonly more than 8 feet. areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland suitability
White Store soils occur with Creodmoor and eMMa.yodan soils, grout i1 wildlife suitabilitygroup1)
They er, the friable upper subsoil of the Creedmoor soils, White Store sandyloam, 6 to 10percent slopes
however, and have a firmer subsoil than the Mayodan, p
White Store sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes (WBB).-__ (•WsC).- This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
This soil is on broad, smooth interstrea.ni divides in the It has a dark grayish-brown and brown to light yellow-
divides
layer of dark grayish-brown
ish-brown surface layer 5 to 10 inches thick. Th© subsoil
uplands. It has a surface
and brown to light yelluwcila rtif sandy loam 6 to 12 color ranges from dusky red or yellowish red to strong
inches thick. The subsoil is 9 to 36 inches thick. it con-
The and diva yellow, with common mottles of gray.
lists of clay that is very liras when moist and veryplastic The subsoil is clay that is very firm when moist and very
sis'twhen wet. The color o the subsoil is dusky red, yellow- 1'l•fade when wet and is 9 to 3© inches thick. Included
ish red, strong owvla and oliveyellow, With , Yecollow- with this soil in mapping were some areas of a soil that
mon
has a surface layer of coarse sandy loam, and. other areas
mottles of gray. Included with this soil in mapping were of a soil that has a surface layer of fine sandy loam.
some areas where the surface layer is coarse sandy loam Infiltration is good, permeability is slow, and surface
and other areas where the surface :layer is fine sandy runoff is rapid. The hazard of farther erosion is severe.
low filtration is good, but permeability is slows acid sur This soil is easy to keep in good tilth. Because of the
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate, slowly permeaab_e subsoil, however, tillage is restricted
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth but tillage is re after heavy rains,
' About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest, and the
able
ed after heavy rains because. of the slowly pernre l rest, is cultivated or in pasture. This soil is fairly welltale subsoil. suited to many of the locally grown crops, and the areas
This soil is fairly well suited to many of the locally that have been cleared are used chiefly for row ezops,
grown crops. About one-third of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture, and. the rest is in forest. The areas that This soil contains a large amount of aluminum, winch
is toxic to some plants. Intensive practices that effectively
Have been cleared are used chiefly for row crops. This
control runoff
soil has a high content of exchangeable aluminum, which and erosion are needed in the cultivated
is toxic to some plants. Practices that effectively control areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland suitability
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. group 11, wildlife suitability group 1.)
(Capability unit Ilex-3, woodland suitability group 11, White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
wildlife suitability group 1) eroded (WsC2). -This soil is on narrow side slopes in the.
White Store sandy loam,2 to 6 percent slopes,eroded uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
Wc321---:This soil is on broad, smooth int:erstre•arn divides places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.

62 SOIL SURVEY
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to worked when wet., The crust and the clods interfere with
light-brown sandy loam, but the texture ranges to clay germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
loam in the severely eroded spots. The color of the sub- re-alanting of the severely eroded areas may be necessary.
soil ranges from dusky red and yellowish red to strong This soil is fairly well suited to many of the locally
brown and olive yellow, with common mottles of gray. grown crops, and the areas that have been cleared are
The subsoil is clay that is very firm when moist and used chiefly for row crops. About three-fourths of the
very plastic when wet and is 9 to 30 inches thick. acreage is in forest, however, and the rest is cultivated or
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas in pasture. This soil contains a large amount of exchange-
of a soil that has a surface layer of coarse sandy loam, able aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Very in-
and other areas of a soil that has a surface layer of fine tensive practices that effectively control runoff and cro-
sandy loam. In the severely eroded spots that are in- sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
eluded, the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots IVe-3, woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability
make up from ti to 25 percent of the acreage in the group 1)
mapping unit. White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes
Infiltration is fair, permeability is slow, and surface (WsE).--This is a slightly eroded or moderately eroded soil
runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very on narrow side slopes bordering upland drainageways.
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, and Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark
tillage is restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly grayish-brown to brown sandy loam 6 to 8 inches thick.
permeable subsoil. A crust forms on the severely eroded Where erosion is moderate, the color of the surface layer
spots after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are ranges from light yellowish brown to brown, the texture
ranges from sandy loam to clay loam, and the thickness
ranges from 3 to 5 inches. The color of the subsoil ranges
,i t:' " `'..„,°.. ' '' from dusky red and yellowish red to strong brown and
sir olive yellow, with common mottles of gray. The subsoil
is 9 to 24 inches thick and consists of clay that is very
. P; ►„'4: firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
o. ' ' - �, '„. ,. �` Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
" » . x.,. a soil that has a surface layer of fine sandy loam. Also
'4 " ` �e ``� included were a few severely eroded spots where the sub-
A': soil is exposed.
.: t ^ »� ��¢ . � Infiltration is good to fair, permeability is slow, and
: ,' u"" Ati , '# .•- surface runoff is very rapid. The steepness of the slope
' . ti sPes A . and the slowly permeable subsoil make this soil highly
e» * ep ibl susc t' e to further erosion.
This soil is not suited to cultivated crops, and rac-
, p
tically all of the acreage is in forest. The areas that have
i ,�.. been cleared should be kept in pasture or permanent hay.
�... ;'!,,gip 1 (Capability unit Vie-1, woodland suitability group 11,
. wildlife suitabilitygroup 1)
fF °�� i� $ '�. White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WtB).
�� '' `"� This is a slightly eroded or moderately eroded soil on
�,, es
broad, smooth interstream divides in the uplands. Where
• a: ' erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark grayish-
'" brown and grayish-brown silt loam 6 to 8 inches thick.
. •_;, , " , Where erosion is moderate, the color of the surface layer
'. ranges from light yellowish brown to brown the texture
..'�A: ranges from silt loam to clay loam, and tie thickness
w A �' .i ' ' ranges from 3 to 6 inches. The color of the subsoil ranges
` from dusky red and yellowish red to strong brown and
: : :. olive yellow, with common mottles of gray. The subsoil
., s: is 9 to 30 inches thick and consists of clay that is very
4 ";„ i '.:. arm when moist and very plastic when wet (fig. 10).
"..,.. Included with this soil in mapping were a few severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
:`' Z''' Infiltration is good to fair, permeability is slow, and
« 4 i Y5. 't surface runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion
;, " �;�i ; s e,,, is moderate. Where erosion is only slight, this soil is easy
�� �." ` ;* ��``� to keep in good tilth, but where erosion is moderate, the
'`. »., .i , :. ; ' ' �F `: rip^",t�
" ; ,. soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of the
{ , slowly ermeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after hard
:,
�, �',. , . r -0 . rains. A. crust forms on the severely eroded spots a ter
"`"^ . - hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
Figure 10.—Profile of White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germi-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 63
nation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant- B3-12 to 19 inches, pale-yellow (5Y 8/3), strong-brown
ing of the severely eroded spots may be necessary. (7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) clay
fine-
This soil is fairlywell suited to manyof the locallyloam mixed with particles of decomposed,grained schist; massive; friable when moist; few,
grown crops, and the areas that have been cleared are fine, woody roots in cracks; slightly acid; gradual,
used for row crops and pasture. About three-fourths of wavy boundary.
the acreage is in forest, and the rest is cultivated or in C1-19 to 29 inches,pale-yellow (5Y 8/3), yellowish-red (5YR
pasture. This soil contains a large amount of exchange- 5/6), yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6), and black (10YR
g 2/1) silt loam; decomposed schist; few, fine, woody
able aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Intensive roots in cracks; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are C2-29 to 38 inches, pale-green silt loam that is decomposed
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-3 schist streaked with black (10YR 2/1) and strong
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitabilit brown (7.5YR 5/8) ; slightly acid.
y R-38 inches ±, hard, fine-grained schist containing a large
group 1) amount of basic minerals.
White Store clay loam,2 to 15 percent slopes,severely The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 12 inches in thickness,
eroded (WvD3).—This soil is on Piedmont uplands. It has from yellowish brown or dark grayish brown to dark brown
a red to brown clay loam surface layer 3 to 6 inches in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in texture. The
thick. The present surface layer is a mixture of the re- B2t horizon ranges from 2 to 10 inches in thickness, generally
has a clay or clay loam texture, and has varied colors that maining original surface soil and of material from the
range from 5YR to 10YR in hue. The B horizons range from
subsoil. The color of the subsoil ranges from dusky red 8 to 36 inches in combined thickness and from sandy loam
and yellowish red to strong brown and olive yellow, with to clay loam, mixed with saprolite, in texture. The color of
common mottles of gray. The subsoil is 9 to 36 inches the B horizons ranges from 5YR to 5Y in hue. These soils
are generally massive. In many places they have clay films
thick and consists of clay that is very firm when moist
in the cracks. The solum ranges from 12 inches to 40 inches
and very plastic when wet. in thickness. Depth to hard rock ranges from 2 feet to 10
Infiltration is poor. Most of the water from rainfall feet or more.
runs off the surface. Wilkes soils occur with Louisburg, Wake, and Enon soils.
They have a darker, more brownish color than the Louisburg This soil is too eroded for cultivation, and most of the
and Wake soils and are less acid than those soils. Wilkes
acreage is in forest. The areas that have been cleared
soils have a thinner solum than the Enon soils.
should be kept in pasture or permanent hay crops. (Capa Wilkes soils, 2 to 10
bility unit Vie-2, woodland suitability group 11, wildlifesmallpercent slopes in the —These
soils are on ridges and side slopes the uplands.
suitability group 1) They have a yellowish-brown or grayish-brown to dark-
brown surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam that is
Wilkes Series 3 to 12 inches thick and contains clayey spots in many
veryT1es11 Wilkes
torles consists moderately of degently
pl1 soilslopt �oesteep� dark brown tolaces. The lgray and yeor of the llowishsoil areds The nsubso l is brown o8
drained. These soils occupy small areas on side slopes and to 36 inches thick. It ranges from sandy loam to clay loam
on rounded divides in the Piedmont uplands, where the in texture and from very friable to firm in consistence.
difference in elevation is about 75 feet between the high- Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
est and the lowest points. They have formed under forest, rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils
are somewhat difficult to till, but they can be worked mostly in the northern and western parts of the county,
in material that weathered from mixed acidic and basic throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content.
rocks. The water table remains below the solum. About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. These soils are fairly Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive matter is low. The available water capacity is low, and
permeability and the shrink-swell potential are moderate. practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are needed, however, if cultivated crops are grown. (Capa
slightly acid to medium acid. Response is fairly good if bility unit IVe-3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made. suitability group 4)
In Wake County the Wilkes soils are of only minor Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slopes (WwE).—These
importance for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest. soils are on side slopes that border upland drainageways.
Representative profile of a Wilkes sandy loam in a Their surface layer is yellowish-brown or grayish-brown
wooded area 3.5 miles north of N.C. Highway No. 54, on to dark-brown sandy loam to silt loam and is 3 to 10
inches thick. In many places the surface layer contains county road No. 1650, and 10 feet east of road:
Ap—O to 8 inches, dark grayish-brown (2.5Y 4/2) sandy clayey spots. The subsoil ranges from brown or dark
loam; moderate, medium, granular structure; very brown to gray or yellowish red in color, from very
friable when moist; many fine and medium, woody friable to firm in consistence, and from sandy loam to
and fibrous roots; many fine pores; common, medi- clay loam in texture.
um and fine quartz pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt,
wavy boundary. Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
B2t-8 to 12 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam; These soils are mainly in forest, but a small acreage is
common, fine, distinct, yellow mottles and few, fine, in pasture. Because of the strong slopes and the bedrock
distinct, red mottles; strong, fine and medium, angu-
lar blocky structure to massive; firm when moist, near the surface in some places, the areas that have been
sticky and plastic when wet; many fine and medium, cleared should be used only for pasture or for permanent
woody and fibrous roots; few fine pores; thin, dis- hay crops. (Capability unit VIe-2, woodland suitability
continuous clay films on vertical surfaces of peds;
slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary, group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
335-403--70--5

64 SOIL SURVEY
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes (WwF).—These Al2_ 2 to 7 inches, gray (10YR 5./1) sandy loam; weak,
soils are on side slopes bordering major drainageways in inedium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
the uplands. They have a surface layer of yellowish- common, fine and medium, woody roots; many fine
pores; Very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
brown or gray°islh-brown to Clark-brown sandy loam to A2��7 to 1.1 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; weak,
silt loam 3 to 8 inches thick. Their subsoil ranges from medium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
brown or dark brown to gray or yellowish red in color, common, tine, woody roots; common fine pores;
from very friable to firm in consistence, and from sandy strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
loam to clayloam in texture. clay
to 13 inches, light brownish-gray (10YR 6/ ) sandy
clay loam; common, medium, prominent, yellowish-
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid. brown mottles; weak,medium and coarse, snhangulur
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of blocky structure; firm when moist, slightly sticky and
the strong slopes and bedrock near true surface, these slightly plastic when wet; common, fine, woody roots;
soils should be kept in forest. (Capability unit VIIe-1, common fine pores; strongly acrid; abrupt, wavy
group 12, wildlife suitability group suitability
g p li B21tg--13 to 13 inc:her,, gray (10YR 6/1.) heavy sandy clay
4) loam;common,medium,prominent,strong-brown tnut-
Wilkes stony soils,15 to 25 percent slopes (WxE).—The ties; weak, medium and coarse, subangular blocky
soils of this unit are on side slopes that border major structure; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when
wet; few,fine, woody roots; fine pores; thin clay films
drainageways in the uplands. Their surface layer is on pee surfaces; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy bound-
yellowish-brown or grayish-brown to dark-brown stony ary
sandy loam 6 to 10 inches thick. Large stones occupy B22tg-18 to 26 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) heavy -sandy clay
from 1 to 2 percent of the surface. The subsoil ranges loam; few, niediuna, prominent, strong-brown an(l
frombrown Or dark brawn to gray or yellowish red in medium
fine, prominent, yellowish-red mottles; weak,
medium and coarse, subangular blocky structure;
color, from very friable to firm in consistence, and from firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet: few
sandy loam to clay loam in texture. fine pores: few thin clay films on ped surfaces;
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid. strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of 1123tg-26 to 38 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) light sandy clay;
few, medium, prominent, strong-brown and few, fine,
the strong slopes and bedrock near the, surface, these soils prominent,inent, yellowish-red mottles; weak, medium, sub-
should remain in forest. (Capability unit VIIe-1, wood- angular blocky structure; firm when moist, slightly
land suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4) sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few fine pores;
few thin clay films on pelt surfaces; few small peb-
bles; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
Worsham Series B g3 to 45 inches ±, light gray (1.OYR 7/1) sandy loam;
few, medium, prominent, brownish-yellow mottles;
The Worsham series consists of nearly level and gently massive; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
sloping, deep, poorly drained soils of Piedmont uplands. slightly plastic when wet; common fine pores; many
These soils occupy small areas throughout the county, at fragments of feldspar; strongly acid.
the heads of drainageways, on foot slopes, and in slight The A horizons range from ti to 20 inches in total thick-
depressions. They have formed under forest in tra.nslo- ness aria from gray or very dark gray to grayish brown or
Cited material andinmaterial that weathered. from most in
in color, The 13 horizons range from 20 to 50 inches
in combined thickness and from sandy clay loam or sandy
kinds of rocks underlying this area. A seasonally high loam to sandy clay in texture. The Bt horizons have a gray
water table is approximately at the surface. color in 10YR and 2.5Y hues. In nanny places the Bt horizons
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are are mottled with yellowish red to pale yellow. The solum
ranges from 24 inches to 45 inches in thickness. Depth to
low, and permeability is moderately slow. The available hard rock ranges from n to 15 or more feet.
water capacity is medium, and the shrink-swell potential Woishana soils occur with Colfax and Bibb soils. They are
is moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, more poorly drained than the Colfax soils and. hove a finer
these soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if textured subsoil than the Bibb soils.
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made. Worsham sandy loam (0 to 4 percenf, slopes) (Wy).--
The Worsham soils of Wake County are of only minor This is the only soil of the Worsham series mapped in
importance for farming. Some areas have been cleared Wake County. It occurs at the heads of drainageways,
and are used for pasture or waterways, but most, of the on foot slopes, and in slight depressions in the uplands.
acreage is in forest. The areas that have been cleared The surface layer is very dark brown or brown sand,
and have then been allowed to revert to forest are in loam 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is 24 to 40 inches
pines or in mixed pines and hardwoods. thick and consists of gray, fans silty clay loam or sandy
Representative profile of «rorsha.m sandy loam in a clay, with common mottles of strong brown to pale
wooded area 2 miles southwest of Wendell on county yellow.
road No. 235S, one-fourth of a mile north on county road Infiltration is good, and surface runoff' is slow to
No. 1003, and 23 yards east of road: pondecl. Permeability is moderately slow. Where this soil
01.--5 to 2 inches, undecomposed forest litter, has been drained, it is easy to keep in good filth, but
02--2 inches to 0, dark-brown, decomposed forest litter; part tillage may be restricted after hard rains.
of litter is disintegrated, and part is not disinte-
grated; many fine and medium, woody roots. if this soil is cleared and properly drained, it is suited
A11--O to 2 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; weak, to corn, soybeans, and pasture. Most of the acreage is in
medium and coarse, granular structure; very friable forest, but some of it is cultivated or in pasture. (Capri--
when moist; many fine and medium, woody roots; bil•
ity unit IVw—1, woodland suitability group 2, wildlife
common fine pores; very strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary. suitability group 3)

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 65
Use and Management of the Soils their use largely to pasture or range, woodland
or wildlife food and cover.
This section discusses use and management of the soils Class VII. Soils have very severe limitations that
for crops and pasture, as woodland, for wildlife, and for make them unsuited to cultivation and that re-
engineering. It does not give detailed information about strict their use largely to grazing, woodland, or
management of individual soils. For specific suggestions, wildlife.
consult a representative of the local office of the Soil Class VIII. Soils and landforms have limitations
Conservation Service,the Extension Service, or the Agri- that preclude their use for commercial plant
cultural Experiment Station. production and restrict their use to recreation,
wildlife, or water supply, or to esthetic pur-
Use of the Soils for Crops and Pasture' poses. (None in Wake County)
CAPABILITY SUBCLASSES are soil groups within one
This section has three main parts. The first discusses class; they are designated by adding a small letter, e, w,
the system of capability classification. The second de- s, or e, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The letter
scribes the subclass and capability units in Wake County e shows that the main limitation is risk of erosion; w
and gives general management suggestions for each shows that water in or on the soil surface interferes with
capability unit. The third gives estimated yields at a plant growth or cultivation (in some soils wetness can
high level of management for specific crops on each soil. be partly corrected by artificial drainage) ; s shows that
Capability groups of soils the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty,
or stony; and e, used in some parts of the United States
Capability classification is the grouping of soils to but not in Wake County, shows that the chief limitation
show, in a general way, their suitability for most kinds is climate that is too cold or too dry.
of farming. It is a practical classification based on limi- In class I there are no subclasses, because the soils of
tations of the soils, the risk of damage when they are this class have few limitations. Class V (none in Wake
used, and the way they respond to treatment. The classi- County) can contain, at most, only subclasses indicated
fication does not apply to most horticultural crops, or by w, s, and c because the soils in it are subject to little
to rice and other crops that have their special require- or no erosion, though they have other limitations that
ments. The soils are classified according to degree and restrict their use largely to pasture, range, woodland,
kind of permanent limitation, but without consideration wildlife, or recreation.
of major and general expensive landforming that would CAPABILITY UNITS are soil groups within the subclasses.
change the slope, depth. or other characteristics of the The soils in one capability unit are enough alike to be
soils; and without consideration of possible but unlikely suited to the same crops and pasture plants, to require
major reclamation projects. similar management, and to have similar productivity
In the capability system, all kinds of soils are grouped and other responses to management. Thus, the capability
at three levels, the capability class, subclass, and unit. unit is a convenient grouping for- making many state-
These are discussed in the following paragraphs. ments about management of soils. Capability units are
CAPABILITY CLAssEs, the broadest grouping, are desig- generally designated by adding an Arabic numeral to
Aged by,Roman numerals I through VIII. The num- the subclass symbol, for example, IIe-1 or I1Iw-1. Thus
erals indicate progressively greater limitations and nar- in one symbol, the Roman numeral designates the capa-
rower choices for practical use. The classes are defined bility class or degree of limitation, and the small letter
as follows: indicates the subclass, or kind of limitation, as defined
Class I. Soils have few limitations that restrict their in the foregoing paragraph. The Arabic numeral specif-
use. ically identifies the capability unit within each subclass.
Class II. Soils have some limitations that reduce the In the following pages, the capability units in Wake
choice of plants or require moderate conserva- County are described and suggestions for the use and
tion practices. management of the soils are given. The names of the
Class III. Soils have severe limitations that reduce soil series represented are mentioned in the description
the choice of plants, require special conserva- of each capability unit, but this does not mean that all
tion practices, or both. the soils of a given series appear in the unit. To find the
Class IV. Soils have very severe limitations that re- names of all of the soils in any given capability unit,
strict the choice of plants, require very careful refer to the "Guide to Mapping Units" at the back of
management, or both. this survey.
Class V. Soils subject to little or no erosion but have CAPABILITY UNIT I-1
other limitations, impractical to remove, that Only one soil, Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent
limit their use largely to pasture, range, wood- slopes, is in this capability unit. This soil is on Coastal
land, or wildlife food and cover. (None in Wake Plain uplands and is nearly level and well drained. It
County) has a surface layer of very friable loamy sand, 8 to 20
Class VI. Soils have severe limitations that make inches thick, and a subsoil of friable sandy loam to
them generally unsuited to cultivation and limit sandy clay loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
'J. E. POLLOCK, conservation agronomist, Soil Conservation are low. Permeability is moderate, and the available
Service, and T. J. WIGGINS, work unit conservationist, Soil Con- water capacity is medium. Reaction is strongly acid. This
nervation Service. assisted in preparing this section. soil is easy to keep in good tilth, can be worked through-

66 Son, SURVEY
out a wide range of moisture content, aricl has a very some places the plow layer is a mixture of•the remaining
deep effective root zone.. Response is good if suitable original surface soil and of material from the subsoil;
amounts of lime and fertilizer are applied. in others the subsoil has been exposed through erosion.
A small acreage is in forest) but this soil is well suited Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
to all. the Crops grown locally and is used mainly for low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
tobacco, cotton, and other row crops. Clean-tilled crops capacity is medium. Reaction ranges from slightly acid
can be grown intensively without serious risk of erosion. to strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to
Returning all crop residue to the soil helps to main- deep. Response is good if suitable amounts of lime and
tarn the content of organic matter. Perennial grasses fertilizer are applied. The uneroded soils are in good
included in the cropping system help to reduce losses of tilth and can be worked throughout a fairly wide range
soil and water and to make this soil more productive. of moisture content, The eroded soils are in fair tali
and can be worked within only a somewhat narrow range
CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-I of moisture content. Stands of crops grown on the eroded
This capability unit consists of well-drained, gently soils are not uniform, even though the amount of rain is
sloping soils on the Piedmont and Coastal Plain uplands. normal. The hazard of further erosion is moderate in
These soils are in the Appling, Cecil, Durham, Faceville, cultivated areas.
Granville, Madison, Mayodan, Norfolk, Orangeburg, and About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
Wedowee series. They have a surface layer of loamy sand pasture; the rest is in forest or community developments.
to fine sandy loam that in places contains gravel. The The soils are well suited to most of the crops grown
subsoil ranges from friable sandy loam to firm clay. In locally, but they are less well suited to tobacco than the
some places the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining soils in capability units I-1 and Ile--1.
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil; in Runoff and erosion can be reduced, soil tilth improved,
other places the subsoil has been exposed through erosion. and productivity increased by returning all crop residue
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are to the soils; by protecting the surface of the soils with
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water a close-growing crop 25 to 50 percent of the time; and
capacity is medium. Reaction ranges from medium acid by tilling on the contour, practicing striperopping, and
to strongly acid. The effective root, zone is shallow to providing terraces and diversions. Field borders, natural
very deep. Response is good if suitable amounts of lime draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of runoff
and fertilizer are applied. The uneroded soils are in good should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of a
tilth and can he worked throughout a wide range of sod-forming type. Examples of suitable cropping systems
moisture content. The eroded soils are in fair filth and are 1 or more years of a close-growing crop followed by
can be worked within only a somewhat narrow range of 1 or 2 years of a row crop; or 1 year of a close-growing
moisture content. If the eroded soils are worked when crop followed by 1 year of a row crop. Perennial grasses
too wet or too dry, they become cloddy and a crust forms are the most suitable close-growing crop. Good soil struc-
on the surface. Stands of crops grown on the eroded soils ture can be maintained through minimum tillage.
are less uniform than those grown on the uneroded soils,
even though the amount of rain is normal. Further era- CAPABILITY UNIT Ile-3
sion is a moderate hazard in cultivated areas. This capability unit consists of well drained or mod-
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in erately well drained, gently sloping soils of the Creed-
pasture, and the rest is in forest or community develop- moor, Enon, Helena, Vance, and White Store series.
ments. The soils are well suited to most of the. crops These soils are on the Piedmont uplands. They have a,
grown in the county. They are especially well suited to surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam and a subsoil
tobacco but are not well suited to alfalfa, white clover, of fine or very firm silty clay loam to clay. In some
and red clover. places the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining origi-
Runoff and erosion can be reduced by returning all nal surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
crop residue to the soils; by protecting the soils with a others, the subsoil is exposed.
close-growing crop 25 to 50 percent of the time; and by Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of
tilling along the contour, practicing striperopping, and organic matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the
providing terraces and diversions. Field borders, natural available water capacity is medium to high. Reaction
draws, and other outlets needed for the disposal of run- ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid. The
off should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of a sod formin effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response is good
g type. Examples of suitable cropping sys
terns are 2 or more years of close-growing crops followed if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
by 1 or 2 years of a row- crop; or 1 year of a close- The uneroded soils are in good tilth, but t•illage after
growing crop followed by 1 year of a row crop. Perennial heavy rains is restricted because of the slowly permeable
grasses are the most suitable close-growing crop. subsoil. The eroded soils are in fair tilth, but if tilled
when too wet or too dry, they become cloddy and a crust
CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-2 forms on the surface. Stands of crops are not uniform
This capability unit consists of well-drained, gently on the eroded soils, even though the amount of rain is
sloping Georgeville, Herndon, Lloyd, and hiayodan soils normal. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of further
on Piedmont uplands. These soils have a surface layer of erosion is moderate in cultivated areas.
loam or silt loam that in places contains gravel. The sub- About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
soil ranges from friable silty clay loans to firm clay. In pasture; the rest is in forest. The soils of this unit are

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 67
fairly well suited to most of the crops grown locally, but most of the crops grown locally. Corn, small grains, her-
the Euon soils are not well suited to tobacco. nnlagrass, fescue, and jolursong rass grow well on them.
Runoff and erosion can be reduced, soil tilth improved, Flooding is the only serious hazard if these soils are
and productivity increased by returning all crop residue cultivated intensively. In some areas, however, simple
to the soils; by protecting the surface of the soils with drainage is needed to improve small wet spots. If all
it close-growing crop from, 25 to 50 percent of the time; crop residue is returned to the soils, row crops can be
and by tilling on the contour, practicing striperopping, grown year after year. The soils can be kept, productive
and providing diversions or terraces. Field borders, and the content of organic matter and good soil tilth
natural draws, and, other outlets needed for disposing of can be maintained if close-growing crops, preferably
runoff should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably perennial grasses, are grown every other year or 1 year
of a sod-forming type. Examples of suitable cropping out of 3.
systems are 2 or more years of close-growing crops fot- CAPABILITY UNIT II16-I
lowed by 1 or 2 years of a row crop; or 1 year of a close-- This capability unit consists of somewhat excessively
:crowing crop followed by 1 year of a row crop. Peren- drained, nearly level and gently sloping WTagr°am soils
trial grasses are the most, suitable close-growing crop. on Coastal Plain uplands. These soils have a surface laver
Good soil structure can be maintained through minimum of loamy sand, 20 to 30 inches thick. and a subsoil of very
tiIla.ge. friable sandy loam to friable sandy clay loam.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIw-I Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
This capability unit consists of moderately well are low or very low. The available water capacity is low.
Trained and somewhat poorly drained, nearly level or and permeability is moderate. These soils are in good
gently sloping soils on stream terraces and uplands of tilth, can be tilled throughout a wide range of moisture
lie Coastal Plain. These soils are in the Altavista., Golds- content, and have a. very deep effective root zone. They
sroro, and Lynchburg series. They have, a surface layer of are droughty and highly susceptible to leaching, however.
Tandy loam or fine sandy loam and a subsoil of friable and are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
Tandy loam to firm clay loam. if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Natural fertility and the content of organic, matter Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a
ire low, the available water capacity is medium, and small acreage is in forest. These soils are fairly well
rermeability is moderate. These soils are in good tilth suited to most of the crops grown locally, but crop resi-
rnd have a very deep or deep effective root zone. Ileac- due and other kinds of organic matter burn out rapidly.
ion ranges from medium acid to strongly acid, Response A cropping system that adds a large amount of long-
s good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are lasting crop residue is needed. Examples of such a crop-
nade. The Altavista soil is flooded infrequently, but ping system are 2 or more years of perennial grasses or
boding does not last long, legumes followed by a row crop grown for 1 or 2 years;
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, and or 1 or more years of a dense stand of annuals followed
ally a small acreage is in forest. These soils are well by a row crop grown for 1 year. Tillage should be clone
cited to most of the crops grown locally, but they are on the contour and kept to a minimum, terraces or diver-
Lot well suited to alfalfa, red clover, and orc.hardgrass. sions are needed, and striperopping is desirable on the
There are no serious hazards if these soils are used sloping soils (fig. 11). Natural draws and other outlets
ntensively for clean-tilled crops, but a moderately high for disposal of excess surface water ought to he seeded
niter table affects management and is a soil limitation to perennial grasses, preferably of a sod-forming type.
o some uses. Some drainage, is generally needed if Fertilizer, especially nitrogen, should be added in split
obacco and other specialized crops are grown. Row crops applica.t.ion,
an be grown year after year if all crop residue is CAPABILITY UNIT IIIe--1
etitrned. to the sot s. The, content of orb .rnic matter and Well-drained,sloping soils of the Piedmont and Coastal
a-vora.ble soil tilth can be maintained if close-growing Plain uplands inks up this capability unit. These soils
cops, preferably perennial grasses, are grown every are in the Appling, Cecil, Durham, Faceville, Granville,
ther year or 1 year out of 3. Madison, Mayodan, Norfolk, Orangeburg, and Wedowee
CAPABILITY UNIT II-0-2series. They have a, surface layer of loamy sand to fine
This capability unit consists of well drainedand mod sandy hair and. a. subsoil of friable sandy loam to firm
rately well drained, nearly level Congaree soils on the clay..In places the plow layer is a mixture of the Ierrrain-
ood plains of streams. These soils have a surface layer ing original surface soil and of material from the sub-
f fine sandy loam to silt loam, underlain by friable or soil. In some spots the subsoil has been exposed through
ery friable fine sandy loam to silt loam- or silty clay. erosion. In places these soils contain gravel that inter-
feres with tillage.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are Natural fertility and the content of organic, matter
nv, the, available water capacity is mediurn, and perrne- are low. Permeability is moderate, and the available
bility is moderate to moderately rapid. These soils arc water capacity is medium. Reaction is medium acid to
r good filth and have deep effective root zone. They strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to very
re strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica- deep. Response is good if suitable applications of lime turd
ons of lime and. fertilizer are made. fertilizer are made. The uneroded soils are in good filth
Most of t:he acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a and can be worked throughout a wide range of moisture,
nail acreage is in forest. These soils are well suited to content. Tiltlr is only fair in the eroded soils, and those.

68 SOIL SURVEY
- ,
-0---- '
, — A ....1,t.
„---- ° / \ 00 , — -^/ 44"‘"0 , ••
4 AN. •
' -•
' 0 0 , / ,,,,• 4'0 ' '
/ \ „,,,`,,,, ' u 04
0 , '
..,,#,..,. ..
114*
° ' i 4 •, `',4,0 1
A,
- --
, .
-,,, A Z-.44,a1...,„, • t,-e,.....
• #40,, .7. .
\‘'. zX '''''', / 'N //// MI",,:';,,T, s'N."",-, ",t'''..,.'••••,/ /,,,, „ ',,,,
4, 00 0,' • '''''‘
A , •
' ' Ih
i,l, 4,.., •0, ,
Figure IL—Contour stripe ropingof corn and fescue. The soil on the far side of thelieldis Wagram slopes.
agra mioamy sand,2 to 6 percent slopes;
r°Pilin that in the foreground is Wagram loamy sand,6
to id percent
soils can be tilled within only a fairly narrow range of sion followed, by 2 years of row crops. Perennial grasses
moisture content. A crust formswhen
the eroded soils, and are the most suitable crop to protect the soils from
those soils become cloddy ifworked hen too wet or too erosion,
dry. Stands of crops on the eroded soils are not uniform, CAPABILITY UNIT I1e-2
even though the amount of rain is normal. Erosion is a In this capability unit arewelll-ccireabinede%, glieen,tl gently Herndon,sloping
severe hazard in the cultivated areas. and sloping soils of the c eci , trgi
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- Lloyd, and Mayodan series. Thesearei3: soiisttn or silt loam
se
on Piedmont
hire; the rest is in forest or in community i vdeervbel)ospments. uplands. They have The soils are well suited to most of grown to clay loam and ancl a .1s l surfaceub.se)il of friable. The amount of gravellams is o
locally. firm cla ngreat
t in
r of somesi loam
'''' clay loam t
p
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced,t soil filth
mate
to interfeye with,Lill.naagie.sTarhfeacpelosAbvillaaynedr isof amnaiitx-
ne content
can be improved, and productivity and . of tare of the remaining original surface
eroded.
organic matter can be increased by returning all crop rial from the subsoil; in some spots the subsoil has been
residue to the soils, by protecting the.soils with a close- exposed through erosion. The Cecil soil is severely .
nf m the original surface
growing crop 50 to 175 percent of the time, d by tilling Its surface layer is mainly material from the subsoil,
on the contour, practicing striperopping, andan installing but it contains some materialfrom
terraces or diversions where needed. Natural draws or layer.
is medium, and
waterways, the borders of fields, and other outlets heeded Natural fertility and the cocnateanctitlof organic matter
for disposing of runoff should be seederd to perennial are low. The available water capacity is
grasses, preferably of a sod-forming type. A suitable permeability is moilerate. The uneroded soils are in
cropping system is 2 or more years of crops that pro- tilth and canb workedt throughout a fairly wile range
feet the soils from erosion the eroded soils
* followed by 1 year of a row of,moisture content. Tiltdaieissufrafiareetoanpdoor in the eroded
crop; or 2 years of crops that protect the soils from era- soils. A crustforms oni

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 69
become cloddy if they areworked when too wet or too dry. of a. sod-forming type. A suitable cropping system for
Stands of crops on the eroded soils are not uniform, even these soils is 2 or more years of a crop that protects the
though the amount of rain is normal. Erosion is a severe soils followed by 1 or 2 years of a row crop. Perennial
hazard in the cultivated areas. The effective root zone grasses are the most suitable crop to protect the soils
ranges from deep to shallow, and reaction ranges from from erosion.
slightly acid to strongly acid. Response is good if suit- CAPABILITY UNIT Me-4
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made. WeII drained to somewhat excessively drained, gently
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- sloping Louisburg and Wedowee soils are in this capab.il-
ture, and the rest is in forest or community development. ity unit. These soils are on Piedmont uplands. They have
These soils are fairly well suited to most of the crops a surface layer of loamy sand or sandy loam and a highly
grown locally and are well suited to grasses, legumes, variable subsoil. In places the plow layer is a mixture of
and small grains. the remaining original surface soil and of material from
Erosion and losses of water can he reduced, tilth can the subsoil; in some spots the subsoil is exposed,
be improved, and productivity and the content of organic Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
matter can be increased by returning all crop residue are low. Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the avail-
to soils; by protecting the soils with a close-growing crop able water capacity is low to medium. Reaction is
50 to 75 percent of the time; and by tilling on the con- strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to mod-
tour, practicing striperopping, and installing terraces erately deep. Response is good if suitable applications
or diversions where needed. The borders of fields,natural of lime and fertilizer are made. The soils in this unit are
draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of runoff generally in good tilth, but stones are near the surface
should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of a in some areas. Some of the soils are eroded, and further
sod-forming type. A suitable cropping system is 2 or erosion is a severe hazard.
more years of a crop that protects the soils from erosion About three-fourths of the acreage is in, forest; the
followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 3 or more years of rest is in pasture or cultivated crops. These soils are
props that protect the soil from erosion followed by 1 or poorly suited to most of the crops grown locally. If man-
2 rears of a row crop. Perennial grasses are the most agement is good, however, tobacco of good quality can be
suitable crop to protect the soils from erosion, grown on the uneroded, gently sloping soils. The soils are
suitable for pasture, hay, or trees, and they can be used
CAPABILITY UNIT Me-3 for recreation or as habitat for wildlife.
This capability unit consists of well drained and mod- Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, the con-
uately well drained, gently sloping and sloping soils of tent of organic matter can be increased, and productivity
Creedmoor, Enon, Helena, Vance, and White Store and soil filth improved by returning all crop residue to
;cries. These soils are on Piedmont uplands. They have the soils; by protecting the soils with a close-growing
t surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam and a subsoil crop about 75 percent of the time; and by practicing
of firm or very firm silty clay loam to clay. In places the contour tillage and striperopping and installing diver-
plow layer is a mixture of the renia:inin.g original surface sions. A suitable cropping system is 3 or more years of
soil and of material from the subsoil; in spots the sub- crops that protect the soils from erosion followed by 1
oil has been exposed through erosion. year of a row crop; or 2 years of crops that protect the
Natural fertility is low to medium, wd the content of soil from erosion followed by 1 year of a row crop.
)rganic matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the Perennial grasses are the most suitable crop for protect-
ivailable water capacity is medium to high. Reaction ing the soils from erosion. The borders of fields, natural
ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid. The draws, and other outlets needed for the disposal of run-
ffective root zone is shallow to deep. Erosion is a severe off should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of
'!iazard in cultivated areas. The unerod.ed soils are in a sod-forming type.
rood filth, but tillage is restricted after heavy rains
)e.cause of the slowly permeable subsoil. Tilth is fair in CAPABILITY UNIT Me-5
he eroded soils, but a crust forms on the surface and the Only Wagrani loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, is in
,coded soils become cloddy if they are worked when too this capability unit. It is a somewhat excessively drained
vet or too dry. Stands of crops are not uniform on the soil on Coastal Plain uplands. The surface layer is very
eroded soils, even though the amount of rain is normal. friable loamy sand, 20 to 30 inches thick, and the subsoil
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas- is very friable sandy loam to friable sandy clay loam.
-ure, and the rest is in forest. The uneroded soils are well Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
inked to the crops grown locally; the eroded soils are low or very low. The available water capacity is low, and
utly fairly well suited. permeability is moderate. This soil is in good tilthand
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced., soil tilth can be worked throughout a. wide. range of moisture con-
sul be improved, and productivity and the content of tent. It is droughty, however, and the hazard of erosion
irganic matter can be increased by returning all crop is severe if cultivated crops are grown. The effective root
~e.sidne to the soils; by protecting the soils with a close- zone is very deep. Reaction is medium acid to very
;rowing crop 50 to 75 percent of the time; and by prac- strongly acid. Plant nutrients leach out rapidly, but
,icing contour tillage, striperopping, and installing ter- response is good if suitable applications of lime and
aces or diversions where needed. Borders of fields, fertilizer are made.
iatural draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of This soil is fairly well suited to bermudagrass and to
unof should he seeded to perennial grasses, preferably most of the other crops grown locally. It is poorly suited

70 SOIL SURVEY
to alfalfa, white clover, and red clover. Erosion and losses dallisgrass. They are better suited to pasture than to
of water can be reduced, soil tilth improved, and produc- field crops. Drainage and good management are needed.
tivity and the content of organic matter maintained by The content, of organic matter can be maintained and the
returning all crop residue to the soil; by growing soil- structure of the soils can be improved by returning all
conserving crops 50 to 75 percent of the time; and by crop residue to the soils. A suitable cropping system is
practicing contour tillage and striperopping°. ._ suitable 3 or more years of pasture followed by 2 years of clean-
cropping system is 2 or more years of close-growing tilled crops; or 1 or more years of a crop that protects
crops, 1 year of a row crop followed by a cover crop, the soils, followed by 1 year of a. clean-tilled crop.
and then another year of a row crop; or 1 or more years
of a close-growing crop followed by 1 year of a row CAPABILITY UNIT IIIw--a
crop. Perennial grasses are the most suitable close-grow- Rains fine sandy loam is the only soil in this capability
ing crop. Natural draws, the borders of fields, and other unit,. It is poorly drained and nearly .level, and it occurs
outlets needed for disposing of runoff should be seeded in depressions on Coastal Plain. uplands. The surface
to ai perennial grass, preferably of a sod-forming type. layer is very friable fine sandy loam, and the subsoil
Liberal amounts of fertilizer, in split applications, are is friable sandy loam to firm clay loam.
needed. Natural fertility is low, and the content of organic
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIw-1 matter is medium. Permeability is moderate, and the.
This capability unit consists only of Claewa,cla soils. available water capacity is medium. This soil is in good
These soils are somewhat poorly drained and nearly level, filth and has it very deep effective root zone. Reaction is
and they occur on the flood plains of streams. They have, very strongly acid or strongly acid. Response is good if
a surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam, underlain by suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
friable or very friable sandy loam to silt loam or clay Wetness is a severe hazard where field crops, pasture
loam. plants, or hay are grown
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
are low. The available water capacity is medinun, and is cultivated or in pasture. This soil is limited in suita-
permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. These bility for crops. Where it, has been drained, however,
soils are in good filth and have a deep effective root zone.. it is fairly well suited to corn, fescue, dallisgrass, white
They are strongly acid, but response is good if suitable clover, soybeans, annual lespedeza, and oats, though it,
applications of lime and fertilizer are made. The soils requires good management..
are subject to overflow, and wetness is a severe hazard. Drainage is the major requirement if this soil is
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage farmed. Where drainage is provided, row crops may be
is cultivated or in pasture. These soils are fairly well grown year after year, but all crop residue should be
suited to corn, oats, white clover, dallisgrass, fescue, and returned to the soil. Productivity, a desirable content of
other crops that are at least fairly tolerant, of excess organic matter, and good tilth can be maintained if per-
water. They are better suited to pasture than to field ennial grasses and legumes are included in the cropping
crops. Artificial. drainage, is needed for most crops. The system, and if they make up from 25 to 50 percent of the
content of organic matter can be maintained and filth cropping sequence.
can be improved by returning large quantities of crop
residue to the soils. A suitable cropping system is 1 or CAPABILITY UNIT IYIs-1
more years of a crop that provides a dense cover followed Only Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes, is
by 1 or 2 years of a row crop. in this capability unit. It consists of somewhat exces-
sively drained soils on Coastal Plain uplands. The surface
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIw-2 layer of these soils is loose sand, 30 to 60 inches thick,
This capability unit consists of somewhat poorly and the subsoil is very friable sandy loans to friable
drained, nearly level and gently sloping soils of the Au- sandy clay loam.
gusto, Colfax, Mantacliie, and •Whhee series. These soils Natural fertility, the content. of organie matter, and
are in depressions and on foot slopes, stream terraces, the available water capacity are low or very low. Per-
and Piedmont and Coastal Plain uplands. They have a meability is moderate to rapid. These soils are in good
surface layer of sandy loam to silt, loam, underlain by filth and have a very deep effective root• zone. They are
sandy loam to very firm clay. medium acid to very strongly acid. Response is good if
Natural fertility is medium to low, and the content of suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
organic matter is low. The available water capacity is About two-third of the acreage is cultivated or in
medium, and permeability is moderately rapid to slow. pasture; the rest is in forest. Even though these soils are
These soils are in good to fair filth and have a deep or managed properly, they are not well suited to most of
moderately deep effective root zone. They are medium the crops grown locally. They are more suitable for use as
acid to very strongly acid. Plant nutrients leach out recreational areas or for the growing of peaches and
rapidly, but response is good if suitable applications of watermelons than for growing field crops.
lime and fertilizer are made. These soils are susceptible Runoff and erosion can be reduced, soil filth improved,
to flooding, and wetness is a severe hazard. the content of organic matter maintained, and productiv-
Most of the acreage is in forest, hut a small acreage ity increased by returning all crop residue, to the soils.
is cultivated or in pasture. These soils are of limited Crop residue and other organic matter burry out of the
suitability for crops, but they can be used for corn, oats, soils rapidly. The. surface needs to be protected by a
rye, white clover, soybeans, annual lespedeza, fescue, and close-growing crop, preferably a perennial crop, at least.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLIIvA 71
50 percent of the tune. A suitable cropping system is surface layer of the Cecil soil is mainly material from
one that adds a large amount of durable residue and the subsoil, but it contains a small amount of material
that consists of crops grown in strips. Examples of suit- from the original surface layer. In places the soils in this
able cropping systems are 3 or more years of perennial unit contain enough gravel to interfere with tillage.
grasses or legwnes followed by 1 or 2 years of a row Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
crop; or 3 years of a crop that provides a dense cover low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
followed by 1 year of a row crop. All major draws and capacity is medium. Reaction is slightly acid to strongly
field borders used for disposing of runoff ought to be acid. The effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response
seeded to a perennial grass. Fertilizer, especially nitro-- is good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
gen, should be added in split applications. made. The uneroded or only slightly eroded soils, such as
the Mayodan, are in good tiltlr, but the eroded soils are
CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-1 in fair to poor filth. A crust forms on the surface of the
This capability unit consists of well drained, strongly eroded soils, and those soils become cloddy if worked
sloping Appling, Cecil., Granville., Madison, Mayodan, when too wet or too dry. Even though the amount of rain
and Wedowee soils on :Piedmont uplands. These soils is normal, stands of crops are not uniform on the eroded
have a surface layer of sandy loam and a subsoil of soils.
friable sandy clay loam to firm clay. In some eroded About, two-thirds of the acreage is in forest or in corn-
areas, the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining origi-- munity developments; the rest is cultivated or in pas-
nal surface soil and of material front the subsoil. lit titre. Given proper ma,nagenrent, the soils of this unit are
others the subsoil has been exposed through erosion. Fur- fairly well suited to most of the crops grown locally.
t-her erosion is a severe hazard in the cultivated areas. They are better suited to pasture and hay, however, than
Natural fertility and the content of organic, matter are to field crops.
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tiltlr
capacity is medium. Reaction is medium acid to strongly improved, and productivity and the content of organic
acid. The effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response matter increased by returning all crop residue to the
is good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are soils; by protecting the soilswith a close-growing crop
made. Tilth of the uneroded soils is good; that of the at least 75 percent of the time; and by tilling on the con-
eroded soils is only fair. The eroded soils can be tilled tour, practicing striperopping, and establishing diver-
within only a fairly narrow range of moisture content. A sinus. Natural draws, the borders of fields, and other
crust forms on the surface and the eroded soils become outlets needed for disposing of runoff should be seeded
cloddy if worked when too wet or too dry. Stands of to perennial grasses that produce sod. Suitable cropping
crops are not uniform on the eroded soils, even though systems are 3 or more years of perennial grasses or leg-
the amount, of rain is normal. times followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 4 or more
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest or corn- years of perennial grasses or legumes followed by 2 years
[nullity developments; the rest is cultivated or in pasture. of row crops.
Given proper management, these soils are fairly well CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-3
,cited or well suited to most of the crops grown locally. This capability unit consists of well-drained and some-
Their use for crops is limited, however, by low natural what excessively drained, nearly level to strongly sloping
fertility and susceptibility to leaching. Losses of soil and Creedrnoor, Enon, Helena, Louisburg, Pinkston, Wake,
water can be reduced, soil tiltlr improved, and productiv- 'Wedowee., White. Store, aid Wilkes soils on Piedmont
.ty and the content of organic matter increased by pro- uplands. These soils have a surface layer of loamy sand.
ecting the soils with a. close-growing crop at least '75 to silt loam and a subsoil of friable loamy sand to very
percent of the time: by tilling along the contour; and firm clay. In some places the. plow layer is a mixture of
dry seeding field borders, providing diversions, pra,ctici.ng the Ienaa.ini_ng original surface soil and of material from
;triperoppulg, and returning all crop residue, to the soils. the subsoil. I'n other places the subsoil is exposed. In.
Perennial grasses are the most, suitable close-growing places these soils contain ,gravel. and stones in amounts
:Top. Natural draws and other needed outlets for dis- that. interfere with tillage. ,Some soils contain rock out-
wsin° of runoff should be seeded to perennial grasses,
Hefei ably of a sod-forming type. A suitable croppin crops (:Iig. 1 �).
ystein is ; years or more of perennial ��iasses or legumes
Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of.
I or maan,c matter is low. Permeability is slow to moderately
'ollowed by 1 year of a row crop. ts:
rapid, and the available water capacity is very low to
CAPABILITY UNIT We--2 high. Reaction is slightly acid to very strongly acid. The
This capability unit consists of a well-drained, sloping effective root zone is very shallow to deep. Response is
Lnd strongly sloping Cecil, Georgeville, Herndon, Lloyd, good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
nd Mayodan soils on Piedmont uplands. These soils made. Some of the soils are eroded, and further erosion
lave a surface layer of loam or silt loam. to clay loam is a, very severe hazard if those soils are cultivated. The
,nd a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to firm clay. Most uneroded soils are in good filth, but filth of the eroded
pf the soils are eroded, and the Cecil soil is severely soils is fair to poor. If the eroded soils are worked when
rodeo. Further erosion is a severe hazard in cultivated too .wet or too dry, a, crust tends to form on the surface
yeas. In some eroded areas, the plow layer is a mixture and these soils become cloddy. On the eroded soils, stands
f the remaining original surface soil and of material of crops are not uniform, even though the amount of
corn the, subsoil; in others the subsoil is exposed. The rain is normal.

72 SOIL SURVEY
Srgood if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
made. These soils are in good tilth, and they have a mod-
a% • 4 erately deep or deep effective root zone.
• . Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
Thesesoilshave a narrow range
cultivatedin pasture.
of suitability for crops, and as a rule, they are poorly
suited to row crops. Where these soils have been drained,
4 • they are fairly well suited to white clover, annual Leslie-
,
deza, fescue, and dallisgrass. Pastures are fair to good
in areas that have been drained.
, •a• A high water table, overflow, and a lack of outlets are
, ,„„ • oer.V .,vo,.-../ 4A4->aso••• limitationsto the use of these soils for crops. A complete
needed for all areas intended for pas
\v/Piotty A 4- drainage tem
z;--/ ture and field crops. Proper amounts of lime and a large
'44r; ,41 amount of a suitable fertilizer are also needed.
•
• 11?;;:t'',1. „ CAPAESLITY -UNIT IV-
This capability unit consists of somewhat excessively
siwriew*t\-, 1, drained, nearly level Buncombe soils on first bottoms.
• 'The surface layer and the subsoil of the Buncombe soils
i
, • are loose sand or loamy sand.
' • . Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are very low.
° Permeabilityy rapid, and the available
water capacity is low. Reaction is strongly acid. The
effective root zone is deep. Response is fairly good if suit-
Figure it—Pasture of poor quality on Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent
slopes,in capability unit IVe-3.Rock outcrops are common in some soilsakte applications of lime and fertilizer are made. These
areas of the
soils, are in good tilth but during long dry spells, crops
may be damaged from lack of moisture. Plant nutrients
leach out rapidly.
About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest; the Most of the acreage is cultivated, and a small acreage
rest is cultivated or in pasture. The uneroded or only is in forest. Even if these soils are properly managed,
slightly eroded soils in this unit are fairly well suited they are not suited or are only poorly suited to most of
to well suited to most of the crops grown locally. 'They the crops grown locally. They are suitable for trees, for
are better suited to pasture and hay than to cultivated recreational areas, and as habitat for wildlife.
crops. The eroded soils are poorly suited or only fairly Organic matter that helps to retard the leaching of
well suited to the locally grown crops. plant nutrients can be added by returning all crop resi-
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil filth due to the soils and by keeping a close-growing crop on
improved, and productivity and the content of organic the soils at least half the time. Suitable crops are ones
matter increased by returning all crop residue to the that produce a large amount of durable residue. Adesir-
soils; by protecting the soils with perennial grasses at able cropping system is one in which perennial grassescN,
n o
least 75 percent of the time; and by tilling on the co - or legumes are grown for a, years anti are followed
tour, practicing striperopping, and establishing diver- a row crop grown for I year. Liberal amounts o fl er i
sions. Natural draws, the borders of fields, and other out- lizer, applied in split applications, are needed to keep
lets needed for disposing of runoff should be seeded to these soils productive.
perennial grasses that produce sod. Suitable cropping
systems are 3 or more years of perennial grasses or leg- CAPABILITY UNIT VIe-I
limes followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 4 or more This capability unit consists of well drained or mod-
years of perennial grass-es or legumes followed by 2 erately well drained, strongly sloping to steep_soils on
years of row crops. Piedmont uplands. These soils are in the Cecil, Creed-
moor, Herndon, Louisburg, Madison, Mayodan, Wed-
CAPABILITY UNIT IVw--1 owee, and White Store series. They have a surface layer
This capability unit consists of poorly drained, nearly of loose loamy sand to friable silt loam and a subsoil,of
level or gently sloping soils of the Plummer, Roanoke, friable sandy loam or sandy clay loam to very firm clay.
Wehadkee, Bibb, and Worsham series. These soils are in In some places the plow layer is a mixture of, theremagi
upland depressions, on the flood plains of streams, and ing original surface soil and of material from the s
on stream terraces. Their surface layer ranges from sand soil, but in other places the subsoil is exposed.
to silt loam, and their subsoil ranges from friable sandy Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
loam to very firm clay. low. Permeability is slow to moderately rapid, antl the
Natural fertility is very low to medium, and the con- available water capacity ranges from low to high. ,Reac-
tent of organic matter is low to moderate. Permeability don is medium to strongly acid. The effective root zone
if
is slow to rapid, and the available water capacity is low is shallow to deep. Response is goodsuitable applica-
to medium. Wetness is a very severe hazard. Reaction is lions of fertilizer are made. The uneroded soil is in good
strongly acid to very strongly acid. Response is fairly filth. Tilth of the eroded soil is fair to poor, and that

WARE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 73
;oil can be worked within only a narrow range of mois- r•-,
ure content. A crust forms on the surface of the eroded • : • .., '
;oil, and clods form if that soil is worked when too wet .':
it too dry. Stands of crops are not uniform on the eroded
;oil, even though the amount of rain is normal.
Most of the acreage is in forest, and small acreages are
cultivated or in pasture. The soils are suitable for trees "
., ..,. ,
tnd for use as wildlife habitat. Because of slopes, erosion, t:"V' '- „0
'uiiofr, lack of adequate surface soil, and low natural
fertility, these soils are not suited to cultivation. The
meroded soils are fairly well suited to such legumes and ,s" ' ' 4.''''‘'' .:' -mi: N. mto "" , 'llitht• '
)erennial grasses as sexiceti lespedeza, kudzu, white do-
Ter, bem,rudagrass, and fescue. The eroded. areas are '
nite,d to sericea lespedeza and kudzu. A fair amount of
forage can be produced for grazing if the soils are well
nanaged.
CAPABILITY UNIT VIe-2
,:.
This unit consists of well-drained or somewhat exces- '..e,
if
dvely drained, gently sloping to moderately steep soils
at Piedmont uplands. These soils are in the Cecil, White 7. ,"0". ,f "f::: , 4it '4:•,, ,4:i: ' Atitie„,:' , *'
store, and Wilkes series. They have a surface layer of -
7ery friable sandy loam to firm clay loam and a subsoil Figure 13.—Gullied land that is not practical to reclaim for culti-
if very friable sandy loam to very firm clay. Where the vation or pasture and that should be used for trees or other
urface layer is clay loam, it consists mainly of material permanent vegetation.
from the subsoil that has been mixed with a small
amount of material from the original surface layer.
Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of
I
irga,nic matter is low. Permeability is slow to moderate, In places part or all of the subsoil has been lost through
tnd the available water capacity is low to high. Reaction gullying (rig. 13).
The soils in this unit have low to medium natural
s slightly acid to very strongly acid. The effective root
fertility and are low in content of organic matter. Penne-
one is very shallow to deep. Response is good if suitable
ability is moderate to moderately rapid, and the available
applications of lime and fertilizer are made. The '
water capacity is low or very low. Reaction is slightly
meroded soils are in good tilth. The eroded soils are in
acid to strongly acid. The effective root zone is very
fair to poor tilth, and they can be worked within only a
shallow to moderately deep.
mrrow range of moisture content. A crust forms on the
All of the acreage is in forest or is idle. The soils are
i•oded soils, and those soils become cloddy if worked
too steep, eroded, and droughty to be suited to cultivas
yhen too wet or too dry. Stands of crops grown on the
tion. They are suited to trees, to recreational uses, and to
Toded soils are not uniorm, even though the amount of
aiin is normal, development for wildlife habitat. They are fairly well
suited to kudzu and sericea lespedeza and produce a fair
Most of the acreage is in forest, and small acreages are amount of forage for grazing if properly managed.
ailtivated or in pasture. These soils are suitable for
Tees and for use as wildlife habitat. Because of their CAPABILITY UNIT VIIw,-I
dopes, shallowness, and erosion, they are not suitable Only the miscellaneous land type, Swamp, is in this
'or cultivation. They are, however, fairly well suited to unit, It is very poorly drained and nearly level, and it
anizu, sericea lespedeza, white clover, and fescue. Kudzu occurs on stream flood plains at the upper end of man-
an be grown on the eroded areas. A fair amount of made lakes. The soil material was washed from uplands
°ortige can be produced for grazing if the soils in this and deposited during periods of heavy rains. It is highly
wit are properly managed, variable in texture and very friable and loose.
Swamp is covered by water nearly all of the time, and
CAPABILITY UNIT VIle-i it has a verr shallow- effective root zone. It is in forests
This unit consists of well drained or somewhat exces- of poor quality. Wetness and flooding make this land
dvely drained, strongly sloping to steep soils of the, Pink- type unsuited to crops or pasture, and drainage is ditii-
ton Wake, and Wilkes series and of areas of Gullied cult or impractical. The areas can be used as woodland
and. These soils are on Piedmont uplands. Their surface and as habitat for wildlife,
ayer is sandy loam to clay loam or clay, and their sub-
oil is loose loamy sand to very firm or plastic clay. Soils Estimated yields
=f this unit range front slightly eroded to gullied. In the Table 2 gives estimates of yields of the principal crops
lightly eroded places, the plow layer is a mixture of the grown in Wake County. The yields depend upon it cora-
emaining original surface soil and of material from the bination of soils and climate, the kind of crop, and the
ubsoil. Where more erosion has occurred, the present level of management. The estimates in table 2 are based
urface layer is mainly material from the subsoil. In on high-level management. Yields are substantially lower
;ullied areas nearly all the original surface soil is gone. under less intensive management.
335-40;1-70--0

74 SOIL SURVEY
TAIs11:la 2. —Estimated average yields per acre of important crops grown. it/V/ r a high. level of ma)tagen t(n.t
[Dashed lines indicate that,the crop is not commonly grown on the soil or that data on which to base an estimate are not raviiitab1i]
--
1 1
11ay
1'o- ' Fescue-
-- —_.._.
Soils I Corn ' Cotton ((ate bane ; Soy-- ' white
(lint) (flue beans Soy- Annual clover
cured) i bean lee- po,st'ire
pcdezrc
Bet. LI). Bo. , Lb- i;,. Tone r'o o: i „u ,',ru:r
Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent nt slopes 701 15065 2.400 :32 2. 1 1. .i 185
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__..____.... _..__-- _. 7:3 700 75 2,300 30 1 2. (1 ! 1. 5 ' 185
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded - 68 625 70 1 2,200 28 1. 9 1. 5 ISO
Appheeg gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slope, -. __ __ 65 ! 600 65 2, 150 2(3 ! 1. 7 1. 4 175
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent,slopes, eroded_...__- 60 525 60 2, 100 23I 1, 5 1. :3 155
Appling sandy loam, 2 to (3 percent slopes__ 73 700 75 2,300 30 2. 0 1. 5 185
Appling sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 68 625 70 2, 200 28 1. 11 1. 5 180
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-__-- 65 61)0 65 ', 2, 15(1 ; 26 I. 7 I. 4 17.
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent:slopes, eroded 60 ; 525 60 ' 2, 100 23 I. 5 IL 3 155
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes.-_.____ -_ 55 475 58 2, 000 20 1.3 1. 3 155
Appling fine,sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__-__. 73 : 700 75 2, :30030 2. 0 1. 5 185
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_____-, _____ 68 1 625 70 2, 200 28 1. it I. 5 1 180
Appling line sandy loan, 6 to 10 percent,slopes.._ ., ___ 65 ' 600 ' (15 ' 2, 150 26 1. 7 1. 4 175
Appling tine tinsandyloam, 6 to 10 percent,slopes, eroded ..__' 60 525 60 I 2, 100 23 1. 5 1. 3 ! 155
Augusta fine sandy loam 65 55 :35 2. 4 190
Buncombe soils-_ 45 45 h I__,__ --
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 73 700 75 2, 200 ! 30 2. 0 1. 5 I 190
Cecil sandy loan, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 68 625 70 I 2, 100 28 1 1. 9 1. 5 I 185
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes .._... _ ___.._ _ 65 600 65 2, 050 26 I 7 1. 4 180
Cecil sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_-__-.-___- 60 523 60 : 2, 000 23 1 I. 5 I 1. 3 1 160
Cecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes_-_- 55 475 58 I 1,900 20 1 I. :3 1. 3 160
Cecil ;sandy loam, 1.5 to 45 percent slopes_ _ -1----.-- _..------ ..---_- - 140
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes _ I 73 700 75 2, 200 30 1 2. O 1. 5 190
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to (i percent slopes, eroded------- OS 625 70 2, 10(1 28 I 1. 9 1. 5 185
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent,slopes 65 600 65 2, 050 1 26 1. 7 1, 4 1SO
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded___-_-_- 60 525 60 2, (100 23 I. 5 I. 3 160
Cecil clay loan, 2 to 6 percent,slopes severely eroded__.____. 50 425 55 1, 300 ____ _ _____ _ 1. 1) 145
Cecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely eroded 45 I 400 42 1,250 -- . 9 130
Cecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded --- __ .____ . 120
Chewnela soils 85 35 I 200
Colfax sandy loam I
55 .,.) 28 I 1. 9 I. 2 ISO
Congaree fine sandy leaser_- 90 650 75 I '2,400 30 11 2. 0 1. 6 210
Congaree silt loam 90 650 75 '2,400 35 2. 4 1. 0 210
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_-., 60 525 I 60 2,300 25 1. 7 I. 4 170
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to (i percent slopes, eroded 50 450 50 1, 900 22 1 1. 5 1. 3 160
Creedmoor sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes_-___ ii0 425 . 50 2,000 20 I 1. 3 1. I 15.5
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_____ _ 40 , 350 40 1.600 17 1 1. I 9 145
Creedmoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes- ___ 4(1 ' 325 35 1,400 1.5 1. 0 1 . 8 135
C'riedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 60 525 60 2, 100 28 1.0 I I. 4 170
Creedmoor silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_- 50 425 ' 50 1,900 23 I 1. 5 • 1. 1 1 155
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes__-_ 70 550 62 2,300 30 1 2. 0 I. 6 . 180
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent,slopes, eroded ) li."i 52:i 58 2, 200 28 1 1. 91. 5 175
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes-- - 65 525 , 58 2, 150 26 1. 7 I. 4 105
Durhtiiu loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 60 475 53 2, 100 23 1. 5 1. :3 1 155
hinon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 54 __ ---1 54 ' 28 ' I. 9 7 1. 4 ' 17O
En On tine sandy loans, 2 to 6 pOrePlit slol.irs, eroded I 45 __-1 45 25 1. 7 I 1 3 160
Enon line sandy loam, '5 to 10 percent slopes - 45 1 45 23 I 1-. .s ' 1. 1 i 155
Elton fine sandy
, 60010.i >r percent le erodedd :36 I ------ :36 21 ! 1. 4: ! . 9 145
p l _
1 °ion fineloam, 101slopes, _ I - I . 0 125
14aceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 80 775 73 2 200 1 :35 2. 3 2. 1 195
Faceville sand} loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.__ 75 7(1 j 70 2, 100 32 2. 2 2. 0 I 190
Faceville ille sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded - (35 1 625 j 00 1, 800 30 1 2. 0 1 8 1 170
(leorgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 68 600 I 68 1, 000 28 i 1. 9 1. 5 I 1;50
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 65 550 1 (35 I, 850 251. 7 1. 4 - 175
Ge,or ge Ville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 60 52560 I 750 2:3 1. 5 I. 4 170(ieor(e.ville silt,loam, Pi to 10 percent slopes, .roded 55 1 500 ! 55 ! 1,650 21 I.4 1. 3 1 165
(1eorgevi11e silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded 50 ; 4.50 I fill 1 1,450 , 17 1. I ' 1. 2 150
Goldsboro sandyloam . 50 675 65 2, 350 37 ! 2. i 1
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 73 - 700 ! 75 1 2 300 1 30 I 2. 0 I 1 5 I 185
Granville sandy Granville sandy loran fi to 10 percentslopes eroded_ . fi 5 GOO 70 2, 2002, 26 1. 9 1 > 15
percentslopes,
2(i 1. 7 I l 4 175
Granville sands'loans, 0 to 1(1 percent-slopes, eroded_.. 60 1 525 60 ! 2, 100 1 2:3 1 1. 5 - 1. 3 I 155
Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes -- 55 47:5 ! SS 2,000 20 1. 3 ! 1. :3 l:iri
(Sullied land ---__ 525 b,) 1 Helena sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes -__1 602, 10O ! 25 I 1. 7 , 1. 4 1e0
See footnotes at end of table.

WAKE COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA r-.-
f0
TABLE 2.Estimated average t/irlds per acre of important crops grown undera high iced, of-mer-1ra,Ucrtcnt—Co niilt tied
_
I Llay I
i To- Fe,care-.
foils Corn Cotton I Oats , bacco 1 joy-- I I white,
(lint) 1 ' ;Hue 1 becuas I Soy Annual i clover
(ared) { hcsrn j les- post ore
1 pcdeza
I 1; r tal-
Be. Lb. Be. j Lb. i nu. Tints Torts , east-tu't,e
Helena,sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded___ . 50 I 450 ( 50 - 1, 900 = 22 1 1. e5 1, 3 160
Helena,sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_..._ 50 I 42.5 1 50 1, 800 ! 20 1. 3 1 1. 1 j 155
Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent 41,opes, eroded. _ __--__ 40 ; 350 1 40 I, 600 17 1. I ! 9 j 1 45
Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes._ 40 325 35 1 1,400 : 15 ' 1. (1 8j 135
f
lerndou sill loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 68 I 600 j 6% 1 1, 900 25 I 1. 7 1 5 1 ISo
lerndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent:slopes, eroded._.___ 65 i 550 I 65 : 1, 5 50 : 22 1, 5 J. 4 j 175
Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percents slopes. 60 i 525 60 1, 750 : 20 1. 3 1. 4 17(1
Herndon silt.loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 55 1 500 1 55 1, 650 17 1. 1 i 1. 3 j 165
3erndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded 50 ' 450 I 5(1 ' I,450 13 . 9 J. 2 i 150
-Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes 1 J 140
aovd loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 70 1 525 70 I____ I 28 1. 9 j 1. 5 175
loyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded _ 65 1 475 ; 65 I__ 23 1. 5 I L. 4 ' 165
Loyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, coded__-sees__- 60 425 i1 60 1 -_-_-_ ' 15 ' 1. (1 1. 2 : 155
orrishurg 1oa.rny-sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes 40 _ 400 ' 50 1 1, 700 17 1 1. 1 - 9 i 125
1:ouisburgg 1'4'edoa�ee complex, 2percent:,
to 6 percent 50 1 45(1 ' 55 1 1, 800 1 IS 1. 2 1. 1 ;I 0
loamy and 6 to -1O p t c ent slopes l0 325p 10 1, 500 1:3 1 8 7 1 10
onisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slope 1_
75
:oursbrrrg 11 slopes14.0
oursburg-W cdoay ee complex, 2 to 6 percent nt slopes, eroded 45 I 4:00 I 50 ' 1. 700 j 15 1. 0 j' I. 0 ' 12.5
.,oursbnrg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes j 40 375 I 45 I 1, 600 s 13 . H I . 11 115
_ouisbu g-A\edowr,.e complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 35 1 325 I 40 1, 500 I 10 I . 7 I . 8 I 100
ynchour g sandy loam -__- 811 1 675 ; 60 2, 300 . 40 2. 6 j 2. 0 1 190
rI ade Iand _ 1_ I -
rl 1 3 165165adison sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded__________ 65 I 57:5 I 6 5 '
- j__
cl adison sands loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_._ 55 50, 474751. 1 1411
iladison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded__ 50 I 450 I1. 0 13(1
rlahie soils 75I `1
adfe sandy
r loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded_ 600 65 1 -- . 125
---- _ . 190
layodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent dopey 73 1 700 75 2,300 30 2.0 1 1.5 185
layodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded _ 68 !I 625 70 , 2, 200 28 1.9 j 1.5 .180
Tayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 65 1 600 I 65 I 2, 150 I 26 I 1.7 1 1.4 :175
,Irryodan sandy:loam, 6 to 10 percent clones, eroded___._ 6(1 1 525 I 60 i 2, 100 ' 23 j 1. 5 j 1.3 1 155
rl avodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_._. 50 I 450 1 55 I 1, 760 I 15 ; 1.0 ' 1.2 f 145
-tayodan sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes i L I 1. 1 I 145
iayodan gravelly sands loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes._ 73 j 700 ! 75 2, 300 I 30 2.0 1 5 I 185
piayodan gran eelly sandy-loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded . 6S 1 625 :,70 ' 2, 200 25 1 1.9 I 1.5 1 180
layoff in gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 6,5 I 600 65 1 2, 150 ; 26 I 1.7 I 1 4 I 175
,layodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_____- 60 I 525 1 60 j 2, 100 I 23 ; 1.5 I 1.:3 155
Iayodcan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent, slopes____ . j 73 700 r,i 2 200 30 2.0 i! 1..5 155
layodan silt loam, thin, 2 to (i percent slopes, eroded___ 68 I 625 ' 70 I 2. 100 1 28 I 1.9 ` 1.5 180
layodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes_.-_ 65 600 I 65 1 2, 050 26 . 1.7 1.4 175
1,ryod an silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded - __ r 60 , 525 60 1 1, 950 23 I 1.5 I 1.3 155
layodan silt loam, thin, 10 to Ira percent slopes. _.,_. . ___.. 55 I 475 58 ,' 1, 900 I 20 1.3 € 1.3 . 155
iorfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes 75 675 65 2, 500 1 35 , 2.4 1_ __ 195
iorfolk lorcmy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ 73 j 65062 ', 2,450 ( 32 , 2. 1 ----- 150
,orfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded._-. 70 I. 625 60 I 2, 300 ' 30 ' 2.0 I 168
i orfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slope.?_...___.__..__.-- 67 600 57 1 2, 200 28 1.9 ' _..I I.60
+orfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded--- -- 62 525 52 j 2. 000 25 1.7 ' 150
rra.ngehurg loamy sand, , to 6 percent slopes 1 5 675 65 j `', :500 1 35 I 2.4 195
Irangehurg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded . 73 I 650 1 62 450 ' 32 ; 2. 1 j.
-
180
lrangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_ I 3570 j 625 , 456 1` 2, t00 I 30_ -.__2_00..I - I 1(38
rnkston sandy loan:, 0 to 10 percent slope._. 110
summer Saud~ loam, 10 to 45 percent scope
„rains fine sandy loam___...---____-- rp j 500 1 60 ; 2, 000 1 35 2.4 :_ 17(1
loanoke fine sturdy loam 1 45 _1 45 I '155
\vamp__..._____._,_.._______-.-
once sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. I 60 ' 525 ' 60 ; 2, 200 25 I 1.7 I. 1 ` 170
mice sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 50 , 450 i 50 : 2, 100 i 22 I 1.5 1 3 I 160
once sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded ._, : 40 '.: 350 1 40 ' 1, 800 I 17 j 1. 1 : .9 I 145
vagram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes 70 1 590 I 40 I 2,300 200 I 25 ' 1.3 j 1
r'arrtm loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent spares ___. 65 590 45 3, 3Q0 20 1.b 1 0 ___ _._.
Vrgram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes 602 e
vagrarn-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes .. ---
45
1 325 45 1, 850 lti i 1.2 .7 .s..
;;Thee fine sandy loam . . 60 6O _.- -__I 175
ake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes _ 30 300 ! 40 .-
lake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes__.._. 1 1
IcdoH'ee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent aluaes 63 600 68 I 2, 000 25 1.7 1 5 180
See footnotes net earl of table,

76 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 2.--Estimated average yields per acre of important crops grown. under a high level of management--- Continued
Hay
To- F'escue-
Soils I Corn Cotton Oats bacco I Soy- white
(lint) (flue I beans Soy- Annual I clover
cured) I bean les- I pasture
pedeza
rnirnat-
Be. Lb. Be Lb. Bra `. Tern Tons I nn t-days I
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percept slopes, eroded __ -. 58 575 63 1,000 ! 22 1.5 1.4 I 170
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.___..- ------------- 53 , 550 53 1,800 20 ! 1.3 1.4 I .170
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded -._ 45 500 j 53 ! 1, 700 17 1. 1 1.3 ; 160
Wedowee.sandy loam, 11) to .15 percent slopes, eroded_ 38 425 43 1, 500 ? 13 .9 1.2 , 140
Wedowee sandy loam, 15 10 25 percent scopes_._..--- 1..2 I 130
Wehadkee silt loam .____ -- 45 l 60
Wehadkee and Bibb soils;
Wehadkee soil 45 160
Bibb soil_ 70 j__-..__ �._-- -E_____.._-` 150
White Storc. sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__ 50 500 55 1, 700 17 ` 1 1 1.0 �, 150
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded__-___ .____- 40 ! 400 50 1, 400 15 1 0 .9 ' 140
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ . 45 425 50 1,500 13 k .9 ? 11.0
White. Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 8 I130
White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes .8 I 130
White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 50 500 I 55 ._-- 15 1.0 f 1.0 ` 150
White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded_.__ � .6 :.I 90
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes .. 45 375 I 55 j 1 600 16 1.0 j .9 I 140
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slope:___-_-- �__.---. ----_-.I___-- -----__ 11 5
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes__---
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes -
--
lorahamsandyloam (___-_ __---- 15
5
r Animal-unit-days is a term used to express the carrying capacity of 60 animal-unit-days. An animal unit is one cow, one steer, or
offp xsture. it is the number of animal units carried per acre multi- one horse, five hogs; or seven sheep or goats.
plied by the number of days the pasture is grazed during a single ' Tobacco is groan only in areas that are not subject to overflow
grazing season without injury to the sod. An acre of pasture that during the growing season.
provides 30 days of grazing for two cows has a carrying capacity
Following are practices generally considered necessary forests were free of the dense, brushy undergrowth. that
to obtain the yields given in table 2: is common in many wooded areas today, but some had
1, Fertilizer and lime are applied according to the a,n undertory of shade-tolerant trees and shrubs, and of
needs indicated by the results of soil tests. muscadine grapevines and other woody vines. Shortleaf,
1. High yielding varieties ieties of crops are grown. loblolly, longleaf, pond, and Virginia: pines, eastern
3. Legumes are inoculated, redccduar, haldcypiess, Atlantic, white cedar, and a relict;
4. The soils are properly tilled, a,atd the crops are stand of eastern hemlock (11) were part, of the original.
properly cultivated, forests. Hickory, ash, maple, yellow poplar, sereetgutn,
>. 'Weeds, insects, and diseases re controlled. elm, black cherry,, sycamore, black walnut, white saris.
C. Rotations that conserve moisture and protect tin wood, bltlekguin, river birch, and tarer°icrur beech grew
oils from erosion are need. on the deep, moist soils of the flood plains, on the lower
1
slo res, and in ravines, Growing g in the iinderstor y, of
i, Runoff is acf.egrt�t,ely� c�ontrolle,d.
S. Oe ergraatng is avoided, and the pasinres are well these hardwoods were 'flowering dogwood, American
mans ed. holly, redbud, sourwood, hophornbean , blue beech, and.
g mountain-laurel. On the uplands and high stream ter_
The estimates given in the table are based on experi- races were the hardwood forests consisting; of hickory,
ence with the crops and soils of the county. They are also oak, red maple, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, black walnut,
based on assumptions that the average amount of rain- persimmon, black cherry-, and winged elm. Growing i12
full will be received over a long period of time, that no the ui derstory of these upland forests were dogwood,
supplemental irrigation will be used, that adequate drain- boll}', sour°mood serviceberry, red mulberry,o and redbud.
ago will be provided and that no flooding or ponding will Large numbers of loblolly" and shortleaf pines were
take place, mixed in the overstory= of these upland forests.
Longleaf pine grew on the well-drained to excessively
Use ©f the Soils as Woodland ' drained soils in the southern part of the county. Trees in.
All of the land area that is now Wake County was
the understory* of these forests included blackjack, post,
and other scrub oaks. Bald.cypress and swamp tupelo
originally covered by forests. For the most part, these grew in swampyareas and along streams of the Coastal
g
Br Joins- E. S,'rrarrrs, fir., forester, Sell Conservation Service, Plain. Associated with the cypress-tupelo forest. type
Raleigh, N.C. were Carolina, ash, green ash, red maple, pond pine, oc-ca-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 77
sional Atlantic white-cedars, and other water-tolerant Ratings of the soils with respect to plant, competition,
trees. seedling mortality, equipment limitations, and the haz-
T.he original forests have been disturbed repeatedly ards of erosion and windthrow are discussed in the fol-
since about 1745, when English and Scotch colonists lowing paragraphs.
began settling the territory. Nearly all of the tillable PLANT COMPETITION.---This term refers to the degree
part of the county has been cleared aft some time or other, to which undesirable plants are expected to invade a soil
and some areas have been cleared more than once. Many after the tree canopy is removed. The rating for plant
clearings originally made for wood products and for competition reflects the degree to which these undesirable
farming were later abandoned and then were restocked plants impede or prevent regeneration and growth of
naturally with loblolly and shortleaf pines. Many of desirable species of trees on a: given soil, either in a
these second--growth stands have also been cleared to naturally occurring or in a planted stand. Where plant
meet the demands for wood products or for farming. At competition is unimportant, a rating of slight is given.
the present time, slightly more than 57 percent of the A rating of 176oder•ate indicates that expected competition
land area in the county, or about 317,700 acres, is from undesirable plants will delay the establishment of
wooded. This includes the William B. Unistead State an adequate stand of desired species of trees. A rating
Park, which contains 5,100 acres of woodland. All non- of severe indicates that competition from undesirable
park woodland is classed as commercial forest and is plants can prevent adequate restocking of the desirable
essentially all privately owned. Most of the privately species of trees, either in a naturally occurring or in a
owned forests are in tracts of less than 5,000 acres. planted stand, without intensive preparation of the site
The original diverse kinds of forests and those found and without weeding and other special maintenance
today in the county are the result, in part, of the many practices.
different kinds of soils and relief. These factors are SEEDLING MolITALrr .--.—This term refers to the expected.
interpreted in the following discussion to help the owner degree of mortality of naturally occurring or planted
use and manage his soils properly. tree seedlings, as influenced by the kinds of soils, when
Woodland sctetablit groupscompetition from other plants is not a factor. The rating
is slight. if ordinarily no more than 25 percent of the
The soils of Wake County have been placed. in 14 seedlings required to provide air initial full stocking may
woodland suitability groups to assist landowners in plan- die. Natural regeneration is suitable, or an original plant-
ning for the productive use of their soils and the man- ing can be expected to produce a satisfactory stand. A
agemelat of their woodland. Each group is made up of rating of moderate indicates that losses of seedlings will
soils that are about the sante in water-supplying capacity be between 25 and 50 percent. Natural regeneration can-
and other major characteristics that affect the growth not always be relied upon for adequate and immediate
of trees. The soils within each group are also subject to restocking, and planting may be a desirable alternative.
similar hazards and have sinnila.r• limitations that affect. A rating of severe means that more than 50 percent of
the planting, tending, and harvesting of trees. All soils the seedlings are likely to die and that adequate natural
in each group, therefore, have about the same potential restocking is not expected, unless additional management
productivity for trees and need about the same manage- is given. For example, use of superior planting tech--
nient and conservation practices. The names of soil series piques and of superior planting stock may be required,
represented are mentioned in the description of each .and replanting may be necessary, for assurance that the
woodland suitability group, but this does not, mean that stand will be adequate,
all the soils of a given series are included in the group. EQUIVALENT LIMITATIOS.-----Factors that limit the use
To find the names of all the soils in any given woodland of mechanical equipment normally used for woodland
suitability group, refer to the "Guide to Mapping knits" operations are referred to as equipment limitations. The
in the back of this soil survey. dominant factors that limit the use of equipment are
For each woodland group, the soils are briefly steepness of slope, wetness of the soils, rough terrain,
described and the preferred. kinds of trees for producing and rocks oe other obstacle;. A. soil rating of slight ind.i-
sa.wtamber, pulpwood, veneer, other wood products, sates that no particular factors limit the use of equip-
Christmas trees, and food for wildlife are named. Then, raent. A rating of moderate indicates that not all types
the site index range for each of several commercially of equipment can be used and that there are periods of
important forest trees is given., and plant competition, no more than 3 months when equipment cannot be used,
seedling mortality, equipment limitations, and the haz- because the soils are wet, have slopes that are greater
ards of erosion and windthr•ow are discussed, than 15 to 25 percent, or are unstable. A rating of Ysci c.ae
Site index is the average total height, in feet, of the indicates that use of some, kinds of equipment is limited;
dominant and codominant trees in a well-stocked, even- that special equipment may be needed; or that the soils
aged stand at 50 years of age. It is a meaps of expressing are wet more than 3 months of the year, have slopes
the potential productivity of a soil for a given kind of greater than 25 percent, or have unfavorable texture
tree. The ratings are based on many field measurements that limits the use of equipment.
of the total average height and age of trees in existing EROSION HAZARD.--Potential erosion is rated to indi-
forest stands on identified soils and on the results of cate the hazard of erosion as the result of woodland
.forest research (3,: , Fi' '7', 0,1.�) mana genaent. Steepness of slope is the major factor. con-
sidered, but the characteristics of the soils also affect the
The ratings for yellow-poplar are based on 1957 data assent- rating. Generally, the rating is slight where the slopes
bled by W. T. DOOLITTLE, Forest service, are between 0 and 6 percent; moderate where the slopes

78 SOIL SURVEY
are between 0 and 10 percent; and 86zo rc where the slopes is a greater hazard on the Chewacla soils than on the
are steeper than 10 percent. These general rules regarding Congaree. Satisfactory stocking generally can, be
slope are modified where erodibility as a result of soil obtained through natural reseeding if there is an ade-
characteristics emphasizes or nninimize,s the factor of (plate number of seed trees, and if competing plants are
slope. controlled.
WJNDTI-irow H AZArn.--Patings given for this hazard. Restrictions on the use of equipment commonly enl-
indicate the danger of trees being blown over by winds ployed in nlana,ging the forests are considered moderate,
of high velocity. The ability of a tree to withstand wind and most areas of these soils are not readily accessible,
is reflected by the soil characteristics that, influence the during wet periods. Logging equipment cannot be used
development of the root system of the tree. A rating of in winter, especially on the Chewacla soils. Use of equip-
slight indicates that no special hazard is recognized. A meat during winter can cause serious damage to the
rating of 7med..ri tc indicates that the root development roots of trees and to soil structure.
of the designated tree species is adequate for stability, Erosion is only a slight hazard. Windthrow is not a
except during periods of excessive soil wetness and great- hazard, except when winds are abnormally high.
est wind velocity. A rating of severe indicates drat the
soils have prohibited development of a root system ode- WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 2
quate for stability. This group consists of poorly drained soils of the
FOREST DISEASES AND INSECTS.—Hlz(irds from forest Roanoke, \'elradkee, Bibb, and Worsham series. These
diseases and insects are not discussed for all tile wood- soils are on first bottoms, on low terraces, and in draws or
land groups. They are discussed only where there is a at the bases of slopes in the uplands. They have a sur-
relationship between the kind of soil and possible losses face layer of silt loans to sandy loam and a subsoil that
from forest diseases and insects. ranges from very friable sandy loam to very ,firm clay.
Permeability ranges from moderately rapid to slow, and
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 1 the available water capacity, content of organic natter,
This group consists of well-drained or somewhat poor- and natural fertility are medium to low. Because of the.
ly drained Chewacla and Congaree soils on first bottoms. high water table and, in some places, a very firm or pla.s-
These soils have a surface layer of fine sandy loam or tic subsoil, roots of trees cannot penetrate these soils to
silt loam and a subsoil of friable fine sandy loam to clay a great depth.
loam. Their permeability ranges from moderate to mod- WThe.re these soils are on first bottoms or low terraces,
erately rapid. The available water capacity is medium, they are subject to frequent flooding and water remains
and natural fertility and the content of organic matter on or near the surface for a long time. Floodwaters pre-
are low. Water and tree roots easily penetrate to a greatvent seeds from germinating or may drown seedlings,
depth. Frequent flooding 'is the chief limitation to grow- and they severely limit, the use of equipment. Where
ing trees on these, soils. It can cause loss of seedlings, these soils are in draws or on foot slopes, they are not
and it impedes logging and other forest management., subject to flooding from streams, but they receive surface
Loblolly and shortleaf pines are the preferred species runoff and seepage from soils at, a higher elevation.
for pulpwood and saw logs, but yellow-poplar, black For the soils of this group, loblolly pine, green ash,
walnut, white ash, green ash, red oak, white oak, sweet.- Shumard and cherrybark oaks, yellow-poplar, sycanrore,
gum, sycamore, and other desirable hardwoods also and swamp tupelo (swamp binckgum) are the preferred
grow exceptionally well. Veneer logs and long-length species. All the soils in this group are well suited to the
poles and piling can be produced, and Eastern redcedar growing of trees that can be harvested for pulpwood,
and Arizona cypress are. suitable for production of saw logs, veneer bolts, or long-length poles and piling.
Christmas trees. In. addition to the species named as All trees named are important sources of food for wild..
suitable for pulpwood, saw logs, and other purposes, life.
oaks, hickories, black cherry, dogwood, and persimmon The site index is 85 to 95 for loblolly pine, sweetrmn,
grow well on these soils. They produce food and cover and water oak. It, is 85 to 100 for yellow-poplar.
for wildlife. Plant competition for pines and desirable hardwoods
The site index is 95 to 105 for loblolly pine, and 85 to is generally severe. Unless they are eradicated or con-
05 for shortleaf pine,. It is 100 to 115 for yellow-poplar, trolled, low-grade hardwoods, shrubs, and honeysuckle
and 05 to 110 for sweetgum. and other vines prevent the successful natural seeding or.
Plant competition is generally severe for pines and planting of desired species of trees. Intensive treatment
for yellow-poplar and other desirable hardwoods. Intern-
live treatment of the site, including disking, beading, or of the site, including clearing, beading, disking, pre-
applying herbicides, is necessary in many places to elim- scribed burning, and applying herbicides, is necessary to
irate or control undesirable vegetation prior to the time control the competing vegetation and to prepare a seed-
pines or desirable hardwoods are planted or seeded. bed before desirable kinds of trees are planted.
Seedling mortality is generally slight on these soils; Seedling mortality is moderate for most species grown
more. than 75 percent of planted seedlings generally sur- on these soils, though prolonged flooding and silting
vive. Yellow-poplar should not be planted where the during the growing season can result in severe mortality.
soils are flooded for 3 days or longer in summer (8). Yellow-poplar and pines are especially vulnerable to
Seedlings of this species are killed if they are submerged excessive moisture. Controlled drainage and disposal of
for periods longer than 3 days. Surface drainage is re- the excess water reduce mortality and improve the quad
quired in places to eliminate or reduce ponding, Ponding ity of the site.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA. 79
Restrictions on the use of equipmnent are moderate to Plant competition is severe for pines and desirable
severe. Poor drainage and flooding limit the time that, hardwoods. Intensive treatment of the site, including
equipment can be used. Ditching and construction of land clearing, disking, and applying herbicides, is needed
roads are necessary on first bottoms and low terraces if in many places to eliminate, or control competing vege-
those areas are to be made accessible for management tation and to prepare the site before desired species are
and harvesting of the trees. Use of equipment should be seeded.
avoided during wet, periods to prevent compacting the Seedling mortality as a result, of soil influences is
soil and damaging the roots of trees. generally slight; at least 75 perce:nt of the planted seed-
Erosion and windthrow are not significant, hazards on lings may be expected to survive. Where the number of
these soils. seed trees is adequate, and where competing; vegetation
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 3 is controlled, a well-stocked stand can be obtained
Only one mapping unit, Buncombe soils, is in this through natural regeneration.
woodland group. These soils are somewhat excessively Restrictions on the use of equipment are slight, to
drained loamy sands or sands on first bottoms that are moderate. Logging is usually restricted during set peri-
subject to flooding. Permeability is rapid, and the avail- ods. The Altavista, Augusta, and Wahee soils are sub-
able water capacity is low. Natural fertility and the con- ject to occasional overflow that interferes with manage.-
tent of organic matter are very low. meat of the forests.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species for pulpwood or The hazard of erosion is slight. The hazard of wind-
saw logs, but shortleaf pine is also suited. Yellow-poplar, throw is also slight, except when the velocity of the
sycamore, and other desirable hardwoods, once estab- wind is exceptionally high.
fished, grow well on these soils. Sweetgain is affected by dieba.ck in long droughty
The site index is 75 to 85 for loblolly pine and 55 to periods.
65 for shortleaf pine. WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 5
Plant, competition for pines and desirable hardwoods This group consists of well-drained soils of the Appl-
is generally moderate. Elimination or control of uncle- ing, Cecil, Durham, Georgeville, Granville, Herndon,
irable vegetation is necessary in places. Lloyd, Madison, Mayodan, and Wedowee. series. The tex-
Seedling mortality caused by droughtiness is model- tune of their surface, layer ranges from loamy sand to
ate to severe, and losses of seedlings are also caused by clay loam, and the texture of their subsoil ranges from
Hooding and siltation. Extensive replanting is required in sandy clay loam to clay. In some, places the surface layer
places. Natural reseeding cannot, be relied upon to estab- is gravelly. Permeability is moderate, and the available
lish a fully stocked stand of desirable trees. water capacity is medium. Natural fertility and the con-
Equipment limitations are moderate. They result from tent, of organic matter are low. Most of these soils have
the coarse texture and depth of these soils. slopes between '2 and 35 percent, but, some have slopes as
Erosion and windthrow are. not significant hazards. steep as 45 percent in places. The soils are mainly tine.
roded to moderately eroded, but, some areas are severely
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 4 eroded.
This group consists of moderately well drained or Loblolly pine is the preferred ;species for pulpwood,
ome.what poorly drained soils of the Altavista, Augusta, saw logs, or poles amid piling. Shortieaf pine is also
floifax, Goldsboro, Lynchburg, Mantachie, and Wahee suited, hat it grows more slowly than loblolly pine. l-
Ye
Reties. These soils are nearly level or gently sloping and low-poplar, black walnut, sweetgurn, and red and white
ire on low stream terraces, in draws, or at the bases of oaks are the preferred species of hardwoods. Eastern
lopes in the uplands. They have a. surface layer of redcedar and Arizona cypress are suitable for Christ-
Randy loam to silt loam and a subsoil of sandy loam to mass trees. Pines, Arizona cypress, redcedar, and privet
.lay that is friable, to very firm. Permeability ranges are suitable for field .windbreaks, where needed. Oaks,
From moderate to slow, and the available water capacity hickories, black cherry, persimmon, black walnut, beech,
s medium. Natural fertility and the. content of organic and American holly grow on these soils and provide
natter are low. food and cover for wildlife. Virginia, pine is well. suited
Loblolly, shortleaf, and longleaf pines, yellow-poplar, to the dry, shallow soils.
Jack walnut, white and green ash, red and white oaks, On the, i.uleroded to moderately eroded soils, the site
tweet.gum, and sycamore are the preferred species on. index is 75 to 85 for Ioblollyy pine, yellow-poplar, and
hese soils. River birch and blackgumn are considered less sweetgum and 65 to 75 for shortleaf pine and southern
lesirable. Eastern redcedar and Arizona cypress are suit- red oak. In the severely eroded areas, the site index is
able for Christmas trees. Blue beech, hophornbeant, and 65 to 75 for loblolly pine and 55 to 65 for Virginia pine.
)oxelder are weed trees. Nearly all of the species of As a rule, plant competition for pines and desirable
:Tees named are important as a source of food and cover hardwoods is severe on the better soils and is slight to
of wildlife, severe on the severely eroded soils. where competition
The soils in this group are suitable for growing trees is severe, intensive preparation of the site is necessary
hat can be harvested for pulpwood, saw logs, veneer before. desired species are planted or seeded.
ogs, or poles and piling. Seedling mortality is generally slight to moderate, but
The site index is 85 to 65 for loblolly pine, slash pine, it can be severe in shallow, dry areas. Where adequate
'ellow-poplar, and sweetgnm. It. is 65 to 75 for shortleaf seed trees of desired species are present, and where corn-
fine and longleaf pine, and 75 to 85 for southern red Feting vegetation is controlled, well-stocked stands can
talc. be obtained through natural regeneration. Some shallow
335 403-60 6

80 song.; SURVEY
areas will require intensive treatment if an adequately logging and other operations. Where feasible, locating
stocked stand is to be obtained. Applying a mulch and firebreaks and access roads on the contour is desirable.
fertilizer and establishing a protective cover of grasses Wind erosion is a hazard in large open areas. In those
or of grasses and legumes are beneficial. Natural reseed- places ryegrass or a similar cover crop can be used to
ing cannot, be depended on to provide an adequately protect seedlings planted for windbreaks.
stocked stand of pine. «'.indthrow is not, a hazard, except when winds are
Equipment. limitations are slight, where the slopes are unusually strong.
less than 15 percent, moderate, where the slopes are Damage to loblolly pine from infestations of the Nan-
between 15 and `'25 percent, and severe where the slopes tucket pine tipmoth (Rityacionia frzrsfsu.,aa (Comst.))
are steeper. can be severe on these soils.
The hazard of erosion is slight on slopes of less than
6 percent, moderate on slopes between 6 and 10percent, WOO LAND SUITABILITY GROUP 7
and severe on slopes of more than 10 percent. Tinpro- The only soil in this group is Rains tine sandy loam.
tested steep slopes and roads built on a steep gradient It is nearly level, is poorly drained, and is in depres-
are likely to be severely eroded unless special conserva- lions or at the bases of slopes in Coastal Plain uplands.
lion measures sic used. Where feasible, firebreaks and In wet seasons this soil receives runoff. and seepage froth
roads should be built along the contour. higher surrounding areas. The, subsoil is friable amid has
Windtlrrow is a slight hazard on these soils. a texture of sandy loam to clay loam, The organic mat-
ter content and available water capacity are medium,
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 6 Natural fertility is low.
This group consists of well-drained, nearly level or Loblolly pineand slash pine are the preferred species
gently sloping soils of the ha ceville, Norfolk, and. in areas that have been drained, but longleaf pine is also
Orangeburg series. These soils have a sandy loam or suitable. Paidcypress, swamp tupelo, green ash, and.
loamy sand surface layer and a friable to firm subsoil. water and willow oaks are adapted species in uiudrained.
Permeability of the subsoil is moderate, and the ar,naiil- areas. Most, trees that are suitable for this soil also
able water capacity is medium. Organ-lie matter content provide food and cover for wildlife. This soil is suit-
and natural feitility are low. Water and tree roots able for growing trees that can be harvested for pulp-
easily penetrate these soils. wood, saw logs. or long length poles and piling,
Loblolly and slash pines are the, preferred species for The site index is S5 to 95 for loblolly pine, slash pine,
pulpwood and saw Iogs, but longleaf pine is also suited, and swee-tgum. It is 70 to 80 for longle if pine.
Yellow-poplar, black walnut, oak, sweetgum, and other Plant, competition is severe for pines and desirable
hardwoods grow well on these soils. Eastern redeedar hardwoods. { allberry, vines, reeds (su-.itelicaaie), nude-
and Arizona, cypress are suitable for Christmas trees, sira.ble hardwoods, and other plants interfere with the
Rtiedcedar, Arizona cypress, cherry laurel, privet, and establishment and growth of pines and desirable broad-
photinia are suitable under•story species for field wind- leaved. species. Disking, clearing, prescribed burning,
breaks. Blackguin, red mulberry, persimmon, American cutting of brush, or the application of herbicides is
holly, and other tree species grow well on these. soils necessary in nanny places to eradicate unwanted vege-
a.nal- produce food and cover for wildlife. Cation before desirable species are planted or seeded.
The, site index is "85 to 95 for loblolly- pine and slash Seedling mortality of pines is generally ~light, in areas
pine, and 70 to 80 for longleaf pine and shortleaf pine. that have been c'r.•ai ed, but. it. is severe, in depressions or.
It is 85 to 100 for yellow-poplar, 85 to 95 for sweetgum, pointed areas because of the excess water. Losses caused
and 75 to S5 for southern red oak. by excess water can exceed 50 percent, and natural. regen-
Plant competition for pines and desirable hardwoods oration cannot be depended. on to establish a well-
:f`ront low-value hardwoods and other vegetation is ggen- stocked stand. Controlled drainage, intensive preparation
erally moderate, but it is severe in places. Scrub oak, of the site, and superior planting techniques are needed
hickory trees, dogwood, sassafras, persimmon, red maple, if a, well-stocked stand is to he obtained.
souriwood and blackgtnn retard the growth and develop- Ponding and a. high water table severely limit the
nrent of pines and of yellow-poplar and other preferred. "se of ecliuipment. Water is on or near the surface most
broad-leaved species. intensive treatment of the site, of the time. Controlled drainage is necessary la many
including disking, bladirag, or applying herbicides, is areas to provide and maintain access roads. Drainage
necessary in many places to eliminate or control •ire.ge.- can be, costly, however, because suitable outlets are not
tation prior to the time pines or desirable hardwoods always available.
are seeded or planted. Erosion and wincltlrrow are not: hazards on this soil.
Seedling mortality resulting from the characteristics WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP I
of the soils is generally- slight. Satisfactory stocking from
The only soil in this group, Plummer sand, is poorly
natural reseeding is usually obtained where an adequate drained and occurs mainly in draws and depressions on
number of pine seed trees is present, and ichere com- Coastal Plain uplands. Water stands on the surface of
bating vegetation is conirolle.cl' this soil for long periods each year. The surface layer. is
Equipment limitations are slight in areas where the sand that is 40 to 60 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy
slopes are no greater than 10 percent. In those areas the loam to sandy clay loam. Permeability is rapid, and the
hazard of -water erosion is slight, but the protective available water capacity- is low. Natural fertility and
ground cover should be disturbed as little as possible by the content of organic matter are low.

WA.IiE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA S1.
Where drainage is adequate, loblolly and slash pines or applying herbicides may be necessary to control undo-
are the preferred species for this soil, but longleaf pine sirable vegetation and to prepare the site where pines are
is also suitable. Pond pine, Atlantic white-cedar, bald- to be planted or seeded.
cypress, sweetgum, swamp tupelo, green ash, and red Seedling mortality is generally slight, but it is moderate
maple can be grown in areas where water stands on the in some, years. Large areas in which seedlings have not
surface for a long time, This soil is suitable for growing survived should be replanted. Natural reseeding is ade-.
trees that can be harvested for pulpwood and saw logs. quate, as a rule, if enough seed trees are present, if this
Trees can also be grown for medium- to long-length site is properly prepared, and if competing vegetation is
poles and piling where drainage is adequate. Most trees controlled.
that grow on this soil provide food and cover for wild- Restrictions to the use of equipment are slight on
life. slopes of up to 10 percent. Machinery can be used at
The site index is 85 1,0 95 for loblolly pine, slash pine, any time without causing must; damage to the roots of
and sweetgunm. It is 75 to 85 for longleaf pined trees or to the structure of the soils. Equipment is sub-
Desirable species of trees are subject to competition je:et to excessive wear on these soils, however, because of
from undesirable hardwoods, vines, briers, switchcane, the abrasiveness of the sand.
and other plants. Clearing, disking, cutting of brush, The hazard of water erosion is slight on slopes of up to
applying herbicides, wnd draining excess water are 1.0 percent. Some wind erosion occurs in large open areas.
needed to control competing vegetation and to prepare Young seedlings planted in field windbreaks should be
a site for a new stand. protected from soil blowing by use of a cover crop. The
Seedling mortality is generally slight, in areas that hazard of windthrow is generally slight, except in al)-
have been drained, but, it is severe in ponded areas, norina.Ily high winds.
where losses can exceed 50 percent. Natural reseeding On these droughty soils, loblolly pine is sometimes de-
cannot be depended upon to sesta,bhsh. an adequately formed and retarded in growth y attacks from the
stocked stand of the preferred species of trees. Inten- Nantucket pine tipmoth. This damage occurs when the
sive preparation of the. site, superior planting techniques, pine is a seedling or a sapling.
and management of water are necessary if a well-stocked
stand is to be obtained. WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 10
Restrictions on the use of equipment are moderate in The only Wrapping unit in this group is Wagramn-
the areas that have been drained and severe in undraine,d Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes. These are somewhat
areas. Management of water is necessary if access to the excessively drained, nearly level to steep soils on Coastal
areas is to be obtained, and if roads are to be maintained. Plain uplands. Their surface layer is sand that is 30 to
Because of the lack of suitable outlets, some areas are (i0 in.ches thick, and their subsoil is sandy loam. to sandy
difficult to drain. Also, some roads may be hard to main- clay loam, Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the
taro because the coarse texture of the soil causes under. available water capacity is low or very low. Natural
cutting and caving of ditches. fertility and. the content of organic matter are very
Erosion is not a hazard, and windthrow is generally low.
not a hazard, Slash one avid to igleat ,.ine are the preferred stieries On
these soils. Loblolly pine is also suitable.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP I These soils are suitable for growing the preferred
The soils in this group are in the Wagram series. They species of trees to a size suitable for pulpwood, small
are nearly level to sloping and occur on Coastal Plain saw logs, or medium-length poles and piling. Eastern
uplands. 'Their surface Laver is 20 to 30 inches thick and edceditr an°I Arizona, cypress are suitable species to
consists of tii rainy sand. Their subsoil is friable or very plantfor Cl irstina•s trees ,Ind as understory species in
triable sandy bean to sandy clay loam. Permeability is field windbreaks. Cherry laurel is suitable in field wind-
moderate. v:rtu.ral ferfilrty',the content of ortranie i;i<ai.ter, broal.s, both an unm:or io ,v and as airoyerstoi' rI>ecies.
and the available water capacity are low. crater and the Oaks are an important source of food for wildlife, but
roots of trees easily penetrate these soils, only a limited amount of acorns is produced. on these
Lablolly and ,slash pines are the preferred species on sons.
these soils, but longleaf pines are also suitable. The soils The site index is 75 to 85 for slash pine, 70 to 80 for
aro suitable for growingtrees that can be harvested for
loblolly pine, and 60 to 70 for longleaf pine.
pulpwood, saw logs, or medium length pole and piling.
re I�:i:st,erir ciceriar and 1i°izona: cypress are suitable for Where pines are grown on these soils, plant competi-
1 tion is severe front blackjack oak, turkey oak, rind other
the production of Christmas trees. Cherry laurel, reel- scrub oaks and wimegrass. :Dis.king, clearing, undercutting,
cedar, A.rizona cypress, .mncl privet arc suitable as under- did other intensive treatment; is generally needed to con-
story species 'where field ii indbreake aro needed. Oak,
hickory, dogwood, red mulberry, black cherry, blacligum, trot competing iegetittaon and to prepare a site for
and persimmon growing on these soils provide food andregeuera,tion of the preferred species.
cover for wildlife. Seedling immortality is generally moderate. Losses of
The site index is 75 to 85 for loblolly and slash pines. seedlings are caused by an inadequate supply of moisture
and by high temperature of the soil surface. Natural
It is(�.;to", ,for longleaf pine.
Moderate competition from oaks, hickories, blackgums, reseeding cannot be relied upon to obtain an adequately
sassafras, and other hardwoods interferes with the growth stocked stand. of the preferred species. Seedlings of high
of pines on these soils. Clearing, disking, cutting of brush, quality and superior planting techniques are required.

82 SOIL SURVEY
for satisfactory survival of the plants. Even then, some Seedling mortality is generally slight on the uneroded
replanting may be necessary. to moderately eroded soils. On those soils an adequately
Limitations to the. use of equipment are moderate on stocked stand usually can be obtained from natural seed-
slopes of up to (1 percent. These loose sands give poor ing if enough seed trees are present, if the site is properly
traction to light, rubber-tired equipment. They do not, prepared, and if competing vegetation is controlled. Seed-
provide good support, for heavy machinery. Therefore, ling mortality is moderate to severe on the severely
extra power is required. Furthermore, machinery used on cr(Yded White Store soil. On that soil check dams, mulch-
these soils is subject to excessive wear because of the big, fertilization, and a protective cover of grasses and
abrasiveness of the sand. legumes are-needed to obtain an adequately stocked stand.
Water erosion is not a hazard where the slopes are no Natural seeding cannot be depended upon to reproduce
greater than 6 percent, but soil blowing is a hazard in a fully stocked stand.
large open areas. Wind strips are necessary to protect Limitations to the use of equipment are sliglst on
some planted seedlings. Normally, 11-indthrow is not a slopes of up to 15 percent, and they are moderate on
hazard. slopes between 15 and. 25 percent. On the severely eroded.
The root, rot fungus (F°Ines an.nasos) is a serious White Store soil, however, restrictions are- moderate on
hazard where pines and redeedar are grown on these the use of equipment during dry periods on slopes of 2
soils. Seedlings and saplings of loblolly pine are subject to 15 percent. They are severe where the slopes are more
to severe damage by the Nantucket tipmoth. than 15 percent. In wet periods the use of equipment is
severely restricted by t,lie sticky and very plastic, clayey
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP it subsoil.
This group consists of well drained or moderately well On the uneroded to moderately eroded soils, the hazard.
drained soils of the Creedmoor, Enon, Helena, Vance, of water erosion is slight on slopes of up to 6 percent.
and White Store series. These soils are gently sloping It is moderate on slopes between Ii and 10 percent, and
or moderately sloping a.nd are on Piedmont uplands. The severe on slopes steeper than 10 percent. Firebreaks and
texture of their surface layer ranges from sandy loam roads should be run on the contour wherever feasible to
to clay loam, and their subsoil is friable to firm sandy Protect, them from erosion. A protective ground cover
clay loam to clay. Most areas are uneroded or moderately should be maintained insofar as possible. The hazard of
eroded, but one of the White Store soils that Occupies erosion is serious on the severely eroded White Store
a small acreage is severely eroded. Natural fertility is soil. The hazard of windtlrrow is slight to moderate
low to medium, and the content of organic matter is low, where the soils are uneroded to moderately eroded, but
Permeability is slow, and the available water capacity is it is severe on the severely eroded White Store soil.
medium to ]sigh. Root penetration is restricted in areas Littleleaf disease can severely damage shortleaf and
that are underlain by a very firm,plastic subsoil. loblolly pines.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species on these soils.
Shor•tleaf pine also grows fairly fast, hut the slow to WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 12
medium internal drainage of these soils makes that In this group are soils of the Louisburg, Wedowee,
species susceptible in some places to severe damage Pinkston, "Wake, and Wilkes series. These are well--
from littleleaf disease. Virginia pine is suited to the drained to somewhat excessively drained, gently sloping
severely eroded White St-ore soil. The uneroded or modes- to steep, shallow soils on Piedmont uplands. The texture
ately eroded soils are suitable for growing trees to sizes of their surface layer is variable, and in some places the
that can be harvested for pulpwood and saw- logs, and surface layer is stony. The subsoil is firm to loose loamy
trees grow larger on those soils than on the severely sand to clay loam. Depth -to bedrock ranges from less
eroded soil. The severely eroded White Store soil is rela-. than 20 inches to more than 50 inches. The content of
tively Iow in productivity and has limitations to use for organic matter is low, and natural fertility is low to
commercial growing of wood crops. Trees should be medium. Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the
planted on this severely eroded soil, mainly, to protect it available water capacity is low or very low. Bedrock
from further erosion. limits the penetration of water and tree roots.
Eastern redeedar and Arizona cypress are suited to Lobiolly pine is the preferred species for pulpwood
the production of Christmas trees. Oaks, hickories, and saw logs. Shor•tletcf pine is suitable on the more
blackgum,persimmon,American holly,black cherry,pine, favorable sites. The deeper soils can be used for growing
and cedar growing on these soils provide food and cover trees to sizes that can be harvested for pulpwood, saw
for wildlife. logs, or poles and piling of medium length. The shallow
On the uneroded or moderately eroded soils, tiw site and the steep soils should be given an onsite inspection
index is 75 to 85 for loblolly pine (fig. lt), yellow-pop- to determine. if trees should be- planted and intensively
lax, and sweetgum and 60 to 70 for short-leaf pine. On managed for commercial wood products. As a rule, plants
severely eroded White Store soil, the site index for ing of trees in these areas is feasible only for controlling
loblolly pine is 65 to 75. erosion and protecting the soils.
Arizona cypress and eastern redeedar are suitable for
Where the soils are uneroded to moderately eroded,
pines are subject to moderate to severe competition from the production of Christmas trees and as underst,ory
undesirable hardwoods and other plants. In someplaces trees in field windbreaks. These soils are not suited to
the commercial production of hardwoods.
disking, blading, and the application of herbicides are The site index is 70 to 80 for loblolly pine. It. is GO to
necessary to control competing vegetation. 70 for shortleaf pine.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 83
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' ''.V 4,4' $ Illt,• * ,*,..: - s .•-- -*
. , 1%;t ...*,;.•' ,4
,„,+•,.' ,#. , i '*
' .,':'** '.4, ,4041110,10:e• ,.**,,,, '''' ",,".
,4 * , '""o",t 11/040 '4", ' ' ..,.., k" '''' vf-t.... ,,,x, ' .1 , ' ,,„ s ..,
,„.
' NV
„. w„„. *,,,,,,,
.eil '44 ' ' "'' ,'i.„, '0, ,,, " ' ''' , , ,'‘ ,X, *,,`„,*,
A ,; , .
‘ '
Figure 14.—A well-managed stand of loblolly pine on Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded. The trees have been
thinned periodically to increase their growth and to improve their quality.
Plant competition is slight to moderate where pines ods, especially on the Wilkes soils, can damage the struc-
are grown, depending on the depth of the soil over bed- turn of the soils and seriously injure the roots of trees.
rock. In places disking, girdling, and the application of The hazard of water erosion is slight on slopes of up
herbicides are needed to control undesirable vegetation. to 2 percent. It is moderate on slopes between 2 and 6
Seedling mortality is generally moderate, but it can percent and severe on slopes of more than 6 percent.
be severe on the very shallow or on the steep soils. Seed- The development of roots is restricted by bedrock
lings of high quality and superior planting techniques near the surface and by the droughtiness of these shal-
ire needed to adequately stock an area with pines, and low soils. As a result, the hazard of windthrow is gen-
replanting may be required. A well-stocked stand cannot orally severe or very severe on these soils.
pe obtained through natural seeding.
Restrictions on the use of equipment are slight on WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 13
dopes of up to 15 percent, moderate on slopes between This group consists of three miscellaneous land types-
15
and 25 percent, and severe on slopes of more than 25 Made land, Gullied land, and Borrow area. The texture
percent. Shallowness, a plastic subsoil, boulders, and and consistence of the soil material varies greatly from
.ock outcrops can severely limit the use of equipment on one area to another. The depth to which the roots of
di slopes. Operating heavy machinery during wet peni- trees and water can penetrate is also widely variable.

84 SOII. SURVEY
Onsite investigation is required to determine how an area bufilelreads, gadwalls, mergansers, and pintails also visit
can best be managed for trees. those, areas.
The potential productivity of these land types for Two other game. birds--the Wilson snipe and the
trees varies widely. Where some surface soil remains, woodcock--fre.queut areas of wetland in Wake County.
merchantable trees can be grown between the. gullies. As These same areas of wetland provide habitat for such
a rule, however, the site indexes are very low for these furbearers as beaver, mink, muskrat, and otter. Turkey,
land types. Loblolly pine and Virginia pine are the pre- raccoon, and squirrel also share this habitat and are
ferred species for planting, but redcedar is also suitable. fairly common along wooded bottoms of streams and in
Competition from undesirable plants is generally slight other large tracts of woodland. Doves, fox, quail, and
where erosion is still active. Where a cover of plants has rabbit are abundant throughout. most of the county.
become established and the soil material is stabilized, Fishing is fair to excellent, in the many farm ponds
plant competition is severe for the limited supply of and lakes throughout the county, as well as in the large
moisture. streams. Bass, bluegills, and shell crackers are the. main
Seedling mortality, as a rule, is very severe on these kinds of fish in the farm ponds. Bass, bluegills, bit{1-
land types, unless special preparation is given to the heads, crappies, channel catfish, pickerel, and red breasts
site. Land leveling, disking, construction of check dams, and other kinds of sunfish inhabit the lakes and large
mulching, fertilization, and the establishment, of a pro- streams.
teethe cover of grasses or of grasses and legumes are The food of various kinds of wildlife differs widely.
required if an adequate stand of trees is to be established, The abundance of a particular kind of wildlife depends,
and erosion is to be controlled. Even where these pra.a- to a great extent, on the presence or absence of choice
ti.ces are applied, extensive replanting is sometimes neces- foods for that species. .In the following paragraphs, the
sary. Seedlings must.be,planted by hand. food and habitat requirements of the major kinds of
The use of most. equipment is severely restricted by wildlife are discussed.
gullies. Erosion will continue to be a very severe hazard BEAVER,—-Beavers eat only food obtained from plants,
in the areas of Gullied land and in other Bullied areas mostly bark, roots, tender twigs, and green plants. Their
until a protective cover of plants is established. The favorite food is the tender bark, or cambium, of alder,
hazard of windtlirow is very severe for all kinds of ash, birch, cottonwood, hornbeam, maple, pine, sweet-
trees. gum, and willow, but acorns and corn are. also choice
In places loblolly pine "die out" and littleleaf disease foods. In addition, beavers eat the tender shoots of elder,
are likely to be severe. honeysuckle, grass, and weeds. The main feeding areas
are within. 150 feet of water,
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 1.4 BOBwI-HTL.--Bobwhites (quail) eat aeonis, beechnuts,
Swamp, a miscellaneous land type, is the only mapping blackberries, browniop millet, wild black cherries, corn,
unit in this group. It is very poorly drained and is cowpeas, dewberries, annual and shrub lespedezas, milo,
under water most of the time. This land type is at, the mulberries, palricgrass, pecans, common ragweed, soy-
heads of manmade lakes, and it, consists of variable soil beans, pine seeds, and the fruits of flowering dogwood
material. Swamp tupelo, red maple, sweetgum, smooth and sweetgum. They also eat many insects. Their food
alder, and other water-tolerant trees and shrubs are must, he close to sheltering vegetation. Many kinds of
characteristic of the vegetation in arrears of Swamp, If habitat, including areas of woodland, brushy areas, areas
drainage and protection from flooding are provided, of grassland, and open fields, are suitable for these
however, loblolly and slash pines can be grown. Inter- gam.ebirds, but the best habitat is one that has a variety
pretations on the potential productivity are not provided of cover types,
for tins land type, because of the lack of information. Drvr;:---Deer eat acorns, clover, cowpeas, g reeilhrier,
honeysuckle, annual and shrub lespedezas, oats, rescue-
Use of the Soils for Wildlife grass, rye, ryegrass, soybeans, and wheat. They need an
adequate supply of surface water for drinking, and
The soils of. Wake County produce food, cover, and wooded areas, 500 acres or more in size, for cover. Food
protection for many kinds of wildlife. Doves, ducks, fox, plants for deer should be well limed. and :fertilized.
quail, rabbit, squirrel, snipe, turkey, woodcock, and non- Doti.—Doves eat hirow.utop millet, corn, Japanese
game birds are the most common kinds of wildlife in the millet, pokeberry seeds, common ragweed, rain sorghum,
county. Deer and geese. are less numerous. Deer mainly the seeds of pine and sweetgum, and other kinds of seeds.
frequent the northwestern corner of the county and scat- Doves do not eat insects, green leaves, or fruits. They
tered areas along bottoms of the Neuse River. A small drink water daily. Doves prefer to land in open areas.
flock of Canada geese spends the winter each year on Therefore, they need feeding areas and watering places
Lake Wheeler. free of tall grass or brush.
Wood ducks, mallards, hooded mergansers, and black Diane.cn. e. Ducks eat acorns, beechnuts, bron•utop millet,
ducks are fairly numerous along the rivers, larger creeks, 1°urn >Talaaurse millet-, and smart weed, which must be
and swamps. The wood duck builds its nest in hollow covered by tir9aicr to be readily available. Occasionally,
trees along the rivers, near large creeks, and. in the clucks eat'acorns and gain on dry land.
swamps. Gi'aenwing teal, r'Irlgneclus ruddy ducks, scaup,
and widgeons inhabit the larger lakes and farm ponds Csrrsz. Cxeese feed in open fields and in shallow
in fall, in whiter, and early in spring, and canvasbacks, water. Their choice foods a.re the roots, stems, and leaves
of aquatic plants, and wheat, corn, soybeans, and other.
By E. R. SAnrra, Jim., biologist, Soil Conservation Service. grains. Geese graze on clover, pasture grasses, and young

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 85
small grains. When they are not feeding, they rest on and tanagers, can be attracted by planting dogwood,
bodies of water. holly, Russian-olive, cherry-laurel, pokeberry, privet,
Fox.—Foxes feed primarily on small animals, gen- pyracantha, multiflora rose, smooth sumac, and sun-
erally rodents, but they also eat apples, persimmons, flowers.
acorns, cherries, grapes, corn, blueberries, and peanuts. Fis>-i.—The choice foods of many fish are mostly
The red fox prefers open fields and farmland for his aquatic worms and insects and their larvae. Bass, pick-
habitat. The gray fox generally remains in wooded areas erel, large catfish, crappie, and other predators eat small
and in patches of dense brush. fish. The abundance of such foods is directly related to
MINK.—These furbearers feed on fish, reptiles, am- the fertility of the water, and in a lesser degree, to the
phibians, birds, and small mammals. They live near fertility of the soils at the bottom of the ponds and lakes.
water. Wildlife suitability groups
MUSKRAT. Muskrats feed on cattails, bulrushes, bur-
reeds, rushes, pondweeds, and many other aquatic plants. Most kinds of wildlife can be related to the soils in a
They also eat some corn, soybeans, and other crops. two-step relationship. Each species is related to its
Ponds, lakes, marshes, swamps, and streams provide the choice foods, and, in turn, each plant is directly related
habitat for these animals. to the soils.
OTTER.—Otters are primarily carniverous. Their prin- In this subsection the soils of Wake County are placed
cipal food is fish, mainly coarse and undesirable species, in five groups, based on their capacity to produce plants
and crayfish, water beetles, water birds, and clams. Occa- that provide food for wildlife. The "Guide to Mapping
sionally, they eat water-loving mammals. Swamps, Units" at the back of this survey lists the wildlife group
streams, and lakes are the habitat of otters. for each of the soils.
RABBIT.—Rabbits eat clover, winter grasses, and other In table 3 many of the plants used for food by wild-
succulent vegetation. They also eat waste grain, bark, life are listed alphabetically, and the suitability of each
and twigs. Rabbits especially need cover, such as black- plant for the soils of four wildlife groups is rated. Wild-
berry or plum thickets or patches of honeysuckle. Food life group 5 is not included in this table, because the
plants that are well fertilized and limed are more at- properties of the land types in this group are too vari-
tractive to rabbits than those that are not. able for meaningful ratings to be. assigned.
RACCOON.—Raccoons eat many kinds of foods. Among With a knowledge of each animal's food require-
their favorite plant foods are acorns, chuf a, greenbrier, ments and of the suitability of the soils for the growth
grapes, persimmon, pokeberries, corn, hollyberries, and of particular plants, the symbols on the soil map can
pecans. Favorite animal foods are frogs, crayfish, grass- be used as a guide to the selection of areas suitable for
hoppers, insects, and small mammals. Raccoons inhabit specified kinds of wildlife. The characteristics of the
bottom lands and swamps where den trees are plentiful. soils in each wildlife group that are significant to man-
SNIPE.—The Wilson snipe feeds on earthworms and agement for wildlife are described in the following para-
on the larval forms of many kinds of insects. This game graphs.
bird returns to Wake County only in winter, and it lives WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 1
in areas of wet rassland or marshes. This group consists of well drained or moderately well
SQUIRREL—These animals eat acorns, beechnuts, black drained soils on terraces and on ridges and side slopes in
cherries, black walnuts, corn, hickory nuts, mulberries, the uplands. These soils are mainly gently sloping to
pecans, pine mast, and the seeds of blackgums and strongly sloping, but they are nearly level in some places
flowering dogwoods. The gray squirrel inhabits mixed and are moderately steep or steep in others. They are
stands of hardwoods and pines or pure stands of hard- in the Altavista, Appling, Cecil, Creedmoor, Durham,
woods. The fox squirrel is rare in this county. Its habi- Enon, Faceville, Georgeville, Goldsboro, Granville,
tat is restricted to open stands of pines and hardwoods. Helena, Herndon, Lloyd, Madison, Mavodan, Norfolk,
TURKEY.—Turkeys thrive only in large areas of wood- Orangeburg, Vance, Wedowee, and White Store series.
land, generally 1,000 acres or more in size. They need The texture of their surface layer ranges from loamy
surface water daily for drinking. Turkeys often roost sand to silt loam, except that it is clay loam in severely
over water in the overhanging branches of large trees. eroded areas. Their subsoil is friable sandy loam to very
Their choice foods are insects, acorns, beechnuts, black- firm clay. In places gravel is on and in the surface layer.
berries, browntop millet, chufa, clover, corn, cowpeas, These soils have low to medium natural fertility and
wild grapes, hackberries, mulberries, oats, paspalum medium to high available water capacity. Surface run-
seeds, pecans, pine mast, rescuegrass, rye, wheat, and the off varies considerably because of differences in the tex-
fruit of blackgum and flowering dogwood. ture of the soils, in the steepness of slopes, and in the
WooncocK.—The woodcock is primarily a migrant who kind of ground cover. The degree of erosion ranges from
visits this county in fall and winter. Woodcocks inhabit none to severe.
areas of wet woodland, where they probe the forest WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 2
floor for earthworms, their choice food. These birds are This group consists of well-drained to somewhat
rarely found in the open during the day. poorly drained soils on first bottoms, on terraces, and in
NONGAME BIRDS.—The food preferences of nongame draws and depressions in the uplands. These soils are in
birds differ widely. Several species eat nothing but the Augusta, Chewacla, Colfax, Congaree, Lynchburg,
insects; a few eat insects, nuts, and fruits; and others Mantachie, and Wahee series. The texture of their sur-
eat insects and seeds. Many desirable kinds of nongame face layer ranges from sandy loam to silt loam, and their
birds, such as bluebirds, cardinals, robins, mockingbirds, subsoil is sandy loam to very firm clay.

f1() SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 3.--Saitabili.ty of plants for soils iv. four u t,ddlife groups oral as food for specified kinds of u'�.lc/(i�fe
Wildlife groups
Food plants Choice foods for—
I .?. 3 4
Alder Fatir Good__ _ Good Poor Beaver.
Apple Good -- Fair_-_- Poor Fair -_ Fox, deer.
Ash__ Fair. . __- Good____ Fair _ Poor Wood duck, beaver.
Ba.huigras+ _,__- Good Good__ Fair Fair __ Turkey.
Beech (load ( ood-,- Poor__.__. . Poor_____ Bobwhite, duck, squirrel, turkey.
Blackberry and dewberry_ Fair ! Good -- Fair _ Fair Bobwhite, turkey, nougame birds.
Black cherry __-- flood Good __ Fair- - Fair_ Bobwhite, squirrel, fox, nougame bird'.
Blackgrun___ .____ Fair Good .. Fair -- Fair Squirrel, turkey, nongarne bird.
Blueberry __-_ Fair Good--- Fair Poor_ Turkey, notaganie buds.
Brown lop millet_. _. - -- flood__ Good_-. Fair Poor_ Bobwhite, dove, duck, turkey, non game
bird,,-.
Chufa___. Good____ (food____ Poor Fair Raccoon, turkey-.
Clover, crimson Good Good_-- Poor Poor_-- lb-er, rabbit, turkey,
Clover, white Good-___ Good____ Poor- __ Poor ..__- Deer, rabbit turkey.
(loud Good--- ! Fair Poor-_-. Bobwhite, dove, duck, raccoon, squirrel.,
turkey, nongarne birds.
Cowpea>: Good__ _ (food_. _ Poor Fair ', Bobwhite, doer, turkey.
Cypress---_---- Fair--_..._ Fair_____' Good _ Poor•__. .. Squirrel.
Dogwood---.--- . . ._. .. --------____.-- flood-.___ Fair __-_ Poor_ Fair Bobwhite, squirrel, turkey, nong,aatate. birds.
Elderberry__-- - F€air. Good_ Fair Poor Nongame birds.
Fescue___ _-_-_ : Good (Food___ ' hhir__ Poor __ Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Grape, wild hood Fair. -_ Poor_ ..._ Fair__... Raccoon, turkey, nougame birds.
Greenbrier___. Poor I Fair.____ Good__-_ Poor 'Ulcer, raccoon.
Blackberry _ _ _ -- ---_- Good flood_-- Fair Poor _ Turkey, squirrel, ❑ongame birds.
Hickory Good____'' Good___- Poor_ . Poor- Squirrel.
Holly_____--_------- --- Good Good Fair Poor Raccoon, raongame birds.
Honeysuckle Good ___ Good____' Fair Poor Deer, nongaame birds.
Hornbeam---_- - - — _ Fair_ Good-__ Fair Poor- Wood duck.
Japanese. millet -- Faair_ --. (loud___ Fair Poor Dove, duck, nongame bird;.
I espedeza., Manual_ Good Good - Poor Poor_ Bobwhite, deer.
Lespedeza, shrub-- Good Good.__ Poor Poor Bobwhite, deer.
Magnolia____ -_..__ Fair Good Fair Poor ( Squirrel, ❑ongame birds.
Maple Fair Good__
; Good____ Poor_____ Squirrel.
Mulberry__ Good Good- � Poor _-_` Poor Bobwhite, squirrel, turkey, nongarne birds.
Oak (post, blackjack, southern red,scarlet, Good G ood _ Poor.. Poor__ Deer, duck, raccoon, squirrel, turkey, non-
black, and white). j game birds.
Oak (swamp chestnut, water, -willow) : Fair i Good-_ -I Fair i Poor._ -- Deer, duck, raccoon, squirrel, turkey, non-
, Good Good___ Fair Poor Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Partic.grass--- Fair_ - Good____ Fait°_-_.._' Poor_.___ Bobwhite, dove, nongame birds, rabbit.
Paspahtut (bull)___.. Fair Good Good ___; Poor...-___! Bobwhite, dove, nou'ame birds.
Peanut.------- Good i Fair Poor Fair Bobwhite, nongatue birds.
Pecan ..___. ._----.---- Good I Good __ ; Poor Fair Bobwhite, raccoon, squirrel, turkey.
Persimmon-. hood Good_.__ Fair- ._-_ Fair Raccoon.
Pine--- Good _ Good Fair Poor Bobwhite, dove, squirrel, turkey, nougane
birds.
Plum, chid.ttianw_-- -..___ ._.. Good Good_,_ Fair_ Fair_. Squirrel, bobwhite.
Poison-ivy Good Good___ Fair__.. Fair,.____ Rabbit:, quail, nongaure birds.
Pokeberry______,_-._--- --_ Good Good____; Poor____._- Fair____ Dove, raccoon, nongame birds.
i
Prt�-t<G_.. -------. _ Good--- � Good--- Fair_ __ i Fair ', Nongame birds.
Pyr,rcant lt._ Good_-_ Good____' Poor_ ..._ Poor Nongame birds, turkey.
Ragweed Good__--1 Good -- Fair _ Fair_ Bobwhite, dove, norrgame birds.
Rescucgrasa_-_ -- - -- f}ood,___-. Good____f Fair Poor Deer, trarkey,
Russian--olive____ Good Fair Poor Poor Notagame birds, turkey.
Rya+ Good____ Good_-__' Poor_____' Poor Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Rycgras -- .----_.. -- Good_-_ Good . Fair- _.__i Poor_-___ Deer, rabbit,
Servieberr Fair , Good___ Fair f Poor Beaver, nongame birds.
ticr�rcaherrt _______
rtweed
Fair ! Good_-- ; Fair_ Poor-.—_-_ Duck.
Sorghum, grain Good ' Good -- Poor- Poor Bobwhite, dove, noi:gaanie birds.
Soyhcans-__ .- Good____; Good Fair- , Poor__-- 1?eer, rabbit.
Strawberry-bush Good i Good ? Fair- Poor Deer, rabbit.
Srtnilower ! Good____, Good____; Poor, Poor I Dove, nongarne birds, quail.
Sweetguni___ Good Good Fair Poor Bobwhite, dove, raongame birds.
Tickclover Good I Good -._j Poor Poor Bobwhite, turkey, nongarne birds.
Wheat.___ Good Good Poor_ Poor_ Bobwhite; dove, deer, rabbit, turkey, non-
. game birds.
Walnut, black_ Good Good Poor ' Poor_ -_ Squirrel.
Yellow-poplar __-- Good____! Good____ Fair- Poor Deer, squirrel.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 87
These soils have low to medium natural fertility and •?, flake preliuninary estinliite�, of the engineer.imr
medium available water capacity. Surface runoff is slow, properties of soils in planning for agricultural
and the degree of erosion is none to slight. drainage systems, farm ponds, irrigation systems,
diversions, and terraces.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 3 3. Make preliminary evaluations of soil and ground.
This group consists of poorly draped or very poorly conditions that will aid in selecting locations for
drained soils on first bottoms and low terraces and in highways and airports and in. planning detailed.
upland draws and depressions. These soils are in the investigations for the selected locations.
Plummer, Rains, Roanoke, Wehadkee, Bibb, and Wor- 4. Locate sources of construction materials.
sham series, and the group also includes the mapping 5. Correlate the performance of engineering struc-
unit Swamp. The soils have a surface layer of sand to tures with soil mapping units so that, informa-
silt loam, and a subsoil of sandy loam to very firm clay. tion useful in designing and maintaining the
Natural fertility is very low to medium, and the. avail- structures can be obtained.,
able water capacity is low to medium. Surface runoff 6. Determine the suitability of the soils for cross--
is slow. These soils are commonly covered with water in country movement of vehicles and construction
winter and for short periods during other wet seasons. equipment.
WFLBLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 4 7. Supplement information from other maps and
reports and from aerial photographs for the pur-
This group consists of well drained or somewhat ex-
pose of making maps and reports that can be
cessiaely drained soils of uplands and first, bottoms.
These soils are inthe Bruneoritbe, Louisburg, Wedowee, readily used by engineers.
Pinkston, Wa.giam, Troup, Wake, and Wilkes series. With the soil map for identification of soil areas, the
They have a surface layer of sand to silt loam, and their engineering interpretations reported here can be useful
surface layer is underlain by sand to sandy clay. Some for many purposes. It should be emphasized, however,
areas are stony, and in places gravel is on and in the that these interpretations may not eliminate the need
surface layer. for sampling and testing at the site of specific engineer-.
These soils have very low to medium natural fertility ing works involving heavy loads and where excavations
and low or very low available water capacity. They are are deeper than the depth of layers here reported. Even
nearly level. to steep. Surface runoff ranges from slow to in these situations, the soil map is useful for planning
rapid, and the degree of erosion ranges from slight to more detailed field investigations and for suggesting the
moderate.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 5 kinds of problems that may be expected.
This group consists of three miscellaneous land types Some of the terms used by the soil scientist may not
--(xullied land, Made land, and Borrow area—consisting be familiar to the engineer, and some words, for e,x-
of soils that have, been altered greatly by erosion or by ample, soil, clay, silt., and sand, have special meanings
man. The soil texture and other soil characteristicsare in soil. science. Most of these terms are defined in the
so variable from one area to another that onsite investi- Glossary at the back of this survey.
gation is required to determine how an area can best be To make. the, best use of the map and the text, the
used for wildlife. If sonic of these areas are given special engineer should understand the classification system
management, they produce habitat for wildlife, but re- used by soil scientists. He should also have a knowledge
sults are generally poor. of the properties of the soil material and the condition
of the soil in place.
Engineering Uses of the Soils ` Much of the information hi this section is in tables.
Some, soil properties are of special interest to en - Table 4 gives engineering test data obtained when
p 1 p engi- of selected soil series were tested. Table 5 gives
neers because they affect, the construction and maante-
nance. of roads, airports, pipelines, building foundations, estimates of the properties of the soils, and table 6 pro-
facilities :for waterstorage, erosion control structures,
eides engineering interpretations of these properties.
drainage systems, and sewage disposal systems. They Engineering classification of soils
also affect the suitability of materials for subgrade, road fill, and topsoil. The properties most important to the Most highway engineers classify soil materials accord-
engineer are permeability to water, shear strength, cone ing to the system used by the American Association of
pa.ction. characteristics, soil drainage, shrink-swell char- State Highway Officials (AA.SHO) (1). In this system
stem
acteristics, grain size, plasticity, pH, depth to the water soils are classified in seven principal groups. They range
table, and topography. from A-1 (gravelly soils of high bearing capacity) to
This soil survey contains information that, can be used A-7 (clayey soils having low bearing capacity when
by engineers to wet). The relative engineering value of the soils within
e,a,cli group is indicated by group index numbers, which
1. Make studies that will aid in selecting and evalu range frcrlri (i for the best materials to '2O for the poorest.
at,ing areas for developing industrial, business, The group index numbers can be determined accurately
residential, and recreational sites. only if the ,soils have been analyzed. The, group indexes
S. T. CUMIN, civil engineer, Soil Conservation Service, amisted forthesoils that have been analyzed are shown in
in writing, this section. table 4.

88 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 4.--•-•Eu.g?iceri:ng
[Tests were performed by the North Carolina State Highway Commission, Department of Materials and Tests, Raleigh, N.C., under a
the American Association of State
.
Moisture density I
` I
Soil name and location Parent material Report No. Depth
Maximum Optimum
dry density moisture
Is Lb.per cu..ft. Pct.
Appling sandy loam: i S64NU 92
In a forest 20 yds, S. of a private road; 1 mile N. Granitic gneiss, i 12-1 i 0-5 120 ' 11
and one-eighth of a mile E. of Bethany Church. 1 12-3 11-20 98 23
(Modal profile) i 12-8 44-50 J
E I '
In a field 5 yds. N. of a paved road; 1 mile N. and Quartz mica gneiss. 11-1 0-7 123 10
400 ft. E. of Bethany Church. (Shallower and 11-4 13-20 85 32
finer textured than modal profile) 11---8 38-45 95 24
Appling gravelly sandy loam: S6.`3VC 92
3 miles N. of junction of N.C. Highway No. 50 and Quartz mica gneiss. 5-1 0-4 119 11
U.S. Highway No. 70 near N.C. Highway No. 5-4 11-23 ( 89 29
50. (Finer textured than modal profile) j 5-7 43-4S 103 20
Creedmoor sandy loam:
N. of airport and near U.S. Highway No. 70. Triassic sediment, 4-1. ! 0-6 ! 114 11
(Thicker than modal profile) 4-4 17-27 I 100 22
4-5 27-40 92 I 23
4--7 86-96 104 f 18
Durham loamy sand. S64\C 92 ! i
In a field 5 yds. S. of a gravel road, one-fourth of a Granite. 10-1 0-15 129 8
mile E. of Bethany Church. (Thicker than modal 10-3 18-30 107 18
profile) 10-8 81-105 10(i 16
Madison sandy loam: 86.3NC-92
1.7.E miles W. of the bridge across the Neuse River Quartz mica schist. 6-1 1-5 117 14
along N.C. Highway No. 98. (Thinner than 6-3 8--16 95 26
modal profile) 6-5 24-48 101 21
1,75 miles NW. of Pleasant Union Church along Quartz mica schist, 2-1 0-6 118 12
dirt road. (Modal profile) 2-3 9-19 87 € 32
2--7 51-59 93 ' 24
I € i
Tay odan gravelly sandy loam: i
West of N.C. Highway No. 55, and one-half mile Triassic material. 3-1 0-7 1.32 6
N. of U.S. Highway No. 1. (Thicker than modal 3-5 25-38 89 30
profile) 3-7 55-84 S8 31
White Store silt loam:
One-half mile W. of Toni Jack Creek. (Modal Triassic siltstone, 1-2 2-8 109 1 15
profile) 1-4 10-19 92 1 27
1-9 ' 40-43 116 14
I Based on AASHO Designation T 99-57, Methods A and C (1),
Mechanical analyses according to AASHO Designation T 88-57 (1). Results by this procedure may differ somewhat from results
obtained by the soil survey procedure of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). In the AASHO procedure, the fine material is analyzed
by the hydrometer method and the various grain-size fractions are calculated on the basis of all the material, including that coarser than
2 mm. in diameter. In the SCS soil survey procedure, the fine material is analyzed by the pipette method and the material coarser than
2 mm, in diameter is excluded from calculations of grain-size fractions. The mechanical analysis data used in this table are not suitable
for use in naming textural classes for soils.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 89
t st data
cooperative agreement with the T_T.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, in accordance with standard test procedures of
Highway Officials (AASHO) (1)]
Mechanical analysis 8
' Pins- Classification
, Percentage passing sieve— Percentage smaller than— i Liquid i Index r
--- -..,.� limit
No 4 No. 10 1 No. 40 , No. 200 I 0.05 ' 0.02 I 0.005 0.002
11' -in is-in (4.7 (2.0 (0.42 (0.074 mm. mm. 1 nun. I mm_ i i AASHO 8 Unified i
mn' ) I mm.) mm.) mm.) I
i
WO '97 ! 96 93 ! 50 , 25 24 I 20 i 11 7 24 i 2 i A-1-b(0) SM
100 99 I 77 62 62 61 54 I 48 64 29 i A 7 5-(i6) MH
__ - 100 ' 98 I 79 58 57 1 51 E 38 35 1 63 s 20 I A-7-5(11) Mil
100 98 ! 61 28 1 24 20 ' 12 8 ! 20 2 A 2-4(0) SML00 i 92 82 1 81. i 79 ' 75 ! 71 1 74 ` 33 t A 7-5(20) Mil
100 i 84 : 55 53 i 47 : 35 ' 32 57 16 I' A-7--5(8) M U
i i
100 78 44 4436 13 11 I 8 5 1 4 1 i NP SNP A-1-b(0) GM
100 99 I 95 I 77 ' 76 i 74 '!! 68 ,. 65 66 1 35 A--7-5(20) _ l-1-CH
_ 100 ! 95 88 ; 58 54 I 46 1 38 I 36 i 48 I 24 I A-7-6(11) CL
I
I
100 ' 80 45 39 1 22 ; 9 7 N P 'DT P I A--4(`2) 1 SM
____ 100 91 1 79 ` 76 ; 64 : 50 1 44 1 69 43 i A 7 6(20) I CII
100 97 . 88 84 I 76 1 60 i 53 1 79 i 49 1 A-7-5(20) i CH
100 92 -' 76 , 73 1 61 1 34 , 23 I 43 1 18 II A-7-6(12) I CL-ML
100 60 ! 24 1 22 '. 18 , 10 1 6 . 11 NP . A-2-4(0) SM
100 64 i 49 49 44 - 42 53 21 A 7-5(8) S\'I
100 67 1 21 I 17 , 13 ti 5 I NP NP A-.2-4(0) • SM
1
100 , 96 85 '' 1 28 24 1 20 14_-- LO 22 ' NP A-2-4(0) SM_._ _ 100 i 93 65 i 65 1 64 52 49 66 36 I A--7-5(17) 1 CH
100 ' 99 1 88 39 ! 38 1 28 ' 17 ' 14 1 40 j 3 ' A-4.(1.) I SM
100 88 62 58 50 . 19 ! 18 15 1 10 8 29 I 5 I A-1-b I SM
100 i 99 1 95 76 76 i 75 1 66 , 63 . 82 i 46 ' A-7--5(20) ; CH-Mil
100 I 95 24 i 23 20 1.2 11 i 46 I NP A-2- 5(0) ' SM.
1
100 ' 78 42 1 40 1 29 11 i 9 6 ' 3 I 2 ' NP ' NP A---1-a GP-GM
100 I 95 . SS I 87 84. ! 66 55 73 37 ' A r 5(20) MI-I
100 97 91 90 I 88 62 50 f 81 i 43 A 7 5(20) 1 SIR
94 85 i 75 j 63 00 39 13 9 24 2 I A 4(8) I ML
100 99 ' 97 ' 95 95 1 92 ' 69 60 80 47 i A 7-5(20) i CH
100 ` 93 84 ; 63 65 1 .55 : 29 15 35 12 1 A 6(8) , CL-ML
a Based on AASHO Designation 51 145-49 (1).
4 Based on the Unified Soil Classification System, Technical Memorandum No. 3-357, v. 1 (17). SCS and BP1.1 have agreed to consider
that all soils having plasticity indexes within two points from A-line are to be given a borderline classification. An example of a border-
line classification obtained by this use is CL-7.41L.
5 Nonpinst ic.

90 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 5.--Z st<mated
[Dashed lines in columns mean that soil properties are too variable for reliable estimates to be trade. Miscellaneous land types
1
Depth to Depth 1 Classification
I_aepth to I seasonally from
Soil series and map symbol bedrock high Surface
water (typicaaI Dominaant. LS1)A texture
table profile) I
I'n! , Feel Iaaclie,r
Altavista (AfA) 5-15+1 2 . 0-13 Fine sandy loam--- _ .... _
1 ! 13-42 Clay learn
42-48 Coarse sandy loam
Applirag (AgB, Ap-B2, AeC, AgC2, ApB, ApB2, ApC, 5-15+1 10+, (1-11 Sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam
ApC2, ApD, AsB, AsB2, AsC, AsC2). 1.1-44 1 Clay loan .. ....
44-50) 1 Sandy clay lo.rm--------
Augusta (Au) 5-15+ l jai 0-13 1 Fine sandy loam __.-__
13--36 1 Sandy clay loan_
36-50 Fine sandy loam______
Bibb (Mapped only in an undifferentiated unit with I 4-15+I 0 I 0-36 Sandy loam --
Wehadkee soils). 36-42 Sand-----------
Buncornbe (Bu)___. 10+1 .2? ! 0-10 Loamy sand .__--
! ! 10-40 1 Sand
i
Cecil:
(CeB, CeB2, CeC, CeC2, CeD, CeF, CgB, C B2, 1 5-I5+1 10 e, 0-6 Sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam_..---.--
CgC, CtC2). ( 6-59 Clay to clay loam___.__--
59-72 Loam 1
(CIB3, CIC3, CIE3) 5 15} ! 10 e! 0-6 Clay loam. ._ ---- - --
j1 6--40 Clay_.-.
40-45 , Loam
Chewacla (Cm) 4-15-I 14�- Fine0-6 sandy
to silt .ylr ___ - -- ----.-. '
6-48 ,
--------- -_. ._.._ I
Colfax (Cn)-___ _ 5-15+1 11 (1-19 Saud loam_ -- _I
I L-30 Sandy- clay loam___-..-
1 1 36-45 1 Sandy y loam
Congaree (Co, Cp) 1 5-15+1 21 0-32 Fine sandy loam__--.____. _._._...
1 1 32-42 - Silt,loam to loamy sand...
i
Creedmoor (CrB, CrB2, CrC, CrC2, CrE, CtB, CtC)_ 5-10+ (1) j
1 12 Sandy loam
12-29 Sandy clay loan to clay loam__.29-58 Clay___._._.
58--96 j Clay to sandy clay
Dui-ham (DuB, DuB2, DuC, DuC2) 5 15+ 10+1 0-18 1 Loamy suucl- ---- -
18-6(1 ' Sandy clay loam to clay loam__... ----
1 60-81 Sandy loam
Enon (En B, En 82, FnC, EeC2, En D2) I 4-10+ (a) " O 8 1 Fine sandyloa:m_.. .-____-- - __._.
8-32 I Clay
32-38 Clay Ion in
Faceville (FaB, FaB2, FaC2) . 20+ 10 0-14 i Sandy loam
14-65 1 Clay loaraa
65-72 Sandy loami
Ceorgeville (GeB, GeB2, GeC, GeC2, GeD2) y 15-- 10-I c) Silt loam. _-. -- - ----
> 55 Clay to silty clay loam
55-92 Silt loam
Goldsboro (Go) _..__ __._ ____. .. ... '�f} , Za , 0-1.5 Sandy loans.,._,_ ----- _.. _...._.._.
---
' 15-61 Sandy clay loam --
I _61--72 Sandy loam
(Granville (GrB, GrB2, GrC, GrC2, GrD aa� 10�-"- (}-12 ' Sandy loam--- _
12-41 Clay loam
I 41-50 i Cim,'
Footnote at'ad of taMn.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 91
lroperties of the soils
sullied land (Cu), Made land (Ma), and Swamp (Sw) are omitted from this table because their properties are highly variable]
Classification-Continued j Percentage
-_._.___._-_..,..._...,.. _____._.__.. ..,........._..........................! prtesi..ig sieve Shrink-swell Available Shrink-Swe
• No. 200 Permeability ' water Reaction potential
Unified I RASH( (0.074 min.) capacity
j Inches per inch of j
I Inches per tone soil pit
SMI, ML ! A 40-55 2.0 6.3 0.12 I 5.6-6.0 Low.
CL ` A -6 70 SO 0.63 2.0 ! .13 : 5.6-6.0��� Moderate.
ite.
SAT , A-2, A-4 30-40 0.63-2.0 . 11 5. 1-5.5 Mloderate.
SM, GM A-2, A-1, A--4 10-40 -.6.3 .OS 5.1-5.5 I Low.
MIH, CL ; A-6 50-85 0.63-2.0 I .13 5.1-i.0 j MIoderate.
SC, CL, M.H ' A-2, A-4, A--6, A-7 40-65 0.63-2.0 .13 1 5.6-6.0 Moderate.
SM, ML A 4, A-`2 2 --60 :.-6.3 .12 5 1 5.5 ; Low.
SC, CL A 2, A-6 20 55 0 2-0.63 : . 13 : 4 o 5.0 ! Moderate.
SC, SM ! A 4, A-2 20-50 ! O.2-0.63 ! .13 i 5.6-6. 0 Moderate.
S3i A 2, A-4 25-45 2.0-6. 3 .16 5.6-6.0 , Low.
SP, SP-SM A 1, A-3 0-12 '1 6.:3 .05 ! 5.6-6.0 ( Low.
SM A-2, A-4 10-35 6.3 .07 ! 5_ 1.--5.5 Low.
SP A-1, A---3 0-5 '=>6.3 .05 l 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
I
SM, GC i A-2 2-35 0 6:3-6.3 13 ) 1 :D.5Lodi'.
CL, M1F I
I A 6 A 7 6E) i)0 '. 0 63-2.0 . 14 s 5. 1-0.0 Moderate.
ML, CL A--4, A-6 50-SO 0.63-2.0 . 14 ! 5. 1-5.5 Moderate.
CL 1 A-6 55-85 0 6 2.0 .13 I 5. 1 ).5 Low.
CL, MPI A--6, A-7 60-90 0 63-2.0 .14 5. 1-3.5 Moderate.
\IL, CL ; A-4, A 6 ( 50-f40 O.63-2.0 ? .14 5. 1-5.5 Moderate.
MIL, SM ! A-4 40-55 0 63-2.0 . 15 ' 5. 1 5.5 i Low.
SMi, ML I A-2, A-4 30-100 O.63-2.0 .15 5. 1-5.5 1 Moderate to low.
SM A 2, A--4 30-40 2.0-6.3 . 11 i 5 1 5.5 Low.
SC, CL f A 6, A-4, A--2 25-55 O.2-0.63 ` .12 i 5 1-5.3 Moderate.
S\I A-2, A-4 30-40 0.2-0.63 f .12 5. 1-5.5 ! Moderate.
SM ' A--2 25-35 0.63-2.0 ! .15 1 5. 1-5.5 ! Low.
ML, SM I A-4, A-2 15-90 0.63-2.0 .15 i 5. 1 5.5 Moderate to low.
SMj A 2, A-4 30 45 2.0 6.3 ! . 11 I 5. 1--5.5 Low.
SC, CL, CH ; A 6, A-7 85 0.63-2.0 . 14 4 5-5.0 , Moderate.
CH, MIH ; A-7 70 95 � <O.2 . 14 ! 4 r5.0 High.
CH, CL, SC ! A-7 i 35-90 <<O.2 _13 4 5-5.0 ; Moderate.
SM 1 A-2 10--3.3 -6. 3 . 12 5.6-6.0 i Low.
SC CL 1 A-6 35-80 0.63-2.0 .13 5. 1-5.5 Moderate.
SMi A--2, A-4 30-40 O.63-2.0 . 13 ! 5. 1-5.5 Moderate to low.
SM, ML I A-4 40-60 2.0-6.3 . 12 5.6-6.0 ' Low.
MI), CH ! A-7 70-90 ! 0.2 . 14 i 6 1-6. 5 High.
Cl, 1 A 6 I 55-85 <_O.2 .14 6 1-6.5 Moderate.
HMI, SC -2 25-35 2. 0-0. 3 12 5. 6-6 0 ( Low.
CL I A-li 55-85 0.63-2. () . 16 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
SC, SM I A-2, A-4 30-40 O. 63-2. 0 . 16 : 5. 1-5. 5 : Moderate.
ML I A-4 65-85 2. 0-6. 3 . 13 5. 6-6. 0 Low.
MR A-6, A-7 80-90 0. 6:3-2. 0 . 16 5. 1-6. 0 Moderate.
ML i A-4 65-85 0. 63-2. 0 . 11 i 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
SM A-2, A-4 30-40 ! 2 0 6- 3 1 . 10 6. 1 6. 5 Low.
SC, SM, CL i A-2, A.-6 20-55 O. 63-2. 0 1 . 15 ! 5. 1 5. 5 Low.
SM j A-4, A-2 ( 25-45 0. 63-2. 0 . 15 ' 5 1-5. 5 : Low.
SMi 12, A-4 30-40 >6. 3 . 12 i 5. 6-6. 0 H Low.
CL 1 A 6, A-7 55-85 O. 63-2. 0 . 13 I 5. 1 5. 5 I Moderate.
CL 1 A-7 70-90 ' O. 63---2. 0 . 13 ; 5. 1-5. 5 ! Moderate.

92 sorr, SURVEY
TABLE 5.---Estimatal properties
1 i
Depth to ; Depth 1 Classification
Depth to ; seasonally ; from i
Soil series and map symbol. bedrock 1 high , surface
I 1 water , (typical 1 Dominant USDA texture
1 1 table 1 profile) ;
1 :
! Feet (
( Feet ( Inches
Helena (HeB, HeB2, HeC, HeC2, HeD)___ ______.1 1-15+1 (1) I 0-8 ; Sandy loam___ __ .___
1 i I 8-36 1 Sandy clay_ I
I 1
1 36-39 1 Sandy clay loam..
! ,
1 I
Herndon (HrB, Hr B2, HrC, Hre2, Fir D2, HrE)_„...._l 5-15+1 :ill l; 0-6 . Silt loam .
6-40 1 Silty clay loam_
1
I 1
; ; 40-45 ! Silty clay loatn_
Lloyd (LdB2, LdC2, LdD2)___ _ ___ _ _ _ ' 5--15+! 10+' 0-9 Loam_
! I 9-38 ' Cli,v to cla.y loam ;
1 i 1 38-50 ; Silty clay loam_
1 I
Louisburg (Lo B, LoC, LoD, LwB, Lw 82, LwC, 1 2-4. I 10+! 0-8 1 Loamy sand
LwC2), t
f 8-12 1 Coarse sandy loam__
(For properties of Wedowee soils in Lw B, Lw B2, 1 1 I 12-36 ' Loamy sand
LwC, and LwC2, refer to the Wedowee_ 1 1 I 1
series.)
Lynchburg (Ly) , 20-1-1 l3' 0-13 1 Sandy loam_________________
1 ,
i 1 1:3-65 1 Sandy clay loam to sandy loam_
65-72 1 i Clay
1
Madison (MdB2, MdC2, MdD2, MdE2).._ I 5-15+1 10+1
, 0-6 i Sandy loam
I 1 6-32 i Clay loam
I 1 32-48 1 Silt,loam_
I ' !
Mantachie (Mn) 2 5-15+1 0-45 1 Sand m _y loa ____ „.._. ._ ... _ __ . _.____ _.
,
May-odan: i I .
. ;
(MfB, MfB2, WC, MIC2, MFD2, MfE, M38, 4-15+1 10+1 0-7 ! Sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam.
MgB2, MgC, MgC2.) : 7-40 1 Clay to clay loam i
1 I i 40-48 ! Sandy loam.
;
(MyB, MyB2, MyC, MyC2, MyD)._____. 1 3+;; 10+; 0-9 ! Silt loam._____ __________ .
1 i , 9-24 1 Silty clay loam
! I , 24-30 ; Silt,loam_
,
I
Norfolk (NoA, NoB, Ni.82, NoC, NoC2)_____„__ 1 20+1 10+! 0-15 1 Loamy sand._.
15-65 1 Sandy clay loam _
65--72 Sandy loam.
Orangeburg (OrB, 0r62, OrC2) __ .-1 20+ 10 0-12 ; Loamy sand_ _ ..._ ......____
•
; :12-66 1 Sandy clay loam to sandy loan). ;
' I 66-72 Loamy sand
, !
Finkston (PkC, PkF).. ! 10+1 0-25 1 Sandy loam____. ______
1 1 25-36 Gravelly sandy loam_
36 ; Hard rock.
Plummer (Ps)_ I
., 20+1 0 1 0-50 1 Sand______________..._..__
1 , 50--60 ; Sandy loam_
; I 60-72 Loamy sand.__
. .
Rains (Ra). ' 20+
0 i 0-8 ! Fine sandy loam .
8-65 ' Sandy clay loam .
I 65-72 Loamy sand
!
, .
Roanoke (Ro). 5-15+; 0 ; 0-11 1 Fine sandy loam____...____ _ __- -- -- ,- .-
1 ! 11-38 I Clay to sandy clay loam
38-45 ! Sandy loam_ _:
; !
, 1 1
Troup (Mapped only in a complex with \Vagrant 1 20+1 10+; 0-49 1 Sand__.. .._ _
soils). ;
, i 49-83 ; Sandy loam to sandy clay loam
' 1 83-88 1 Loamy sand.
Footnote at end of table.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 93
of the soils--Continued
Classification----Continued j Percentage
--__--_ ._....__-- - passing sieve Avatilable i Shrink-swell
No. 200 I Permeability water i Reaction potential
Unified 1 AASHO f (0,074 mm.) i { capacity
! Inches per leek of
Inel es per ho.r i soil p1! 1
SM I A-2, A-4: 30-40 2. 0 6 3 0. 11 I 5. 6 Ei. 0 Low.
.
MH, CL, SC ( A-7 45-60 0 2 1 . 14 ' 4 5 5. 5 i High.
CL, SC 1 L-6, A-2 20 55 0.2-0. 63 . 14 5. 1-5. 5 ! High.
I
ML A-4 65-90 2. 0-6. 3 1 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
CL, 5111 I •'1-6, A-7 85-95 0. 63.2. 0 . 16 ! 3 1 5. 5 I Moderate.
CL A-7 80-90 0. 63 2. 0 , 14 ', 5. 0 6. 0 Moderate.
ate.
ML -4 50-80 2. 0-6. 3 . 13 j 5. 6--6. 0 I Low. A:
CL, MH I A-7 55-90 I 0.63--2. 0 I . 13 I 5. 6-6. 0 . Moderate.
MI-I ; A-7 80-90 0. 63-2. 0 ! . 1:3 ! 5. 6-6. 0 ! Moderate.
SM ! A-2 10-35 -7,6. 3 . 08 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
SAI, SC I A-1 10-25 ; 2. 0-6. 3 . 10 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
SM 'I A-1 10-35 1 2. 0-6. 3 • . 10 5. 1-5. 5 I Low.
I
k
I
SA1 ' A-2, A-4 30-40 2. 063 . 12 ! 5. 6 6. 0 ! Low.
CL, SMA-6, A-2 25-60 I 0. 63 2. 0 i - 14 ! 5 1-5. 5 Low.
I CI A-7 70-90 1 0, 63-2, 0 i . 15 ' El 1-6. 5 I Moderate.
SM A-2, A--4. 25-40 I >6. 3 . 11 ! w. 1-5. 5 Low.
MTH, CH A-7 55-85 I 0. 63-2. 0 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 I Moderate.
IL i A-4 70--90 0.63 2. 0 . 11 5, 1-5. 5 Low.
1
SM I A-2, A-4 30-40 2. 0--6. 3 1 . 09 6- 1-6. 5 Low.
i
BAT, GM ! A--2 12-35 :>6. 3 . 12 I s 6 6. 0 I Low.
' M.H, CL 1 A-7 70-90 1 0 63-2. 0 1 . 13 i 5. 1-5. 5 I Moderate.
I SAT i A-2, A-4 30-40 ,' 0. 63-2. 0 , 13 I s 1 �. 5 i Low.
_A1L A-4 65-90 2. 0-6. 3 . 13 i °> 6 6. 0 i Low.
.ML, CL A-6 80-90 i 0 63-2. 0 1 . 13 ' > 1 5. 5 j Moderate,
I AIL A-4 65-90 1 0 63-2.0 1 - 13 1 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
I ,
853 A 2, A-4 30-40 j 2 0-6. 3 I . 08 y 1 a 5 I Low.
SC, SM, CL A 6, A_-4, A-2 20-55 1 0 63--2, 0 1 . 15 I a 1 5. 5 I Low.
S<AI, SC A. 2, A-4 30-40 , 0. 63-2. 0 1 . 15 ,` 5, 6-6. 0 I Low.
SM I A 2 10-35 2 0-6. 3 I . 0S 5 6 6. 0 I Low.
SC I A -6, 1-4, A--2 25-55 0 63-2. 0 . 15 s 1-5. 5 Low.
SM 1 A-2 10-35 0. 63-2 0 1 . 12 5 1-5. 5 I Low.
SC, SM A 2, A--4: 30-40 1 2. 0-6. 3 ' . 15 5. 6-6. 0 Low.
aAI i A-2 1.0-35 2. 0--6. 3 . 08 4. 5-5. 0 I Low.
SP, SM -.-SP A-3, A2 0-15 I `-6. 3 i . 05 I 5. 6-6. 0 i Low.
SM I A-2, .A--4 30-40 i 2. 0-6. 3 . . 12 :1 5. 1-5, 5 Low.
Sl'i 1 A-1, A--2 15-30 >6. 3 . 08E 5, 1-5, 5 1 Low.
SA-I, ML A-I 40-5.5 0. 63-2. 0 . 12 I 5. 6-6.0 Low.
SC, CL A-2, A--4, A 6 30-55 0. 63 2. 0 . 14 ! 4. 5-5. 5 Low.
SAL 1 A-2 15 30 0. 63-2. 0 . 12 i .L 5-5, 0 Low.
SM, ML i l-2, A 4 I 25-60 0 63--2. 0 ! . 13 6. 1-6. 5 ' Low,
MH, CL, SC I A-7, A 6 45-95 I <0, 2 I _ 13 I 5 1-5. 5 i High to moderate.
SC, SM A-4, A-2 30-40 1 <0. 2 . 1.3 I 6. 1--6. 5 Low.
'
SP, SW-SM I _1-3, .A-2 0 15 -6. 3 i . 05 ' 6 1 -6. 5 ` Low.
SM, CL A 2, A-6 30-55 0 63-2. 0 . 1.4 I 5 1 5. 5 Low.
SM A-2 15-30 1 2. 0-6. 3 i . l() 5. 6-6. 0 i Low.

94 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 5. Estimated properties
Depth to 1 Depth I Classification
Depth to seasonally ! from
Soil series and map symbol bedrock high irfnee
water 1 (typical I)o[nin.rut USDA texture
table I profile)
Fret Fret 1 Inches
Vance (VaB, VaB2, VaC2) _-- 4-10-P 10+, 0-5 Sandy loam
5-211 Clay
29-35 Clay loam ---
\Vaagraant (WaA Was WaC, WkA) 207- 10-L' ti 25 Loamy sand or sand_
(Forproperties of the Troup soil in W;A, refer 1 25-65 Sandy clay loam
to the Troup series.) 65-100 Clay- -
\V abee (Wh) 5-15+ 114. 0-14 Fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam____--
14-36 Clay
36-45 • Fine sandy clay loam_____.___
Wake (WkC, WkE) 20 inches
r _ r
----_ _-__--- _ .-_ 10-f- 0-15 Gravelly loamy sand__
15 Hord rock.
1
Wedowee (WmB, W[nB2, WmC, WmC2. WmD2, 4- 6+1 ll)T; II-7 I Sandy loam
WmE). I 7-24 Cloy loam to sandy clay loam
24-40 Sandy loan[- '
Webadkee (Wn, Wo)_ 3-15± 0 0- 6 Silt loam _
(For properties of the Bibb soil is IVo, refer to ( 0-:30 Fine sandy clay loam
Om Bibb aeries.) 30-40 Sandy loam_
White Store:
(WsB, WsB2, WsC, WsC2, WsE, WtB)--- 4-8=, (I) 0-0 Sandy loam
e-31. Claay__-.... ---..
31-35 Sandy clay to clay loam --
i
(W v D3) 10+ 0-5 Clay loom
5-27 Clay
i ; 27-38 Handy clay to clay loam --- _
Wilkes:
(WwC, WINE, )-WwF). 4-rfl (I) 0-5 Sandy loam _ ... _-
8-19 Clay to clay loam --
10-38 ! Silt loam --
38 hares rock.
(WxE) 10-' 0-8 ; Stony sandy loam_-_
i 8-15 ' Clay to clay loam-_... ------ -- --- -----
15-24 ! Hilt loom
24 Hord rock.
Worsham (Wy) ._I 5-a[ 0 i 0-11 1 Sandy loam
11-38 1 Sandy clay loam _-_ ---
38-45 I Sandy loam __--
I
Has perched water table for short periods because subsoil is very slowly permeable.
Some engineers prefer to use the Unified Soil Classi- other locations may vary somewhat from those of the
ficat ion System (17). In this system, soil materials are soil sampled. All samples were obtained at: a depth of
identified as coarse grained (eight classes), fine grained less than 10 feet., The data, therefore, probably are not
(six classes), or highly organic. adequate for estimating the characteristics of soil ma-
The classification of a soil by either the. AASHO or terials in strongly sloping or steep areas, where deep
the -Unified system identifies the soil material with re- cuts are required.
gird to gradation and plasticity. The classification per- The engineering classifications in table 4 are based on
rnits the engineer to appraise the soil quickly by conipar- data obtained by mechanical analyses and by tests made
ing it with other soils that have the same classification. to determine liquid limit and plastic limit. Mechanical
test data analyses were made by combined sieve and hydro-
Soilmeter methods.
Samples of nine- profiles, representing six soil series, The tests to determine plastic limit and liquid limit
were tested by the North Carolinaa. State Highway Corn- measure the effect of water on the consistence of the
mission so that the soils could be evaluated for engineer- soil material. As the moisture content of a clayey soil
ing purposes. The test data, are given in table 4, and increases from a very dry state, the material changes
they indicate the characteristics of the soil at the speci- from a semisolid to a plastic state. As the moisture con-
lied location. The physical characteristics of each soil at tent is further increased, the material changes from. a

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 95
of the soils-Continued
Classification-Continued Percentage
• passing sieve Available Shrink-swell
No.200 Permeability water Reaction potential
Unified AASHO (0.074 mm.) capacity
Inches per inch of
Inches per hour soil pH
SM A-2, A-4 30-40 2.0-6.3 0. 11 5.6-6. 0 Low.
CH, CL A-7 70-90 <0. 2 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
ML, CH A-6, A-7 55-85 <0.2 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
SM, SP, SP-SM A-2, A-3 0-35 >6. 3 . 08 5.6-6. 0 Low.
CL, SC A-6, A-4, A-2 20-55 0.63-2. 0 . 15 4. 5-6.0 Low.
CL A-7 70-90 0.63-2. 0 . 12 4. 5-5. 0 High.
ML,SM A-4, A-2 25-60 0.63-2. 0 . 12 6. 1-6. 5 Low.
M11, CL A-7, A-6 70-90 <0. 2 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 High to moderate.
SC, CL A-6, A-2 30-60 0. 2-0. 63 . 13 5.6-6. 0 High to moderate.
GP-GM, SM A-2 5-35 >6. 3 . 07 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
SM A-2, A-4 30-40 >6.3 . 08 5.6-6. 0 Low.
SC, CL, MH A-6, A-7 35-65 0.63-2. 0 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
SM, SC, CL A-2, A-4 25-55 0.63-2.0 . 13 5. 1-5.5 Moderate.
ML A-4, A-6 65-90 2. 0-6. 3 . 15 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
CL SC A-4, A-6, A-2 20-55 0. 63-2. 0 . 15 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
Sly A-2, A-4 30-40 2. 0-6. 3 . 13 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
SM A-2, A-4 30-40 0. 63-2. 0 . 15 5. 1-5. 5 Low.
CH, MH A-7 70-90 <0. 2 . 16 5. 1-5. 5 High.
CL, CH, SC A-6, A-7 35-65 <0. 2 . 16 4. 5-5. 0 High.
CL A-6 55-85 0. 63-2. 0 . 15 5. 6-6. 0 Low.
CH A-7 70-90 <0. 2 . 16 5. 1-5. 5 High.
M11, CH, SC A-4, A-7 35-65 <0. 2 . 16 4. 5-5. 0 High.
SM A-2, A-4 30-40 >6.3 . 12 6. 1-6. 5 Low.
CL, MH A-7 55-90 0.63-2. 0 . 15 6. 1-6. 5 Moderate.
ML, MH A-7, A-6 70-90 0.63-2. 0 . 15 6. 1-6.5 Moderate.
SM, GM A-2 12-35 >6.3 . 12 6. 1-6. 5 Low.
CL, MH A-7 55-90 0.63-2. 0 . 15 6. 1-6. 5 Moderate.
ML, CL A-4, A-6 70-90 6. 1-6. 5
SM A-2, A-4 30-40 0.63-2. 0 . 13 5. 1-5.5 Low.
SC, CL A-6, A-2 35-55 0. 2-0. 63 . 16 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate.
SM A-2, A-4 30-40 0. 2-0. 63 . 16 5. 1-5. 5
plastic to a liquid state. The plastic limit is the moisture of Agriculture. Except for the soils listed in table 4,
content at which the soil material passes from a semi- for which engineering test data are available, the classi-
solid to a plastic state. The liquid limit is the moisture fications shown for the Unified and AASHO systems are
content at which the material passes from a plastic to a estimates based on the USDA classification of texture
liquid state. The plasticity index is the numerical differ- and on the description of the soils.
ence between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. It The estimates of permeability are for uncompacted soil
indicates the range of moisture content within which a material. They are based on field observations and
soil material is in a plastic condition. limited laboratory data.
Engineering properties of the soils Available water capacity refers to the water in the
Table 5 gives some of the significant soil characteris soil that is available to plants. It is the amount of water
tics of the soils of the county. It also gives the engineer- held in the soil between field capacity and the perma-
nent wilting point; that is,between one-third atmosphere
ing classification of the principal horizons of typical
profiles. The depth to a seasonally high water table is and 15 atmospheres of tension. The amounts are based
based on field observations. on laboratory tests of a limited number of soils. For
The soil material in the main horizons is classified soils not tested, estimates are based on the results of
according to textural terms used by the U.S.Department testing similar soils.
835-403-p70--7

96 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.—Engineering
[Dashed lines indicate that information is not available, or that the practice is not applicable. Miscellaneous land types Gullied land
Suitability as Degree of limitation for---
source of---
Soil series and map symbols Recreation
Septic tank —
Topsoil Road fill 'I Homebuilding sites absorption fields
Campsites I
Altavista (AfA)___ Fair ._ Fair_..-.___' Severe: flooding__ ___ Severe: flooding ,_ _..... .Moderate: flooding; 1
fair t.raflicability.
Appling:
(AgB, AgB2)-_ __ .' Fair_ Fair_____ Moderate: coarse Moderate: medium j Moderate: coarse i
fragments. percolation rate. fragments.
i f
(ABC, A gG2) _ - Fair Moderate:
gr eiits.coarse' Moderate: medium Moderate: coarse
-.__-__-__._ i Fair a
fra
percolation rate. fragments; slopes
of 6 to 10 percent,
(ApB, ApB2, AsB, AsB2)__-._.._� Fair__ Fair___ _ Slight Moderate: medium_ Slight---__--- _ .....__
percolation rate.
f �
I f
(ApC, ApC2, AsC, AsC2 Fair --_LL{ Fair___.-_I Slight. plod r t.e: r adium o 6
Moderate:
to slopes I I
pe
perce
j i
(ApD)___._ _ Fair _ Fair____ Moderate: slopes Moderate: medium Severe: slopes
greater than percolation rate; greater than
10 percent. slopes greater 10 percent..
than 10 percent.
Augusta (Au)_ ._! Poor-___._I Poor._--.._j Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding:
high water table. high water table. high water table.
Bibb (Mapped only in an undiffer-- ? Poor_ __ Fair__ Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding;
entiated unit with Wehadkee I high,water table, high water table, high water table;
soils). poor t.rafhcability.
i
Buncombe (Be) .. Poor_ __- Good____j Severe: flooding-- -_ Severe: flooding , Severe: flooding_ _
Cecil:
(CeB, CeB2)____- Fair Fair___ _! Slight Moderate: medium Slight___.._._--
percolation rate.
I �
(CeC, CeC2)____-- Fair Fair Slight -_ ._..-- .__( Moderate: medium I Moderate: slopes of
percolation rate. 6 to 10 percent.
i
(Ce D)_.___---__-_ Fair-_ __ Fair...... _. Moderate: slopes of Moderate: medium Severe: slopes
10 to 15 percent. percolation rate: greater than
- slopes of 10 to 15 10 percent. f
percent. I
(Ce F)_.____,. Fair __I Fair_.-.___ Moderate to severe: Severe: slopes Severe: slopes
slopes of 15 to 45 greater than 15 greater than 15
percent. percent,. percent,. j
(CeB, CgB2, CcC, CgC2),._.____j Fair _ Fair _ Moderate: coarse Moderate: medium Moderate: coarse
fragments, percolation rate, ( fragments.
I
(C1B3, CIC3)_.__ _ ' Poor_____ Fair__. E Moderate: clayey Moderate.: medium Moderate: clayey 1
- surface layer. percolation rate. surface layer.
(CIE 3)_.___ ____r_ I Poor__.___ Fair__._ - Moderate: clayey Moderate to severe: Severe: slopes
surface layer;slopes medium percolation 1 'greater than 10
of 10 to 20 percent,. rate; slopes of 10 to I percent. I
I 20 percent..

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 97
interpretations
(Gu), Made land (Ma), and Swamp (Sw) are omitted from this table, because their features are too variable for interpretations]
i
Degree of limitation for—Continued Soil features affecting----
Recreation—Continued Farm ponds
__-_ Sprinkler
Highway location � �, —_ irrigation.
Picnic areas Intensive play areas I Reservoir area i Compacted
embankment
Moderate: fair ! Moderate: fair f Seasonal high ! Moderate Moderately low Medium available
trafpicability; trafficability; water table; permeability. strength and water capacity.
flooding. flooding. flooding. stability;impervious.
Moderate: coarse Moderate: coarse Frost-susceptible Moderate ; Moderate strength ! Medium available
fragments. fragments. material. permeability. and stability; ! water capacity.
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate: coarse Moderate: coarse Frost-susceptible Moderate Moderate strength Medium available
fragments. fragments; material. permeability. and stability; I water capacity.
slopes of 6 to 10 nearly impervious
percent. or impervious.
SIight• Slight_....____.___.____-_ Frost-susceptible liloderate Moderate strength Medium available
material. permeability. and stability; water capacity.
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Slight__ Moderate: slopes Frost-susceptible i Moderate ! Moderate strength Medium available
of 6 to 10 percent. material. permeability. and stability; water capacity.
1 ; nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Frost-susceptible Moderate Moderate strength Medium avaliable
greater than greater than material. permeability. i and stability; water capacity.
10 percent. 10 percent. nearly impervious.
or impervious.
Severe; flooding; i Severe: flooding; High water table; Moderate Moderate strength Medium available
high water table. high water table. i flooding.;unstable permeability. and stability; water capacity.
ditch slopes. impervious.
Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; High water table; Moderately rapid j Moderate strength Low to medium
high water table; high water table; flooding;unstable permeability. and stability; available water
poor traffic- poor traffic- ditch slopes. ! semipervious. capacity.
ability. ability.
Severe: flooding__..__. Severe: flooding; Flooding; unstable Rapid per- ' Moderate strength Low available
poor traffic- ditch slopes. meability. and stability; water capacity.
ability. pervious.
Slight Slight Frost-susceptible i Moderate per- Moderate to low Medium available
material. meability. strength mid i water capacity.
stability; nearly
impervious.
Slight Moderate: slopes i Frost-susceptible Moderate per- Moderate to low R Medium available
of 6 to 10 percent. material. meability. strength and water capacity.
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Frost-susceptible i Moderate per- Moderate to low Medium available
of 10 to 15 I greater than 10 material. rneability. strength and water capacity.
percent. € percent. i stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to severe: Severe: slopes ! Frost-susceptible Moderate per- Moderate to low Medium available
slopes of 15 to 45 greater than 15 material. teeabil ty. strength a and w rater capacity.
percent. percent. I ! stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate: coarse ! Moderate: coarse Frost-susceptible ,Moderate per- Moderate to low Medium available.
fragments. fragments. material. meability. strength and water capacity.
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate: clayey Severe: clayey Frost-susceptible Moderate perm.- Moderate to low Medium available
surface layer. C surface layer. material. ability. strength.and stabil- Water capacity.
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate: clayey i Severe: clayey Frost-susceptible Moderate penile- Moderate to low Medium available
surface layer. surface layer. material. ! ability. strength and stabil- water capacity:
ity;nearly imper-
i ( '-ions.

98 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.--Engineering
Suitability as Degree of limitation for—
source of—
Soil series and map symbols 1 — Recreation
Septic tank , _
Topsoil Road fill Homebuilding sites absorption fields i—
Campsites i
Chewacla (Cm)_._-_ Fair -___ Fair_____ Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding;
high water table. high water table. high water table.
Colfax (Cn)_.._, .. Fair___.._ Fair Severe: high water Severe: high water Severe: high water
table. table. table.
Congaree (Co, Cp).__..____... Good.____ Fair_____. Severe: flooding Severe: flooding..._..__ Severe: flooding-_
Creedmoor:
(CrB, CrB2, CtB) Fair Poor__..___ Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow per- Moderate: fair
potential. colation rate. j trafficability.
(CrC, CrC2, CtC) Fair_.__-.__ Poor._____ Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow per- Moderate: slopes of
potential. colatlon rate. 6 to 10 percent;
fair trafficability.
(CrE) Fair_.. Poor Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow per- I Severe: slopes
potential. colation rate. greater than 10
percent.
Durham:
(DuB, DuB2)-.___ Fair____.. Fair_ .__ Slight Moderate: medium Slight
percolation rate.
(DuC, DuC2) Fair Fair Slight Moderate: medium Moderate: slopes of
percolation rate. 6 to 10 percent.
Enon: j f
(En B, En B2)__ Fair_____.I Poor_._.__ Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow Moderate: fair
potential. percolation rate. trafficability.
(E n C, E n C2) Fair__.__ Poor_____ Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow Moderate: slopes
potential. percolation rate. of 6 to 10 percent;
fair trafficability.
(EnD2).. .. Fair Poor Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow Severe: slopes
potential. percolation rate. greater than
10 percent.
Fa ceville:
(FaB, FaB2) .____-.. Fair___.__ Fair_ _ Slight Moderate: medium Slight --.---3
percolation rate.
I �
Moderate: medium j Moderate: slopes
percolation rate. j of 6 to 10 percent.
Georgeville:
(G e B, G e B 2) -_ Fair_---.__ Fair__-__ Slight_____ _._ Moderate: medium Slight
percolation rate.
� I
(GeC, GeC2)-- ---------.----_ Fair Fair__.__ Slight Moderate: medium Moderate: slopes
percolation rate. of 6 to 10 percent,.
(GeD2)-,___.__...__._ .j Fair_____ Fair_......._ Moderate: slopes Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes
greater than greater than greater than
10 percent. 10 percent; medium 10 percent.
percolation rate.
Goldsboro (Go) Good,___ Good____j Slight Moderate: seasonally Slight ---.-
high water table.
i f

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 99
in,tcrpretations Continued
Degree of limitation for--Continued Soil features affecting—
I
Recreation--Continued ; Farm ponds
Sprinkler
IlighHay location I-- -- irrigation.
Picnic,areas Intensive play areas Reservoir area I Compacted
embankment
Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; ; Flooding; high Moderate perme- Moderately low Medium to high
high water table. high water table. I water table; ability, strength and stabil- available water
unstable ditch ity;nearly imper- capacity.
slopes. vious.
Severe: high Severe: high High water table; Moderately slow Moderate to low Medium available
water table. water table. seepage;unstable permeability. strength and stabil- water capacity.
ditch slopes. ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate: flooding_ Severe: flooding____ Flooding; unstable Moderate perme- Moderately low Medium to high
ditch slopes. ability. strength and stabil- available water
ity;semipervious. capacity.
Moderate: fair Moderate: fair Highly plastic_____..__.; Slow permeability_.. Low strength and Medium to high
trafficability. trafficability. stability; imper- available water
vious. capacity.
Moderate: fair Moderate: slopes Highly plastic Slow permeability__ Low strength and Medium to high
trafl'iability. of 6 to 10 per- I ! stability; imper- available water
cent; fair traffic- F vious, capacity.
ability.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Highly plastic.. ] Slow permeability.._ Low strength and Medium to high
of 10 to 20 per- greater than 10 stability; imper- available water
cent;fair traffic- percent. i vious. ; capacity.
ability.
Slight Slight____.__ _`i None_..,.. Moderate perme- j Moderate strength Medium available
ability. i and stability; water capacity.
nearly impervious.
Slight. Moderate: slopes None Moderate perme- Moderate strength Medium available
of 6 to 10 per- ability. and stability; water capacity.
cent. nearly impervious.
Moderate: fair Moderate: fair Highly plastic Slow perinea- Low strength and Medium available
trafficability, trafficability. material. bility. stability; . water capacity.
impervious.
Moderate: fair Moderate: slopes I Highly plastic Slow permea- Low strength. and Medium available
trafficability. of 6 to 10 percent.; material. bility. stability; water capacity.
I fair trafficability. impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Highly plastic I Slow permea- , Low strength and Medium available
of 10 to 15 greater than material. bility, I stability; 1 water capacity.
percent; fair 10 percent. j i impervious.
trafficability,
odity. p Moderate strength and Medium available
Slight_ Sl_______. . � � iglat __.__ None___......_. '��Ioer;ate ormea-
stability; nearly water capacity.
• ! impervious.Slight Moderate: slopes None_____ i Moderate permea- Moderate strength and Medium available
of ti to 10 percent. bility. € stability; nearly water capacity.
impervious.
Slight_ Slight Unstable cut Moderate permea Moderately low Medium available
slopes; frost- bility. strength and water capacity.
susceptible I stability; nearly
material. impervious.
Slight _ I Moderate: slopes ( Unstable cut Moderate permea- i Moderately low Medium available
of 6 to 10 percent. slopes; frost- bility. strength; nearly water capacity.
susceptible impervious.
material. i
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Unstable cut Moderate permea- f Moderately low Medium available
greater than greater than slopes, frost- bility. strength and water capacity.
10 percent. 10 percent. susceptible j stability; nearly
material. impervious.
i,
Slight Slight Seasonally high Moderate permea- Moderate to moder- Medium available
water table. bility. ately low strength € water capacity.
and stability; nearly
impervious.

MO SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.----Engineering
Suitability as Degree of limitation for---
source of--
Soil series and map symbols ; Recreation
Septic tank .__.._...__.
Topsoil Road fill Homebuilding sites absorption fields
I j Campsites
Granville:
(GrB, GrB2)_- .-- Fair.-..... Fair_-...___ Slight. Slight.---..---.----_.._--- Slight__
(GrC, GrC2)..-.-._____________ Fair___-_ Fair Slight Slight_ Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
(GrD) ______ .__.,.-___.- Fair Fair___ Moderate: slopes Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes greater j
greater than 10 greater than 10 than 10 percent. I
percent, percent,
Helena:
(HeB, HeB2)___-.___.__.. Fair__-._.., Poor._.___ Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow percola- Moderate: fair
potential. Lion rate. trafficability.
(HeC, H e C2)__-._..____._ .. _-._ Fair______' Poor Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow percola- Moderate: slopes of
potential. tion rate. j 6 to 10 percent; I
fair trafhcability. I
(H e D) .. Fair Poor Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow percola- Severe: slopes
potential. tion rate. greater than 10
percent..
Herndon:
(HrB, HrB2) Fair _ - Fair_ Slight_..__------- Moderate: medium Slight---__._.-. - __. --
percolation rate.
(HrC, HrC2) __ Fair _ Fair_____) Slight.____. _E Moderate: medium Moderate: slopes of
percolation rate. 6 to 10 percent. 1
i
(HrD2)___.-.__.____.-.._.,_... Fair_.____i Fair. Moderate: slopes of Moderate: medium. Severe: slopes greater !
10 to 15 percent. percolation rate: than 10 percent.
slopes of 10 to 15 j
percent.
(H,El.)..._ _.._...____. .._. _....__ Fair_ .- _ Fair_.____ Moderate: slopes of Severe: slopes Severe: slopes greater
15 to 25 percent. greater than 15 than 15 percent.
percent.
Lloyd: •
(LdB2)___-_._- ._.____,.__.__._._ Fair Fair__ _ Slight._ Moderate: medium Slight_
percolation rate.
Fair Fair_Fair_ __.._j Slight_____________ ! Moderate: medium Moderate: slopes of
( 1 percolation rate. 0 to 10 percent.
I
•
(LdD2)__.-____-._.___________...-! Fair. .____ Fair-- Moderate: slopes ( Moderate: medium Severe: slopes greater i
greater than 10 percolation rate; than 10 percent.. 1
E I percent. slopes of 10 to 15
percent.
.Louisburg:
(LoB, Lv.,B, Lw•B2).-_._ ._ Fair_ __ Fair___ Moderate: depth to Severe: depth to Slight...
(For interpretations of the rock is 2 to 5 feet. j rock is 2 to 5 feet.
Wedowee soils in LwB
and Lw 82. refer to the
Wedowee series.)

WAKE C"OLTNTY, NORTH CAROLI'A 101
'ter'retaiions----Continued
Degree of limitation for--Continued Soil.features affecting—
! e
P.ecreation--Continued t Farm ponds
Sprinkler
Highway location irrigation
Picnic areas' lntensive play areas Reservoir area. Compacted
embankment
Slight...._____..__-• ...- Slight.__. Unstable cut slopes__J Moderate per- Moderate to low Medium available
meability. strength and water capacity.
stability;nearly
impervious.
Slight Moderate: slopes unstable cut slopes_ Moderate per- Moderate to low Medium available
of 0 to 10 percent. meability. strength and water capacity.
stabiliy;nearly
impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Unstable cut slopes__ Moderate per- Moderate to low Medium available
greater than 10 greater than 10 meabiliy. strength and water capacity.
percent. percent. stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate: fair Moderate: fair Highly plastic; Slow permeability.. Low strength and Medium available
tratiflicability. tratficability. frost-susceptible stability;impervious. water capacity.
material; unstable
. slopes.
Moderate: fair Moderate: slopes Highly plastic; Slow permeability..- Low strength and Medium available
t•rafficability. of 6 to 10 frost-susceptible stability;impervious. water capacity.
percent; fair material; unstable
t.ra,fficability. slopes. •
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Highly plastic; Slow permeability- Low strength and Medium available
of 10 to 15 greater than 10 frost-susceptible [ stability;impervious, water capacity.
percent. percent. material; unstable
slopes.
Slight Slight Frost-susceptible Moderate per- Moderately low Medium available
material. meability. . strength and water capacity,
stability; nearly
impervious.
Slight_____ Moderate: slopes Frost-susceptible Moderate per- Moderately low Medium available
of 6 to 10 percent. material meability. strength and water capacity.
stability;nearly
impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Frost-susceptible Moderate perinea-. Moderately low Medium :available
greater than 10 greater than 10 material. bility. strength and stabil- water capacity.
percent. percent. ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Frost susceptible Moderate perinea- Moderately low Medium available
greater than 15 greater than 15 material. bility. strength and stabil- water capacity.
percent. percent. ity; nearly imper
vious.
Sligl.rt_.._ Slight_ _.. Frost-susceptible Moderate perinea Moderately low or : Medium available
material. bility. low strength and water capacity.
• stability; nearly
impervious.
Sli•ght .._.. -__ Moderate: slopes of Frost-suseeptible Moderate permea- Moderately low or Medium available
6 to 10 percent. material. bility. low strength and ( water capacity.
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Frost-susceptible Moderate permea- Moderately low or Medium available
greater than 10 greater than 10 material. 'bility. . ' low strength and ( water capacity.
percent. percent. stability; nearly
( impervious.
Slight._ _ Severe: rock__.._ Rock_._____.._ Moderately rapid Moderate strength Low available
permeability. and stability;nearly water capacity.
impervious.

102 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.----Engineering
Suitability as Degree of limitation for—
___-_source of—= �,_ _--_i
Soil series and map symbols Recreation
Septic,tank
Topsoil j Road fill Ilomebuilding sites absorption fields _v
Campsites
Louisburg—Continued
(LoC, LwC, LwC2)___ Fair___ . Fair___ _i Moderate: depth to Moderate: depth to Moderate: slopes of
(For interpretations of the rock is 2 to 5 feet. rock is 2 to 5 feet. 6 to 10 percent.
Wedowee soils in LwC
and LwC2, refer to the
Wedowee series.)
Fair___.__ Moderate: depth to Moderate: depth to Severe: slopes greater
rock is 2 to 5 feet; rock is 2 to 5 feet. than 10 percent..
slopes greater than
10 percent.
Lynchburg (Ly)__._ ._____.______. __ Fair to Good____i Moderate: flooding Severe: flooding; Moderate: high
poor. high water table. high water table. water table;fair
trafticability.
Madison:
(MdB2) Fair..._...__ Fair__..__ Slight . Moderate: medium Slight _
percolation rate.
(MdC2) ____I Fair__.__- Fair____ Slight Moderate: medium Moderate: slopes of
percolation rate. 6 to 10 percent.
(MdD2)__ _._.. Fair____.-I Fair j Moderate: slopes of Moderate: medium Severe: slopes
10 to 15 percent. percolation rate; greater than ii)
slopes of 10 to 15 percent.
(MdE2) Fair _ percent.
Fair llodcrate. slopes of Severe: slopes Severe: slopes 1
15 to 25 percent. greater than 15 greater than 15 i
percent. percent. 1
1
Mantachie (M e) ___ __-. Fair to Fair_____ Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; Severe: high water
good. high water table. high water table. table.
Mayodan:
(MfB, MfB2)_ - Fair Fair_____ Slight Moderate: medium Slight________.________
percolation rate.
I
(MiC, MfC2) ..-_____ .__..___ Fair Fair____- Slight__ _____ Moderate: medium i Moderate: slopes of
percolation rate. 6 to 10 percent.
� I
(MfD2) _..--------_.__------- Fair_ Fair_.-..._ ; Moderate: slopes Moderate: slopes of Severe: slopes
greater than 10 10 to 15 percent, greater than 10 i
percent. percent.
(M f E)_...___. Fair_____ Fair_......__! Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Severe: slopes
greater than 15 greater than 15 greater than 15
percent. percent. € percent.
(MgB, Mg82, MgC, MgC2)___ Poor._.____ Fair..___._I Moderate: coarse Moderate: medium Moderate: coarse
fragments. percolation rate. fragments.
(MyB, MyB2)__ ; Fair_____ Fair__-_._I Slight-_ - Moderate ._i Slight,-- ---.___-- i
(MyC, MyC2).. _ Fair___-_- Fair..__._._? Slight_.-------------...__' Moderate____________ Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.. k
I

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 103
interpretations Continued
Degree of limitation for—Continued Soil features affecting—
i
• Recreation--Continued Farm ponds
Sprinkler
Highway location irrigation
Picnic areas j Intensive play areas Reservoir area I Compacted
embankment
Slight__ -- .--...---- Severe: rock.___ Rock--_-- Moderately rapid Moderate strength Low available
i i permeability. and stability; nearly water capacity.
impervious.
I •
1\-Ioderate: slopes Severe: slopes Rock_ _ __...-.__I Moderately rapid ! Moderate strength Low available
greater than 10 greater than 10 permeability. and stability;nearly water capacity.
percent.. I percent. impervious.
•
Moderate: high Moderate: high Seasonally high Moderato perinea- Moderate to low Medium available
water table;fair i water table; fair water table. bility. strength and stabil- ( water capacity,
traffiicability. 1 traicability. i ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Slight___,_..._ .__ Slight..„_____..____; Frost-susceptible Moderate perinea- Moderate to low Medium available
material. bility. strength and stabil- water capacity.
f its; nearly imper-
• vious.
Slight_.___ __._.______- Moderate: slopes Frost-susceptible Moderate permea- Moderate to low Medium available
of 6 to 1.0 percent. ` material, bility. € strength and stabil- water capacity.
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate: slopes I Severe: slopes ! Frost-susceptible MModerate ,permea- Moderate to low Medium available
of 10 to 15 per- ( greater than 10 I material, i bility, strength and stabil- ; water capacity,
cent. percent. ity;nearly imper-
viola9
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Frost-susceptible Moderate permea- Moderate to low i Medium available
of 15 to 25 per- i greater than 15 material. bility. strength and stabil- i water capacity.
cent. i percent. ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Severe: hif,gh Severe: high ` High water table; 1\Ioderately Moderate strength I Medium available
water table. water table. flooding. rapid perinea- turd stability; water capacity.
... bility. ! nearly impervious.
Slight_-_w_______ I Slight_____ - Frost susceptible Moderate perinea- i Moderate to low Medium available
material, bility. strength and stabil- water capacity.
ity; nearly imper-
"ions.
Slight.____ _ Moderate: slopes Frost susceptible. 1 Moderate permea- Moderate to low _ Medium available
of 6 to 10 percent. material. 1 bility. strength and stabil- ' water capacity.
ity; imper-
•
vious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Frost susceptible j Moderate perinea- Moderate to low Medium available
of 10 to 15 per- greater than 10 material. bility. strength and stabil- water capacity.
cent. percent_ ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate.: slopes Severe: slopes Frost-susceptible Moderate perme- Moderate to low = .yf.ediurn available
of 15 to 25 greater than 15 material. ability. strength and stabil- water capacity.
percent. j percent. ity; nearly imper-
! vious.
Moderate: coarse ( Moderate: coarse Frost-susceptible { Moderate perme- Moderate to low Medium available
fragments. fragments, material, j ability. strength and stabil- water capacity.
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Slight_._.._____ _____ Slight Frost-susceptible Moderate perme- Moderate to low Medium available
material. ability. ( strength and stabil- water capacity.
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Slight. Moderate:slopes of I Frost-susceptible Moderate perme- Moderate to low I Medium available
6 to 10 percent. material. ability. strength and stabil- i water capacity.
ity; nearly imper-
[ vious.
335-40,3--70— -3

104 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.---Engn ieering
Suitability as I Degree of limitation far—
source of---
Soil series and map symbols I Recreation
Septic tank
Topsoil Road fill ' Ilornebuilding sites j absorption fields I
1 j [ Campsites
I
\Irzyadiur—Continued i 1—
(tVlyD) 1 I".rir. Fair--- • Moderate: slopes ioder:cte.---- Severe: slopes greater
greater than 10 1 than 10 percent.
percent.
Norfolk: 1
(NoA, NoB, Nora:)_--- I Fair.._-.._ Good__.._..' Slight_Slight-- --_- _- - -_-- Slight_ !- -_...._. ___ -_
f
(NoC, NoC2)-- I Fair , .- - Good--__t Slight_-_ Slight.. Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Orangeburg:
(OrE, OrB2)__.. Fair I Good_ Slight Slight--_ ---- Slight
(QrC2)__..-_------- Fair .1 Goad__.._; Slight_ ' Slight. \Iode,•<tte: slopes of
I i 6 to 10 percent.
i 1 1
Pinkston: 1 t
(PkC) Fair--_-_ Fair_ ...__[ Moderate: depth to Severe: depth to ! Slight,where slopes 1
rock 2 to 5 feet. 1 rock 2 to 5 feet. I are 0 to 6 percent.
i Moderate where slopes
i are 6 to 10 percent. 1
(Pk F) ... Fair_- _-_i Fair Moderate where F Severe: depth to ! Severe: slopes greater 1
i slopes are. 10 to -a rock 2 to 5 feet. 1 than 10 percent.
} I 1 percent;depth to I
' rock 2 to 5 feet. 1
Severe where slopes
are greater than
25 percent..
I 1
Plummer (Ps)._____.-,-. 1 Poor__ Fair_--__I Severe: flooding; I Severe: flooding; i Severe: flooding; High
high water table. i high water table- water table. ?
1 1
!
Rains (Ra)---- - Fair --_I Fair__ __, Severe: Heeding; high Severe: flooding; ( Severe: flooding;
ti
j water table. high water table. high water table. i
Roanoke (Rn)---- j
1 Pone_ Poor- _-- Severe: flooding; tiev;rc: floading; Sc ere: flooding;
high water table. high water table. high water table.
1 I 1
Troup.__..... Poor_ __.' Fair_-__...I Slight_ _I Moderate: rapid per- 1 Slight:._ -
(Mapped only in a complex eolation rate; i
with Wagram soils.)
I 1 ! I limited filtering
j I I action.
Vance: 1
(Va B, Vab2) i Fair-- __I Poor...__._-[ Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow percola- Moderate: fair
potential. 1 tion rate; shrink-- i tra1-licability-.
swell potential.
(VaC2) Fair__ Poor I Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow pereolII ; Moderate fairtra$lc.- j
•
potential. j ton rate;shrink- ability; slopes of v 1
swell potential, to 10 percent,
6\'ag(WaA, interpretations of the
;WaA, WaB, WgA)_ � ' � Slight ----.-_-- ~light ___-- _ slight
Troup soil in WgA, refer '
to the Troup series.)

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 105
ntc.rpreta,tions----Continues]
Degree of limitation for—Continued j Soil features affecting--
Recreation---ContinuedFarm ponds j
— 1 Sprinkler
Highway location irrigation
Picnic areas J dntr.n.lt'E play areas I Reservoir area Compacted
embankment I
Moderate:slopes of . Severe:slopes ; Frost-susceptible Moderate perme- t Moderate to low I Medium available
10 to 15 percent. I greater than 10 I ovate/gal. ability. strength mid stabiles i water capacity.
percent. I ity;nearly imper-
1 vious,
Slight ___ I Slight-____ _I None_ _ Moderate perme- Moderate strength and Median available
i ability. stability; imper- water capacity.
vious.
Slight._ __ -Rloderaate: slopes I None -__ ( lloderatea perme- :Moderate strength and 1 Medium available
of 6 to 10- percent. i ( ability, stability;imper- I water capacity,
j I 1 vi.ou.,.
I
Slight- I Slight----- ___-- None Moderate perme- Moderate strength and Medium available
I i ability. stability;imper- 1 water capacity.
vious. I
Slight___ _ I Moderate:slopes of j None. ___ .I Moderate perme- ' Moderate strength and I Medium available
( f 6 to J0 percent. j I ability. j stability;imper- i water capacity.
vious.
i •
Slight: slopes of 0 I Severe: rock_ Rock Moderately rapid Moderate strength and Low available
to 10 percent. i permeability. I stability; pervious. water capacity_
Moderate where I Severe: slopes Rock I Moderately rapid Moderate strength anti j Low available
elopes are 10 to 25 i greater than 10 j I permeability. stability;pervious. tvat.cr capacity.
percent. j percent;rock.
Severe where:slopes
are greater than 25 I 1 j I
percent. I 1
i
I
I Severe: flooding; i Severe: high water High water table; I Rapid pernreahil- Moderate strength and I Low available
high water table. j table. ditchbanks un- ity. stability;se.mipertri- water capacity.
stable, ous_
i
I Severe: flooding; : Severe: flooding; High water table-.._-„ Moderate perinea- ' Moderate strength andI Medium available
high water table. j high water table. 1 1 bility. stability;imper- j hater capacity.
vious.
i
Severe: flooding: I Severe: Hooding; High water table; I Slow permeability 1 Moderately low strength j Medium available
high water table. high water table. • Hooding. and stability;nearly i water eapahitry.
import impervious.
Slight I Moderate: fair ` Unstable cut slope. 1 Rapid pernieebil- Moderate strength I Very low available
traflicabiiity. I ivy, and stability; water capacity.
semipervious.
I
i I j
Moderate: fair i Moderate: fair i Frost-susceptible i Slow permeability_ Moderately low i Medium available
trafficability, j trnlhcability_ material. 1 strength and stabil- ; water capacity_
ity; impervious.
j Moderate: fair , _Moderate: fair Frost-susceptible j Slow permeability j Moderately low Aleduini available
trafficability. tratteahility; material. strength and etahil- water capacity.
[ ;dopes of 6 to 10 Jj ity;impervious.
percent.
i
Moderate permea- . Moderate to low I Low availableSlight_-__.. _; Slight....._------,_-__. None________--
bility. j strength and eta, i water capacity.
bility;nearly
impervious.

106 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6. Engineering
Suitability as Degree of limitation for—
source of---
i
Soil series and map symbols Itecrca.tion
Septic tank
. Topsoil Road fill Homebuildin_g sites absorption fields
Campsites ,
i
Waig_r am—Continued '
(\WaC) __.__--_ ___-_._______j Fair_-_ -- (Hood____ Slight.----_--_-_ -- Slight___-_ Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
! i I
Wahee (Wh) .------------ - _---_ Poor Poor E Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; i Severe: flooding;
high water table. high water table. high water table.
Wake:
Poor Poor.___ Severe: shallow to Severe: shallow to Slight to moderate: j
reek, rock. slopes of 2 to 10
percent. i
(WkE) __________ Poor__.___ Poor.____ Severe: shallow to Severe: shallow to Severe: slopes i
rock. rock. greater than 10 i
percent.
Wedowee:
(WmB, WmB2) Fair_.... _� Fair Slight.._ _._.... _...___..___ Moderate: meditunSlight_
percolation rate. i
-__ Fair____ Slight______.-------___a Moderate: medium Moderate: slopes of(WmC, WmC7)- ------------ i Fair g
percolation rate. 6 to 10 percent.
1
(Win D2)____ Fair____J Fair ____ Moderate: slopes of Tlode r ate: slopes of Severe: slopes
i
10 to 15 percent. 10 to 15 percent. greater than 10
percent. j
(WmE)___._____.- Fair- ___! Fair._.__ Moderate: slopes of Severe: slopes Severe: slopes
15 to 25 percent. greater than 15 greater than 15
percent. percent.
Wehadkee (We, We)_._._. Poor_-_ _r Poor -- Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; 1
(For interpretations of the high water table. high water table. . high water table.
Bibb soil in We, refer to
the Bibb series.)
IVhita. More: i
W,B, WsB2, Wt131( Faqir_, .. Poor Sr>vcrc shrink-swell Severe: slow perco- Moderate: faqir
potential- latiou rate; shrink- trafficability.
(WsC, WsC2)_.. _. swell potential.
__..-._ ; Fair_.._.__. Poor Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow perco- Moderate: fair
potential. lation rate; shrink- t effieubility; slopes
swell potential. of 6 to 10 percent.
(WsE)..____. _ _-- lair.._. Poor_-_._ j Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow perco Severe: slopes
potential. lation rate; shrink- greater than 10
swell potential. percent.
i
(WvD3)__-__,____ , Poor_ Poor.____ Severe: shrink-swell Severe: slow perco- Severe: clayey ear-
potential, lation rate; shrink- face layer.
swell potential.
Wilkes:
(WwC) Fair Poor_ _ ! Severe: depth to Severe: depth to Moderate: fair
j f rock I to 10 feet; rock 1 to 10 feet; tr.if{icability. i
shrink-swell shrink-swell
potential. potential.
WwEI--- ------- .- Fair__ __ Poor___-- Severe: to depth
]jhftot Severe: depth to Severe: slopes
rock rock 1 to 10 feet; greater than 10 ,
shrink-swell shrink-swell percent.
potential. potential.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 107
2 nterpretation.--Con.tinued
Degree of limitation for-- Continued ! Soil features affecting
I• I•
Recreation--(lot t:imted Farm ponds
— — -._�.._ — __ — --.—.—— — — Sprinkler
I j highway location I ; irrigation
Picnic areas 1 In 14.'ne ye play areas Rtservon area Compa:ct.ed ;
1 , I embankment i
I E
Slight. I Moderate: slopes None..._ _- _ Moderate perinea- I Modera to to low Low-aaaila,b.le
of 6 to 10 per- bility. strength and sta- water capacity-.
cauat.. bility; neatly
hnporvious.
Severe: flooding; 1 Severe: Hooding; ; Flooding: high 1 Slow perinea- Moderately low I Medium avail:Able
high water table. high water table. water table. I bility, strength and sta- water capacity.
i 1 bility; neatly.
impervious.
Slight--------___ I Severe. rock. ._..__ I Rock _-- . Moderately rapid Moderate strength and I Very low
1 permeability. stability; per- j available water
` ; vious cap ac:ity.
Moderato: slopesSevere: slopes ; Rock_,. .___ _.-..__.-.. Moderately rapid
Mot eratt tae a ;th anad 1 `e low
of 10 to 25 grc ater than 10 i permeability. y; 1 available water percent. l,e cent. i ions. ea:apa.city.
1
Slight_.-_.____.- _-. - Slight______----_._.._- Frost susceptible ; Moderate perinea.- Moderate strength and I\Iedicnn available
material. i bility. stability; nearly water capacity.
impervious.
Slight.. .__ i\iodereate: slopes ` Frost,susceptible Moderate perinea- ' Moderate strength and 1 Medium available
of 6 to 10 percent, I material. 1 hility. I stability; nearly 1 water capacity.
impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes ` Frost,susceptible € Moderate perinea- I Moderate strength and Medium available
of 10 to 15 1 greater than 10 i material. •• bility. stability; nearly water capacity.
percent, percent. impervious. I
'Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes 1 Frost susceptible 1 Moderate permea- ' Moderate strength and ` Medium available
of 15 to 25 greater than 1.5 iiateriral. 1 bility. ! stability; nearly wader capacity,
percent. 1 percent,. impervious.
Severe: flooding: Severe: Hooding; . High water table; i Moderate perinea- ; Moderately low 1 Aiedium available
high water table. ; high water table. 1 flooding. bility. strength and stabil- water capacity.
ity: nearly imper-•
vious.
1
Moderate: fair I Moderate: fair i highly plastic . Slow perinea- Low strength ;and High available
traffic/Ability. tra fheabili ty. material. 1 bility. stability: imper- water capacity.
vious.
'Moderate: fair I Moderate: fair Highly plastic € Slow permea- Low strength and High available
tra.iticability. trafficability; material. bility- I stability: imper- water capacity.
slopes of 6 to It) " vious.
percent.
Moderate,: fair ' Severe: slopes ' Highly plastic i Slow perinea- 1 Low strength and Ifigh available
tatih cabin ty; greater than 1.0 I material. bility. 1 stability: imper- water capacity.
slopes greater percent. vious.
than 10 percent.
Severe: elaovey Severe: clayey- Highly plastic i Slow' perinea.- ; Low strength and I High available
surface layer. surface layer. I material. I bility. stability: imper- I water capacity.
vious!.
•
•
Moderate: fair I Moderate: fair Rock_ . ._-----.___-- Modeca.teerm.ea-I Moderately low ava
ilable
v ailable'
trattica,bility. i trafficability. hility. I strength and stabil- water capacity.
ity: nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate: fair Severe: slopes j Rock,__-_- --.--_-._-- Moderate perinea- I Moderately low Low available
trafficability; ; greater than 10 1 bility. strength and stabil- 1 water capacity.
slopes of 10 to 20 ; percent. I ity: nearly imper-
percent. vious.

108 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.--.Eitgin.eer rng
Suitability as Degree of limitation for---
source of----
,r
Soil series and map symbols j !Recreation
Septic tank.
Topsoil Road fill Iloauebuilding sites absorption fields
i Campsites
Wilkes—Continued
(WwF) _..__...___ ! Fair_ Poor..__ _' Severe: depth to Severe: depth to 1 Severe: slopes
rock 1 to 10 feet; rock 1. to 10 feet; greater the.r, 20
shrink-swell shrink-swell ! percent.
depth to onin 1. ; v a,l.
potential„
(W;;i')_. _ ..._... -.._-_.-..__ Poor. Puor___. ; Severe. stoniness; Severe: depth to i Severe: slopes
p rock 1 to 10 feet. greater than 15
10 feet. j percent.
Worsham (Wy) __ __.._ _: Poor_ Poor_____I Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; j Severe: foods ;;
high water table. high water table, high water table.
Reaction, or the degree of acidity or alkalinity, is from the septic tank and the movement of sewage ef-
given in terms of pH values. fluent is very slow. Onsite investigation should be made
Shrink-swell potential indicates the expected change before a septic tank absorption field is installed in any
in Volume when the moisture content changes. It is esti- soil.
mated. primarily on the basis of the amount and type of The degree of limitation for campsites is based on the
clay in a soil. In general, soils classified as CiH and A.-7 hazards of flooding and wetness, and on. traflicability
have high shrink-swell potential. Sandy soils have low and slope. Trafficability, as used here, refers to the
shrink-swell potential. ability of a soil to support vehicles or other traffic dur-
ing normal. weather. Campsites are considered as areas
Engineering interpretations suitable for tents and activities that accompany outdoor
Table 6 gives interpretations of the properties that living for periods of at least 1 week,
affect suitability of the soils for engineering. The ratings The degree of ]imitation for picnic areas is based on
as a source of topsoil are based on thickness, texture, for- the hazards of flooding, wetness, and slope. Picnic areas
tility, and available neater capacity. For example, are places suitable for pleasure outings, where picnic
droughty sands are given a rating of poor, but, foams are tables and fireplaces are usually furnished, and where
given a rating of fair to good, depending on the thick- meals can be prepared and eaten outdoors. Apart from
ness of the, soil material. these facilities, only a small amount of site preparation
Suitability as a source of road fill is rated according is needed.
to texture, shrinkage, plasticity, water content, and the The degree of limitation as areas for intensivo play is
degree of compactive effort required to obtain the de- based on the slope, depth to hard rock, wetness, soil te.x-
sired density. The water content of the soil at the tinge ture. and the amount of coarse fragments in and on the
of rr:e may affect suitability for road fill. A clayey soil, soils. Areas for intensive play are developed for use as
for example, is difficult to handle when it is wet. playgrounds and for playing organized games, as base-
The degree of limitation for homebuilding sites is ball, tennis, and, badminton.
based on the hazard of flooding, the height of the water The suitability of the soils for highways is affected by
table, slope,. shrink-swell potential, and depth to hard such soil characteristics, as plasticity, high water table,
rock. water content, flooding, depth to hard rock, susceptibility
The degree of limitation for sewage disposal in septic to frost, and stability of slopes. Durham soil for ex
tank absorption fields is rated according to permeability ample have no soil features that, adverselyaffect their
of the soil, its-slope and filtering; capability, the level of use si. locations for highways. Their wafer table is low
the water table, and the hazard of flooding. Duch of
`Fake. Conant. is rural, therefore, septic tank absorption enough that, it will not interefer with the construction
fields are required for the disposal of sewage.. Generally, of roads, the soil material has good bearing capacity and.
absorption fields installed in a poorly drained soil fail is not difficult to compact, and permeability is moderate„
because the soil is not nermeable enough to absorb the White Store soils, on the other hand, were rated as hair-
effluent. In wet, weather and for long periods afterward, in.g features that adversely affect the location of high-
the soils are saturated and the water table; is near the ways. These soils are highly plastic, are slowly p :rme-
surface. At such times, there is no space for outflow able, and have low bearing capacity (fig. 15).

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 109
interpretations---Contim Led
Degree of limitation for —Continued Soil features affecting—
= .
Recreation--Coiltinued Farm ponds 1
Sprinkler
= Highway location irrigation
Picnic areas Intensive play areas Reservoir area = Compacted
1 embankment
==
Sever opes Severe; slopes Hock_ Moderate Moderately low Low available
gi eater than 20 greater than 20 permeability. strength and water capacity.
pin cent, percent. stability:ndarly
impervious.
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes Rock_ . Moderate Moderately low Low avid able
of 15 to 25 greater than 15 permeability strength and water capacity.
percent. percent. stability;nearly
impervious.
Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; High water table; Moderately slow 1 Moderately low Medium available
high water table, high water table. flooding. permeability, strength and water capacity.
stability;nearly
linpervious.
=
The suitability of the soils for farm ponds is affected Adequate outlets are needed. for safe disposal of sur-
principally by such characteristics as strength, stability, face runoff from terraces, diversions, and other drainage-
and permeability of the compacted soil material. Esti- ways. A cover of plants is needed in these drainageways.
mates of strength and stability are based on a standard Grade-control structures, such as pipe drops, drop spill'
slope of 2.5..1 for dams less than 50 feet high. Flatter ways, and sod chutes, as well as supporting agronomic
side slopes make a more stable embankment. Perme- practices, are needed in places to control erosion.
ability of an undisturbed soil is the best indicator of
seepage. The permeability ratings used in table 6 range
from slow for firm clays to rapid for sands. As used in Formation and Classification of Soils
table 6, pervious, scpupervious, nearly impervious, and
i4npervious refer to the relative permeability of corn- In this section the factors that have affected the for-
pacted embaniunents. Water losses are excessive in per- mation and composition of soils in Wake County are (Th-
ymus soils and are significant in semipervious soils. They cussed. In addition, the soils are classified according to
are minor in nearly impervious soils and are almost the current system and are placed in their respective
negligible in impervious soils, great soil groups according to the old system of classi-
Rainfall in Wake County is generally adequate for fication,
agriculture but is not always well distributed during the
growing season, Some of the soils hold little water avail-
able to plants, and sprinkler irrigation is beneficial at
times, The main factors affecting suitability of the soils l.
for irrigation are available water capacity, permeability, cs'
and rate of water intake. The Soil Conservation Service, „' ,
in cooperation with the North Carolina Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Agricultural Research Service, and
the Agricultural Extension Service, has prepared an
"Irrigation Guide," which gives detailed information , . ' , 4,',44-t,.-'4,-- ;-.r:v-:: ,4':' ' ,•-e-ge',,‘f
useftd in the planning and design of sprinkler irrigation -
' IK,5" r' - r".><4. f -,;;;•,;"14",, ,Arp. ' 0.,...fr,„,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,e, -,„
systems. -
The soils are not rated in table 6 for suitability for
terraces, but terraces and other erosion control practices
• -/---'l .,‘, '"'' tit. ,.-
are needed on the sloping soils that are cultivated, Ter- :, /i e,,,,z,„,„,,, .. • • , ,, „e„.,- ,, ..,,,,,,,l.r , .
races can be established on most soils in the county that , .." •., ,,, V., ,;/' „:/..so, ?e,..,lemt,2,.%, ,,e.e.;;,. , ' . :e ,
.: 4 'f',,et ' t 0 io` '• , ','' ''.: . 4;ie
have a slope of not more than 6 percent, except those
'''', "*''. 4,''''ii , •-•'4,;,0 .„,>,,,,I- ,•2, , '
that have a thick, sandy surface layer and those that are , ,,, • . .
shallow over bedrock. Most soils need smoothing to make -° ',,' , "i''''C'' ',1.' ' '7 0.....ie
feasible the construction of parallel terraces, the use of
four-row equipment, and the improvement of row drain- Figure 15.---lioadbank that has caved during a wet season. The
age, soil is a White Store sandy loam.

110 SOIL SURVEY
Formation of Soils These rocks are primarily sandstone and shale, but they
include, lesser amounts of nrudstone cla.ystone, siltstone,
Soil is the product of the combined effects of parent and conglomerate. The Mayodan, Granville, White Store,
material, climate, plant and animal life, relief, and time. and Creedmoor soils have a surface layer of sandy loam
The characteristics of a soil at any given place depend. to silt loam and a varicolored, clayey subsoil. The White
upon the combined effects of these five environmental Store and Creedmoor soils have a clay subsoil that is
factors at the particular place. All of these factors affect -very firm when moist and plastic when wet, and they
the formation of every soil. In many places, however, one have a high content of aluminum. The Pinkston soils,
or two factors are dominant and fix most of the prop- which are derived from the same kind of parent material
erties of the soil. as the White Store and Cre.edmoor soils, have a surface
Parent material layer of sandy loam and a subsoil of coarse loamy ma-
terial, or they lack a subsoil. Pinkston soils occur in the
Parent material is the mass from winch a soil is western part'of the county.
formed. It is the factor that is primarily responsible for Coaara-1 Plaht s'cdim rzt --The soils that formed, in
the chemical and mineralogical composition of a soil, coastal Plain sediment, for example the Norfolk, Wag--
and it is one of the most important factors that has rain, Fa.ce.ville, Orangebur o•, and Rains, have a surface
caused differences among the soils. Some major differ- layer of loamy sand to fine sandy loam and a subsoil of
ences among- soils, such as those in texture, are easily loamy to clayey material. Drainage of these soils ranges
seen and can be determined in the field. Minor differ- from some`vhat excessive to poor. These soils occur in the
ences in mineralogical composition are determined only southern part of the county.
by careful laboratory analysis. Allwaium. -....The soils that formed in general alluvium
The parent material of the soils in Fake County or in deposits of local alluvium are the Buncombe, Con-
ranges from Precambrian to Tertiary in age. It differs garee, Cheati acla, Wehadkee Bibb, and Mantachie. These
greatly from one part of the county to another in soils have a surface layer of sand to silt loam and a. sub-
mineral and chemical composition. Nevertheless, the soil of sandy to fine loamy material. They occur along
parent, material of the soils in the county is of only three streams ami in upland depressions and draws throughout
main kinds—(1) material that, weathered from bedrock; the county, and they are somewhat excessively drained
(`.) Coastal Plain sediment; and (3) alluvium. The fol- to poorly drained.
lowing paragraphs discuss the soils in relation to these Climate
main kinds of parent material.
Material that 'weathered from. bedraek.--Cecil, App- Climate affects the physical, chemical, and biological
Ting, Durham, and Madison soils have formed in ma- relationships of soils, primarily through the influence of
terial that weathered from mica gneiss, mica schist, precipitation and temperature. Water from rain and
granite, and other acidic rocks that contain a large snow dissolves minerals, is necessary for biological no-
amount of quartz. These soils have a surface layer of tivity, and transports minerals and organic residue
sandy loam to loamy sand and a subsoil of red to yellow, through the soil profile. The amount of water that, a.ctu-
clayey material. The Louisburg and Wake soils, which ally percolates through t.he soil over a. broad r 'ca. de-
were derived from some of these same kinds of parent, pends mainly on the amount and duration of rainfall,
material, have a surface layer of loamy sand to sand and the relative°humidity, the rate of evapotranspiration,
have a loamy subsoil or no subsoil. These soils occur and the, length of the, frost-free period. Temperature in-
throughout the county, except in the western part. fluences the kind and the growth of organisms and the
Lloyd andl iran soils have formed in material that speed of physical and chemical reactions in the soils.
weathered from ,cranodiorite, hornblende, gneiss, and. '\wake County has a warm, humid climate. The average
other basic rocks, or from mixed acidic and basic rocks. annual tenrpera.ture is 61" F., and the average animal
They have a surface layer of loam to fine sandy loam daily minimum temperature. is i1 The average, monthly
and a dark reel. to olive yello«, clayey subsoil. -Wilkes'ilkes temperature ranges from I2° in January to 9" in July.
soils have the same kind of parent material as the Lloyd
Precipitation is well distributed and averages 46.9 inches
and Enon soils, and they have a surface layer of sandy Pe' year. The amount of annual. precipitation, however,
loam to silt loam and a varicolored and yaritexturecl ranges from oO inches, in the southern part of the
subsoil. Wilkes soils occur primarily northwest and west
county, to 4 inches in the northwestern part. The mild
temperature and the abundant moisture cause rapid de-
of Raleigh. composition of organic matter and hasten chemical re-
Georgeville, IIerndon, and other soils have. formed iu actions in the soils. The large amount. of rainfall leaches
material that weathered from phyllite, one of the rocks out a large part of the soluble bases and moves less
included in the Carolina slates. They have a surface layer soluble,fine material deeper in the soil.
of silt loam and a red to strong-brown, clayey subsoil. The climate of the county varies only slightly from
These soils have a high content of silt throughout their place to place, and the small differences that occur have
profile. They occur primarily in the, western part of the probably not caused local differences in the soils. Never-
county, but smaller areas are east of Zebulon and in the theless, the soils show the effects of climate in that they
southern part of the county. are acid and have a profile that is stronohi leached in
The Mayodan, Granville, White Store, and Creedmoor the upper part. Climate has also effected variations in
soils have formed. in material that weathered from the the plant and animal life of the county. The most, im-
Newark group of sedimentary rocks of Triassic age, portant effects that climate has had on the formation of

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 111
the soils is the alteration of parent material through Relief largely determines the natural drainage of a
changes in temperature, through changes in the amount soil. As an example, several different, soils, such as the,
of precipitation, and through influence on plant, ;and Durham, which are well drained, the Colfax, which are
animal life, somewhat poorly drained, and the Worsham, which are
poorly drained, have formed in similar parent material
Plant and animal life but have different characteristics because of differences
Plants and animals modify the formation of soils to in drainage. The poorly drained soils have a dark-colored
some extent. The kinds and numbers of organisms in surface layer acid_ are nearly level. 11ost soils that. formed
and on the soil are determined, to a large extent, by the in alluvium also are nearly level.
climate and, to a varying degree, by the parent material, Timerelief, and age of the soils. Bacteria, fungi, and other
microscopic organisms aid in the w-eitherin„. of rocks 'Ihe length of time required for it, soil profile to
and in the decomposition of organic matter. The larger develop depends on the other factors of soil formation.
plants and animals furnish organic matter a.nd transfer Less time is required for profile developmnent in a humid,
elements from the subsoil to the surface layer warm area, where the cover of plants is dense than in a
The activity of fungi and micro-organisms in the soils dry, cold area where the cover of pints is sparse. Like-
of Wake County usually takes place only in the upper- wise, less time is required for a soil profile to develop in
most few inches of the soil material. Earthworms and coarse-textured material than in similar, but finer tex-
other small invertebrates carrycarry on a slow, but, coutiuous, tared material, even though the environment is the same
cycle of soil mixing, also mostly in the uppermost few for both.
incites of soil material. Rodents have had little effect on. Soils vary considerably in age. Old soils generally have
the formation of soils hi tins county, more distinct horizons than young soils. In Wake County
This county was originally covered by a forest con- the old soils on the smoother parts of the uplands have
sisting of many kinds of hardwoods and several kinds of well-defined horizons. The younger soils that have steep
conifers. These trees took up elements from the subsoil slopes as the result of geologic erosion are, generally shad-
and added organic matter by depositing leaves, roots, lower over bedrock and have- a less well developed profile
twigs, and eventually the whole plant on the surface. than the older soils. Young soils, such as those that have
llere, these plant remains decayed and were acted on by formed in alluvium, have not been in place long enough
micro-organisms, earthworms, and other forms of life for well-defined horizons to have developed.
and by direct chemical reaction.
Organic matter decays rapidly in a well-drained soil, Classification of Soils
but excess moisture, retards oxidation of organic, matter.
Therefore, decay is slow- in wet soils. Generally, the wet- Soils are classified so that we can more easily remem-
ter the soils the greater the accumulation of organic, ber their significant characteristics. Classification enables
us to assemble knowledge about the soils, to seetheirTe-
matter.
For the most part,, plants and animals determine the lationships to one another and to the whole enviroiunent,
kinds of organic matter added to the soil and the way- and. to develop principles that help us to understand
in which the organic i iat.te,r is incorporated in the soil. their behavior and their response. to manipulation. First,
They transfer plant nutrients from one horizon to :an- through classification, and then through use of soil maps,
oilier, and often they transport. soil material from one we can apply our knowledge of soils to specific fields and
horizon to another. Plants and animals also affect the other tracts of land.
gains and losses in organic matter and the gains and Thus, in classification, soils are placed in narrow cafe..
losses of nitrogen a,nd other plant nutrients. They also gories that are used in detailed soil surveys so that
affect the soil structure and porosity of the soils and may knowledge about the soils can be organized and applied
also affect some other soil characteristics. in managing farms, fields, and woodlands; in developing
rural areas; in performing engineering work; and in
Relief many other ways. They are placed in broad classes to
'Relief is largely determined by the kinds of rock facilitate study and comparison in large areas, such_ as
formations underlying the soils and by the geologic his- countries and continents.
tory of the area, including crustal movements, dissection Two systems of classifying soils have been used in the
by streams,and the development of the landscape through United States in recent years. The older system was
the retreat of slopes. Relief influences the formation of adopted in 1938 (2) and later revised (13), The system
soils through its effect on moisture relationships, erosion, currently used was adopted for general use by the Na-.
temperature., and the cover of plants. Its influence is tional Cooperative Soil Survey in 1965. The current sys-
modified by the other factors of soil formation, tern is under continual study. Therefore, readers inter-
In Wake County the slopes range from 0 to 45 percent. ested in developments of the current system should
The soils of uplands, such as the Cecil, Mayodan, and search the latest literature available (12,, 16).
Norfolk, have a thick, well-developed profile in areas In table 7 the family, subgroup, and order of the cur-
where the slope is less than 10 percent. Where the slope rent system are given for each soil series. Also given are
is greater than 10 percent, geologic removal of soil mate- the great soil groups under the older system. Some soils
rial is more rapid. As a result, many of the steeper soils, in this survey area do not fit any series recognized in the
for example the Wilkes, Pinkston, and Wake, have a current classification, but placing them in a new series
thin, poorly defined profile. would not serve a useful purpose. Such soils are named

112 son SURVEY
TABLE 7.--Classification of the soils
Soil series Family Subgroup Order 'Great soil group of the 1938 system
Altavista Fin -loamy-, mixed, thermic-_- - Aquic Hapludults_._ -- I-lticol~s•._ __ j Red-Yellow Podzolic soils;.
Appliug Clayey, kaolirct c, thermic..- Typic Ha,pludult' -- 171tisols.__ Red-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Augustal.. Fine-lo ai:.ry, mixed, -thermic- _.. . Aerie OchraaquuIts___-- ; L Iticols_. __• Red-Yellow Podzolic soils inter-
1 grading toward Low-Huinie
Glev soils.
Bibb____.. Coarse loamy, siliceous, acid, Typic Haplaquents Entiao1 Low-Runde Gley soils.
thermic,
Buncombe_-- Mixed, thermic_ Typie Udipsainments__..._ . Entisols_ Alluvial soils.
Cecil _ _.._ Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic_-_ __) Typic Hapludults L-1ti ols_ Red-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Chewaela___ Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic__ Agrric Fluventic Dy stro- h,e ptiso.ls.. . Alluvial soils„
ehrelits.
Colfax__.__..._____. Fine-loamy, mixed, me,iu..._ .Aquic Fragiudril}s__ ______ Lltisols___. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils inter-
grading toward Lem--Hurnic
(,ley soils.
Congaree'_____ Fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, Typic Udifluvents_--__ Eniisols__ Ailuvialsoils,
thermic.
Creednroor._ .._. Clayey,ey mixed, thermic. Aquic ITapludults___ Llltisols_ Planosols.
Durham Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic j Typic Ii:tipiudult L11tryols__ I
Red-Yellow ellow Podzolic coils.
Enou _ Fine, mixed, thermic_ Ellie Haapludalfs... lltisols.__ Red-Yellow ellow Podzolic soils
intc r„raiding toward Planosols.
Faacevile____ _ _ i Clayey,ryey, krcoliuetic, thermic __ ( Typic Paleudulls T'lti ols__ Lied Yellow Podzolic soils.
Georgeville_ _.... Clayey, kaaolinitrc, thermic_.__- - Typic Hapludults_- _ __ Lrltisols__ Iced Yellow 'odzolie soils.
Goldsboro_ _ Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic__. Aquic Pailc u.dults .._ Chisel-_ Red-Yellow- Podzolic soils,
Granville___ Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic__ - ! Typic Hapludults_ Ult sots Red-Yellow Podzolic soils,
Helena__ . ; Clayey, mixed, thermic _..._. Aquic Hapludults Lltisols__ Planosols.
Herndon___ Clayey, kaolinitie, thermic___ _. Typic Hapludults__ -_ Liltisols__ Red-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Lloyd Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic,___ Typic Haeludult,c Ultisols_. .- Red-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Louisburg......_ .-; Coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Raptic-iUltic Dystrochrept ire elrtisolc Lithosols.
Lynchburg_ Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic. Aerie, Ochra.quults ___- Ultisols____ Red-Yellow Podzolic soils inter-
grading toward Low-Hurnic
Ole' soils.
Madison Clayey, keolinitic, thermic___ _- Typic Hapludults._._ Ultisols._....__ Red-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Iaiitoelue ' - -i Firic-loamy, siliceous, acid, Aerie Fluveutie Iiapia- inceptisols__-- Alluvial soils hitcrgrt/ding
therun°. quepts. iowa,rd Low-Iiuniic Clley
soils.
May-od,ur__... Clayeiy, kaolin tic, thermic. - Typic Hapludults -_ _ Iltisols__ lied Yellow Podzolic soils.
Norfolk _..__ Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic __ Typic Paleudults.___--_. L'lticols_- fled-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Orarayebiug Fine-loamy .siliceous, thermic -I Typic Paleudultti_ _) Ultr rls_._ lied-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Pink,,ton__- Coarser loamy, mixed, thermic_ ! R,iptie-Ultic Dystro- Inceptisols-.. ._I Lithosols.
ch.repts.
Plunuuor___ Loamy, siliceous, thermic.____ j Grossaarenic Ochra.quults Uitisols .__ _--� Low-Humic (Flea soils.
Rains __! Fine-Li-.any, siliceous, thermic.... Typic Oc}uuquults_... Illtisels_. Low-Flumic C.xley soils.
Roanoke __ Clayey, :mixed thermic__._ ___- Typic Ochraquulc._ _ Ultisol, Low-Huru_c Gle-y soils.
Troup___ _ L oa.nty, siliceous, thermic (,rosaarenic Paleudults_ Ultisoly_._ _ , Regosols.
Vance_.. Clayey, mixed, thermic,.__-- Typic Hapludults,.__.. LJitisols__ __- Red Yellow Podzolic soils.
Wagram___ __ Loamy, siliceous, 'thermic.._..._ - Arenic Paleudults_.__ Ultirols;__ Red-Yellow Podzolic soils.
'Wahee I.. -- Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic_-- Aerie Ochranquults__ -- Ult sols,.__ ._ __ Planosols.
Wake._.._..__. Siliceous, thermic_. _ i Lithic Cidips unrnents_._ - Eutisol-_._ ! Lithosols.
Wedoncc._-- Clayey, ka,olinrtic, thermic,___ Typic Hapludults. Lit is-u s.___ Red-Yellow Podzolic soils.
Wehedkee i i Fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, Fit:vent:lc Haplaquepts- Inceptisols_ Alluvial soils intcrgraading
thermic. toward Low-Hurnic Gley
soils.
White Store.. _ Clayey, mixed, thermic.____ \eri;ic Hiapludults_. - I rltisola._.____ Planosols,
Wilkes_-- _' Loamy, mixed, thermic, .hallow.. Typic I3aapludnlfs .._ _ Alfi of __ Iithosols.
Worsham..._. Clayey, mixed, thermic _.----- Typic Ochraquurtti_____ I trsols_.-. Lots--Humic Cloy soils.
1
' These soils are iaxcdjunetc to the respective series. They are enough like the series that a new series is not warranted,
for the series they strongly resemble., because they differ less clayey and are nonacid; those in the Wahee series
from that series in ways too small to be of consequence have a: subsoil that is slightly brighter colored; and
in intertrreting their usefulness or behavior. Soil scien- those included with the, •Wehti,dkee series are more acid.
tists designate such soils as taxadjuncts to the series for
which they are named.•
In this survey, soils named as members of time Con- Additional Facts About the County
garee, Mantachie, Wahee, and Wehadkee series are tax-
adjuncts to those series. Soils of this survey area that This section gives general. facts about —Wake County.
were placed in the Congaree series are more acid than Ct describes physiography, relief, drainage. water supply,
typical for that series; those, in the Mantachie series are and climate. it also discusses briefly the history and de-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAlOLi 'A 1.13
velopment and gives facts about commerce and industry Water Supply
in the county. Facts about the water supply and about
physiography, relief, and drainage were taken largely Water for domestic and industrial uses is obtained
from a manuscript on file at the North Carolina Depart- from wells and from surface sources in Wake County.
ment of Water Resourees.s The. ground water is suitable for most uses. All of the
rocks in the county, except those of Triassic age, are
good aquifers. Springs are rarely used as a source of
Physiography, Relief, and Drainage water, because their yield is small and generally the
Wake County is part of an uplifted. peneplain, dis- springs are inaccessible.
sected in places by a network of streams that generally Drilled wells are the most common type in this county,
flow in a southeasterly direction. The part of the county but there are a number of bored wells and a few that
in the. Coastal Plain province has relief typical both of are dug. Wells that penetrate granite or metamorphic
that in the. Piedmont. physiographic province and that rocks generally yield an adequate amount of water for
of the Coastal Plain. Because of this overlapping of domestic use. A yield of 1.0 to 15 gallons per minute can
p]hysiogr°aphic characteristics, the area i.s considered to be obtained from wells that penetrate the sap'olite that
be a transitional zone between the Piedmont uplands overlies granite., or it can be obtained from the uncoil-
and the Coastal Plain and is often referred to as the fall solidate.d Coastal Plain sediment. The yield from soils
zone or fall line. that overlie rocks of Triassic age generally is only 3 to
Throughout the county, erosion has altered the origi- 5 gallons per minute. Where a larger yield is required
nal relief. Most areas are gently rolling, but the areas wells should be located inareas where the potential
between streams are broad and flat. No hills stand. out sources of ground water appear to be the most, favor-
prominently above the general land surface. The areas able. Visible features that indicate a favorable source of
in which relief is mostbrokeir are near lazg© streams, ground water are fracture zones, quartz veins, deeply
where the differences i.n elevation range from 50 to 100 weathered areas, intruded dikes, and draws, depressions,
feet from the highest to the lowest points. or other low spots in the landscape.. The best, yielding
Differences hi elevation are more pronounced in the wells in rocks of Triassic age are located near diabase
western part of the county than in the southeastern dikes.
part. The highest point in the county, about 510 feet The largest number of wells in this county is on the
above sea level, is a quarter of a mile north of Leesville. broad upland fiats. Many wells are on the tops of hills,
The lowest point, about, 160 feet above sea level, is a half however, some are. on the side slopes, and a few are in
mile southeast of Shotwell, where Marks Creek flows draws. The average depth of these wells is 157 feet. The
into Johnston County. Raleigh, in the central part of the yield ranges from 0 to 2e}5 gallons per minute, but the
county, is about 350 feet above sea level. average yield is 17 gallons per minute. The diameter. of
In most places a thick layer of soil material and of drilled wells used as a source of water for domestic use
soft, weathered rock overlies the bedrock. In some parts is 3 to 8 inches; that of drilled wells used to supply iii-
of the county, where road cuts are deep, this soft, dusty°ial and municipal needs is 6 to 20 inches.
weathered. material is exposed to depths greater than in rural areas wells are the source of practically all
20 feet. Stone lines that are apparent at various depths of the water needed for domestic use. Water for munici-
in many places indicate that repeated cutting and filling palit.ies comes both from wells and from surface sources.
occurred until the present landscape, mainly of broad Raleigh, Wake Forest and Apex obtain water from
ridges and of smooth, gentle side slopes, became fairly stream-fed, manmade lakes; Zebulon obtains about one-
stable. fourth of its supply of water from four wells, and the
The Ne-rise River r and its tributaries drain. about SO rest from Pr•ivetts Pond on the Little River; and Cary
percent of the county, but the southwestern part is obtains part of its supply from 11 wells and part from
drained by tributaries of the Cape Fear River. The the city of Raleigh. Other municipalities in the county
.reuse River and many of its larger tributaries are ante- obtain all their supply of water from wells.
cedent streams that flow in a southeasterly direction. The
direction of flow of the smaller streams is primarily con.- Climate"
trolled by the regional structure and resistance to erosion r
of the underlying rocks. -Wake County has a moderate climate. The. weather is
Because of differences in relief, the natural surface rarely extremely rigorous, though constantly changing
drainage is generally medium to rapid. It is slow. how-
-Weather weather patterns that affect the, area bring a. variety of
ever°, on some nearly level intersf.,ream divides and On the weather that is changeable both by seasons and within
flood plains of streams. In the part of the county called seasons. The climate is determined, to some extent, by
the Triassic Basin, the. valleys are U-shaped gird the the latitude. Also, the county is located near the central
flood plans are faily wide. This basin is a swamps ile part of North Carolina. It is about halfway between the
pre,s5ion or lake where the rock and mineral deposits A.ppa].tchian :Mountains, on the northwest, -anti the At-
were made during the Triassic period. In other parts of ludic Ocean, on the southeast, and it is protected from
the county, the valleys are V-shaped and the flood plains climatic extremes, to some degree., both by the mountains
are .generally narrow. and the ocean. In. winter the mountains serve as an ef-
fective barrier to the cold fronts that frequently move
`"NORTH C_�Rox.Iv.� DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES. GEOLOGY down. across the. Central Plains -from Canada. The mourn.-
AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES IN THE-RALEIGH AREA, NORTH CARO- -
LINA, [Opera file manuscript]. 179 pp., illus. 106G. ° By A. V. HARDY, State climatologist of North Carolina.

114 SOIL SURVEY
tains turn aside some weak cold fronts so that these Table 8 gives facts about temperature and precipita-
fronts never reach the county. The stronger cold fronts tion in Wake County, When that table was prepared,
are modified, to some extent, as they cross the moun- consideration was given to all available data for this
tams, county. Where feasible, the data were adapted so that
When winds blow from directions ranging from north- they would be representative of temperature and pre-
east or east to southwest, the effects of the ..Atlantic cipitation in rural areas in the central part of the county,
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the inland bodies of as well as of those in other parts,
water that occupy-much of the eastern part of North TEMPERATURE.—The First columns of table 8 indicate
Carolina are most strongly felt. The temperature of both the average tenapei at,ures and the average vari-
these bodies of water changes much less rapidly with ability of temperature in Wake County. The highest,
changes hi the seasons than does that of masses of land. temperature ever officially recorded within the county
Seasonal variations in the temperature of land areas occurred on '2 different clays in July l9ai2, when a tom-
crossed by air that has passed over these bodies of water pera.t-ure of ltl73° F. was reached. The lowest tempera are.
tend to be minimized. _A Iso, the air picks up a significant of record is 2° below zero, which occurred in February
amount of moisture as, it Passes over the water, and it 1899. tinily once since 1899 has the temperature reached
releases this moisture in the form of rain or snow when zero or below. During warm spells during any month in
it passes over the land. winter, the temperature occasionally reaches as hula as
Lesser influences, for example, relief, cause variations SO', and during cold snaps in summer, the temperature
in climate within the county, even within short dis- sometimes drops as low as the forties. Rarely, however,
tances. The county is mostly gently rolling. It is mainly does a temperature as high as SO° occur in winter or as
between 300 and i00 feet above sea level, though some temperature as low as the forties occur in summer.
areas are higher than 500 feet and some are lower than Figure 16 shows the probabilities that a specified tean-
200 feet. These differences in relief and in elevation perature will occur on or before the specified date in
cause some differences in temperature. spring or before the specified dote in fall, Local differ-
Records of temperature and precipitation have been ences in temperature, especially in minimum tempera--
kept at several places within the county, and all have tare, can be caused by differences in relief and her the
been considered in preparing this study of the climate, presence of cities or community developments.
The longest period of record is that maintained since In calm, clear weather, heat is radiated from open,
1W-1 to the present time by the U.S. Weather Bureau in unsheltered earth surfaces at night; the surfaces cool
or near the city of Raleigh. The most complete record rapidly and, in turn, cool the layer of air in contact
in rural areas is that at the Weather Bureau Airport, with t.hean. Air, thus cooled, is heavier than warns. air.
Station at Raleigh-Durharn Airport. That, record was It flows downhill to the lowest spots end accumulates in
begun in 1944 and has been kept continuously since that any closed basin in the area. Continued radiation and
time. air drainage during a clear night, can produce a differ-
TABLE S.—Tcrriperature and precipitation for Wake (,'olcnfy, N.C.
[Elevation, 400 feet]
j
Temperature Precipitation
Two years in 10 will have at ! One year in 10 Soil
least, 4 days with-- will have— Averr:ge tempera-
Month I Average Average ______ ____-- -- ! �. _ Days �i depth of t•tau at
daily daily -- .�. Average , wash snow on 4--inch
i maximum minimnaam Maximum Slinuntnn total sa10W days with ' depth '
tempera Lure tempera titre Loss More ! covOr � ,i+now
equal to or r equal to or than— than— i cover
hi g,her than— lower than—
: i
F. °I °1 °C. Inches Inches 1 Inchc, 1 nm(iec ieachc8
January .__ 51 .33 69 15 3. 3 1. 6 . 6. 6 F 3 ' 2 40
February____ 53 34 72 19 3. 5 1.2 1 5, 4 f 2 1 42
March61 41 . 76 , 24 3. 7 1. 6 I 6. 0 E 3 }.,
April___._ 71 49 • 36 , 33 3. 8 1 8 I 5. 4 0 0 59
i 79 58 91 ' 43 i 3.8 1. 2 6. 3 i 0 0 j 67
Jun' ________ _ _i 86 ! 66 97 54 3, 9 1. S i S. 0 i 0 1 0 76
July___., Sti 69 97 61 j 5, 9 2, 6 10, 0 0 0 i '79
August S7 OS 96 59 5. 4 ! 1.4 9. 7 0 0 ' 79
September 82 63 91 47 j 4. 6 i 1. 3 It. 4 i 0 % 0 ' 73
October_... 72 , 52 S6 34 2. 8 5 6. 2 i 0 I 0 63
November-._ 61 . 42 i 77 26 3. 0 ; 1. 1 j 7. 0 j (2) 1a) 52
December__ .___ _ 52 ' 34 67 15 3.2 ! 1, 7 i 6. 1 1 1 1 i 43
Year 70 51 4 99 6 12 46. 9 I 36, 1 55. 0 I 7 2 60
1 An average of 4 daily observations made at 6-hour intervals. 4 Average annual higher temperature.
2 Less than one-half day. 5 Average annual lowest temperature.
2 Less than one-half inch.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 115
once of several degrees in minimum temperatures within SPRING
a short distance. As a result, frost and freezing tempera- 2—
tures can occur in one area while the temperature in a
nearby area is above freezing. When dense clouds cover n 5_
an area, or when winds blow continuously throughout o
tll:rerminfairlynight,
nouniform throughout
pockets
o fculda h air form,,county.
d temperaturesty LIS 10_ • ' ,' ..if,' z ',, ,?,, 0 ,,,, e
PRECIPITATION.—The amount of precipitation de-
"I
creases gradually from the southeastern part of the -71- 20—
county to the northwest. The average amount recorded -(7'5
for any given location depends, to a great extent, on the a 30—
length of the period of years of record. The average g 3
amount recorded for a given period, even for a period
as long long as 25 to 30 years, can vary noticeably from the .
average for an earlier or a later period of similar length. 50
10 20 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30
Comparisons of figures for precipitation for a recent FEBRUARY MARCH I APRIL I MAY I
10-year period, when the period during which records
CALENDAR DATE
were kept was the same for all stations, indicate that the
average precipitation is about, 50 inches or more per
year in the southeastern part of Wake County, about 47
inches in the central part, and only about 43 inches along
the northwestern edge of the county at the Raleigh-
Durham Airport. These figures agree fairly well with
those for older periods in which amounts of precipita- FALL
2—
tion were recorded for the same general areas. No re- ,
cent observations are available for the extreme southern , !
Z
and the extreme northern parts of the county.
IL In spite spite of these minor variations, precipitation is ,(E'
generally plentiful and is well distributed throughout ic LJ 10_,
the year. Distribution during a particular rain, how- ,
ever, can vary a great deal. The amount of rain received >
in a storm in summer, generally in a thundershower, is It, 20—
especially likely to vary greatly within a short distance. Ed i
Individual thunderclouds are sometimes effective in only I
,1 36_
a small area, and they sometimes cause copious run in 2
one part of the county while another part has less rain El- 40—
or no rain. Sometimes an area is repeatedly missed by
. I 50
such small-scale summer rains, and it thus becomes dry 10 20 30 10 20 3.0 10 20 30 10 20 30
enough that, supplemental irrigation is necessary for SEPTEMBER I OCTOBER I NOVEMBER I DECEMBER I
crops to grow well. Rains in winter are usually the re-
CALENDAR DATE
suit of large, moving, low-pressure storms. The amount
of moisture.these storms bring is likely to be more nearly Figure 16.—Probability that the temperature in an open,level area
uniform throughout the county than that received. in a in Wake County will be 16°, 20", 24', 28', 32', 36'? or 40° F. after
the dates indicated in spring and before the dates indicated in fall.
storm in summer.
Thunderstorms in summer occasionally bring rain
heavy enough that it causes damage. In a given area of
STORMS. Summer thunderstorms are sometimes acs
the county, rain amounting to as much as 2 inches in a
companied by hail, damaging winds, or both. Hail or
single hour is to be expected on an average of about once windstorms usually affect only a small area, however,
in 5 years; rain amounting to 4 inches or more in an and a given area is not likely to be damaged by these
hour is to be expected only about once in 50 years. In storms more than once in many years. Once in a great
some areas of the county, heavy rain may occur almost many years, a small tornado accompanies a thunder-
every summer, but the area affected is generally small. storm and serious damage is inflicted in a small area.
Data for snow, given in table 8, were mostly derived The 'likelihood is negligible, however, that any given
f corn records kept during recent years at the Raleigh- place will be affected by such a storm. At times in most
Durham Airport, but averages for the entire county were summers, the velocity of the wind is strong enough that
also considered. Though snow may fall at any time dur- the, limbs of trees are broken and antennas or signboards
ing the period from November through March, it is most are damaged. Also, hail that noticeably punctures to-
likely to accumulate and remain on the ground in Janu- bacco leaves falls at times. The areas affected by these
ary and February. A few of the heaviest snows have windstorms or hailstorms are generally small.
fallen early in March, but these storms occur rarely and Sleetstorms or glaze, winter cold fronts, and tropical
the snow generally melts quickly. Earlier records, not hurricanes are other storms that sometimes affect the
used in accumulating data for table Ei, indicate that a weather of Wake County. Sleet sometimes accumulates
heavy snow once fell in April. on the ground like snow. Glaze results when rain falls

116 son SURVEY
in freezing weather and forms a layer of ice that ac- The development of Wake County and of the city of
cumulates on the surface where it falls. Periods of glaze, Raleigh were closely associated. Atter the country be-
sometimes called ice storms, occur less frequently in this came independent, North Carolina's General Assemblies
county than in the western and extreme northern parts met, in many different places, but they had no place to
of the Piedmont, but they occasionally cause breakage store their State records. When they met in 1778, it, was
of trees, shrubs, and communication lines. Usually, win- resolved that a permanent site be selected for a State
ter cold fronts must cross the mountains to reach this capital. A tract of 1,000 acres was selected for the State
area. Therefore, they lose notch of the force with which capital and was purchased at a price of 82,756. The city
they pass over the Great Plains. Tropical hurricanes was planned and was laid out while it was still in forest
rarely cause serious damage this far inland. They some- and farmland, and it was named Raleigh for the English
times cause an increase in precipitation and bring winds adventurer, Sir Walter Raleigh.
of moderate force. The history of the county is closely linked to the de-
Ormmm FAc'rors THAT AFFECT CLIMATE.—Other fac- velopmetit of the railroads. Between 1.856 and. 18`70, the
tors besides temperature, precipitation, and storms affect towns of Cary, Garner, Morrisville. Apex, /_ebuloti and
climate. Among these are wind, sunshine, and humidity. Fuquay Springs sprang up along the railroad rights-of-
The prevailing direction of the wind in this county is way, mid those communities are still active. The dev elop-
f'rom the southwest, but the wind blows from the north- meat of the towns of Holly Springs, Wake Forest, Wen-
east almost as much as from the southwest,. It blows dell, and Knigi lit ale was also intluencecl liy the gruwl1,
from the northeast, especially in autumn. The average of the rail oad.s,
velocity of the wind near the earth's surface is 8 miles As late as 18'79, cotton was the most, important crop.
per hour. The average velocity is higher in early after- Corn and small grains were grown on large acreages,
noon and is lower between midnight and dawn than at however, and only small acreages were used to grow
other times. sweetpotatoes, hay, and tobacco. Ten years later, the
Time sun shines more than half the total number of acreages of cotton, corn, and. wheat had decreased Call-
daylight hours. The time during which the sun shines siderably and the acreages of tobacco, oats, rye, sweet-
ranges from half the possible time in winter to two- potatoes, and hay had increased (9). This market the
thirds or more of the possible time late in spring and beginning of a trend that has continued into the present;
early smnmer. decade. Cotton is now of only minor importance. To-
The average relative humidity is about 70 percent bacco contributes a major part of the gross farm ittcotrre.
year round. The. average daily variation ranges from Cattle, poultry, and hogs are raised extensively; in-
about 50 percent. in midafternoon to 85 to 90 percent at come from sales of livestock and livestock products ac--
sunrise. The relative humidity varies slightly according counted for more than a fifth of the gross farm income
to the season. The average huiniditi is lowest in spring in 1964. Over the past several decades, industry, c;onr-
and highest late in summer• fierce, and research have increased steadily in their con-
tribution to the economic life of the county.
History and Development Commerce and Industry
The first settlers to arrive in what is now Wake 7
County came from Halifax about 1741. In 1760 one of Government, and education are extremely important
these settlers built his home in the area that is now the to the economic life of Wake County. Government at all
city of Raleigh. The county °c�a.s formed in 1771 from levels employs a great number of people.
parts of Johnston, Cumberland, and Orange Counties Since 195a, manufacturing has grown a great. deal.
and was named for the Wake family. '1latry people are employed in electronics, in metal fabri-
`1he early settlers grew corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and cation, and in the manufacture of machinery, apparel,
some cotton on the uplands and uses, the grassy areas textiles, food items, chemicals, and a number of other
products.
along streams for grazing cattle and hogs. l3eeause only The Resc,a:rch Triangle,le concept, built arrond Duke
crude implements were available for cttltiv,rtion and g 1 '` tt
the University of
most of the work was done by hand, returns from farm-
at in Durham, North Carolina
ing were small, Most farmers owned a mill -for grinding at. Chapel. Hill, and North Carolina State University at
Raleigh, has been one of the. great spurs to the
corn and wheat, and a distillery for processing surplus mdus-
gra,in and fruit. They also produced turpentine and tar, triatliza#,ion of this area,. This concept led to the a eta a
but those products were of only minor economic tin lishment of a 5,000 acre industrial park to be used for
porta.nce• research and research-oriented industries. The Research
At, first. the settlers did little trading outside of their Triangle Park has attracted leading research firms, and
opork, and these firms, in turn, have attracted leading inanu.fac-
wn area, but later they began to take flour, furors to the, arca.
tobacco to Now Bern to trade for commodities that they Wake County is also a distributing and wholesa:linn'
could not produce. Still later, after the Cape Fear River center. Food distributors,' who serve-the eastern p xrf-
came into use for navigation, Fayetteville became the of the Carolinas, are among the most important of these
market for the eastern, southern, and western parts of distributors and wholesalers. Numerous retail stores, in-
the county. Petersburg, Va., was the. preferred market surance, companies, utility companies, and others not
for farmers in the northern part of the county, and only serve the. communities but. also provide, employment
large numbers of cattle were driven there. for many people.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 117
Literature Cited Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than
0.002 millimeter in diameter.As a textural class, soil material
(1) AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS. that is 40 percent or more clay,less than 45 percent sand,and
1961. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY MATERIALS less than 40 percent silt.
AND METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING. Ed. 8, Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease with which a
2 v., illus. lump can be crushed by the fingers. Terms commonly used to
describe consistence(2) BA19 OIL 11F.ASSGG,IFI CA IOE. and U.S. RP,J Loose. Noncoherent; the soil does not hold together in a mass.
are-
1938. soft C1, illus.FIr,ATIox. S. Dept. Agr. Ybk.: 979- Friable. When moist, the soil crushes under gentle to moder-
(3) 1W. ate pressure between thumb and forefinger and can be
BROADFOOT, W. M., and KAINARD, R. M. pressed together into a lump.
1959. GUIDE FOR EVALUATING UM SITES. U.S. FOr- Firm. When moist, the soil crushes under moderate pressure
est Serv. South. Forestrest Expt. Sta., Occasional between thumb and forefinger, but resistance is distinctly
Paper 176,8 pp. noticeable.
(4) 1963. GUIDE FOR EVALUATING WATER OAK SITES. U.S. For- Plastic. When wet, the soil is readily deformed by moderate
est Serv.Res.Paper SO-1,8 pp. pressure but can be pressed into a lump; forms a wire
(5) CHAI%EN, L. E., and NELSON, T. C. when rolled between thumb and forefinger.
1959. SITE CURVES FOR PIEDMONT VIRGINIA PINE. U.S. For- Sticky. When wet, the soil adheres to other material, and
tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart, rather than to
est Serv., S.E. Forest Expt. Sta. Res. Note 135,
2 pp pull free from other material.
(6) CorLE, T. S. Hard. When dry, the soil is moderately resistant to pressure
1952. SOIL AND THE GROWTH OF FORESTS. Advances in and is difficult to break between the thumb and forefinger.
Agron. IV:329-398,2 pp. Soft. When dry, the soil breaks into powder or individual
(7) and SCHUMACHER, F. X. grains under very slight pressure.
1953. SITE INDEX OF ZOAI.Or,LY AND SHORTLEAF PINES IN Cemented. Hard and brittle; little affected by moistening.
PLATEAU REGION. Jour. Forestry Creep, soil. The downward movement of masses of soil mate-
THE
51: PIEDMONT rial, primarily through the action of gravity. The movement
(8) MCALPINE, ROBERT G. is generally slow and irregular. It occurs most commonly
1959. FLOODING KILLS YELLOW-POPLAR. Forest Farmer 19 when the lower part of the soil is nearly saturated with
(3) : 9, 13-14, illus. water, and it may be facilitated by alternate freezing and
thawing
(9) NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Drainage, natural. Refers to moisture conditions that existed
1896. NORTH CAROLINA AND ITS RESOURCES. 413 pp., illus. during the development of the soil, as opposed to altered
Winston, N.C. drainage, which is commonly the result of artificial drainage
(10) OLSON, D. J. or irrigation but can be caused by the sudden deepening of
1959. SITE INDEX CURVES FOR UPLAND OAK IN THE SOUTH- channels or the blocking of a drainage outlet, The following
EAST. U.S. Forest Serv., S.E. Forest Expt. Sta. seven different classes of natural drainage are recognized:
Res. Note 125, 2 pp. Ewcessively drained soils are commonly very porous, are rapid-
(11) OOSTING, H. J., and HESS, D. W. ly permeable, and have low water-holding capacity.
1956. MICROCLIMATE AND RELICT STAND OF TSUGA CANADEN- Somewhat excessively drained soils are also very permeable
S15 IN THE LOWER PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLING. and are free from mottling throughout their profile.
Ecol. 37: 28-39, illus. TVell-drained soils are nearly free from mottling and are com-
(121 SIMONSON, ROY. W. monly of intermediate texture.
1962. SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Sci. Moderately well drained soils commonly have a slowly perme-
able layer in or immediately beneath the solum. They have
(13) THORP, JAMES, and SMITH, GUY. D.
1949. HIGHER CATEGORIES OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ORDER, uniform color in the A and upper B horizons and have
SUBORDER, AND GREAT SOIL GROUPS. Soil Sc!. 67: mottling in the lower B and C horizons.
117-126. Somewhat poorly drained soils are wet for significant periods
(14) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, but not all the time.
1929. VOLUME, YIELD, AND STAND TABLES FOR SECOND- Poorly drained soils are wet for long periods, are light gray,
GROWTH SOUTHERN PINES. MISC. Pub. 50, 202 pp. and generally are mottled from the surface downward,
(Out of print) though mottling may be absent or nearly absent in some
(15) soils.
1951. sou, SURVEY MANUAL. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook Very poorly drained soils are wet nearly all the time. They
18, 503 pp., illus. have a dark-gray or black surface layer and are gray,
(16) light gray, or without mottling in the deeper parts of the
1960. SOIL CLASSIFICATION, A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM, profile.
7TH APPROXIMATION. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Con- Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by wind,
servation Service, 265 pp., illus. (Supplement is- running water, and other geologic agents.
sued in March 1967) First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, subject to fre-
(17) WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS. quent or occasional flooding.
1953. THE UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. Tech. Flood plain. Nearly level land, consisting of stream sediment,
Memo,No. 3-357,3 v.,illus. that borders a stream and is subject to flooding unless pro-
tected artificially.
Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the sur-
face, that has distinct characteristics produced by soil-
Glossary forming processes and that differs in one or more ways
from adjacent horizons in the same profile. These are the
Acidity,soil. See Reaction,soil. major soil horizons:
Alluvium. Soil material, such as sand, silt, or clay, that has 0 horizon. The layer of organic matter on the surface of a
been deposited on land by streams. mineral soil. This layer consists of decaying plant residue.
Available water capacity. The capacity of a soil to hold water A horizon. The mineral horizon at the surface or just below
in a form available to plants. The amount of moisture held an 0 horizon. This horizon is the one in which living or-
in a soil between field capacity, or about one-third atmos- ganisms are most active, and it is therefore marked by
phere of tension, and the wilting point, or about 15 atmos- the accumulation of humus. The horizon may have lost one
pheres of tension. Commonly expressed as inches of water or more of soluble salts, clay, and sesquioxides (iron and
per inch of soil. aluminum oxides).

1.18 SOIL SURVEY
B horizon. The mineral horizon below an A horizon. The B pH pH
horizon is in part a layer of change from the overlying A Extremely acid Below 4.5 Neutral _6.G to 7.3
to the underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has dig- Very strongly acid.__4.5 to 5.0 Mildly a.11oihine_._._._._,__7.4 to 7.8
tinctive characteristics caused by accumulation of clay, Strongly ac•id_____.___.5.1 to 5.5 Moderately alkaline___7,9 to 8.4
sesquioxides, humus, or some combination of these; by Medium a.cid_...__.._._._.5.6 to 6.0 Strongly alkaline_..____8.5 to 9.0
Prismatic or blocky structure; by redder or stronger col- Slightly acid__..___.__....__,6.1 to 6.5 Very strongly alkaline
ors; or by some combination of these characteristics. The 9.1 and higher
combined A and B horizons are usually called the solum, Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral fragments
or true soil. If a soil lacks a B horizon, the A horizon ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.
alone is the solum. Most sand grains consist of quartz, but, sand may be of any
C horizon. The weathered rock i niterial immediately beneath mineral composition. As a textural clasp, soil that is 85 per-
the soltun. This layer, commonly called the soil parent cent or more sand and not more than 10 percent clay.
material, is presumed to be like that from which the over- Sesgrr-ioxidr's. Oxides having trivalent; cations, as iron or ulumi-
lying horizons were formed in most soils. If the under- num oxides.
lying material is known to be different from that in the Silt. As as soil separate, individual mineral. particles that range
solum, a Roman numeral precedes the letter C. from the upper limit of clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower
B. layer. Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The rock gen- limit of very fine sand (0.05 millimeter). As a textural class,
erally underlies a C horizon but may be immediately soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 percent
beneath an A or B horizon. clay
Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the immediate Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body on the earth's surface
surface of soil or other material, as contrasted with per- that supports plants and that has properties resulting from
colation, which is movement of water through soil layers or the integrated effect of climate and living matter acting
material. upon parent material, as conditioned by relief over .periods
,Mottled. Irregularly marked with spots of different colors that of time.
vary in number and size. Mottling in soils usually indicates Structure, soil° The arrangement of primary soil particles into
poor aeration and lack of drainage. Descriptive terms are as compound particles or clusters that are separated from ad-
follows: Abundance—few, common, and many; size—fine, joining aggregates and have properties unlike those of an
medlar., and coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and prom.- equal mass of unaggregated primary soil particles. The prin-
i'rrcur, The size measurements are these: Fine, less than 5 cipal forms of soil structure are--platy (laminated), prig-.
millimeters (about 0.2 inch) in diameter along the greatest matte (vertical axis of aggregates longer than horizontal),
dimension. medium, ranging from 5 to 15 millimeters (about columnar (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or
0.2 to 0.6 inch) in diameter along the greatest dimension; subangular), and granular. Structure/cgs soils are (1) single
and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch) in grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or (2) mas-
diameter along the greatest dimension, sive (the particles adhering together without any regular
Ped. An individual natural. soil aggregate, such as a crumb, cleavage as in many claypans and hardpans).
Subsoil.,a prism, or a block, in contrast to a clod. Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the
Permeability, soil. The quality of a soil horizon that enables 1tratuifile below plow lying
<S�abstratnrre. :any layer ]yiarg beneath the solatttt, or true soil.
water or air to naive through it. Terms used to describe Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or un-
permeability are as follows: Very slow, slow, moderately) dulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Stream ter-
slow, moderate, moderately rapid, rapid, and very rapid, races are frequently called second bottoms, as contrasted with
Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly weathered flood plains, and are seldom subject to overflow. Marine ter-
mixture of clay with quartz and other diluents that common- races were deposited by the sea and are generally wide.
ly shows as red mottles, usually in platy, polygonal, or retie- Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay
ulate patterns. Plinthite changes irreversibly to hardpan or particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural classes, in order
to irregular aggregates upon repeated wetting and drying, of increasing proportion of fine particles, are sand, loa-mrrl
or is the hardened relict, of the soft, red mottles. It is a form sand, sandy loam loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay/
of laterite. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The
Reaction, soil. The degree of acidity or al/Salinity of a soil, ex-
divided loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be furtherpressed in pI3 v'limes. .A soil that tests to pH 7.0 is precisely divided by ,specifying `coarse," '`fine," or 'very fine."
Tiltlr,, soil. The condition of the soil in relation to the growth of
neutral in reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline, plants, especially soil structure. Good tilth refers to the fri-
,t<n acid ,soil is one that gives in acid reaction; an alkaline :able state, and is associated with high noncal)illary porosity
soil is one that is alkaline in reaction. In words, the degrees and stable, granular structure. A soil hi poor filth is non-
of acidity or alkalinity are expressed thus: friable, hard, nonaggrega.ted, and difficult to till.

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS
For a full description of a mapping unit, read both the description of the mapping unit and the soil series
to which it belongs. Other information is given in tables as follows;
Acreage and extent, table 1, p. 7. Engineering uses of the soils, tables
Estimated yields, table 2, p. 74. 4, 5, 6, pp. 88 through 109.
Woodland Wildlife
Capability suitability suitability
Described unit group group
Map on
symbol Mapping unit page Symbol Page Number Page Number Page
AfA Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes- 9 IIw-1 67 4 79 1 85
AgB Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes 9 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
AgB2 Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded 10 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
AEC Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes 10 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
AgC2 Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded 10 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
ApB Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 10 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
ApB2 Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 11 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
AFC Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 11 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
ApC2 Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 11 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
AO Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes 12 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
Asa Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 12 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
AsB2 Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 12 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
AsC Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 12 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
AsC2 Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 13 IIIe-1 67 1 5 79 1 85
Au Augusta fine sandy loam 13 Illw-2 70 4 79 2 85
(1;) Borrow area 14 (i/) -- 13 83 5 87
Bu Buncombe soils 14 IVs-1 72 3 79 4 87
CeB Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 15 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
CeB2 Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 15 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
CeC Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 16 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
CeC2 Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded- 16 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
CeD Cecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes 16 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
CeF Cecil sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes 16 VIe-1 72 5 79 1 85
CgB Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes- 16 Ile-1 66 5 79 1 85
CgB2 Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 17 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
CgC Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes 17 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
CgC2 Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded 17 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
C1B3 Cecil clay lcam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
eroded 17 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
C1C3 Cecil clay lcam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
eroded 17 IVe-2 71 5 79 1 85
C1E3 Cecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes,
severely eroded 18 VIe-2 73 5 79 1 85
Cm Chewacla soils 18 IIIw-1 70 1 78 2 85
Cn Colfax sandy loam 19 IIIw-2 70 4 79 2 85
Co Congaree fine sandy loam 20 IIw-2 67 1 78 2 85
Cp Congaree silt loam 20 IIw-2 67 1 78 2 85
Orb Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 21 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
CrB2 Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 21 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
CrC Creedmocr sandy loam, 6 tc 10 percent slopes 22 IIIe-3 69 , 11 82 ( 1 85

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS--Continued
Woodland Wildlife
Capability suitability suitability
Described unit group group
Map on
symbol Mapping unit Page Symbol Page Number. Page Number Page
CrC2 Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 22 IVe-3 71 11 82 1 85
CrE Creedmoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes 22 VIe-1 72 11 82 1 85
CtB Creedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 22 IIe- 66 11 82 1 85
CtC Creedmoor silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 23 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
DuB Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes 23 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
DuB2 Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded- 23 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
DuC Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes 24 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
DuC2 Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 24 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
EnB Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 25 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
En32 Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 25 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
EnC Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 25 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
EnC2 Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 25 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
EnD2 Enon fine sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded 26 IVe-3 71 11 82 1 85
FaB Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 26 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
FaB2 Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 27 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
FaC2 Faceville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 27 IIIe-1 67 6 80 1 85
GeB Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 28 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
Ged2 Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 28 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
GeC Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 28 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
GeC2 Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 25 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 `5
GeD2 Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded 29 IVe-2 71 5 79 1 85
Go Goldsboro sandy loam 29 IIw-1 67 4 79 1 85
GrE Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 30 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
GrE2 Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 30 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
GrC Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 31 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
0rC2 Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 32 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
GrD Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes 32 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
Gu Gullied land 32 VIIe-1 73 13 83 15 87
_LeD Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 33 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
IIeB2 Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 33 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
HeC Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 33 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
HeC2 Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 33 IVe-3 71 11 82 1 85
HeD Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes 34 IVe-3 71 11 82 1 85
HrB Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 34 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
HrB2 Hendon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded- 35 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
HrC Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 35 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
HrC2 Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 35 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
HrD2 IIerndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded 35 IVe-2 71 5 79 1 85
IIrE Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes 36 VIe-1 72 5 79 1 85
LdB2 Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 36 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
1dC2 Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded 36 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
LdD2 Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded 37 IVe-2 71 5 79 1 85
LoB Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes 37 IIIe-4 69 12 82 4 87
LoC Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes 38 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS--Continued
Woddland Wildlife
Capability suitability suitability
Described unit group group
Map on — -
symbol Mapping unit page Symbol Page Number Page Number Page
LoD Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes---- .38 VIe-1 72 12 82 4 87
LwB Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes- 38 IIIe-4 69 12 82 4 87
LwB2 Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded 38 IIIe-4 69 12 82 4 87
LwC Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
slopes 38 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87
LwC2 Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded 39 IVe-< 71 12 82 4 87
Ly Lynchburg sandy loam 40 IIw-1 67 4 79 2 85
Ma Made land 40 (1/) -- 13 83 5 87
MdB2 Madison sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 40 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
MdC2 Madison sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 41 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
MdD2 Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded 41 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
MdE2 Madison sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes,
eroded 41 VIe-1 72 5 79 1 85
Me Mantachie soils 42 IIIw-2 70 4. 79 2 85
MfB Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 43 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
MfB2 Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 43 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
MfC Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 43 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
MfC2 Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 44 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
MfD2 Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded 44 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
MfE Mayodan sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes 44 Vie-1 72 5 79 1 85
MgB Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes 44 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
MgB2 Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded 44 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
MgC Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes 45 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
MgC2 Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded 45 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
MyB Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes 45 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
MyB2 Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 tc 6 percent slopes,
eroded 45 IIe-2 66 5 79 1 85
MyC Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes 46 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
MyC2 Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 46 IIIe-2 68 5 79 1 85
MyD Mayodan silt loam, thin, 10 to 15 percent slopes-- 46 IVe-2 71 5 79 1 85
SPA Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes 47 I-1 65 6 80 1 85
NoB Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes -47 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
NcB2 Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 47 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
NoC Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes 48 IIIe-1 67 6 80 1 85
NoC2 Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 48 IIIe-1 67 6 80 1 85
OrB Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes 49 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
0rB2 Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 49 IIe-1 66 6 80 1 85
OrC2 Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 49 IIIe-1 67 6 80 1 85
PkC Pinkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes 50 IVe-< 71 12 82 4 87

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS--Continued
Woodland Wildlife
Capability suitability suitability
Described unit group group
Map on
symbol Mapping unit page Symbol Page Number Page Number Page'
PIck Pinkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes 50 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
Ps Plummer sand 51 IVw-1 72 8 80 3 87
Ra Rains fine sandy loam 51 IIIw-3 70 7 80 3 87
Re Roanoke fine sandy loam 52 IVw-1 72 2 78 3 67
Sw Swamp 52 VIIw-1 73 14 84 3 87
VaB Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 54 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
VaB2 Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded 54 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
VaC2 Vance sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded- 54 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
WaA Wagram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes 55 Its-i 67 9 81 4 87
WaB Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes 55 Its-i 67 9 81 4 87
WaC Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes 56 IIIe-5 69 9 81 4 87
WgA Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes 56 IIIs-1 70 10 81 4 87
Oh Wahee fine sandy loam 56 IIIw-2 70 4 79 2 55
WkC Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes 57 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87
WkE Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes 57 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
WmB Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 58 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
WmB2 Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 58 IIe-1 66 5 79 1 85
WmC Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 58 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
WmC2 Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 58 IIIe-1 67 5 79 1 85
W.w,D2 Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded 59 IVe-1 71 5 79 1 85
WmE Wedowee sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes 59 VIe-1 72 5 79 1 85
Wn Wehadkee silt loam 60 IVw-1 72 2 78 3 87
Wo Wehadkee and Bibb soils 60 IVw-1 72 2 78 3 87
WsB White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 61 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
WsB2 White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded 61 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
WsC White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes 61 IIIe-3 69 11 82 1 85
W5C2 White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded 61 IVe-3 71 11 82 1 85
WsE White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes 62 VIe-1 72 11 82 1 85
WtB White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 62 IIe-3 66 11 82 1 85
WvD3 White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes,
severely eroded 63 VIe-2 73 11 82 1 85
WwE Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes 63 IVe-3 71 12 82 4 87
WwE Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slopes 63 VIe-2 73 12 82 4 87
Owl Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes 64 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
WxE Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes 64 VIIe-1 73 12 82 4 87
Wy Worsham sandy loam 64 IVw-1 72 2 78 3 87
1/
Identified by its name on the soil map; not assigned to a capability unit.

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