HomeMy WebLinkAbout20211480 Ver 1_NC Pollinator Toolkit - April 2019_20211207North Carolina Pollinator Toolkit
Prepared by the North Carolina Botanical Garden
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
April 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The North Carolina Pollinator Toolkit was developed by the North Carolina Botanical
Garden at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in collaboration with multiple partners,
including the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, the Rural Advancement
Foundation International (RAFT -USA), the North Carolina Wildlife Federation, the U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service, Fresh Energy, and Audubon North Carolina. Funding for development of the
North Carolina Pollinator Toolkit was provided by the Burt's Bees Greater Good Foundation.
This document can be found on the North Carolina Botanical Garden website at
http://ncbg.unc.edu and North Carolina Pollinator Conservation Alliance website,
http://ncoollinatoralliance.org/.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1
II. SPECIES SELECTION & SEED MIX DEVELOPMENT................................................................................1
SeedSourcing...........................................................................................................................................1
SpeciesDiversity.......................................................................................................................................3
ProjectTypes............................................................................................................................................ 4
Recommended Species / Seed Mixes......................................................................................................
6
III. PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS..............................................................................................................7
SiteSelection............................................................................................................................................
7
SiteAnalysis.............................................................................................................................................. 8
SitePrep....................................................................................................................................................8
SoilAmendment.....................................................................................................................................10
CoverCrops.............................................................................................................................................10
Timing.....................................................................................................................................................10
PlantingLayout.......................................................................................................................................10
SeedingRate...........................................................................................................................................11
PlantingMethods...................................................................................................................................11
IV. MAINTENANCE SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................................12
Mowing and Prescribed Burning...........................................................................................................12
Herbicide, Fertilizer, and Pesticide Application....................................................................................13
Invasive Species Control.........................................................................................................................13
V. NATIVE POLLINATOR HABITAT ESTABLISHMENT TIMELINE.............................................................13
Year1......................................................................................................................................................13
Year2......................................................................................................................................................14
Year3......................................................................................................................................................14
VI. FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES.............................................................................................................14
Small-scale opportunities (<_ $5,000).....................................................................................................14
Large-scale opportunities (> $5,000).....................................................................................................15
VII. REFERENCES & WEB RESOURCES...................................................................................................16
APPENDIX A: NORTH CAROLINA NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS FOR USE IN HEDGEROWS .......................19
APPENDIX B: THE BEST NORTH CAROLINA NATIVE PLANT SPECIES FOR POLLINATORS .........................
21
INTRODUCTION
The North Carolina Pollinator Toolkit has been developed with the goal of reversing the
decline of pollinator species and other beneficial insects, including bees (both native bees and
European honeybees), butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, and wasps. There are nearly 500
species of bees, more than 2,200 species of moths, and over 170 species of butterflies native to
the state of North Carolina (Asher and Pickering 2014, Discoverlife.org). Some of these
pollinator species are considered threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and
fragmentation, pesticide use, and exposure to disease and parasites. The conservation and
protection of healthy pollinator populations is crucial to maintaining ecosystem health and
resilience, in addition to protecting our agricultural economies and our food supply. The
planting of pollinator habitat is one important action to support healthy pollinator populations
by providing and enhancing food supplies and nesting habitat. In addition to attracting and
supporting pollinator species, pollinator habitat supports agriculturally beneficial predatory
insects that can help control crop pests and also provides food (seeds and insects) and shelter
for birds and other wildlife.
The purpose of this toolkit is to provide a comprehensive, "one stop shop" for the
residents of North Carolina to help promote the enhancement of pollinator habitats.
Specifically, this toolkit provides guidance to select appropriate species and seed mixes for
various types of projects located in the different ecoregions of North Carolina, plan strategies
for site preparation, planting and maintenance, create a timeline for habitat establishment, and
identify funding sources for pollinator habitat projects. Additionally, this toolkit provides a list
of resources that may be helpful in planning and implementing a pollinator conservation and
habitat enhancement project.
II. SPECIES SELECTION & SEED MIX DEVELOPMENT
Seed Sourcing
A native plant species is one that, other than as a result of an intentional or accidental
introduction, historically occurred or currently occurs in a particular region, ecosystem, or
habitat. It is recommended that North Carolina native plant species be used exclusively in all
pollinator habitat creation and enhancement projects in North Carolina. Native species are
often preferred by pollinator species for food, shelter and nesting sites. In some cases,
pollinator species rely solely on native species.
In selecting appropriate native plant species for pollinator projects, it is also important
to consider the specific location of the future plantings, namely with respect to ecoregion. The
state of North Carolina encompasses 3 main ecoregions: Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal
Plain (for the purpose of this toolkit, the Sandhills are included in the Coastal Plain ecoregion)
(Figure 1). Within each ecoregion there may be local site adaptations of native plant species
known as ecotypes. These ecotypes represent species' adaptations to the specific
environmental conditions (such as climate, soil type, and elevation) that occur within that
region. Ecotypes typically have a higher rate of establishment and increased genetic
compatibility with nearby populations of the same species. Additionally, ecotypes of native
plant species may have specific phenotypic and phenological links with their pollinators. The
use of ecotypes becomes especially important when working with species that are native to a
large geographic area. For example, butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) occurs throughout
the entire eastern United States, however a person planting pollinator habitat in Florida should
avoid butterfly milkweed seed that was collected from plants growing in Minnesota. Instead
they would have a greater chance of success using seed collected from Florida plants (or at the
very least, plants from the southeastern U.S.). Similarly, someone planting pollinator habitat in
the mountains of Tennessee might not want to use seed from the coastal plain of Georgia. It is
recommended that pollinator projects in the state of North Carolina utilize NC ecotypic seed
whenever possible. If NC ecotypic seed is unavailable, it is recommended that effort be made to
match up the seed source with the ecoregion of the planting (i.e. using seed collected from
piedmont plants for a pollinator planting installed in the Piedmont, even if the only ecotypic
seed that is available is from another southeastern state).
d o
_._
t
1
.y 4.
Legend
L� NC County Boundones .t
Blue Ridge Mountains
C Piedmonk
L 5andhale
C� coastal Plain --
Figure 1. North Carolina Ecoregion Map, ONC Wildlife Resources Commission
Despite the importance of using locally adapted native ecotypic seed in pollinator
habitat plantings, the current commercial availability of North Carolina ecotypic seed is
incredibly low. As of January 2019, there are only a few regional seed suppliers currently
offering bulk amounts of NC ecotypic seed on a large-scale basis. And even among these
suppliers, species selection is fairly limited (Table 1).
Seed Supplier
Location
# species of NC ecotypic
seed offered
Ernst Conservation Seed
Crawford Co., PA
33
Garrett Wildflower Seed Farm
Johnston Co., NC
14
Mellow Marsh Farm
Chatham Co., NC
32
Roundstone Native Seed
Hart Co., KY
13
Table 1. Commercial seed growers currently offering North Carolina ecotypic seeds
The North Carolina Pollinator Conservation Alliance, a partnership of more than 20 local,
state, and federal conservation organizations including the North Carolina Botanical Garden, is
currently working with local and regional growers to increase the availability of NC ecotypic
seeds in order to meet the current and anticipated future demand for pollinator and other
native plantings.
Species Diversity
For any pollinator planting, multiple flowering species in each bloom period (spring,
summer and fall) should be included. At least three species should be in bloom during each
bloom period. This is to ensure the availability of a continuous nectar (carbohydrates and amino
acids) and pollen (protein) supply for numerous species of pollinators throughout the year. It is
especially important to have spring (early) blooming species for insects that emerge early from
winter dormancy, as well as fall (late) blooming species for insects that are migrating or
preparing for overwintering (such as queen bumblebees). A diversity of flowering species that
includes different flower colors, shapes, sizes, and heights will attract a wide variety of
pollinator species.
For projects using seed and seed mixes, native flowering herbaceous perennials should
compose >50% of the seed mix. Native clump -forming bunch grasses should be included to
provide pollinator nesting and overwintering sites and as fuel for prescribed burns (if
applicable), but bunch grasses should generally compose <25% of the seed mix. It may be more
feasible to establish native bunch grasses by plugs rather than seed. Other shorter, non -clump
forming native grass species should also be selected, but similarly these species should only
compose <25% of the seed mix. It may also be desirable to include fast-growing native annuals
and early successional native species in the seed mix. These species will establish quickly and
provide early floral resources, as well as limit the spread of non-native weeds and prevent
erosion during the first year while native perennials are getting established. Additionally, native
shrubs and trees should be included when feasible, as these species also provide an important
food source for pollinators and their larvae. Many shrubs have pithy stems that cavity nesting
insects use for nesting and overwintering.
It is also important to include a diversity of larval host plants for lepidopteran (butterfly
and moth) species. Lepidopteran species lay their eggs on specific plants and their larva will
then feed on those plants once they hatch. Some lepidopteran species will use a wide range of
plant species as hosts, while other species require a single genus or species.
Project Types
Before doing any new planting, it is a good idea to do a habitat assessment
(httos://xerces.org/pollinator-conservation/habitat-assessment-guides/), especially in natural
areas or rights -of -way. Some periodically disturbed areas support diverse native species. All
pollinator habitat plantings should be large enough to provide both foraging and nesting sites.
Species selection will be largely dependent on the location and type of the project. Projects to
create or enhance pollinator habitat typically fall into one of the following categories:
1. Residential / small garden (< 1 acre)
- These small-scale pollinator gardens should be composed of a wide range of densely
planted herbaceous perennials and annuals, with perhaps a few shrubs and trees
scattered in as specimen plantings as space allows. Shrub and tree plantings that
may take less maintenance are also tremendously valuable.
- Urban pollinator gardens might also include a small water feature to provide fresh
drinking water for pollinators or a low-lying area that stays consistently damp for
"puddling," a behavior exhibited by butterflies and other insects thought to be
necessary for obtaining minerals and amino acids.
- Interpretive signage in the garden can help to educate neighbors and HOAs about
the important role of native pollinators in the landscape. Additionally, "no spray"
signs can let neighbors know to be more diligent in their application of pesticides or
herbicides.
2. Public spaces (parks, greenways, community gardens)
- Pollinator habitat that is planted in highly visible public spaces should be composed
of densely planted herbaceous species as well as pollinator -friendly shrubs and
trees.
- Interpretive signage and/or outreach materials at the site may be helpful to explain
the planting as well as the important relationship between native plants and
pollinators.
3. Roadsides
- Roadside plantings should consist of densely planted herbaceous species. Woody
species should be minimized to maintain ease of maintenance.
- Maintaining regularly mown safe roadside margins (i.e. a 10-15 foot "clear zone"
adjacent to the pavement or shoulder) is recommended to increase sight distance
and driver safety. In some areas, these "clear zone" distances are legislated.
- Pollinator habitat should not be planted in roadside medians in order to minimize
insect mortality by vehicle strikes (Keilsohn et. al. 2018).
- After establishment of native species, maintenance costs are typically reduced due
to fewer required mowings beyond the "clear zone."
- The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration has created
best management practices for roadside pollinator habitat, which can be found
here: http://www.xerces.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/BMPs pollinators landscapes.pdf
4. Agriculture
- Farmers can add pollinator habitat by installing appropriate plantings in field
borders, hedgerows, and buffer strips in and around fields, converting old fields no
:l
longer in agricultural production into pollinator habitat, and planting conservation
cover crops in fields currently in production. See the North Carolina Pollinator
Protection Strategy (http://www.ncagr.gov/pollinators/NCPollinatorProtection.htm)
for more discussion about additional techniques that farmers can employ to support
and enhance native pollinator populations, including reducing mowing and avoiding
deep tillage.
- The creation of hedgerows, which typically include a variety of tree and shrub
species that vary in height, can be a good way to provide valuable pollinator forage
and facilitate movement of pollinators across the landscape. Hedgerows generally
support a higher diversity and density of pollinator species than in surrounding
landscapes, and they are also useful as general wildlife habitat. A list of native trees
and shrubs that are appropriate for use in hedgerows has been developed by the
North Carolina Pollinator Conservation Alliance and is included in Appendix A.
- There are programs within the USDA's Farm Bill that can be used to promote
pollinator conservation and habitat creation on agricultural lands. For more
information (and for additional discussion on specific techniques to enhance
pollinator habitat on agricultural lands) see the "Using Farm Bill Programs for
Pollinator Conservation" document found here:
https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Using Farm Bill Programs for Pollinator Cons
ervation.pdf
5. Solar farms
- The North Carolina Pollinator Conservation Alliance has created guidelines for
creating pollinator habitat using native species on solar sites
(http://ncpollinatoralliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/NC-Solar-Technical-
Guidance-Oct-2018.pdf)
- Landowners who want to consider installing pollinator habitat on solar farms on
their land (instead of installing turf grass or other options) should first review the
following link in order to fully understand how these solar farm contracts work. It is
important to note that interested landowners should discuss the option of installing
pollinator habitat very early in the contracting process, particularly prior to signing
any solar farm contracts. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/landowner-solar-leasing-
contract-terms-explained
- After establishment of native species, maintenance costs are typically reduced due
to fewer required mowings.
6. Transmission rights -of -way
- Rights -of -way often host diverse native plants, so it is important to conduct a habitat
assessment (https://xerces.org/pollinator-conservation/habitat-assessment-guides/)
prior to considering installing a new planting.
- Pollinator habitat in powerline and utility corridor rights -of -way should include only
herbaceous perennials, annuals and low -growing shrubs. These are great areas to
include a lot of diversity in the seed mixes because there is no height constraint for
the herbaceous species.
- Trees should NOT be planted in utility corridor rights -of -way as they may interfere
with utility lines as well as the ability of the utility companies and their contractors
to access and maintain these.
- If a property owner wishes to plant pollinator habitat on a utility easement or right-
of-way and does not want the utility company or their contractors to spray with
herbicides, the property owner can contact their local utility office to receive "do
not spray' signs to place on the easement. However, the utility company typically
retains the right to maintain the easement as needed.
- After establishment of native species, maintenance costs are typically reduced due
to fewer required mowings.
- To view a map of North Carolina's electric power providers, please see the following
map: https://www.carolinacountry.com/your-energy/energy-education/electric-
utilities-in-north-carolina
7. Ecological restoration (large-scale, >_ 1 acre)
- Ecological restoration should target as many species as possible over what are
usually large areas. Pollinator species should be included to maximize diversity and
ecosystem function.
- Mixes of herbs, grasses, vines, shrubs and trees should be targeted as appropriate
for site conditions and project type.
- Since these are uncultivated areas that will receive minimal post planting care,
ecotypes that are site and range appropriate will have the highest value and chance
of success.
Recommended Species / Seed Mixes
A list of recommended North Carolina native plant species for pollinators, as well as
which ecoregion(s) and project(s) they are appropriate for, is included in Appendix B. This list is
not intended to be comprehensive, but to represent the best of the best when it comes to
providing either nectar and pollen, larval food, or habitat for pollinators. It is also important to
note that the list provided in Appendix B is composed mostly of herbaceous species because
many of the projects discussed in this document are focused on establishing herbaceous
vegetation. There are many other native trees and shrubs not included in this list that are
utilized by and valuable to pollinators.
A condensed list of the top 12 most versatile pollinator species for each ecoregion is
provided in Table 2. The species in this table are appropriate for most of the project types
discussed above, and seeds of these species are already commercially available (although NC
ecotypic seed is not yet commercially available for all of these). Please refer to the full table in
Appendix B for more information about each of these species.
Mountains
Piedmont
Coastal Plain
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias tuberosa
Aquilegia canadensis
Chrysopsis mariana
Baptisia albescens
Chrysopsis mariana
Coreopsis auriculata
Ceanothus americanus
Coreopsis major
Eryngium yuccifolium
Chrysopsis mariana
Eutrochium purpureum
Eutrochium fistulosum
Helianthus angustifolius
Monarda fistulosum
Parthenium integrifolium
Liatris spicata
Pycnanthemum incanum
Penstemon laevigatus
Monarda punctata
Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium
Muhlenbergia capillaris
Schizachyrium scoparium
Schizachyrium scoparium
Panicum virgatum
Solidago nemoralis
Symphyotrichum grandiflorum
Solidago odora
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Vernonia glauca
Symphyotrichum grandiflorum
Vernonia noveboracensis
Zizia aurea
Vernonia acaulis
Table 2. Top 12 pollinator species for each NC ecoregion
A comprehensive, searchable online database for selecting the most appropriate native
plant species for a particular project in each ecoregion of North Carolina will be made available
by the North Carolina Botanical Garden in the future. The goal of such a database is to facilitate
the development of custom species lists for any specific project across the state, as well as
connecting potential customers with local and regional seed producers that are growing the
species of interest.
Additionally, the North Carolina Pollinator Conservation Alliance is currently developing
a general all-purpose pollinator seed mix composed of 12-14 native herbaceous species that
will be appropriate for small-scale (< 1 acre) pollinator habitat projects across all three
ecoregions of North Carolina.
Once the appropriate plant species have been identified for the specific ecoregion,
project type, and site conditions, an online seed calculator can be a useful tool to help create a
custom seed mix within the project budget. The Xerces Society's Seed Mix Calculator
(https://xerces.org/xerces-seed-mix-calculator/) includes a wide variety of commercially
available species as well as estimated seed prices based on current market availability.
III. PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS
Site Selection
It is important to consider previous and adjacent land use before selecting an
appropriate site for a native pollinator planting. Some important things to consider are:
• What is the existing vegetation? Would management, such as removal of invasive
species, improve the site more than a new planting?
• Has there been a history of pre -emergent herbicide or persistent pesticide use on the
site? If so, is there a chance that harmful residue remains in the soil? If there is a
history of pesticide use, it is important to know which types because certain ones may
remain in the soil longer than others (in extreme cases, up to 18 months). Pre -
emergent herbicide residue can potentially inhibit native seed germination, and any
pesticide residue in the soil can be absorbed by plants and subsequently affect
pollinators.
• Is there continued pesticide use on adjacent lands? Pesticide drift from neighboring
properties could potentially be catastrophic for a pollinator habitat project.
• Are abundant and aggressive invasive/non-native weeds present on adjacent lands?
Neighboring populations of aggressive weeds can easily colonize newly installed
pollinator plantings.
• Are there vegetated buffers or wildlife habitat corridors nearby to facilitate pollinator
movement and provide "safe zones"? These areas provide food, shelter, and nesting
sites and also allow for pollinators to travel between sites. Ultimately, these habitat
corridors will enhance pollinator dispersal and reproduction.
• Is there a clean and reliable water source nearby to provide drinking and "puddling"
opportunities for pollinators?
• Is there heavy pressure from mammalian herbivores, specifically deer and/or rabbits?
If so, any plantings should include species that are fairly deer resistant or include
exclusion fences.
Site Analysis
Once an appropriate site has been selected, a thorough vegetation survey and site
analysis should be conducted prior to any site prep or planting. A vegetation survey can provide
useful information as to what species may be persistent in the soil seed bank, which can help
guide species selection and also inform future management strategies. Similarly, a site analysis
can be used to evaluate local conditions such as topography and microclimate. Topography
should be analyzed broadly across the entire site as well as by noting small-scale variations
within the site such as slopes, dips, gullies, or other low points. These small-scale variations in
topography can drastically affect site drainage and can inform future stormwater management
issues and decisions. Small-scale changes in topography can also interact with varying degrees
of sun exposure and soil composition to create multiple unique microclimates within the site.
Identifying and understanding these microclimates can aid in plant species selection, siting, and
arrangement within the site.
Site Prep
To maximize the chances of a successful pollinator planting, existing invasive and/or
non-native vegetation, weeds, and turf grasses should be removed prior to planting. For
information about the invasive plant species in North Carolina, please visit the website of the
NC Invasive Plant Council (http://nc-ipc.weebly.com/nc-invasive-plants.html). It is important to
be aware that in some cases, in may take up to a year or two to ensure that weeds are
controlled.
Invasive species and weed removal can be done by a variety of methods depending on
the size and scope of the project. For smaller projects, like residential gardens and smaller
public spaces (typically: % acre), it may be possible to remove existing undesirable vegetation
by organic methods such as digging, sod removal, sheet mulching, solarization (raising the soil
temperature high enough to kill weeds and weed seeds), or a combination of these methods.
• Sod removal = in early fall, thoroughly water the area 24 hours prior to removal; cut
strips of sod using sod cutter (available for rent at equipment rental companies);
remove sod strips from the site; do not till following sod removal as this may expose
additional weed seeds; rake the soil surface smooth and/or use a turf roller to lightly
pack the surface; immediately plant/sow pollinator plants
• Sheet mulching = in the winter or spring, mow and water the area; apply a 1" layer of
grass -clippings or other nitrogen -based plant material and thoroughly water; apply a %"
layer of cardboard or newspaper on top of the first layer and thoroughly water; repeat
these layers once or twice depending on the amount of weeds present; keep the entire
sheet mulch moist throughout the growing season; in late fall, remove the top layer and
plant/sow pollinator plants
Solarization = in the spring, mow or till and subsequently remove clipped vegetation,
thoroughly water the area and cover with black plastic sheeting; bury the edges of the
sheeting to prevent airflow and put a weight in the middle if necessary; repair any holes
or rips immediately and keep the plastic sheeting in place throughout the summer;
remove the plastic in early fall; do not till following solarization as this may expose
additional weed seeds, however it may be beneficial to add a thin layer of weed -free
compost on top of the soil once the sheeting is removed; immediately plant/sow
pollinator plants.
For an in-depth description of additional organic site prep options, including organic site
prep for large-scale pollinator projects, please see the Xerces Society's Organic Site Preparation
for Wildflower Establishment document, found here:
http://xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-027 Organic -Site -Prep -
Guidelines May2017 web.pdf
Application of a post -emergent (non -persistent) broad-spectrum herbicide may be
necessary for control and eradication of certain weedy and/or invasive species, particularly for
large-scale pollinator habitat projects. Herbicide application should be timed when weeds are
actively growing, so it is possible that application may need to be repeated across multiple
seasons to control both warm -season and cool -season weedy species. Prior to initial
application, mow and remove clipped vegetation from the site. As soon as weeds begin re -
sprouting, apply the herbicide following the instructions and recommended application rates
located on the label.
Herbicide should be applied during sunny and dry conditions on days with very light
winds (maximum of 10 mph). Apply herbicides in the early morning (after the foliage has dried)
or late in the evening when pollinators are not active. Repeat the herbicide treatment as
needed throughout the growing season. Do not till following herbicide treatment as this may
expose additional weed seeds. Allow a minimum of 72 hours between the last herbicide
application and seeding/planting. If a pre -emergent herbicide is used (not recommended), it
will be necessary to allow for more time between application and planting (potentially up to 3
months).
Soil Amendment
Following site prep but prior to planting, collect soil samples and have them analyzed by
the North Carolina Department of Agriculture soil testing laboratory. Unless the soil is
extremely deficient in nutrients such as phosphorous or potassium, do not amend the soil. Soil
amendments or fertilizers are typically not necessary for native plant species and will only serve
to encourage the growth of unwanted weeds.
Cover Crops
Following site prep, a cover crop can be used to help stabilize the soil prior to seeding or
planting native species. This may not be necessary for every project, but a cover crop can be
beneficial if the time between site prep and seeding is greater than a few months or if there is
any chance of residual pesticides being present on the site. A cover crop can provide more time
to allow pesticides to break down in the soil while also helping to prevent weed infestation
following site prep.
If a cover crop is desired and site prep is completed by the fall but the site will not be
seeded or planted with native species until the spring, an annual such as Triticum aestivum
(winter wheat) or Pisum sativum (garden pea) can be sown anytime from September through
December at a rate of 30 lbs./acre for the wheat and 50 lbs./acre for the pea. If site prep is
completed by the spring or early summer and the site will not be seeded or planted with native
species until the fall, a cover crop such as Urochloa racemosa (browntop millet) or Pisum
sativum (garden pea) can be sown anytime from May — August at a rate of 20 lbs./acre for the
millet and 50 lbs./acre for the pea.
Following the sowing of the cover crop, a 1" layer of straw mulch can be added for
erosion control, to prevent the seed from washing away, and to help retain soil moisture. When
the site is ready to be planted with native species, the cover crop should be harvested or
mowed down and removed from the site.
Timing
The ideal time to direct sow seed of most native herbaceous species is in the fall or early
winter (October thru December) to allow the seeds to naturally break dormancy over the
winter. Some native herbs and grasses do not require a period of cold stratification to break
dormancy and can be sown in the spring. Many commercial seed mixes include a variety of
species, including ones that do not need cold stratification, to ensure some seed germination
and growth from spring planting projects. Nursery -grown containerized plants or plugs can be
planted in either fall or spring.
Planting Layout
Herbaceous species should be planted in masses to facilitate foraging, cross-pollination
and seed set, and plant density should be high enough to provide pollinators with shelter and
protection from predators. For larger project areas, the absolute number of individuals planted
may be slightly smaller if bigger, nursery -grown containerized plants are used.
Multiple vegetation layers plus leaf litter, brush piles, and dead plant material should be
included where possible as nesting sites and additional shelter from predators. It is also
10
important to allow for areas of uncovered soil for ground -nesting bees. It may be appropriate
to leave standing wood or install manufactured "bee hotels" as nesting sites for native solitary
bees. However, if manufactured "bee hotels" are used, it is important to properly clean and
monitor them for signs of disease and parasites in order to maintain overall pollinator health
(Maclvor & Packer 2015).
Seeding Rate
The seeding rate recommended by the Xerces Society for pollinator -friendly native
herbaceous perennials is 40-60 seeds per square foot (https://www.xerces.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/12/EstablishingPollinatorMeadows.pdf). In general, this corresponds to
10-18 lbs. of seed for 1 acre depending on the region and species included in the mix. Ernst
Conservation Seed recommends a higher seeding rate, between 20-40 lbs. per acre, which
corresponds to roughly 80-160 seeds per square foot. While this higher seeding rate may be
preferable to ensure a successful planting, the higher upfront cost of the seed may be
prohibitive for some projects. Individual projects should seek to balance budget concerns with
maximizing chances of success in determining appropriate seeding rates.
Planting Methods
For small-scale projects, broadcast seeding by hand (i.e. scattering seed onto the soil
surface) is the easiest method for planting seed and seed mixes. However, this method may
require higher seeding rates to ensure good seed to soil contact. Nursery -grown containerized
plants or plugs can be used for individual species that are either difficult to establish from seed
or are extremely slow -growing. For large-scale projects, seed can be spread with mechanical
seed spreaders, drop seeders, or native seed drills, such as a Truax native seed drill which is
designed to accommodate different types and sizes of seeds. However, it should be noted that
seeds of some species may be more prone to cause clogs in mechanical seed spreaders or seed
drills.
To promote an even seed distribution and enhance the success of the seeding and
subsequent germination, mix the seed with an inert material such as coarse sand prior to
broadcast seeding. If the different species of seeds being used are not already pre -mixed, it
may be better to sow them separately as individual species. This will also help to ensure a more
even distribution of species across the site.
Following sowing, seeds should be firmly pressed into the soil to maximize seed to soil
contact and to also prevent the loss of seeds from wind, rain, and seed predators. This can be
done using a rake, sod roller, or culti-packer depending on the size of the project. Many native
herbaceous species have very small seed, so seeds should not be pressed more than
approximately Ys" into the soil. It is possible that over time, re -seeding of some species may be
necessary to enhance and support diversity, particularly if more aggressive natives are
expanding.
It is typically not necessary to water native pollinator plantings unless drought
conditions are experienced following sowing or planting. Once established, native plants usually
do not need supplemental irrigation. In fact, supplemental irrigation may actually encourage
the growth of unwanted weedy species.
11
IV. MAINTENANCE SPECIFICATIONS
Mowing and Prescribed Burning
Mowing a portion of the site will be necessary annually for weedy and invasive species
control (Figure 2a). However, after the third year post planting, these activities should be
carefully managed and timed to minimize any adverse impacts to pollinators and other wildlife
that have colonized the site. In order to provide some areas for insect and wildlife refugia
throughout the year, do not mow the entire site in any given year. Instead, only mow % — % of
the total site each year. Similarly, do not mow any individual portion of the site more frequently
than once every two years. This allows for dormant insects and larvae to complete their life
cycle and recolonize other areas of the site.
The timing of mowing within the year is also very important. From a pollinator and
wildlife standpoint, the ideal time to mow is in either late winter or early spring, from
December — March, with March being the ideal time. This avoids the primary nesting season for
native wildlife, which occurs from spring through the summer. However, if woody species are
beginning to encroach on the site and their elimination is a management priority, the best time
to mow is late summer through early fall, before the woody species begin to go dormant. If
mowing is conducted during this time period, it should be limited in scope and conducted only
in areas with the highest degree of woody encroachment.
Prescribed burning (Figure 2b), where feasible and allowed by the landowner or local
regulations, is an ideal management tool for long-term management of large-scale native
pollinator plantings. Burning not only controls woody vegetation and removes any accumulated
plant material, but it also enhances native perennial re -growth and often stimulates flowering
and seed set. If burning is used as a management tool, the same guidelines regarding frequency
and timing should be followed as those listed above for mowing. Do not burn the entire site in
any given year. In order to only burn a portion of the site in any given year, a permanent fire
break may need to be installed within the planting area. For more information about the use
and benefits of prescribed fire, as well as laws and regulations regarding prescribed burning in
North Carolina, please visit the NC Prescribed Fire Council website
http://www.ncprescribedfirecouncil.org/resources.html. Additionally, the NC Forest Service
maintains a list of private contractors across the state with experience in prescribed burning
(https://www.ncforestservice.gov/Managing your forest/contract services.htm).
Figure 2a: Late season mowing 0ohnny Randall Figure 2b: Prescribed burn Olohnny Randall
12
Herbicide, Fertilizer, and Pesticide Application
The application of herbicides within an established pollinator planting should only be
done so in a targeted way that minimizes the exposure of the native species to herbicide. Direct
foliar application or the cutting of woody stems followed by herbicide application to the cut
surface are two methods that minimize exposure. Herbicide application for control of woody
vegetation is most effective when done in late summer or early fall, as the herbicide will be
absorbed and transported to the plant's roots. Herbicides should only be applied during sunny,
dry conditions and on days with very light winds (maximum of 10 mph), and always follow the
recommended application rates located on the herbicide's label. Apply herbicides in the early
morning (after foliage has dried) or late in the evening when pollinators are not active.
Fertilizer application is not necessary in native pollinator plantings. Native plants do not
require fertilizer and in fact, application of additional nutrients will often encourage the growth
of weedy species.
Pesticides should not be used at all in any native pollinator planting, and care should be
taken to protect the site from pesticide exposure and drift from adjacent properties. For
information regarding guidelines on agricultural pesticide application, pesticide toxicity to bees,
and factors affecting honey bee health, please visit the NC Department of Agriculture &
Consumer Services' N.C. Pollinator Protection Strategy
(http://www.ncagr.gov/pollinators/NCPollinatorProtection.htm)
Invasive Species Control
Non-native, invasive species can be controlled by targeted mowing, spot herbicide
application, or a combination of these two methods. If a combination of the two methods is
used, it will be most effective to mow invasives early in the growing season followed by a fall
herbicide application. Manual removal of invasive species is preferred, but this is only practical
for small-scale projects.
V. NATIVE POLLINATOR HABITAT ESTABLISHMENT TIMELINE
Year 1
Native perennial species are often slower to germinate and become established than
non-native herbaceous species or even native annual and biennial species. Some native
perennials may even take several seasons to germinate. Therefore, it is important to keep
realistic expectations for the first year of a native pollinator planting and to focus on weed
control to ensure the future success of the planting.
During the first year after seeding or planting, it is important to ensure that emerging
native perennial seedlings get enough sunlight. It will be necessary to keep weeds short and
also to prevent them from flowering and setting seed. For smaller projects, this can be
accomplished by hand -clipping or string -trimming, however pulling weeds by hand in the first
year is discouraged as it can damage the delicate root systems of any adjacent germinating
native seedlings. For larger projects, weed control can be done by appropriately timed and
repeated mowing. The timing and frequency of mowing will vary depending on the location of
13
the site and environmental conditions, but in general mowing should be done when weeds
start to flower or when they reach approximately 12-18 inches in height (whichever comes
first). Mowing should be repeated when weeds reach approximately 12-18 inches in height
again, or if they begin to flower again. Mowing should be done to a height of roughly 10-12
inches, which should be high enough to avoid damaging native seedlings but short enough to
target the flowering stalks of weeds. It is okay to mow even if some of the faster -growing native
annuals and biennials are already flowering.
It may also be beneficial to do a targeted, very careful spot spraying of herbicide using a
backpack sprayer. This can be useful to control shorter weeds (like dandelions) that may be
missed by a mower.
Year 2
In the second year following planting, the native perennials should be on their way to
establishment. Most species will have germinated and put on considerable growth. However,
the site still might not look like a mature pollinator planting, as plant density may still be a little
low. For publicly accessible sites, interpretive signage or outreach materials at the site may be
helpful to explain the process and anticipated outcome.
Weed control should still be a high priority, and mowing to a height of 10-12 inches can
be continued and targeted for when biennial weeds begin to flower. The frequency of mowing
in the second year should be lower as the native perennials become established and annual
weeds become less of a problem. For smaller projects, hand -weeding following a rainfall (easier
to pull weeds, minimizes soil disturbance) can be done to remove weeds before they set seed.
As in the first year, a carefully controlled spot spraying of herbicide can be used to target
shorter or woody weed species.
Year 3
By the third growing season, the majority of the native perennials will start flowering.
The site will finally start to look like an established planting and pollinators may begin visiting
the area. An annual or bi-annual mowing or targeted herbicide application will still be necessary
to prevent the establishment of woody or invasive vegetation. For large-scale projects, it may
also be feasible and beneficial to incorporate prescribed burning into the site management.
VI. FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Small-scale opportunities (<_ $5,000)
Small grants geared towards residential or municipal gardens can be a great way to
integrate pollinator habitat and teach about the connection between food and pollinators.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) project grants can combine citizen science
and other projects to learn about pollinators and pollinator habitat. The following is a list of
small-scale funding opportunities that may be applicable to pollinator conservation and habitat
development and enhancement.
14
• Annie's Grants for Gardens: This program provides funds up to $5,000 to support edible
gardens in a K-12 school setting. https://www.annies.com/giving-back/grants-for-
gardens
• Bayer Feed a Bee: This program provides up to $5,000 in funding for projects focused
on establishing or enhancing pollinator forage. https://beehealth.bayer.us/what-is-
bayer-doing/feed-a-bee
• Captain Planet Foundation: STEM focused grants up to $2,500 to support STEM
education in K-12 schools. http://captainplanetf.wpengine.com/grants/
• Fiskar's Project Orange Thumb: This program provides $3,500 in gift cards to buy
materials and supplies for beautification and gardening projects.
http://www2.fiskars.com/Community/Project-Orange-Thumb
• Home Depot Community Impact Grants: These grants are awarded to 501c3 designated
organizations and are focused on projects that benefit veterans and/or diverse and
underserved communities. Grant awards are up to $5,000 in Home Depot gift cards and
must be used within six months of receipt.
https://corporate.homedepot.com/grants/community-impact-grants
• Lowe's Toolbox for Education: Grants of typically up to $5,000 (larger awards are
possible) for K-12 schools to build and upgrade/improve outdoor classrooms and
gardens. https://toolboxforeducation.com
• Monarch Watch Free Milkweed Program: This program provides free milkweed plugs
on a first -come, first -served basis for schools, community groups, and large scale
restoration projects. https://monarchwatch.org/bring-back-the-
monarchs/milkweed/free-milkweeds/
• The Nature Conservancy Nature Works Everywhere: Grants of $2,000 to support green
infrastructure projects in public and charter schools.
https://www.natureworkseverywhere.org/grants/
• Scott's Grow1000 Grassroots Grants: Small grants up to $1,500 awarded to 501c3
community groups to establish pollinator habitat.
https://scottsmiraclegro.com/responsibility/gro1000/#help
• Toshiba America Foundation: Grants up to $5,000 are available to K-12 classrooms for
STEM related projects. https://www.toshiba.com/taf/
• Walmart Community Grant Program: This broad -scale program provides grants up to
$5,000 to 501c3 non-profit organizations, schools, and churches to support projects that
focus on benefiting low-income and under -served populations.
http://giving.walmart.com/apply-for-grants/local-giving
• Whole Foods Whole Kids Foundation: Grants of up to $2,000 are available to help K-12
schools and non -profits start a garden program or observation bee hives.
https://www.wholekidsfoundation.org/programs/honey-bee-hive-grant
Large-scale opportunities (> $5,000)
In addition to the large-scale grant programs listed below, landowners and farmers who
are interested in creating pollinator habitat are urged to check with their local county extension
office for any locally -available financial resources.
15
• Lowe's Community Partners Grants: Grants of typically up to $25,000 (larger awards
are possible) are provided to non -profits and municipalities for a variety of projects but
can include grounds improvements and renovations/upgrades.
httos://newsroom.lowes.com/apply-for-a-grant/
National Fish & Wildlife Foundation Monarch Butterfly and Pollinators Conservation
Fund: These large grants are awarded to 501c3 non-profit organizations and universities
that are typically involved in large-scale partnership projects that increase the quality,
quantity, and connectivity of monarch and pollinator habitat. Priority for these grants is
typically given to projects within the monarch butterfly eastern population migratory
flyway, which includes mostly Midwestern states.
https://www.nfwf.org/monarch/Pages/home.aspx
North Carolina Agriculture Cost Share Program: This program provides financial
assistance for implementing best management practices (BMPs) to improve water
quality, which could also include pollinator habitat establishment. This program is
administered by local soil and water conservation districts, and each district sets their
own priorities. The main BMPs listed within this program that are most applicable to
pollinator habitat establishment would be "cropland conversion" and "riparian buffer".
Cropland conversion practices often take highly erodible crop fields out of row crop
production and plant in either grasses, trees, or wildlife plantings. Similarly, riparian
buffers could be planted in native species beneficial to pollinators and other wildlife.
The minimum commitment for these BMPs is 10 years. For more information about this
program, please see: http://www.ncagr.gov/SWC/costshareprograms/ACSP/
U.S. Department of Agriculture / Natural Resource Conservation Service Program:
This is the only state-wide cost -share grant for pollinator habitat development.
Landowners and farmers in North Carolina may be eligible for some of these programs.
It is important to note that most of these 'Farm Bill' programs require a 10-year
commitment and also that land use requirements be met during this period. For more
information about this program, please see:
https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Using Farm Bill Programs for Pollinator Conserva
tion.pdf
To determine landowner eligibility, please see:
https://www.nres.usda.gov/wps/portal/nres/detailfull/nc/home/?cid=nresl42p2 04667
6
VII. REFERENCES & WEB RESOURCES
Asher, J.S. and J. Pickering. (2014). Discover Life Bee Species Guide and World Checklist
(Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Draft-35. Retrieved from
http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20g
Eskew, O. (2018). A National Strategy for the Co -location of Solar and Agriculture
Native Pollinator Habitat Establishment on Solar Farms in the United States,
16
A Multifaceted Guide to Best Sustainable Practices, Master's Thesis, Duke University, Durham,
NC.
Keilsohn, W., Narango, D. L., & Tallamy, D. W. (2018). Roadside habitat impacts insect traffic
Mortality. Journal of Insect Conservation, 22(2), 183-188. doi:10.1007/s10841-018-0051-2
Maclvor JS and L. Packer (2015). 'Bee Hotels' as Tools for Native Pollinator Conservation: A
Premature Verdict? PLoS ONE 10(3): e0122126. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122126
Maryland Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2017). Native Herbaceous Plantings:
Establishment, Maintenance, and Management for Wildlife Habitat and Pollinators. Retrieved
from http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/JobSheet-and-
Addendum MD CnsrvCvr.pdf
Minnesota Board of Water & Soil Resources. (n.d.) BWSR Pollinator Toolkit. Retrieved from
http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/
North Carolina Botanical Garden. (2007). Controlling Invasive Plants. Retrieved from
http://ncbg.unc.edu/uploads/files/controllingBooklet.pdf
North Carolina Cooperative Extension. (2016). Pollinator Conservation Guide. Retrieved from
https://growingsmallfarms.ces.ncsu.edu/growingsmallfarms-pollinatorconservation/
North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. (n.d.) North Carolina Pollinator
Protection Strategy. Retrieved from
http://www.ncagr.gov/pollinators/NCPollinatorProtection.htm
North Carolina State University. (n.d.) Going Native: Urban Landscaping For Wildlife Using
Native Plants. Retrieved from http://ncsu.edu/goingnative
North Carolina Wildlife Federation. (2018). Butterfly Highway Program: A Roadmap for
Pollinator and Wildlife Conservation. Retrieved from http://ncwf.org/programs/garden-for-
wildlife/butterfly-highway/
Pollinator Partnership. (n.d.). Selecting Plants for Pollinators: A Regional Guide for Farmers,
Land Managers, and Gardeners in the Southeastern Mixed Forest Province. Retrieved from
https://www.pollinator.org/PDFs/Guides/SoutheastMixedForestrx5FINAL.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture / Natural Resources Conservation Services. (2008).
Using Farm Bill Programs for Pollinator Conservation. Retrieved from
https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Using Farm Bill Programs for Pollinator Conservation.pd
f
17
United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. (2015). Roadside
Best Management Practices that Benefit Pollinators: Handbook for Supporting Pollinators
through Roadside Maintenance and Landscape Design Retrieved from
http://www.xerces.org/wo-content/uploads/2016/08/BMPs pollinators landscapes.pdf
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. (2018). Solar Site Native Plant Finder.
Retrieved from http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/solar-site-native-plants-finder
Xerces Society. (n.d.). Pollinator Conservation Resource Center. Retrieved from
https://xerces.org/pollinator-resource-center/
18
APPENDIX A
NORTH CAROLINA NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS FOR USE IN HEDGEROWS
19
Species
Common Name
Growth Habit
Bloom Time
Acer ruburm
Red Maple
Tree
Spring
Aesculus pavia
Red Buckeye
Small Tree
Spring
Amelanchier arborea
Serviceberry
Small Tree
Spring
Callicar a americana
Beauty Berry
Shrub
Summer
Carya glabra
Pignut Hickory
Tree
Spring
Carya ovata
Shagbark Hickory
Tree
Spring
Ceanothus americanus
New Jersey Tea
Shrub
Summer
Cephelanthus occidentalis
Buttonbush
Shrub
Summer
Cercis canadensis
Eastern Redbud
Small Tree
Spring
Clethra alnifolia
Sweet Pepperbush
Shrub
Summer
Cornus orida
Flowering Dogwood
Small Tree
Spring -Summer
Crataegus phaenopyrum
Washington Hawthorn
Small Tree
Spring
Diospyros vir iniana
Persimmon
Tree
Spring -Summer
Halesia carolina
Carolina Silverbell
Small Tree
Spring
Ilex opaca
American Holly
Small Tree
Spring
Lindera benzoin
S icebush
Shrub
Spring -Summer
Malus angustifolia
Southern Crabapple
Small Tree
Spring
Malus coronaria
American Crabapple
Small Tree
Spring
Prunus americana
American Plum
Small Tree
Spring
Prunus an usti olia
Chickasaw Plum
Small Tree
Spring
Prunus serotina
Black Cherry
Tree
Spring
Prunus virginiana
Choke Cherry
Shrub
Spring -Summer
Rhus glabra
Smooth Sumac
Small Tree
Spring -Summer
Rhus copallinum
Winged Sumac
Small Tree
Summer -Fall
Rubus spp.
Raspberry, Blackberry
Shrub
Spring -Summer
Salix nigra
Black Willow
Small Tree
Spring
Sambucus canadensis
Elderberry
Shrub
Summer
Sassy as albidum
Sassafras
Small Tree
Spring
Vaccinium spp.
Blueberries
Shrub
Spring -Summer
Viburnum prunifolium
Black Haw
Shrub
Summer -Fall
Viburnum rafinesquianum
Downy Arrowwood
Shrub
Summer -Fall
20
APPENDIX B
THE BEST NORTH CAROLINA NATIVE PLANT SPECIES FOR POLLINATORS
21
LU •�
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
al G
r
M
r
r
N
r
r
r
C0 •GD
�I
oc
M
M
14)
N
M
00
M
\O
\O
M
M
M
I'D
t
O
Ri
L
N
m
L
O
O
O
7�
N
N
N
�O"+
bfJ
bfJ
cd
• O
bA
��3y
• p
N ,.O
N
• O
CO
•O
O
u a
X
>C
>C
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
C
C
C
O
O
U D
N
O
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
O
N
N O
N O
N O
N O
O
C
�
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L
A
N
Pr
N
I cl
N
PLj
N
Prj
N
Pr
N
I Pr
N
Pr
N
r4
N
Pr
N
r4
N
Prl
N
Pr
N
1 Pr
N
Pr
N
1 Pr
N
Pr
o
z
�"r U
U �
°
y Eli'
5
H O En
•� r--� bA
QA
•�
A
O
al aEn EnO
•��''r � ..y �
Qt
O_
i
s
�
U
s
U
5
U
�
bq
O
O
O
O y c O O U-lie
O U
U
.ry
• ti
O
�
U
•�
O
O
�
�
�
�
O
s•. �1r s•. cd S O U
U
p
��
�
O
O
t
t
ti
ti
ti
ti
N
N
I;
kK
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
M
kK
kK
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1p
N
00
kn
00
M
M
N
N
00
In
M
M
14)
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
In-
N
lO
�
bfJ
bfJ
by
d
N
by
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ ' �
bfJ
Et"bfJ
.--�
Et"C
it
iC
9C
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
iC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
9C
DC
iC
iC
9C
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
iC
iC
Ua
U
U
avi
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
U
U
U
U
U
UIn-
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
O
•�
U
Onto
U
N
,UO.
N
i
p
U
U
tD.0O
'
.�
U
N
N
.�
OA
Op
U
N
O
'C
U
U
U
�
�
�
U
.N
U ti
�
•�
�
ti U
p
p
U •t
N
p
�
•�
�
�
?
�
"�
�
� �
�
O
•�
�
O
O
�
p
p
p
�
Q,
�
N
�
�
U � 5
U 5
�
b4
ti
p
'�
"�
�
� p
,ti
•ti
•ti
•ti
U
U
UO w
•ry
�
�
N
�
.�.,
S
"'
� ,U
� .�
�
O
O
5
5
�
S
O
O
O
O
U
M
N
�o
�o
r-
r-
r-
r-
�
k
M
K
k/'1
Vl
V1
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
�
N
N
kK
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I-
N
M
00
1p
N
N
V'1
M
I'O
I'O
r-
V'1
AO
�
3-ti
Sti
Sti
Sti
Sti
iti
iti
4r
3-ti
Sti
Sti
Sti
Sti
Sti
Sti
tb
Sti
Sti
U
U
U
U
�
.
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
p
U
7�
O
cd
44
y0
�O
N
~ U
~
O
00
-0
•�
ti
�
O
�
�
�
�
ti
U
N
•V
5 •�
� •�
ti
U
,�
�
,�
N
U
O
0.'
UO W
UO w
•�
4�
4�
-Z�
O
�
�
�
O
�
t
bq .,,,
�O Q'
�
� �
�
�
�
�
�
O �
U
.ry
N
14)
�o
�o
14)
�o
�o
�o
k
r--
�
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
cq
O
O
M
\O
N
M
N
L—
O\
O
O\
�t
O
N
N
M
In
M
Mtc
N
to
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Uto
to
U
U
U
U
tb
U
U
U
U
iC
iC
>C
>C
>C
X
9C
DC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
iC
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
C
+�
U
pp
N
U
U
U
O
Ur:l
cd
Q"
44J.
' N
P.
N
p
O
U
m
O
U
u
U
N U
.t"a'
.S".-I' O
s-i
U
N
U
v�
U
cd
U
U
I
O
CL
O
O
�
O
�
�
O
�
�
SY
�
•�
O
5
�
� �
�
� •�.,
O
.�.,
•ti
�
$�
N
i
O
.SY
5
�
�
•i
�
�
SY
N
�
O
.�
�_
• i
�
�
ry
ti
O T
N
O T
N
O >,
O
ti
�_
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
�
p�j
Ln
fV
M
M
1p
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
l�
M
M
M
M
M
N
N
v'1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
kn
M
N
M
N
kn
00
-It-
In
M
M
M
3-y
Sy
Sy
iy
Sy
Sy
Sy
Sy
Sy
Sy
Sy
Sy
i-r
3-i
U
U
U
In-
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
DC
iC
>C
>C
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
U
U
O
O
U
U O
U O
U O
U O
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
O
0
0
vi
vi
U
0
0
0
0
0
�
�
�
�
�
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S-�
U
CA
bOA
-0
N
N -0
5
N
.b4
•bq
�, N
""
'�
Q,
'�
N
N
N
IZZ
'
.�
pj
N
N
r-
r-
r-
r-
M
M
M
M
M
l�
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
V1
M
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
in.
in.
r"
U
U
U
U
tz
bfJ
bA
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
'p
bfJ
tb
tb
bfJ
bfJ
'p
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
bfJ
bU
iC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
iC
DC
iC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
U O
U
U
U
U
U
O
U
O
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
O
U
U
0
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
70.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
3-.
U
7-.
U
7-.
U
7-.
U
7-.
U
7-.
U
3-.
U
3-.
U
3-.
U
7-.
U
7-.
U
3-.
U
F.
U
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
4.
U
U
s
P.
`cz
cz
P.
p
O
U
O
O
bpA
'C
O
N
O
cd
• m
cz
.
4�
cz
Nczm
�
+r'•
N
cd
U
S7
p
bfJ
�'"
tc
U
pp
s-i
s-,
O
�
U
�
•ti
N
�
O
5
5
O
x
•,�
A
t
.,�„
N
p�
O
bq
N
C�
U �U
U bq
bq
U
U
U
U
U
t
U
t
?
ba
ba
ba
bq
ba
t
ba
IR
r-
N
�o
k
k
Ile
I;
4
4
4
-11�
r`
zi,
M
M
M
M
M
to
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
N
N
N
N
N
kK
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
M
kn
—
M
kn
r-
O
00
M
bA
E
5
bA
00
iC
iC
iC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
DC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
iC
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
tibQ
��
�
�
O
�
�
•ti
�
O
?
O
00
N