20180063 Ver 1_Year 2 Monitoring Report_20211123

ID#* 20180063
Select Reviewer:
Erin Davis
Initial Review Completed Date 11/23/2021
Mitigation Project Submittal - 11/23/2021
Version* 1
Is this a Prospectus, Technical Proposal or a New Site?*
Type of Mitigation Project:*
Stream Wetlands Buffer Nutrient Offset
(Select all that apply)
Project Contact Information
Contact Name:*
Brad Breslow
Project Information
ID#:* 20180063
Existing ID#
Project Type: DMS Mitigation Bank
Project Name: Carolina Bison
County: Buncombe
Document Information
O Yes O No
Email Address-*
[e-mail]
Version:* 1
Existing Version
Mitigation Document Type:*
Mitigation Monitoring Report
File Upload: Carolina Bison Year 2 Monitoring Report.pdf 18.74MB
Please upload only one PDF of the complete file that needs to be submitted...
Signature
Print Name:* Ryan Medric
Signature: *
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November 23, 2021
Mr. Steve Kichefski
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Division
151 Patton Ave. Room 208
Asheville, NC 28801-5006
RE: Carolina Bison Year 2 Monitoring Report (SAW-2016-02357)
Dear Mr. Kichefski,
Please find attached the Carolina Bison Year 2 Monitoring Report.
3600 Glenwood Avenue. Suite ioo
Raleigh, NC 27612
Corporate Headquarters
6575 West Loop South, Suite 300
Bellaire, TX 77401
Main: 713•520•5400
In Year 2, all nine vegetation plots met the 320 stems per acre success criteria. The average planted
stems per acre across the plots was 742 and the average planted stem height was 2.6 feet. Twelve
bankfull events were recorded on the stage recorders with all three documenting at least two
events. The one vegetation problem area displaying low stem density along PB2, noted during
MY1, was replanted with bareroot trees (willow oak, buttonbush, sycamore, and river birch) in
February 2021. The damaged rip rap swale on PB1-A, noted during MY1, has been repaired and
is now functioning properly. RES graded, seeded, strawed, matted, and live -staked the area in
February 2021 and increased the height of the check dams in August 2021.
RES is requesting a 10% stream credit release (458.100 SMUs and 9.400 WQ SMUs) for the
completion of the Year 2 Monitoring Report. Please see enclosed the credit release timeline and
an updated credit ledger.
Thank you,
Ryan Medric I Ecologist
res.us

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CAROLINA BISON
STREAM MITIGATION SITE
BUNCOMBE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
SAW-2016-02357
YEAR 2 MONITORING REPORT
Provided by:
fires
Bank Sponsor: EBX-Neuse I, LLC,
An entity of Resource Environmental Solutions
3600 Glenwood Ave, Suite 100
Raleigh, NC 27612
919-209-1055
November 2021

Table of Contents
1.0 Project Summary..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1
Project Location and Description..............................................................................................
2
1.2
Project Goals and Objectives....................................................................................................
2
1.3
Project Success Criteria.............................................................................................................
3
StreamSuccess Criteria...................................................................................................................
3
VegetationSuccess Criteria.............................................................................................................
4
WaterQuality...................................................................................................................................
4
1.4
Project Components..................................................................................................................
4
1.5
Stream Design/Approach..........................................................................................................
5
1.6
Construction and As -Built Conditions......................................................................................
6
1.7
Year 2 Monitoring Performance(MY2)....................................................................................
7
Vegetation........................................................................................................................................
7
StreamGeomorphology...................................................................................................................
8
StreamHydrology............................................................................................................................
8
WaterQuality...................................................................................................................................
8
2.0 Methods..................................................................................................................................................
9
3.0 References.............................................................................................................................................
10
Aooendix A: Background Tables
Table 1: Project Mitigation Components
Table 2: Project Activity and Reporting History
Table 3: Project Contacts Table
Table 4: Project Background Information Table
Figure 1: Site Location Map
Appendix B: Visual Assessment Data
Figure 2: Current Conditions Plan View
Vegetation Plot Photos
Monitoring Device Photos
Stream and Vegetation Problem Areas
Appendix C: Vegetation Plot Data
Table 5: Planted Species Summary
Table 6: Vegetation Plot Mitigation Success Summary
Table 7a. Stem Count Total and Planted by Plot Species
Table 7b. Random Vegetation Monitoring Plot Data
Appendix D: Stream Measurement and Geomorphologv Data
MY2 Cross -Section Overlay Plots
Table 8. Baseline Stream Data Summary
Table 9. Cross Section Morphology Data Table
Appendix E: Hvdrolou Data
Table 10. 2021 Rainfall Summary
Table 11. Documentation of Geomorphically Significant Flow Events
Appendix F: Water Quality Data
Table 12. Annual Data Collection (MY2)
Table 13. Physical Water Quality Data Summary
Table 14. Nutrient/Bacteria Water Quality Data Summary
Table 15. Biological Water Quality Data Summary
Carolina Bison 1 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

1.0 Proiect Summary
L I Project Location and Description
The Carolina Bison Mitigation Site ("the Project"), a project within the RES French Broad 05 Umbrella
Mitigation Bank, is located in Buncombe County, North Carolina approximately two miles northeast of
Leicester. Water quality stressors currently affecting the Project include livestock production and lack of
riparian buffer. The Project presents 41768 linear feet (LF) of stream restoration and enhancement,
generating 4,675 Cool Stream Mitigation Units (SMU) along Parker Branch and two unnamed tributaries,
supporting goals of the French Broad River Basin Restoration Priorities (RBRP).
The Project is in the French Broad River Basin within Cataloging Unit 06010105, targeted local watershed
(TLW) Newfound Creek Watershed (14-digit HUC 06010105090020). The proposed mitigation site will
restore and protect a catchment within the Newfound watershed, which discharges directly into the French
Broad River.
The Project's total easement area is 10.92 acres within the overall drainage area of 457 acres. The Project
is currently used as a bison farm, where American Bison are raised for meat production alongside watusi,
camels, elk, and white-tailed deer. Grazing livestock have had access to all stream reaches within the
Project. The lack of riparian buffer vegetation, deep-rooted vegetation, and unstable channel characteristics
have contributed to the degradation of stream banks throughout the Project area.
The stream design approach for the Project combined the analog method of natural channel design with
analytical methods to evaluate stream flows and hydraulic performance of the channel and floodplain. The
analog method involved the use of a reference reach, or "template" stream, adjacent to, nearby, or
previously in the same location as the design reach. The template parameters of the analog reach were
replicated to create the features of the design reach. The analog approach is useful when watershed and
boundary conditions are similar between the design and analog reaches (Skidmore et al., 2001). Hydraulic
geometry was developed using analytical methods to identify the design discharge.
The Project will be monitored on a regular basis throughout the seven-year post -construction monitoring
period, or until performance standards are met. Upon approval for closeout by the Interagency Review
Team (IRT), the site will be transferred to Unique Places to Save (UP2S). This party shall serve as
conservation easement holder and long-term steward for the property and will conduct periodic inspection
of the site to ensure that restrictions required in the conservation easement are upheld. Endowment funds
required to uphold easement and deed restrictions will be finalized prior to site transfer to the responsible
party-
1.2 Project Goals and Objectives
Through the comprehensive analysis of the Project's maximum functional uplift using a Function Based
Framework, specific, attainable goals will be realized by the Carolina Bison Mitigation Site. These goals
clearly address the degraded water quality and nutrient input from farming that were identified as major
watershed stressors in the 2009 French Broad RBRP.
The project goals are:
• Reduce sediment inputs into streams;
• Reduce nutrient and fecal coliform inputs into streams;
• Improve aquatic and terrestrial habitat;
• Improve floodplain connectivity;
Carolina Bison 2 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

• Restore and enhance appropriate riparian plant communities;
• Assess water quality benefits of stream restoration and contribute to the IRTs developing water
quality dataset.
The project goals were addressed through the following project objectives:
• Designed and reconstructed stream channels that convey bankfull flows while maintaining stable
dimension, profile, and planform based on modeling, watershed conditions, and reference reach
conditions;
• Permanently excluded livestock from stream channels and their associated buffers;
• Added in -stream structures and bank stabilization measures to protect restored and enhanced
streams
• Installed habitat features such as brush toes, constructed riffles, woody materials, and pools of
varying depths to restored and enhanced streams;
• Reduced bank height ratios and increased entrenchment ratios to reference reach conditions;
• Increased forested riparian buffers to at least thirty feet on both sides of the channel along the
Project reaches with a hardwood riparian plant community;
• Treated exotic invasive species;
• Established a permanent conservation easement on the site;
• Performed water quality measurements/sampling and reported results.
Limitations to achieving these watershed goals arise by remaining constrained to our project boundaries.
While we restored habitat and streams to stable and effective conditions that achieve our goals within the
project parcels, we are unable to influence the effect of poor riparian buffers and livestock impact in other
areas within the watershed.
1.3 Project Success Criteria
The Site follows the USACE 2003 Stream Mitigation Guidelines and the "Wilmington District Stream and
Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update" dated October 24, 2016. Cross section and vegetation plot data
will be collected in Years 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. Stream hydrology data and visual monitoring will be reported
annually. Physical and chemical water quality parameters will be reported annually, while biological
parameters will be reported in Years 0, 3, 5, and 7.
Stream Success Criteria
Four bankfull flow events must be documented within the seven-year monitoring period. The bankfull
events must occur in separate years. Otherwise, the stream monitoring will continue until four bankfull
events have been documented in separate years.
There should be little change in as -built cross -sections. If changes do take place, they should be evaluated
to determine if they represent a movement toward a less stable condition (for example down -cutting or
erosion), or are minor changes that represent an increase in stability (for example settling, vegetative
changes, deposition along the banks, or decrease in width/depth ratio). Bank height ratio shall not exceed
1.2, and the entrenchment ratio shall be no less than 1.4 within restored riffle cross sections. Channel
stability should be demonstrated through a minimum of four bankfull events documented in the seven-year
monitoring period.
Digital images will be used to subjectively evaluate channel aggradation or degradation, bank erosion,
success of riparian vegetation, and effectiveness of erosion control measures. Longitudinal images should
not indicate the absence of developing bars within the channel or an excessive increase in channel depth.
Carolina Bison 3 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

Lateral images should not indicate excessive erosion or continuing degradation of the banks over time. A
series of images over time should indicate successional maturation of riparian vegetation.
Vegetation Success Criteria
Specific and measurable success criteria for plant density within the riparian buffers on the site will follow
IRT Guidance. Vegetation monitoring plots will be a minimum of 0.02 acres in size and cover a minimum
of two percent of the planted area. Vegetation monitoring will occur annually between July 15 and leaf
drop and will include a combination of fixed and random plots. The interim measures of vegetative success
for the site will be the survival of at least 320 planted three-year old trees per acre at the end of Year 3,
260 five-year old trees with an average height of six feet at the end of Year 5, and the final vegetative
success criteria will be 210 trees per acre with an average height of eight feet at the end of Year 7.
Volunteer trees will be counted, identified to species, and included in the yearly monitoring reports, but
will not be counted towards the success criteria of total planted stems.
Water Quality
Water quality and macroinvertebrate indicators will be monitored to document and measure any changes
to physical, chemical, and biological metrics within the project area. These metrics are sensitive to changes
in the project watershed (e.g. land use change and pollutant inputs) and more localized modifications, such
as in -stream habitat improvements and riparian buffer restoration. However, because results might not
demonstrate a measurable improvement over pre -construction conditions, or measurable improvements
may occur slowly, the success of the project will not be tied to these metrics.
Physical water quality sampling was conducted prior to construction and will be for the duration of the
monitoring period using a sampling probe, and will include measurements of acidity (pH), temperature,
dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity (EC). Specifically, these measurements will be taken four times
per monitoring year. Additionally, once per year, fecal coliform, total nitrate/nitrite, Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus, and total ammonia samples will be collected. All these data will be
reported annually.
Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted prior to construction and will be once per year during
monitoring Years 3, 5, and 7. A reference location was also sampled for comparison purposes, located on
a relatively stable reach in an undisturbed setting, located as close to the mitigation site as possible, and
within the same watershed. Results presented will include a list of taxa collected at each site for each
sampling event, as well as an enumeration of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa
and a Biotic Index (see the NCDWR Standard Operating Procedures for Collection and Analysis of Benthic
Macroinvertebrates). Each report will include a summary of the current results and all past monitoring
events in tabular format.
1.4 Project Components
The Project area is comprised of perennial streams, Parker Branch and two unnamed tributaries on a
working American Bison farm and is comprised of nine fenced easement sections, separated by easement
breaks. Descriptions of easement breaks are discussed below. There are six stream reaches, including Parker
Branch (PB1-A, PB1-B, PB1-C, and P132) and two unnamed tributaries (UT1 and UT2), divided by
treatment type and/or changes in flow. The stream mitigation components are summarized below.
Mitigation credits presented below are based upon the Approved Mitigation Plan. To account for areas of
more or less than minimum 30-foot buffer widths, credits were adjusted using the USACE Wilmington
District Stream Buffer Credit Calculator.
Carolina Bison 4 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

Although there are no specific success criteria metrics for water quality and macroinvertebrate monitoring,
both will be monitored and reported as specified in the 2016 Wilmington District Stream and Wetland
Compensatory Mitigation Update in order to generate an additional two percent credit. A proposed variation
on the protocols in the 2016 Wilmington District Stream and Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update
was provided to the IRT and agreed upon and was outlined in Section 1.3 above. This credit will be
generated on all restoration reaches (PB1, PB2, and UT1) and will not be generated on reach UT2.
Due to landowner and utility requirements, there are eight easement breaks within the project. One break
is for an existing utility easement; fencing will be installed across the utility easement in order to provide
contiguous livestock exclusion to the stream. The other seven are locations for current or future agricultural
crossings. These easement breaks will allow landowners to continue current land -use and access throughout
the property as needed.
Mitigation Plan Credits
Reach
Mitigation Type
Proposed Stationing
Existing
Length
(LF)
Proposed
Length
(LF)
Mitigation
Ratio
SMUs
Restoration
0+11 to 0+90
69
79
1.0:1
79
PB1-A
Restoration
1+34 to 6+54
514
520
1.0:1
520
Restoration
6+84 to 11+05
421
421
1.0:1
421
P131-13
Restoration
11+68 to 14+23
254
255
1.0:1
255
Restoration
14+23 to 20+30
552
607
1.0:1
607
PB 1-C
Restoration
20+70 to 23+55
342
285
1.0:1
285
Restoration
23+55 to 27+34
439
379
1.0:1
379
PB2
Restoration
27+74 to 33+02
498
528
1.0:1
528
Restoration
1+35 to 4+15
262
280
1.0:1
280
Restoration
4+45 to 13+14
809
869
1.0:1
869
UT1
Restoration
13+44 to 16+42
287
298
1.0:1
298
Restoration
16+83 to 18+83
157
200
1.0:1
200
UT2
Enhancement II
0+89 to 1+36
47
47
2.5:1
19
Totals
4,651
4,768
4,740
Non -Standard Buffer Width Adjustment
-159*
Water Quality Monitoring Adjustment
94t
Total Adjusted SMUs
4,675
* Credit adjustment for Non-standard Buffer Width calculation using the Wilmington District Stream Buffer Credit
Calculator issued by the USACE in January 2018. See section 6.6 of the Carolina Bison Final Mitigation Plan for
further information.
T Additional two percent credit on reaches conducting water quality and macroinvertebrate monitoring protocols
specified in the 2016 Wilmington District Stream and Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update. See section 6.7 of
the Carolina Bison Final Mitigation Plan for further information.
1.5 Stream Design/Approach
Stream restoration efforts at the Carolina Bison Site were accomplished through analyses of geomorphic
conditions and watershed characteristics. The design approach applied a combination of analytical and
reference reach -based design methods that meet objectives commensurate with both ecological and
geomorphic improvements. Treatment activities ranged from minor bank grading and planting to re-
establishing stable planform and hydraulic geometry. For full restoration reaches, natural design concepts
Carolina Bison 5 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

were applied and verified through rigorous engineering analyses and modeling. The objective of this
approach was to design and construct a channel with stable geomorphology that provides habitat
improvements and ties into the existing landscape. Specifically, treatments included Priority 1 Restoration,
Priority 2 Restoration, and Enhancement Level II.
The Carolina Bison Mitigation Site has been broken into the following reaches:
Reach PBI-A/B/C — These three reaches begin on the north end of the project, flowing south to join UT1
and create PB2, downstream of their confluence. PBI-A results in 1,020 linear feet of Restoration. This
reach was incised and did not have connectivity to the floodplain. Slopes were constructed between 1% to
1.3% with offline restoration and tied back into the bedrock outcroppings within the pre-existing channel.
PBI-B is 255 linear feet and was also incised and over widened pre -construction. Design and construction
constraints within this reach included the large livestock pen on the left bank and a path that was to be
retained on the right. Within reach PBI-B, design and construction included adding appropriate meander,
raising the bed, and cutting in a floodplain bench while maintaining the 1% grade. PBI-C, like PBI-A, had
less constraints for design and similar restoration activities were performed. PC1-C is 892 linear feet,
joining UT1, and flows east as PB2.
Reach PB2 - This reach begins downstream of the confluence of UT1, flowing east, eventually off the
project site. PB2 is 907 linear feet of Restoration. Prior to construction, this reach had very low bed and
bank stability due to direct livestock access and lack of riparian understory. The larger drainage area of
Reach PB2 had resulted in a wider channel. There is a path on both sides of Parker Branch, but they are just
outside the project easement.
Reach UTI - This tributary begins just west of the project limits from a groundwater seep. Reach UT1
flows east to Parker Branch and totals 1,647 linear feet of Restoration. Sparse woodland and actively
managed pastures were located adjacent to the reach, and livestock had access to this reach. The channel
was designed and constructed to be around 2.25% grade. Additionally, there is a steep slope to the south of
the reach.
Reach UT2 — This reach begins in the middle of the project, flowing northeast into UT1. This reach totals
47 linear feet of Enhancement IL Prior to Project construction, UT2 had little to no livestock access but was
still oversized and incised. Actively managed pasture was located adjacent to the reach. Enhancement
activities included stable reconnection to UT1 and buffer re-establishment, and a rock sill grade control
structure was installed at the tie-in with UT1.
1.6 Construction and As Built Conditions
Stream construction and planting was completed in March 2020 despite abnormally high rainfall that caused
delays. The Carolina Bison Mitigation Site was built to design plans and guidelines barring a few
deviations, including several crossing types changes, the substitution of riprap swales for diffused flow
structures, and the addition of stone toe bank protection. Also, notably, due to weather delays and setbacks,
the fencing was not completed during construction; however, all livestock have been removed from the
project area and do not have access to the Project streams or easement area. Notable changes at the Project
are discussed below.
Carolina Bison 6 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

Easement Breaks and Crossings — Proposed vs. As -Built
Reach
Stationing
Proposed Mitigation Plan
As -Built Condition
PB1-A
0+90 to 1+34
Utility Easement
Utility Easement
PB 1-A
6+54 to 6+84
24 LF of Double 54" RCP
Riffle Grade Control installed
PB 1-A
11+05 to 11+68
48 LF of 54" and 48" RCP
48 LF of Double 48" RCP
PB 1-C
20+30 to 20+70
24 LF of Double 54" RCP
No crossing installed
PB2
27+34 to 27+74
Future bridge location
Future bridge location
UT1
4+15 to 4+45
Remove 30" RCP
Removed 30" RCP
UT1
13+15 to13+45
24 LF of Double 36" RCP
Ford installed
UT1
16+42 to 16+83
24 LF of Double 54" RCP
Riffle Grade Control installed
Note: Entire easement boundary will be fenced.
The Diffuse Flow Structures proposed on reaches PB1-A and UT1 were substituted for Riprap Swales to
address erosional forces in these areas. In addition, several other small riprap swales were installed
throughout the Project upon discovery of rills and erosional areas resulting from concentrated runoff during
construction.
All areas mentioned above are identified on the as -built survey, which is included along with a redline
version of the as -built survey, in the As -Built Report. Project credits are based on design centerline, but as -
built stream lengths are shown on Appendix A, Table 1.
Also, there were several bare root planting changes compared to the mitigation plan due to bare root
availability. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) and musclewood (Carpinus carolinia) were removed, while willow
oak (Quercus phellos), black walnut (Juglans nigra), southern crabapple (Malus angustifolia), eastern
redbud (Cercis canadensis), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), American
plum (Prunus Americana), and hazel alder (Alnus serrulata) were added. See Appendix C, Table 5 for the
complete as -built planted species list.
1.7 Year 2 Monitoring Performance (MY2)
The Carolina Bison Year 2 Monitoring (MY2) activities were performed in July and October 2021. All
MY2 Monitoring data is present below and in the appendices. The Site is on track to meeting vegetation
and stream interim success criteria.
Vegetation
Monitoring of the six permanent vegetation plots and three random plots was completed in October 2021.
Vegetation data can be found in Appendix C, associated photos are in Appendix B, and plot locations are
in Appendix B. MY2 monitoring data indicates that all plots are exceeding the interim success criteria of
320 planted stems per acre. Planted stem densities ranged from 405 to 1,214 planted stems per acre with a
mean of 796 across the six permanent plots, while planted stem densities ranged from 486 to 890 planted
stems per acre with a mean of 634 across the three random plots. An average of 742 planted stems per acre
were recorded across both permanent and random plots. A total of 15 species were documented within the
plots. Volunteer species were noted in two of the plots, with an average of 344 volunteer stems per acre.
The average stem height across all vegetation plots was 2.6 feet.
Carolina Bison 7 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

Visual assessment of vegetation outside of the monitoring plots indicates that the herbaceous vegetation is
becoming well established throughout the project. One area along the left bank of P132 received
supplemental bareroot planting in February 2021 (Appendix B). Additionally, in MY2, RES began
removing black walnut and crabapple stems throughout the site. Since these species make up such a small
percentage of species composition RES does not anticipate needing replanting in areas of removal. Small
areas of bare herbaceous along the stream will be reseeded this dormant season. A minor area of
encroachment, not within the fenced area, was observed along UT1 during the Year 1 site visit. RES will
repair this area this dormant season.
Stream Geomorphology
Geomorphology data for MY2 was collected during July 2021. Summary tables and cross section plots are
in Appendix D. Overall, the Year 2 cross sections on the restoration reaches relatively match the as -built
conditions. The MY2 conditions show that shear stress and velocities have been reduced for all restoration
reaches. All reaches were designed as gravel bed channels and remain as such.
Visual assessment of the stream channel was performed to document signs of instability, such as eroding
banks, structural instability, or excessive sedimentation. The channel is transporting sediment as designed
and will continue to be monitored for aggradation and degradation. The rip rap swale on the left bank of
PB I -A, that was failing in MY1, has been fixed. In February of 2021, RES graded, seeded, strawed, matted
and live staked the problem area (Appendix B). Additional coir logs were added in August 2021 to increase
the height of the check dams and upon inspection during October 2021 monitoring, the swale is heavily
vegetated and continuing to maintain its structure and is performing properly.
Stream Hydrology
In May 2020, one stage recorder was installed per restoration reach; PB 1-C, P132, and UT1, for a total of
three stage recorders. There were 12 total bankfull events recorded in MY2, five on PB1-C, two on P132,
and five on UT1. The stage recorder locations can be found on Figure 2, photos are in Appendix B, and
associated data is in Appendix E.
Water Quality
Physical water quality data (pH, temperature, DO, and conductivity) were collected during MY2 in the
winter (March 05, 2021), summer (June 28, 2021), and fall (October 20, 2021) on the restored tributaries
at the five sampling locations represented on Figure 2. Additional physical water quality data and
nutrient/bacteria is being collected at the end of 2021 and will reported in the MY3 monitoring report. All
data collected so far for the year as well as summaries of current results and all past water quality monitoring
events are presented in tabular format in Appendix F. Furthermore, RES expects to collect a full suite of
data in the coming monitoring years in accordance with the plan outlined in Section 1.3, above.
Carolina Bison 8 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

2.0 Methods
Stream geomorphology monitoring was conducted using a Topcon GTS-312 Total Station. Three-
dimensional coordinates associated with cross-section data were collected in the field (NAD83 State Plane
feet FIPS 3200). Morphological data were collected at 20 cross -sections. Survey data were imported into
CAD, ArcGIS®, and Microsoft Excel® for data processing and analysis.
Hydrology is being monitored using stage recorders, which utilize automatic pressure transducers, and were
installed within the channels. The pressure transducers record frequency, duration, and stage of bankfull
events and are programmed to record readings at an hourly interval. A surveyed elevation was recorded at
the bed and top of bank at the stage recorder elevation, allowing for accurate bankfull events to be recorded.
Vegetation success is being monitored at six permanent monitoring plots and three random plots for a total
of nine plots. Locations of random plots will vary from year to year and will be shown in Figure 2, and
species and height will be recorded for all woody stems. Vegetation plot monitoring follows the CVS-EEP
Level 2 Protocol for Recording Vegetation, version 4.2 (Lee et al. 2008) and includes analysis of species
composition and density of planted species. Data are processed using the CVS data entry tool. In the field,
the four corners of each plot were permanently marked with PVC at the origin and metal conduit at the
other corners. Photos of each plot are to be taken from the origin each monitoring year.
For physical water quality monitoring, acidity (pH), temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity is
being measured using an ExStik DO 600 dissolved oxygen meter and an ExStik EC 500
Conductivity/TDS/Salinity/Temperature meter in accordance with the devices manufacturer's
instructions/protocols.
For chemical water quality, fecal coliform, total nitrate/nitrite, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), total
phosphorus, and total ammonia is being collected by Penrose Environmental and delivered to the Pace
Laboratory in Asheville for analysis.
For macroinvertebrate monitoring, Penrose Environmental is collecting and analyzing samples. The
macroinvertebrate sampling is being conducted in accordance with the NCDWR Qual 4 macroinvertebrate
sampling protocol, which is described in the most current version of the Standard Operating Procedures
for Collection and Analysis ofBenthic Macroinvertebrates, February 2016 (Version 5.0). Sampling is being
conducted during the same time of year to minimize seasonal differences in the data from year-to-year.
Additionally, sampling will be conducted at the same time as water quality monitoring (pre -construction
and years 3,5,7), and within the index period referenced in the North Carolina Division of Water Resources
(NCDWR) document entitled Small Streams Biocriteria Development, dated May 29, 2009.
Macroinvertebrate samples are identified to the lowest practical taxonomic level (usually Genus) by a
qualified. Results presented include a list of taxa collected at each site for each sampling event, as well as
an enumeration of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa and a Biotic Index (see the
NCDWR Standard Operating Procedures for Collection and Analysis of Benthic Macroinvertebrates). Each
report includes a summary of the current results and all past monitoring events in tabular format.
Carolina Bison 9 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

3.0 References
Harman, W., R. Starr, M. Carter, K. Tweedy, M. Clemmons, K. Suggs, C. Miller. 2012. A Function -
Based Framework for Stream Assessment and Restoration Projects. US Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Washington, DC EPA 843-K-12-006.
Lee Michael T., Peet Robert K., Roberts Steven D., and Wentworth Thomas R. 2008. CVS-EEP Protocol
for Recording Vegetation Level. Version 4.2
North Carolina Division of Water Resources. February 2016. Standard Operating Procedures for the
Collection and Analysis of Benthic Maroinvertebrates. North Carolina Department of
Environmental Quality.
Peet, R.K., Wentworth, T.S., and White, P.S. (1998), A flexible, multipurpose method for recording
vegetation composition and structure. Castanea 63:262-274
Penrose Environmental. April 2019 (Revised April 2020) Benthic Insect Summary. Carolina Bison
Project.
Resource Environmental Solutions. 2019. Carolina Bison Stream Mitigation Site Final Mitigation Plan.
Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology, 2nd edition, Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO.
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2003. April 2003 NC Stream Mitigation Guidelines.
USACE. 2016. Wilmington District Stream and Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Update.
Carolina Bison 10 Year 2 Monitoring Report
Stream Mitigation Site November 2021

Appendix A
Site Location
Background Tables

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Table 2. Project Activity and Reporting History
Carolina Bison Mitigation Site
Elapsed Time Since grading complete: 1 year 9 months
Elapsed Time Since planting complete: 1 year 8 months
Number of reporting Years : 2
Activity or Deliverable
Data Collection
Complete
Completion or
Delivery
Restoration Plan
NA
Mar-19
Final Design — Construction Plans
NA
Aug-19
Stream Construction
NA
Feb-20
Site Planting
NA
Mar-20
As -built (Year 0 Monitoring — baseline)
May-20
Jun-20
Year 1 Monitoring
Oct-20
Dec-20
Supplemental Planting
NA
Feb-21
Swale Repair
NA
Feb-21
Year 2 Monitoring
XS: Jul-21
VP: Oct-21
Nov-21
Year 3 Monitoring
Year 4 Monitoring
Year 5 Monitoring
Year 6 Monitoring
Year 7 Monitoring
= The number of reports or data points produced excluding the baseline

Table 3. Project Contacts Table
Carolina Bison Mitigation Site
Designer
RES / 3600 Glenwood Avenue, Suite 100, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27612.
Primary project design POC
Frasier Mullen
Construction Contractor
Wright Contracting, LLC / 453 Silk Hope Liberty Rd, Siler City,
NC 27344
Construction contractor POC
Joe Wright
Survey Contractor
Kee Mapping & Surveying / 88 Central Ave., Asheville, NC
28801
Survey contractor POC
Nick Haase
Planting Contractor
H&J Forestry
Planting contractor POC
Matt Hitch
Monitoring Performers
RES / 3600 Glenwood Avenue, Suite 100, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27612.
Stream Monitoring POC
IRyan Medric [phone]
Vegetation Monitoring POC
IRyan Medric [phone]

Table 4. Project Background Information
Project Name
Carolina Bison
County
Buncombe
Project Area (acres)
10.92
Project Coordinates (latitude and longitude)
Latitude: 35.671107 N Longitude:-82.669235 W
Planted Acreage (Acres of Woody Stems Planted)
10.23
Project Watershed Summary Information
Physiographic Province
Mountains
River Basin
French Broad
USGS Hydrologic Unit 8-digit
6010105
USGS Hydrologic Unit 14-digit
06010105090020
DWR Sub -basin
04-03-02
Project Drainage Area (Acres and Square Miles)
457 ac (0.714 mil)
Project Drainage Area Percentage of Impervious Area
1 %
CGIA Land Use Classification
Agriculture (58.3%), Residential (22.4%), Forest (18.2%), Impervious (1.1 %)
Reach Summary Information
Parameters
PB1-A
P131-13
PB1-C
PB2
UT1
UT2
Length of reach (linear feet) (designed)
1020
255
892
907
1647
47
Valley confinement (Confined, moderately confined, unconfined)
Unconfined
Unconfined
Unconfined
era e y
Unconfined
Unconfined
Drainage area (Acres)
237
263
276
457
127
66
Perennial, Intermittent, Ephemeral
P
P
P
P
P
P
NCDWR Water Quality Classification
C
C
C
C
C
C
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E5
E5
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E5/6b
F5/6b
Stream Classification (proposed)
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C4
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E4
E4
---
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IV
IV
IV
III
III
III
FEMA classification
None
None
None
None
None
None
Regulatory Considerations
Parameters
Applicable?
Resolved?
Supporting
Docs?
Water of the United States - Section 404
Yes
Yes
SAW-2016-
02357
Water of the United States - Section 401
Yes
Yes
DWR # 18-
0063
Endangered Species Act
Yes
Yes
USFWS
(8/2/2018
Letter)
Historic Preservation Act
Yes
Yes
SHPO
(2/28/18
Letter)
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA or CAMA)
No
N/A
N/A
FEMA Floodplain Compliance
No
N/A
N/A
Essential Fisheries Habitat
No
N/A
N/A

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Appendix B
Visual Assessment Data

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Appendix C
Vegetation Plot Data

Appendix C. Vegetation Assessment Data
Table 5. Planted Species Summary
Common Name
Scientific Name
Total Stems Planted
Northern Red Oak
Quercus rubra
1,600
Willow Oak
Quercus phellos
1,500
Green Ash
Fraxinuss pennsylvanica
1,400
River Birch
Betula nigra
1,400
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis
1,400
Black Walnut
Juglans nigra
1,000
Swamp Chestnut Oak
Quercus michauxii
1,000
Yellow Poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera
1,000
Southern Crapapple
Malus angustifolia
1,000
Eastern Redbud
Cercis canadensis
1,000
Elderberry
Sambucus nigra
500
Sugarberry
Celtis laevigata
350
Silky Dogwood
Cornus ammonium
300
American Plum
Prunus americana
300
Hazel Alder
Alnus serrulata
200
Total
13,950
Planted Area
10.2
As -built Planted Stems/Acre
1,368
Table 6. Vegetation Plot Mitigation Success Summary
Plot #
Planted
Stems/Acre
Volunteer
Stems/Acre
Total
Stems/Acre
Criteria
Met?
Average
verage
Planted
Stem
Height
1
931
2023
2954
Yes
3.3
2
890
0
890
Yes
2.6
3
405
0
405
Yes
2.2
4
1214
0
1214
Yes
2.5
5
769
40
809
Yes
2.5
6
567
0
567
Yes
2.1
R1
890
0
890
Yes
2.5
R2
526
0
526
Yes
1.9
R3
486
0
486
Yes
3.2
Project Avg
742
344
1140
Yes
2.6

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Appendix E
Hydrology Data

Table 10. 2021 Rainfall Summary
Month
Average
Normal Limits
Leicester Station
Precipitation
30 Percent
70 Percent
January
4.06
2.72
4.86
3.08
February
3.83
2.32
4.64
3.78
March
4.59
3.14
5.48
5.72
April
3.50
2.07
4.25
1.23
May
4.41
2.97
5.28
3.21
June
4.38
2.74
5.30
4.20
July
3.87
2.26
4.70
2.99
August
4.30
2.70
5.20
6.31
September
3.72
2.15
4.52
1.38
October
3.17
1.68
3.83
3.36
November
3.82
2.85
4.47
---
December
3.39
2.20
4.08
---
Total
47.04
29.80
56.61
35.26
Above Normal Limits
Below Normal Limits
Table 11. Documentation of Geomorphically Significant Flow Events
Year
Number of Bankfull
Events
Maximum Bankfull
Height (ft)
Date of Maximum Bankfull
Event
Stage Recorder PBl-C
MY12020
1
0.77
7/31/2020
MY2 2021
5
1.96
8/ 17/2021
Stage Recorder PB2
MY12020
L 3
1.16
7/31/2020
MY2 2021
2
1.50
8/ 17/2021
Stage Recorder DTI
MY12020
1
0.55
7/31/2020
MY2 2021
5
1.15
8/ 17/2021

Appendix F
Water Quality Data

Table 12. Annual Data Collection
Carolina Bison Mitigation Site
MY2 (2021) Water Quality
Reach UTl (US)
Season
I Winter
I Spring
I Summer
Fall
Sampling Date
I 5-Mar-21
28-Jun-21
20-Oct-21
Physical
Temperature (°F)
54.3
76.64
60.3
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
3.73
6.68
pH
7.58
6.66
6.79
Conductivity (µS/cm)
203
250
124.1
Nutrient/Bacteria
Fecal Coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
-
Total Kjeldahal Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrogen NO2 plus NO3 (mg/L)
Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
-
Biological
Total Taxa Richness
-
EPTTaxa Richness
-
EPT Abundance
-
Biotic Index
-
Seasonal Correction
# Taxa <_ 2.5 (intolerant taxa)
Bioclassification
Reach PBl-A
Season
I Winter
I Spring
I Summer
Fall
Sampling Date
I 5-Mar-21
I
128-Jun-21120-Oct-21
Physical
Temperature (°F)
57.7
74.66
58.6
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
5.1
7.47
pH
8.08
7.2
7.10
Conductivity (µS/cm)
168.2
251
136.1
Nutrient/Bacteria
Fecal Coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
-
Total Kjeldahal Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrogen NO2 plus NO3 (mg/L)
Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
-
Biological
Total Taxa Richness
-
EPTTaxa Richness
-
EPT Abundance
-
Biotic Index
-
Seasonal Correction
# Taxa <_ 2.5 (intolerant taxa)
Bioclassification
Reach PB2
Season
I Winter
I Spring
I Summer
Fall
Sampling Date
I 5-Mar-21
I
128-Jun-21120-Oct-21
Physical
Temperature (°F)
57.3
77
60.3
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
3.81
7.25
pH
8.19
6.95
7.2
Conductivity (µS/cm)
148
783
646.0
Nutrient/Bacteria
Fecal Coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
-
Total Kjeldahal Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrogen NO2 plus NO3 (mg/L)
Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
-
Biological
Total Taxa Richness
-
EPTTaxa Richness
-
EPT Abundance
-
Biotic Index
-
Seasonal Correction
# Taxa <_ 2.5 (intolerant taxa)
Bioclassification
Reach UTl (DS)
Season
I Winter
I Spring
Summer
Fall
Sampling Date
I 5-Mar-21
I
128-Jun-21120-Oct-21
Physical
Temperature (°F)
56.1
75.2
59.0
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
3.31
6.37
pH
7.79
6.97
6.94
Conductivity (µS/cm)
156.4
240
244.0
Nutrient/Bacteria
Fecal Coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
-
Total Kjeldahal Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrogen NO2 plus NO3 (mg/L)
Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
-
Biological
Total Taxa Richness
-
EPTTaxa Richness
-
EPT Abundance
-
Biotic Index
-
Seasonal Correction
# Taxa <_ 2.5 (intolerant taxa)
Bioclassification
Reach PBl-C
Season
I Winter
I Spring
I Summer
Fall
Sampling Date
I 5-Mar-21
I
128-Jun-21120-Oct-21
Physical
Temperature (°F)
58.4
73.04
61.0
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
3.91
7.32
pH
7.85
7.18
7.35
Conductivity (µS/cm)
203
794
254.0
Nutrient/Bacteria
Fecal Coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
-
Total Kjeldahal Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrogen NO2 plus NO3 (mg/L)
Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
-
Biological
Total Taxa Richness
-
EPTTaxa Richness
-
EPT Abundance
-
Biotic Index
-
Seasonal Correction
# Taxa <_ 2.5 (intolerant taxa)
Bioclassification

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Table 14. Nutrient/Bacteria Water Quality Summary
Carolina Bison Mitigation Site
Spring
Monitoring Year
Fecal Coliform
(CFU/100 ml)
Total Nitrogen
(mg/L)
Total Kjeldahal
Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrogen NO2 plus
NO3 (mg/L)
Total Phosphorus
(mg/L)
Pre -construction (2019)
MY1 (2020)
MY2 (2021)
MY3 (2022)
s
MY4 (2023)
V
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ai
MY5 (2024)
MY6 (2025)
MY7 (2026)
Pre -construction (2019)
82
0.94
0.52
MY1 (2020)
-
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MY2 (2021)
MY3 (2022)
s
MY4 (2023)
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MY6 (2025)
MY7 (2026)
Pre -construction (2019)
MY1 (2020)
MY2 (2021)
a
N
MY3 (2022)
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a
MY4 (2023)
MY5 (2024)
MY6 (2025)
MY7 (2026)
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9900
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1.2
1.7
0.24
MY1 (2020)
-
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-
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MY2 (2021)
N
MY3 (2022)
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MY4 (2023)
MY5 (2024)
MY6 (2025)
MY7 (2026)
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1.4
0.22
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