20130436 Ver 1_Revised Ballahack BPDP_20130628

I

Table of Contents
1.0
Project Location and Description ....................................................................... ...............................
3
2.0
Project Area — Existing Conditions ...................................................................... ..............................4
2.1
Geologic & Soil Characteristics ....................................................................... ..............................4
2.2
Vegetative Communities ................................................................................ ...............................
6
2.3
Threatened and Endangered Species ............................................................. ..............................6
2.4
Environmental Issues ...................................................................................... ..............................7
2.5
FEMA Flood plain /Floodway Mapping ............................................................. ..............................7
3.0
Proposed Nutrient Offset and Riparian Buffer Restoration Plan ....................... ...............................
8
4.0
Monitoring and Maintenance Plan ..................................................................... ..............................9
5.0
Financial Assurance Language ......................................................................... ...............................
10
6.0
Nutrient Offset and Riparian Buffer Mitigation Potential ............................... ...............................
10
7.0
References ....................................................................................................... ...............................
11
Appendix A: Figures
Figure 1: Vicinity Map
Figure 2: USGS Topographic Map
Figure 3: Aerial Map Proposed Nutrient Offset Buffer Area
Figure 4: Edgecombe County Soil Survey Map
Figure 5: Proposed Nutrient Offset Buffer Area (Survey Excerpt)
Figure 6: FEMA Flood plain /Floodway Map
NIT- • C
Draft Conservation Easement Boundary
DWQ Stream Determination Letter
Site Photographs
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1.0 Project Location and Description
The Evans BeUeheck Bank Parcel (Figure l\is located inEdgecunnbe County, east ufthe
town uf Tarboro, NC and may be accessed bydriving east unUS264 approximately 5 miles from
Tarboro. At Exit 49l take Chinquapin Road (SR l524\2 miles north tuNClll. Take e right turn
on NC 111 and drive approximately 0.3 miles and take a right turn onto Roberson School Road
/SR 1524\. Continue on Roberson School Rued for approximately 0.6 miles and take e right turn
onto the unnamed farm road with circular metal grain storage buildings located in the distance
from the road. Continue 0.3 miles un farm road tue bridge over e drainage canal. The project
site is located tuthe east uf the canal and south uf the metal buildings along estreennsidetree
Greene Environmental Services, LLC (GES) of Snow Hill, North Carolina proposes this nutrient
offset and riparian buffer bank parcel to improve the water quality in the Tar-Pamlico River
Besinbypruvidinguffsitennitigetiunfurdeve|upnnentschuusingthenutrient"buyduvvn"
option within the NCSturnnvveter Rule or who are in need of riparian buffer mitigation credits.
The latitude/longitude coordinates of the site are approximately 35.8721'N and -77.4383'W.
The proposed bank parcel is located within the Lower Tar Watershed /HUC: 03020103\.
SturnnvveterrunufffrunnthissitednainsintutheBeUeheckCene|/Stneenn|ndex#28'87'l.2\,
which drains into Cunetue Creek (Stream Index #28'87'/0.5\\, e major tributary to the Ter
River. According to the NC Division of Water Quality Basinwide Information Management
System, the Be||eheck Canal is classified es(,NSW. Mr. Martin Richmond determined that both
streams on the site are intermittent (with scores of 26.5 and 28.5 on the OVV[lstream
deternninetiunfurnn\enderebuthsuNecttutheTer'Penn|icuBufferRu|eunAugustl4,20l2
(see Appendix B).
The bank parcel is 10 acres, including 5.45 acres of Tar-Pamlico riparian buffer and 4.55 acres of
nutrient offset buffer restoration. This bank parcel shall be established under the terms and
conditions of the Greene Environmental Services Tar-Pamlico River Basin Riparian Buffer and
Nutrient Offset Umbrella Bank made and entered into by Mr. Bobby Ham of Greene
Environmental Services, LLC, acting as the Bank Sponsor and the North Carolina Department of
Environment and Natural Resources — Division of Water Quality which is included with this
submission and will be signed by the Division Director.
The bank parcel was previous agricultural cropland and will be planted with character species
during March 20l3, following approval uf this BPOP. OVV[l staff have visited the site and
determined that itis suitable for nutrient offset mitigation.
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2 PnojectAnea ........ Existing Conditions
2 .1 G(::-ol0 ^ & Soil
Based upon review of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Conetoe and
Speed, North Carolina Quadrangles, the proposed Bank Parcel is located adjacent to
the BeUeheck canal with elevations ranging from ±49-feettu±53-feet.
Topographic relief and surface drainage is generally south and east (Figure 2). The
property is located within the Upper Coastal Plain Physiugrephic Province, within
the Southeastern Plains Ecoregion (more specifically the Southeastern Floodplains
and Low Terraces suhtvpe\. The Southern f|oodp|ain forest subtype predominantly
includes primarily bottomland hardwood forest and cypress-gum swamp vegetative
communities
The entire Evans BeUeheck Bank Parcel was planted in soybeans during the 20l2
growing season (Figure 3\. However, crop production was poor unapproximately
two-thirds uf the project eneeduringthettinneduetuhighsui|setunatiun.
Consequently, much of the zone within 50 feet of the stream and within the
proposed nutrient offset buffer was colonized by annual grasses (Pouspp], sedges
(Eleocharis sp., Coryx spp.) and other herbaceous species including horse nettle
(Solonunnconolinensp), amaranth (4nnunonthussp.), purslane /Portulocosp.\,
irunvveed /Keroniosp.\ and blue dayflower /[onnnnelinusp.\.
The Soil Survey ufEdgecunnbe County, North Carolina (Soil Conservation Service,
1979) lists the soils within the property as from the Wehadkee-Congaree
Association. These soils are primarily located in "broad areas along stneenns" As
described by the online USDA NRCS Official Soil Series Descriptions /(]SO\, the
specific soils within the project eree/Figure4\ereshuvvnbe|uvvinTab|el:
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Table 1. Mapped Soils within the Evans Ballahack Bank Parcel
Ballahack Ba — fine sandy loam Located in shallow drainageways and depressions
in stream terraces. This very poorly drained soil is
present on about 30% of the bank parcel. Seasonal
Nigh Water Table(SHWT) is at or near the surface.
Dominant native species include: bald cypress,
pond pine, red maple, green ash, pignut hickory,
sweetgum, swamp black gum, elm, tulip poplar,
river birch, water oak, willow oak, and swamp
white oak. Understory species include red cedar,
holly, sweetbay magnolia, sourwood, and wax
myrtle.
Conetoe CeB — Loamy sand, 0 -4% slopes Located on smooth to slightly rounded low ridges
on stream terraces. This well drained soil is very
strongly acid to medium acid. Dominant native
trees include: loblolly pine, longleaf pine, red
maple, hickory, sweetgum, black gum, southern red
oak, white oak, and post oak. The understory
species include: dogwood, sassafras, holly,
sourwood, and wax myrtle.
Roanoke Ro —Loam Located on broad flats and stream terraces. This
poorly drained soil has a strongly acid subsoil with a
SHWT at or near the surface.
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The position of the bank parcel in the landscape coupled with very poorly (75 %) to
moderately well drained soils (25 %) and remnant vegetation suggests that the site was
likely a nonriverine wet hardwood forest or mesic mixed hardwood forest in the distant
past, prior to timber harvesting and drainage for agriculture. The nearest mature
vegetative community is a mixed hardwood /pine community consisting of water oak
(Quercus nigra), white oak (Quercus alba), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), sweetgum
(Liquidambarstyraciflua), willow oak (Quercus phellos), red maple (Acerrubrum),
sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and horse sugar (Symplocos tinctoria). The forest
stand is located adjacent to and along approximately 200 feet of the opposite side of
the stream at the southeastern corner of the bank parcel. Based on tree size (canopy is
80 feet and dbh up to 24 inches), this stand is estimated to be in excess of 50 years old.
At the northeast corner of the project area, approximately 300 feet along the opposite
side of the stream, there is a regrowing "cut- over" stand. This stand is predominantly
sweetgum, red maple, black cherry (Prunus serotina) and water oak that are less than 25
feet in height and estimated to be 5 -10 years old.
Approximately 2,800 feet along the opposite side of the stream is an early succession,
scrub /shrub, clear -cut community that has been burned and treated with herbicide by
the neighboring landowner to control tree growth and promote cover for hunting.
Woody species, including red maple, black willow (Salix nigra) and sweetgum are
coppice sprouting, but herbaceous species including dog fennel (Eupatorium
capillifolium), blackberry (Rubus sp.), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), ironweed, cat briar
(Smilax bona nox), blue dayflower and various sedges and grasses, predominate. A
narrow vegetative strip along the stream bank consists of low growin titi (Cyrilla
racemiflora), red maple, black willow, water oak, river birch (Betula nigra), sweetgum,
green briar, Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), muscadine grape (Vitis
rotundifolia), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), pokeweed (Phytolacca
americana) and elderberry (Sambucus canadensis).
The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and NC Natural Heritage Program (NHP)
databases were searched for federally listed threatened and endangered plant and
animal species for Edgecombe County, NC. Two federally listed species, the red -
cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) and the Tar River spineymussel (Elliptio
steinstansana), are currently listed in Edgecombe County (Table 2).
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Table 2. Listed Threatened and Endangered Species in Edgecombe County, NC
Species Federal Status Habitat
Tar River Spineymussel Endangered The Tar River Spineymussel requires relatively silt -
free, uncompacted gravel and /or coarse sand in
fast - flowing, well oxygenated stream reaches. The
species has only been documented in the main
stem of the Tar River, Shocco Creek, Fishing Creek,
Little Fishing Creek, and Swift Creek in the Tar - Pamlico
Basin.
Within a 2 -mile radius of the site:
• A review of the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program ( NCNHP) database
shows no occurrences of either species;
• The NCNHP Virtual Workroom showed no state registered species; and
• The NCNHP Virtual Workroom showed three managed areas, all of which were
USDA Farm Service Agency Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program
Easements.
No impacts to the red - cockaded woodpecker or the Tar River spineymussel, either positively or
negatively, are expected from this project.
A report was obtained from Environmental Data Resources, Inc. (EDR) regarding the
potential for on -site or nearby sources of contamination. EDR maintains an
updated database of current and historical sources of contamination. All storage
tanks, whether above - ground or underground are identified, as well as superfund
sites, landfills, hazardous waste sites, and other potential hazards. No sites were
noted on their database within a one -mile radius of the Bank site.
As shown in Figure 6, the Evans Ballahack Bank Parcel does not contain areas
designated by Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) as floodway or
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100 -year flood boundary. Therefore, no floodplain or floodway impacts are
anticipated.
3 0 Proposed Nu trie Offset gy Riparian Buffer Restoration gy Plan
The proposed bank parcel was most recently in soybean production. Following the harvest
during winter of 2012, soybean stubble remained in portions of the parcel. In other portions of
the parcel, crop failure occurred and annual herbaceous vegetation residue and bare pans exist.
Bareroot seedlings of character trees (Table 3), live stakes of locally obtained woody species
and containerized plants were planted in March 2013 within the proposed conservation
easement area (Figures 5a & 5b). "Character Trees" are defined as planted or volunteer species
identified from a survey of local vegetation on less degraded sections of the specified stream
and from reference literature that details native species.
Bareroot seedlings were purchased from Claridge Nursery (NC DFR) in Goldsboro, NC and live
stakes were obtained adjacent to the site. Mowing and other vegetation management
practices may be implemented during the initial years of tree establishment on the site to
prevent the establishment of invasive species that will attempt to out - compete the planted
native vegetation.
Table 3. Species List for Proposed Planting Plan
Scientific Name Common Name Descriotion # Plants
Diospyros virginica
Persimmon
Bareroot
500
Total Seedlings Planted 5,000
Alternative trees for supplemental planting may include: cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) and
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swamp chestnut oak /(]uercusnvichouxii\. During planting, tree species that are best
adapted to drier site conditions (white oak, southern red oak, and willow oak) will be planted
on well drained soils and those adapted to wetter sites (bald cypress, river birch and black
gum) will be planted un poorly drained soils. However, these and other species targeted for
planting are adapted tu most site conditions vve expected tuencounter.
Buffer vegetative success criteria are based upon the density and growth of character tree
species es defined in Table 3. As per the Greene Environmental Services Tar-Pamlico River
Basin Riparian Buffer and Nutrient Offset UnnbneUe Banking Instrument, vegetative success
criteria will be based upon guidelines set forth in the Guide0nes fhrRiporion Buffer Restoration
prepared by the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program (or subsequent updated
versions ufthese guidelines in place at the date of acceptance of a BPDP), and shall be defined
as e survival of an average density uf320 planted trees per acre after five years. Buttunbush
shrub species will be planted voluntarily and are not intended to be counted in the site's
success criteria.
If vegetative success criteria are not achieved based on acreage density calculations from
combined monitoring plots over the entire restoration area, or if an inspection of the
restoration/mitigation site indicates that portions of the site do not have sufficient stem
densities ur are otherwise deficient, supplemental planting shall be performed with tree species
approved byNCOVV[L Supplemental planting shall be performed as needed until vegetative
success criteria are met. The quantity ufmonitoring plots shall be determined in accordance
with The Carolina Vegetative Sampling Protocol (Levels I & 11).
4 0 Monitoring and Maintenance Plan
The Evans Ballahack Bank Parcel will be monitored annually for five years (or until DWQ:s
success criteria have been nnet\. Monitoring activities will begin un the site after the initial
planting. Supplemental planting and necessary site modifications will be implanted as
necessary. Monitoring activities will follow the terms and conditions of the proposed Greene
Environmental Services Tar-Pamlico River Basin Riparian Buffer and Nutrient Offset Umbrella
Banking Instrument, which will be signed by the Division Director and Mr. Bobby Henn /GES\.
Vegetative success will be monitored within the restored Tar-Pamlico riparian buffer and
nutrient offset buffer and e monitoring report will be provided to OVV[lnu later than December
3l"uf each monitoring year. The report will include vegetative plot data, monitored in
accordance with the CVS'EEP Protocol for Recording Vegetation /[VS'EEP,v. 4.2\. Plots
measuring 100 M2 (ten by ten meter squares) will be permanently established. The Evans
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Ballahack Bank Parcel will contain five vegetative monitoring plots, exceeding the requirement of 2% of
the proposed restoration area. Since the site is a small one (10 acres) and is broken up into four tracts,
five vegetative plots are considered prudent to get a realistic picture of the site's success. Of the four
bank parcel tracts, Tract 3 is substantially larger and will be represented by two vegetative plots in order
to capture the most realistic picture of site success. The plant species, survival rates, and character
species density will be recorded within each plot, as well as general notes on problems
encountered or unique situational developments. Photographs of each plot from the same plot
corner will be included in the monitoring reports to provide DWQ with a snapshot of the site
success each year. Monitoring will take place between August and November. The first
monitoring data will not be collected less than five (5) months after completion of initial
planting.
Financial Assuranc Language
Greene Environmental Services, LLC will provide a performance bond to ensure completion of
all mitigation work. The amount of the performance bond shall be efficient to cover all costs
associated with establishing the site for its proposed mitigation. Upon approval of the subject
BPDP, Greene Environmental Services, LLC will provide financial assurance in the form of a
monitoring bond in the amount of at least $150,000 to ensure that adequate funds are
available for completion of the maintenance and monitoring outlined in the BPDP under
Section 3.
Nutrient Offset and Riparian Buffer Mitigation Potential
The Evans Ballahack Bank Parcel consists of 10.0 acres, which will be protected under a
permanent conservation easement. The Parcel will generate 237,402 square feet (5.45 acres)
of Tar - Pamlico riparian buffer credit and 198,198 square feet (4.55 acres) of nutrient offset
buffer which yields 10,342.24 (lb -N) Nitrogen credits at 2,273.02 lb-N /acre and 666.12 (lb -P)
Phosphorus credits at 146.4 lb-P /acre.
Riparian Buffer Credit may be achieved through mitigation of the Tar - Pamlico riparian buffer, as
defined in 15A NCAC 02B .0259. Nutrient Offset Credit may be achieved through restoration of
the riparian area adjacent to surface water features. Surface water features do not have to be
intermittent or perennial, nor do they have to be depicted on a USGS, NRCS, or EMC approved
map. The width of the restoration area begins at the landward limit of the top of bank or the
rooted herbaceous vegetation and extends landward a maximum distance of 200 feet on all
sides of the surface water. The mitigation accomplished in the DWQ Tar - Pamlico buffer, as
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defined in 15A NCAC 02B .0259 and per 15A NCAC 02B .0242 may be used for either Riparian
Buffer Credit ur Nutrient Offset Credit, but not both.
EPA Superfund Site Information. Accessed from:
Griffith, G.E,(]nnernik].M, Comstock, ].A.,Scheta|e,M.P,McNeb�VV.H,benet,O.R,
MacPherson, T.F, Glover, ].8, and Shelburne, V.B,2002. Ecunegiunsuf North Carolina
and South Carolina. Accessed from:
http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/ncsc_eco.htm
Lee, M. T., Peet, Robert K., Roberts, S. D., and Wentworth, T. R., 2008. CVS-EEP Protocol for
Recording Vegetation Level 1-2 Plot Sampling Only. Version 4.2
Natural Heritage Program. Virtual Workroom. Accessed from:
Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Survey of Edgecombe, North Carolina. 1979. USDA
Soil Conservation Service. Accessed from:
North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program (NCEEP) 2004. Guidelines for Riparian Buffer
Restoration. Accessed from:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Threatened and Endangered Species by County
Accessed from:
and
USGS. The National Map Viewer. Accessed from: LILL.�/vi ewer. n ati on a I ma2.govZvi ewe rZ
Accessed: February 20l3.
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Greene Environmental Services, LLC

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Figure 1— Vicinity Map
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Tract I
Tract 26
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Tract 3
Tract 4
..............
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Figure 3 — Aerial Map
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LEGEND N.T.S.
AaA: Altavista fine sandy loam
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Ba: Ballahack fine sandy loam
CeB: Conetoe loamy sand
Figure 4 — Soils Map
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Tra ct 1
' Riparian Buffer Area: 0.46 ac (20,038 sq. ft)
Nutrient Offset Area: 0.04 ac (1,742 sq. ft)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ...............................
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Riparian Buffer Area: 1.26 acres (54,886 sq. ft)
Nutrient Offset Area: 1.56 ac (67,954 sq. ft)
Tar - Pamlico Buffer Area
Nutrient Offset Area
Figure 5a — Survey Excerpt
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Draft Conservation Easement Boundar
DWQ Stream Determination Letter
Site Photographs
Greene Environmental Services, LLC

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David Knowles
2813 Jefferson DT
Greenville, NC 27858
Subject: Surface Water Determination Letter
TBRRO#12-193
Edgecombe County
The Raleigh Regional Office of the NC Division of Water Quality/Surface Water Protection Section conducted a
site visit at the subject property and is providing the below-listed determination pursuant to your request for a formal
surface water determination:
BASIN:
[:] Neuse (1,5A NCAC 2B.0233)
El Ephemeral/Intermittent/Perennial Determination F-1 Isolated Wetliand Determination
Project Name: Ballahack Buffer/Nutrient C3ffset Tvfiiti anon...�-
Location/Directions: Subject property is currently agriculture use, located south of Roberson
'School Rd in Edgecomehr County
Subject Stream: Ur T's to Ballahack Creek
Date of Determination: August 14, 2012
Feature Start(#,) Stop�(0, — I Stream Soil USGS
Form Pts. §y1vcY_ 12P_0
x Throu taut 28.5 x —
26.5 x
B X _itn_ hout
*rlilp = Pnht mow illintp.rmittt�ntIPerenniaI
Explanation: The feature(s) fisted above has or have been located on the Soil Survey of Edge:combe County, North
Carolina or the most recent copy of the USGS Topographic map at a 1:24,0,00 scale. Each feature that is checked
"Not Subject," has been determined not to be a stream or is not present on the property. Features that are checked
"Subject" have been located on the property and possess characteristics that quality it to be a stream. There may be
other streams located on your property that do not show up on the maps referenced above but, still may be
considered jurisdictional according to the US Army Corps of Engineers and/or to the Division of Water Quality,
1 N
11'tuwc,arolina
at
it g;
North Carolina Division of Water Quality Raleigh Regional Office Surface ,water Protection Phone [phone] customer Service
Intemet: www.nowaterquafty-org 1628 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1628 FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer— 50% Recycled/10% Post Consumer Paper

Ballahack Buffer/Nutrient Offset Mitigation
Fdgecombe County
October 8, 2012
Page 2 of 2
This on-site determination shall expire five (5) years from the date of this letter. Landowners or affected parties that
dispute a determination made by the DWQ or Delegated Local Authority may request a determination by the
Director. An appeal request must be made within sixty (60) days of date of this letter or from the date the affected
party (including downstream and/or adjacent owners) is notified of this letter. A request for a determination by the
Director shall be referred to the Director in writing c/o Ian McMillan, DWQ Wetlands,,/401 Unit, I ;650 Mail Service
Center, Raleigh NC 27699-1650.
If you dispute the Director's determination you may file a petition for an administrative hearing. You must file the
petition with the Office of Administrative Hearings within sixty (60) days, of the receipt of this notice of decision. A
petition is considered filed when it is received in the Office of Administrative Hearings during normal office hours.
The Office of Administrative Hearings accepts filings Monday through Friday between the hours of 8:00 am and 5:00
pm, except for official state holidays. To request a hearing, send the original and one (1) copy of the petition to the
Office of Administrative Hearings, 6714 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-6714. The petition may also be
faxed to the attention of the Office of Administrative Hearings at [phone], provided the original and one (1)
copy of the document is received by the Office of Administrative Hearings within five (5) days following the date of
the fax transmission. A copy of the petition must also be served to the Department of Natural Resources, c/o Mary
Penny Thompson, General Counsel, 1601 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601.
This determination is final and binding unless, as detailed above, you ask for a hearing or appeal within sixty (60)
days.
The owner/future owners should notify the Division of Water Quality (including any other Local, State, and Federal
Agencies) of this decision concerning any future correspondences regarding the subject property (stated above). This
project may require a Section 404/401 Permit for the proposed activity. Any inquiries should be directed to the
Division of Water Quality (Central Office) at (919)-807-6301, and the US Army Corp of Engineers (Raleigh
Regulatory Field Office) at (919)-544-4884.
RespectUly,
Martin Ric and
Environ ental Specialist
cc: Wetlands/ Stormwator Branch, 1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh NC 27699-1650
RR.O/SWP File Copy

EDGECOMBE O

r ,, 1111,

Photograph 1. North end of project site; view to north along UT -B.
Photograph 2. North end of project site; view to south along UT -B (Tract 1).

Photograph 3. VieN -, to north along UT -B (Tract 2); note ruts in poorly drained soils and crop failure.
Photograph 4. VieN -, south from approximate midpoint of UT -B (Tract 3).

Photograph 5. Minimal soybean crop establishment v ithin proposed buffer (Tract 3).
Photograph 6. Southern end of UT -B, note crop failure v ithin proposed project area.

Photograph 7. Standing water in poorly drained soil N- within propoased buffer at south end of UT -B.
Photograph 8. VieN -, east along UT -A to junction v ith UT -B;
note mature forest stand on opposite side of stream.

Photograph 9. VieN -, vest along UT -A to Ballahack Canal (broken tree line in background).
Photograph 10. Land use on opposite side of stream along UT -B; N- vaterfowl impoundment under
construction by neighboring landowner.

Photograph 11. Land use on opposite side of stream along UT -B; hunting platform in cut -over.
Photograph 12. Land use on opposite side of stream along UT -B; early succession vegetation in cut -over.

Photograph 13. Land use on opposite side of stream along UT -B; early succession vegetation in cut -over
Nvith standing dead Nvoody vegetation killed by herbicide application 1 -2 Nears prior.
Photograph 14. Land use on opposite side of stream along UT -A; approximately 200 linear feet of mature
mixed pine /hardwood forest.

Photograph 15. Land use on opposite side of stream along UT -A; row crop soybeans.
Photograph 16. Shrub species growing in stream channel that can be used for live stakes in proposed
project site; left: elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), right: buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis).