20201654 Ver 1_Response to FWS Comments_20210716

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Staff Review Form
NORFH CA.,i0:INA
En vironmenfrr!QvoGry
Updated September 4,2020
Staff Review
Does this application have all the attachments needed to accept it into the review process?*
6* Yes r No
ID#* Version* 1
2020-1654
Is this project a public transportation project?* C Yes
r No
Reviewer List:* Andrew Moore:eads\awmoore3
Select Reviewing Office:* Asheville Regional Office-[phone]
Does this project require a request for payment to be sent?*
r
Yes
No

Project Submittal Form
*
Please note:fields marked with a red asterisk below are required. You will not be able to submit the form until all
mandatory questions are answered.
Project Type:* r For the Record Only(Courtesy Copy)
r New Project
r Modification/New Project with Existing ID
r More Information Response
r Other Agency Comments
r Pre-Application Submittal
r Re-Issuance\Renewal Request
r Stream or Buffer Appeal
Is this supplemental information that needs to be sent to the Corps?*
✓ Yes 6* No
Please choose the commenting agency.*
✓ DCM Comments r DCM Permit
✓ DFM Comments r USFWS Comments
✓ WRC Comments r Other
WRC and FWS commnets
Project Contact Information
Name: R. Clement Riddle
Who is submitting the inforrration?
Email Address: [e-mail]
Project Information
Existing ID#: Existing Version:
2020-1654 1
20170001(no dashes) 1
Project Name: Mulberry Gap Farms, LLC
Is this a public transportation project?
✓ Yes
No
Is the project located within a NC DCM Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)?
✓ Yes r No r Unknown
County(ies)
Madison
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Response to FWS comments 7.16.21.pdf 61.01MB
Response to NCWRC Comments 7.16.21.pdf 57.61 MB
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DWR requested copies of Applicant responses to other agencies(FWS and WRC)
Sign and Submit
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fJ By checking the box and signing box below, I certify that:
• I,the project proponent, hereby certifies that all information contained herein is true,accurate, and complete to
the best of my knowledge and belief.
• I,the project proponent, hereby requests that the certifying authority review and take action on this CWA 401
certification request within the applicable reasonable period of time.
• I agree that submission of this online form is a"transaction"subject to Chapter 66,Article 40 of the NC General
Statutes(the"Uniform Electronic Transactions Act");
• I agree to conduct this transaction by electronic means pursuant to Chapter 66,Article 40 of the NC General
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• I understand that an electronic signature has the same legal effect and can be enforced in the same way as a
written signature;AND
• I intend to electronically sign and submit the online form.
Signature:
GL712IPPLX
Submittal Date: Is filled in autorretically.

DocuSign Envelope ID:86BF932F-11A8-466A-A616-2283B8A93597
CLearWaber
ClearWater Environmental Consultants,Inc.
www.cwenv.com
July 16, 2021
Ms. Brandee Boggs
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Asheville Regulatory Field Office
151 Patton Avenue, Room 208
Asheville,North Carolina 28801-5006
RE: Mulberry Farm
Response to USFWS Agency Comments
Madison County,North Carolina
Action ID SAW-2020-00632; DWQ Project#2020-1654
Dear Ms. Boggs,
Please reference the letter dated April 1, 2021 (Attachment A) sent by the US Fish and Wildlife
Service (USFWS) in response to the permit application submitted by ClearWater Environmental
Consultants, Inc. (CEC), on Mulberry Farm-Madison, LLC (Applicant) represented by Mr.
Richard Kelly. The permit application requested written authorization for impacts associated with
the ecosystem enhancement using beaver dam analogs and associated infrastructure. The
comments provided by the USFWS are listed and discussed below.
In response to these concerns, the Applicant has engaged a further review of the planning for the
development with its various consultants to determine what, if any,further modifications might be
undertaken to enlarge the avoidance envelope or further minimize impacts to wetland/stream
resources. Based on that review and our desire to be as responsive as possible to the regulatory
concerns for permitting this project, the Applicant proposes the following adjustments:
• The Applicant has reduced stream and wetland impacts for the entrance road by
acquiring an additional 2.5-acre tract and relocating the entrance road on U.S.Highway
25. This additional tract allowed the applicant to eliminate proposed impact S1 (10
linear feet of stream) and proposed impacts W2, W3, and W4 (0.026 acre of wetland).
The additional property has an existing stream culvert that will be used for the entrance
road crossing. A revised impact plan Figure 5A(Attachment B)reflects these changes.
The additional tract was delineated on April 29, 2021. A copy of the delineation map
is included as Attachment C. This delineation is being sent to the Corps of Engineers
with request for preliminary jurisdictional determination with the upcoming response
to Corps comments.
145 7th Avenue West,Suite B
Hendersonville,NC 28792
828-698-9800 Tel

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July 16,2021
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• The proposed culvert identified as Stream Impact S1 (Figure 5) has been modified
based on further design and NC DOT requirements. The cul-de-sac is on a DOT road
and any improvements must meet DOT standards. The new additional impact length
associated with the culvert replacement is 41 lf. This change is reflected on Figure 5.0.
A cross-section detail by Mercer Design is also included in Attachment B.
FWS Comment #1 — Federally Protected Species — "The information provided in Attachment D
of the Pre-Construction Notification characterizes habitats and species that may occupy the site.
However, the information provided lacks an effects analysis for each federally protected species known
from Madison County, North Carolina that may occur in the project's action area. "
Based on the information provided, the Applicant's findings as they relate to federally protected
species are not definitive at this time. Please be aware that when information provided is incomplete,
imprecise, or contradictory, we must err on the side of caution for the federally protected species. We
reiterate our request for a comprehensive biological evaluation that supports a prudent effect
determination for this species.
The applicant contracted with Skybax Ecological Services to evaluate the site for potential
effects to the Gray Bat. A copy of their report and determination that the project is "not
likely to effect" the Gray bat is included in Attachment D.
We encourage the Applicant to consider the following measures in the interest of avoiding and/or
minimizing impacts to this animal:
• Limit the extent of riparian tree clearing to what is unavoidable and necessary for the
expressed purpose of the project.
Tree clearing for the site has been minimized to the greatest extent possible. The
entrance road across the Hopewell Tract utilizes approx. 3,000 lf. of existing
driveway to minimize clearing additional trees. Upon crossing Hopewell Branch
with a single, elevated bridge crossing, the 2,250 lf. of remaining road alignment
on this tract keeps the riparian tree clearing to approximately 0.068 acres while
intentionally avoiding sensitive riparian habitat further to the south as it traverses
over the ridge onto the main campus. Near the retreat center core and along any
riparian corridors, only invasive privet, multiflora rose, and other exotic invasive
species are slated for removal with a robust ecological forest restoration program
indicated along these corridors.
• Accomplish any necessary tree clearing activities outside gray bat active season (March
15 —November 15).
On the Upper Thomas Branch tract, the alignments for the retreat center roads
intentionally follow previously established gravel farm roads to the greatest extent
possible especially near any riparian areas. New structures are located in open
pastureland areas as much as possible. Any select areas for additional tree clearing
will only be as required for safe emergency vehicle access and passage.

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• Confine construction and operation activities on or adjacent to streams to a single side
of the channel to minimize loss offorage and commuting habitat for gray bat.
The overall intent with the project is one of careful forest canopy preservation,
enhancement, and expansion. Every cabin and all proposed structures have been
carefully field located and surveyed to minimize impacts to trees — especially in
and around riparian areas. Wherever possible, only one or two small trees will be
cleared for the footprint of the small cabin accommodations. Tree removal in all
areas of the project will be carefully directed by the Landscape Architect,Architect,
and ownership and only upon flagging trees for removal will they be allowed to be
removed. Ownership has also requested that the team track each tree for removal
such that the overall project and forest management strategy includes planting at
least one tree for each species removed.
• Mark, delineate, and protect riparian vegetation within designated "tree-save" areas
that may provide forage and commuting habitat for gray bat.
See attached"Riparian Buffer Plan"with designated tree-save areas as well as those
areas within the riparian buffers that will have additional clearing Attachment E.
Please note that this exhibit indicates a total of 36.66 acres of riparian buffer areas
at a total typical width of 80' (35' from top of bank) on the overall 456.66-acre site.
Clearing in riparian buffer areas that will subsequently also include
replanting/restoration after construction are indicated and total approximately 0.78
acres. Buffer areas for protection are indicated in blue and total 22.99 acres. Areas
that will be planted for stream buffers and restoration are indicated in green and
total approximately 0.78 acres.
•Replant disturbed areas with native vegetation that may provide forage and commuting
habitat for gray bat.
Clearing of tees within riparian areas on site is limited to one stream crossing on
the approach road(discussed above). Streams banks and riparian areas around the
proposed retreat center have historically been maintained and mowed to the edges
for agricultural practices. The project proposes extensive planting with the
proposed wetland areas of the BDA's as well as around the riparian zones of the
BDA's. Please see Attachment F for the planting plans. Newly planted riparian
zones total approximately 890 linear feet and 0.78 acres. The site is design to have
more woody vegetation within riparian zones than before the project started.
In addition, the applicant has already begun an extensive removal of exotic and
invasive plants throughout the property.
• Limit any proposed night work to what is necessary for the expressed purpose of the
project and to maintain safety in active work areas.
No outdoor night construction work will be done on this project.

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• Orient temporary and permanent lighting away from riparian and upland habitats that
may be used for forage and commuting during the gray bat active season
The majority of site lighting will be on a timer to be sensitive to dark skies and
surrounding habitat and advocating for full cut off fixtures throughout. Ownership
is exploring moon lights in trees and possible lighting of boulder outcroppings
along the arrival road. This will be very select and limited and will only stay on
around dusk and not to exceed 10pm in any case.The only area of lighting that may
be on longer than 10 PM is admin/back of house where lighting is needed to support
employees/deliveries while guests are in their cabins for the night.
•Limit the number of fixtures, hours of illumination, and light intensity to the lowest levels
necessary to maintain human health and safety.
Site lighting has been programmed to be minimal and guest will use flashlights to
navigate around the property around dusk and before 10 PM when they are required
to be in their cabins. Site lighting mockups revealed that spacing between fixtures
can be increased and thereby, the total number of fixtures will be decreased from
our current schematic plans. A general rule of thumb for choosing fixtures is that
all luminaires must be pointed towards the ground plane and to eliminate any light
entering the sky. An example of this would be the decision to use tree moonlights
instead of tree up-lights.
• Use warmer colored lighting(Correlated Color Temperature <3,000K).
The site wide goal is to use lighting that is warm in color with all fixture selections
at 3000K or less. This is an aesthetic decision that is also valuable to the
surrounding ecology.
•Avoid the use of metal halide or mercury light fixtures.
For energy saving purposes, majority of fixtures will have LED lighting.
• Use light fixtures that minimize light trespass/light spillage (BUG rating of 1-0-1 or less).
All fixtures selected will minimize spillage and are used only where absolutely
necessary. Bug (backlight, Uplight, Glare) ratings are typically provided for pole
lights(parking lots and pedestrian pathways) and bollards. Those type of lights are
not being used for this development.
•Minimize height of outdoor lighting to reduce light trespass/light spillage(<25 feet above
lowest adjacent grade).
Overhead pole lights are not being used on the project and the overall intent is to
minimize light trespass/light spillage. As such, the site lighting plan is consistent

DocuSign Envelope ID:86BF932F-11A8-466A-A616-2283B8A93597
Ms.Brandee Boggs
July 16,2021
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with typical dark skies ordinances as the fixtures were selected to have full cut off
features. In a few select locations, tree moonlights have been designated to
illuminate specimen trees on the property and would be placed at a height not to
exceed 25' above adjacent grade and would be positioned up in these trees to
project light downward only. The project also anticipates using a total of 27 low
voltage LED fixtures for vehicular and pedestrian signage uplighting. This
represents only around 8% of the total lighting fixtures planned for the project and
ownership has agreed to have these on automatic timers that turn off by 10pm every
evening.
• Position lights to maintain dark zone corridors along riparian habitats and adjacent
uplands that may be used for forage and commuting.
There are only a few locations where lighting will take place in riparian corridors/
adjacent uplands and those light will have a cut off time of 10 PM. These fixtures
will also be low level "runway" lights that will be used for wayfinding purposes
only.
FWS — Comment 2 Northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) - According to the
information provided, suitable summer roosting habitat may be present in the project area for the
federally threatened northern long-eared bat(Myotis septentrionalis). However, the final 4(d)rule
for this species (effective as ofFebruary 16, 2016), exempts incidental take ofnorthern long-eared
bat associated with activities that occur greater than 0.25 miles from a known hibernation site,
and greater than 150 feet from a known, occupied maternity roost during the pup season (June 1
July 31). Based on the information provided, the project(anticipated to require some amount of
tree removal) would occur at a location where any incidental take that may result from associated
activities is exempt under the 4(d) rule. Although not required, we encourage the Applicant to
restrict tree clearing activities during the active season for this species (April 1 October 15).
CEC consulted the FWS's "Northern Long-Eared Bat Consultation Areas" map for
Madison County.Madison County is not listed as having known occurrences of hibernation
or maternity sites. Therefore, the project satisfies the 4(d) rule and consultation for effects
on the northern long-eared bat is not required. A review of the NC Natural Heritage
Program database on December 7, 2020 (submitted with permit application), revealed no
known occurrences of any Federally protected species within 1 miles of the project study
area indicates no occurrences of any federally protected species occurring within a one-
mile radius of the project boundary.
FWS Comment#3- Federally Protected Species—Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) - The
project area lies within the range of the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and suitable nesting
habitat may be present onsite. The bald eagle has been removed from the federal list of endangered
and threatened species due to its recovery. However, this species is afforded legal protection by the
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 668-668d) and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16
U.S.C. 703-712).
A Wildlife Biodiversity Assessment evaluation was conducted by Chris Wilson in 2020.
This included avian surveys between February and July 2020. This survey document 69

DocuSign Envelope ID:86BF932F-11A8-466A-A616-2283B8A93597
Ms.Brandee Boggs
July 16,2021
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species of birds using the site. Including an observation of a spring migrant bald eagle.
An Addendum to Bald Eagle Observation and effects determination, "not likely to affect"
is attached(Attachment G).
FWS Comment #4— General Comments - The Service recognizes the potential ecological benefits
associated with creating stream and wetland complexes and does not discount the applicability of
using BDA structures to facilitate habitat creation in western North Carolina.However, the Service is
concerned that the project as proposed would not appreciably enhance aquatic habitat onsite.
Moreover, we are concerned that the primary purpose of the BDA structures are to create amenity
features for the associated commercial development and not to enhance aquatic habitat as proposed.
Several aspects of the project design are evidence for this concern:
It is odd to talk about a well-functioning ecosystem as an amenity, but I suppose you could
construe it that way. In fact, there is a movement in our industry that quantifies ecosystem
services with respect to their many and varied benefits to humans. In this way, "restoration"
and "amenities" need not be in conflict. The applicant believes that this project will enhance
aquatic habitat and that this project will provide a proof of concept for other sites showing
that the built environment and the natural environment can coexist. See Project Justification&
Design Narrative for Proposed Beaver Dam Analogs (Attachment H), and the Operation and
Maintenance Manual (Attachment I).
2) The BDA design appears to be restricted in ways to accommodate the associated commercial
development, not vice versa. The BDA design elevations, lining of pond areas with impermeable
clay/sand, and the installation of a pond leveling structure would ensure a maximum extent of
inundation to protect adjacent development infrastructure. We are concerned that these design
elements are not intended to mimic natural processes and are therefore limited in their ability to
enhance aquatic habitat.
Please see the updated Project Justification & Design Narrative for Proposed Beaver Dam
Analogs with additional information on design elevations and specific on how the proposed
design mimics natural processes.
Please see Section 4.3.4 Project Justification&Design Narrative for Proposed Beaver Dam
Analogs for discussion about the Agri-drain. It is important to note that the Agri-drain
prevent too much water (flooding in the BDA complex and does not operate as outflow
under normal conditions.
Please see Section 4.3.2 for discussion regarding the pool upstream of the BDA labeled
TB4.
3)Design plans call for the construction of buildings immediately adjacent to streams and wetlands.
Some buildings are designed to span across streams or wetlands. We are concerned that disturbances
associated with the construction, maintenance, and operation of these buildings over the lifetime of
the project will compromise the ecological function of adjacent streams and wetlands. Therefore, we
believe the positioning buildings in close proximity to BDA structures is poorly suited to enhance
aquatic habitat.
Please response to General comment#4 above.

DocuSign Envelope ID:86BF932F-11A8-466A-A616-2283B8A93597
Ms.Brandee Boggs
July 16,2021
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4.) The Service believes that the monitoring effort as proposed, (Attachment B of the Pre-
Construction Notification) is not intended to ensure ecological uplift of aquatic habitats. Rather,
the Applicant states that, "Monitoring results will be utilized to determine that the project presents
no deleterious downstream ecological effects. " The Applicant proposes to report rainfall, air
temperature, water temperature, and photos from 22 locations once per year for three years. The
Service believes that the proposed plan is short-sighted and inadequate to document any
ecological uplift that may result from the proposed action. The monitoring plan does not identify
any measurable success criteria and lacks standard elements such as reference reach metrics,
groundwater data, herbaceous/woody stem density, etc. The plan does not adequately address the
need for adaptive management over the lifetime of the project. The proposed plan instills little
confidence that the purpose of these BDA structures is to enhance aquatic habitat since it is not
designed to ensure or measure ecological uplift.
Please see the attached Operation&Maintenance Manual for Beaver Dam Analog
Stream-Wetland Complex (Attachment I).
5.) Construction activities have begun onsite. As of March 25, 2021, hundreds of cubic yards of
soil have been excavated and stockpiled adjacent to streams within the action area. We are
concerned about the Applicant's commitment to begin construction without providing notice to
this office and before section 7 consultation requirements have been complete.
The applicant began working in limited upland areas. The areas noted were comprised of
active agriculture and pasture areas before the stockpiles of fill dirt were established.
Attached are updated reports from Skybax Ecological and Chris Wilson with their not
likely to adversely affect opinions for Gray bat and the Bald Eagle.
FWS Erosion and Sediment Control-Measures to control sediment and erosion should be installed
before any ground-disturbing activities occur. Grading and backfilling should be minimized, and
existing native vegetation should be retained (if possible) to maintain riparian cover for fish and
wildlife. Disturbed areas should be revegetated with native vegetation as soon as the project is
completed. Ground disturbance should be limited to what will be stabilized quickly,preferably by the
end of the workday. Natural fiber matting (coin) should be used for erosion control as synthetic
netting can trap animals and persist in the environment beyond its intended purpose.
A sediment and erosion control plan will be implemented on site prior to and during
construction activities. The plan will be reviewed and approved by DEMLR's Land
Quality Section, Swannanoa Regional Office. No land clearing will begin on-site without
an approved sediment and erosion control plan.
The temporary seed mix no longer includes invasive species and has been reformulated to
include non-invasive fescues and hairy vetch. The temporary seed mix also includes a
cover crop that incorporates: four types of clover, oats, pearl millet, and sunflowers. (see
attached) This seed mix and any erosion control measures will be in compliance with
Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources (DEMLR), Land Quality Section
standards.

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The applicant has agreed to restrict the use of plastic or nylon mesh erosion control matting.
Since April 2021, all subsequent ECP's for the entire site will provide specifications for
use of natural fiber material in ECP matting.
FWS - Stream Buffers - Natural,forested riparian buffers are critical to the health of aquatic
ecosystems.
The applicant agrees with maintaining stream buffers throughout the site. The site contains
19,514 LF of stream throughout the project area. Encroachment of the development within
stream buffers is limited to 6 stream crossings and the resort core. Five of the stream
crossings are existing and the applicant is removing existing culverts and replacing with
bridges at three locations. The new crossing is also a bridge. Approximately 16,692 lf. of
stream on the site (approximately 85.5 percent) will not have development within 35 feet
and in most cases more.
FWS Floodplains - Executive Order 11988 requires federal agencies (and their designated
nonfederal representatives) to consider and protect floodplain functions. We believe the examples
offlooding in this area ofNorth Carolina highlight the importance of avoiding the long-and short-
term impacts associated with the occupancy and modification of Floodplains and that we should
avoid any direct or indirect support of floodplain development. Therefore, we do not believe the
subject project should be built in the 100-year floodplain or in any way result in the alteration of
the 100-year floodplain.
The project site is not located within any FEMA designated 100-year floodplains (Figure
6, permit application)
FWS Pollinator habitat-Pollinators, such as most bees, some birds and bats, or other insects,
including moths and butterflies,play a crucial role in the reproduction offlowering plants and in
the production of most fruits and vegetables. Declines in wild pollinators are a result of loss,
degradation, and fragmentation of habitat and disease;while declines in honeybees has also been
linked to disease. The rusty patched bumble bee (Bombus affinis) historically occurred in North
Carolina's Mountain and Piedmont provinces.Although not required, we encourage the Applicant
to consider our recommendations below to benefit the rusty patched bumble bee and other
pollinators. Moreover, the creation and maintenance of pollinator habitats at this site may
increase the value of the project for the community and help reduce the spread of invasive exotic
plants.
The creation, maintenance, and restoration of pollinator habitats on this project site is a
central tenet of the overall landscape design. Extensive open areas are planned within the
open pastureland areas and will provide excellent opportunities to develop both"high" and
"low" meadows onsite. High meadows will be mowed only once a year in late winter, and
thus reach very tall heights,while low meadows will be mowed twice a year in mid-summer
and late winter and are thus, shorter.
These meadow habitats will provide exceptional habitat for open-area dependent songbirds
and wildlife, and high numbers of full-sun native wildflowers that provide year-round
nectar,pollen,and forage for species that require openings vs.forest.When combined with

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Ms.Brandee Boggs
July 16,2021
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wide, mowed trails, these meadows will also define one-of-a-kind hiking opportunities
with stunning views and exciting wildflower and wildlife views. Meadows are also the
only habitats capable of supporting Purple Martins, Bluebirds, Tree Swallows,
Meadowlarks, Bobwhites, and other birds requiring open areas to breed. Expansion of
milkweeds throughout would facilitate mass Monarch butterfly migration onsite.
The Applicant believes the information submitted in this package addresses all issues set forth by
the USFWS in the letter dated April 1, 2020. Should you have any questions or comments
concerning this project please do not hesitate to contact me at 828-698-9800.
Sincerely,
c—DocuSigned by:
2. UDC 2,a6t1c.
'-0A79F7DC85EE4F7...
R. Clement Riddle, P.W.S.
President
ATTACHMENTS
Attachment A—USFWS, Asheville Field Office Letter, July 3,2018
Attachment B —Revised Impact Plan Figure 5, July 15, 2021 and culvert S l detail
Attachment C—Frisby Tract—Request for PJD
Attachment D— Skybax Ecological Services, LLC, Bat Habitat Report
Attachment E—Riparian Buffer Preservation/Impact Plan
Attachment F —BDA Planting Plans
Attachment G— Supplemental Bald Eagle Effects determination
Attachment H—Project Justification& Design Narrative for Proposed Beaver Dam Analogs
Attachment I— Operation & Maintenance Manual for Beaver Dam Analog Stream-Wetland
Complex
cc: Byron Hamstead, USFWS,Asheville Regional Office

Attachment A
USFWS, Asheville Field Office Letter, July 3,2018

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April 1, 2021
Brandee Boggs
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Asheville Regulatory Field Office
151 Patton Avenue, Room 208
Asheville,North Carolina 28801-5006
Dear Brandee Boggs:
Subject: Mulberry Farms Commercial Development; Madison County,North Carolina
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service)has reviewed the information provided in the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)public notice dated March 4, 2021,wherein you solicit our
comments regarding project-mediated impacts to federally protected species. We submit the
following comments in accordance with the provisions of the Fish and Wildlife Coordination
Act, as amended(16 U.S.C. 661-667e); the National Environmental Policy Act(42 U.S.C. §4321
et seq.); and section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C.
1531-1543) (Act).
Project Description
According to the information provided, the proposed project would entail the construction of a
commercial development on approximately 448 partially forested acres near Marshall,North
Carolina. The proposed School of Wholeness and Enlightenment(SOWE) would entail the
construction and operation of 76 cabins,two school buildings, horticultural building, event
center, dining hall, gym, wholeness center, four staff houses, administrative building, roadways,
appurtenances, and several beaver dam analogue (BDA) structures resulting in impacts to 2,243
linear feet of streams (0.1622 acres) ad 0.108 acres of wetland.
The Applicant's August 28, 2020, Wildlife Biodiversity Assessment characterizes a variety of
onsite habitat types including: developed open space, abandoned agricultural fields,planted pine
plantation, successional forest,riparian areas,wetlands, and open water. Construction activities
for this project began sometime before March 25, 2021, which include significant excavation,
grading, and stockpiling of soils. The extent of tree clearing (proposed and completed) is
unknown.
Federally Protected Species
The information provided in Attachment D of the Pre-Construction Notification characterizes
habitats and species that may occupy the site. However,the information provided lacks an
effects analysis for each federally protected species known from Madison County,North
Carolina that may occur in the project's action area(50 CFR 402.02).

The following comments and guidance information below are intended to help project
proponents develop a comprehensive biological evaluation that supports prudent species
effect determinations from the action agency:
https://www.fws.gov/raleigh/species/cntylist/madison.html
https://www.fws.gov/asheville/htmis/project review/assessment_guidance.html
https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/section7/ba guide.html
Federally Protected Species—Gray bat(Myotis grisescens)
The public notice indicates that the USACE is not aware of the presence of federally protected
species within the project area. The information provided in the Applicant's Wildlife
Biodiversity Assessment provides acoustic evidence suggesting that gray bats forage onsite,but
that"there are no potential roosting sites for gray bats on the SO WE property". However,the
Applicant also states that"this report is not intended to fulfill regulatory and permitting
obligations." Based on the information provided, the Applicant's findings as they relate to
federally protected species are not definitive at this time. Please be aware that when information
provided is incomplete, imprecise, or contradictory,we must err on the side of caution for the
federally protected species. We reiterate our request for a comprehensive biological
evaluation that supports a prudent effect determination for this species.
This species is known to roost in caves,mines,bridges, culverts, dams, and buildings. If the
Applicant has not done so already, we request that the action area be systematically evaluated for
the presence of potential roosting habitat for this species. Artificial roost structures should be
inspected for bat use prior to modification or removal. We also request that the Applicant
identify and map portions of the action area that contain suitable foraging and commuting habitat
for this species. This animal primarily forages over water and nearby riparian vegetation, from
treetop level down to two meters above the ground (LaVal et al. 1977), but it has also been
documented foraging over land. Foraging of gray bats is strongly correlated with open water of
rivers, streams, lakes,reservoirs, ponds and wetlands. The bats eat a variety of flying aquatic
and terrestrial insects present along aquatic habitats. Gray bats are not known to feed in areas
along rivers or reservoirs where the forest has been cleared (LaVal et al. 1977). Forested areas
along the banks of streams and lakes serve as corridors for travel and as protective feeding cover
for newly volant young (Tuttle 1979, Brady et al. 1982,Moore et al. 2017). The Applicant's
biological evaluation should assess project-mediated effects of the action (50 CFR 402.02)to
potential roosting, forage, and commuting habitat. To this end, quantifying the extent and timing
of proposed tree clearing activities would be informative.
We encourage the Applicant to consider the following measures in the interest of avoiding and/or
minimizing impacts to this animal:
• Limit the extent of riparian tree clearing to what is unavoidable and necessary for the
expressed purpose of the project.
• Accomplish any necessary tree clearing activities outside gray bat active season (March
15—November 15).
• Confine construction and operation activities on or adjacent to streams to a single side of
the channel to minimize loss of forage and commuting habitat for gray bat.
• Mark, delineate, and protect riparian vegetation within designated"tree-save" areas that
may provide forage and commuting habitat for gray bat.
2

• Replant disturbed areas with native vegetation that may provide forage and commuting
habitat for gray bat.
• Limit any proposed night work to what is necessary for the expressed purpose of the
project and to maintain safety in active work areas.
• Orient temporary and permanent lighting away from riparian and upland habitats that
may be used for forage and commuting during the gray bat active season
• Limit the number of fixtures, hours of illumination, and light intensity to the lowest levels
necessary to maintain human health and safety.
• Use warmer colored lighting (Correlated Color Temperature <3,000K).
• Avoid the use of metal halide or mercury light fixtures.
• Use light fixtures that minimize light trespass/light spillage (BUG rating of 1-0-1 or less).
• Minimize height of outdoor lighting to reduce light trespass/light spillage (<25 feet above
lowest adjacent grade).
• Position lights to maintain dark zone corridors along riparian habitats and adjacent
uplands that may be used for forage and commuting.
Federally Protected Species—Northern long-eared bat(Myotis septentrionalis)
According to the information provided, suitable summer roosting habitat may be present in the
project area for the federally threatened northern long-eared bat(Myotis septentrionalis).
However, the final 4(d)rule for this species (effective as of February 16, 2016), exempts
incidental take of northern long-eared bat associated with activities that occur greater than 0.25
miles from a known hibernation site, and greater than 150 feet from a known, occupied maternity
roost during the pup season (June 1 —July 31). Based on the information provided, the project
(anticipated to require some amount of tree removal)would occur at a location where any
incidental take that may result from associated activities is exempt under the 4(d)rule. Although
not required, we encourage the Applicant to restrict tree clearing activities during the active
season for this species (April 1 —October 15).
Federally Protected Species—Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
The project area lies within the range of the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and suitable
nesting habitat may be present onsite. The bald eagle has been removed from the federal list of
endangered and threatened species due to its recovery. However,this species is afforded legal
protection by the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act(16 U.S.C. 668-668d) and the Migratory
Bird Treaty Act(16 U.S.C. 703-712). If they have not done so already,we request that the
Applicant evaluate the action area for bald eagle nests. If any active nests are located within the
action area,we request that project-mediated disturbance be restricted from mid-January through
July in order to prevent adverse impacts during the egg-laying period until the young fledge.
General Comments and Concerns
The installation of BDA structures has been emphasized as a significant component of the
project and has been proposed to enhance aquatic habitat onsite. The Service recognizes the
potential ecological benefits associated with creating stream and wetland complexes and does not
discount the applicability of using BDA structures to facilitate habitat creation in western North
Carolina. However, the Service is concerned that the project as proposed would not appreciably
enhance aquatic habitat onsite. Moreover,we are concerned that the primary purpose of the
BDA structures are to create amenity features for the associated commercial development and
3

not to enhance aquatic habitat as proposed. Several aspects of the project design are evidence for
this concern:
1) We understand that the principal purpose of the project is to construct a commercial
development(residential education and training center).
2) The BDA design appears to be restricted in ways to accommodate the associated
commercial development,not vice versa. The BDA design elevations, lining of pond
areas with impermeable clay/sand, and the installation of a pond leveling structure would
ensure a maximum extent of inundation to protect adjacent development infrastructure.
We are concerned that these design elements are not intended to mimic natural processes
and are therefore limited in their ability to enhance aquatic habitat.
3) Design plans call for the construction of buildings immediately adjacent to streams and
wetlands. Some buildings are designed to span across streams or wetlands. We are
concerned that disturbances associated with the construction, maintenance, and operation
of these buildings over the lifetime of the project will compromise the ecological function
of adjacent streams and wetlands. Therefore, we believe the positioning buildings in
close proximity to BDA structures is poorly suited to enhance aquatic habitat.
4) The Service believes that the monitoring effort as proposed, (Attachment B of the Pre-
Construction Notification) is not intended to ensure ecological uplift of aquatic habitats.
Rather, the Applicant states that, "Monitoring results will be utilized to determine that the
project presents no deleterious downstream ecological effects." The Applicant proposes
to report rainfall, air temperature,water temperature, and photos from 22 locations once
per year for three years. The Service believes that the proposed plan is short-sighted and
inadequate to document any ecological uplift that may result from the proposed action.
The monitoring plan does not identify any measurable success criteria and lacks standard
elements such as reference reach metrics, groundwater data, herbaceous/woody stem
density, etc. The plan does not adequately address the need for adaptive management
over the lifetime of the project. The proposed plan instills little confidence that the
purpose of these BDA structures is to enhance aquatic habitat since it is not designed to
ensure or measure ecological uplift.
5) Construction activities have begun onsite. As of March 25, 2021, hundreds of cubic
yards of soil have been excavated and stockpiled adjacent to streams within the action
area. We are concerned about the Applicant's commitment to begin construction without
providing notice to this office and before section 7 consultation requirements have been
complete. Reference is made to 50 CFR 402.09 which requires that, "the Applicant shall
make no irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources with respect to the agency
action which has the effect offoreclosing the formulation or implementation of any
reasonable and prudent alternatives which would avoid violating section 7(a)(2) of the
Endangered Species Act." We are concerned that the Applicant's commitment to begin
project construction at this time may significantly complicate the agency review process.
Section 9 of the Act and federal regulations pursuant to the section 4(d) of the Act
prohibit the taking of endangered and threatened species,respectively,without special
exemption. Please be aware that the Service cannot eliminate or reduce the Applicant's
liability for the taking of endangered and threatened species that has already occurred.
We offer the following general recommendations for the Applicant's consideration in the interest
of minimizing impacts to natural resources:
4

Erosion and Sediment Control
Measures to control sediment and erosion should be installed before any ground-disturbing
activities occur. Grading and backfilling should be minimized, and existing native vegetation
should be retained(if possible)to maintain riparian cover for fish and wildlife. Disturbed areas
should be revegetated with native vegetation as soon as the project is completed. Ground
disturbance should be limited to what will be stabilized quickly,preferably by the end of the
workday. Natural fiber matting (coir) should be used for erosion control as synthetic
netting can trap animals and persist in the environment beyond its intended purpose.
A complete design manual,which provides extensive details and procedures for developing
site-specific plans to control erosion and sediment and is consistent with the requirements of the
North Carolina Sedimentation and Pollution Control Act and Administrative Rules, is available
at: http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/lr/publications
Stream Buffers
Natural, forested riparian buffers are critical to the health of aquatic ecosystems. They
accomplish the following:
1. catch and filter runoff, thereby helping to prevent nonpoint-source pollutants from
reaching streams;
2. enhance the in-stream processing of both point- and nonpoint-source pollutants;
3. act as "sponges"by absorbing runoff(which reduces the severity of floods) and by
allowing runoff to infiltrate and recharge groundwater levels (which maintains stream
flows during dry periods);
4. catch and help prevent excess woody debris from entering the stream and creating
logjams;
5. stabilize stream banks and maintain natural channel morphology;
6. provide coarse woody debris for habitat structure and most of the dissolved organic
carbon and other nutrients necessary for the aquatic food web; and
7. maintain air and water temperatures around the stream.
Forested riparian buffers (a minimum 50 feet wide along intermittent streams and 100 feet wide
along perennial streams [or the full extent of the 100-year floodplain, whichever is greater])
should be created and/or maintained along all aquatic areas. Within the watersheds of streams
supporting endangered aquatic species,we recommend undisturbed, forested buffers that are
naturally vegetated with trees, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation and extend a minimum of
200 feet from the banks of all perennial streams and a minimum of 100 feet from the banks of all
intermittent streams, or the full extent of the 100-year floodplain,whichever is greater.)
Impervious surfaces, ditches,pipes,roads, utility lines (sewer,water, gas,transmission, etc.), and
other infrastructures that require maintained, cleared rights-of-way and/or compromise the
functions and values of the forested buffers should not occur within these riparian areas.
Floodplains
Executive Order 11988 requires federal agencies (and their designated nonfederal
representatives)to consider and protect floodplain functions. We believe the examples of
flooding in this area of North Carolina highlight the importance of avoiding the long- and
short-term impacts associated with the occupancy and modification of floodplains and that we
5

should avoid any direct or indirect support of floodplain development. Therefore,we do not
believe the subject project should be built in the 100-year floodplain or in any way result in the
alteration of the 100-year floodplain.
Pollinator Habitat
Pollinators, such as most bees, some birds and bats, or other insects, including moths and
butterflies, play a crucial role in the reproduction of flowering plants and in the production of
most fruits and vegetables. Declines in wild pollinators are a result of loss, degradation, and
fragmentation of habitat and disease; while declines in honey bees has also been linked to
disease. The rusty-patched bumble bee (Bombus affinis)historically occurred in North Carolina's
Mountain and Piedmont provinces. Although not required,we encourage the Applicant to
consider our recommendations below to benefit the rusty-patched bumble bee and other
pollinators. Moreover,the creation and maintenance of pollinator habitats at this site may
increase the value of the project for the community and help reduce the spread of invasive
exotic plants. Please consider the following:
1. Sow native seed mixes in disturbed areas or in designated pollinator areas with plants
that bloom throughout the entire growing season.
2. Taller growing pollinator plant species should be planted around the periphery of the
site and anywhere on the site where mowing can be restricted during the summer
months. Taller plants, left un-mowed during the summer,would provide benefits to
pollinators,habitat to ground nesting/feeding birds, and cover for small mammals.
3. Low growing/groundcover native species should be planted in areas that need to be
maintained. This would provide benefits to pollinators while also minimizing the
amount of maintenance such as mowing and herbicide treatment. Milk weed species
are an important host plant for monarch butterflies.
4. Avoid mowing of flowering plants. Designated pollinator areas show be mow only
50% of the plant height, but no lower than 8 inches.
5. Avoid mowing outside the active season for rusty-patched bumble bee and other
pollinators (April 15—October 15).
6. Leave slash piles, mulch piles, or loose dirt piles along woodland edges. These areas
provide nesting habitats and/or nest materials for some pollinators.
7. Avoid the use of pesticides and specifically neonicotinoids.
8. Additional information regarding plant species, seed mixes, and pollinator habitat
requirements can be provided upon request.
The Service appreciates the opportunity to provide these comments. Please contact Mr. Byron
Hamstead of our staff at [e-mail], if you have any questions. In any future
correspondence concerning this project,please reference our Log Number 4-2-21-078.
Sincerely,
- -original signed- -
Janet Mizzi
Field Supervisor
6

References
Brady, J. T., T. H. Kunz, M. D. Tuttle, and D. E. Wilson. 1982. Gray bat recovery plan. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO.
LaVal, R. K., R. L. Clawson, M. L. La Val, and W. Caire. 1977. Foraging behavior and
nocturnal activity patterns of Missouri bats,with emphasis on the endangered
species Myotis grisescens and Myotis sodalis.Journal of Mammalogy. 58:592-599.
Moore, Patrick R., T.S. Risch, D.K. Morris, and V. Rolland. 2017. Habitat use of female gray
bats assessed using aerial telemetry. Journal of Wildlife Management 81(7):1242-1253.
Tuttle,M. D. 1979. Status, causes of decline and management of endangered gray bats.Journal
of Wildlife Management. 43: 1-17.
7

Attachment B
Figure 5 Revised Impact Plan
And
Stream Impact Si Culvert Detail

LEGEND
Osgood
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
_11_11_11_11_nm PROPERTY BOUNDARY
- _ JOEL OSGOOD, RLA
- — - - — _ _ 14 CHURCH STREET
WETLAND - NO DISTURBANCE .' - - — - - ASHEVILLE, NC 28801
.` 828.527.6466
/ •
LINEAR WETLAND / •
NON-JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND i
I i
NON-JURISDICTIONAL LINEAR WETLAND �•
/ - ` •
. i
' SEAL
/ \
EXISTING OPEN WATER •
i i 1 4 i I h t i i ii r
. � 1
STREAM I
•
s
CULVERT TO REMAIN ,
•
/ `
•
CULVERT TO REMOVE `-'
•
PROPOSED CULVERT •
1
PROPOSED WETLAND IMPACT ••
ISSUED
\ \
A
PROPOSED STREAM IMPACT •` • DATE ISSUED: 15-JULY-2021
\ - ,-..„‘
DRAWN BY: ZAC, KMD, RJB
PROPOSED STREAM RESTORATION • •
\ - - - - - APPROVED BY: JJO
IMPACT SUMMARY ` �
I ? ,
Project Area 450.53 AC EXISTING CULVERT TO I REVISIONS
Jurisdictional Waters of the US 1 1 ;
REMAIN, TYP.
Perennial & Intermittent Streams 19,514 LF 1
Wetlands 1.966 AC % :
Existing Open Waters 0.558 AC
I
\ (
- 1 .
NWP 39 Impacts '�
Culvert Crossing Stream Impacts 41 LF 0.004 AC
*BDA TB4 fill Stream Impacts 46 LF 0.003 AC SCHOOL OF BUSINESt.WISDOM ,F
TOTAL NWP 39 STREAM IMPACTS 87 LF 0.007 AC ` 17.4% �\
NON-JURISDICTIONAL WETLA D _ , 17.1/ GRADE
Wetland Fill Impacts 0.003 AC IMPACT N JW2 (0.00 I AC)• ,, � �� �� ,
BDA TB4 fill Wetland Impacts 0.002 AC \, ,y� •
S4: EXISTING 27 LF (0.00 I AC)
TOTAL NWP 39 WETLAND IMPACTS 0.005 AC S7: EXISTING 20 LF (0.00 I AC) =�` ' �7 CULVERT TO BE REMOVED/
CULVERT TO BE REMOVED/ I.
- .,
NWP 27 Impacts `, 'y �� RESTORED
RESTORED o — — I — •!• b ,
Culvert Removal Stream Impacts 269 LF 0.011 AC v � � /� �� V�000 ��; % ' BRIDGE PRELIMINARY
*Stream Enhancement Impacts 240 LF 0.0275 AC SCHOOL OF HEALING AND ENLIGHTENMENT t� . . . , ,.....01.-
DINING HALL
*BDA Restoration Stream Impacts 1,649 LF 0.1157 AC \ - A �� �`' ;Jill"1 EVENT CENTER IMPACT PLAN
1 'V\ MEETING HALL
TOTAL NWP 27 STREAM IMPACTS 2,158 LF 0.1542 AC S3: EXISTING 74 LF (0.003 AC) `' fill _►1�11 SHEET TITLE
CULVERT TO BE REMOVED/ I ' 47 I 1 ' REFER TO RDE DRAWINGS C 102
*BDA Restoration Wetland Impacts 0.077 AC 1 \ \ 1
RESTORED1
(� , FOR IMPACTS S I 0 S30 ( 1758 FT,
TOTAL NWP 27 WETLAND IMPACTS 0.077 AC \
I A \ 0• 134 AC) IMPACTS W7-W9 (0.05 AC)
1
*Refer to RDE Drawings C1o1 and C1o2 CULVERTS TO REMAIN � � /�-a
EXISTING 80 LF CULVERT TO BE
\ j� ,
WHOLENESS SANCTUARY _ ®�.-- �� ,' REPLACED WITH 12 I LF
- MULBERRY
BRIDGE '- / PROPOSED NEW IMPACT S I : 41 LF
FARM —
S6: EXISTING 118 LF (0.005 AC) CULVERT (0.004 AC) MAD I N LL SO C
TO BE REMOVED/ RESTORED \ , ' Up
eRgFRT
S5: EXISTING 29 LF (0.001 AC) CULVERT e Ncyyoy MARSHALL, NC
Ro qs
TO BE REMOVED/ RESTORED qp
_ PRELIMINARY
/ 1 ADMINISTRATION FOR REVIEW PURPOSES ONLY
BRIDGES e BUILDING NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
''II .II ..414A1 \
REFER TO RDE DRAWINGS CI01 FOR NON-JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND
IMPACTS S8-S9 ( 177 LF; 0.012 AC) ^� IMPACT NJWI (0.034 AC)1 Ne 0' 150' 300' 600
IMPACTS W5-W6 (0.029) \ ,
\, ` I 1 C SCALE: 1 " = 300' 0"
I
1
RECEPTION CENTER 1
WETLAND IMPACT WI (0.003 AC) 7"
/ '
_ � L- 1; EXISTING GRAVEL DRIVE TO REMAIN
1 ' NEW ENTRANCE ROAD SHEET 1 OF 1
` / I.
1 _— 1 THE DRAWINGS,SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
tilt .
4114
DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY OSGOOD LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE INC.FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
\____ DOCUMENTS
OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS SERVICE FOR USE
SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROJECT.REPRODUCTION
— 1" _ . OR USE OF THESE DRAWINGS OTHER THAN FOR THIS
- �— PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
US HIGHWAY 25/70 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED.UNAUTHORIZED
USE WILL BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL ACTION.
- - Copyright 2021 -Osgood Landscape Architecture,Inc.

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ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE
C-2383
CIVIL ENGINEERING.STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE.CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION
P.O.BOX 1516
WEAVERVILLE,NORTH CAROLINA 28787
P:828.645.7088
F:828.645.7714
[e-mail]
www.mdgeng.com
CCI
PROPOSED H EA D/EN DWALLS
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STREAMBED (I'EMBEDMENT) ISI
INV.=1966.63 MATERIAL UNDISTURBED SOILS 60" CREEK CULVERT 60" CREEK CULVERT PI2 0
UPPER THOMAS BRANCH/ORION REACH ROADS (I'EMBEDMENT) INSTALLATION @ 2.9% INSTALLATION @ 2.9%
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CULVERT INSTALLATION - TYP. CROSS SECTION a W
SCALE: 1" = 5'
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UPPER THOMAS BRANCH/ORION REACH ROADS
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SCALE: 1"= 5'
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Sheet No.: OF 35
Sheet:
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North 8I 1 Project No:
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Attachment C
Frisby Tract— Wetland Stream Delineation

Frisby Tract - Mulberry Gap Farms (+1- 2.5 AC)
IN111 - w 14''''_ IW. • s Jurisdictional wetlands and waters identified on tins map have been located within sub- =
- meter accuracy utilizing a Trimble mapping grade Global Positioning System(GPS)
the subsequent differential correction of that data. GPS points may demonstrate _
uncomectable errors due to topography,vegetative cover,and/or multipath signal error. —
IMOO
---� Ihk Q _ Note: The illustrated wetland and stream locations are approximate. These areas have r•
- i. been flagged in the field;however,they have not been surveyed. Although ClearWater ral
/ Environmental Consultants,Inc.(CEC)is confident in our assessment,the US Army rmli
+ ' �_,� �\ �A`‘ Corps of Engineers(Corps)is the only agency that can make foal decisions regarding =
V17.440
• H L• �/♦ 1• /.` jurisdictional wetland and waters of the US delineations. Therefore, all preliminary
, ♦ ``\ determinations are subject to change until written verification is obtained. CEC strongly Bil
IIIIIIII1I " C• ` C.\ 1\ '- �� _ - recommends that written verification be obtained from the Corps prior to closing on the
\` \\ �r r, `%\� property,beginning any site work,or making any legal reliance on this determination. r .
Potential Non-wetland This map was prepared by CEC using the best information available to CEC at the time
ii
�M of production. This map is for informational purposes only and should not be used to
Waters of the US ,� / �� \. determine precise boundaries,roadways,property boundary lines,nor legal descriptions.
+��� s\ This map shall not be construed to be an official survey of any data depicted. .�
I/I
1 i If `:\ ://...
Source Data:Topo and :nr
y-Madison CountyGIS
////////, V _..__,.
k ,
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:\:\ ''' .
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ill
Area Between irip4,,,I._• •
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in Delineation //1 i
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'1 PotentiallyJurisdictionar
�rl � �- 9lream Linear Feet Acres
Acres
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1.l �y S2 116 0.023 �
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11 �� , � Total 703 0.175 0.000
fil71,44 01111\r—,,
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.\.. ♦i. 111110
HIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIS04441.0
Potential Non-wetland (II 11 Legend
.....‘11411111 .)
Waters of the US
Madison County PIN 8798398531
S2r ` 1
' \iiii......aiopppopooiooioo,lPj- S. \ Previous Mulberry Delineation
j , Stream
IVt._ — -- —"—" — - Data Form
0 5 200
31101011
9' Feet
Drawn by:BWY 4.29.2021;CEC Project#1025el (4\\\-%' aiii '� '
aear� A I r Stream and Wetland
Madison County, V V Delineation Map
North Carolina Delineated April 28 2021
145 7th Avenue West,Suite B
Hendersonville,NC 28792 Figure 5

Attachment D
Skybax Ecological Services, LLC, Bat Habitat Report

Evaluation of potential summer and winter habitat for
Gray bat (Myotis grisescens)
at the Mulberry Gap Farms Tract,
Madison County, North Carolina
itimfr
}
xR A
,r4
.•
May 28, 2021
SKYBAX
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
PO Box Zo93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

I. INTRODUCTION
Skybax Ecological Services, LLC, (Gary Libby)was contracted by Mulberry Gap Farms,
Madison County, North Carolina,to evaluate potential summer and winter habitat for
Gray bat at the Mulberry Gap Farms Tract.
With rare exceptions, gray bats live in caves year-round. During the winter gray bats
hibernate in deep, vertical caves. In the summer, they roost in caves which are
scattered along rivers. These caves are in limestone karst areas of the southeastern
United States. They do not use houses or barns. However, they may use mines,
bridges, culverts, dams, and buildings. Females give birth to single young in late May or
early June. Gray bats eat a variety of flying aquatic and terrestrial insects present along
rivers or lakes.
II. STUDY AREA
The study area is in Madison County, North Carolina, about 4 miles northwest of
Marshall. A topographic map depicting the study area is attached (Figures i-3). The
area is about 448 acres. The east side is bounded by Highway 25/70,the west boundary
is the ridgeline of Price Mountain. The upper(headwaters) of Thomas Branch (a
tributary stream of Brush Creek and the French Broad River) is located within the study
area.
This area is included in the Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest—Coniferous Forest—
Meadow Province (Bailey 1995).
III. METHODS
The study area was surveyed on foot during May 12 & 13, 2021,to locate any potential
habitat for the Gray bat.
The area was thoroughly evaluated for the presence of suitable summer(caves, cave-
like dwellings, man-made structures) and winter(caves, cave-like dwellings, and man-
made structures) roosting habitat for the Gray bat. In addition, landscape features that
represent commuting and foraging habitat were also documented.
IV. RESULTS
No caves, cave-like dwellings, or man-made structures that exhibited characteristics of
use by Gray bats were found during field investigations. However, one of the houses
that we inspected did have evidence of bat use (see Photograph 1). Staining of the
wood around the access (Photograph 2) and fresh dropping (guano) (Photograph 3)
were observed. While we could not access the interior,this most likely represents Big
brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), probably an individual or small group. As old cisterns are
PO Box io93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

sometimes used by bats, special emphasis was placed on locating and surveying these
structures. None were found. While some on-site water sources are used, these were
typically done using spring boxes (Photograph 4) and these are typically not used by
bats. Also, a metal tank with open access was found in a wooded area (Photograph 5).
This tank did not exhibit any signs of bat use and is likely not used by bats; however,
bats do sometimes utilize these types of structures.
Given the proximity to Gray bat captures in the area it is likely that this species forages
and drinks along the adjacent French Broad River and may use the flight corridors
(Photographs 6 & 7) present in the study area for commuting and foraging. A mid-slope
pond (Photograph 8) may provide foraging and drinking habitat forthe Gray bat. The
streams (Thomas Branch and tributaries) in the study area are too small and cluttered
to provide commuting and drinking habitat for the Gray bat. However, these streams
likely produce aquatic insects, and the flying adults are important to the diet of the
Gray bat.
V. DISCUSSION
Gray bats do occasionally use certain types of buildings, but not houses and barns.
It is highly unlikely that the Gray bat utilizes the study area for winter roosting. It is
highly unlikely that the Gray bat uses the area for roosting during the summer. The
study area does provide foraging and commuting habitat for the Gray bat. This is due
to the proximity(about 3 miles)from the French Broad River(Figure 1), which is known
to be an important travel corridor for this species. As no roosting habitat for the Gray
bat was found within the study area,this project as designed is not likely to impact the
continued existence of the Gray bat in this area.
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Clearing of vegetation along Thomas Branch and tributaries should be minimized or
avoided to protect water quality. While these small streams do not represent travel
corridors, they could produce important prey(food)forthe diet of the Gray bat in the
study area. Areas where riparian clearing is unavoidable should be revegetated or
allowed to grow back after construction.
2. Best management practices for sediment control and erosion prevention should be
strictly adhered to maintain existing water quality parameters within the study area.
3. Artificial lighting should be kept to the minimal amount need for safety, especially
throughout the night.
PO Box io93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

4. Bat houses or a bat condominium could be installed after construction is complete to
provide roosting habitat. These would likely be utilized by Big brown bats (Eptesicus
fuscus); however, all bats are beneficial animals and many species that were once
common in this region have declined dramatically during the last io years.
5. Small, ephemeral watering holes could be constructed on or along the ridgetop
corridors. These corridors are used for travel and foraging by Gray bats, Big brown
bats, Eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis), Hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus), and Silver-
haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans). Upland water sources would also be beneficial
to amphibians and reptiles in the area.
STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS: I certify that I am qualified and permitted (USFWS
T&E Recovery Permit 156382-3) to assess potential habitat, conduct acoustic surveys, as
well as capture, handle, and conduct hibernation surveys for the Gray bat (Myotis
grisescens).
...a—d L-1411
Gary Libby
LITERATURE CITED/CONSULTED
Bailey, R.G. 1995. Descriptions of the Ecoregions of the United States. USDA Forest
Service, Miscellaneous Publication Number 1391. 108 pages + map.
USFWS. 2018. Gray Bat(Myotis grisescens) Fact Sheet. 2 pages.
https://www.fws.gov/Midwest/endangered/mammals/grbat_fc.html
PO Box io93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

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Figure i. Location of study area (green circle).
PO Box io93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

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t S
Madison County, CLearWaLer USGS Topographic Map
North Carolina Marshall Quad
32 Clayton stet Figure 2
Asheville,North Carolina 28801
PO Box lo93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

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145 7th Avenue Weat.Suite II Figure 3
Ilrndcrsorsvdie,NC 28791
PO Box lo93, Berea, KY 40403 • $59-302-2897

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fuscus).
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PO Box 1093, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

Photograph 2. Access point for bats, note dark stains in center, this is where bats land
and enter.
,
•
Photograph 3. Guano (bat droppings)found below the access point.
PO Box lo93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

-
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Photograph 5. Old metal tank with opening in wooded area.
PO Box io93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

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PO Box lo93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

a
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Photograph 8. Mid-slope pond, potential drinking and foraging habitat.
PO Box lo93, Berea, KY 40403 • 859-302-2897

Attachment E
Riparian Buffer Preservation/Impact Plan

LEGEND
Osgood
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
=11=11=11=11=nm PROPERTY BOUNDARY
JOEL OSGOOD, RLA
WETLAND �'� 14 CHURCH STREET
- �� ASHEVILLE, NC 28801
�/ \ 828.527.6466
LINEAR WETLAND
/410;I
NON-JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND ♦I ♦ ♦I
4.1 17:
NON-JURISDICTIONAL LINEAR WETLAND
°:%4
,.�.•� ♦ii♦i ��ffJ . SEAL
EXISTING OPEN WATER �♦ Xli ,
0 iti
STREAM ``
\ \-N
i
CULVERT TO REMAIN ( ���+ / �♦�♦� �
RIPARIAN BUFFER 80'WIDTH
: :\
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TREE PROTECTION WITHIN RIPARIAN BUFFER
-''"mo tea►
\ N ----------
isise:isise:i:°is�:°�:i:°�:i:�:°�:i:�: :g:§ TREE REMOVAL & RESTORATION WITHIN RIPARIAN I'/A �i�i�♦ \ ISSUED
immiiiiiiiiiii\
- :4:4i i4:4::44:44:4::44:44:4:i i BUFFER II \
PI NI\
NEW PLANTING WITHIN RIPARIAN BUFFER �, \ DATE ISSUED: 17-JUNE-2021
`4
w�,% DRAWN BY: ZAC, KMD, RJB
RIPARIAN BUFFER SUMMARY I
APPROVED BY: JJO
PROJECT AREA 450.53 AC. ,��♦♦
/Ss. REVISIONS
RIPARIAN BUFFER AREA 36.66 AC ,,
�I \\ �,
TREE PROTECTION WITHIN RIPARIAN BUFFER 22.99 AC / � t ��v �� ♦ ' C
A, -0.- ,r,/
TREE REMOVAL & RESTORATION WITHIN 0.78 AC ��, ' `�� "-
RIPARIAN BUFFER ����� '4*4
�`y
NEW PLANTING WITHIN RIPARIAN BUFFER 0.78 AC \N \♦'�i + ♦ �.��
♦ +ct
'*Ok., v N`I®_ EXISTING TREE CANOPY,
/''
L i\,.444.4`... ...._;_N--..., 42.11:;.....\_4.4....,:\: )___
!• . TYP. PRELIMINARY
` - \ NEW PLANTING WITHIN RIPARIAN BUFFER
\_ � .� - RIPARIAN BUFFER TYP.•\ •
�� ,� IMPACT PLAN
� � / _ez' ' �"�I1111 Maik ,
SHEET TITLE
. , ,.•. :..•. 44 r .: CLEARING &
�'4 •._- .y RESTORATION WITHIN
\ \
RIPARIAN BUFFER, TYP.
/di
•
�y ;,�� //17 - .7---'s.:4. v TREE PROTECTION
\ , ''*`` � =:-/ f ::*.
WITHIN RIPARIAN
— - �;.. A\\\ . . _Ikibt '� BUFFER, TYP. MULBERRY
\ - FARM -
111_
RIPARIAN BUFFER, TYP.
�'�` MADISON , LLC .
MARSHALL NC
-.!- / ;.,, PRELIMINARY
lik.
�� ^\\ // FOR REVIEW PURPOSES ONLY
N,-.„,ar, 7441,4614f:-4:-..-
\ NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
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\l„, ,,ii
0 THE DRAWINGS,SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
� ;\
� �� DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY OSGOOD LANDSCAPE
_ _ ARCHITECTURE INC.FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
it OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS SERVICE FOR USE
`, - :�� SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROJECT.REPRODUCTION
OR USE OF THESE DRAWINGS OTHER THAN FOR THIS
oh: 2'''''''..:':
PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
` `_ - LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED.UNAUTHORIZED
USE WILL BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL ACTION.
�..- Copyright 2021 -Osgood Landscape Architecture,Inc.

Attachment F
BDA Planting Plans

/ I �� A / I '�/ \ / / / / /
/ . . . 00�ao _ �, I
/ / /
/ /// / /
/ /
/ / /
/ / , / / / / / / -... I V / / / / / Osgood
// ,/ MATCHLINE REFER TO L-1 .03 I \ I� ,;;�'// // // / �" j ���_ _ A\ 4- / // LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
// / / / 46 I V �7 // // /
/ MATCHLINE REFER TO L-1 .01 .� /\ I I ®��1! I � JOEL OSGOOD, RLA
/ / / / / / / • \����j I // / // / / / /
/ / / / // a4/ .qb
/r♦
/ ./ , �� � ' 14 CHURCH STREET
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/ ASHEVILLE, NC 28801
/ /// / / �. �� I �� / / /// - / / 828.527.6466
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Q a a Q Q OLl• �,ar+. a a + /.M� O_,� 0 0 0 0 0 0 ++ ++++++++++++++++++ + + + +++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++ 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O • • O O O O • 0 0 0 + O Ii►I •�• O O O �• 0 0 .+++++++++ ) p • • 0 0 0 • Q ��
! . r. < i + . . < • •-• OOOOcOO • • • • • O�OO-OO • - . ..' � OOOO . O • OOO . 00OOOOOO • • OdOOOO . O . O ••• • • OOOO . 00 • • OO + + (BOO +® �� 't.
Q Q Q . 41 Q . . . •i . ► ��' ❑• •• 0000. 90 • • • + • • 000000 • • • • •� • OOOOo00 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ► 00 . 00000040 00 . 0000 • • OOOI;�� .y'• 000 . 0000 . + +• OO • • • OOO }•� ' ' ���� -/a a Q Q Q atil . 000 • ► . . • . . • o * + * + * + * + * + * + * + * + * + * + * + * + * + * 6° � . ►�`���,.-•v.-®® ZONE AUPPER RIPARIAN PLANTING
Q Q Q . Q Q . . Q Q Q Q Q AlQ AlQ/a .i r'® + + + ppgaoo • •,"' r0000000 • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 000000000'oo/ • • • • 00000000 ••'' •••. 0000 •� 00000 • • 000zo . 000 •-
Q Q Q Q a . 11111144441 • 4 r� j`• OO •il 0-0000O�,r® I . I`.4r000 / : , ';r I ' \�/ �-��fl Q Q a/ a • Q Q a • ■ • • 0 0 0 • • • • + + + • • • 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 ' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +• O• • .��0 0 0 • • s 0 p°O . O O O O O O O O I'� . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • 0 O o !
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Q . 'Q ZONE B - LOWER RIPARIAN PLANTING
\ i !AW0000 0000 • '+ + + 000 000 •`. • O QO . 0o0 '+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 000 . 0000 • 4004' 0000000 o000Ii1M• . • • •. 6p ► • • 00000 • • •N1 ` ?
• d Q Q Q . . . • � � . Q . Q . Q Q/ a� • • • • 000 . 0 •l ++ • 00000000000;1 ,• 000`O . 000 0000 . 00u• O.• OA0»__T-+ ' _ . . • • • ••:� ,•7 00000 • . 0 . 00/0 • • • 0 . 000 • - . � Q
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1 . 0 . 00000. 0 •* + ' o0000000001/ (• 0000 • o-o-o ' + + + + + + + ,+ + + + + + + + + + + • oo • • • •r_ I1� . • 0000 . 000 . 0000 • .• _� \ ZONE 'C' - EMERGENT PLANTING
a , ,. Iiiik a A.I Q Q Q �, , p , + Q , , 7O . 0000 ► 00+/+▪/ , Y + 00000000000 •; • 000000000 + + + + + + 44
+ + + +• • • 00000+ + 0 . 0 . 0000000 0000 '�7 • 0000 . 000 . 060000600000a •� • , .�. a ,, , I -
. . . . i Q -Q Q'. • �j •I 4.- . � 4, Q4 . Q . l0 . 000 • • 0 • - + s + + ✓++ • . 0000000000�+►�• 0000 • o00p .+ + + + �+ + + + + + + + + + + 000000 '+ + • • O0o000000C/00000 ;����• 0000 . 000 . 0/u0 . 000 . • 0000 • ',.14 Q •%"�. , ,
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�j + � , + + + + 00000000000 'i • •• 000 . 0000 • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 00000 • + + + /O •p0000000000000 000 • • 00 . 0/O •,"❑ • 000 •000001 Q a \
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a , , , a Va Q � Q a a � 000 • •+ t + h• • • 00000000�0000011k000 • • 0000/• ■.00 • .• • 0000,�1 , L�Mt4 � , �� \
. . . .• . < Q Q Q 4 Q Q . Q Q • . ' Q .•' .•O %•• 00 • +++* +*+ + + *+++ 00 • 000000000:. • 000000000 ++++++++++++++++ +++++++++ +++++++ 000,+++*., +*+* O • OOOOOOOOC�OOOOO1: • ► OOO • • O • O • `' ❑.• •O • ► 000r a• .�
' a ' ' • a 4 A 4 • • '-��4 .•00 • • O • + + + + +/+ +/+ 4 + • p • Oppppp00044 lia• ppp • ppOp -+ + + + + + + + + !+ + + + + + + + + Epp", + + + + + + ,�00 • 0000OOOOp000001.7L p0Oii • 0 . 000 1G' �'.• • 0 • • 00 •ltr, , U�.. Q 'MIQQ BDA, TYP•
i . . . . . \ .\ Q Q Q /, � . . . Q d Qj '° , , , , + + + + +/+ + 4 °° 6 °°000000 •' •� 000 • OOOOr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + • + + /+ + + +/+ O 00000000 000000 '.1• 000 • • 0000 } ❑ ❑ ❑v'ee • • 000i•'�. •' ,T ' '
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Q Q J. . a Q a a Q a_ - -. o • + + + 000 . 00000000 • �000 . 0000 .+ • + • + • + • + + + + + + + + + + + f + + + + + + 0 0 • •.. 000000�00000 •.7'' • 000 • • 0 • 0 •,M •;-='W0 • � • OO . . ,,,,r. �� �F. �, JURISDICTIONAL STREAM, TYP. N
+ + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + +/+ + + p `
a I' ' Q Q ' a a Q ' ' ' ' �.:1'�~•C�O • • •i • + + + + 4 + + + + + + O • • • O O O O O O O O i;I'• • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + /+ + +/+ + +�+ C+ O p°0 0 • .,♦ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-I; • � 0 0 0 • • O O d O •F �.❑. 7j{► 0 0 • ••10 • • •� t v�� 'r • Q \
' a ° ' ! a ' ' a a '"4•� O . O . O • + + + + + + + + • 000 . • • 00000 •,; • 000 . 0000 ' + + + + + + + + 4Y + + + + + + +/+ + + + + + + * + 00000 • • 0000OCY00000 •"C �• 0000 . 0 . 0 O r - - 7,'000 • o0 * �.,- s Q ' • '`
Q • • • Q a , • • . ., < 9 Q a r7 + + + + + + + + + + + + ' + + + + + + + + +�+ + + + + + +-+ + +/+ + +/+ + I ► ❑'❑' r �' ' a \a
. a , . a a a Q a mt► . . Q .�■r■.•• 00• • 0 • + + + + + + +/ + /+ + + + . 000O . 00v�o0OO ill 0,000 . 0000 •+ + + + + + + + + + + + + , + +,+ ▪ + + +/+ + + + +�+ + • ,�0000 . 0000000000001r • '� 0000 • . 00Qo-. ■ .a.� 0000'. • '• 1 Q \ -JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND, TYP.
a a a Q a a Q a Q Q i a�� Q ' a'a S� , a Q ten% •
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Q Q Q Q Q Q .• Q . I . Q Q Q • ®■� • Op % • • • + + + + + /+ + + + + + 00000 . 000 000���+ 000000000 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4+ + + • p000000 . 000000 0000 •L�,0 0000 '► O i • •.l..v.�• _ •D000 • • • O • �•1i% , , \\
Q Q Q Q Q . t Q ./ Q Q Q Q • • • O • . 00f• + + + + + + + +f+ +�+ + + 00000 • OOOOOOQ �; • 0000000 • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/+ + + +/+ + + + O/0000000 . 000000\00000�;i •''•�\► 000000 • . • • ,� • • 00 . 0 • O i' •'��• _ i . . s Q \
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Q . \ QQ Q Q Q - Q • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 00000 .0000000\000 •.. i00000000 • •' 00000 . 00 . 00 • • 00 • • • ' /, , ,►► Q ,
a frig• 01{a a a � + + + � ` /+: +/ �a a , ... p . . + +*+++* *+++*++ +*+++*++ +++* ++ .++*+++*+++' 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O O '.; . . . . . . O O O +++ +++++++++ +++++++++++ ++*+++,++++++ +++ +++ ++\+ +++ 0000 O OOOOO OO QO O OOOO . 00O OO O • O O . O . O • • • 411oBDA PLANTING
O . 00 �• • • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 000 , 0000000 , • Or,. • 000 � + + + + + + + W.S. + + + + /+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +• 0000 . 0000000 0 •R000 . 00OOOOOc • ! • • O00OOO • • • • •/j , + +++` +`+++`+++ ++ ` +`+++`+++`+++`+ O O O O • o '� + + + + + + + + + +/+ + + + + + F ++4 + + 4'0 : ' ' ' oo°� 'oDo + + + + + + + + + + + .*/+++ + * + * + + * + * + 0000'000000 'oOo 00000000 . . Oo • iQ QSHEET TITLE
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THE DRAWINGS,SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
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ARCHITECTURE INC.FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
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� �� �� 8-- OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS SERVICE FOR USE
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_ ��� i A S E E S H E ET L 00 FOR PLANTING PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
a / / / / - �� - �� -- ►� -_ A LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED.UNAUTHORIZED
a / / _�� //�� �� �� USE WILL BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL ACTION.
• / __ \ 1� �- AND PLANTING CELL LAYOUT Copyright 2021 -Osgood Landscape Architecture,Inc.
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SHEET 2 OF 5
/ /' / �/ / / / / / / / I I \ I / / / --
/ / / / 7 - I / / / / - - /-
- / / / / I 1 / / / / / / THE DRAWINGS,SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
/ / , / / / / / I INV.= / / / / / /
/ / / / / / / // /,/ / //// / / / 20 �.�' I // / / / / / / / /// /
DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY OSGOOD LANDSCAPE
/ / / iz �/ // / , / / / / / / /
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ARCHITECTURE INC.FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
/ / / �/ / // / / / / / / / / / / / / 7 OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT'S SERVICE FOR USE
/ / / / / / / / / / 7 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / I / / / / / / / / / SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROJECT.REPRODUCTION
/ / / / / / / / / -- / / / / / / A / / / /
/ / - / / / / / / / / / / / / / OR USE OF THESE DRAWINGS OTHER THAN FOR THIS
/ // // / / // A / , , ... v , / / / / // �/ // ii/// //i// // / l / / / / SEE SHEET L-2.0O FOR PLANTING SCHEDULE PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / - / / / / CP, / / / LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED.UNAUTHORIZED
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/ / / / / / / .o I / / / / / AND PLANTING CELL LAYOUT
/ / / / / / / / / -_ - //// / / / / / / / / Copyright 2021 -Osgood Landscape Architecture,Inc.
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/ / / / / DATE ISSUED: 18 JUNE 2021
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/ / / / / / / / / / / I / / DRAWN BY: ZAC, KMD, RJB
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THE DRAWINGS,SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
�� � � � � / / DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY OSGOOD LANDSCAPE
,/ d n./ 'I / / .. 7. 11(M/ / / ` ;IPP� �/� i I A\ / / / / / / / / ARCHITECTURE INC.FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
/ � MATCHLINE REFER TO L-1 .01 // // a�J'. :�:1' I // OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT'S SERVICE FOR USE
7 ♦ I I SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROJECT.REPRODUCTION
/ / / d �,r�•/O •%� I / I / / / / OR USE OF THESE DRAWINGS OTHER THAN FOR THIS
/ / , d �„ I0 // '� ° '=r� ' SEE SHEET L-2.00 FOR PLANTING SCHEDULE
/ d •� ♦ ,�� / PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
/ / 4 �•� ♦ GIL I / LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED.UNAUTHORIZED
// Q A Q ►/O ♦Al1 A / USE WILL BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL ACTION.
/' // /; - . aa� ,° -- I 6 �/'� AND PLANTING CELL LAYOUT
,._
/ / / /// Q Q ,Er n0� �{` 1 / / / V / Copyright 2021 -Osgood Landscape Architecture,Inc.

Map
LAYOUT NOTES PLANTING CELL LAYOUT PLANTING SCHEDULE Osgood
I. Do not scale site features from drawing. Q < - - o _ o o - o _ - oAD0000 _ 3 U 0 0( A. ° � Alp «L ° TREES LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
2. Refer to architectural plans for building layout and dimensions. Q0 - - - _ _ _ - _ _ - _ - - Q Q Q ( °
3. Tie in gutter and downspout to subsurface drainage systems, where applicable. All downspouts shall be routed to r ,001,01)46,041101KLILOOdiAL
Q Q Q 0 _ - _ _ _ _ _ Q Q Q� KEY TOTAL SPECIES COMMON NAME SIZE NOTES JOEL OSGOOD, RLA
subsurface drainage systems. Run-off discharge at pipe ends shall be treated with stone apron at a minimum. Q Q11**0 eete- _ - - - O O O ( 0. 14 CHURCH STREET
4. Tie in all proposed storm drainage to proposed storm inlets with a minimum of 12" cover over all pipe sections. Qle° - _ _ O O Opoi" 1 ASHEVILLE, NC 28801
5. Install temporary inlet protection for all inlets immediately after inlet has been installed. Q Q O O O ® ° ° / Existing Tree 828.527.6466
6. Contractor shall verify layout/staking and grades in field and notify Landscape Architect if any conflicts and/or Q - - - ° 0,4401440V 111 0 00,00,0te
ambiguities arise.
Q a Q 0 0 0 A I O __ ,.,. -A 1 k A j halle 1‘i ),... A
7. Grading contractor shall meet with Landscape Architect on site to review clearing, demolition, and grading prior _ 0 0 Q25 Acer rubrum Red Maple 1 5 gal Single leader
to starting work. Q Q Q _ - - _ - - - - - 0 O O O 0.,„4.00v. %to.
8. Contractor shall be responsible for locating and protecting existing utilities and structures. Contact Landscape Q Q ail _ _ _ - - - Ore Q Q Q ( 4W-0410 Architect and applicable utility companies if conflicts arise, if existing conditions conflict with new construction, or Q - - = = - t t Et J O O O LLLel LLL LLL •0 J 1 1 I I LLL LLL LLL 51 Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam 15 gal Single leader
if utility tie-in locations are required. Review tie-in locations and coordinate with building utility locations. ZONE 'A' - UPPER RIPARIAN - 1000 SQUARE FEET ZONE 'C' - EMERGENT ZONE - 1000 SQUARE FEET
9. Contractor shall extend all utilities (water, sewer, gas, electric, phone, etc.) from buildings to existing utilities (TOTAL AREA= 55,987 SF) (TOTAL AREA = 61,851 SF)
underground and coordinate with local utility companies. 11 Corn us florida Dogwood 7 gal Single leader
10. Contractor is responsible for minimal disturbance of existing vegetation during installation of any and all 0 36 Aster cordifolius O 32 Rudbeckia hirta 0 53 Chelone lyonii 0 47 Lobelia siphilitica
underground utilities. 0 135 Eragrostis spectabilis O 91 Sporobolus heterlepis ® 32 Juncus effusus 0 46 Osmunda cinnamomeum SEAL
1 1. Existing vegetation is not to be damaged or disturbed outside of clearing limits. = 12 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Poplar 15 gal Single leader
12. Layout all site elements in field prior to construction for approval by Landscape Architect. O XX Iris cristata O 33 Iris versicolor 0 XX Lobelia cardinalis
13. Layout and grades of proposed walks to be verified with Landscape Architect. 0 26 Iris virginica
14. Refer to landscape plan for plant material locations, landscape lighting (if applicable), and other landscape features. i i i i t t t 0 13 Quercus alba White Oak 15 gal Single leader
15. Extent of terraces and paving areas to be marked in the field for approval by Landscape Architect prior to U LJ 0++% C + + + - --- - - ° °
installing stone. ❑ ■ ❑ •■ + + +
11•1111110-010411011110111.1ablaremrolie C
■�■ ■ •dila* •etc4" + + + + + + OSIW„ ,41if#41111 MTh IP 41 Salix nigra Black Willow 15 gal Single leader
❑ n ❑ n + + +
TREE PROTECTION NOTES • • • + + + °
❑ u ❑ u + + +
■�■ ■ 7 riti + + + ,AlwatAIIP9119411lett
SHRUBS
"Shall" refers to a practice that is mandatory; "should" refers to a practice that is recommended. If a"should" ❑ ■ ❑ ■ 40
0000,4 + + + + + + fa 0■ ■ • 101/ O. KEY TOTAL SPECIES COMMON NAME SIZE NOTES
recommendation will not be followed, written explanation must be provided to and approved by the Arborist and ■ . + + +
Landscape Architect. ❑ ■ ❑ ■ + + + .11TAIPTOW17642 ‘4140104W+ Ap
■ ■ O + + + °
■�■ *limp + + + IV o 121 Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush 3 gal No cultivar
I I. A root protection zone (RPZ) shall be established around the trees identified by Arborist and Landscape Architect rl •■ •rl ■ + + + - - - - - - - _® 0
for protection. ZONE 'B' - LOWER RIPARIAN ZONE- 1000 SQUARE FEET ZONE 'D' - SUBMERGENT ZONE - 1000 SQUARE FEET (TOTAL AREA= ISSUED
2. No work shall begin until the tree protection fencing has been installed for this rpz and approved by the Arborist (TOTAL AREA= 13,655 SF) 44,596 SF) • 53 Cornus amomum Silky Dogwood 3 gal No cultivar
and Landscape Architect. Tree protection fencing shall be maintained and repaired by the contractor during
construction. The fencing shall be a minimum of 4' height. O 34 Asclepias incarnata 0 68 Packera aurea ® 62 Juncus effusus 34 Scirpus cyperinus
3. Any linear excavation for utility lines, foundations, roads, and sidewalks is considered trenching. No trenching O 497 Carex ens Ivanica and/or Carex stricta 27 Impatiens capensis 49 Hamamelis virginiana Witch Hazel 3 gal No cultivar DATE ISSUED: 18 JUNE 202 1
should be allowed within the rpz. P y P P O 32 Iris versicolor 85 Sagittaria fasciculata
4. Tree branches in conflict with construction shall be cut cleanly according to proper pruning methods, only after C 49 Chelone lyonii 36 Iris virginica
Arborist and Landscape Architect approval. O DRAWN BY: ZAC, KMD, RJB
34 Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel 3 gal No cultivar
5. Trees which are damaged or lost due to the contractor's negligence during construction shall be mitigated.
6. When preparing proposed landscape beds, do not till within the drip line of existing vegetation. APPROVED BY: JJO
7. The protected area shall be maintained at its original grade, with no storage of fill, compaction of soil or trenching
or cutting of tree roots. In no event shall motorized vehicles or equipment enter the protected area. PERENNIALS / GROUND COVERS / FERNS
8. The contractor shall not cause or allow the cleaning of equipment, storage or disposal of materials such as paints, REVISIONS
solvents, asphalt, concrete, or any material that can damage the health of vegetation within the drip line of PLANT ZONE TOTAL SPECIES COMMON NAME SIZE NOTES
protected vegetation or to flow into the RPZ.
9. No attachment of wires (exclusive of protective guide wires), signs, or permits shall be fastened to vegetation
within the protected area. B 464 Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed LP50 Full plant
10. All clearing and grubbing within the protected area shall be done with HAND TOOLS ONLY and under the
direction of the Landscape Architect and Arborist.
1 1. All existing trees shown on plan are per field survey. Contact Landscape Architect if ambiguities arise regarding A 2,016 Aster cordifolius Blue Wood Aster LP50 Full plant
trees to remain.
12. ENHANCED/RIGID Tree Protection Fence shall be installed around all Specimen Oaks with metal posts and rails Carex pensylvanica and/or Tussock or
with green, black, or brown mesh fencing preferred. B 6,787 Carex stricta Pennsylvania Sedge LP50 Full plant
13. Construction access and staging to take place south of existing oaks and rigid fencing to remain in place
throughout construction as indicated on the plan.
B,C 4,299 Chelone lyonii Pink Turtlehead LP50 Full plant
PLANTING NOTES A 7,558 Eragrostis spectabilis Purple Love Grass LP50 Full plant
1. All vegetation shall meet the minimum size requirements indicated in the plant schedule. B 369 Impatiens capensis Jewelweed LP50 Full plant
2. All plants must meet the requirements of the most recent edition of the American Standards for Nursery Stock,
ANSI 260.1. Plants must be healthy,well-branched, and free of disease and insect infestation. Landscape Architect
reserves the right to reject any plant material. A X Iris cristata Dwarf Crested Iris LP50 Full plant
3. Mulch slopes and all other shrub and planting areas with aged double ground, shredded hardwood mulch no more or
less than 2-3" in depth as directed by Landscape Architect. Mulch should be aged a minimum of six months and shall B D A PLANTING
be free of weed seeds, soil, roots, or any other substance not consisting of either bole or branch wood and bark. C,D 3,468 Iris versicolor Blue Flag LP50 Full plant
Top hardwood mulch with a 1" layer of leaf mulch to blend area with surrounding natural landscape. S C H E D U L E A N D
4. Contractor shall verify quantities and is responsible for all plants shown on the plan. C,D 3,213 Iris virginica Southern Blue Flag LP50 Full plant
5. Contractor shall guarantee all plantings for one year from completion of work unless otherwise directed by Owners. NOTES
Replacement plants and labor shall be provided at contractor's expense.
6. Prune plant material only as directed by Landscape Architect. Shrubs &trees shall not have sheared appearance. C,D 4,744 Juncus effusus Common Rush LP50 Full plant SHEET TITLE
7. Existing plants to remain shall be flagged for approval by owner and Landscape Architect. Protection of existing trees
and/or vegetation is considered to be incidental to the work
8. Areas under existing tree drip lines are not to be tilled. Hand digging ONLY in these areas.
C X Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower LP50 Full plant
PLANTING SEQUENCE NOTES C 2,907 Lobelia siphilitica Blue Cardinal Flower LP50 Full plant
I. Establish utility locations and subsurface drainage locations prior to digging. Consult construction manager and/or call C 2,845 Osmunda cinnamomeum Cinnamon Fern LP50 Full plant
1-800-632-4949.
2. Final planting locations subject to landscape architect and/or owner review before digging. M U L B E R R Y
3. Temporary seeding shall be installed within 21 calendar days following completion of any phase of grading. B 929 Packera aurea Golden Groundsel LP50 Full plant
4. Refer to erosion control drawings via civil engineer for construction sequence. And ensure erosion control measures FARM -
are established and maintained before any fine grading.
5. Begin fine grading and hardscape paving area per architect, civil, and landscape architect plans. A 1 ,792 Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan LP50 Full plant M A D I S O N L L C 6. Upon completion of fine grading and paving, install permanent vegetative plantings and cover within 15 working days 5
following completion of site construction.
7. After site is stabilized and plantings are established, remove all temporary erosion control measures and complete D 3,791 Sagittaria fasciculata Duck Potato LP50 Full plant
permanent planting M A R S H A L L N C
8. Irrigation via hand watering or other means will be required for the first 12 months with 1" per week for plantings
unless otherwise directed. D 1 ,516 Scirpus cyperinus Wool Grass LP50 Full plant
A 5,095 Sporobolus heterlepis Praire Dropseed LP50 Full plant PRELIMINARY
FOR REVIEW PURPOSES ONLY
NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
NOTE:
1 . ALTERNATE AND SIMILAR NATIVE PLANTS SPECIES THAT MAY BE USED: N
1 .1 . CAREX COMOSA
1 .2. CAREX SQUARROSA
1 .3. PELTANDRA VIRGINICA o' 10' 20' 40'
1 .4. ELEOCHARIS OBTUSA SCALE: 1 " = 20'-0"
1 .5. EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM
1 .6. ORONTIUM AQUATICUM
1 .7. NYMPHEA ODORATA
2. CONTRACTOR SHALL SEEK APPROVAL FROM LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
PRIOR TO ANY PLANT SPECIES AND/OR CULTIVAR SUBSITUTIONS
L. 2 . 00
SHEET 5 OF 5
THE DRAWINGS,SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER
DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY OSGOOD LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE INC.FOR THIS PROJECT ARE INSTRUMENTS
OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT'S SERVICE FOR USE
SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROJECT.REPRODUCTION
OR USE OF THESE DRAWINGS OTHER THAN FOR THIS
PROJECT WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IS PROHIBITED.UNAUTHORIZED
USE WILL BE SUBJECT TO LEGAL ACTION.
Copyright 2021 -Osgood Landscape Architecture,Inc.

Attachment G
Supplemental Bald Eagle Effects determination

1��� CONSERVATION
`% ECOLOGY LLC
111111114111.1, 6 Penny Ct., Hendersonville, NC 28739
828.772.9007 I [e-mail]
Wildlife Biodiversity Assessment
School of Wholeness and Enlightenment (SOWE), Mulberry Gap Farm
Walnut, Maddison County, North Carolina, Friday, August 28, 2020
ADDENEDUM REGARDING BALD EAGLE OBSERVATION
Christopher R. Wilson
Friday, May 28, 2021
The Wildlife Biodiversity Assessment included avian surveys between February and July 2020, which
documented 69 species of birds using the site as well as one flyover observation of an adult pair of Bald
Eagles on April 16, 2020.These eagles soared by at a high elevation and are believed to be transient
individuals.
Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were removed from the endangered species list in August 2007
because their populations recovered sufficiently. However, Bald and Golden eagles are still protected
under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and the Bald and Golden Eagle Act (Eagle Act).
Bald Eagles live near rivers, lakes, and marshes where they can find fish, their staple food. Bald Eagles
will also feed on waterfowl, turtles, rabbits, snakes, and other small animals and carrion. Bald Eagles
require a good food base, perching areas, and nesting sites. Their habitat includes estuaries, large lakes,
reservoirs, rivers, and some seacoasts. In regions where they over-winter, the birds congregate near
open water in tall trees for spotting prey and night roosts for sheltering.
No Bald Eagle nests were observed on site. The Thomas Branch and Hopewell Branch on the site are
small creeks that are too small to serve as a suitable feeding source for Bald Eagles. The nearest known
suitable feeding source for Bald Eagle is the French Broad River which is over 1 mile from the project.
Due to poor-quality habitat on site, lack of nest observations, lack of repeated observations of the birds
during the surveys, and lack of known nesting occurrences in the vicinity, it is my opinion that the
proposed project activities on the School of Wholeness and Enlightenment (SOWE), Mulberry Gap Farm
project are not likely to adversely affect the Bald Eagle. Additionally, a review of the NCNHP database
on May 28, 2021 revealed no known occurrences of any Federally protected species within 1 mile of the
project study area.
Christopher R Wilson

Attachment H
Project Justification & Design Narrative
For
Proposed Beaver Darn Analogs

Project Justification
& Design Narrative For
Proposed Beaver Dam Analogs
Prepared for
titropepip
The School of Wholeness
& Enlightenment A -.
Madison County, NC , - ,,,
July 9, 2021 ," . -,, .� ��.
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2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
2. LAND USE LEGACIES 5
3. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 8
3.1 THE STREAM EVOLUTION MODEL 10
3.2 PROCESS DOMAINS 13
3.3 CONNECTIVITY PARADIGM 14
3.4 BEAVER HYDROLOGIC HABITAT 16
4. DESIGN 19
4.1 DESIGN APPROACH 19
4.1.1 RESTORATION PRINCIPALS 19
4.1.2 RESTORATION TECHNIQUES 20
4.2 BDA TYPE SELECTION 21
4.3 PROPOSED FEATURES 22
4.3.1 BEAVER POOL DESIGN 22
4.3.2 TB4 23
4.3.3 ADDITIONAL WOODY STRUCTURES 24
4.3.4 FLOW DIVERSION DEVICES 24
4.3.5 BDA DEGRADATION ANALYSIS 25
4.3.6 EROSION CONTROL 25
4.3.7 VEGETATION 25
REFERENCES 29
APPENDIX 36

3
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Madison County Soil Survey(1942)
Figure 2: Site Photographs(summer 2020)
Figure 3:Aggradational Deposits in Fluvial Systems
Figure 4: Cluer&Thorne's Stream Evolution Model (SEM)
Figure 5: Process-Driven Ecological Benefits Associated with SEM Stages
Figure 6: Connectivity Concept Overlay
Figure 7: Riparian Hydrologic Drought

4
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The School of Wholeness and Enlightenment(SoWE) envisions a transformation of their
land from a series of degraded streams and abandoned agricultural fields into flourishing
native habitat. If their motives are not pure, it is only because they do not want to foster
this naturally beautiful aesthetic within a vacuum of wilderness without humans in it.
Rather,they would put the natural landscape and the wildlife it attracts on full display to
visitors of their proposed new campus. Robinson Design Engineers(RDE)finds the
project goals commendable, and we are proud to serve as the liaison to these efforts.
Currently, the streams on SoWE's property are narrow, racing trickles, and even when
these streams emerge from confined, gorge-like valleys into valley flats, the channels
remain simplified and homogenous and disconnected from their floodplains. This is not a
new condition, nor sadly is it a unique case. Even if all human activity in the watershed
ceased today, the streams on site would evolve through a slow adaptation to legacy
effects of land use, cycling through further degradation and widening. Riparian corridors
would suffer increasing levels of Riparian Hydrologic Drought, and it would take many
human lifetimes before wetlands would expand, riparian zones would flourish, and the
streams would sustain themselves as sediment sinks instead of sediment sources.
At SoWE, we have a unique opportunity to repair stream to land connectivity, even as
human activity within the watershed increases!The broad and flat terrain near the
confluence of Hopewell and Thomas branch is ideally suited for a wetland-stream complex
using biomimicry of one ecosystem engineer's formerly ubiquitous handiwork.
Anastomosing streams flowing through dense wetland areas and buffered by wide riparian
corridors, known as Stage 0, prevailed for eons, as they were designed and sustained by
Castor canadensis carolinensis, the carolina beaver.
Rewilding beaver colonies is problematic in most of the developed world for societal
reasons, but not on ecological grounds. As an alternative to beaver reintroduction, many
practitioners across the globe are emulating this master builder by establishing"Beaver
Dam Analogs"(BDAs)that generate food and forage supporting the life cycles of plants,
animals, and other living things coevolved to the patch dynamics fostered by this keystone
species. Broad valleys with productive soils are naturally scarce in Madison County, and
because they are scarce,they have been preferentially developed for agriculture or
transportation infrastructure. Proposing BDAs and the Stage 8 restoration approach is
only possible because SoWE is relinquishing these valuable flatlands from development.
The intent of the BDAs on this project site is to enhance the physical,chemical, and
biological integrity of the surface waters and wetlands to be featured as an attraction for
visitors to the School. An obvious co-benefit of this project approach is that it will slow the
flow of water, passively rebuild stream beds and banks, phytoremediate runoff, and
provide habitat that enhances Waters of the US held in the public trust. The inevitable
result of BDAs is the sustenance of streams and expansion of wetlands. In this way, the
project approach effectively removes the stream corridor from future development.

5
In our experience, Natural Channel Design methods tend to offer a short cut to decreased
sediment transfer rates in the short term, yet they are at high risk for failure and tend not
to deliver long term habitat improvements. Here at SoWE,we have an unusual opportunity
to work with pioneering clients to develop the land with integrity and leave it better than we
found it. Based on our research experience and observation of beaver in their natural
environment, we feel confident that BDAs will foster the truest to natural design available
for this project site with the highest level of ecological benefits sustained.
2. LAND USE LEGACIES
Legacy effects of rapid sediment exchange caused by forest clearing and agricultural
cultivation, affecting both uplands and valley bottoms, drastically altered the southeastern
landscape, primarily over the course of the early 19th to early 20th centuries(Trimble
1975;Jackson et al. 2005;Walter&Merritts 2008;Wohl 2019; Ferguson 1999; Dearman
&James 2019). Hugh Hammond Bennett, who grew up in North Carolina's Piedmont
amongst row-cropped tobacco farms, wrote prolifically over the course of the 1930's to
draw national attention to the degradation of his southeastern home:"This paper is not
primarily concerned with the effects of normal or natural erosion, except as a basis for
comparison. It pertains to changed physical, chemical, and biologic conditions resulting
from abnormal erosion, the accelerated soil washing following man's activities, his free
use of axe and plow and the overcrowding of live stock upon sloping ranges"(Bennett
1932, pg. 385). It was Bennett who secured federal funding to establish the Soil Erosion
Service, which became the Soil Conservation Service, now known as the Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (Helms 2008; Sporcic&Skidmore 2011).
Missing from the forest floor, missing from the valley bottoms, untold volumes of topsoil
forever lost, wasted away, carried off downstream and buried under yet another blanket of
eroded deposits — the infertile subsoil,friable parent material, weathered rock, and
jagged gravel pieces exposed when the forest floor vanished. All of this missing water
holding capacity, not to mention plant available nutrients and the microorganisms that
make it so, have forever changed the hydrogeomorphic processes at work in this
landscape, shown in Fig. 1 below in a soil map from 1942 checkered with varying
designations of`accelerated erosion,'which is to say, anthropogenic process disruption.

6
_ -- — - •-••p4` .0' my
5(1
�r \ ,-Af
R
_ t� • � Hcr,Aim • r
�k(li e ' .., ,,,,, . wic,-rM �,t:�Tlrl •,
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---.:. 71 -__•-, i ; _ . It Qif :,..,._ S ,4* -1.11),' e
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if
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H m ,¢4 '� = �� r fip
I_ / 7Th r
y ; ACCELERATED EROSION
:s", Sj �J ,, ! S Moderate sheet erosion
SS Severe sheet erosion
- af limb . /- fiC)� ,, G Moderate gully erosion
w _ GG Severe gully erosion
10 �t '�( � �i', N a SG Moderate sheet and gully erosion
Gully
Fig. 1:The map above has been adapted from the Soil Survey of Madison County by
Goldston et al. (1942a)to highlight the project area(roughly circled)and includes the part
of the legend referring to accelerated erosion.
The soil scientists who mapped Madison County in the early 1940's have this to say about
the conditions of mountain streams in the region:
"As a whole, Madison County is rough and rugged, as most of the mountain slopes are
very steep — in some places precipitous. The streams have played a major part in making
the relief what it is today. In places they have cut valleys several hundred feet deep, and
in some places these valleys, or gorges, are flanked by precipitous walls. [...]Streams
have dissected these low, steep hills so badly that comparatively little level land remains.
[...] Slopes to streams are steep, and only in very few places does any bottom land occur
at the foot of these slopes or along the streams. [...]The streams have thoroughly
dissected the Blue Ridge Plateau. They have cut very narrow V-shaped valleys and
gorges and have created an extremely rugged land form. Drainage is good to excessive.
The streams are swift and transport large quantities of material."(Goldston et al. 1942b,
pg. 3-4)
The legacy effects of land use are still in evidence on the property today. Where native
hydrophilic vegetation is able to reach deep to the water table lowered to meet the base
level of incised streams, roots dangle from cut banks and will soon crumble and fall into
the flow, if they haven't already(Fig. 2A). Such slumped material,jagged gravel pieces,
and steep banks are all too familiar to us. Gullies are on nearly every site we visit. Some

7
portions of the streams look little better than excavated roadside ditches. The lawn is kept
closely clipped on either side, and the presence of grass is in and of itself an indication the
stream is currently unable to support obligate wetland plants (Fig. 2B).
�' s :�� v'sg n v 1 'it
I h /i ` JIi[ �B f`,0 i ti ea a Q ;. , �3 :ayes}s' -_
*� � � , '« V
r
rW- -_ 4,.- � ,t� !, + ri ,
-
Fig.2:These photos depict streams visited in August of 2020 on the project site.The
photo on the left(A)shows Hopewell Branch and demonstrates how incision triggers
Riparian Hydrologic Drought. The photo on the right(B)shows Thomas Branch hardly
able to sustain baseflow.
Shifting Baselines Syndrome (SBS) is a term that describes a phenomenon concerning
regulatory standards of ecosystem management. Stemming from fisheries science, where
regulations such as catch limits are established with a recent past condition set as the
standard for return to a state of equilibrium, misremembered prior conditions often result in
successive lowering of expectations through `generational amnesia'over human lifetimes,
as the impairments of one generation are adopted as baselines of the next(Campbell et
al.,2009; Papworth et al. 2008). Generational amnesia seems an apt diagnosis regarding
society's expectations of stream form and function in the southeast, as the Carolinas
establish Reference Hydraulic Geometry Curves, or design stream dimensions based on
regression curve analysis of`reference condition'channel form. This method of
comparative analysis, while useful for understanding trends between a watershed's
drainage area and response variables of channel slope, width,depth, etc., could dictate
prescriptive stream form measurements that do not take into account the highly variable
landscape context of mountain streams and the omnipresent, underlying co-morbidities
impairing them, not to mention the wide error bands recognizing variation along the fitted
regression equation.
How would it look and feel to restore and conserve these relatively flat alluvial systems?
Historical evidence and recent scholarship strongly suggest that this hydrologic landscape
should be a sluggish, productive backwater marsh, created by a pleasingly-messy series
of small and frequent beaver dams. Here, in this mountainous Madison County context,
that would mean willow, birch, and other native riparian trees would ring upstream areas
of the marsh;dead and down trees would stand a slant in its chesty backwater, providing
perches and nesting cavities for birds and bats. If you plodded into the ponded water your
step fall would sink into silt and leaves.The sweet smell of decomposing organic material
would waft through the air. Heterotroph invertebrates of this system, so-called"shredders",

8
can be five times more abundant in this habitat than in single-thread channels. Because of
the topographic complexity and the tenacious vegetation, the ponded water would
frustrate anglers, but native fauna would thrive.Warblers, sandpipers, and flycatchers
would perch in the overhanging willows;peepers(frogs)would provide a twilight
symphony, croaking along the marshy aprons;the deep, cool pools and refuge channels
would provide abundant trout shelter; and otters may eventually chase these trout through
the submerged branches of downed trees.
To recover this waterway to pre-settlement conditions is impossible. To stabilize it and
keep it just the same as it is today by using, for example, `natural channel design,'would
be to preserve a blighted system. The overarching goal of our work is to repair the
disconnected valleys and simplified streams by fostering conditions that can support a
thriving wetland complex and the positive feedback loops unleashed by working with, not
against nature.This work will restore natural processes that slow the flow of water,
increase floodplain soil fertility, enable hyporheic groundwater exchange, and provide
suitable habitat for the return of rare mountain wetland plant species within the perpetual
care of an environmentally conscientious land stewardship program at SoWE.
This design narrative presents our research to provide justification that Beaver Dam
Analogue structures(BDAs) are the most promising means to accomplish the goal of
restoring these streams into their native and natural state — a stream-wetland complex.
This narrative also presents our design approach to building these wetland complex
systems,outlines regulatory considerations, and provides schematic design drawings,
example materials, and case studies to help guide the project. We recognize that the
approach we are taking using BDAs is novel in the Carolinas, but rest assured, it is
nothing new, and it is being implemented successfully across the nation.
3. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
In 2003 Glen Albrecht, an Australian philosopher, coined solastalgia, a word for the
emotional distress we feel at witnessing the destruction of beloved homelands.
Albrecht's neologism, which drew from the roots for comfort and pain, had its origins in
the territory of New South Wales, where open-pit coal mining destroyed hundreds of
square kilometers and inflicted deep psychic wounds on residents. In four syllables
solastalgia captured the Anthropocene and its discontent: the dissonance of change,
the rapidity of loss, the disorientation wrought by environmental grief. "Solastalgia,
simply put,'Albrecht wrote, 'is'the homesickness you have when you are still at home"
(Goldfarb 2018,pg.239)
Land development typically limits undisturbed natural areas to the fringes of parcel
boundaries,so that scrappy wilderness patches are normal and expected. Instead of this
usual development pattern, the School of Wholeness and Enlightenment(SoWE) aims to
integrate the preservation of natural areas into every aspect of the campus it has
envisioned. We commend the architect's vision to first restore the land, unlock its natural
beauty, and then build human interfaces within these natural systems. We have been
working closely as a team during the design process to foster a rare relationship at SoWE.
Instead of subjecting the existing conditions to suit the built environment, this project

9
seeks first and foremost to develop a flourishing natural environment, and then to
thoughtfully tie in the human infrastructure.
The form of a stream is an expression of the history of the surrounding landscape (both
natural and anthropogenic) and regional climatic variables, which influence the mass
balance of water, sediment, and organic material transferred from the contributing
drainage area into valley bottoms, shaping waterways(Knighton 1984;Julien&Raslan
1998; Brooks et al. 2012; Kasprak et al. 2016; Leopold et al. 2020;Wohl 2020). Few of
these factors remain static, and fluctuations in water, sediment, and wood affect stream
form both along a spatial and temporal continuum.
Montgomery and Buffington (1997) note that unlike low-gradient stream networks, high-
energy mountain drainage basins are prone to external forcing by constraints such as
confinement within a narrow valley, shallow bedrock outcroppings, natural woody debris
pileups, and the influence of anchoring riparian vegetation, all of which force morphologies
that would otherwise, in an analogous unobstructed flow pattern, take on the morphology
of a higher energy system. Studies conducted in the Pacific Northwest demonstrate that
log jams and woody debris pileups have the capacity to create aggradational deposits
over streams that would otherwise flow across exposed bedrock and that the systematic
removal of these naturally-accumulating obstructions have reduced backwater sloughs,
side channels, and meandering headwater tributaries to a more simplistic single-threaded
planform (Montgomery et al. 1996;Sedell &Froggat 1985, see Fig. 3). Wohl (2013)
suggests that research conducted in the Pacific Northwest offers insight into the role
beaver once played in shaping North American rivers, as most thorough fluvial
geomorphic investigations have occurred in streams that suffered deforestation, beaver
extirpation, and obstruction removal long before the scientists arrived to study them with
contemporary quantification methods.
Sandstone Creek �arrisburg
4. 4, C
I INA 4 iy i
4
. ),, , ,
..wo.. ( �" .91 d 0
e\z
OA ,41).
::, IR .iii.` :--i 0
Upper Black Creek
1 t
r ,
.%, i d
"NINr r4C �` r
Lower Black Creek k r /�'
\-.___..,_
N ', McKenzie RiverA�
100" 1854 1910 1946 1967
Fig.3: On the left, a diagram from Montgomery et al. (1996)depicts stores of sediment(grey hatching) raising stream beds
behind natural debris jams(marked as an X). On the right, Sedell &Froggatt(1984)depict the loss of planform heterogeneity
to the Willamette River in Oregon over time.

10
A contentious debate within the field of river restoration in the US hinges on one
classification system, the Rosgen classification system and method of`natural channel
design' (Malakoff 2004; Kondolf 2006; Simon et al. 2007; Rosgen 2008; Simon et al. 2008;
Lave 2008). Kasprak et al. (2016)found that Rosgen's Classification system aligned well
with the River Styles Framework of Brierly and Fryirs(2013), popular in Australia, but that
both classification systems failed to accurately predict processes in streams with
significant anthropogenic disturbances and biotic controls, such as beaver activity and
cattle grazing. Nevertheless, aspects of Rosgen's method have become so entrenched in
the regulatory permitting process for stream restoration, compliance is all but mandatory,
as other restoration methods have adopted aspects of Rosgen's approach.
River restoration efforts typically focus on the geometry of channels with the goals of
reducing and then balancing sediment loads at the reach scale, effectively attempting to
turn every reach into a sediment transfer zone. This perpetuates an erroneous approach
to management of the alluvial channel system and may partially explain why the
regeneration of high-quality habitat remains limited (Doyle &Shields 2012) and restoration
of freshwater ecosystems remains elusive (Bernhardt&Palmer 2011).
Conceptual frameworks for understanding the spatial and temporal processes affecting
stream geometry and its effects will be discussed in this section on Project Justification,
including the concepts of stream evolution, process domains, and connectivity. Within
these concept clarifications, we offer corresponding limitations to Natural Channel Design.
We conclude this section with specific justification for mimicking beaver activity as a water
resource conservation and enhancement project.This context will provide a foundation for
the next section on our Design Approach, which proposes an intervention that is built to
recover within the recurrence intervals of natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes
(e.g.storms and construction), rather than to rigidly hold form in spite of inevitable
changes and disturbance within the watershed, as Natural Channel Design methodologies
would.
3.1 The Stream Evolution Model
Schumm's(1997) Channel Evolution Model (CEM)provides a framework for stream form
alternatives by helping to predict the natural evolutionary sequence of streams as they
adapt to disruptions both natural and anthropogenic.Assumptions inherent in Schumm's
Channel Evolution Model (CEM) include the Stage I precursor form, which presupposes
that undisrupted streams have a single-threaded planform;whereas growing evidence
suggests that single-threaded channels are a symptom of beaver extirpation, natural
debris obstruction removal, and active straightening,or channelization, of streams, and do
not adequately describe the precursor stage of undisrupted streams which would exhibit
an anastomosing or braided planform of wetland complexes and vegetated isles
interrupting and separating streamflow(Naiman et al. 1988;Walter& Merritts 2008;Wohl
2013; Cluer&Thorne 2014; Pollock et al. 2014; Goldfarb 2018). Cluer&Thorne (2014)
adapted Schumm's CEM to incorporate this relatively recently understood precursor stage
(Stage 0 Anastomosing) and provide further detail on complex responses of streams to
anthropogenic disruptions of mass balance equations of sediment, water, and wood in

11
streams — the Stream Evolution Model (SEM). Another important difference in Cluer&
Thorne's(2014)expansion on Schumm's concept is that they have redrawn the
progression of stages into a cyclical, not linear progression, where Stages 0—4 can
become stuck in a feedback loop not unlike a"short-circuit,"where downcutting and
widening can be triggered over and over again (see Fig. 4).
STAGE O
Amstomoslog Anastomosing
Wet Woodland Grassed Wetland
neeiS
Ittf
Ot
STAGED STAGEI
Anasto[nosing Sinuous Slntle T�nead
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' ill!zffit \
pneliaed
�'Rsan
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ler •-arron
STAGEI STAGEI
o
Laterally RCM! n ' Detrada[rnrs
= Harrowing ;;:
II. •
G
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•
. STAGE le
STAGE Arwood Datrsdatlon
4,„ pua[!Equilibrium a Dotrahtlen and WldwrMg h'14
rxti n>n,
ernl� W.JNi r r
a
STAGES S ��
AEtradation and Wodwand
macwed w [Harped*wend
ltimatii
RUIN.,
Jumped
Fig.4: Cluer&Thorne's (2014)Stream Evolution Model (SEM) adapts the Channel
Evolution Model (Schumm 1977) to include a precursor stage (Stage 0)to better
represent predisturbance conditions, two successor stages to cover late-stage evolution,
and a cyclical rather than linear progression. Dashed arrows indicate `short-circuits'in the
normal progression, indicating for example that a Stage 0 stream can evolve to Stage 1
and recover to Stage 0, a Stage 4-3-4 shortcircuit,which occurs when multiple head cuts
migrate through a reach and which may be particularly destructive. Arrows outside the
circle represent'dead end'stages,constructed and maintained (2) and arrested (3s)
where an erosion-resistant layer in the local lithology stabilizes incised channel banks.
The Stream Evolution Model &Limitations of Natural Channel Design
The channels in most alluvial reaches are restored from Stage 3 to Stage 6 forms in the
Stream Evolution Model (SEM, see Fig. 4). These relatively low value forms are then
preserved through contrived stabilization measures. In a recent webinar, Colin Thorne
suggested that another`arrested'stage could be included as an offshoot to Stage 6
(Quasi-equilibrium)where restoration activities halt lateral activity at Stage 7 through
biotechnical revetments of beds and banks,just as with Stage 3a(Thorne 2020). The only
way out of this short-circuit cycle of degradational process, according Cluer&Thorne
(2014), is through the eventual longitudinal gradient stabilization of sufficient degradation
and widening at Stage 5 for the stream to recover a terraced floodplain of alluvial
deposition inset in the large, degraded former channel boundaries. This hypothesis is

12
supported by the literature on stream competence, as for example, Montgomery&
Buffington (1997) point to the availability and limitations of sediment supply as a driving
factor in the form a stream takes. Even though using soft engineering and natural
materials such as biotechnical revetments and large wood have become common,
stabilization impedes the fluvial processes that could drive continued evolution to the
substantially more resilient and ecologically valuable Stages 7 and 8.
STAGE 0
4
Anasaomorin. Kay to pereentag.o1 Zfen.frtl
100E
Aimb� ,mains N a
STAGE S
Anrp� .l.a.r STAGFI
Srnuo.a Slnib Three!
040STAGE 1
,,,. pa Ae.+•-•hOk • Is c...yeoU
-MEixN[nvw�+nexww+
01
-[aanno.am F.c.o.n Eeawrea GI
.....—
STAGE T O K1.Jn STAG!3
al Fa[.rlEly AW. ' Oalodatbn
-NAum e '
4 QD =1
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I I wmm. " sr
I i Waur(h.1nY STAGE IJ • a
AGF3
STAGE 6 I I yen STAG" Anoand ov51::axbn
4WFl Eywl.enum I i neol�e O o.v»amen and wlee.un!
a e Z ./ •
STAGE S
AylrWubn Awl WAlenlnt
a
Fig.5: Cluer&Thorne (2014)offer in this diagram a demonstration of associated physical
characteristics and ecosystem benefits associated with each Stage of stream evolution
(shown in Fig. 4). The relative size of the circles represent the ordinal points achieved at
each stage relative to the maximum achievable points, where a high rank represents
`abundant and fully functional'and a low rank signifies`absent or dysfunctional'. This
conceptual framework of ecosystem benefits and physical attributes demonstrates that a
return to pristinity at Stage 0 is impossible;that to freeze forms at Stage 2 or Stage 6 (the
target of most Natural Channel Design methods) misses enhancing benefits; and that late
adaptations to Stage 8 offer the closest possible return to pre-settlement conditions and
the highest level of habitat enhancement represented by Stage 0.
Cluer&Thorne (2014)diagram conceptual benefits of stream processes throughout the
evolutionary trajectory of dominant process(see Fig.5). Whereas Rosgen's`natural
channel design' methodology seeks to freeze streams into a rigid Stage 6 form of`Quasi
Equilibrium,'we have the capacity to usher surface waters towards a Stage 8
`Anastomosing'stream form with higher benefits to habitat and ecosystem attributes,
according to Cluer&Thorne's(2014) analysis of stream form and function.
The channels on SoWE property are at stages 2 and 3 as described by the SEM diagram
(Figure 4).As the SoWE campus is built and the watershed continues to develop, these
channels will experience the predictable progression to stage 3a(arrested degradation)or
a stage 3-4-3 short circuit of degradation and widening. Degraded channels like these are

13
sadly all too common and are a source of solastalgia for the initiated. Polvi et al. (2011)
demonstrate that entrenched stream channels limit the width and frequency of riparian
inundation, having measurable impacts on the health and spread of riparian corridors.
Cluer&Thorne (2014)describe the relative benefits of each stage of the SEM,
demonstrating that this concept for a Stage 8 channel will facilitate multiple aims of habitat
enhancement.
3.2 Process Domains
The existence of process domains implies that river networks can be divided into discrete
regions in which ecological community structure and dynamics respond to distinctly
different physical disturbance regimes(Montgomery 1999). Wohl (2020)provides a
comprehensive literature review exhibiting the usefulness of categorizing process domains
along a river network. By delineating these process domains we can understand spatial
patterns of riparian vegetation (Polvi et al. 2011), sediment dynamics(Wohl 2010), organic
carbon stock in river corridors(Wohl et al. 2012; Sutfin and Wohl 2017), aquatic
ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity (Bellmore and Baxter 2014), channel geometry
(Livers and Wohl 2015), and connectivity(Wohl et al. 2019).
Some river geomorphic parameters exhibit progressive downstream trends whereas
others exhibit so much local variation that any systematic longitudinal trends which might
be present are obscured (Wohl 2010). Local variation that overwhelms progressive trends
is particularly characteristic of mountainous terrain, where spatially abrupt longitudinal
transitions in substrate resistance,gradient, valley geometry, and sediment sources can
create substantial variability in river process and form. Under these conditions,
characterizing river dynamics based on these longitudinal transitions can be more
accurate than assuming that parameters will change progressively downstream. Examples
of geomorphic parameters for which spatial variation is better explained by process
domain classifications than by drainage area or discharge include riparian zone width
(Polvi et al. 2011), floodplain volume and carbon storage (Wohl et al. 2012), connectivity
(Wohl et al. 2019), instream wood load (Wohl and Cadol 2011), and biomass and
biodiversity(Bellmore and Baxter 2014; Herdrich et al.2018;Venarsky et al. 2018).
Process Domains& Limitations of Natural Channel Design
A geomorphic perspective on river resilience would characterize a resilient river as having
two basic characteristics. First, a resilient river has the ability to adjust form and process in
response to changes in water, sediment, and wood inputs, whether these changes occur
over many decades to centuries(e.g.climate variability)or over relatively short time
periods(e.g. watershed development or a large flood). This is an important distinction
from a robust river system which must rigidly maintain one set of conditions in order not to
fail. An artificially dammed river is robust. A beaver dammed river is resilient. The latter
can be flexible to changing conditions and recover or be made stronger by disturbance,
the former is at its best on the day of installation and only gets worse over time (see Graf
2001;Wohl 2004;Wohl & Beckman 2014).

14
Second, a resilient river has spatial and temporal ranges of water, sediment, and large
wood inputs and river geometry similar to those present under natural conditions(Wohl
2020). Montgomery and Buffington (1997)distinguish source,transport, and response
segments in reach-scale classification of mountain channel morphology. Sklar and
Dietrich (1998) hypothesize consistent changes in dominant incision mechanism (e.g.
headcuts) and substrate type (coarse-bed alluvial,fine-bed alluvial)at threshold slopes,
regardless of drainage area.
Natural Channel Design would presuppose that all streams on the project site should exist
as sediment transfer zones, stabilizing beds and banks with boulders, rock toes, and other
robust features resistant to high-energy flows. If instead, we acknowledge legacy
manipulations to channel-floodplain connectivity, we can restore these channels to a
resilient system that takes a lower-gradient process domain as its target. Where the
streams emerge from confined valleys, the carolina beaver would have had an outsized
effect on stream form and function. By emulating beaver and recognizing an opportunity to
transition dominant processes, we should see Thomas and Hopewell transform into a
lower-energy,diffuse storage area to capture the water,sediment, and wood we would
expect to find in these broad valleys.
3.3 Connectivity Paradigm
The spectrum of stream connectivity to disconnectivity (see Fig. 6)describes the
longitudinal (upstream/downstream), vertical (surface water/ground water), and lateral
(floodplain/instream)exchange over spatial and temporal scales, involving the movement
of water, organic material, and sediment(Ward 1989; Montgomery 1999; Kondolf et al.
2006;Wohl &Beckman 2014;Wohl 2019). Connectivity is neither a priori better nor worse
than disconnectivity, depending on constraints imposed by the natural context. A high-
gradient mountain stream passing through a closely confined valley, for example, would
exhibit lateral disconnectivity, but experience high longitudinal connectivity,exporting
runoff, sediment, and organic material downstream. Conversely, an anastomosing stream
would experience high lateral connectivity, delivering sediment, organic material and water
to floodplains, but longitudinal connectivity would occur much more slowly in this diffuse
energy zone.

15
channelization v
removal of large wood
removal of beaver dams
J
1;11:
flow
lilli
P‘, regulon
LATERAL
es
/ bank stabilization
■ Water,Sediment,Wood, channelization
Solute,Animals floodplain drainage
■ Water,Sediment,
Wood,Salutes
■ Animals
Water,Solutes,Animals
Fig.6: From Wohl (2019), this diagram demonstrates the concept of connectivity, the
movement of water, sediment, wood, solutes, and organisms vertically between the
atmosphere and groundwater, longitudinally from upstream to downstream, and laterally
between a stream and its floodplain. Examples of anthropogenic disruptions to
connectivity are offered next to the wavy lines breaking the arrows of connective transfer.
Among the many challenges in managing rivers are those of quantifying connectivity and
understanding how human activities have and will increase or decrease connectivity within
a landscape (Kondolf et al. 2006). This connectivity ultimately reflects geomorphic context
and governs the extent to which a river network or a reach of a river is integrated into its
floodplain and the greater landscape. Geomorphic context includes spatial dimensions of
river corridor geometry, location within a drainage basin, and location within a global
context(Wohl 2020).
High connectivity implies that matter and organisms move rapidly and easily within a river
network. Landscapes typically include some characteristics that create at least temporary
storage and limit connectivity. Subsurface units of low permeability can limit the
downslope transmission of water from hillslopes to channels, or limit hyporheic and
ground-water exchanges along channels(e.g. Gooseff et al. 2017). Lakes, broad
floodplains with extensive wetlands, and numerous channel-spanning obstructions such
as beaver dams and logjams can substantially decrease the rate at which floods move
through a river network(e.g. Lininger& Latrubesse 2016;Wegener et al.2017). Extensive
and active floodplains increase the residence time of suspended particles, including
sediment and soluble nutrients, within a river network, so that these basins have a greater
capacity to store and filter whatever the water carries than streams without extensive
floodplains or with inaccessible floodplains.

16
Some river networks naturally have high levels of connectivity, whereas others include
many features that limit connectivity(e.g. Burchsted et al. 2010; Mould and Fryirs 2017).
The three dimensions of connectivity commonly have different relations to reach-scale
characteristics:channel obstructions such as logjams and beaver dams,for example,
promote lateral and vertical connectivity for water, solutes, and particulate organic matter,
but limit longitudinal connectivity for these materials. High sediment inputs that promote
channel avulsion and high rates of lateral migration may increase lateral connectivity for
water, solutes, sediment, and large wood, but restrict longitudinal connectivity for these
materials.
Connectivity Paradigm &Limitations of Natural Channel Design
Natural Channel Design conducted with the best of intentions retains the potential to
become subsumed under the future heading legacy effects of hydromodification.
Understanding the connectivity paradigm within the natural context of valley slope, stream
segment, and underlying geology helps elucidate pathways to recovery where streams
have long suffered human-induced impacts. The paradigm at these SoWE sites is similar
to many other agriculturally manipulated and impaired floodplains in western North
Carolina: increase in longitudinal connectivity(stream straightening), a decrease in lateral
connectivity(drain floodplains for planting), and indirectly decreasing vertical connectivity
(incision impacts ground-surface water interaction).
The streams on the SoWE property flow through headwater valleys with relatively thin,
narrow alluvial veneers over bedrock and then experience a drastic shift as they enter the
broadest valleys on the property. Streams situated in valleys like these, on long-standing
farmsteads, have assuredly been impacted through centuries of anthropogenic
management. And, predictably,the more incipient soils in these areas will be the first to
degrade,continuing their march through the Stream Evolution Model (SEM). However,
these broad valley areas also present an opportunity.These areas are relatively flat and
the finer grained soils are fertile ground for riparian trees and wetland meadow grasses.
Using BDA techniques, these broad valley areas can be fast-forwarded into wetland
complex systems;they will provide greater floodplain buffers and increased hyporheic
exchange.The presence of these floodplain buffers will create depositional zones, and
progressively more extensive floodplains providing greater average residence time of
sediment, surface flow during overbank floods, and subsurface flow. Coarse and fine
particulate organic matter will be sequestered within these wetland complex systems.
3.4 Beaver Hydrologic Habitat
Contemporary research on log pieces and log jams as structural interventions capable of
reversing stream incision has considerably influenced stream restoration methods in other
parts of the United States. In the arid Southwest, for example, Beaver Dam Analogs
(BDAs) and Post Assisted Log Structures(PALS), sometimes combined with beaver
reintroductions, have significantly improved the hydrological and ecological functions of
restored streams(see review Philiod et al. 2017). Many of these methods draw from
designs adapted in the early 1900's by the USDA Forest Service and Soil Erosion Service

17
(see, e.g. Kraebel& Pilsbury 1934;Ayres 1936). While these practices have enjoyed a
renaissance in the western US, their application to the unique environmental legacies of
the southeast are underrepresented in the literature and in practice (Wohl 2019). Hand-
built wooden structures offer tremendous potential to reverse stream incision in the
Southeast by passively raising stream beds and reducing stress on banks.
In the wetter conditions of the southeast, there is a chance that seasonally inundated
riparian zones can become permanently flooded areas, as hyporheic exchange allows
groundwater sources to connect depressional wetlands with additional water inputs.
Beaver ponds have been shown to increase hyporheic exchange, buffering water
temperatures(Weber et al. 2017) and influencing nutrient dynamics(Margolis et al.2001;
Bason et al. 2017). Riparian zones of beaver ponds have been shown to have denser
above ground biomass compared to riparian zones of same or similar species composition
in nearby unobstructed stream side zones(Gatti et al. 2018).
The effects of beaver on the hydrologic condition of streams has rippling effects for the
floodplain and the plant communities comprising them. As Naiman et al. (1988)
demonstrate, some of these effects catalyze long-term successional processes, even if
the ponds are abandoned and transform back into streams. By slowing the flow of water,
beaver create positive feedback loops that allow vegetation to establish, which further
decreases hydraulic stress(Box 2018). Beaver ponds create sediment sinks that build up
stream beds, creating newly exposed areas for vegetation to establish (Osterkamp&
Hupp 2010). The slower water allows sediment to settle raising the stream bed level,
offering incising streams an avenue for reunion with its floodplain (Pollock et al. 2014).
This latter mechanism is of particular interest to the southeastern region given the ubiquity
of gullying in response to historic land cultivation legacies.
Streams suffering from legacy effects of incision may experience a condition called
Riparian Hydrologic Drought, where incision causes both fewer instances of floodplain
activation achieved by overbank flows(decreased lateral connectivity), as well as a
localized lowering of the water table near incised streams(decreased vertical connectivity)
(Groffman et al. 2003; Hardison et al. 2009). In Fig. 7 below, Hardison et al. (2009)
diagram the comparative lateral and vertical disconnectivity of incised stream channels.
On the left, a cross section of a stream is depicted where vertical connectivity is
demonstrated by the high water table saturating floodplain soils, and lateral connectivity is
possible within the breadth of the bold arrows demarcating the floodplain. In the diagram
on the right,stream incision is halted by the confining unit, as in Cluer&Thorne's(2014)
SEM Stage 3s(see Fig. 4 above). Vertical and lateral disconnectivity is indicated by the
lowered water table and narrowing of the `floodplain'.The effect this has is called Riparian
Hydrologic Drought, a wilting of riparian corridors starved of nutrients and seeds delivered
in floods and groundwater accessible to shallow rhizospheres of wetland vascular plant
species.

18
(a) Floodplain fib) "Floodplain"
IC >I IHI
I I I I
it)1'
I I\
I9v♦
------------
Confining Unit Confining Unit
•
Fig.7: From Hardison et al. (2009), demonstrating the differences in channel form that
can lead to Riparian Hydrologic Drought, the wilting of short-rooted riparian vascular
plants as incision lowers the local water table and deprives floodplains of periodic
inundation during high flow events.
Comparative analyses conducted in the Appalachians and across the Carolinas indicate
that beaver ponded streams are better for bat forage (Francl et al. 2004) and nesting
(Menzel et al. 2001), better for avian communities(Otis& Edwards1999), better at
reducing suspended sediment and nitrate loads(Bason et al. 2017), better for the
richness, diversity, and evenness of herpetofaunal communities(Metts et al. 2001)than
other streams, wetlands, or forests depending on the study in question. Of particular
interest to regulators concerned about minimizing impacts to the 'use'of streams and
wetland in favor of beaver ponds, you might read the concluding paragraphs of one essay,
the heading of which is entitled, "Beavers do not present a threat to flowing-water species
and need not be controlled for that reason"(Snodgrass 1997, pg. 1055). Snodgrass
suggests that land managers should only consider beaver removal when land
management objectives favor valuable timber stands and the preservation of access
roads. The client and design team are aware of this management issue and are
developing the buildings and roads with potential flood extends and wetland expansion in
mind.

19
4. DESIGN
"We cannot know what we are doing until we know what nature would be doing if we were
doing nothing."
Our restoration work is guided by the above refrain, written in 1979 by the farmer-poet,
Wendell Berry. In all of our work, we strive to emulate and catalyze the natural processes
of self-renewing ecosystems. Our experience continues to strengthen our devotion to
natural process-based restoration as the only sustainable way to manage aquatic
resources.
4.1 Design Approach
Scholarship and responsible practice demand that river restoration be based on or include
five principles (Kondolf and Larson 1995; Hughes et al. 2001; Kondolf et al. 2001;Ward et
al. 2001; Hilderbrand et al. 2005;Wohl et al. 2005; Kondolf et al. 2006;Sear et al. 2008;
Brierley and Fryirs 2009; Hester and Gooseff 2010).
These principles — and how we've endeavored to implement them — can be summarized
as follows:
4.1.1 Restoration Principals
First, restoration should be designed with explicit recognition of complexity and
uncertainty regarding river process and form, including the historical context of variations
in process and form through time. We have observed Hopewell Branch and Thomas
Branch through this lens, using Cluer&Thorne's(2014) Stream Evolution Model (SEM)to
conceptualize not only the present dominant processes at work, but those trajectories that
may apply under expected future scenarios and the legacies of the past that compromise
habitat on site today.
Second, restoration should emphasize processes that create and sustain river processes,
rather than imposition of rigid forms that are unlikely to be sustainable under future water
and sediment regimes. On Hopewell Branch and Thomas Branch,we are recommending
wetland complex systems created by small BDA structures that enable the system to
undergo the transformation it would eventually undergo if we did nothing. Further,our
intention is not to build permanent structures or"freeze"the stream in time 1 year after
construction. Rather, we are proposing wetland complex systems that will be stable in the
near-term while catalyzing processes that offer a path to self-adjustment and ongoing
improvement despite changes to the watershed.
This is an important consideration for our restoration approach as the planned
development in the Thomas Branch watershed would otherwise cause degradation, and
the development pattern in the Hopewell Branch watershed is uncontrolled and
unpredictable. To expect incoming flows to follow the same trends present in our recent
observations(2019-2020), would be folly. Our approach is to design a channel and a

20
floodplain that anticipate future geomorphic trends and have the capacity to adapt and
thrive in spite of potential future impacts.
Third, projects should be monitored after completion, using the set of variables most
effective for evaluating achievement of objectives, and at the correct scale of
measurement(Comiti et al. 2009 provides an example of effective monitoring). The
proposed restoration efforts at Mulberry Gap are not tied to any mitigation performance
standards. However, the operations at the proposed SoWE campus will include long-term
operation and maintenance of the grounds, including these wetland complex systems.
There will also be on-site stream and weather gages so that the maintenance plans and
adaptive management can be tied to specific triggers(i.e. storm flood events).
Fourth, consideration of the watershed context, rather than an isolated segment of river,
is crucial because of the influences of physical, chemical, and biological connectivity on
alterations undertaken for river restoration. Our approach aims to leverage the full project
area of floodplain and stream corridor within the context of the high gradient watershed
that feeds it. Moreover, by working within the floodplain area, we will create habitat
diversity that can sustain a more biodiverse community of native flora and fauna adapted
to floodplain conditions long absent from this site.
Fifth, accommodation of the heterogeneity and spatial and temporal variations inherent in
rivers is necessary for successful restoration (Brierley and Fryirs 2009). The proposed
wetland complex systems on Hopewell Branch and Thomas Branch will continue to adjust
parameters such as bedform configuration, grain-size distribution, and emergent
vegetation clustering in response to fluctuations in water, sediment, and wood yields.
These adjustments are commonly not synchronous or of the same magnitude between
distinct reaches of the river. So,our design will allow the BDA features some freedom to
adjust, and this will be reflected in the long-term operation and maintenance plan.
4.1.2 Restoration Techniques
RDE considered two approaches to water resource conservation and restoration
enhancement during the design phase: Natural Channel Design and Process-Based
Design. The former approach was screened from consideration because it fails to achieve
a high level of habitat conservation and enhancement, a consideration of utmost
importance for the client(SoWE).
Natural Channel Design, as described in the Engineering Handbook on stream
restoration, is at its heart a misnomer. Former channels are abandoned for excavated
channels in the floodplain. Beds and banks are rigidly held in place by robust quantities of
rock not native to the local lithology. This approach creates an artificial and contorted
canal masquerading as a`natural feature'.
On the other hand, Process Based Design catalyzes self-renewing cycles of
stream/floodplain/wetland interactions to create habitat that is responsive to the natural
forces at work on the site. We trust natural processes will dictate the expansion of wetland
areas and delineation of streams. We have provided a broadly applicable illustration that

21
shows these potential outcomes in the appendix(see the"Potential Outcomes after BDA
Construction"illustration). And the client is willing to accommodate increased lateral and
vertical connectivity over strictly defined and rigidly maintained canal and wetland
boundaries.
RDE and the State of North Carolina have a unique opportunity on this site to follow the
lead of many other states in the US currently engaged in encouraging beaver mimicry and
hopeful beaver reintroduction. In the arid western United States, Process-Based
Restoration approaches including beaver dam analogs, post-assisted log structures, large
woody debris jams, and rewilding of beaver have made demonstrable improvements to
fish populations, riparian corridor width and vegetation densities, water quality parameters
such as temperature, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations, and fire suppression in every
case we know of. While in the west, primary habitat loss has occurred from a legacy of
overgrazing and water diversion, here in the southeast, legacy effects of soil loss and
`positive drainage improvements' have had similar consequence to aquatic habitat and the
native plant communities that depend on soggy soils and periodic flooding for the
nutrients, seed dispersal, and open space to achieve population dynamics that work with,
rather than against, the coevolution of wetland communities and ecosystem engineers,
like the beaver that once had a hand in every trickle of WoUS, an indelible and forgotten
influence on the landscape.
4.2 BDA Type Selection
We considered three design alternatives for the BDA structures, these typologies are as
follows:
1) Post&Weave BDA: Posts driven into the channel and floodplain at regular intervals
with long small caliper trees and branches woven into the structure. Mud, gravel, and
stone is packed against this hand-built structure. These structures are intended to
provide habitat that attract beavers. This would not be a permanent feature; it would
require regular maintenance and would likely need to be re-built in the event of an
extreme storm event.
2) Full Engineered with Façade: Building on the option above, but with extensive grading
and structural subsurface elements(sheet piles, concrete cores, etc.). These structural
elements would physically impound the water, provide a non-erodible barrier, and
prevent seepage. This also requires regular maintenance but is less susceptible to
failure and is less adaptable to changes in regimes of flow, sediment, and wood. This
option has been disregarded because of its reliance on non-natural materials and
susceptibility to weaken over time and its susceptibility to failure with changing
conditions. This alternative offers a robust, but not resilient approach.
3)Aggradation Structure: In this third option — which we are proposing at SoWE —
engineered materials (stone aggregates, woody materials, and fine grained soils)
provide the `core'of a retention structure upon which additional mud and sticks are
placed to replicate a beaver dam. Post and weave BDA is then built on top of this

22
earthen feature. This would require regular maintenance, but less maintenance than the
post&weave option alone, and would be more robust in the face of extreme storm
events.
This third option (aggradation structure) is contextually appropriate and balances the
benefits and drawbacks of all the three options.The core of these BDA features will be
constructed of carefully blended aggregates for site-specific incipient motion criteria. The
aggregate will include a wide range of grain sizes, ideally native material consisting of
cobble, gravel, sand, and silt, and will be placed in layers of gradually increasing grain
size. When this inner core of the BDA aggradation structure is built, it will appear to be a
natural riffle.
After the core has been constructed, the BDA feature will be capped with interlocked
woody material. A slash matrix will be fanned-out on the downstream side of the feature,
in the dip of the ogee shape, and imported cobble will be used as a downstream armor
layer that anchors the woody material and resists scouring to a higher degree than the
core aggregates. The size of this cobble will be in the uppermost range of the largest
cobble native in the system. The larger cobble will then be covered with a thin layer of the
native bed material, providing a soil matrix for emergent vegetation.
The shape of these BDA features will be convex in plan-view, pointing in the downstream
direction. In profile, they will have a 2H:1V or milder grade on the upstream side with a
designed ogee shape on the downstream side. The downstream side will also consist of
the largest gradation sediments, carefully designed, but likely cobble-sized material and
interwoven with woody material.
4.3 Proposed Features
Our approach includes hydraulic and geomorphic design considerations.This approach
ensures that the individual BDA features are dimensioned to sufficiently resist the stresses
and velocities they will have a 2H:1V or milder grade on the upstream side with a
designed ogee shape on the downstream side. The downstream side will also consist of
the largest gradation sediments, carefully designed, but likely cobble-sized material and
interwoven with experience during regular floods,while allowing certain areas to break-
away during extreme, catastrophic events(i.e. 100-year recurrence storm).
4.3.1 Beaver Pool Design
The future marsh aprons upstream of the BDAs will be selectively excavated to provide
undulations and deep-water refuge. A variety of depths and morphologies will provide
habitat and thermal heterogeneity. Longitudinal profiles of Thomas Branch and Hopewell
Branch, have been provided in the appendix, and the appendix also includes an example
cross section cut through the floodplain of the core area along Thomas Branch — this
section shows the topographic heterogeneity proposed in the floodplain.

23
These micro-topographic features can be seen on the grading plans and the Predicted
Depth Maps (see appendix). The complicated relationship between seepage,
evapotranspiration, and the potential inundation extent is difficult to predict, but the
vegetation plan will feature plants with population dynamics having the capacity to adapt
to these future water level conditions.
We have prepared depth maps that predict and define the areas upstream of each BDA
feature into their respective depth zones. These zones were developed using the range of
probable conditions, from flooded conditions to drought conditions. A flooded condition
was defined as 1'above weir crest elevation and drought was defined as 2'below weir
crest elevation. These zones are defined here:
• Deep pool zone:sustained deep pools(3'or greater). This zone represents areas that
retain 3'depths during drought conditions. 3'was chosen for this delimiter because
this is the minimum depth for beaver shelter and this will stifle growth of emergent
wetland plants keeping vigorous vegetation growth along the fringe areas.
• Deep Marsh/Submergent Zone:typically inundated(2'-5'). Submerged plants are
expected here.
• Shallow Marsh/Emergent Zone:frequently inundated (0'-2').This zone would not
be inundated during drought conditions, but would be inundated to some level
depending on other environmental conditions. The upper bound of this zone is
defined by the crest elevation of the floodplain BDA. Emergent plants will be
appropriate, but this zone is the hardest to predict.
• Lower Riparian Zone: infrequently inundated. This zone would be inundated only
when the water level goes above the weir/floodplain BDA, which would happen
infrequently. This zone will have shallow groundwater and contain very moist soils.
• Upper Riparian/Upland Zone: not typically inundated. This zone will also have
shallow groundwater, but is not expected to be inundated.
The BDA features and our predicted depth maps will be initially planted based on these
expected conditions, but ultimately, these features are meant to change and to adjust
based on their temporally varied inputs of water, sediment, and wood.
4.3.2 TB4
All the BDA features will be constructed within the existing channel-floodplain topography,
with some excavation in opportune areas for habitat diversity(described above in the
beaver pool design section). It is likely that all the pools will have seasonal and storm-
related fluctuations in pool elevation. We know that the pool elevations won't stabilize any
higher than the in-channel BDA crest elevation, but we cannot predict exactly how low the
pool elevation will be when it reaches equilibrium. This uncertainty is because of the
complicated dynamics between inflows(rainfall and groundwater) and outflows(seepage
and evapotranspiration). We cannot predict what the equilibrium pool elevation will be at a
particular BDA, although we know reducing the outflow parameters will have an increasing
effect on pool elevation.

24
The proposed pool upstream of Thomas Branch BDA#4 (aka TB4) is the largest and most
prominently featured on site. Because of this reason, we were tasked with developing a
nature-based approach to hedge against the outflow variables. This makes the pool
design upstream of TB4 a deviation all other proposed BDAs. The floodplain area above
TB4 will be excavated and then amended with clay soil to reduce permeability in the deep
pool areas (see engineering plans, sheet C102). The existing channels and the fringe
areas(shallow marsh and lower riparian zones)will not be amended with clay soil to allow
for hyporheic exchange.
4.3.3 Additional Woody Structures
Other low-tech, process-based restoration strategies will be incorporated at other areas on
site, or as an adaptive management strategy through long term operation and
maintenance. For example, downstream of the proposed administration building on
Thomas Branch — where the valley necks-down to a more confined floodplain — BDA
weir-like features are infeasible here. However, it is appropriate to install a permeable
large woody debris structure (see example detail in the Engineering Plans). This would
allow base-flow to pass through unencumbered but would provide a backwater affect on
its upstream BDA counterpart during storm events, reducing storm event stresses and
create a fluvial transition zone between the BDAs and the downstream single-thread
channel. This approach would decrease erosive forces in-stream and increase resident
times for wood, organic material, and sediment — contributing to the overall goal of the
wetland complex system.
4.3.4 Flow Diversion Devices
So-called "pond levelers"or"beaver deceivers" — or more sophisticated Agridrain
systems — are a common tool used to manage nuisance water levels of beaver
impoundments. These devices can be incorporated on the peripheral of beaver-made
dams or human-made BDA's to avoid unwanted flooding, but they must be carefully
designed so that they are not immediately clogged by the eager beaver.These devices
are commonly installed at existing roadway culverts, and generally these devices fall
within the non-notifying category of activities in Waters of the US.
We have incorporated a flow diversion device into this plan, but the purpose is NOT so
that the pools maintain a minimum elevation. Instead, this device is anticipating potential
flooding problems. As initially designed, the stream-wetland complex will not inundate
roads or walking paths. However, in the event that natural processes cause flooding,this
flow diversion device will already be installed to allow for vehicular and pedestrian
ingress/egress around the complex. Natural processes that could cause this type of
flooding include beaver activity that increases the elevation of the BDAs, or sediment and
wood recruitment from large storm events.
An Agridrain device will be embedded into the BDA weir, but separated from the main
BDA spillway area. The intake areas for this Agridrain device will be caped with"T"
connection and screened to dissuade from clogging. This intake will be placed in a deep

25
pool and the outlet will be buried and in the downstream floodplain and released in the
downstream channel.
The need for additional flow diversion devices is not anticipated at this time.
4.3.5 BDA Degradation Analysis
Wild beaver dams are in a constant state of degradation, constantly being rebuilt by the
beaver colony. Hence the"business"that is often used to characterize this keystone
species. These BDA structures are designed to mimic their natural counterparts, and in
keeping with this approach, the BDA weirs have been specified to naturally degrade
during large storm events.
We have performed hydrology and hydraulic calculations for each of the proposed BDA
weirs.Through this analysis we have estimated the shear stress that BDA will
experienced during predictable rain events. Based on this analysis, we have sized the
materials to become mobilized during large storms. Particularly, the stone gradation of the
in-channel BDA has been specified such that large storm events will exceed the incipient
motion criteria. That is to say:the dams are designed to partially degrade during large
storm events.
4.3.6 Erosion Control
The in-channel BDA features will be constructed"in the dry."A temporary coffer dam (see
appendix)will be placed on the upstream toe of the proposed BDA feature and a small
trash pump or other similar method will be used to divert water around the work area. All
work will be planned such that the coffer dam will not become overwhelmed during storm
events and the individual work areas will be stabilized at the end of each day.
There are several being removed and converted back to open channels. Upon removal of
these culverts the channels will be re-constructed in accordance with the culvert removal
details(see appendix). Culvert removal and channel construction will be conducted"in the
dry"using similar methods used to dewater the BDA work areas(coffer dam and pump
around).
4.3.7 Vegetation
Native riparian plant species have evolved to withstand and depend on the natural flow
regimes and disturbance regimes that trigger seed dispersal, cavitation, and propagule
establishment in stream corridors and adjacent floodplains, so that extreme deviations due
to anthropogenic disruption could incur cascading habitat impacts(Tyree et al. 1994;
Schaff et al. 2003; Merritt et al. 2010; Osterkamp&Hupp 2010;Wohl 2019). Thus, spatial
and temporal dynamics of connectivity are important factors driving the form and function
of streams as ecological agents of the landscape. Although beaver reintroduction is not
planned, and is not a specific goal of these efforts, the vegetation plans are being
prepared in-keeping with beaver habitat.

26
Most of a beaver's diet is made up of tree bark and cambium. Cambium is the soft tissue
that grows under the bark of a tree. Willow, maple, birch, aspen, cottonwood, beech,
poplar, and alder trees are preferred varieties, but beaver are known to eat other
vegetation like roots and buds and other water plants.
All plantings around the BDA complex will be native species adapted to the hydrologic
conditions we intend to restore on site. A list of desirable native vegetation that will be
incorporated is included in the Operation and Maintenance Manual. Riparian, wetland, and
emergent planting plans are being prepared by Osgood Landscape Architecture.
A selection of plants that are under consideration for both the initial planting plan, and the
long-term adaptive management of these areas are included below.

27
Riparian Zones
Trees
o Red Maple -Acer rubrum
o Swamp White Oak-Quercus bicolor
o Smooth Serviceberry-Amelanchier laevis
o American Elderberry-Sambucus canadensis
o Black Gum - Nyssa sylvatica
o Bitternut Hickory-Carya cordiformis
o Fringetree-Chionanthus virginicus
o Sourwood-Oxydendrum arboreum
o Ironwood -Carpinus caroliniana
o River Birch- Betula nigra
o American Holly- Ilex opaca
(spec it in drier areas within the riparian zone)
o Sycamore- Platanus occidentalis
o PawPaw-Asimina triloba
o Black Willow-Salix nigra
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
Shrubs
o Winterberry- Ilex verticillata
o Possumhaw- Ilex decidua
o Silky Dogwood-Cornus amomum
(this spreads to form thickets-use sparingly in the planted area around the managed
main pond and more of it in the other less managed riparian areas)
o Spicebush -Lindera benzoin
o Sweetspire- !tea virginica
o Buttonbush-Cephalanthus occidental is
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
o Sweet pepperbush-Clethra acuminata
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
o Witch hazel - Hamamelis virginiana
o Doghobble- Luecothoe fontanesiana
o Possumhaw Viburnum -Viburnum nudum
o Silky willow-Salix sericea
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
Herbaceous/Grasses
o Fox sedge -Carex vulpinoidea
o Blunt broom sedge-Carex scoparia
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
o Tussock sedge -Carex stricta
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
o Pink Turtlehead-Chelone lyonii
o Golden Groundsel - Packera obovata
o Mountain Mint- Pycnanthemum virginianum

28
o Milkweed -Asclepias incarnata
o Grass leaved Goldenrod-Solidago graminifolia
o Sensitive Fern-Onoclea sensibilis
o Cinnamon Fern- Osmunda cinnamomeum
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
o Joe Pye Weed- Eupatorium purpureum
o Switchgrass-Panicum virgatum
(this is a fast spreader-consider specing it sparingly in the planted area around the
managed main pond area and more of it in the other less managed riparian areas)
o River oats-Chasmanthium latifolium
(this is a fast spreader-consider specing it sparingly(or not at all)in the planted area
around the managed main pond area and more of it in the other less managed
riparian areas)
o Indian Grass-Sorghastrum nutans
o Cardinal Flower- Lobelia cardinalis
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
o New England aster-Aster novae-angliae
o Jack in the Pulpit-Arisaema triphyllum
(spec it in wetter areas within the riparian zone)
Emergent Zones
Herbaceous/Grasses
o Soft Stem bulrush-Scirpus validus
o Common Rush -Juncus effusus
o Blunt Spike Rush- Eleocharis obtusa
o Pickerelweed- Pontederia cordata
(this is a fast spreader-consider spacing it sparingly(or not at all)in the planted area
around the managed main pond area and more of it in the other more wild riparian
areas. If this plant is both hearty and spreads quickly, it may be best used in areas
where the expected water level is the most unpredictable.)
o Southern Blue Flag- Iris virginica
o Sweetflag-Acorus calamus
(straight species)
o Lizard's Tail-Saururus cernus
this is a fast spreader-consider spacing it sparingly(or not at all)in the planted area
around the managed main pond area and more of it in the other less managed
riparian areas. Maybe use this one and Pickerelweed as more"wild"solutions.
o Arrow Arrum - Peltandra virginica
o Duck Potato- Sagittaria fasciculata

29
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Lininger, K. B., & Latrubesse, E. M. (2016). Flooding hydrology and peak discharge
attenuation along the middle Araguaia River in central Brazil. Catena, 143, 90-101.
Malakoff, D., 2004. The River Doctor. Science 305:937-939.
Margolis, B.E., Castro, M.S., & Raesly, R.L. (2001)The impact of beaver impoundments
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33
Osterkamp, W.R., & Hupp, C.R. (2010) Fluvial processes and vegetation—Glimpses of
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Geophysical Union, 237-260.

34
Snodgrass, J. W. (1997). Temporal and spatial dynamics of beaver-created patches as
influenced by management practices in a south-eastern North American landscape.
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patterns and processes in river corridors as the basis for effective river restoration.
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C.E. (2017)Alteration of stream temperature by natural and artificial beaver dams. PLoS
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Wegener, P., Covino, T., and Wohl, E. (2017). Beaver-mediated lateral hydrologic
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Wohl, E. (2019). Forgotten legacies: understanding and mitigating historical human
alterations of river corridors. Water Resources Research, 55(7), 5181-5201.

35
Wohl, E. (2020). Rivers in the Landscape. John Wiley&Sons.
Wohl, E., Angermeier, P.L., Bledsoe, B., Kondolf, G.M., MacDonnell, L., Merritt, D.M.,
Palmer, M.A., Poff, N.L., &Tarboton, D. (2005). River Restoration. Water Resources
Research, 41:W10301.
Wohl, E., &Beckman, N. D. (2014). Leaky rivers: implications of the loss of longitudinal
fluvial disconnectivity in headwater streams. Geomorphology, 205:27-35.
Wohl, E., &Cadol, D. (2011). Neighborhood matters: patterns and controls on wood
distribution in old-growth forest streams of the Colorado Front Range, USA.
Geomorphology, 125(1), 132-146.
Venarsky, M. P., Walters, D. M., Hall, R. O., Livers, B., &Wohl, E. (2018). Shifting stream
planform state decreases stream productivity yet increases riparian animal production.
Gecologia, 187(1), 167-180.

36
APPENDIX
A. Potential Outcomes After BDA Construction
B. Predicted Depth Maps&Area Tables
C. Culvert Removal Details
D. Creek Profiles and BDA Pool Sections
E. Example Dewatering Details(coffer dam)

Potential Outcomes after BDA Construction
Existing Condition Potential Outcome 1
A ft
4 Gc
,j:
Riparian
S .~vegetation y
.i 1) C r Wetland
J ` Meadow
` _ BDA
, ir, ..„ ..„, ,
,
.„. ,
4111,7--
Potential Outcome 2 Potential Outcome 3
t-c_ - • /1 11408W
( (0 , .
, . . ,
........_ ______ L -1
,„ .
~ Robinson
N Design
N Engineers

il....o
6 4., LEGEND
94 For aril Deep Pool Zone - Sustained deep pools
92 ��� r pm ' (3' or greater)
•
I ! O TB ,'see Deep Marsh / Submergent Zone -
�� �I ( p M; � I \ \ �\ Typically inundated
1
I � I \ Shallow Marsh / Emergent Zone -
�', A'� `� v Frequently inundated
•� F Lower Riparian Zone - Infrequently
- •,. inundated
�rn rn °'\ Upper Riparian / Upland Zones
...i. Typically not inundated
r_,....._ ..„ Jill‘:', 4,_ .
w- -.:°,5\hit. ,
,iitir
TB2
i
,o) 4
________ 44
6, wif ,!ph
k\
----- / \ , , 4
� \ \ ,o•
w
\ \ •••
PDM1: Predicted Depth Map 1 •' Robinson%
N Engineers 20 40 80

_ + •° + rn 111111111111111
LEGEND .0,. 'i
Deep Pool Zone - Sustained � —s$ -95
deep pools (3' or greater) , \
■ Deep Marsh / Submergent Zone - = loplito •a
Typically inundated `
Shallow Marsh / Emergent Zone - 1".1,00� / I
Frequently inundated N y \ I
Lower Riparian Zone - \
, Infrequently inundated `
Upper Riparian / Upland Zones - - I I
Typically not inundated + -
0
For area upstream g \ �i
of TB4A&B, see `�' iN
�� yy
PDM3 and PDM4
: • a ®\, v
\ + J \
96•6 TB4A Al -
Alli
AIN
644
TB4B .,�
94,
4
rill4 i-
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0
CL
z 94,
v �
\ w 92' ii
6 , , , , ,
11 , 1
B.
..rt ,_,
6' ICI1 , ,
-
1/1.
.-.
1 1
TB3A \ i, i\
PDM2: Predicted Depth Map 2 N Robinson
N Engineers 0 20 40 80

1 I \ \ \
LEGEND
Deep Pool Zone - Sustained deep pools
(3' or greater)
Deep Marsh / Submergent Zone -
Typically inundated
■ Shallow Marsh / Emergent Zone -
Frequently inundated
Lower Riparian Zone - Infrequently
inundated
Upper Riparian / Upland Zones -
Typically not inundated
ell \
, \a �� /
___ . ,
_________ \
\\\ \ \\\\\ \\ \ \\\\ \ _
\ \\\ ift4.5 _____ ,. It :-
% 1#
4 lip __ ,
8 .$
. ir.\\ +‘
\ 411111\ , , \ \
•• TB5A
\ * • `lv"
A A I 1 16 L'. •rO
PDM3: Predicted Depth Map 3 N Robinson
N Engineers 0 20 40 80

\ \ \ \ \ \ 2
LEGEND
Deep Pool Zone - Sustained deep pools
(3' or greater)
Deep Marsh / Submergent Zone -
Typically inundated
Shallow Marsh / Emergent Zone -
Frequently inundated
Lower Riparian Zone - Infrequently
____ r inundated
Upper Riparian / Upland Zones -
Typically not inundated
i_
'\lir------'—''-
. •'' -----\ ___
-------- --
------i-1-1---- _----------------- / \
-__ - \ ' N\4111.10/ ___--
9E
\ '\ \d/•.
•
Akio
\ TB6 11411 %jJc;z
.: .
`\;N \
PDM4: Predicted Depth Map 4 Robinson"/
N Engineers 20 40 0

LEGEND ----- _-------
Deep Pool Zone - Sustained deep pools
(3' or greater) ---_______
■ Deep Marsh / Submergent Zone - /
Typically inundated ____ ——
■ Shallow Marsh / Emergent Zone - �!
Frequently inundated �/
Lower Riparian Zone - Infrequently
inundated 6
Upper Riparian / Upland Zones - _
Typically not inundatedrt _
0/ ' A; ill
in
in
in
v7 4 4
/ N zs
• 6
'8S = __ +
:., -,
� lir
o
N
in
-
,— W...------- - --___,-______.- in--k , ....„._.
\ ) ' I ! */ ct II.- --1 'I.-'-
A ) Alli '-
_ o
%,, / Ii !
�,�
...kiV wg:mw\\\ *L4
PDM5: Predicted Depth Map 5 .�Robinson
N Engineers 20 40 to

BDA Deep Pool Deep Marsh - Shallow Marsh TOTAL (SF)
Zone (SF) Submergent - Emergent
(SF) (SF)
TB1 2,319 5,468 4,726 12,513
TB2 294 3,024 3,705 7,023
TB3 678 8,168 8,800 17,646
TB4 5,551 12,337 15,934 33,822
TB5 - 1,424 9,008 10,432
TB6 166 4,070 4,015 8,251
HB4 582 9,343 16,338 26,263
TOTAL 9,590 43,834 62,526 115,950
jilkir Robinson
PDM6: Predicted Depth Map Area Table N Engineers

BDA Deep Pool Deep Marsh - Shallow Marsh TOTAL (ac)
Zone (ac) Submergent - Emergent
(ac) (ac)
TB1 0.05 0.13 0.11 0.29
TB2 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.16
TB3 0.02 0.19 0.20 0.41
TB4 0.13 0.28 0.37 0.78
TB5 - 0.03 0.21 0.24
TB6 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.19
HB4 0.01 0.21 0.38 0.60
TOTAL 0.22 1.01 1.44 2.66
/1114./Robinson
PDM7: Predicted Depth Map Area Table N Engineers

existing culvert to be removed
vegetation per landscape architect
apply coir matting to all
disturbed channel slopes
Match downstream channel
bottom-width_ o
" "
Bio-D block soil lift
7o7
o°ti�lrq ���� ' ;' Compacted sub-grade
'- ��``. a�',zi�°
� Channel bottom of granite ballast stone 8"minimum thickness
12"overlap,minimum f Underlain by bedding stone 6"minimum thickness
:..\047:47;riaibt a v ii'(1 iiiiiii0Aiii iii it
COMPLETELY FILL ALL INTERSTITIAL SPACES WITH CLEAN SAND
CREEK CHANNEL - FREE FLOWING
CA) apply outside of deep marsh zones SCALE:1"=4'
, l---- 1 c\
Match downstream channel
bottom-width existing culvert to be removed
vegetation per landscape architect
i ,
( 7) ,
, i ____
....
.. ,,o,
I °00, fly fl
o og8 c0000 a o8 0
° ,, Compacted sub-grade
apply channel armor
to depth=12" ��
Channel bottom of bedding stone 6"minimum thickness
COMPLETELY FILL ALL INTERSTITIAL SPACES WITH CLEAN SAND
CB) CREEK CHANNEL - WITHIN INUNDATION ZONE
apply inside of deep marsh zones SCALE:1"=4'
APPENDIX C. CULVERT REMOVAL DETAILS Robinson
,N „

c Copyright 2020
These drawings are the properly of
inson
I\�// II 1\\ / � Design
Engineers.
Design r Engineers reproduced u•ttlhou�ihet
upon
or repro
express,written consent of Robinson
� � Design Engineers.
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2020-10-30 HB revisions
2021-01-15 PCN submittal
1,945 1,945
0+00 1+00 2+00 3+00 4+00 5+00
ENGINEER
PR1HOPEWELL HORIZONTAL SCALE: 1"=40' RobinsoeDeesgnEngineers NNC C 10
VERTICAL SCALE: 1"=4' 1293rd Avenue West
Hendersonville,NC 28792
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c Copyright 2020
These drawings are the properly of
\_ _/ Robinson Design Engineers antl may sot
\\�/ N // be relied upon or reproduced without the
�� \ f(/ \ express,written consent of Robinson
' �1, Design Engineers.
'. it */ "17 . ' C .0.
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1,985 1,985 Submittal: Concept Plans
Date: 2020-05-18
Revisions:
2 0 20 0 8-24 dam-height reduction
2020-10-20 TB revisions
2020-10-30 HB revisions
2021-01-15 PCN submittal
1,980 1,980
ENGINEER
Robinson Design Engineers NC C3863
Philip Ellis,PE NC 39870
1,975 1,975 1293rd Avenue West
Hendersonville,NC 28792
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profiles
1,970 1,970
0+00 1+00 2+00 3+00 4+00 5+00 6+00 7+00 8+00 9+00 Thomas Branch
PR2 THOMAS BRANCH HORIZONTAL SCALE: 1"=40'
VERTICAL SCALE: 1"=4' C202

c Copyright 2020
These tlr awes are the properly of
% Robinson Design Engineers Dit may not
111%8i be relied upon or reproduced ootlhout the I
express,mitten consent of Robinson
��� Design Engineers.
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1,985 1,985
2021-01-15 PCN submittal
0.00 0i50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2i50 3.00 3i50 4.00 4i50
XS2 THOMAS BRANCH HORIZONTAL SCALE: 1"=16' ENGINEER
VERTICAL SCALE: 1"=8' Robinson Design Engineers NCC-3863
Philip Ellis,PE NC 39870
1293rd Avenue West
Hendersonville,NC 28792
v v v.robinsondesignengineers.com
sections
Thomas Branch
C302

ROCK COFFERDAM
TOP OF BANK
LINER FINAL
PUMP
COFFERDAM CROSS-SECTION
ScKKEP
LINER COFFERDAM WORK
7 44:141014. WORK AREA
AREA
SUMP PIT
_ _ _ _ AND PUMP
COARSE AGGREGATE SANDBAGS
CREEK BOTTOM EXCESS LINER 0
0 0
COFFERDAM PROFILE
ENERGY DISSIPATING
SURFACE
FILTRATION
AREA
0
U-
NOTES:
1. THE LINER SHALL BE PLACED ON
BOTTOM OF WATERWAY W/EXCESS LINER
EXTENDING OUT OF THE COFFERED AREA.
ONCE STONE IS PLACED, LINER WILL BE
PULLED OVER ROCK AND EXTEND BEYOND PLAN VIEW
THE PILE ON THE DOWNSTREAM SIDE.
SANDBAGS WILL SECURE THE EXCESS
LINER AS SHOWN. REFER TO THE
STANDARD FOR LINER SPECIFICATIONS.
REFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO,
Project IUM-503RF
Designed Date
Checked Date SHEET 5 OF 7
Approved Date DATE 7-09-2012

Attachment I
Operation & Maintenance Manual
For
Beaver Dam Analogs Stream-Wetland Complex

Operation & Maintenance Manual
For Beaver Dam Analog Stream-
Wetland Complex
Prepared for
The School of Wholeness
& Enlightenment
Madison County, NC
July 8, 2021
41)1°
NRobinsone 'I
Engineers

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and Enlightenment // Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. OBJECTIVES 5
2.1 SUPPORT WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT 5
2.2 PROVIDE FORAGE AND SHELTER FOR WILDLIFE 6
2.3 PROVIDE BEAUTIFUL AND INSPIRING SCENERY 7
3. MONITORING 8
3.1 BDA WEIR INSPECTIONS 8
3.2 HYDROLOGIC MONITORING 8
3.3 HYDRAULIC MONITORING 9
3.4 ALIGNMENT AND TEXTURE MAPPING 9
3.5 SEDIMENT MAPPING 9
3.6 WOOD MONITORING 10
3.7 PHYSIOCHEMICAL MONITORING 10
3.8 VEGETATION MONITORING 10
3.9 INVASIVE SPECIES MONITORING 11
4. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT 12
4.1 BDA WEIRS 12
4.2 VEGETATION PERFORMANCE 12
4.3 TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE 12
5. REPORT PREPARATION AND SUBMITTAL 13
REFERENCES 13

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and Enlightenment // Page 3
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Monitoring Maps
APPENDIX B: Target Invasive Species

A O&M Plan // snhool of Wholeness and ,, r
1. INTRODUCTION
The applicant, Mulberry Farm Madison LLC represented by Richard
Kelly, is seeking a Nationwide Permit 39 and Water Quality General
Certification 4134 for 415 linear feet (0.0307 acres) of impact to
streams and 0.044 acres of impacts to wetlands, and Nationwide
Permit 27 and Water Quality General Certification 4139 for 1,828
linear feet (0.1315 acres) of impacts to streams and 0.064 acres of
impacts to wetlands on Thomas Branch and Hopewell Branch and
unnamed tributaries. The impacts are associated with the
construction of a residential education and training center called
the School for Wholeness and Enlightenment (SOWE). The project
site consists of +/- 448 acres located at 1126 Upper Thomas Branch
Road, Marshall, North Carolina. The applicant is submitting this O&M
plan to satisfy the monitoring plan requirement for NWP 27 as a
proposed permit condition.
This document describes a monitoring and management regime
that will require dedicated professionals to implement, but is
applicable across the SOWE campus and is adaptable over time.
This document replaces the previous monitoring plan submittal.
The BDA stream-wetland complex systems will be monitored and
evaluated based on the following quantifiable elements:
- Rainfall accumulation
- Surface water levels
- Ground water levels
- Water temperature and other physiochemical components
- Dynamic fluvial traits
- Vegetation species and density
These elements will be evaluated, over time, to understand the
trajectory of the system and adaptive management strategies will
be implemented on a case-by-case basis depending on the
system's trajectory.
The ecological functioning of the stream-wetland complex and
associated vegetation will make the SOWE campus beautiful and
inspiring.

1 // 7VIIV
2. OBJECTIVES
This manual offers practical guidance on the monitoring,
maintenance, and adaptive management operations of the BDAs
and associated wetland complex and vegetation at SOWE. These
guidelines should serve SOWE staff in their efforts to maintain the
health, function, and appearance of these areas.The design of
these features has been carefully considered to augment
ecosystem services that improve water quality, restore habitat,
and enhance the visitor experience at SOWE.The key components
contributing to these improvements are the BDA structures and the
vegetation. As such, the purpose of this manual is to outline key
considerations for maintaining the function and integrity of the
BDAs and these important plant communities which will, in turn,
support the health of the stream-wetland complex on the SOWE
campus.
The Monitoring and Management Objectives are listed below.
• Support water quality improvement.
• Provide forage and shelter for pollinators, aquatic
invertebrates, and birds.
• Provide beautiful and inspiring scenery (this objective will not
compromise the preceding objectives)
2.1 Support Water Quality Improvement
The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) were once common in
stream systems across the United States and played an important
ecological role. Beaver dams impound stream and river systems,
creating wetlands that raise the ground water table and allow the
adjacent wetlands to act as a sponge - absorbing flood waters
and slowly releasing ground water - creating a more resilient
system. This project uses beaver dam analogues (BDAs), which are
structures designed to create similar hydrologic impacts as natural
beaver dams.
The existing streams proposed for restoration utilizing BDA features
are poor quality ecosystems, with degraded channel and riparian
functions. This manifests as homogenous stream bed structures,
poorly established or absent woody plant buffer, and underutilized
capacity for floodwater retention and attenuation. We expect the
introduction of these BDA features to reduce slope gradient
thereby reducing sediment transport capacity, diversifying bed
sediments, and increasing ground water recharge. Enhanced flood
storage capacity will be achieved by creating a highly accessible

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and � y « �
and topographically diverse floodplain, resulting in flattening and
elongation of storm hydrographs. Through these fluvial processes,
BDA features will create a heterogenous stream-wetland complex.
Fluctuating surface water and groundwater levels within the
wetland complex will promote nutrient transformation and
assimilation, consequently improving freshwater habitat conditions
in the project area.
The native trees, shrubs, grasses, and herbaceous perennials
planted around this wetland complex also contribute to water
quality improvement in several ways. Vegetation decreases erosion
by adding "roughness" that slows water velocity, and holding soil in
place with deep, networked root systems. Additionally, many types
of pollutants are taken up and absorbed by plants, reducing their
occurrence in waterways.
2.2 Provide forage and shelter for wildlife
Beaver dam-formed wetlands provide habitat for many species of
birds, mammals, amphibians, and insects. Microtopography around
the BDA structures will support a range of emergent species in
shallow water areas and riparian species along the banks and on
small hummocks that are crucial for bird nesting. The assemblage of
plants selected for the BDA wetland complex provide an array of
forage, blooming at different times of the year and serving
different life stages of pollinator insect species. The shelter that
these plants will offer comes in the form of hollow stemmed
grasses perfect for encasing larval pollinators and dense
undergrowth offering protection for ground nesting birds. In an
experiment observing ecological productivity of agricultural
hedgerows in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States,
researchers found that hedgerows consisting of non-native plants
had 90% fewer caterpillars than their ecologically productive native
plant counterparts (Richard et al. 2018). Given that most bird
species are insectivorous at birth, one can imagine how the
presence or absence of flourishing invertebrate communities
impacts the availability of suitable nursery environments for avian
life.

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and Enlightenment // Page 7
Lawn habitat AM1eadawhahltat
•
yf ..a •' cVk�
—Or ...
Figure 1. The diagram above demonstrates the comparative
ecological productivity (as measured by species interactions) of
diverse native landscapes as compared to monocultures of close-
cropped grasses. (Image: Sturm & Frischie (2020))
2.3 Provide beautiful and inspiring scenery
We have evolved to appreciate the gestalt presented by a well-
functioning ecosystem.
gestalt: an organized whole that is perceived as more than the
sum of its parts.
On the whole, it is the ecological functioning of the stream-wetland
complex and associated vegetation that will make these stream-
wetland complex systems beautiful and inspiring. However, some
aesthetic components of the site maintenance will neither diminish
nor enhance the ecological functions discussed above. For example,
pruning trees for pedestrian safety and appearance in addition to
health, choosing plants that have more charismatic flowers even if
the pollinator benefits are the same, and planting in legible species
clusters so that the eye can register patterns even though
pollinators show no preference. Maintenance for aesthetic design
will never take priority over ecological function, but it will enhance
the visitor experience at SOWE. Joan Nassauer's essay, Messy
Ecosystems, Orderly Frames offers some strategies that can be
employed at SOWE to show what she terms "cues to care" in the
landscape. Two example cues to care that could help people
appreciate landscape at SOWE are:
• Maintaining neat edges by mowing a narrow strip between
the edge of the riparian vegetation zones and pedestrian
paths.

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and I L
• Incorporating suitable native plants with large, showy flowers
or foliage instead of using only plants with clusters of small
flowers. Plants with diminutive flows are often perceived as
weedy, and it is often easy to find showier native plants that
fill the same ecological niche.
3. MONITORING
It will be essential to monitor this novel ecosystem before
establishment and through development for management and
maintenance decisions. While regulatory requirements for BDA style
restoration are not currently codified, we are proposing a rigorous
monitoring regime to ensure onsite and downstream water quality
protections. This monitoring is recommended to document the
ongoing success of this milestone ecological restoration project
and to ensure that the project is meeting intended goals.
3.1 BDA Weir Inspections
If a beaver colony existed at this site, the BDA features would be in
a constant state of structural maintenance. Beavers would be
stacking stones, pressing mud, and weaving branches to ensure
that the pools sustained depths sufficient for refuge. However,
beavers are not expected to inhabit these features in the near
future. Therefore:
The pools and the entire linear length of the BDA weir will be visually
inspected after every storm event which exceeds 1.5 inches in 24
hours. Overflow areas along the BDA weir will be noted and
inspected for erosion after the water level drops.
Reporting for these efforts will include field reports and
photographs.
3.2 Hydrologic Monitoring
Hydrologic monitoring will include continuous monitoring of rainfall,
barometric pressure, and air temperature. Hydrologic monitoring will
be evaluated to inform the SOWE's decisions for adapting the
riparian, wetland, and open water areas towards the design goals.

BDn ‘,I vv IIJIWI IWJJ unu onuyicn..
3.3 Hydraulic Monitoring
Groundwater monitoring wells and surface water monitoring gages
will be recorded continuously. These will be installed to evaluate
fluctuations and direction of flow between the BDA pools and the
adjacent uplands. Groundwater levels will be evaluated to inform
SOWE's decisions for adapting the riparian areas.
Reporting for these gages will be a sub-hour time series that show
relative elevations and accurately depict storm event hydrographs.
3.4 Alignment and Texture Mapping
Annual aerial photographs will document the fluctuation in water
flow paths through repeated inundation and drying cycles. The use
of a drone aircraft will assist in documenting the aerial view of the
site under varying hydrologic conditions. Alternatively, publicly
available aerial imagery can be utilized to document changes over
time.
Reporting for these efforts will be annual maps that show changes
in the channel alignment and clearly depict areas with an
anabranched pattern.
Annual texture mapping will be conducted to quantify roughness
characteristics in the channel and floodplain. Texture Mapping that
incorporates and quantifies all roughness features (e.g. vegetation,
bedforms, grain roughness, etc.) will be accomplished discretizing
areas by type and then quantifying the roughness of each feature.
For example, gravel bars will be measured using the Wolman Pebble
Count, and bedforms such as sand dunes will be measured directly.
Reporting for these efforts will be annual polygon-based GIS maps
that show changes in surface texture.
3.5 Sediment Mapping
Annual longitudinal profile surveys will be performed across each in-
channel BDA to evaluate scour, deposition, and crest elevations.
Annual cross section surveys will be performed along select pools,
upstream of BDA structures. The cross-sections will be
monumented with permanent capped rebar pins on each bank to
serve as a spatially referenced control. The cross-section surveys
will be repeated annually using a laser-level, reel tape, and stadia

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and Enlightenment // Page 10
rod. Photographs of each cross section facing upstream and
downstream will be taken on the day of monitoring. The location of
these control pins will be recorded with a sub-meter accuracy
Global Positioning System (GPS) device. Stream surveys will follow
the methodology contained in the USDA forest service manual
"Stream Channel Reference Sites" (Harrelson, et al 1994).
Reporting for these efforts will be to quantify sediment
accumulation / erosion and observe long-term trends in aggradation
or degradation of the system.
3.6 Wood Monitoring
Annual mapping of large woody debris, snags, and rack-lines will be
performed. Appropriate methods for these efforts include
WooDDAM and LWDI.
Reporting for these efforts will include an annual GIS map showing
large debris and snags, along with the reports from the selected
wood quantification method.
3.7 Physiochemical Monitoring
Water temperature will be collected continuously and evaluated
twice per year. Temperature measurements can be recorded
continuously using HOBO "Pendant" MX Water Temperature Data
Loggers.
Other physicochemical samples will be collected annually. This
monitoring will consist of turbidity, conductivity, pH, dissolved
oxygen, and dissolved nutrients. Physicochemical monitoring
stations will be established at the outlet of each BDA complex.
Samples will be sent to PACE Analytical Laboratory for analysis.
Baseline samples will be collected before creation of the BDA
features. This information, along with state standards, will be used
to evaluate the physiochemical affects that the BDA stream-
wetland complex imposes on the receiving waters.
Reporting for these efforts will be an annual report that quantifies
temperature and other physiochemical affects to downstream
waterways.
3.8 Vegetation Monitoring

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and Enlightenment // ^age 11
Vegetation monitoring will consist of plots along transects spanning
from the deep pool to the upper edge of the upper riparian zone.
The vegetation plots will utilize methods established by the Carolina
Vegetation Survey-EEP Level 3 Protocol (Lee et al., 2008). Level 3
plots document the overall abundance and of leaf area cover of the
more common species in a plot. Cover is estimated for all plant
species exceeding a specified lower level (typically 5% cover);
species present but with cover lower than the cut-off may be
ignored. In these plots, natural and planted woody stems are
recorded by size class and vigor. These plots allow an accurate and
rapid assessment of the overall trajectory of woody-plant
restoration and regeneration on a site. The information collected
meets the Ecological Society of America (ESA) guidelines and
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) standards for plots
used to classify vegetation to an association within the U.S.
National Vegetation Classification (NVC). Plots shall be established
as shown in the appendix. Assessments will begin being conducted
after construction.
3.9 Invasive Species Monitoring
Seven invasive species have been identified for monitoring and
targeted control, and the appendix of this manual helps with
identification of these species. Care should be taken to note the
presence of these species in the vegetation plots and calculate the
percent invasive cover for each plot. This list is not exhaustive, but
it should serve as a small, targeted list highlighting the most
immediate threats of colonization by exotic invasives while the
focal plant species populations establish. The seven target invasive
species (described further in the appendix) include:
• Royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa)
• Asian bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata)
• Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense)
• Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
• Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
• Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
• Goat willow (Salix caprea)
In addition to the above, these species are a serious problem in the
North Carolina mountains region and should be monitored:
• Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• Japanese Meadowsweet (Spiraea japonica)
• Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)
• Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya)

• Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis)
• Coltsfoot (Tussilago farafara)
• Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)
• Garlic Mustard (Ai//aria petio/ata)
• Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)
4. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
In general, this management regime has the goal of maintaining or
improving post-construction site conditions over baseline
conditions, thereby restoring or enhancing the ecosystem. The
following sections outline adaptive strategies that aim to maintain
or enhance the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of
surface waters, both on-site and off-site (downstream).
4.1 BDA Weirs
Erosion and degradation of the BDA weirs is expected. If the in-
channel portions of the BDA are found to be eroded, or
"shortened," they will be refreshed by hand in accordance with
engineering plans using similar materials (e.g. stone grain size) to
rebuild the feature. No large equipment (e.g. track hoes or mini
excavators) shall be used below the ordinary high water mark.
If the in-floodplain portions of the BDA weir are found to be eroded
or degraded, they can be rebuilt in accordance with the engineering
plans using similar materials. Live stakes or other hardy vegetation
will aid in "roughening" and "reinforcing" areas that tend to
degrade. No large equipment (e.g. track hoes or mini excavators)
shall be used below the ordinary high water mark.
4.2 Vegetation Performance
Groundwater and surface water will be evaluated alongside
performance of vegetation. SOWE will assess the need to adjust the
planting plan and propagate species upslope or downslope based
on the data.
4.3 Temperature Performance
Temperature impacts are not expected to create any deleterious
effects downstream. However, if temperature spikes are observed,
shade-provisioning vegetation can be installed in areas that are
accepting solar radiation.

BDA O&M Plan // School of Wholeness and Enlightenment // Page 13
5. REPORT PREPARATION AND SUBMITTAL
The applicant will prepare three (3) annual monitoring reports
beginning post construction (anticipated in 2022) and spanning
through 2025. The annual monitoring summary will indicate any
project components that may require repair or maintenance. The
reports will be submitted by December 31 of each year to USACE
and DWR.
REFERENCES
Davis, J.C., G.W. Minshall, C.T. Robinson, and P. Landres, 2001. Large Woody Debris. In Monitoring
Wilderness Stream Ecosystems. General Technical Report RMRS-
GTR-70, pp. 73-77. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Harman, W.A., T.B. Barrett, C.J. Jones, A. James, and H.M. Peel. 2017. Application of the Large
Woody Debris Index: A Field User Manual Version 1. Stream Mechanics
and Ecosystem Planning & Restoration, Raleigh, N.C.
Harrelson, C.C., Rawlins, C.L., and Potyondy, 1994. Stream Channel Reference Sites: an
illustrated guide to field technique. Rep. RM-245. Fort Collins, CO:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station. 61 p.
Lee, M. T., Peet, R. K., Roberts, S. D., and Wentworth, T. R. 2008. CVS-EEP Protocol for Recording
Vegetation: All Levels of Plot Sampling, Version 4.2.
Nassauer, J. 1995. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames. Landscape Journa/14 (2): 161-170.
Richard, M., Tallamy, D.W. & Mitchell, A.B. 2018. Introduced plants reduce species
interactions. Biollnvasions 21:983-992.
Sturm, A. and Frischie, S. Mid-Atlantic Native Meadows: Guidelines for Planning, Preparation,
Design, Installation, and Maintenance. Mahan Rykiel Associates and
Xerces Society.

Appendix A: Monitoring Maps
Temperature Measurement Locations
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Appendix B: Target Invasive Species
Japanese barberry (Berberis thunberg/i) Asian bittersweet (Ce/astrus orbicu/ata)
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Creamy white The bright red C. orbculata in flower C. orbculata's red
flowers appear in berries of B. - After flowering, berries appear in late
Spring. Spines are thunbergii persist orange-yellow fall to winter.
present along the through winter. capsules appear.
stem.
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fragrant flowers are brown to red white flowers and are green in summer
form in early summer. with brown to silvery an opposite leaf and turn dark blue by
Leaves are alternate. specks. arrangement. late fall.
Royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
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leaflets are arranged
opposite one
another.

Appendix B: Target Invasive Species
Goat willow (Salix caprea)
is4
S. caprea have broad Male catkins are grey
elliptic to oblong and oval shaped and
leaves that are dark become yellow when
green on top ripe with pollen