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Home My WebLink About20210225 Ver 1_5_Trout_Buffer_Waiver Report_Sealed 20210111_20210304 Trout Buffer Waiver Site Specific Report Project Name Webster Tie – Reliability Upgrade Location Sylva, Jackson County, NC Owner Duke Energy Corp PO Box 1007 Charlotte, NC 28201 Engineering Firm Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC 526 S. Church Street Charlotte, NC 28202 Engineer’s Contact Information Contact: Joshua A. Peeler, PE NC No: 047381 Joshua.Peeler@duke-energy.com (980) 373-8514 Date: January 11, 2021 Revised: DEC Project No: W170120 Bookmark Summary Cover Sheet Table of Contents Project Narrative Appendix A - Engineering Design & Calcs NC Surface Water Map TROUT BUFFER IMPACT EXHIBIT Containment Pit Drainage Pipe Realignment Storm Drainage Network 100 Calcs CONTAINMENT PIT OUTLET REALIGN - EX1 PIPE NETWORK PROFILE - EX2 NETWORK 100 - DETAILS - EX3 Nomograph - Apron HW-100 Nomograph - Apron Bypass Pump Apron Calcs Erosion Control Design - Bypass Pump REALIGNMENT EC MEASURES & BYPASS PUMP BYPASS PUMP DETAILS - EX2 BYPASS PUMP DETAILS - EX3 BYPASS PUMP DETAILS - EX4 Estimated Base Flow - Cross-Section Bypass Pump Calculations Riparian Buffer Restoration Buffer Density Calculations RIPARIAN BUFFER PLANTING PLAN - EX1 RIPARIAN BUFFER SCHEDULE & NOTES - EX2 Appendix B - Supporting Documentation & References Guidelines for Riparian Buffer Restoration 1/11/2021 Project Narrative The project site is located at 3311 Webster Road in Sylva, North Carolina in Jackson County. The proposed project consists of a reliability upgrade of existing electrical equipment, replacement of storm drainage structures and pipes, and the new construction of a control enclosure for the site. The site is identified by Jackson County GIS as Parcel Identification Number (PIN) 7630-46-3425 and is located within the Webster Town ETJ. There is no existing zoning assigned to the parcel according to Jackson County GIS. Existing access is provided by a gravel access drive from Webster Road leading down into the site. The site is lower in elevation to Webster Road and adjacent to an unnamed ephemeral stream that feeds directly into Savannah Creek, approximately 200 linear feet South of the site. The unnamed stream is not located on USGS Quadrangle maps; however, from site inspections and due to the direct discharge to Savannah Creek it is being considered a protected watercourse. All work within the stream will require a 404 permit with USACOE and a 401 permit with NCDWR. The unnamed stream also is protected trout waters and requires a 25-foot trout buffer from the top-of-bank along the site. Due to the age of the substation, many features predate the trout buffer regulations and are currently located within the 25-foot buffer. Due to the new control enclosure and associated site work for the reliability upgrades, a trout buffer waiver is being requested for the project. Proposed Disturbance Activity The proposed project consists of replacing oil filled equipment with gas equipment, replacing aged equipment and replacing the control enclosure. Light grading is required within the trout buffer limits to provide the subgrade elevation for the new control enclosure. All grading activity within the buffer will be allowed to April 16th thru October 14th. Additional light grading is required for storm structure replacement and new equipment areas outside of the trout buffer limits. Excavation for storm pipes and new foundations are proposed, along with demolishing of outdated foundations. Temporary stockpile areas have been identified onsite to accommodate excavated material from the above-mentioned work. All excess soil and debris will be removed from the site and hauled to a NCDENR permitted facility. The existing gravel drive outside of the substation fence will be dressed in a new 6-inch layer of ABC crusher run, for equipment deliveries and construction traffic use (Trout Buffer Impact Exhibit, Appendix A). The project will consist of two phases for the storm drainage improvements, with the largest impact to the Trout Buffer occurring in Phase 2. Due to project timeframe and permitting complexity, all internal storm drainage pipe will be replaced along with associated storm structures as part of phase 1 and as indicated on the plans (outside the Trout Buffer limits). This is to ensure that all equipment is protected in the event of an oil spill and runoff from the site is adequately collected and detained prior to entering the stream. Phase 2 will consist of rerouting and replacing the oil containment pit outlet pipe from the outlet control structure to the outfall. The rerouting is required for future maintenance purposes of the storm drainage structure and the proximity of the new control enclosure. The new outfall will be located along bank of unnamed stream bank and will require a temporary bypass pump around for the work. To complete the relocation work a 404 USACE and 401 NCDWR permit are required and shall be obtained prior to phase 2 plans being submitted for erosion control permitting. Below is a bullet outline of Trout Buffer impacts occurring in the two phases throughout the project. Phase 1 – Anticipated Trout Buffer Impact · Excavation and grading for new control enclosure slab – Priority item for construction timeframe and occurs first. · Additional ABC crusher run added to existing access loop around the station – completed early in construction for vehicular use – lifts to be compacted to 98% density · Temporary stock pile of soil material along the South East fence line of the station – stockpile may be used in the event additional area is needed outside of stockpile areas to the North onsite – excess material is expected to be produced from new foundations being installed. Phase 2 – Anticipated Trout Buffer Impact · Installation of impervious berms upstream and downstream of proposed storm outfall location, along with silt fence. · Installation of stilling basins, bypass pumps, hoses, and outlet protection for stream bypass pump around. · Excavation along unnamed stream bank to install new headwall and 18-inch HDPE pipe for oil containment pit – anticipated to be the largest impact to the trout buffer – Storm drainage system modification are designed for construction to completed 75% of the work outside of the trout buffer with the last 25% being held until a period of dry and stable weather. · Work completed on the last run of 18-inch HDPE for the storm system shall be completed within one (1) working day by use of HDPE pipe material and precast concrete headwall structure. · Existing outlet pipe shall be abandoned in place, plugged at the outfall and remainder filled with flowable fill material. · Riparian buffer for the unnamed stream shall be repaired according to the riparian buffer planting details included on the design plan for Phase 2 work. Approximate Construction Schedule (Land Disturbing Activities) March 1st, 2021– Pre-construction meeting held for phase 1 work to commence per with NCDENR and project Stakeholders. March 15th, 2021– Installation of erosion control measures per the approved plan. April 1st, 2021– excavation and replacement of existing storm drainage internal of the site – outside trout buffer limits. April 16th, 2021– excavation and grading to commence for new control enclosure foundation. May 17th, 2021– Complete new control enclosure foundation pour for 28-day curing. June 1st, 2021– USACE 404/DWR 401/Revision to Erosion Control plans are approved and in hand for phase 2 storm drainage replacement work. Being installation of storm drainage system outside of buffer area leaving work to be completed within one (1) working day for impact within the stream and buffer. Install stream bypass pump around per the plan and details. July 31st, 2021– Complete all storm drainage relocation work by this date. Remove stream bypass pump around and repair/replant riprarian buffer per the approved plan. Completion of all phase 2 work completed. October 14th, 2021 - Complete all proposed foundations, remove all soil stockpiles, replenish station gravel and complete all land disturbing activities. January 9th, 2023 – End of Construction – Full Project (Includes all project items) APPENDIX A Engineering Design & Supporting Calculations Cagle Branch 116 OldGrasshopperRdSUS441SUS441 Cagl e Br anchSavannahCreekWebsterR d SUS441SUS441Savannah Creek Savann a hCreek 116 116 Big Sk y Dr M ockin g b ir d L n WebsterRdWe b sterRd WebsterRdEgretLn WalnutGr o v e LnWebster R d Sa vannahCreekWe bster R d We b ster R d NC Surface Water Classification - Webster Tie Esri Community Maps Contributors, State of North Carolina DOT, Tennessee STS GIS, BuildingFootprintUSA, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, INCREMENT P, METI/NASA, USGS, EPA, NPS, US Census Bureau, USDA, NC CGIA, USDA FSA, GeoEye, Maxar Surface Water Classifications 2018 Integrated Report Overall Category "303(d) Listed" Exceeding Criteria Classification Tr (Trout Waters) River Basins LTN 1/11/2021, 10:59:45 AM 0 0.09 0.170.04 mi 0 0.1 0.20.05 km 1:4,514 NCDENR Div. Water Resources NCDENR - Division of Water Resources | NC CGIA, USDA FSA, Maxar | Esri Community Maps Contributors, State of North Carolina DOT, Tennessee STS GIS, BuildingFootprintUSA, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, INCREMENT P, METI/NASA, USGS, EPA, NPS, US Census Bureau, USDA | SITE STREAM/DITCHLINE 2708474DRG.DWG19035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVATROUT BUFFER IMPACT EXHIBIT161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035DRG-EX11"=40'11/17/2020PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGN Containment Pit Drainage Pipe Realignment (Drainage Network 100) DUKE ENERGY 526 S Church StreetCharlotte, NC 28202Transmission EngineeringEX CONTROL STR PROP JB-1020.21 0.21 0.012 1.34% 223.8187.5 13.21 0.02 0.05 0.15 1.12 0.05 0.33 2048.60 2048.30 2054.66 4.27 HDPE -PROP JB-102 PROP JB-1010.00 0.21 0.012 0.49% 394.6184.5 8.01 0.03 0.05 0.15 0.68 0.19 1.28 2048.30 2048.11 2055.89 5.80 HDPE -PROP JB-101 PROP HW-1000.00 0.21 0.012 0.66% 474.3185.3 9.28 0.02 0.05 0.15 0.79 0.34 2.27 2048.11 2047.80 2055.28 5.38 HDPE -xxx.xxHold receiving pipe invertxxx.xxPipe invert higher than receivingxxx.xxDrop in inverts100 Storm Network - 10-Yr/24-Hr DesignActual Pipe Time (min) Pipe Inv. In Pipe Inv. OutStructure Rim ElevationDepth Of Cover (Based on Rim)Pipe MaterialPipe Capacity Q-full (cfs)Q/Q-fulld/dm ratiov/V-fullActual Vpipe (fps)Pipe Time (min) - Full Cond.Material nPipe Length (ft)Dtheo (in)Size (in)Vfull (fps)Pipe Material ClassComposite Runoff Coeff. CcI (in/hr)Inlet Discharge Q (cfs)Combined Discharge Qpipe (cfs)Pipe Slope (%)From Structure To Structure (acres)Percent Pervious (%)Percent Impervious (%)LocationInlet AreasStorm RunoffPipe Sizing CalculationsPipe Input/Cover CalculationsWebster TieStation Number:9035DescriptionOriginal Date:11/23/20DB:JAPStorm Drainage Calculations - Conveyance Only - Realignment of containment pit outlet pipeRevision Date:1/0/00QA:SR PROP JB-102DOGHOUSE 48"X48"RIM:2055.89'INV IN:2048.30' (EXIST. CONTROL STR)INV. OUT: 2048.30'(PROP PIPE - 102)PROP JB-101 48"X48"RIM:2055.28'INV IN:2048.11' (PROP PIPE - 102)INV. OUT: 2048.11'(PROP PIPE - 101)EXIST. CONTROL STR 48"X48"RIM:2054.66'INV. OUT: 2048.60'(EXIST. CONTROL STR)HW-100INV:2047.80' 2708474SDR.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVACONTAINMENT PIT OUTLET REALIGNMENT161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035SDR-EX11"=20'1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGN 2708474SDR.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVASTORM DRAINAGE NETWORK 100 PROFILE161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035SDR-EX21/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGNSCALE: 1"=50'(H); 1"=5'(V) 2708474SDR.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVASTORM DRAINAGE NETWORK 100 DETAILS161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035SDR-EX3NTS1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGNCULVERT AND DISSIPATOR PADdPIPEdFILTER FABRIC/NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILEW1=3dodoW2 (d + L)LaLaF12"GH12" MIN.M KEBAC GC #4 BAR12" O.C."D" BARS AT 12"ON CENTER"C" BARS AT 12"ON CENTERWKCONCRETE PIPEDIMENSIONSWALLTHK.OUTDIA.INDIA.HABCEFGWKM2 1/2"23"18"31"20"24"8"9"4"4"8"17"12"DIA."C" BAR"D" BARNO.LGT.NO.LGT.18"42'-0"42'-2"CONCRETE WINGWALL WITH SPLASH PAD22RIP-RAP APRON SUMMARY TABLEOUTLETDISCHARGE(cfs)Do (in)MINIMUM TW CONDITIONd50 (ft)La (ft)W1=Do+LaW1 (ft)W2=3*DoW2 (ft)*T (ft)H=(23)*DoH (ft)HW-1000.21180.501011.504.501.1251.001 8.15 8.15 8.15 8.15 HW-100 = 0.4 HW-100 = 0.21 cfs HW-100 = 9' Minimum's apply to the HW-100 - D50 = 0.5' and La = 10' 8.15 8.15 8.15 8.15 BYPASS PUMP = 0.3 BYPASS PUMP = 0.71 cfs BYPASS PUMP = 8' Minimum's apply to the BYPASS PUMP - D50 = 0.5' and La = 10' DUKE ENERGY 526 S Church Street Charlotte, NC 28202 Transmission Engineering d50 (ft) La (ft) W1=Do + La W1 (ft) W2=3*Do W2 (ft)*T(ft)H=(2/3)*Do H (ft) PROP HW-100 0.21 18 0.5 10 11.50 4.50 1.125 1.00 BYPASS PUMP 0.71 3 0.5 10 10.25 0.75 1.125 0.17 dmax=1.5*d50 *T=1.5*dmax (Min. *T=10") Apron Thickness = *T Min. La=10 ft H=Depth of apron min d50 = 0.5 Min Tailwater Condition (Figure 8.06a) Max Tailwater Condition (Figure 8.06b) Minimum TW Condition Do (in)Discharge (cfs)Outlet Rip-Rap Apron Summary Table Erosion Control Design Temporary Stream Bypass Pump Around 2708474ERC.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVAREALIGNMENT EC MEASURES & BYPASS PUMP161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035ERC-EX11"=20'1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGN 2708474ERC.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVATEMP STREAM PUMP AROUND DETAILS161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035ERC-EX2NTS1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGNX1X5X10X11X9DIMENSIONS (VALUES TO BE PROVIDED BY DESIGNER)VARIABLEVALUESTYPICAL UNITDESCRIPTION 2708474ERC.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVATEMP STREAM PUMP AROUND DETAILS161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035ERC-EX3NTS1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGNX6X7X5X2X3X11X8NOTES 2708474ERC.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVATEMP STREAM PUMP AROUND DETAILS161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035ERC-EX4NTS1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGNSTILLING BASIN/FILTER BAG SPECIFICATIONS & NOTES Channel Report Hydraflow Express Extension for Autodesk® AutoCAD® Civil 3D® by Autodesk, Inc.Friday, Jan 8 2021 Webster Tie - Upstream Estimated Base Flow Trapezoidal Bottom Width (ft) = 2.00 Side Slopes (z:1) = 1.50, 1.50 Total Depth (ft) = 4.00 Invert Elev (ft) = 2046.00 Slope (%) = 0.50 N-Value = 0.045 Calculations Compute by: Known Depth Known Depth (ft) = 0.33 Highlighted Depth (ft) = 0.33 Q (cfs) = 0.779 Area (sqft) = 0.82 Velocity (ft/s) = 0.95 Wetted Perim (ft) = 3.19 Crit Depth, Yc (ft) = 0.17 Top Width (ft) = 2.99 EGL (ft) = 0.34 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Elev (ft)Depth (ft)Section 2045.00 -1.00 2046.00 0.00 2047.00 1.00 2048.00 2.00 2049.00 3.00 2050.00 4.00 2051.00 5.00 Reach (ft) DUKE ENERGY 526 S Church StreetCharlotte, NC 28202Transmission EngineeringDewatering Calculation & Pump SizingBypass for UpstreamAverage Stream Depth (in) 4 inStream Slope (%)0.500 %Stream Side Slope (z:1)1.5 ftBottom Width (ft)4 ftMax Stream Depth (ft)4.00 ftEstimated Base Flow In Channel (cfs)0.779 cfs *based on channel geometryEstimated Upstream Storage Area Impervious Dike Effective Height (ft)2 ftStage/Storage Table (Upstream Area)ElevationAreaArea Volume(msl)(sf)(ac)(cu-ft)204679.570.002 02047869.510.020 40420481,917.000.044 1,761Pump Selection2" Pump - Sunbelt Rental185 gpm 0.413 cfs3" Pump - Sunbelt Rental317 gpm 0.708 cfs4" Pump - Sunbelt Rental433 gpm 0.967 cfsPump outflow differential (cfs)-0.071 cfs *Selected 3" Pump - Just less than expected flow rateTime to fill upstream storage area (s)24797.75 sec413.30 mins6.89 hours *work to be completed in 1 working dayPump selection for Work AreaImpervious Dike Effective Height (ft)2 ftStage/Storage Table (Work Area)ElevationAreaArea Volume(msl)(sf)(ac)(cu-ft)2045.5139.050.003 02046.5442.910.010 2762047.5784.730.018 882Estimated Infiltration Rate (%)5%Estimated Infiltration from base flow (cfs)0.039 cfsPump flow differential (cfs)0.374 cfs *Selected 2" PumpTime to Drain Work Area (secons)2355.73 seconds39.26 minutes0.65 hoursRated Flow for Pump ConvertedQA:JAPStation Name:Webster TieStation Number:9035Original Date:1/8/21DB:JAPRevision Date:1/0/00 Riparian Buffer Restoration DUKE ENERGY 526 S Church StreetCharlotte, NC 28202Transmission EngineeringPlanting Densities (per NCDENR guidelines)Tree Spacing13 ftShrub Spacing5 ftTree Density/acre required258 ea/acreShrub Density/acre required1742 ea/acreRiparian Buffer Area per plan4805.30 sf0.11acTrees Required per Riparian Area28 eaShrubs Required per Riparian Area192 eaTypical buffer length per guidelines1000 ftBuffer Length per plan (available)118.1 ftReduction of plantings per length available 11.81%Trees Required per Riparian Area (reduced)3eaShrubs Required per Riparian Area (reduced)23eaQA:JAPStation Name:Webster TieStation Number:9035Original Date:1/8/21DB:JAPRevision Date:1/0/00 2708474SDV.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVARIPARIAN BUFFER PLANTING PLAN161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035SDV-EX11"=20'1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGN 2708474SDV.DWG09035NCWEBSTER TIEJACKSONSYLVARIPARIAN BUFFER SCHEDULE & NOTES161 KV/66/12.5KV SUBSTATIONEXHIBIT9035SDV-EX2NTS1/8/2021PERMITTINGW17012001JAPJAPDGN APPENDIX B Supporting Documentation & References Riparian buffers have been identified as a valuable tool for protection of water quality when properly designed and established in the appropriate landscape setting. For this reason, the goal of the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is to implement projects to restore riparian buffers that have the greatest value for reducing pollutants in our surface waters as well as provide important aquatic and wildlife habitat. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide the technical information necessary for the successful planning and establishment of riparian buffers. The guidelines are intended for use by private consultants in developing restoration plans for the NCWRP but should also have utility for private landowners as well as local governments involved in the restoration of riparian buffers. 2 A number of factors determine the success of particular riparian buffer restoration projects. In addition to the physical characteristics of the site, issues such as land costs, land ownership, and logistical constraints must be taken into consideration. The following physical characteristics are intended to provide general guidance when identifying sites and are not intended to exclude sites that may have merit based on other criteria. • Woody vegetation absent or sparse (less than 100 stems per acre that are > 5 inches diameter at breast height) measured within 50 feet of intermittent and perennial streams, lakes, ponds, and shorelines. • Adjacent to headwater streams or those streams defined as first, second, or third order. • Project length greater than 1,000 feet (for projects implemented by the NCWRP). • Ditches, gullies, or evidence of concentrated flow within 50 feet of intermittent and perennial streams, lakes, ponds, and estuaries. • Adjacent source of nitrogen including cropland, pasture, golf course, residential development, ball fields, etc. • Water table depth within three to four feet of surface as determined by characteristics of soil cores. The riparian area to be restored should be evaluated with respect to these factors that control the viability of riparian plants: • Soil moisture • Soil pH • Soil texture • Seasonal high water table depth • Flooding potential • Aspect, topography, and microtopographic relief The restoration/enhancement plan should address these items regarding preparation of the site for planting: • Plow or rip site to improve compacted soil and/or eliminate areas where channelized flow has developed. • Control of sod-forming grasses such as fescue and Kentucky bluegrass that will compete with plantings for nutrients. • Control of invasive, exotic plants that would hinder the re- establishment of woody vegetation. Proposals for pesticide use should always be reviewed by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality staff to insure compliance with the Neuse and Tar-Pamlico Riparian Buffer Rules. 3 Ailanthus altissima (Tree-of-Heaven) Albizia julibrissin (Mimosa) Elaeagnus umbellata (Autumn Olive) Hedera helix (English Ivy) Lespedeza cuneata (Korean or Sericea Lespedeza) Ligustrum sinense (Chinese Privet) Lonisera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) Microstegium vimineum (Japanese Grass) Paulownia tomentosa (Princess Tree) Pueraria lobata (Kudzu) Rosa multiflora (Multiflora Rose) Wisteria sinensis (Chinese Wisteria) • Stabilize areas of bare soil. Refer to the following list for species of grasses/sedge appropriate for soil stabilization. The majority of these species are by necessity not native to North Carolina. At present, there are only a few species of native grasses useful for erosion control that are commercially available. Please note that fescue grasses should not be used for soil stabilization. Fescue grasses, particularly tall fescue, are competitive and will inhibit the eventual re-establishment of native species. Found in fields, pastures, roadsides, and other disturbed places throughout North Carolina, this native warm season grass should be used sparingly for erosion control and soil stabilization. This sedge occurs naturally in marshes and low meadows throughout the mountains and northern piedmont and coastal plain of North Carolina. This species has utility in a mix for soil stabilization in moist areas. This perennial, cool season bunchgrass is a good alternative to fescue because it is less competitive and allows native herbs to colonize the site. A number of species of barley can be used for soil stabilization. Barley is a cool season, annual grass that when moisture is available will germinate in the fall, stay green during the winter, and then die in the spring as competition for warm season plants increases. This native, perennial, warm season bunchgrass can be used in moist low woods primarily in the piedmont and mountains. A number of species of panic grasses can be used for soil stabilization 4 depending on the moisture regime and soils of the site. This native, perennial, warm season bunchgrass can tolerate a wide range of moisture regimes. It can be used along streams, in wet or dry woods, brackish and freshwater marshes, sloughs, swales, and low pinelands primarily in the eastern piedmont and coastal plain. This fast-growing, robust, annual grass exhibits good drought tolerance which makes this species an important warm season option for soil stabilization. A native to North Carolina, this perennial cool season grass is used for the stabilization of pond shorelines, drainage ditches, and streambanks in the mountains and western piedmont. It is established by planting freshly cut stem slips or rhizome fragments. Please note that this species is aggressive and forms large monotypic stands that displace other species. It should only be used if no other species are available. Winter rye is a cold-hardy annual grass that will germinate and grow at low temperatures. By maturing early, it offers less competition during the late spring, a critical time in the establishment of perennial species. Winter rye germinates quickly and is tolerant of poor soils. Only the small-stemmed varieties of this annual warm season grass should be used. Sudangrass is useful for temporary seeding, and it is adapted to soils relatively high in clay content. Seed for common Sudangrass is not always available, but other small-stemmed types may be used, such as the hybrid Trudan. The coarse-stemmed Sorghum- Sudangrass hybrids are not appropriate for erosion control. Ernst Conservation Seeds 9006 Mercer Pike Meadville, PA 16335 814-336-2404 800-873-3321 Lofts Seed Company, Inc. P.O. Box 26223 Winston-Salem, NC 27114-6223 800-543-7333 Mellow Marsh Farm 205 Anolis Road Pittsboro, NC 27312 919-542-3532 Southern Tier Consulting, Inc. 2701-A Route 305 P.O. Box 30 West Clarksville, NY 14786 800-848-7614 *North Carolina suppliers are preferred. 5 The most effective riparian buffers have trees and shrubs to provide perennial root systems and long-term nutrient storage. The design of a riparian buffer can be modified to fit the landscape and the landowner’s needs, for example, by replacing shrubs with more trees, substituting some of the trees with shrubs, or incorporating a grass zone. In any scenario, the width of the woody vegetation should be at least 30 feet directly adjacent to the streambank/shoreline. Choose 10-12 species of native trees and/or shrubs appropriate for site based on site assessment and reference conditions. In addition, please note that this list is alphabetical and does not take into account the assemblages of plants found in nature. The inventory of plants found on the reference site can help determine an appropriate assemblage for the restoration site. In addition, the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program’s Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina: Third Approximation is a valuable reference on natural assemblages of plants (Shafele, Michael P. and Alan S. Weakley, 1990). Typically, there should be at least three or four understory trees for every canopy tree to provide structural diversity similar to mature forests. Where shrub species are incorporated into the planting plan, they should be distributed more densely at outer edge of riparian buffer to reduce light penetration and recolonization by invasive exotic species. Refer to Table 1 for a list of native tree and shrub species appropriate for use in riparian buffers. Acer barbatum Southern sugar maple X X X X X Acer saccharinum silver maple X X X X X Acer saccharum sugar maple X X X X Betula alleghaniensis yellow birch X X X X Betula lenta cherry birch, sweet birch X X X X Betula nigra river birch X X X X X X X Carya aquatica water hickory X X X X Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory X X X X X X X X Carya glabra pignut hickory X X X X X X X X 6 Carya ovata shagbark hickory X X X X X X X Carya tomentosa mockernut hickory X X X X X X X X Celtis laevigata sugarberry, hackberry X X X X X Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic white cedar X X X X X Cladrastis kentuckea yellowwood X X X X Diospyros virginiana persimmon X X X X X X X X Fagus grandifolia American beech X X X X X X Fraxinus americana white ash X X X X X X Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash X X X X X X X Fraxinus profunda pumpkin ash, red ash X X X X Juglans nigra black walnut X X X X X X Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar, yellow poplar X X X X X X X Magnolia acuminata cucumber magnolia X X X X X Magnolia fraseri Fraser magnolia X X X Nyssa aquatica water tupelo X X X X X X Nyssa sylvatica black gum X X X X X X X X Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora swamp black gum X X X X X Oxydendrum arboreum sourwood X X X X X X X Picea rubens red spruce X X X X X Pinus echinata shortleaf pine X X X X X X Pinus palustris longleaf pine X X X X X Pinus rigida pitch pine X X X Pinus serotina pond pine X X X X Pinus strobus white pine X X X X X Platanus occidentalis sycamore X X X X X X X Populus deltoides eastern cottonwood X X X X Populus heterophylla swamp cottonwood X X X X Prunus serotina black cherry X X X X X X X X Quercus alba white oak X X X X X X X Quercus bicolor swamp white oak X X X X Quercus coccinea scarlet oak X X X X X Quercus falcata Southern red oak X X X X X X X Quercus pagoda cherrybark oak X X X X X X Quercus laurifolia laurel oak X X X X X X Quercus lyrata overcup oak X X X X X Quercus margaretta sand post oak X X X X Quercus marilandica black jack oak X X X X X X Quercus michauxii swamp chestnut oak X X X X X X X Quercus nigra water oak X X X X X X X Quercus phellos willow oak X X X X X X X Quercus prinus chestnut oak X X X X X Quercus rubra Northern red oak X X X X X X Quercus shumardii shumard oak X X X X X X Quercus stellata post oak X X X X X X Quercus velutina black oak X X X X X X Quercus virginiana live oak X X X X Robinia pseudoacacia black locust X X X X X X Taxodium ascendens pond-cypress X X X X Taxodium distichum bald-cypress X X X X 7 Tilia americana var. heterophylla basswood X X X X X Tsuga canadensis Eastern hemlock X X X X X X Tsuga caroliniana Carolina hemlock X X X X X Ulmus alata winged elm X X X X X X X Ulmus americana American elm X X X X X X Amelanchier arborea downy serviceberry, shadbush X X X X X X Amelanchier canadensis Canada serviceberry X X X X Amelanchier laevis smooth serviceberry X X X X X Asimina triloba pawpaw X X X X X X Carpinus caroliniana ironwood, American hornbeam X X X X X X X Cercis canadensis eastern redbud X X X X X X Chionanthus virginicus white fringetree, old man’s beard X X X X X X Cornus alternifolia alternate-leaf dogwood X X X X Cornus florida flowering dogwood X X X X X X X Crateagus crus-galli cockspur hawthorn X X X X X X X Crateagus flabellata fanleaf hawthorn X X X X Crateagus flava October haw X X X X X X Cyrilla racemiflora titi X X X X X Fraxinus caroliniana water ash X X X X Gordonia lasianthus loblolly bay X X X X X X Halesia tetraptera (H. carolina)common silverbell X X X X X Ilex opaca American holly X X X X X X X X Juniperus virginiana Eastern red cedar X X X X X X X Magnolia tripetala umbrella tree X X X X Magnolia virginiana sweetbay magnolia X X X X X X X Morus rubra red mulberry X X X X X X Osmanthus americana wild olive, devilwood X X X X Ostrya virginiana Eastern hop-hornbeam X X X X X Persea borbonia red bay X X X X X X Persea palustris swamp bay X X X X X X Pinus pungens table mountain pine X X X Prunus americana American wild plum X X X X Prunus caroliniana Carolina laurel-cherry X X X X X Quercus incana bluejack oak X X X X Quercus laevis turkey oak X X X X Rhus glabra smooth sumac X X X X X Rhus hirta (Rhus typhina)staghorn sumac X X X Salix caroliniana swamp willow X X X X X X X Salix nigra black willow X X X X X X X Sassafras albidum sassafras XXX XXXX Staphylea trifolia bladdernut X X X X Symplocos tinctoria horse-sugar, sweetleaf X X X X X X X Ulmus rubra slippery elm X X X X X Aesculus sylvatica painted buckeye X X X X X Alnus serrulata*common alder X X X X X X X X 8 Aronia arbutifolia red chokeberry X X X X X X X Baccharis halimifolia silverling X X X X X X Callicarpa americana American beautyberry X X X X X X Calycanthus floridus sweet-shrub X X X X X Castanea pumila Allegheny chinkapin X X X X X X X Ceanothus americanus New Jersey tea X X X X X X Cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush X X X X X X Clethra acuminata mountain sweet pepperbush X X X X Clethra alnifolia sweet pepperbush X X X X X Comptonia peregrina sweet fern X X X X Cornus amomum silky dogwood X X X X X X X Cornus stricta swamp dogwood X X X X Corylus americana American hazel, hazelnut X X X X X Euonymus americanus hearts-a-bustin’, strawberry bush X X X X X X X Fothergilla gardenii witch-alder X X X X Gaylussacia frondosa dangleberry X X X X X X Hamamelis virginiana witch hazel X X X X X X X Hydrangea arborescens wild hydrangea X X X X X Ilex coriacea gallberry X X X X X Ilex decidua deciduous holly, possumhaw X X X X X Ilex glabra inkberry X X X X X X Ilex verticillata winterberry X X X X X X X X Ilex vomitoria yaupon holly X X X X X Itea virginica Virginia willow X X X X X Kalmia angustifolia var. caroliniana lamb-kill, sheep-kill X X X X X Kalmia latifolia mountain laurel X X X X X X Leucothoe axillaris coastal dog-hobble X X X X Leucothoe fontanesiana dog-hobble X X X X Leucothoe racemosa fetterbush X X X X X X Lindera benzoin spicebush X X X X Lyonia ligustrina northern maleberry X X X X X X Lyonia lucida shining fetterbush X X X X Myrica cerifera*Southern wax-myrtle X X X X X X X X Myrica cerifera var. pumila*dwarf Southern wax-myrtle X X X X X Myrica heterophylla*bayberry, evergreen bayberry X X X X Pieris floribunda evergreen mountain fetterbush X X X X Rhododendron atlanticum dwarf azalea X X X Rhododendron calendulaceum flame azalea X X X X Rhododendron catawbiense Catawba rhododendron X X X X X X X Rhododendron maximum rosebay rhododendron X X X X X X Rhododendron periclymenoides pinxter flower, wild azalea X X X X X X Rhododendron viscosum swamp azalea X X X X X X Rhus copallina winged sumac X X X X X X X Rosa carolina pasture rose, Carolina rose X X X X X X X Rosa palustris swamp rose X X X X X X Rubus allegheniensis Alleghany blackberry X X X X Rubus cuneifolius blackberry X X X X X X Rubus odoratus purple flowering raspberry X X X Salix humilis prairie willow X X X X 9 Salix sericea silky willow X X X X X X Sambucus canadensis common elderberry X X X X X X Spiraea alba narrow-leaved meadowsweet X X X Spiraea latifolia broad-leaved meadowsweet X X X Spiraea tomentosa meadowsweet X X X X X X Stewartia malacodendron silky camellia X X X X Stewartia ovata mountain camellia X X X X X Styrax grandifolia bigleaf snowbell X X X X X Vaccinium arboreum sparkleberry X X X X X X Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry X X X X X X X X X Vaccinium crassifolium creeping blueberry X X X Vaccinium elliottii mayberry X X X Vaccinium stamineum deerberry, gooseberry X X X X X X Vaccinium pallidum lowbush blueberry X X X X X Viburnum acerifolium maple-leaf viburnum X X X X X X Viburnum dentatum Southern arrowwood viburnum X X X X X X X Viburnum nudum possumhaw viburnum X X X X X X Viburnum prunifolium blackhaw viburnum X X X X X X Viburnum rafinesquianum downy arrowwood X X X X Viburnum rufidulum rusty blackhaw X X X X X Xanthorhiza simplicissima yellowroot X X X X X X * These species fix nitrogen and should not be used for riparian restoration adjacent to Nutrient Sensitive Waters. Where grasses are incorporated into the planting plan on the outside of the buffer strip, only native grasses should be used. Native grasses produce a much more extensive and deep root system than commonly used non-native grasses such as fescue. Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem) Andropogon virginicus (Broomsedge) Arundinaria gigantea (Giant Cane) Eragrostis spectabilis (Purple Love Grass) Panicum anceps (Beaked Panicum) Panicum clandestinum (Deertongue) Panicum hemitomon (Maidencane) Panicum virgatum (Switchgrass) Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem) Sorghastrum nutans (Indiangrass) Tridens flavus (Purple-Top) Tripsacum dactyloides (Gama Grass) 10 Trees should be planted at a density sufficient to provide 320 trees per acre at maturity. To achieve this density, approximately 436 (10x10 feet spacing) to 681 (8x8 feet spacing) trees per acre should be planted initially. Shrubs should be planted at a density sufficient to provide 1,200 shrubs per acre. Refer to Table 2 for the number of trees and shrubs per acre based on various methods of spacing. Spacing (feet) Trees/Shrubs (number) 2x2 10,890 3x3 4,840 4x4 2,722 5x5 1,742 6x6 1,210 7x7 889 8x8 681 9x9 538 10x10 436 11x11 360 12x12 302 13x13 258 In many cases, the most cost effective and successful size plant material is bare root seedlings. Some species such as the hickories do poorly as bare root seedlings and will be much more successful as containerized seedlings. In either case, tree shelters should be used to accelerate growth and increase survivability of seedlings. In addition, management of competing vegetation after planting is easier, mowing and weed wacker strikes are prevented, herbicides are isolated from trunk contact, and grazing by deer are restricted. The use of tree shelters may only be practical from an economic standpoint for more expensive seedlings of species difficult to establish, such as red oak. Reductions in maintenance costs and increased seedling vigor associated with tree shelters suggest that tree shelter plantings may be a more cost-effective approach than planting unprotected larger material. In urban or other high visibility areas, some specimen trees and shrubs should be incorporated into the planting plan for projects implemented by the NCWRP. When live stakes or dormant cuttings are incorporated in a planting plan, choose only the previous season’s growth. Live stakes should typically be approximately ¾ inch in diameter and three feet long, and dormant cuttings should be approximately ½ inch in diameter and two feet long. Supplier of Tree Shelters: Treessentials Company 2371 Waters Drive Mendota Heights, MN 55120-1163 800-248-8239 11 Local nurseries are the best option in acquiring plants that will be successful. Plants grown from seeds or cuttings collected close to the restoration area will be the most likely to survive and reproduce. The following is a list of nurseries that supply native plant material. This list is not considered exhaustive or an endorsement by the NCWRP but merely a source of potential vendors of native plants. Carolina Greenery 375 Carthage Road West End, NC 27376-8731 910-947-3150 Cedar Point Nursery and Garden Center 100 Commercial Court Swansboro, NC 28584 252-393-6880 Coastal Plain Conservation Nursery 3067 Conners Drive Edenton, NC 27932 252-482-5707 Cure Nursery 880 Buteo Road Pittsboro, NC 27312 919-542-6186 Denton’s Nursery 3535 NC 42 West Wilson, NC 27893 252-237-0022 Fern Valley Farms 1624 Fern Valley Road Yadkinville, NC 27055 336-463-2412 Hoffman Nursery 5520 Bahama Road Rougemont, NC 27572 919-479-6620 Laurel Springs Nursery 401 Regal Street Hendersonville, NC 28792 828-692-4012 888-823-4622 McLamb Nursery, Inc. 640 Greenleaf Road Angier, NC 27501-9801 919-894-3709 800-900-3709 Mellow Marsh Farm 205 Anolis Road Pittsboro, NC 27312 919-542-3532 NC Division of Forest Resources Claridge Nursery 762 Claridge Nursery Road Goldsboro, NC 27530 919-731-7988 NC Division of Forest Resources Edwards Nursery 701 Sanford Drive Morganton, NC 28655 828-438-6270 NC Division of Forest Resources Linville Nursery 6321 Linville Falls Highway Newland, NC 28657 828-733-5236 12 Niche Gardens 1111 Dawson Road Chapel Hill, NC 27516 919-967-0078 Taylor’s Nursery, Inc. 3705 New Bern Avenue Raleigh, NC 27610 919-231-6161 Wa Ya Nursery & Tree Farm 11199 Canada Road Tuckasegee, NC 28783 We-Du Nurseries Rt. 5, Box 724 Marion, NC 28752 828-738-8300 Woodlander’s, Inc. 1128 Colleton Ave. Aiken, SC 29801 803-648-7522 828-293-5720 For more information about suppliers of native plants contact: ’Native Plant Sources’ North Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB 3375, Totten Center Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3375 919-962-0522 The planting plan should indicate that trees and shrubs will be planted in a random pattern. For inexperienced planting crews, pre-labeled flagged wires can be used to mark the random location of plantings. These flags can also be color coded for each particular species. Various colors of spray paint can also be used to differentiate species. When planting seedlings, it is helpful to mark the plants with colored flagging to make them easier to locate during maintenance tasks. The flagging can also be color-coded to mark plants that have died for replacement at a later date. Tree protectors are also helpful for locating plants. Tree seedlings should be kept moist and should not be exposed for extended periods of time. A correctly planted tree should have the following general characteristics: • Planted so that the root collar is slightly below the soil surface. • Have the main roots nearly straight or spread out. • Have soil firm around the roots. • Have the tree in an upright postion and have it nearly even with the general ground level, not sunk in a hole or raised on a mound. 13 Please note that the Neuse and Tar- Pamlico Riparian Buffer Rules allow for a one time fertilizer application to establish newly planted vegetation. Ongoing fertilizer application is prohibited by these rules. In the early stages of riparian buffer establishment, competition for nutrients by adjacent grasses and forbs will substantially inhibit seedling growth. Release from herbaceous competition has been demonstrated as the most cost- effective method to accelerate the growth of seedlings. The plan for buffer establishment must incorporate control of the herbaceous layer. Options for weed control include four to six inches of well-aged hardwood mulch, weed control fabrics, or pre-emergent herbicide. Typically, mowing to control weeds will be impractical based on the random distribution of plantings. Weed control should be continued for three years from the time of planting. During the required five year monitoring period, the riparian buffer should be inspected for evidence of concentrated flow. If concentrated flow has begun to form, a level spreader or other best management practice should be installed to diffuse the flow before it enters the restored riparian buffer. Prepared by Cherri L. Smith, North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program. Illustrations by Karen M. Lynch and design by Marcia Nye.