20161268_Eval of Impacts of PWS GW Wells_20120208

Evaluation of Impacts to Public Water Supply Groundwater Wells
US 17 Corridor Study, NCDOT TIP Project U -4751 & R -3300
New Hanover and Pender Counties
February 8, 2012
Introduction
State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) projects U -4751 and R -3300 involve the
construction of Military Cutoff Road Extension in New Hanover County and the US 17 Hampstead
Bypass in New Hanover and Pender Counties. Because the projects may share a common terminus,
they are being evaluated together in a single environmental document. A Draft Environmental
Impact Statement (DEIS) for the project was signed by the North Carolina Department of
Transportation (NCDOT) and the US Army Corps of Engineers on July 28, 2011.
In their November 15, 2011 review of the DEIS and at NCDOT's December 15, 2011 agency
coordination meeting (Concurrence Point 3 informational merger meeting), EPA expressed
concerns and indicated further review of the potential effects of the project on the local public water
supply is warranted.
To further evaluate potential impacts to groundwater from the proposed project, the following
analysis incorporated a review of existing literature and communications with representatives from
the Cape Fear Public Utility Authority and the Public Water Supply Section of the NC Department
of Environment and Natural Resources. The intent of the review is to determine if the proposed
project is likely to result in impacts to the quantity or quality of the Cape Fear Public Utility
Authority's groundwater public water supply system.
Project Description
For project U -4751, NCDOT proposes to extend Military Cutoff Road as a six -lane divided roadway
on new location from its current terminus at US 17 (Market Street) in Wilmington north to an
interchange with the US 17 Wilmington Bypass Qohn Jay Burney Jr. Freeway). Limited and full
control of access is proposed. For project R -3300, NCDOT proposes to construct the US 17
Hampstead Bypass as a freeway on new location. The US 17 Hampstead Bypass may connect to the
proposed Military Cutoff Road Extension at the existing US 17 Wilmington Bypass and extend to
existing US 17 north of Hampstead. Full control of access is proposed for the US 17 Hampstead
Bypass. The project area is shown in Figure 1. The current detailed study alternatives are shown in
Figure 2.
The purpose of the US 17 Corridor Study project is to improve the traffic carrying capacity and
safety of the US 17 and Market Street corridor in the project area.
Because of its location within a wellhead protection area, the Military Cutoff Road Extension project
is the focus of this review. Military Cutoff Road Extension Alternatives M1 and M2 are new
location alternatives extending Military Cutoff Road from Market Street to the US 17 Wilmington
Bypass. The City of Wilmington adopted an official transportation corridor map for the proposed

extension of Military Cutoff Road on August 8 2005 Alternative M1 follows the adopted corridor
map alignment
Alternative M 1 begins at a proposed interchange at Military Cutotf Road and Market Street The
alternative extends north through vacant County property between the two sections of Ogden
Park and residential areas Alternative M1 turns northwest and ends near Plantation Road and
Crooked Pine Road at a proposed interchange with the US 17 Wilmington Bypass
approximately midway between 140 and Market Street
• Alternative M2 begins at a proposed interchange at Military Cutoff Road and Market Street
Alternative M2 follows the Alternative M1 alignment for approximatelj two miles Alternatn e
M2 then turns northeast and extends through mostly undeveloped property to a proposed
interchange with the US 17 Wilmington Bypass approximately one mile west of Market Street
Military Cutoff Road Extension incorporates two typical sections
• From the proposed interchange at Market Street to approximately 0 9 mile north of Torchwood Boulevard Six
lanes (three in each direction) with a 30 foot median and curb and gutter Two 12 foot inside
lanes and one 14 foot outside lane (to accommodate bicycles) with two foot curb and gutter and
a ten foot berm are proposed in each direction
From approximately 0 9 mile north of Tonbwood Boulevard to the proposed interchange at the US 17
LYlilmzngton Bypass Six 12 foot lanes (three in each direction)rwith 14 foot outside shoulders (12
foot paved) A 46 foot median is proposed
A variable right of way width of 150 feet to 350 feet is proposed for Military Cutoff Road
Extension
Pubhc Water Supply
The Cape Fear Public Utility Authority (CFPUA) provides water for New Hanover County from
several sources including surface water groundwater and purchases from other systems Their 2010
Integrated Water Resources Master Plan indicates that total demand represented 28 percent of the
total available water supply (all sources) in 2010 Future demand including the sale of water to
other systems is projected to represent 25 percent of the available supply in 2030 and 39 percent of
the available supply in 2060
The CFPUA has several existing and proposed well sites associated with their groundwater
nanofiltration water treatment plant (WTP) which was brought on line in 2009 and distributes water
to portions of northern New Hanover County The WTP is located adjacent to proposed Military
Cutoff Road Extension Alternatives M1 and M2 where they share an ahgnment Just north of
Torchwood Boulevard
The alignment shown on the official transportation corridor map for the proposed extension of
Military Cutoff Road adopted in 2005 was a factor in the selection of the CFPUA well sites
(personal communication Gary McSmith CFPUA) Roads are commonly found within wellhead
protection areas across the state Existing state rules and regulations are relied on to manage risks
associated with transportation infrastructure located within wellhead protection areas managed
through the non regulatory approach (personal communication Gale Johnson NCDENR PWS)

According to the U.S. Geologic Survey, the principal groundwater supply aquifers in New Hanover
County — the surficial, Castle Hayne and Peedee — were formed from the late Cretaceous to
Quarternary aged geologic formations. Approximately 30 percent of all freshwater used in New
Hanover County in 2005 was supplied from these three aquifers. The CFPUA groundwater
nanofiltration WTP wells draw from the Castle Hayne and Peedee aquifers. The NC Division of
Water Resources website states that aquifer systems are hydraulically connected materials (sands,
limestone, and fractured rock) that provide water through a properly constructed well open to those
materials. In the coastal plain, an aquifer is typically composed of one to several layers of eastward
thickening, permeable sands or limestone split by discontinuous, clay -rich materials. Confining
units, consisting of clay -rich sediments, exist above and below an aquifer. These confining units are
more continuous clay layers and separate the aquifers. The surficial or unconfined aquifer overlies
all the confined aquifers in the coastal plain. The Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers form regional
aquifers.
7,�� � w..nl ^te.. ..11 n.•.
• teedx -
.
14Y trwbo.l_N •
e , urn
ew.r.. Ili ; , • S ,
Peedee Aquifer
The Castle Hayne aquifer is widely used in the
eastern portions of the coastal plain at elevations of
65 to -1,103 feet, averaging -144 feet. The Castle
Hayne aquifer ranges from 6 to 1,105 feet thick and
averages 164 feet thick. The aquifer is composed of
limestone, sandy limestone, and sand and is
considered a semi - confined aquifer. It is the most
productive aquifer in North Carolina. Wells
typically yield 200 -500 gallons per minute, but can
exceed 2,000 gallons per minute. In addition to
supplying some industrial and agricultural usages, a
number of municipal well fields are supplied by the
Castle Hayne aquifer. These municipal areas
include the City of Wilmington, New Hanover
beach towns, the New Hanover County water
system, Topsail Island, and Surf City.
3
The Peedee aquifer is present in the central
to southeastern portion of the coastal plain
at elevations of 114 to -1,849 feet,
averaging -164 feet. The Peedee aquifer
ranges from 2 to 1,001 feet thick and
averages 141 feet thick. The aquifer is
composed of fine to medium sand and is
considered a confined aquifer. Wells
typically yield up to 200 gallons per minute.
The pink area shown in the figure to the
left shows the salty extent of the Peedee
aquifer. The green area shows the fresh
extent and the yellow area is the transitional
area between the salty and fresh water.
�} Iltrr�n j tin e.r.tf^.M cdtez• ,••eyrrtrlki trv:k
-,.r' .� tdpeabt ...r t,^ Na.nine ^ •ryrrell
llz•ir ar.
v • Glrerr o -
Lrtir • • '
k
,i
Castle Hayne Aquifer

Wellhead Protection Area
The proposed Military Cutoff Road Extension project is located within the wellhead protection area
established for the public water supply wells operated by the CFPUA. The NC Wellliead Protection
Guidebook states that a wellhead protection area is the part of the landscape, both above and below
ground, which contributes water that will eventually reach the well. By identifying the contributing
area for the well, strategies can be established to manage certain activities to significantly reduce the
chance the well might be contaminated.
CFPUA's wellhead protection area was established during the preparation of their Wellhead
Protection Plan. Each well was assigned an individual wellhead protection radius to identify the area
to be managed to reduce the likelihood of contamination of the well. Methods to determine radii
for wells withdrawing from the semi - confined Castle Hayne aquifer and the confined Peedee aquifer
differed based on information provided by the North Carolina's approved Wellhead Protection
Program. Because there was considerable overlap when the wellhead protection areas were
identified, the outer boundary of the areas were smoothed and enlarged to encompass an area
approximately equal to the combined areas of each individual wellhead protection area (see Figure
3).
Figure 4 shows the location of the proposed project in relation to CFPUA's Wellhead Protection
Area 1 and existing CFPUA well sites. With the exception of a portion of the proposed interchange
at Market Street for both alternatives and the northern quadrants of the Alternative M1 interchange
at the US 17 Wilmington Bypass, both Military Cutoff Road Extension Alternatives are located
within the wellhead protection area. A portion of Hampstead Bypass Alternative U, where it travels
along the existing US 17 Wilmington Bypass, is also located in the wellhead protection area.
Wellhead Protection Area 1 is approximately 7,712 acres in size. The well sites shown in Figure 4
are depicted with a 100 -foot buffer around the wellhead. Regulations for public water supply wells
stipulate that the area within 100 feet of a well be owned or controlled by the person supplying the
water (15A NCAC 18C .0203). The buffer allows the water supplier to protect the well lot from
potential sources of pollution and construct landscape features for drainage and diversion of
pollution. Table 1 lists the existing CFPUA wells in the project area. The table identifies the aquifer
each well draws from and the distance from the wellhead to the proposed Military- Cutoff Road
Extension slope stake boundary. The wellheads located closest to Military Cutoff Road Extension at
Site B (Well IDs 22 and B -CH) are positioned at a higher elevation than the proposed roadway
grade.
In addition to the existing wells, CFPUA has plans to expand its infrastructure and add new wells in
the future. These "future" well sites are depicted by an "X" on Figure 5. Military Cutoff Road
Extension Alternative M2 would cross existing and proposed water lines associated with the
proposed expansion area. The CFPUA indicates that future well sites were selected based on aquifer
access, anticipated yields, and because the area is undeveloped, which protects the well heads from
contamination.
4

Table 1. Summary of CFPIrA Wells in the Vicinity of Nlilitan' Cutoff Road Fxtension (NICRE)
Well
I o_._
CAM
Well
1 I;J
Well
Depth
I Aquifer
WHPP
I Radius
Yield
/___)
Closest
MCRE
Alternative
Distance from
Well -head to
MC;ZL Slope II
P
1 GU
Peedee
2,000
600
M1, Nu
807
Q
16
175
Peedee
3,000
500
M1, M2
1,855
B
22
170
Peedee
3,000
640
M1, M2
126
A
23
170
Peedee
3,000
600
Nil, M2
1,490
M
28
175
Peedee
25000
750
Ml, M2
544
N
29
175
Peedee
2,000
750
M1, M2
781
O
30
175
Peedee
2,000
570
M1, M2
1,006
k
A -CH
95
Castle Hayne
2,965
600
Ml, M2
1,490
B
B -CH
80
Castle Hayne
3,097
640
M1, M2
126
C
C -CH
105
Castle Hayne
2,406
600
M2
1,402
C
C -PD
168
Peedee
3,000
570
M2
1,379
F
F -CH
105
Castle Hayne
2,273
600
M2
764
F
F -PD
170
Peedee
3,000
570
M2
770
G
G -CH
90
Castle Hayne
2,440
500
M2
523
G
G -PD
173
Peedee
3,000
570
M2
546
H
H -CH
100
Castle Hayne
2,471
600
M2
184
H
H -PD
175
Peedee
3,000
570
M2
159
1
I -CH
95
Castle Hayne
2,206
400
M2
2,109
1
I -PD
175
Peedee
3,000
570
M2
2,081
J
J -CH
100
Castle Hayne
2,493
600
M2
546
J
J -PD
175
Peedee
3,000
570
M2
573
K
K -CH
100
Castle Hayne
2,713
200
M1, M2
1,187
K
K -PD
175
Peedee
3,000
600
M1, M2
1,141
L
L -CH
85
Castle Hayne
3,054
500
M2
810
L
L -PD
170
Peedee
3,000
640
M2
790
Wellhead Protection Plan
The CFPI'A developed a Wellhead Protection Plan (WHPP) in coordination with the
NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources' Public Water Supply Section. The
CFPUA finalized its plan in December 2009. The purpose of the WHPP is to manage the land areas
surrounding the wells in order to prevent contamination of the public water supply. The CFPUA's
WHPP is non - regulatory and identifies strategies to manage the wellhead protection area for their
northern water system.
In addition to delineating the wellhead protection area, the WHPP identifies potential contamination
sources, establishes wellhead protection area management actions, describes an emergency
contingency plan for alternative water supply sources, describes an emergency response plan for
incidents that may impact water quality, and outlines a public education program.

A potential contaminant source (PCS) is any substance or activity that could adversely affect the
quality of the drinking water supply. The PCS inventory is a complete listing, including mapped
locations, of past and present land use activities within the wellhead protection area that threaten
groundwater quality.
The CFPUA identified potential contaminant sources using guidance provided in the NC Wellhead
Protection Guidebook. Ranking criteria were applied to each potential contaminant source to
identify overall risk to wells. A risk ranking of "lower ", "moderate" or "higher" was established for
potential contaminant sources by totaling points assigned under several criteria including proximity,
quantity, relative tonicity and likelihood of occurrence (see Table 2). Potential contaminant sources
with a combined ranking between 0 and 7 were considered a lower risk while those with a combined
ranking of 10 or higher were considered a higher risk.
Fable 2. Cape Fear Public Utility Authority Risk Criteria
Major roads are included under the "likelihood of occurrence" category as a higher risk. No existing
or proposed roads were included in the list of identified potential contaminant sources in the
WHPP. The NC Wellhead Protection Guidebook includes freeways /state highways as a moderate
risk.
The Cape Fear Public Utility Authority 2011 Annual Report includes information on their
Emergency Management Plan:
The Cape Fear Public Utility Authority abides by state and federal emergency
management regulations, for all- hazards mitigation, preparedness, response and
recovery. The program coordinator develops, maintains, and trains Authority
employees on the Emergency Response Plan and its associated Incident Action Plans.
Proactively working to meet EPA's seventeen National Incident Management System
roxnn ` to
Re attve Likelihood 0f—]
Well
Quantity
lik
Toxicity Occurrence
bower (1 pt.)
> 1,500 feet
< 100 gal.
Grease
Car Wash
< 100 lbs.
Chloride
Cemetery
Funeral home
Mini- storage
Substation
Moderate (2 pts.)
750 -1,500 ft.
100 -2,000 gal.
Pertoleum
AST
100 — 2,000 lbs.
Fertilizers
Auto Repair
Sewage
Lift Station
Bacteria
Pesticide/ herbicide/
fertilizer appl. /
storage UST (gas
station
Higher (3 pts.)
< 750 feet
> 2,000 gal.
Pesticides
Chemical Storage
> 2,000 lbs.
Herbicides
Cleaners
Metals
Industry
Solvents
Major Road
Railroad
Major roads are included under the "likelihood of occurrence" category as a higher risk. No existing
or proposed roads were included in the list of identified potential contaminant sources in the
WHPP. The NC Wellhead Protection Guidebook includes freeways /state highways as a moderate
risk.
The Cape Fear Public Utility Authority 2011 Annual Report includes information on their
Emergency Management Plan:
The Cape Fear Public Utility Authority abides by state and federal emergency
management regulations, for all- hazards mitigation, preparedness, response and
recovery. The program coordinator develops, maintains, and trains Authority
employees on the Emergency Response Plan and its associated Incident Action Plans.
Proactively working to meet EPA's seventeen National Incident Management System

(NIMS) compliance objectives for the water sector; staff continues to refine emergency
preparedness by planning, and implementing standardized response and industry best
practice measure as recommended by EPA, FENLA, and North Carolina regulatory
agencies.
The Authority also participates on the New Hanover County Local Emergency
Planning Committee, which plans for hazardous materials response incidents within
the community. We have also been active in planning and participating in community -
wide drills and exercises with our state, county and city emergency response partners.
Evaluation of Potential Impacts
Potential impacts to the CFPUA public water supple could occur through actions that would limit
the availability of the water the system provides or actions that compromise the safety of the water
supply through contamination. Impacts to the supply of water could result from direct impacts to
system infrastructure or through actions that limit groundwater recharge. Impervious surfaces, such
as roads, increase the amount of runoff during rainfall events and could both reduce groundwater
recharge and increase pollutant loadings. Other potential impacts to groundwater quality are
accidental spills and wrecks on the proposed roadway.
If a contaminant reaches groundwater within the well system's contribution area, the contaminant
can move with the groundwater into the well. If the contributing area for the well is identified and
management strategies are set in place to manage certain activities, the possibility that the well might
become contaminated can be substantially reduced. As previously noted, the CFPUA has delineated
a wellhead protection area for their northern water supply and developed management strategies in a
wellhead protection plan.
Because the Peedee aquifer is semi- confined and Castle Hayne aquifer is confined, they are less likely
to experience water quality impacts than surface waters or surficial aquifers (personal
communication, Gale Johnson, NCDENR PWS).
[dater Supply
At the time of completion of the DEIS for the project, it was expected that Alternative M1 would
cross two CFPUA well sites and Alternative M2 would cross four existing well sites and a proposed
well site. CFPUA estimated that a loss of access to the future sites could result in a reduction of up
to six million gallons per day of anticipated future water supply.
The alignments of both Alternatives M1 and M2 have been modified since completion of the DEIS.
Neither alternative will cross any existing or future CFPUA well sites. Although both Military
Cutoff Road Extension alternatives would cross potable and raw water lines, any impacted water
lines would be relocated as part of the project and returned to service. The project will not decrease
the capacity of the existing and planned water supply infrastructure.
The NC Division of Water Resources water budget for the NC Coastal Plain indicates a very small
percentage of rainfall infiltrates into the confined aquifer system. Most rainfall is lost to
evapotranspiration, runoff, or infiltrates into the shallow ground water system that then discharges
to local rivers and streams. Using the impact boundary (slope stake + 25 feet), Military Cutoff Road
Extension Alternative M1 would encompass approximately 286 acres and Alternative M2 would
7

encompass approximately 303 acres. Based on the size and confined natures of the Castle Hayne
and Peedee aquifers and CFPUA data on available water supply versus demand, the proposed
project is not expected to affect the recharge of the aquifers or the amount of water available for
withdrawals from existing public water supply system wells..
Water Quality
Accidental Spills
Accidental spills due to traffic accidents or other causes probably represent the greatest potential
impact of the proposed project on the water supply wells. The potential for an accidental spill in the
Well Head Protection Area is probably not greater with construction of the project, as several major
roadways, including the US 17 Wilmington Bypass and Market Street, already exist in the Well Head
Protection Area. The concern with this project is that a major roadway will now be closer to some
wellheads than current conditions.
Even though the project is constructing a major roadway close to wells, contaminants from a spill
likely could be contained and removed before reaching the aquifers the wells are drawing from, due
to the semi- confined and confined natures of the aquifers. The Contingency Plan component of the
WHPP identifies emergency agencies to be contacted in the event of a major oil or chemical spill. It
includes both short -term (less than 48 hours) and long -term plans to determine if contamination has
occurred and identifies alternate water sources to be used until it has been determined the system is
free of contamination and in compliance with standards governing public water supplies.
Stormwater Runoff
As noted previously, there are two typical sections associated with the proposed Military Cutoff
Road Extension project. The first typical section includes curb and gutter and as such would
incorporate a stormwater conveyance system. The second typical section includes a shoulder
section, which would incorporate vegetated ditches to convey runoff.
The NC Wellhead Protection Guidebook ranks stormwater discharges as a higher -risk potential
contaminant source. Literature indicates that highway stormwater does occasionally contaminate
groundwater with minor amounts of metals and petroleum compounds. These chemicals are
typically present at extremely low concentrations and tend to be localized around the right of way.
In addition, the application of road salt and de -icing chemicals can be a concern to groundwater
quality, particularly in areas that have appreciable snowfall or use surficial aquifers as a water supply
source. The NC Wellhead Protection Guidebook ranks road salt storage areas as a higher risk but
does not address the application of road salts during winter weather. The NCDOT Division 3
Maintenance Engineer indicates road salt applications occur infrequently in the project area. The
average annual snowfall (including pellets and ice) in Wilmington over the last 50 years is two inches.
The Division plans for one application of road salt to major arterials used for commerce at
approximately 250 pounds per lane -mile per year.
8

Stormwater ponds included in the
CFPUA WHPP are assessed as
lower -risk potential contaminant
sources. Military Cutoff Road
Extension Alternatives M1 and M2
may affect four ponds judged to
have the appearance of stormwater
ponds during surface water
delineations for the project. Two
of those ponds, BPE and BPF, are
located in the CFPUA's wellhead
protection area.
The proposed project is expected
to impact 0.75 acre of pond BPE.
Pond BPE is a stormwater pond
permitted by the NC Division of Water Quality ( NCDWQ) in February 2007. Pond BPE is
associated with a high density subdivision development, West Bay Phase V. The WHPP does not
include a data sheet for the West Bay Phase V stormwater pond, likely because it was not
constructed at the time of the potential contaminant source review. A data sheet is included in the
WHPP for a West Bay Phase IV stormwater pond, which is not impacted by the project.
Estimated impacts to pond BPF are 0.41 acre. The pond was evaluated during the review of
potential contaminant sources for the CFPUA WHPP and is listed on the data sheet as a stormwater
pond for Courtney Pines, Phase III. The NCDWQ issued a stormwater permit for a low density
development with a curb outlet system for the Courtney Pines Phase III development in July 2004.
The permit does not cite requirements for the construction or maintenance of a stormwater pond
for the low density development.
NCDOT will likely be required to replace any stormwater storage capacity lost due to project
impacts to permitted ponds. It is not expected that project effects to these ponds will adversely
affect the water supply. Due to the semi - confined and confined natures of the aquifers in this area,
very little of the runoff from the proposed roadway would reach the aquifers.
Avoidance and Minimization of Potential Impacts
The CFPUA has identified their wellhead protection area and adopted a wellhead protection plan.
The wellhead protection plan includes an emergency contingency plan addressing the steps to be
taken should a major oil or chemical spill occur. For soil or groundwater contamination incidents
occurring within the wellhead protection area, CFPUA will contact State agencies responsible for
oversight to track compliance with the activities and the schedule of remediation efforts.
NCDOT will coordinate with the Cape Fear Public Utility Authority on the potential inclusion of a
sign on Military Cutoff Road Extension notifying drivers they are travelling through a water supply
area. If CFPUA is in favor of erecting such a sign, it could include the instruction "Spill Response
Dial 911" in case of accidental highway oil or chemical spills.
0

The Military Cutoff Road Extension design has been revised so that a minimum distance of 100 feet
is maintained between the slope stake limits and existing wellheads. No wells would be isolated or
relocated as a result of the project. Any impacted water lines would be relocated as part of the
project.
Appropriate measures will be taken to avoid spillage of construction materials and control runoff.
Such measures will include an erosion and sedimentation control plan, provisions for disposal and
handling of waste materials and storage, stormwater management measures, and appropriate road
maintenance measures. NCDOT's Best Management Practicer, for Protection of Su�Oce Wlaters (BMP -PSW)
and Sedimentation Control guidelines will be enforced during the construction stages of the project.
Summary and Conclusion
It is not uncommon to find roads within wellhead protection areas. The proposed Military Cutoff
Road Extension project is located within the wellhead protection area established for the public
water supply wells operated by the Cape Fear Public Utility Authority. Military Cutoff Road
Extension will be located a minimum of 100 feet away from existing wellheads and in most cases,
much greater distances. The CFPUA was aware of the proposed project during the construction of
the nanofiltration groundwater water treatment plant and located wells with the Military Cutoff
Road Extension official transportation corridor map alignment in mind.
Groundwater supplying the CFPUA wells originates from both the confined Peedee aquifer and the
semi- confined Castle Hayne aquifer. The geologic nature of these aquifers affords a level of
protection not associated with surficial aquifers or surface water supply sources.
Impacts to the availability of the water supply are not anticipated as a result of the proposed project.
The project is not expected to decrease the capacity of the existing and planned water supply
infrastructure or the source aquifers.
The CFPUA maintains a Wellhead Protection Plan to manage the land areas surrounding their wells
in order to prevent contamination of the public water supply. The plan includes emergency
response and contingency plans for incidents that may impact water quality. Stormwater runoff
associated with the proposed Military Cutoff Road Extension will be directed to grassed swales or a
stormwater conveyance system and away from wellheads.
The proposed project is not expected to result in impacts to the quantity or quality of the CFPUA's
groundwater water supply wells.
iii]

Literature Review and References
Cape Fear Public Utility Authority, Wilmington, NC.
• Wellhead Protection Plan for Cape Fear Public Utility Authority P WS ID # 04 -65 -232,
December 2009.
• Final Well Head Protection Plan, Individual Well Head Radii Location Map (Preliminary
Drawings), August 2009.
• Proposed Well Head Protection Plan, Individual Well Head Radii Location Map (Preliminary
Drawings), June 2009.
• Figure 1: Raw Waterlines and Well Sites (Preliminary Drawing).
Cape Fear Public Utility Authority website (www.cfpua.org).
* 2010 Water Quality Report * 2011 Annual Report * Capacity Management Program
Johnson, Gale. NCDENR Public Water Supply. Personal communication, January 23, 2012.
McCormick Rankin Corporation, Highway 69 Route Planning Study, February 2008
(www. highway6 9. ca / highway69 / n o rth to 5 22) .
McSmith, Gary. Cape Fear Public Utility Authority. Personal communication, January 23, 2012.
NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources
(www.ncwater.org/ Education _and_Technical_Assistance / Ground_Water).
• Basic Hydrogeology, Ground Water, Aquifers & Confining Beds.
• North Carolina Aquifers, Castle -Hayne and PeeDee Aquifer Maps.
• Local Water Supply Plans, System Information, CFPUA — Wilmington (www.ncwater.org/
Water _ Supply_ Planning /Local_ Water _Supply_Plan /).
NCDENR, Public Water Supply Section (PWS), Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP)
(www.ncwater.org/pws/swap/).
• Approved Local Wellhead Protection Plans (10/25/2011) in North Carolina.
• Learn about Your Drinking Water Source.
• NC Wellhead Protection Guidebook.
• Source Water Assessment and Protection in North Carolina.
• Sources of Potential Groundwater Contamination.
• Source Water Assessment Program.
• NC SWAPinfo Viewer (swap.deh.enr. state .nc.us /swap_app /viewer.htm).
North Carolina General Assembly Statues (www.ncga.state.nc.us)
• NC General Statutes Article 10 Chapter 130A, North Carolina Drinking Water Act.
• NC General Statutes Article 21 Chapter 143, Water and Air Resources.
NC High Country Council of Governments, Final High Country Water Resource Plan, 2010
(WWW.reglond.org/plann'mg/FINAL—WATER—RESOURCE—PLAN.pd�.
11

National Groundwater Association, Numerical Investigation of Road Salt Impact on an Urban Well,
M.L. Bester, E.O. Frind, J.W. Molson, and D.L. Rudolph, 2005 (info.ngwa.org /gwol/
pdf /061681221.pdf .
NOAA, National Climate Data Center (lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov /oa /climate %online /ccd /snowfall.html).
State of California, Public Utilities Commission, Memorandum, Potential Groundwater Impacts
from Proposed Southern California Edison, July 2009 (www.cpuc.ca.gov /Environment/
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metro /projects / s tcroix / pdfs / sdeis /Tech %20Memos /Groundwater/ Groundwater.pdf) .
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4_3_Groundwater.pdo.
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Memphis Regional Intermodal Facility.
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5150 /pdf /SIR2004_5150.pdo.
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Resources/ 336291- 1107880869673 /covertoc.pdf).
12

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