20070810 Ver 1_Year 0 Monitoring Report_20080404

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Duke Swamp Wetland and Stream Restoration
Mitigation Report — Monitoring Year 0 of 5
Gates County, North Carolina
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Monitoring Firm: Baker Engineering NY, Inc.
8000 Regency Parkway, Suite 200
Cary, NC 27518
Monitoring Firm POC: Kevin Tweedy
EEP Proiect Manager: Guy Pearce
Prepared for: NCDENR — NC Ecosystem Enhancement Program
2728 Capital Blvd, Suite 1 H 103
Raleigh, NC 27604
Date Submitted: March 2008
Proiect Number: D06065 -A
USGS Cataloging Unit: 03010203
NCDWQ Sub - basin: 03 -01 -01
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO _ 109351
MARCH 2008 — MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Duke Swamp site was restored through a full delivery contract with the North Carolina Ecosystem
Enhancement Program (NCEEP). This report documents the completion of the restoration construction
and presents as -built monitoring data for the five -year monitoring period. Table I summarizes site
conditions before and after restoration as well as the conditions predicted in the previously approved site
restoration plan. The monitoring plan and as -built data (Year 0 — Baseline) are discussed in detail in
Sections 2.1 through 2.5 of this mitigation report.
Table 1
Background Information
Pre-Construction Site Conditions
Site
Location
Gates County, NC (see Exhibit 1), approximately nine miles northeast of the
town of Gatesville, NC.
USGS Hydro Unit
03010203'
NCDWQ Subbasin
03 -01 -01
Contract Mitigation Units
5,000 SMU; 15.0 Riverine WMU
Stream
Reach
Length
Condition
Drainage Area
UTIa
2,860 LF
Channelized & Incised E5
2.9 miz
UTIb
880 LF
Impacted DA system
0.2 miz
UT2
880 LF
Impacted DA system
0.03 miz
Wetlands
Wetland Areas
Riverine /Non - Riverine
Acreage
Wetland #2
Riverine
2.4 AC
Wetland #3
Riverine
5.1 AC
Restoration Plan
Stream
Reach
Restoration /Enhancement Type
Length
UT 1 a
Rosgen Priority Level I and II approaches
3,983 LF
UTIb
Restoration of historic flows throughout remnant
channels, flooding functions, and hydrologic
connectivity
924 LF
UT2
Restoration of historic flows throughout remnant
channels, flooding functions, and hydrologic
connectivity
515 LF
Wetlands
Wetland Restoration /Enhancement
Riverine /Non - Riverine
Acreage
Wetland Restoration (area #1)
Riverine
13.1 AC
Wetland Enhancement (areas #2 & #3)
Riverine
7.5 AC
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO. 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

C
Riparian Buffer Acreage
Planted Riparian Buffer Acreage
17.2 AC
Post-Construction
Stream
Reach
Restoration /Enhancement Type
Length
SMU
UTIa
Rosgen Priority Level I and II approaches
4,026 LF
4,026
Restoration of historic flows throughout remnant
UTIb
channels, flooding functions, and hydrologic
900 LF
900
connectivity
Restoration of historic flows throughout remnant
UT2
channels, flooding functions, and hydrologic
515 LF
515
connectivity
Wetland
Wetland Restoration /Enhancement
Riverine /Non - Riverine, Acreage
WMU
Wetland Restoration (area # 1)
Riverine 12.0 AC
12.0
Wetland Enhancement (areas 92 & 43)
Riverine 7.6 AC
3.8
Ecological
Nutrient, sediment, and erosion reduction; increased dissolved oxygen
Water Quality
concentrations and pollutant retention; and improved stream bank
stability.
Increased water storage /flood control; reduced downstream flooding by
Water Quantity/Flood Attenuation
reconnecting stream with its floodplain; improved groundwater recharge;
improved/restored hydrologic connections.
Improved substrate and in- stream cover; addition of large woody debris;
Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitat
reduced water temperature by increasing shading; restoration of
terrestrial habitat; improved aesthetics.
Monitoring
Success is measured with permanent cross - sections, vegetation plots,
automated groundwater monitoring wells, water level gages, and a
longitudinal profile conducted annually for a period of five years.
Success Criteria
Additionally, photographs and video footage will be used to evaluate
channel aggradation or degradation, bank erosion, riparian vegetation,
and effectiveness of erosion control measures.
Cross - sections and longitudinal profile will be surveyed annually and tied
to a common benchmark along the restored channel (UTIa). Automated
groundwater wells (UTla) and water level gauges (UTIb & UT2) will
Methodology
monitor flooding frequency and groundwater saturation as compared to
pre- restoration conditions. Each tree planted within the 100- square-
meter vegetation plots are flagged and identified. Measurements of
height and diameter are also taken and annual survival rates are recorded.
Remedial Action
N/A
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

Table of Contents
1.0 Background Information ............................................................................. ...............................
1
1.1 Restoration Summary ................................................................................................ ..............................1
1.2 Project Maps ............................................................................................................. ..............................4
1.3 Construction Summary and Table ............................................................................ ..............................6
2.0 Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................... ...............................
7
2.1 Stream Monitoring — Reach UT1a ............................................................................ ..............................7
2.2 Stream Monitoring — Reaches UT b and UT2 ......................................................... ..............................9
2.3 Wetland Monitoring ................................................................................................. .............................10
2.4 Vegetation Monitoring ............................................................................................. .............................10
2.5 Maintenance and Contingency Plan ........................................................................ ..............................1
l
- 2.6 Monitoring Results — 2007 As -Built Data ............................................................... .............................11
2.7 Areas of Concern ..................................................................................................... .............................14
3.0 References ..................................................................................................... .............................15
Tables
Table 1 Background Information ..................................................................... ............................... II
Table 2 Summary of As -built Lengths, Acreages, Mitigation Units,
and Restoration Approaches ................................................................ ..............................7
Table 3 Vegetation Species Planted Across the Restoration Site ..................... .............................12
Table 4 Initial Planted Density of Trees for the Twelve Vegetation Sampling Plots ....................14
Exhibits
Exhibit 1 Project Vicinity Map ............................................................................. ..............................4
Exhibit 2 Restoration Summary Map ................................................................... ..............................5
Appendices
Appendix 1 Selected Project Photographs
Appendix 2 As -Built Cross - sections and Longitudinal Profiles
Appendix 3 As -Built Plan Sheets
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL IV
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The Duke Swamp Site is located in Gates County, NC, approximately nine miles northeast of the town limits
of Gatesville, NC, within cataloging unit 03010203, and NC Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) sub -basin
03 -01 -01 of the Chowan River Basin (Exhibit 1). To visit the site, take I -95 North to Exit 173, US -158 east
towards Gatesville, NC. Follow US -158 through Gatesville and turn left onto NC -32 north, travel
approximately 1 mile and turn left onto Kellogg Fork Road (SR 1320). Finally, go approximately 3 miles and
turn left at the construction entrance to access the site via a farm access road.
The project involved the proposed restoration and enhancement of riverine wetlands, and restoration of single
thread and multi- thread streams. A total of 12.0 acres of riverine wetlands and 5,441 feet of stream were
restored, and 7.6 acres of riverine wetlands were enhanced based on the construction as-built survey. Exhibit
2 summarizes the restoration and enhancement areas and quantities on the project site. Selected site
photographs are shown in Appendix 1. A conservation easement totaling 25.4 acres has been recorded that
protects the streams, wetlands, and riparian buffers in perpetuity.
1.1 Restoration Summary
1.1.1 Mitigation Goals and Objectives
The specific goals for the Duke Swamp Site Restoration Project were as follows:
• Restore functional stream channels
• Restore riparian wetlands
• Enhance existing riparian wetlands
• Improve water quality within the Duke Swamp watershed by reducing sediment and nutrient
inputs
• Improve aquatic and riparian habitat functions by creating deeper pools with in- stream
structures
• Establish native stream bank and floodplain vegetation within the agricultural field areas.
1.1.2 Project Description and Restoration Approach
After examining the assessment data collected at the site and exploring the site's potential for
restoration, an approach to the site was developed that addressed restoration of both stream and wetland
functions within the agricultural field areas. The approach also needed to take into account the existing
swamp system at the downstream end of the site, which had been impacted in the past by
channelization. Topography and soils on the site indicated that the project area most likely functioned
in the past as a tributary stream system with associated wetlands, feeding into the larger Duke Swamp
system.
Therefore, a design approach was formulated to restore this type of system. First, appropriate stream
types for the valley types, slopes, and desired wetland functions were selected and designed to tie in at
the upstream road culvert. Then a grading plan was developed to restore the adjacent wetland areas to a
"Coastal Plain small stream swamp" as identified by Schafale and Weakley (1990) which had been
previously converted to farmland. Finally, a design approach was developed for the downstream
swamp area, to remove the past effects of channelization and restore historic flow patterns within the
swamp. Special consideration was given to minimizing disturbance to existing wetland and wooded
areas.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
I

For analysis and design purposes, Baker Engineering divided the Duke Swamp tributaries into three
reaches labeled UTIa, UT1b, and UT2 to Duke Swamp. The reach locations were numbered
sequentially from east to west as shown on Exhibit 2. UTI a begins on the upstream side of the project
at a culvert under SR 1320, flows west, and ends inside the forested wetland boundary. UTIb continues
through the forested area and eventually connects to the Duke Swamp system. UT2 begins at the outlet
of a small cypress pond on the northwestern corner of the project site, flows south, and connects with
UTIb within the forested wetland area.
UT1a Channel Restoration
A stable cross - section was achieved by restoring a single thread, meandering channel across the
abandoned floodplain, increasing the width/depth ratio, and raising the streambed to restore a channel
that was appropriately sized for its drainage area. Due to the upstream road culvert and the need to not
increase flooding conditions of the road, floodplain grading was performed to allow for increased
capacity during large storm events. Grading activities were aimed at restoring historic flow patterns
and adjacent wetland hydrology by removing past channel spoil and other agricultural land
manipulations. The channel was restored to a C -type stream (Rosgen 1994, 1996), and the sinuosity
was increased by adding meanders to lengthen the channel and restore bed -form diversity. Minimal
grade control was required for the project, due to the low channel slope and low potential for channel
incision. In- stream wooden structures, such as log vanes, rootwads, and cover logs were included in
the channel design to provide improved aquatic habitat.
UT1b Channel Restoration
As discussed in the approved restoration plan, UTI b was channelized through an existing wetland
swamp system. The channelization and piling of spoil along the right bank had disrupted the historic
flow and flooding patterns of the site, and disconnected the natural confluence of UTI and UT2.
However, historic channel remnants existed within the area adjacent to the existing canal. Restoration
of this reach sought to restore historic flow and flooding processes, while avoiding and minimizing
disturbance to the existing wetland vegetation. The restoration of UTI a through the farm fields ended
at the edge of the jurisdictional wetland system. At this location, the constructed UTI a channel
connects with a historic channel remnant which forms the beginning to UTIb. Construction equipment
entered the existing wetland area along UTIb by traversing the existing spoil pile, thereby avoiding
disturbance to wetland vegetation. The excavator placed the spoil material back into the channel and
restored the natural topography in the area of the spoil pile. In this fashion, flows through UTI b are
now allowed to follow historic flow patterns and functions as a DA -type stream system as it spreads out
through numerous channel remnants, in the same way the system once functioned. The historic
connection between UTI and UT2 was restored.
UT2 Channel Restoration
As discussed in the preceding section, restoration in the area of UTI b and UT2 involved removing the
existing spoil pile which was affecting the flow of UT2. The UT2 channel was experiencing backwater
ponding and damming effects as a result of the spoil pile. By removing the spoil pile and restoring the
surrounding topography, the historic flow pattern and flooding regime of UT2 was restored as a
transition from a single to multi - thread channel. Rather than ponding and flowing along the spoil pile,
the restored UT2 is now able to spread across its floodplain and flows mix with flood flows from UTI.
Wetland Restoration Area #1
Wetland functions on the site had been severely impaired as a result of agricultural conversion. The
main stream (UTI) flowing through the site was channelized many years ago to reduce flooding and
provide drainage for adjacent farm fields. As a result, most of the wetland functions were destroyed
within these agricultural field areas.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO. 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
2

Wetland restoration of the prior- converted farm fields on the site involved grading areas of the farm
fields to resemble natural floodplain topography and raising the local water table to restore a natural
flooding regime. Reach UTla was restored to a stable dimension, pattern, and profile, such that
riparian wetland functions were restored to the adjacent hydric soil areas. Drainage ditches and Pond 3
were filled to decrease surface and subsurface drainage and raise the local water table. Native wetland
vegetation was planted throughout the riparian buffer areas as shown on the vegetation as -built plan
sheets and detailed within Section 2.6.3.
Wetland Enhancement Area #2
As mentioned above, wetland functions on the site had been severely impaired as a result of agricultural
conversion. Wetland enhancement of the existing jurisdictional wetland pockets involved grading areas
of the farm fields to resemble natural floodplain topography and raising the local water table to enhance
natural flooding regime and hydrology. Drainage ditches and Pond 3 were filled to decrease surface
and subsurface drainage and raise the local water table. Additionally, the Pond 1 water level was
lowered to function as a wetland. Native wetland vegetation was planted throughout the riparian buffer
areas as shown on the vegetation as -built plan sheets and detailed within Section 2.6.3.
Wetland Enhancement Area #3
Wetland enhancement of the existing jurisdictional wetlands within the downstream wooded area
involved the removal of an existing spoil pile by placing the spoil material back into the channel
thereby reestablishing the natural topography in the area. The historic hydrologic connection between
UT1 and UT2 was restored. Native vegetation was planted along the spoil pole that was removed as
shown on the vegetation as -built plan sheets and detailed within Section 2.6.3.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
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1.2 Project Maps
Project Location
N) 997902.96
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aker
Exhibft 1 Project Vicinity Map
Duke Swamp Site
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DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO _ 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
4

Legend
As -Built Stream Alignment
Stream Crossing
OProject Boundary / Conservation Easement (25.4 acres)
Wetland #1 - As -Buis Rivenne Wetland Restoration 112.0 acres)
+, Wetland #2 - As -Built Riverine Wetland Enhancement 12 1 acres)
r� Wetland 93 - As -Built Riverne Wetland Enhancement (5 5 acres)
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UT1b
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7
UT1a
UT2 � -
" -- Exhibit 2
0 300 600 Restoration Summary Map
arm Repray va�way sak:cn mFeet Duke Swamp Site
rxy NrVfils # D06065 -A
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO 109351
MARCH 2008 — MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
5

1.3 Construction Summary and Table
Construction activities, in accordance with the approved restoration plan and permits for the site, began in
July 2007 near the middle of the project (Reach UTIa, Station 44 +00) with site preparation, establishment of
the staging areas, haul roads, and stockpile areas. Materials were stockpiled as needed for the initial stages of
construction and silt fence was installed per the Sediment and Erosion control plan. Construction stakeout
began in July 2007.
Stream and wetland construction began with the installation of a coffer dam and the de- watering of Pond 3
along reach UTla. A temporary sediment trap was installed near sta. 48 +00. Once Pond 3 was drained,
benching excavation began both upstream and downstream of Pond 3 (station 39 +00) until enough suitable
material was available to fill Pond 3. After Pond 3 was filled, excavation of the new design channel and
remaining bench began from station 41 +00 to 17 +00. Log vanes and rootwads were installed per the plans as
the channel was constructed. Additional log vanes and rootwads were added and are shown on the as -built
plans. Temporary seed and matting were applied as channel excavation was completed. Suitable fill material
from bench/channel excavation was then filled into the old ditch. A drainage swale was constructed per the
design elevation at Pond 2 to allow for proper drainage and maintaining the existing water level.
The de- watering of Pond 1 was not necessary due to extreme drought conditions. The dam was breached to
lower the design water elevation and tied into the new design channel per the drainage berm detail and
specifications. The channel was constructed from station 17 +00 moving upstream, eventually tying into the
culvert at Kellogg Fork Road. Once the upper section of UTl a was complete, construction resumed at station
41 +00 tying into the existing ditch as the new channel was formed downstream of the farm crossing and
ultimately connecting with reach UTIb immediately within the existing woodline. A constructed riffle was
installed near station 49 +00 towards the downstream section of UT1 a. UTl b was then routed into the
remnant channel and the old ditch canal was plugged and filled to the end of the project.
After reach UT1 a was connected with the beginning section of UTl b, construction began along UTlb by
removing the existing spoil pile and filling the canal until the natural topography was restored. A
depressional area was constructed along the filled canal section from station 13 +00 to 16+00 for the tie to the
remnant channel and UT2. After the spoil pile was removed and the ditch was filled along UTl b, UT2 was
tied into UTIb by the floodplain to establish connectivity between the two reaches.
The existing pipe culvert crossing was stabilized by removing the failed head walls, fill cover material was
added to the road crossing, and rip rap was added to the side slopes. The excess stockpile material was spread
evenly throughout upland areas within the limits of disturbance boundaries. Lastly, all disturbed areas were
covered with temporary and permanent seed and straw before demobilizing from the site. Planting of bare
roots and live stakes was completed in December 2007 and detailed in sections 2.4 and 2.6.3 of this report.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO. 109351
MARCH 2008 -MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
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Table 2
Summary of As -built Lengths, Acreages, Mitigation Units, and Restoration Approaches
'
Name/Wetland
Area
Weiland
Acreage
Weiland
Acreage
Length
A
Length
(ft)
WN1 U
Proposed
Credit Ratio
Restoration
Reach UT I a
(acres)
-----
(acre
-----
4,026
2,860
4,026
1:1
Restoration — Priority I & II
- - - --
- - - --
Restoration of historic flows
throughout remnant channels,
Reach UTIb
900
880
900
I:1
flooding functions, and
hydrologic connectivity
- - - --
- - - --
Restoration of historic flows
throughout remnant channels,
Reach UT2
515
880
515
I : l
flooding functions, and
hydrologic connectivity
Wetland Area #1
12.0
0
- - - --
- - --
12.0
1:1
Riverine Wetland Restoration
Wetland Areas
7.6
7.5
- - - --
- - --
3.8
2:1
Riverine Wetland Enhancement
#2 and #3
Total Length /
5,441/
Acreage
19.6
7.5
5,441
4,620
15.8
2.0 MONITORING PLAN
Channel stability, vegetation survival, and viability of wetland function will all be monitored on the project
site. Post - restoration monitoring will be conducted for five years following the completion of construction to
document project success. Different monitoring approaches are proposed for the restored stream reaches,
based on the restoration approaches that were used. For reach UTIa, which involved a more traditional
restoration of a single thread channel, monitoring approaches follow those recommended by the Stream
Mitigation Guidelines (USACE and NCDWQ 2006). For reaches UT1 b and UT2 which involved the
restoration of historic flow patterns through an existing mature wetland system, monitoring will focus
primarily on visual assessments and documentation. These approaches are described below.
2.1 Stream Monitoring — Reach UTIa
Geomorphic monitoring of UTla will be conducted for five years to evaluate the effectiveness of the
restoration practices. Monitored stream parameters include stream dimension (cross- sections), bankfull
events, pattern, profile (profile survey), and photographic documentation. The methods used and any related
success criteria are described below for each parameter.
2.1.1 Bankfull Events
The occurrence of bankfull events within the monitoring period will be documented by the use of a
crest gage and photographs. The crest gage was installed on the floodplain within 10 feet of the
restored channel as shown on as -built plan sheets. The crest gage will record the highest watermark
between site visits, and the gage will be checked during each site visit to determine if a bankfull event
has occurred. Photographs will be used to document the occurrence of debris lines and sediment
deposition on the floodplain during monitoring site visits.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 7
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO _ 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

Two bankfull flow events must be documented within the 5 -year monitoring period. The two bankfull
events must occur in separate years; otherwise, the stream monitoring will continue until two bankfull
events have been documented in separate years.
2.1.2 Cross - sections
Seven permanent cross - sections were installed with four located at a riffle cross - section and three
located at a pool cross - section. Each cross - section was marked on both banks with permanent pins to
establish the exact transect used. A common benchmark will be used for cross - sections and
consistently referenced to facilitate comparison of year -to -year data. The annual cross - sectional survey
will include points measured at breaks in slope, including top of bank, bankfull, inner berm, edge of
water, and thalweg, if the features are present. Riffle cross - sections will be classified using the Rosgen
Stream Classification System.
There should be little change in the as -built cross - sections. If changes do take place they should be
evaluated to determine if they represent a movement toward a more unstable condition (e.g., down -
cutting or erosion) or a movement toward increased stability (e.g., settling, vegetative changes,
deposition along the banks, or decrease in width /depth ratio).
2.1.3 Pattern
Annual measurements taken for the plan view of the restoration site will include sinuosity, meander
width ratio, and radius of curvature. The radius of curvature measurements will be taken on newly
constructed meanders for the first year of monitoring only.
2.1.4 Longitudinal Profile
A longitudinal profile will be completed each year of the monitoring period. The profile will be
conducted for at least 3,000 feet of the restored channel lengths. Measurements will include thalweg,
water surface, inner berm, bankfull, and top of low bank. Each of these measurements will be taken at
the head of each feature (e.g., riffle, run, pool, glide) and the maximum pool depth. The survey will be
tied to a permanent benchmark.
The longitudinal profile should show that the bedform features are remaining stable (i.e., they are not
aggrading or degrading). The pools should remain deep with flat water surface slopes, and the riffles
should remain steeper and shallower than the pools. Bedforms observed should be consistent with
those observed for channels of the design stream type.
2.1.5 Bed Material Analyses
Since the streams through the project site are dominated by sand -size particles, pebble count procedures
would not show a significant change in bed material size or distribution over the monitoring period;
therefore, bed material analyses will not be conducted for this project.
2.1.6 Photo Reference Sites
Photographs will be used to document restoration success visually. Reference stations were
photographed before construction and will be continued for at least five years following construction.
Reference photos will be taken once per year. Permanent markers were established to ensure that the
same locations (and view directions) on the site are monitored during each monitoring period. Selected
site photographs are shown in Appendix 1.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 8
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO _ 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

2.1.6.1 Lateral Reference Photos
Reference photo transects will be taken at each permanent cross - section. Photographs will be
taken of both banks at each cross - section. The survey tape will be centered in the photographs of
the bank. The water line will be located in the lower edge of the frame, and as much of the bank
as possible will be included in each photo. Photographers should make an effort to consistently
maintain the same area in each photo over time.
2.1.6.2 Structure Photos
Photographs will be taken at each grade control structure along the restored stream.
Photographers should make every effort to consistently maintain the same area in, each photo over
time. Photographs will be used to evaluate channel aggradation or degradation, bank erosion,
success of riparian vegetation, and effectiveness of erosion control measures subjectively. Lateral
photos should not indicate excessive erosion or continuing degradation of the banks. A series of
photos over time should indicate successive maturation of riparian vegetation.
2.2 Stream Monitoring — Reaches UT1b and UT2
Geomorphic monitoring of reaches UT b and UT2 will be conducted for five years to evaluate the
effectiveness of the restoration practices. Since restoration of these reaches involved the restoration of
historic flow patterns and flooding functions to remnant channel segments in a multi- threaded swamp system,
monitoring efforts will focus on visual documentation of stability and the use of water level monitoring gages
to document saturation and flooding functions. The methods used and any related success criteria are
described below for each parameter.
2.2.1 Bankfull Events and Flooding Functions
The occurrence of bankfull events and flooding functions within the monitoring period will be
documented by the use of water level monitoring gages and photographs. At least five monitoring
gages will be installed within the restored system to document groundwater and flooding levels.
Loggers will be programmed to collect data at a minimum of every 12 hours. Installation of monitoring
stations will follow the standard methods found in Stream Mitigation Guidelines (USACE and
NCDWQ 2006).
Two bankfull flow events must be documented within the 5 -year monitoring period. The two bankfull
events must occur in separate years; otherwise, the stream monitoring will continue until two bankfull
events have been documented in separate years. Gages should document the occurrence of periodic
inundation and varying groundwater levels across the restored site. Gages should also document the
connectivity of flooding between the restored UT b and UT2 reaches.
2.2.2 Photo and Video Reference Sites
Photographs and video footage will be used to document restoration success visually. Reference
stations were photographed before construction and will be continued for at least five years following
construction. Reference photos and videos will be taken at least twice per year, and will be taken in
enough locations to document the condition of the restored system. Permanent markers will be
established to ensure that the same locations (and view directions) on the site are documented in each
monitoring period.
The stream systems will be photographed longitudinally beginning at the upstream portion of the
restoration reach and moving downstream to the end of the reach. Photographs will be taken looking
upstream at delineated locations. Reference photo locations will be marked and described for future
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO. 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
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reference. Points will be close enough together to provide an overall view of the reach. The angle of
the shot will depend on what angle provides the best view and will be noted and continued in future
shots. When modifications to photo position must be made due to obstructions or other reasons, the
position will be noted along with any landmarks and the same position will used in the future.
Additional photographs and video footage will be taken to document any observed evidence of flooding
patterns such as debris, wrack lines, water marks, channel features, etc.
2.3 Wetland Monitoring
2.3.1 Wetland Hydrologic Monitoring
Groundwater- monitoring stations were installed across the project area to document hydrologic
conditions of the restored site. Five groundwater monitoring stations were installed, with all five
stations being automated groundwater gauges. Ground water monitoring stations follow the USACE
standard methods found in Stream Mitigation Guidelines (USACE and NCDWQ 2006).
In order to determine if the rainfall is normal for the given year, rainfall amounts will be tallied using
data obtained from the Gates County WETS Station and an onsite rain gage.
The objective is for the monitoring data to show the site is saturated within 12 inches of the soil surface
for at least 8 percent of the growing season as indicated by the DRAINMOD model and that the site
exhibits an increased frequency of flooding. The restored site's hydrology will be compared to pre -
restoration conditions both in terms of groundwater and frequency of overbank events.
2.4 Vegetation Monitoring
Successful restoration of the vegetation on a wetland mitigation site is dependent upon hydrologic restoration,
active planting of preferred canopy species, and volunteer regeneration of the native plant community. In
order to determine if the criteria have been met, vegetation monitoring quadrants were installed across the
restoration site, as directed by Stream Mitigation Guidelines (USACE and NCDWQ 2006) and the North
Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program ( NCEEP guidelines). The number of quadrants required was
based on the species /area curve method, as described in NCEEP monitoring guidance documents. A total of
twelve plots were installed, which constitutes approximately l .5 percent of the total planted area. The size of
individual quadrants is 100 square meters for woody tree species, and 1 square meter for herbaceous
vegetation.
Vegetation monitoring will occur in the fall, prior to leaf fall. Individual quadrant data will be provided and
will include diameter, height, density, and coverage quantities. Relative values will be calculated, and
importance values will be determined. Individual seedlings will be marked such that they can be found in
succeeding monitoring years. Mortality will be determined from the difference between the previous year's
living, planted seedlings and the current year's living, planted seedlings.
_ . The interim measure of vegetative success for the site will be the survival of at least 320, 3 -year old, planted
trees per acre at the end of year three of the monitoring period, and 10% mortality in year 4 (288 trees per
acre). The final vegetative success criteria will be the survival of 260, 5 -year old, planted trees per acre at the
end of year five of the monitoring period. While measuring species density is the current accepted
methodology for evaluating vegetation success on restoration projects, species density alone may be
inadequate for assessing plant community health. For this reason, the vegetation monitoring plan will
incorporate the evaluation of additional plant community indices to assess overall vegetative success.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 10
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO. 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

Herbaceous vegetation, primarily native grasses, planted at the site shall have at least 80 percent coverage of
the seeded /planted area. Any herbaceous vegetation not meeting these criteria shall be replanted. At a
minimum, at all times ground cover at the project site shall be in compliance with the North Carolina Erosion
and Sedimentation Control Ordinance.
2.5 Maintenance and Contingency Plan
Maintenance requirements vary from site to site and are generally driven by the following conditions:
• Projects without established, woody floodplain vegetation are more susceptible to erosion from floods
than those with a mature, hardwood forest
• Projects with sandy, non - cohesive soils are more prone to short-term bank erosion than cohesive soils
or soils with high gravel and cobble content
• Alluvial valley channels with wide floodplains are less vulnerable than confined channels
• Wet weather during construction can make accurate channel and floodplain excavations'difficult
• Extreme and/or frequent flooding can cause floodplain and channel erosion
• Extreme hot, cold, wet, or dry weather during and after construction can limit vegetation growth,
particularly temporary and permanent seed
• The presence and aggressiveness of invasive species can affect the extent to which a native buffer can
be established.
Maintenance issues and recommended remediation measures will be detailed and documented in the
monitoring reports. Factors that may have caused any maintenance needs, including any of the conditions
listed above, shall be discussed. NCEEP approval will be obtained prior to any remedial action.
2.6 Monitoring Results — 2007 As -Built Data
The five -year monitoring plan for the Duke Swamp Site includes criteria to evaluate the success of the
vegetation, wetland, and stream components of the project. The specific locations of vegetation plots, wells,
permanent cross - sections, crest gauges, and a rainfall gauge are shown on the as -built plan sheets. Photo
points, located at each of the grade control structures along the restored stream channel, are also located on
the as -built plan sheets in Appendix 3.
2.6.1 Morphology
For monitoring wetland and stream success criteria, seven permanent cross - sections, one rain gauge, and one
crest gauge were installed. The permanent cross - sections will be used to monitor channel dimension and bank
erosion over time. The rain gauge and crest gauge will be used to document the occurrence of bankfull
events. In addition, a complete longitudinal survey was completed for the constructed stream channel (reach
UTIa) to provide a base -line for evaluating changes in bed conditions over time. The longitudinal profile
included the elevations of the grade control structure near sta. 49 +00. The permanent cross - section and
longitudinal data are provided in Appendix 2. The location of the permanent cross - sections, rain gauge, and
the stream gauges are shown on the as -built plan sheets in Appendix 3.
2.6.1.1 Results and Discussion
No monitoring results are available at the submittal of this report. As -built data (Year 0 — Baseline)
will be compared with first year monitoring data in the Year 1 Monitoring Report, scheduled for
submittal to NCEEP during December 2008.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 11
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO_. 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

2.6.2 Hydrology
The approved restoration plan for the Duke Swamp Site specified that up to five automated monitoring wells
would be established across the restored site. A total of five automated wells were installed in November
2007 to document water table hydrology in all required monitoring locations. The locations of monitoring
wells are shown on the as -built plan sheets.
2.6.2.1 Results and Discussion
No monitoring results are available at the submittal of this report. Site hydrology from the first
growing season will be discussed in the Year 1 Monitoring Report, scheduled for submittal to
NCEEP during December 2008.
2.6.3 Vegetation
Bare -root trees were planted within the areas of the conservation easement as shown on the as -built vegetation
plan. Riparian buffers at least 50 feet wide were established along the stream reaches, with the exception of
three meander bends totaling approximately 437 LF along Reach UTIa, Station 13 +50 thru 20 +00. These
meander bend areas have an average of a 25 -foot buffer along the right bank due to landowner agricultural
requirements and was confirmed in the approved restoration plan. All buffer areas are protected by a
perpetual conservation easement. In general, bare -root vegetation was planted at a target density of 680 stems
per acre, in an 8 -foot by 8 -foot grid pattern including the spoil pile that was removed and re- graded in the
wooded area along UTI b and UT2. Planting of bare -root trees was completed in December 2007. Species
planted are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3
Vegetation Species Planted Across the Restoration Site
Scientific Name Common Name Pere nt Planted by Total Number of Stems
Species
Bare Root Trees Species
Betula nigra
River Birch
—15%
1,800
Celtis laevigata
Sugarberry
—5%
600
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Green Ash
—7%
900
Nyssa sylvatica
Swamp Tupelo
—14%
1,600
Platanus occidentalis
Sycamore
—19%
2,300
Quercus iyrata
Overcup Oak
—10%
1,200
Quercus michauxii
Swamp chestnut oak
—10%
1,200
Quercus phellos
Willow oak
—8%
900
Taxodium distichum
Bald Cypress
—12%
1,400
Total 11,900
Native Herbaceous Species
Elymus virginicus
Virginia wild rye
15%
n/a
Panicum virgatum
Switchgrass
15%
n/a
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT-FINAL 12
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

Native Herbaceous Species
Carex vulpinoidea
Fox Sedge
15%
n/a
Polygonum pennsylvanicum
Smartweed
15%
n/a
Juncus effusus
Soft rush
25%
n/a
Carex lupulina
Hop Sedge
15%
n/a
Woody Vegetation for Live Stakes
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Button bush
10%
n/a
Salix nigra
Black Willow
10%
n/a
Salix sericea
Silky willow
40%
n/a
Sambucus canadensis
Elderberry
40%
n/a
The restoration plan for the Duke Swamp site specifies that the number of quadrants required will be based on
the species /area curve method, as described in NCEEP monitoring guidance documents, with a minimum of
three quadrants. The sizes of individual quadrants are 100 square meters for woody tree species, and 1 square
meter for herbaceous vegetation. A total of 12 vegetation plots, each 10 by 10 meters in size, were
established across the restored site. The initial planted density within each of the vegetation monitoring plots
is given in Table 4. The average density of planted bare root stems, based on the data from the 12 monitoring
plots, is 722 stems per acre. The locations of the vegetation plots are shown on the as-built plan sheets.
Table 4 Initial Stem Counts for Each Species Arranged by Plot
Initial
Totals
Duke Swamq Restoration Site: EEP Contract No. D06065 -A
Plots
Tree Species
Betula nigra
4
3
3
4
2
4
3
2
4
0
0
29
Celtis laevigata
1
1
I
1
I
I
I
0
1
0
0
jo
8
Fraxinus
enn Ivanica
1
1
0
1
2
1
l
0
3
0
0
10
N ussa sylvatica
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
5
5
9
26
Platanus
occidentalis
4
3
4
4
6
4
4
5
8
5
3
0
50
Quercus iyrata
2
3
4
2
2
1
3
4
3
2
0
0
26
Quercus
michauxii
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
5
3
0
3
0
26
Quercus
hellos
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
0
3
0
0
0
16
Taxodium
distichum
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
7
4
6
23
Stems/ lot
17
15
16
17
19
18
17
21
25
19
15
15
214
Stems /acre
688.3
607.4
647.8
688.3
769.3
728.8
688.3
850.3
1012.3
769.3
607.4
607.4
722.1
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 13
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO. 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
i

2.6.3.1 Results and Discussion
No monitoring results are available at the submittal of this report. As -built data (Year 0 —
Baseline) will be compared with first year monitoring data in the Year 1 Monitoring Report,
scheduled for submittal to NCEEP during December 2008.
2.7 Areas of Concern
No areas of concern have been identified during the first month following completion of the project.
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 14
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO _ 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

3.0 REFERENCES
Rosgen, D. L. 1994. A Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena 22:169 -199.
Rosgen, D.L., 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology Books, Pagosa Springs, Colo.
Schafale, Michael P. and Alan S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of North
Carolina. North Carolina Heritage Program, Raleigh, NC.
US Army Corps of Engineers, Wetland Research Program (WRP), 1997. Technical Note VN- RS -4.1.
US Army Corps of Engineers, WRP, July 2000. Technical Notes ERDC TN- WRAP- 00 -02.
US Army Corps of Engineers, 2003. Stream Mitigation Guidelines. Prepared with cooperation from US
Environmental Protection Agency, NC Wildlife Resources Commission, and the NC Division of Water
Quality. www.saw.usace.army.miI/ wetlands /Mitigation /Documents /Stream
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 15
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO _ 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

APPENDIX 1
SELECTED PROJECT PHOTOGRAPHS
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 18
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO _ 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

Duke Swamp As -built Selected Project Photographs
Flood Gauge 1.JPG
•J _
S
Flood Gauge 3JPG
Flood Gauge 2_PP12_view northJPG
AW
Flood Gauge 4.JPG
Page 1
low_ r
S
r

Duke Swamp As -built Selected Project Photographs
Flood Gauge 5.JPG
Looking at begining of UT1 BJPG
Looking into woods at end of reach UT1 A Station 50 +00.jpg
PP1 Riffle Station 11 +OOJPG
Page 2

Duke Swamp As -built Selected Project Photographs
PP2 Pond 1 tie in UT1 A.jpg
PP3 Riffle Station 16 +00.JPG
PP4 Riffle Station 20 +60JPG
PP5 Riffle Station 28 +00.JPG
Page 3

Duke Swamp As -built Selected Project Photographs
PP6 Riffle Staton 33 +60JPG
PP7 Riffle Station 39 +52.JPG
PP8 Downstream Culvert Crossing Station 44+50JPG
PP9 Riffle Station 46 +45.JPG
Page 4

Duke Swamp As -built Selected Project Photographs
PP 10 Constructed Riffle Station 49 +40JPG
PP 11 view southJPG
PP12 view southJPG
PP13 view northJPG
Page 5

Duke Swamp As -built Selected Project Photographs
PP13 wrack Iine_view northJPG
Regraded floodplain near confluence UT1 A and UT2 jpg
Upstream culvert crossing under Kellogg Fork Rd Station 10 +00.JPG
f wl V'
UT1 B looking upstream near Station 1 S +00.jpg
Page 6

Duke Swamp As -built Selected Project Photographs
UT1 B Station 13+00.jpg
Page 7

APPENDIX 2
AS -BUILT CROSS - SECTIONS AND LONGITUDINAL PROFILES
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT NO 109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)
17

Permanent Cross - section 1, Station 13 +30
(As -Built Data - collected Oct. 2007)
Looking at the Left Bank
Looking at the Right Bank
Stream
BKF
Max BKF
Feature
Type
BKF Area
BKF Width
I Depth
Depth
W/D
I BH Ratio
I ER
I BKF Elev
TOB Elev
W-
Riffle
Cc
1 25.3
16.54
1.37
1 2.17
13.56
1 1
5.3
19.92
19.92
Duke Swamp Cross - section 1
24
23
22
................. - - - -- ---------------------
0
21
c 20
�-
19
MU 18
17
16
Bankfull -0 Floodprone
15
0 20
40 60 80
100 120 140
Station (ft)

Permanent Cross - section 2, Station 17 +69
(As -Built Data - collected Oct. 2007)
Looking at the Left Bank
Looking at the Right Bank
Stream
Max'
Feature
Type
Area
BKF Width Depth
Depth
BKF Elev
TOB Elev
W-fpa
Pooi
24.3
17.69 1.37
1 2.51 12.89 1 4.8
19.73
19.73
Duke Swamp Cross - section 2
24
23
22
— 0
21
0 20
> 19
m
w 18
17
16
Bankfull -0- Floodprone
15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Station (ft)

Permanent Cross - section 3, Station 20 +27
(As -Built Data - collected Oct. 2007)
Looking at the Left Bank
Looking at the Right Bank
Stream
BKF
Max BKF
Feature
Type
BKF Area
BKF Width
Depth
Depth
W/D
BH Ratio
ER
BKF Elev
TOB Elev
W
Riffle
I Cc
25.6
17.94
1.43
2.08
1 12.55
1
5.7
19.71
19.75
Duke Swamp Cross - section 3
24
23
22
21
0 20
.2
> 19
m
w 18
17
Bankfull - - o -
Floodprone
16
15
0 10 20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
120 130 140
Station (ft)

Permanent Cross - section 4, Station 26 +81
(As -Built Data - collected Oct. 2007)
Looking at the Left Bank
Looking at the Right Bank
BKF
Max BKF
I
eature
Type
BKF Area
BKF Width
Depth
Depth
I W/D
BH Ratio
ER
BKF Elev
TOB Elev
W -f a
Pool
49.3
25.96
1.9
3.59
1 13.67
1 1
4.3
19.78
19.78
Duke Swamp Cross - section 4
24
23
-------- - - - - -- ---------------
----- -- ------ -- -- ---- -- ---- ----- ----------
- - - - -o
22
21
c 20
•r..
> 19
m
w 18
17
o Bankfull - e - - Floodprone
16
15
0 10 20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 110 120 130 140
Station (ft)

Permanent Cross - section 5, Station 31 +47
(As -Built Data - collected Oct. 2007)
Looking at the Left Bank
Looking at the Right Bank
Stream
BKF
Max BKF
Feature
Type
BKF Area
BKF Width
I Depth
Depth
W/D
I BH Ratio
ER
BKF Elev
TOB Elev
W-fPa
Riffle
I Cc
29.1
19.3
1.51
2.29
12.81
1 1
6.4
19.43
19.43
Duke Swamp Cross - section 5
24
23
22
-
21
0 20
> 19
m
W 18
17
Bankfull - o Floodprone
16
15
0 10 20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110 120 130 140
Station (ft)

Permanent Cross - section 6, Station 37 +13
(As -Built Data - collected Oct. 2007)
Looking at the Left Bank
Looking at the Right Bank
Stream
BKF
Max BKF
Feature
Type
BKF Area
BKF Width
Depth
Depth
W/D
I BH Ratio
ER
BKF Elev
TOB Elev
W -f a
Pool
36.3
29.22
1.24
2.84
1 23.49
1 1
4.5
18.74
18.74
Duke Swamp Cross - section 6
23
22
------------------------------
- - - - -- --------------------------- ---------------- --------- - - - - -o
21
20
C
19
--------------------
W 18
17
16
- - -0- Bankfull
- - o - - Floodprone
15
0 10 20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Station (ft)

Permanent Cross -section 7, Station 42 +05
(As -Built Data - collected Oct. 2007)
Looking at the Left Bank
Looking at the Right Bank
Feature
Stream
Type
BKF Area
I BKF Width
I BKF
Depth
Max BKF
Depth
W/D
BH Ratio
ER
BKF Elev
I TOB Elev
W-fpa
Riffle
Cc
1 32.7
1 23.44
1.4
1 2.34
1 16.78
1
5.3
19.13
1 19.13
24
23
22
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APPENDIX 3
AS -BUILT PLAN SHEETS
DUKE SWAMP MITIGATION REPORT FINAL 18
BAKER ENGINEERING PROJECT N67109351
MARCH 2008 - MONITORING YEAR 0 OF 5 (BASELINE DATA)

Baker Engineering NY, Inc.
_ 8000 Regency Parkway
Suite 200
Cary, North Carolina 27518
Phone: [phone]
Fax* 919.463 5490
TO: NC Ecosystem Enhancement Program
1652 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699 -1652
ATTENTION: Mr. Guy Pearce
DATE: April 4, 2008
We are sending via:
0 Fax
The following items:
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
i1
RE: Mitigation Report and As -built drawings for the
Duke Swamp Wetland & Stream
Restoration Project
Contract # D06065 -A, Task 6
JOB NO. 109351
0 Regular Mail ❑ Pick -up
OX Hand Delivered
Correspondence [ Plans Specifications 0 Other as listed below:
COPIES
DATE
NO.
I DESCRIPTION
1
Mitigation Report
1
As -Built Drawings
THESE ARE TRANSMITTED as checked below:
eFor Approval X8 As Requested BX Approved As Submitted 8 Returned For Corrections
For Your Use For Permitting Approved As Noted Forward To Subcontractor
REMARKS:
As requested, please find enclosed an additional copy of the approved Final Mitigation Report and As -built
drawings for the Duke Swamp Wetland & Stream Restoration Site in Gates County. If you have any questions,
please call me at (919) 459 -9030.
COPY TO: File
SIGNED: Kayne Van Stell
F\ 1

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