NC0000272_2012 Color Perception Study Revised Proposal_20120316

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evergreen. Canton Office COPY
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packaging 175 Main Sl,ee' • Conlon, NC 28716
NMM 26-12
16 March 2012 Certified Mail
Return Receipt Requested
7008 323.0 0002.2$911601'
Mr. Tom Belnick
NPDES Complex Permitting Unit Supervisor
Division of Water Quality
North Carolina Department of Environment LIAR 202012
and Natural Resources _,;
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1617 Wt ER CW UTY S-CTION
Subject: 2012 Color Perception Study Revised Proposal
NPDES Permit NC 0000272
Blue Ridge Paper Products Inc. dba Evergreen Packaging
Canton Mill
Dear Mr. Belnick:
Thank you for coordinating quick review of the February 2012 proposed Color Perception Study
of the Pigeon River in North Carolina. Enclosed are:
1) Response to the March 6, 2012 EPA comments on the February 2012 proposed Color
Perception Study.
2) Revised Color Perception Study Plan, March 2012.
To complete the color perception work during 2012, we request approval of the revised plan by
April 1, 2012.
The EPA comments, discussions with you and Surface Water Protection staff, and input from
Drs. Prestrude and Cherry have resulted in an improved Color Perception Study Plan. The
purpose of the study is to determine whether color levels in the river, from all sources, at
different times of year and under different flow conditions, are not objectionable to neutral
observers. It is important that the study design and field execution remain independent and not
become biased by over-specific details related to regulatory interpretation of the study results
before the study is actually completed. The experts—Drs. Prestrude and Cherry—have taken
care to minimize study plan bias and insure neutral observers. In their response to the EPA
F:\SHARE\Water Files\2010 NPDES Permit\316a and Color Study Planning\Color Perception Study\Cover letter no sign
to revised color perception study plan 16 Mar 2012.doc

Mr.Tom Belnick, NC DENR DWQ
16 Mar 2012, Page 2
comments and in the revised plan,they strike an appropriate balance between specificity on how
water quality parameters will be related to perception ratings and the need for objective,
unbiased field observations. The published color perception studies cited in the plan provide
examples of how the perception rating data may be presented for regulatory and other purposes.
Sincerely,
BLUE RIDGE PAPER PRODUCTS INC.
`DOING BUSINESS AS EVERGREEN PACKAGING1�--e S �✓ Cam"
Paul Dickens Nick McCracken
Manager—Environmental Affairs Water Compliance Coordinator
828-646-6141 828-646-2874
[e-mail] nick.mccrackenna,everpack.com
Enclosures:
1) Drs. Prestrude & Cherry's Response to EPA 3/6/12 Comments
2) Revised Color Perception Study Plan Proposal, March 2012
Copy w/enclosures:
Dr. Sergei Chemikov
NPDES Complex Permitting Unit Engineer II
Division of Water Quality
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
Mr. Chuck Cranford
DWQ Regional Supervisor, Asheville Regional Office
North Carolina Department of Environment
&Natural Resources
2090 U.S. Highway 70
Swannanoa, NC 28778
cc: C File—2012 Water

copy
Addressing the March 6, 2012 US EPA Critiques of the Pigeon River
Color Perception Study Plan
March 16, 2012
Donald S. Cherry, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus of Aquatic Ecotoxicology
Department of Biological Sciences
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Response from Drs. Prestrude and Cherry and Blue Ridge Paper Products d/b/a Evergreen Packaging to
EPA comments on February 2012 Color Perception Study Proposal submitted to North Carolina Division
of Water Quality(DWQ). Blue Ridge Paper is submitting these comments along with a revised color
study proposal. A reference copy of the March 6, 2012 EPA comments forwarded by Marshall Hyatt to
Tom Belnick of the NC DWQ follows the response to comments below.
1. Our definition of"aesthetic quality' is the observers' perception of scenic beauty, or the scenic
beauty perceived by people standing along the bank or on a bridge. All sites, including the
upstream reference sites will be evaluated for scenic beauty. Results will be numerically
compared to the reference sites using a statistical analysis format. The sites will not be ranked
for fishing or the quality of fish caught.
2. Wading will be included as a test parameter in our study/survey.
3. The swimming parameter will be retained.
4. The study should be conducted with unbiased observers.There is a psychological bias effect
that may result from seeing the reference site first. Participants will see upstream sites for
reference.
5. We cannot control the weather, but every effort will be made to conduct observation events
under sunny conditions.
6. If rainfall does occur within 2—3 days before an observation event, these conditions will be
recorded and avoided.
7. Every effort will be made to avoid observation events occurring shortly after rain events.
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Response to 6 Mar 2012 EPA Comments, Page 2
8. The observations will be done while the mill is under normal, routine-operating conditions.
The Mill has an NPDES Permit with effluent limits governing its discharge. The Mill is in
compliance with those limits and intends to remain in compliance. The Mill's discharge is not
the only source of color in the river. Even if the Mill had the ability to"target" effluent color
levels,there is no guarantee such targeting would result in color in the range of 50 to 120 pcu.
The purpose of the study is to determine whether color levels in the river,from all sources,at
different times of year and under different flow conditions, are not objectionable to neutral
observers.
9. Evergreen effluent color levels will be recorded during each observation event.
10. Trash will not be removed from any of the sites. Many of the sites are difficult to access and
are on private property not owned by the Mill.The purpose of the study is to measure the
perceptions of actual conditions by independent observers.
11. We intend to use a group of evaluators with diversity in age,gender,educational level and
income status.
12. The participant selection screen will ask potential observers whether or not they have visual
acuity or color perception problems. Screening of observers for visual acuity, color vision and
contrast sensitivity will also be done on the observation dates.
13. The cut-off age of participants will be reduced to 21 years of age.
14. We will not exclude non-registered voters from becoming participants. We believe there is
some utility in drawing observers from residents of the geographic area. We will ask for
addresses.
15. Assuming they report them, potential observers with certain types of pre-existing eye
conditions will be excluded from the survey.
16. We will add cancers/rafters into our list of potential participants. As there is no rafting on the
Pigeon River in North Carolina, and there is a thriving rafting industry on the Pigeon in
Tennessee,the thought was to avoid rafters whose primary exposure to the river is in
Tennessee,from evaluating the North Carolina portion of the river.
17. The purpose of the study is to record'the perceptions of unbiased observers as to the aesthetic
component of the North Carolina Water Quality standard for color.The American Canoe
Association,the Dead Pigeon River Council,The Tennessee Environmental Council and the
Tennessee Chapter of the Sierra Club are, or have been parties to litigation against the Canton
Mill. There is pending litigation against the Canton Mill by a group of citizens from Cocke

Response to 6 Mar 2012 EPA Comments, Page 3
a
County,Tennessee and administrative litigation challenging the permit by Cocke County, Clean
Water Expected for East Tennessee,Tennessee Scenic Rivers Association,the Tennessee
Chapter of the Sierra Club,Clean Water for North Carolina and the Western North Carolina
Alliance. To the extent the screening process identifies potential observers as current or
former members of those groups, such individuals will not be selected as observers.
18. Observers will be provided written instructions. A copy of the written instructions is included
as an appendix to the revised Color Study Proposal. The observers will be instructed by Dr.
Prestrude and his assistants prior to beginning the study and again at each site.
19. There will be seven rating scales on each rating sheet.A copy of the rating sheet is attached to
the revised report as Appendix H.The first two scales refer to the scenic beauty/aesthetic
quality of the site upriver and down river.The third scale refers to the color of the water;the
fourth scale refers to the clarity of the water. The ratings for water clarity and watercolor will
be combined into a single score for water quality.The last three scales refer to the
acceptability of each site for recreational activities including wading, swimming and rafting,
canoeing and boating.There will be a space for comments on each rating sheet, and observers
will be encouraged to write comments.
20. The rating sheet has been revised to include three anchors: 1= Unacceptable,4=Acceptable
and 7=Very Attractive.
21. Participants in past studies have noted such limitations in the comments section of the rating
sheet. Observers will not be asked,questions about fishing, quality of fish, picnicking or
camping.
22. The Rating Scale no longer includes Fish Palatability or Fishing.

EPA Region IV comments dated 6 March 2012 forwarded from Marshall Hyatt to Tom Belnick, NC
DWQ Surface Water Protection
General Comments and Questions
1. After completing our review of the study plan, it is not clear how the NC WQS for aesthetic
quality will be assessed. We had assumed that the primary purpose of the color perception study
was to assess "aesthetic quality'. NC's standard for"colored ...wastes' limits the levels of color to
,not render the waters injurious to public health, secondary recreation or to aquatic life and wildlife
or adversely affect the palatability of fish, aesthetic quality, or impair the waters for any designated
uses."The survey includes questions relating to the designated uses of(1) secondary recreation, i.e.,
boating, canoeing,and rafting,and camping and picnicking, (2) swimming, (3)fishing, and (4) eating
fish caught at the site.We understand and agree that the survey is not designed to assess issues of
(1) public health, or(2) aquatic life and wildlife. However, based on the expression of the narrative
criteria for color, NC standards also require consideration of"aesthetic quality" of surface waters in
addition to the protection of the designated uses listed above.
a. The study plan provides no detail about how ratings of given sites for various elements
(swimming, fishing, etc.)from different observation events will be processed or analyzed or
compared with ambient sampling results to develop final conclusions regarding"aesthetic
quality".
b. Why isn't `aesthetic quality' an element that is specifically evaluated at each site?
c. How do these elements,particularly fishing or the quality of fish caught,relate to the
"color/clarity" or"aesthetic quality"of the water? Also see comment 22 below.
2. Class C uses included secondary recreation,which is defined in NC standards as: "... wading,
boating, other uses not involving human body contact with water, and activities involving human
body contact with water where such activities take place on an infrequent, unorganized, or
incidental basis." We suggest that wading be included as a use to be rated in the survey.
3. Even though swimming is not specifically listed as a designated use for the river,water quality
criteria are included in the Class C,designated use that protect for the swimming use, i.e., bacteria
density criteria at 13A NCAC 02B .0211(3)(e). Since that is the case, we recommend retaining.
questions related to"swimming" in the survey.
Study Procedures
4. The study is designed so that the participants see the downstream waters first and then see what
the un-impacted upstream waters look like at the end.
a. Would it not be beneficial for the participants to see a non-impacted or area reference stream
first so that they have a reference point before starting the perception study of the downstream
waters?
b. If there's a basis for doing upstream or un-impacted sites last, it would be good if the
rationale/studies for that basis are cited.
c. What if after seeing the upstream segments at the very end, observers realize they would have
rated the downstream waters differently?
d. How will the information gathered for the site upstream of the Evergreen discharge be used in
the decision process?
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EPA Comments dated 6 Mar 2012, Page 2
5. To the extent possible, shouldn't observation events be conducted under as similar weather
conditions as possible (e.g. all sunny days)?
6. Shouldn't antecedent conditions such as rainfall occurring with 2-3 days before each observation
event be recorded and submitted and avoided whenever possible?
7. For events occurring shortly after rain events, how will observations distinguish between
clarity/color due to sediment and that due to the mill discharge?
8. The study plan lays out a general goal that color levels of 50 pcu to 120 pcu are to be observed.
'a. How exactly will specific observation events be scheduled to ensure that goal is met?
b. Is there any consideration in the study plan of contingencies if ambient color levels in the upper
part of this range do not occur during the observation events?
c. ,Will Evergreen attempt to target effluent color levels in conjunction with the surveys?
9. Regarding the first bullet on pg.4 of the study plan,we suggest that Evergreen effluent color levels
during each observation event should also be reported;as well as instream flows, if available from
USGS monitoring stations in the vicinity of the survey sites.
r 10. Will trash, etc. be removed from the sites to try and focus the participants' assessments on aesthetic
aspects of the water at the site, as opposed to the surrounding area?
Appendix C—Participant Screen
11. Although not explicitly stated, is the intent to obtain a group of participants with diversity in age,
gender, educational level, and income? If not,what is the purpose for requesting this information
from potential observers?
12. Pg.3 of the study plan indicates that on the dates of planned observations, observers will be
screened for visual acuity, color vision, and contrast sensitivity. If that is done only on the day of a
planned observation, the number of actual observers used may be well less than 25. That screening
should be built into the participant selection process itself for each observer, rather than after that
process is completed. See Comment 15 below.
13. Re question 3, why is there a cut-off age of 25? We would think that many users of the River, like
rafters,would be in their early 20s.
14. Re question 6,why are non-registered voters apparently excluded from becoming participants? If
there's a reason for that,state it in the study design.
15. Shouldn't potential observers be specifically queried regarding certain types of pre-existing eye
condition(i.e., color blindness, nearsightedness) and thus, be excluded? Question 8 does not
address this.
16. Re question 13,why are canoes/rafters apparently excluded from becoming participants, especially
since boating/canoeing/rafting is an explicit rating element for each observation site?
17'. Re question 14, we request clarification as to why members of the American Canoeing Association,
Dead Pigeon River Society, Isaac Walton League,Sierra Club, or Tennessee Environmental Council
are automatically excluded from consideration as observers, while members of any group that did
appeal the current 2010 permit(other than Sierra Club) are not. The former groups above were

EPA Comments dated 6 Mar 2012, Page 3
parties to,or very involved with, the 1997 settlement agreement, but are not parties to the appeal
of the current 2010 permit(other than Sierra Club).
Appendix D-rating sheet
18. We assume that the study participants will be given either written or verbal instructions as to how
to rate each site for each element and those instructions could significantly influence the outcome.
Please provide those instructions for review.
a. Will they be defined in writing or just read?
b. How will color/clarity or aesthetic quality be defined?
c. Is it color vs. reference streams?
d. Is scenic beauty based on the water or the surrounding area?
19. The study plan says each site will be assessed by each observer for water clarity and water color,
which we assume relates to 'aesthetic quality'.
a. Are the first three questions, i.e., "Look left",' Look right", "Look at the water', intended to
address the aesthetic quality/ component of the narrative criteria?
b. If so, it is not clear how responses to those questions will be translated into evaluating
'aesthetic quality/ or water clarity/color. If not, how is 'aesthetic quality' evaluated?
20. The rating sheet has values from 1 to 7, but there is no indication of what adjectives or meanings are
associated with that scale for each element to be rated at each site. (i.e.,what does a value of 1
mean? a value of 5? a value of 7? The rating sheet should be revised to include something similar to
the below and submitted for review:
Based on the color/clarity of the water, please evaluate SWIMMING:
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
Would Wade but Good
best
Nevergo never swim to swim,
Swimming ever.
In. full immersion.
Or, Based on the color/clarity of the water,please evaluate BOATING/RAFTING
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
Would Would boat but hope Fine for boating Best
boating
Never boat here. to not fall out. Anytime. Ever.
21. Will there be any accommodation of participants' responses that could be linked to physical
limitations(i.e., non-water color)at the sites? For example, a site might not be rated high for

EPA Comments dated 6 Mar 2012, Page 4
swimming if water depths at the site appear too shallow, or a site might not be rated high for fishing
if its physical characteristics seem to limit the chances of catching fish at the site. Physical
appearances of a site that are not related to color could also affect participants' ratings of camping
and picnicking.
22. The Rating Scale includes participants' opinions on eating fish caught at the site. There may be
some participants that have chosen not to eat fish or certain types of fish, regardless of where they
are caught,which might influence their ratings on this topic. Also, participant's opinions on the
taste or odor of fish caught at a site might be influenced by odors at the site that are unrelated to
the river. EPA did not expect that a visual survey of the river would accurately address issues of fish
palatability,and we believe that the information received from participants on the fish consumption
question might not be as relevant as the other questions in the survey.

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Proposal for Site Specific Study of Color in the Pigeon River
Albert M. Prestrude, Ph.D. and Donald S. Cherry, Ph.D.
March 2012
Introduction and Backeround
The 2010 Color Variance issued by the NPDES Committee of the North Carolina
Environmental Management Commission ("EMC") includes the following language in
paragraph 12.1). on page 14.
Compliance with the North Carolina color standard in the Pigeon
River shall be established by results from a site-specific study of
color in the Pigeon River. The study protocol shall be approved by
DWQ and will generally be as outlined in EPA's letter of February
22, 2010 to DWQ. Results of this study shall be evaluated by the
EMC's NPDES Committee as part of any new request to remove
the variance.
The language, beginning on page 5 of the EPA letter of February 22, 2010, reads as
follows:
Recommendation For Site-Specific Study
1n order to create a better record for any future effort to
reinterpret the narrative color standard, and ensure that
authorized discharges are protective of the narrative standard,
EPA recommends the addition of a condition in the draft permit
requiring the permittee to provide fording for an independent
study of color levels in the North Carolina segment of the Pigeon
River, or a segment of a watershed that is reasonably similar to the
physical characteristics of the Pigeon River downstream of the
mill. The study should focus on the aspects of the State's narrative
color standard that are relevant to conditions and limits on the
permit, and should address assessment of color levels in ambient
waters of the Pigeon River (or other watershed(s), as specified
above) when those levels are in the range of 50 to 120 PCU. The
permit could also include a reopener clause to implement the
conclusions of the study if warranted.
EPA believes that an independent, unbiased site-specific
study would be useful to determine how the State's narrative color
standard should be interpreted or applied to the Pigeon River near
Canton. Such a study would be valuable in addressing
uncertainties relating to the narrative standard for color because
many site-specific factors influence the overall perception of an

c
individual stream setting and the level of protection needed for a
stream or watershed. Evaluation of the Pigeon River downstream
of the Blue Ridge mill is even more critical for setting regulatory
targets, given the color levels in the river, and the public interest in
the present permitting process for the Blue Ridge facility.
The study would be conducted with unbiased observers.
For example, college students were used in some of the studies
performed by Prestrude. The results of the study could be used by
the State to address other issues related to the application of the
North Carolina narrative color standard, such as whether it would
be more appropriate to establish a regulatory requirement for the
river solely based on a specific color concentration, or as an
increment over "background" color levels. We also suggest that
EPA be involved in the review and approval of the framework of
the plan for conducting the study prior to initiation.
North Carolina Water Ouality Standard for Color
The North Carolina water quality standard for color is set forth at 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211
(f) and reads as follows:
(9 Oils, deleterious substances, colored or other wastes: only such
amounts as shall not render the waters injurious to public health,
secondary recreation or to aquatic life and wildlife or adversely
affect the palatability of fish, aesthetic quality, or impair the
waters for any designated uses.
Proposed Study
Blue Ridge Paper Products d/b/a Evergreen Packaging ("BRPP") proposes to fund a
study of color levels in the Pigeon River in North Carolina focusing on the aesthetic component
of North Carolina's narrative color standard relevant to conditions and limits in the NPDES
permit issued to the Canton Mill. The study will be done, generally in accordance with the
protocol described in the EPA letter of February 22, 2010, to the North Carolina Division of
Water Quality. The study will be conducted by Albert M. Prestrude, Ph. D. of Alcyon
Consulting and Donald S. Cherry, Ph. D. Dr. Prestrude is expert in environmental psychology
and has performed similar color perception studies on rivers in the United States. Dr. Cherry, an
expert in aquatic ecotoxicology,has worked on similar color perception studies in the past, and is
the author of numerous articles in peer reviewed journals and publications. Curriculum Vitae for
Drs. Prestrude and Cherry are attached (see Appendix A). Both Dr. Prestrude and Dr. Cherry are
retired from the faculty at Virginia Tech. Graduate students at Virginia Tech assisted in past
studies.
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The study will focus on the aesthetic component of the North Carolina Water Quality
Standard for Color. The study will use the term, "scenic beauty," which, based on prior
experience, is more easily understood by observers. The study will measure independent
observers' perceptions of the aesthetic quality / scenic beauty of the Pigeon River in North
Carolina below the Canton Mill by taking the observers to a number of different locations along
the river and asking them a series of questions to assist in ranking or evaluating the sites.
Study Procedures
• Observation Sites — Eight sites on the Pigeon River, all in North Carolina, have
been selected for observation. Drs. Prestrude and Cherry have visited and
inspected,all the sites. Two of sites are located above the Canton Mill discharge.
The sites were selected to be approximately equidistant (between sites), to be
accessible, to accommodate vans and passengers and to limit traffic hazards. The
site locations are shown on the map in Appendix B. The observations will begin
at the North Carolina / Tennessee line and work upstream so as not to bias the
observers. Observations will be made at the end of the mixing zone (Fiberville
Bridge) and at two locations above the Canton Mill discharge.
• Independent Observers - Twenty-five (25) independent observers will be
recruited and selected from the western North Carolina area by an independent
consulting firm. Observers will be screened for biasing factors and ability to
carry out the requirements of the study. For example, individuals who work, have
worked, or are related to current or past employees of the Canton Mill, will be
excluded. Individuals with uncorrected vision problems, with conditions limiting
or precluding spending several hours in a van, getting into and out of a van, and
walking short distances on uneven terrain, will not be recruited. Individuals who
are or have been members of entities involved in prior or pending litigation
against the Canton Mill will not be recruited. A sample screening sheet is
attached as Appendix C. On the dates of the observations, Observers will be
screened for visual acuity, color vision and contrast sensitivity. Observers will
also be asked to complete the environmental attitudes questionnaire. The
observers will be asked to report to a central location in Haywood County, North
Carolina where they will be provided a light breakfast and receive instructions.
After the observations, the observers will be provided lunch and will complete an
environmental attitudes questionnaire consisting of 184 statements regarding the
environment and its use. The respondents indicate their degree of agreement or
disagreement with each statement (Appendix D). All observers will also be given
visual acuity and color vision tests (Appendices E and F). The number of
observers will be limited to twenty-five (25) to ensure observer safety, to allow all
observers to view a site at the same time, and to allow all observers to observe all
sites on the same day. Based on prior experience, screening observers for visual
acuity, color vision and environmental attitudes will not result in an insufficient
number of observers.
3

• Personnel — Research Supervisor (A.M. Prestrude), three assistants, professional
photographer, van drivers and security personnel to direct traffic. The assistants
are Virginia Tech graduates with previous experience in this type of
environmental study.
• Procedures — Dr. Prestrude will introduce himself, the assistants, and the
photographer and describe the procedures. Each observer will be given a
clipboard and pencil. Each clipboard will have a written copy of the instructions
(Appendix G) with the observer's number and multiple copies of the ratings scale.
There will be a brief practice session in which the observers will look at slides of
river scenes and rate them. These ratings will be collected and filed. The
observers will then be sent to the waiting vans. Two of the assistants will act as
van leaders to organize and direct the activities of the observers in their vans and
at each site. The third assistant will be responsible for collecting the rating scales
at each site. Observers will be instructed to turn off their mobile phones. No
incoming or outgoing calls or internet searching will be allowed. Observers will
be asked to remove sunglasses. Water, soft drinks and snacks will be available in
the vans. There will be bathroom stops along the way. Uniformed security
personnel will direct traffic at each site.
• Site Evaluations — The sites will be evaluated on three different dates. Exact
dates have not been identified, but it is anticipated that the observations would be
done in early April, mid June and August, 2012. Water samples will be collected
at each site by an independent environmental consulting firm and will be analyzed
for conductivity, total dissolved solids, and true and apparent color. The analysis
for true and apparent color will be done by an independent laboratory and by the
Canton Mill laboratory. Analysis for all other parameters will be done by an
independent laboratory. Observation events will not be done within three days of
a measurable rain event. Individual observers will be contacted via e-mail or
phone on the day prior to the event to remind them to be there, or in the case of
bad weather, that there will not be an event. Multiple light levels will determined
and noted at each site and a computerized photographic record will be maintained
of water appearance, sky conditions, upriver and downriver views and the
location of the observers when they made their ratings.
Materials—Observers will be provided with 7—Point Likert (Likert, 1932) scales
with anchors at 1 (unacceptable), 4 (acceptable), and 7 (very attractive) (see
Appendix H). This rating procedure, called magnitude estimation, has been used
by psychologists and psychophysicists for 200 years to quantify human perceptual
experience. The rating procedure has also been adopted in other venues. For
example, in gymnastics and figure skating, contestants are judged and scored on a
numeric scale, of 1 to 7 or 1 to 10. In recent years, numeric scales have been used
to evaluate fire and insect damage to national forests (see e.g. Buyhoff, Wellman
and Daniel, 1982) and studies of the impact of treated industrial effluent on
receiving waters (Laws, 1990); (Prestrude, 1996, COLOR: Misperceptions About
4

the Aesthetics of River Color); (Prestrude & Laws, 1988[study on the Hiwassee
River for Bowater]) (Prestrude, Laws and McMurly, D.K. — Hiwassee River
Color Perception Study, Proceedings, 1991 Environmental Conference, Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, pages 599-614). These procedures
typically result in at least interval scales of measurement from which the numbers
can be summarized and subjected to statistical analysis. (Stevens 1950; 1975)
• Rating Scales -There will be seven rating scales on each sheet. The first two
scales will refer to the scenic beauty/aesthetic quality of the site up river and
down river. The third scale will refer to the color of the water; the fourth scale
will refer to the clarity of the water; (water color and water clarity will be
combined into a single score for water quality). The last three scales will refer to
the acceptability of each site for recreational activities including, wading,
swimming and rafting, canoeing, boating. There will be a space for comments on
each rating sheet, and observers will be encouraged to write comments. A sample
rating scale is included in Appendix H.
• Environmental Response Inventory — Upon completion of the rankings,
observers will be asked to complete the Environmental Response Inventory
(McKechnie, 1974, 1977). The results of this test will be used to identify
observers with extreme environmental attitudes (defined as one standard deviation
above or below the population mean). A copy of the Environmental Response
Inventory is attached as Appendix I.
• Visual Acuity — Brief visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color vision testing
procedures will be used to determine whether observers have visual problems not
identified or reported during the selection screening process. Observers will be
thanked for their participation, paid $200 and dismissed. The process should be
complete by 3:00 P.M.
• Reporting - A report of the study will be prepared and submitted to the North
Carolina Division of Water Quality and the United States Environmental
Protection Agency on or before October 30, 2012.
5

References
1. Buyhoff, G.J., Wellman, J.D. &Daniel, T.C. (1982). Predicting Scenic Quality For
Mountain Pine Beetle and Western Spruce Budworm Damaged Forest Vistas. Forest
Science, 28, 827-838.
2. Laws, E.L. (1990). The Effect of Instructions on Scenic Beauty Ratings of Riverscapes
and the Prediction of Those Ratings by Environmental Questionnaires. MS Thesis.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
3. Likert, R. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of
Psychology, 140, 1-55.
4. McKechnie, G.E. (1974). Environmental Response Inventory. Palo Alto, CA:
Consulting Psychologist's Press.
5. McKechnie, G.E. (1977). The Environmental Response Inventory in Application.
Environment and Behavior, 9, 255-276.
6. Prestrude, A.M. & Laws, E.L. (1988). Hiwassee River Study. II. Color perception.
Unpublished.
7. Prestude,A.M., Laws, E.L., McMurry, D.K. —Hiwassee River Color Perception Study,
TAPPI Proceedings, 1991 Environmental Conference, Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry,pages 599-614.
8. Prestrude,A.M.,Misperceptions About the Aesthetics of River Color, 1996.
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List of Appendices
Appendix A Curriculum Vitae of Albert M. Prestrude, Ph.D. and Donald S. Cherry,
Ph.D.
Appendix B Pigeon River Site Locations
Appendix C Sample Screening Sheet
Appendix D `Environmental Attitudes Questionnaire
Appendix E- Visual Acuity Test
Appendix F Color Vision Test
Appendix G Field Instructions to Observers
Appendix H Likert Rating Scale
Appendix I Environmental Response Inventory
7

Appendix A
Curriculum Vitae of
Albert M. Prestrude, Ph.D.
and
Donald S. Cherry, Ph.D.

Donald S.Cherry,Ph.D.—Three-Page Resume-November 2011
Rank: Proje or Discipline:Ecotoxlcalogv
Highest Degree: Pham Institution: Clemson university 1973
EDUCATION
1965 Furman University,Greenville,S.C.,B.Sc.Degree,Biology,Secondary Education.
1967 University of Arizona,Tucson,Summer Sessions,Chemistry.
1969 Wofford college,Spartanburg,S.C.,Summer Sessions,Oemistry.
1970 Clemson University,Clemson,S.C.,M.Cs.Degree,('Comparative Radlosemitiviry In the Gass Insecta'),
Zoology,Radloecology.
1972 Duke Univ.,Marine Institute,Beaufort,N.C.,Summer Program In Marine Ecology.
1973 Clemson University,Clemson,S.C.,Ph.D.Degree,(`Dynamics of a Plscine Community In a Reservoir Ecosystem'),
Zoology,Aquatic Ecology,Environmental Health,
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
1986 Professor—Biology Department and University Centerfor Environmental and Hazardous Materials Studies,VATech
1981.86 Associate Professor—Biology Department and University Center for Environmental Studies,VATech
1976.81 Assistant Professor-Biology Department and University center for Environmental 5tudles,VATech
1974.76 Visiting Assistant Professor—University Centerfor Environmental Studies and BiologyDepartment VATech
1973-74 Postdoctoral Appointment with John Calms,Jr.,University Centerfor Environmental Studies,Thermal Effects Upon
Fish Populations In the New River at a SlteSpedfic Field Laboratory and Coal Ash Impact Upon Aquatic Food Chains
197b74 Instructor,Human Ecology,Man and The Environment,General,Biology at Clemson University
MAJOR AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS
199D-95 Senior Associate Director—University Center for Environmental and Hazardous Materials Studies
TEACHING
Description of Teaching.Activities:.
Taught graduate/undergraduate level In Aquatic Ecotoxltology,Hazard Evaluation of Toxic Chemicals,Environmental
Toxicology,Umnology,and Principles of Ecology.
Student Advising Past Ten Years:
Master'Candidates:Travis Schmidt,Jessica Yeager,Matthew Hull,Alan Kennedy,Chad Merricks,Theodore Valenti,
Branden Locke,Matthew Simon,Brandl Echols,Michael Chanov.
Dactoral Candidates:David Soucek,Brandl Echols
Major Professor.12 completed.Past 3S years:49 MS/Ph.Ds,14 Post-does.
RESEARCH
Description of Research Activities
Developing and carrying out eight specific areasof research.(1)Power Plant Ecology and Effects Upon Aquatic Food
Chains.Documenting preference and avoidance behavloroffish from lethal exposures to heated,chlorinated discharges and
acidlc•alkallne pH excurslons;studying potential control of Asian clams and zebra mussels that disrupt cooling systems;
predicting safe concentration's of fly ash effluent,pH and ash particulate Interactions upon aquatic receiving systems.(2)
Correlation of Physiologlcal•Blochemlcal Mechanisms with Toxicological Responses of Fish and Invertebrate Populations from
Power Plant Effluents Stressed by Fly Ash and Heavy Metal Effluents.(3)Hazard Evaluation of Toxic Substances In Aquatic
Ecosystems-industry Versus State or Federal Regulatory Agencies.Investigating hazard evaluation of using field,fiel&
laboratory,field artificial stream microcosms,laboratory artificial stream systems,and accepted laboratory static and flow•
through bio-assay techniques;understanding the cost-effectiveness of these protocol$to Industry;providing the optimal and
most applicable results of hazard evaluation studies In accessing environmental Impact;developing new or revised protocols to
optimize the currentand future toxicity testing methodologies to access this area of hazard evaluation between industry and
state orfederal regulatory agencies.(4)Comprehensive Evaluation of Pulp and Paper MITI Effluents—Ecotoxicology,Color

Perception and Dioxin Issues.Investigating the potential toxicity of effluents using US EPA approved test organisms and
endemic species;carrying out in-river surveys of periphyton,benthic macroinvertebrates,and fish;evaluating scenic river
beauty and color perception of darkened effluents;negotiating NPOES permitting between the paper Industry and regulatory
agencies and being an expert witness In litigious situations.(5)Waste Water Treatment Plant Revisions with Toxicity Reduction
Evaluations.IS)Recovery/Restoration Ecology of Damaged Stream/River Ecosystems.Investigating the effects of non-point
inputs from abandoned mined land(AML),sedimentation from agricultural runoff,and influences of rutaltown runoff upon
ecosystem Integrity.The overall strategy Is to develop a watershed-level approach to restoration ecology.(7)Field Surveys for
Native Unlonids and Their Competitive Interaction with Asian Clams.Emphasis was to determine the most sensitive part of the
life cycle of mussels in the laboratory as well as how-Asian clam Invasion contributes to their demise:(8)Blofouling,and Control
Strategies for Asian Clams and Zebra Mussels.Evaluating the efficacy and fate/effects of selected molluscicides upon pest
organisms and endemic creatures residing in the water column and sediment, _
More.Recent Pertinent Research Activitles
Conducted research In the recovery/restoration ecology of damaged stream/river ecosystems.Developed the first
ecological Improvement plan in watershed management prioritizing restoration activities between AML,agriculture and other
nonpointsource discharges for the US Department of Justice.Conducted whole effluent toxicity testing for regulatory agencies,
and am developing benthic Impairment Indices for streams adversely Influenced by a bank erasion and sedimentation from
poor land and use practices,Conducting watershed evaluations IN.Fork Holston River&Clinch River,VA)of point/non-point
Impacts upon native mussels and developing an Improved field/laboratory ecotoxicologlcal testing protocol forASTM&US EPA
standards.Developing an environmentally safe standard of Total Dissolved Solids for the coal mining Industry as well as
studying hollow fill Impacts In headwater streams from mountain top-surface mining activities.
RELEVANT RESEARCH PROJECTS
Principal investigator. Evaluation of Coal Mining Discharges for Toxicity In Clinch/Powell River Watersheds,VA.
Sponsor. Virginia Coal Association,2OD7-2011.
Principal lnvestigator. Watershed Evaluations IN.Fork Holston River&Clinch River,VA)of PoInVNon-point Impacts upon
Native Mussels to Develop an Improved Field/Laboratory Ecotoxlcologlcal Testing Protocol for ASTM&US EPA
Standards. Sponsor: U.S.Fish&Wildlife Service,2002-2007.
Principal Investigator. Development of Ecological Restoration Activities forTen Watersheds Confluencing with the Powell
River Drainage System In Lee and Wise Counties,VA. Sponsor.Virginia Department of Mined Land Reclamation
and the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers.WS-2007.
Principal Investigator. Development of Leadlbg Creek improvement Plan In Melgs County,OH.This was a 7-year project
Identifying all major point and non-polat source impacts In a 90,000 acre watershed,then pdoritlzing the 17 major
tributaries for restoration purposes,and implementing a best management practice for agricultural uses.
Sponsor:American Electric Power.Company.1995.20D2.
Principal Investigator. Ecotoxlcologlpl Analysis of Point and,Non-Point Source Discharges In the Clinch River Watershed,VA.
Sponsor.American Electric Power Company.1984-199S.
TOTAL GRANT DOLLARS GENERATED
PI and CO.Pi Investigator. $45,00,009 past 10 years;$12,ODD,600 past 35 years.
PUBLICATION TOTAL:22.4(book Chapters,Invited Paper,Journal Articles),236(Published Abstracts,Proceedings)and-330
Industrial Reports of Limited Distribution-790 for Career.
RESPRESENTATIVE PUBLISHED ARTICLES,2062 to Present
Soucek,D.J.;D.S.Cherry and C.E.Zipper.2002.Aluminum Dominated Toxicity In Neutral Waters Below an Acid Mine Drainage
Discharge.Can.).Aquatic.W.58:2396-2404.
Cherry,D.S.,J.H.Van Hassel,J:L Farris,D.J.Soucek and R.J.Neves.2002.Site-Specific Derivation of the Acute Copper Criteria
forthe Clinch River,Virginia.Human&Evol.Risk Assess.8:591.601.
Schmidt.T.S.,D.J.Soucek and D.S.Cherry.2002-Modification of an Ecotoxkological Rating to Bloassay Small Acid Mine
Drainage Impacted Watersheds Exclusive of Benthic Macroinvertebmte Analysis.Environ.Tox;Chem.21:1091-1097.
Soucek,0.1,B.C.Denson,T.S.Schmidt,D.S.Cherry and C.E.Zipper.2002.ImpalreclAcroneuria sp.{Plecoptera,Perlldae)
Populations Associated with Aluminum Contaminated In Natural pH Surface Waters.Arch.Environ,Contam.Toxic
42:41"22.
Hull,M.S.,D.S.Cherry,D.S.Soucek,RJ.Currie and RJ.Neves.2002.Comparison of Asian Clam Field Bloassays and Benthic
Community Surveys in quantifying Effects of a Coal-Fired Power Plant Effluent on Clinch River Blota,J.Aquatic

Ecosyst.Stress&Recovery.9:271-283.
Schmldt,T.S.,DJ,Sourck and D.S.Cherry.2002.Integrative Bioassessment of Small Acid Mine Drainage Mine Drainage
Impacted Watersheds In the Powell River Watershed.Environ.Toxic.Chem.21:2233.2241.
Bidwell,J.R.,D.S.Cherry and C.E.Zipper.2003.Toxicity Evaluation of a Commercial eloremediation Agent Mixed with Oil.
Environ.Tox Chem.22:84-92.
Sourck,D.1.,D.S.Cherry and C.E.Zipper.2003,Impacts of Mine Drainage and Other Non-Point Source Pollutants on Aquatic
Biota In the Upper Powell River System,Virginia.Human&Ecol.Risk Assess.9:1059.1073.
Currie,R.J.,W.A.Bennett,T.L.Beitinger and O.S.Cherry,2004.Upper and Lower Temperature Tolerances of Three Freshwater
Game Fish Species Exposed to 32 Days of Cycling Temperatures.Hydiobiologia.532:127-136.
Mummert,A.,T.O.Newcomb,RJ.Neves and D.S.Cherry.2003.Sensitivity of Juvenile Freshwater Mussels to Total and Ionized
Ammonia.Environ.Toxic.Chem.22:2554-Z560.
Kennedy,AJ.,D.S.Cherry and RJ.Currie.2004.Evaluation of Ecologically Relevant 8ioassaysfor a Lotic System Impacted by a
Coal-mining Effluent usinglsonychla bicolor.Environ.Montt.Assess.95:37-55.
Hull,M.S.,D.S.Cherry,and T.C.Merrlcks.2004.Effect of Cage Design on Growth of Transplanted Asian Clams:Implications for
Assessing Bivalve Responses in Streams.J.Environ:Monit.Assess.95:1-14.
Kennedy,AJ.,D.S,Cherry and C.E.Zipper.2005.Evaluation of the Ionic Contribution of a Coal Mine Effluent to Biotic
Impairment.Arch,Environ.Contam.Tox.49:iS5-162.
Valenti,T,W.,D.S.Cherry,RJ.Neves and J.Schmerfeld.2005.Acute and Chronic Toxlclty of Mercury to Early Life Stages of the
Rainbow Mussel, Villoso fris(Bivalvla:Unlonldae).Environ,Tox.Chem.24:1242.1246.
Brown,M.E.,M,Kowalewski,R.J.Neves,D.S.Cherry and M.E.Schreiber.2005,Freshwater Mussel Shells as Environmental
Chronicles/Geochemistry Signatures of Mercury-related Extirpations In the North Fork Holston River,Virginia.Envlr.
Scl.Tech.39:1455.1552.
Cherry,D.S:,J.R.Sheller,N.L.Cooper and J.R:Bidwell.2005.Potential Effects of Asian Clam(Corbiculo Jlumineo)Dleoffs on
Native Freshwater Mussels(Unlonidae)I,Water-column Ammonia Levels and Ammonia Toxicity).N.Am.Bemhol.
Soc.74:369-390,
Cooper,N.L.,1.R.Bidwell and D.S.Cherry.20D5.potential Effects of Asian Gam(CobiculoJluminea)Oleoffs on Native
Freshwater Mussels(Unfonldae)it.Pore-water Ammonia.l.N.Am.BenthoL Soc.24:381-394.
Valenti,T:W.,J.L Chaffin,D.S.Cherry,M.E.Schreiber,H.Maurice Valett and M.Charles.20D5.Bioassessmentof an Appalachian
Headwater Stream Influenced by an Abandoned Arsenic Mine.Arch.Environ.Contam.Tox.49:488.496.
Cherry,D.S.and OJ.Sourek.2006.Site-specific Impact Assessment Using In-situ Asian clam(eorbicalo Jiuminea)Testing
Compared to Traditional Measures,with a Chronological Review of Asian Clam Blomon1toring.In,Freshwater Bivalve
Ecotoxlcology.J.L.Farris and J.H.Van Hassel eds:Ch.11 SETAC Press,Pensacola,FL.pp.235-305.
Valenti,T:W.,D.S.Cherry,RJ,Neves,B.A.Locke and J.J.Schmerfeld.2006,Sensitivity of Mussel Glochidea and Regulatory Test
Organisms to Mercury and a Reference Toxicant.In,Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology,J.L.Farris and J.H.Van Hassel
eds.Ch.14.SEfAC Press,Pensacola,FL pp.351-365.
Hull,M.S.;D.S.Cherry,and RJ.Neves.2006.Use of Bivalve Metrics to Quantify Influences of Coal-related Activities In the
Clinch River Watershed,Virginia,Hydroblologia 556;341-355.
Locke,B.A.,D.S.Cherry,C.E.Zipper and R.J.Currie.20DS.W nd-Use Influences and Ecotoxicaloglcal Ratings for Upper Clinch
Rivet Tributaries In Virginia.Arch.Enviro.Contam.Toxic;51:197-205.
Valenti,LW„D.S. Cherry,R.J.Currie,J.Jones,R.Mair,R.J.Neves and C.M.Kane,2006.Acute and Chronic Exposure of Early Life
Stages of Freshwater Mussels to Chlorine.Enviion.Toxic Contam.25:2512.2518.
Simon,M.L,DS.Cherry,R.J.Currie and C.E.Zipper.2006.The Ecotoxlcologicai Recovery of Ely Creek and Tributaries(Lee
County,VA)after Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage.Environ.Monit.Assess.123:209.124.
Merricks,T.C.,D.S.Cherry,C.E.Zipper,R.J.Currie and T.W.Valenti.20D7,Coal Mine Hollow Fill and Settling Pond Influences on
Headwater Streams In Southwestern Virginia,USA.Environ,Monit.Assess.129:359379.
Echols,B.S.,R.J.Currie and D.S.Cherry.209.Influence.of Conductivity upon Benth)c Macrolmertebrates in the North Fork
Holston River,Virginia,Downstream of a Point Source Brine Discharge during Severe Low-Flow Conditions,Hum.Ecol.
Risk Assess.25;1713•184'.
Echols,B.S.,R.J.Currie and Q.S.Cherry.2009.An Investigation of Total Mercury in the North Fork Holston River,Saltville,VA.
Hum.Ecol.Risk Assess,15:966.984.
Echols,B.S.,RJ.Currie and O.S.Cherry.2010. preliminary.Results of Laboratory Toxicity Tests with the Mayfly,Isonychro
bcolor,for Development as a Standard Test Organism for Evaluating Streams in the Appalachian Coal Fields of
Virginia and West Virginia.Environ,Monitor.Assess.169:487-500.
Echols,B.S.,R.J.Currie T.W.Valenti and D.S.Cherry.2011.An Evaluation of a Point Source Discharge into a Riverine System and
Implications for TDS Limitations.Hum.Ecol.Risk Assess.InPress.
Echols,B.S.,R.J.Currie and D.S.Cherry.2011.Seasonal Availability and Sensitivity of Two Fleld Collected Mayflies(Isonychlidae
and Heptagenlidae)for the Development of a Standardized Toxicity Test:A One-Year Feasibility Study.In Review.

RESUME
Albert M. Prestrude
December 9, 2011
Born: May 26, 1934, Eastedge, ND
Education: BA, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN. Major- psychology, minor-
chemistry.
MS and Ph.D., Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Major—
experimental psychology, minor - psychobiology.
Employment: I held my first job at age 14 washing dishes in a restaurant within a year
becoming a grill cook. Through my high school and college years, I
worked as a bellhop, cemetery groundskeeper, furniture
warehouseman, truck driver, wheat harvester, sheet metal worker, iron
worker, and Forest Service fire fighter.
1958-1960 - Public School Teacher, Lolo, MT.
1960-1962 - Psychometrist, Univ. of Montana Counseling Center.
1962-1966 - Instructor, Grays Harbor, College, Aberdeen, WA.
1966-1969 - National Science Foundation Trainee, Florida State
University.
1969-2000 -Assistant and Associate Professor, Virginia Polytechnic
and State University, Blacksburg, VA. Retired as Emeritus
Associate Professor.
1995-present - Self employed as Alcyon Consulting.
Professional activities at Virginia Tech: Assistant and Associate Department Head,
coauthored the application for a graduate program to the Virginia Council of Higher
Education, began and chaired the graduate program in Applied-Experimental
Psychology, served on numerous departmental, college, and university committees.
Consulting: Spent one year at the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Labs as a
Visiting Scientist developing vision tests for the selection and evaluation of carrier based
tactical jet pilots.
US Army Medical Service - served on a committee evaluating their Vision Research
Program. Later advised on their program to evaluate and prevent ocular damage from
laser range finders.
Science Applications International Corp. Classified.
Federal Aviation Administration - Develop "non-detonable" training aids for bomb
detecting dogs. Five year contract.

Environmental impact of treated papermill effluent on receiving waters. Four studies:.
Bowater Southern Corp., Paper Industry Information Office, Champion Paper, and Blue
Ridge Paper.
North Carolina Dept. of Water Quality - effect of textile mills on the Catawba River.
Expert witness in environmental and hunting accident court proceedings.
Numerous research reports published in national and international journals and papers
presented at regional, national, and international scientific meetings.
Directed the graduate research at the MSc and PhD levels of psychology,
engineering, and architecture students
I

Appendix B
Pigeon River Site Locations

Pigeon River Perception Study Map
r B ewl F.w
Observational Sites Order of OAscrvalion River Mile
CMi xia4,�� —
F Wcils Rd. 8 RM 67.5
Canton Recreation 7 RM 64.5
Park
tt i N Canton Mill D4izinQ 6 RM 62.9
Z j Zone
J p Thickety 02 Station 5 RM 61.2
Clyde Bridge 4 RM 58.0
!�O 4 5 °-410
tf T�tamm� a Ferguson Bridge 3 RN 483
/ H 07
Nepco Bridge 2 RM 42.6
1 Brown's Bridge i RM 24.7
�� } (Stateline)

Appendix C
Sample Screening Sheet

River Perception Study
PARTICIPANT SCREEN
HI, my name Is with We're conducting opinion research with Individuals who
would love to participate In a research discussion about current regional topics. The discussions will be held In April, I
June and August, 2012,
May I ask a few quick questions? I am not selling anything and If you qualify for the discussions, we would
compensate you$600 for your participation. Agaln, I would like to stress that this Is a research study ONLY, and you
will not be asked to make any purchases. Everything I ask Is solely for research purposes and everything you say Is I
completely confidential,
I
Record but do not ask:
1, Gender?
1.1. Male Recruit 15
1.2. Female Recruit 15
2, Do you or does anyone In your Immediate family work rar-
2,1. A market research company Discontinue
2.2. An advertising or public relations firm company Discontinue
2.3. A radio station,TV station or Newspaper Discontinue
2,4. Manufacturing company such as:
2.4.2. Paper; pulp or Wood MITI Discontinue
2.4.2. Textile mill
2.4:3. Steel fabrication
2.4.4. Mining
2.4.5. Oil refinery
2.4.6. None of those mentioned
3. Which of the following categories Includes your age)(must have a good mix)
3.1. Under 25 Discontinue
3,2. 25-34
3.3. 35-44
3.4, 45-54
3,5. 55-64
3,6. Over 64
1

4. Have you ever participated In an opinion research study before?
4.1. Yes
4.2, No Skip to Q6
4.3. Don't recall Skip to Q6
S. What was the date, location and topic of the most recent past opinion research study In which you f
participated?
1f anything to do with water quality or Evergreen Packaging: Discontinue
6. Are you a registered voter?
6.1. Yes
6.2. No Discontinue
6,3. Don't recall Discontinue
7. Do you have any restrictions that would prevent you from spending a day on this project?
7.1. Yes Discontinue
7.2. No
7.3. t don't think.so
8. Do you have any physlcal or vision restrictions that would prevent you from walking on uneven terrain or
riding for some time In a van?
8.1, Yes Discontinue
9.2, No'
8.3. t don't think so
91 What Is the highest grade or year of school you have completed?
9.1. Grade school
9.2. Some high school
9.3. High schoolgraduate/GED
9.4,' Some college/fechnlcal School
9.5. College graduate
9.6. Completed an advanced or graduate level degree

10. What was your 2010 total household Income before taxes?Read list circle until NO.
10.1. More than$10,000
10.2. More than $20,00D
1D.3. More than$30,000
10,4� More than $40,000
10.5. More than $60;000
10.6. More than$91),00
10.7. More than$100,000
10.8. Rather not say/Refused
11. Are you currently,..
11.1. Employed full time
11.2. Employed part time
11.3. Retired
11.4. Student
11.5. Unemployed
11.6. Rather not say/Refused
12: What Is your occupation
13. What are your hobbles or Interests
(If Canoeing or rafting mentioned,DISCDN17NUE)
14. ich of the f011oWing are you a member or pardclpate with In any way?
14.1. Dead pigeon River
14.2. Sierra Club
14.3. Isaac Walton League
14.4. American Canoeing Association
14.5, Tennessee Environmental Council
14.6, 'None of them
If they say yes to'any of these organizations, Discontinue
15, Do you have any restrictions that would prevent you from being In Waynesville, NO on dates?
15.1. Yes Discontinue
15,2. No
15.3. 1 don't think so

We are Interested In your thoughts and opinions on current topics In our area: We are conducting group discussions
In April,June and August, 2012.
You qualify to participate in this market research study and we would like to Invite you to take part. The discussion
will last several hours On three different days.You will receive 200 dollars for your participation on each day and lunch
at the end of the session -about 3:60 p.m. Will you be able to attend?
*?as
No Discontinue
Greatl We would like to send you a confirmation letter. May have your full name,address,zlp code end e-mail?
Name
Address
aty State 21p _
e-mail
And I dialed phone number Is that correct? We look forward to seeing You on 2011 and
one or our representatives will meet you at B:DD a.m.
Thank you again for agreeing to attend,.we are counting on you to be there. If you find that you can't attend for
soine reason, please tail us 0 as soon as pesslble because we will need to replace you in drdar to be
sure that we have a hull group. Thanks,Good Byel

Appendix D
Environmental Attitudes Questionnaire
ti

ERI BOOKLET
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESPONSE
INVENTORY
George E. McKechnie
DIRECTIONS
This questionnaire is designed to study attitudes toward the environment, It contains a series
of statements on various subjects. Read each statement and decide whether you agree or disagree
with it. Use the following rive categories to describe your response-
5 strongly agree / 4 - Agree / 3 = neutral / 2 = disagree / t - strongly disagree
Follow the instructions on the special answer sheet provided, and mark all of your answers on it.
Please do not write in this booklet. Make sure that the number on the answer sheet is the same as
the number or the question you are answering in the booklet. Try to answer each question, even
it you must guess.
16 Copyright, 1971. by Geurgr I•; McKechnic. All rights reserved. No portion of this
material may bt reproduced by nny proem without written permission from the
publisher.
Publbhed try -
CONSULTINC PSYCHOLOGISTS PRESS
©. 577 College Avenue Palo Alto. Calitornm

s . strongly agev 1 4 - ogee t 1 . ncutnd / 2 a d6agree r I _ strongly dbagree
I 1 like amusement parks. 34. 1 would enjoy working with precision
2. 1 would enjuy the work at an architect, power cools.
3. Muchines increase mail's freedom. 35, 1 have difficulty concentrating when
things arc noisy
a I prefer to livein an areir where neighbors
9a: I would rather remodel an old house than
keep to themselves.
build u new one
S. I would enjoy driving it racing car
lit. 71te idea of walkinginto the forest and 37. We must move ahead and nor wort),about past failures.
"living off the land" for n week appeals to me.
38. Cities arc coo noisy and crowded for me.
7. Life in the city is more interesting lhan
life an u form. 39. 1 often Iccl uneasy in a large crowd of people.
R. I would cite),building u Indio,
40. 1 can repair just about anything around
the house
9. 1 raveling isn't rcidly worth ilte effort
41. 1 often have nuuble getting the privacy I want.
10 1 have ern best ihout!his when I ant ulonc.
42. '1'herc should he a law ;against anyone owning
I i I unloy browsing in bookstores. more than:I Ihnuwand acres of land.
12. It would be full to nwve around and live In 43. 1 feel most secure when I am working
different pans of the country, around the huusc.
13. It is boring to spend :ill day working . 44. 11 is hopeless to try insave our cities.
with your hands
45. It would be fun to awn some
14. It is exciting ro go,stropping in u large city. old-fashioned costumes.
15. Thcrc should be a law against skyscrapers. 46. Motorcycles should be kept out of
16. 1 like to be by myself much of the time. recreation areas.
17 1 enjoy browsing in annyuc shops. 47 l like modern furniture feller than the
18 I sometimes daydream of being stranded more traditional styles.
on a tropical island. 48. 1 would like u job that involved a lot of Ir Wling.
14 I like places that have the feeling of being old. 49 It is important for me to own
20. 1 shutitier at the thought.of finding a spider lop cpailily equipment.
In my tied. 50 As it chill, I often w•nlchcd when someone
21. 1 would enjoy traveling around tire world repaired things around the house.
ern a sailing ship. 51. 1 like the sounds of n city street.
23. Alleys me interesting places to explore. 52. ,old sec0ons of the city arc more interesting
23. 1 prefer it stick-shift car to one with an than the now areas.
automatic transmission. 53. 1 often feel lonely when 1 not by myself.
24 1 like t rystul chandeliers. 54. As a chili!, I was taught respecl'for
25 1 Ilk Homes with stone Iluon all living things.
-2(1 1 like the variety of stimulation one finds 55. It is good for man to submit to the
in the city forces of nature,
:7 1 usually save spare nuts and bolls. SO. I prefer friends who are reliable and
even-tempered.
28. 1 gel annoyed when my neighbors rife noisy.
57. 1 alien think of scllhng down un n farm
29. When buying clothes, 1 usirlly lark more some day.
for comfort than for style.
3U. I am quite skillful with my bonds. SS: 1 don't like being completely alone
31, It's annoying to have to share an office or Sy. 1 would like lu live in a modern.
work space a ith someone.
planned.community.
32. 1 like to visit historic places: 60. Zoning laws and other building controls are
33. Suburbs should replace the city as the center ncccssnry to protect the rights of the public.
of cultural life. 61. 1 like things that have precision moving Paris

S - stearg scree / 4 = agree / 3 = neutral r 2 - disacree / 1 - strongly disagree
62. 1 would enjoy entertaining famous people. 92. l enjoy owning a gout piece of equipment,
63. 1 often feel that I am a part of the space even if I don't get to use it much.
around rite. 93. 1 pride myself on having a home which
64 I can identify many of the Iocnl flowers and trees. is alwuys open to friends.
0 1 would like io work with computers. 94. Fences make good neighbors.
bb. I have vivid memories u1 when l lived
9S. I'd rather live in the suburbs than in the city,
as a child. 96, A complex technological society cannot
67. Out national forests should be preserved in their tolcrute individuality.
natural state.with fords and buildings prohibited. 97. 1 enjoy a chance in the weather,cvcii when
68. Flying in a small airplane would it turns bad,
make me nervous. 98. It is unsafe to ride on buses these days.
69. As u child, I was afraid of being outside 99. Country people arc more honest thin city pcoplc
by mystlf. 100 Hiking is boring.
70, It is better if pcuple live out their lives; 101. 1'd be afraid to live in a place where
in one place. there were no people nearby.
71, 1 would enjoy owning it fancy watch. 10,2. 1 find street noise very distracting.
72.. 1 would enjoy riding it motorcycle )03. 1 have :tlw:rys been somewhat of a daredevil.
73. Making ram byurtiflerally"seeding" clouds 104 1 would enjoy riding in a crowded subway.
is u great technological advance.
105. I am quite sensitive to the"character"
74. 1 enjoy staying up all night. of a building.
75. 1 am happiest when 1 am.nlonc. 106, l'likc to ride on roller coasters.
76. No child should have to grow up in a rural area. 107. 1 enjoy tinkering with mechanical ihings.
77, 1 get annoyed when people drop by my house 108. .1 do not like to loan things to neighbors.
without warning.
- I09. 1 would enjoy living in a historic house.
78 A fireplace adds a special feeling of
coziness to a room. l LQ. Sometimes of I wish I had power over the
forces of nature,
79 It's interesting to learn about the history
III, 1 have no interest in ballet.
tit The place where you live.
go. It is fun to make scale models of things. 112, 1 like to read about the history of places.
81. 1 would enjoy living the rest of my life 113, Birth control pructice%should be accepted
in a large city, by everyone.
82. Electricity fascinates me. 114, Jet air travel is one of the great advances
83. I like social gatherings whetr I can enjoy
of our society.
Myself without worrying about other people. 115, 1 have vivid memories of the neighborhood
84. 1 don't think that I would ever want where I grew up.
to be hypnotized. I Ib. I would enjoy going to the opera.
85. Small-town life is trio boring for me. 117, Toduy people arc too isolated from the
86 Fertilizers improve the quality of food. forces of nature.
87 1 often get the feeling that d just must be alone. I'l S. It is easy for me to work undistracicd
in most situations.
88 A li non has it right to modify the
119. I like to dres� in the finest fashions.
environment tit suit his needs,
84 Sometimes I'm afraid of too much stimulation- 120. 1 seldom pay,atlemion to what t cal.
from sounds, colors. odors, etc 121. It is dangerous to work around hcuvy machinery.
'tt 1 understand the arehtctutral idea that 122. 1-he wilderness is cruel and harsh
lurni Itillows function
123, Modern buildings arc seldom as attractive
91. I would enjoy war king in a Flower garden. as older ones.

5 =strongly agree / 4 = agree / 3 = neutral / 2=disagree / I =strongly disagree
124. 1 like experimental art. 154. 1 like to say hello to.my neighbors.
125. 1 often wish for the seclusion of a 155. 1 enjoy collecting things that most people
weekend retreat. would consider junk.
126. 1 would like to own an expensive camera. 156. There are often times when I need
127. Building projects which disrupt the ecology complete silence.
should be abandoned and the land returned 157. 1 worry a lot about the rising crime rate.
to its natural state. 158. The cultural life of a big city is
128. The problems of the cities will never be solved, very important to me,
129. 1 am easily distracted by people moving about. 159. 1 dike to go to shopping centers where
130. 1 often have trouble finding my way everything is in one place.
around a new area. 160. 1 am fond of oriental rugs.
131. In spite or all the talk about pollution, 161. l am afraid of heights.
the earth is still a safe place to live. 162. People who try to repair appliances themselves
132. 1 need more variety in my life than other usually end up breaking them.
people seem to need. 163. 1 would like to live in a palace or a castle.
133. 1 usually avoid public rest rooms.
164. Sight-seeing is tedious and boring.
134. 1 often have trouble figuring out how
to use household appliances. 165. The cities contain the best aspects of
135. 1 usually enjoy having lots of people around, modem life.
136. 1 would enjoy watching movies made 166. It's nice to buy a new car every year or so.
15 or 20 years ago. 167. Bathtubs have become obsolete.
137. Natural resources must be preserved even if 168. Plates often play an important role in my dreams.
people must do without. 1 )69. 1 would like to build a cabin in the woods.
139. 1 like to get up early to see the sun rise. 170. 1 enjoy being in dangerous places.
139. 1 am afraid of driving in the city. 171. Everyone should have the opportunity to live
140. Trespassing laws should be more in a great city.
carefully enforced. 172. it's fun to walk in the rain even if you get wet.
141. 1 am an adventurous person. 173. Old buildings Are usually depressing.
142. 1 often have strong emotional reactions 174. 1 would enjoy living on it houseboat,
to buildings. "
175. Computers may someday take over the world.
143. There is too.little emphasis on privacy
in our society. 176. 1 like to be on the move,not tied down
144. It is dangerous nowadays to live in a large city.. to any one place.
145. 1 seldom vary the route ! take to 177. Mental,problems are more common in the city
than in the country.everyday destinations.
146. It is important for me to feel that I am in 178. Odors often bring back distant memories.
harmony with the forces of nature. 179. 1 like to care for animals.
147. When it comes to fixing things, I am hopeless. 180. A man should spend his leisure time at home
148. Modern communities are plastic and ugly. With his family.
149. Science does as much harm as good. 181. if I had the money, I would enjoy owning
an expensive stereo set.
150. 1 get upset if 1 must do too many things at once. 192. 1 feel a great attraction to the sea.
151. 1 would feel safer on the highway if 183. l would rather sleep on the open ground
speed limits were reduced. than in a tent.
152. 1 would like to take flying lessons. 184. Given enough time, science will solve
153. Most jewelry is a waste of money. most human problems.

Eavlrummcnlnl Rcepnnsv Invcnlury It% Grhrgr L McKedmir, NO)
hanx' _Art --�—Su___ 1 m ut khauan;
JJ Marna!Swill..... —Alcr-uf Clululcn
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fktAd III: dIMCII ill au IIm roves of bur ERI tluuklet. I1Iro rig ", your pamr and Muir nllarnuuur. rctioemcd abort kroua erwi
(rinuntr I,. ueb rinm it, lilt tkdlltlt: ill um tq„art with the fialehtnp puminl liar llr five respume-Diei.sm
$means strungly agree 14 means agree :' 3 menw%neulrul 1 2 memo disagce r I incalu strungl) dimynT
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lak li, R.I.
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PROFILE SHEET FOR THE EWRONh1ENTAL RESPONSE INVENTORY: FEMALES
Mann ,Age Sec pate
Uthcf Informativn
PA UR EA 59 ET AN NP Nlo CO NOTtS:
tD0 -tm -no t00
- -qo —90
0o
—100
—1O -oo _Po -wo
00
no
70
- 40 - - au _ — 90
to - s _ ro
'A
—40 to
60 — r0 _E/J - — 70 b
q 50 50 S
—10 ea
90
_ co _ - _.eo — 60 ..
—ao
-40 _ to. 70
so
A _ .10 —40 —N
— i0 - _ }p 60
to — 20 to
so -
"' _ to Q
PA UR EA SS ET AN NP Kitt CO
Rep"ttced trmn the.\Innuai for the f`-.n mmmentnl Rammw lm mfor}. t cop3Jfla 1974.ny iomuhfna Hq:ehalupt.t%1're. Inc.

PROFILE SHEET FOR THE ENVIRONMEN AL R[;.'P(-7Nsl. INVENTORY : MALES
'"1O1t Age 5cc I).tic
UUIcr Int��nn�tiun
IIA UR EA ss rf AN NP hft) CO NO•rF—s /.
—,IC
_It" -
90 00
eo _ —
NC
- 80
90
Y0` 70
ea
eu
J - 9 '- 5' _ — 61 - _ •vC n'
e!> . _ __- _ .__.._ _ .—. _ w . _-. . 40
5� -
30
_._
w
— E^
10
—
._
VA L'R E 1 ss FT AN NI' MID CO

Appendix E
Visual Acuity Test
(Not Included)

Appendix F
Color Vision Test

Color Mon Test
oo1 r I I ERW on c n.dk cak,.�lYww»:. rk Check
Tat Mngc number box far Tut bus" wiwber box for
you Mt you a" -am
MNFAW�� NfotM s/ � , NotN
r
tlry
tkUdw N{rifft Nam
} MNOW NOW
, ` ' f' ••
r n
00
• k MNOW
�� d MMbK t* M Noiu
e

Appendix G
Field Instructions to Observers

You are Observer #
You are participating in a study of the scenic beauty of riverscapes.
We will visit 8 sites where you will be asked to give your opinion in
the form of numerical ratings.
On each of the following pages you will find six rating scales. Each
scale will have seven categories numbered from 1 to 7. 1 is "unac-
ceptable," 4 is "acceptable," and 7 is "very attractive." Place an X
anywhere on the scale at the point that corresponds to your per-
ception of that part or parts of the site you are viewing. Please give
us your first impression. Feel free to comment in the spaces provide(
on any aspect of the rating procedure and site. Please do not discuss
or compare your ratings with the other observers during or after thi
site visit. Your van leader will collect your ratings when they are
completed at each site.
I
I

Appendix H
Liken Rating Scale

Site# Observer +R
Look in the direction indicated by your Van Leader and rate the Scenic Beauty of
that view with an X. You may place the X between numbers. 1 = unacceptable, 4 =
acceptable, 7 = very attractive. Feel free to comment on the site.
Upriver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Downriver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Now rate the water appearance
Color 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Clarity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Comments:
Rate the site for its appropriateness for each of the following activities (disregard
accessabiliry and water depth). i = unacceptable, 4 =acceptable, 7 = very
appropriate.
Wading 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Swimming 1 ' 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rafting, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
canoeing,
boating
Comments:

Appendix I
Environmental Response Inventory

Table 1: Environmental Response Inventory Scales
HIGH SCORERS ARE OFTEN LOW SCORERS ARE OFTEN
DESCRIBED AS: SCALE AND"OR THEMES: DESCRIBED AS:
Aesthetic. aTectiarale,oompliarcd.db- PA(Pastoralism). Oppositim to Land develop Apathetic. conscientious, conservative.
uacdbk, outspoken, pcopessive, rebel- meat:eoncerrt about population promb;prtael- eonvcationsl. deliberate, depeudabte,
1(ous. unconventional, unpredictable, nation of natural msourees, iocludhrg open Mendry,honest,practical,setf-contmUed,
selfish. spree;atxepu=of natural tones a rhapen
of human life.scrultivity to pure cnvironmrnul
experiences; selt-sufRcicocy In the p►tun)
tmvhprumm.
Critical, skcptiaL, mspoudve to urban UR (Urbanism). Pxn)oymani of.high density Conscientious. eorvonlordd, friendly,
aealheUm, highbrow, eanurncd with Uvina; appreciation of mutual and varied generous, ponverind. opportunistic, ro•
philosophical problems in life,v&IUW in, stimulus patluas of the dry;Inte"in culomi bust,simple.ussetBth.
teRMU&l activity,managerial interests, Life: ahloymeae or Interpersonal richness and
diversity.
Autocratic,condacendIrt,conmrvative. SA(liitviro m mui Adaptation). Modification, At*IV-notword,eompusionw.curious,
alkicnt. eaterpritins, extroverted, hard- *rim environmeat to satisfy Deed$and dukes, distractible, ldcaldnk, introspective,
headed.mannerly.methodiW,powerand and m provide eoafort and kisore;opposition moody, nonconforming, sensitive, wn-
money oriented.judgmentat,aesthetically to govemmemat control over private land use: sums,worrying,fonhrigbt.
unmspmsive. preference for highly destpsed of adapted on. `
virOnnKnu:use of otchnolosy to solve envirorr
menial ptobledrs: ptefovare for stylized an.
viroamenul detalls.
Adventurous. disorderly, distractble. SS(Stiroulus Seeking). Imams In travel and Conscientious, conservative, bmious,
dreamy,easygoing,Immatum impulsive, oxplotation of unusual places: enloymenl or practical,respomibk,rigid,severe,stingy.
Progressive. unconventional. undapand• complex and intense pbysical sanutions;
able. breadth of interests.
Capable, competent. diligent. efficient, ET (Environmental Trust). Gertenl envimn- Hitter,cold,coarse,dinatitUd,dismtn-
helpful. iogtnioat. resourceful, slabk, menial opcona s, misomiventu. and uru in ful intolerant, moody, put odoed, apcpd-
thorough._toknnt,well-bdJosled. compssette In Ibding ono s way about tlse. thrift,unkind.
environment vs, fear or potentially thmilcrous
envirenmenta;security of house;fear of bciu
alone and tmprolected.
Alkedonste, arsistdc, ehangabk, de. AN (Antiquarianism). Enjoyment of antiques Coarse, cool, conservative. dalibcratc,
pendant. dreamy, emotional; forgiving, and historical places:prefersoce fa traditional mischievous. tmralittie, practical, sly.
Idealistic. Introspective, aeethelieally vs. modem deign: Milstde scroth by to stolid.unemotional.
reactive,warn. man-nxda environments and to Iamiseape:
appmetadm of cultural artifacts of euliererasi
tessdcacy to collect objects for their emotional
11coi5caacc.
Aloof, afsogant, autocratic, bitter, cold. NP (Need rer Privacy). Need for physical Appreciative, cooperative, eaygoing,
formal, bard-b"nod, sulky, polished. Isdadon from Wend; egloyrneni of solimdc; friasdly,aadting massurwee,warm,exits
resentful,stubborn. ditlike of aclshbosis>t; need for freedom ban aaeptasiee.Farb eoa5deoce,Introverted.
distraction.
Arrogant. conceited., epdstka. hard- MO '(Mechanical Orientation). Iftlt" in ALfcndmote,feraluloe,genams,deters,
heaved,mautdine,self-peeking,infkkbk: mechanics in its various formt;egioymeal In understanding, submissive, sympatbodc,
sociabit,masdpuhtivc, waking with one's hands; imcmat In techntr warm.
14=1 procenetand baieprinciplesortefence:
appreciation of the functional propanies of
obja[t.
Calm, civilized, initiatory, mannerly, Pa. CO(Communality). A validity scab, uppirtt Hud-hawed,flirtatious,goodlooldng,lm-
ti"t,tactful,vetting, rak-tollowing. honest, atteadvt, and careful test-taking aRi- mature. opportunistic, vertatik, veiny.
redo: response to items In statistically modal independent-minded. psychologically
Mannar. complex.
2