20201579 Ver 1_Macon County - B181 - Archaeological_20210129

Project Tracking No.
“NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AFFECTED”
form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement.
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NO NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
PRESENT FORM
This form only pertains to ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES for this project. It is not
valid for Historic Architecture and Landscapes. You must consult separately with the
Historic Architecture and Landscapes Group.

PROJECT INFORMATION

Project No: B-5912 County: Macon
WBS No: 48044.1.1 Document: PCE or Minimum Criteria
F.A. No: N/A Funding: State Federal
Federal Permit Required? Yes No Permit Type: NWP 3 or 14 and TVA

Project Description:
The project calls for the replacement of Bridge No. 181 on SR 1369 (Tellico Road) over Tellico Creek in
Macon County. The archaeological Area of Potential Effects (APE) for the project is defined as a
600-foot (182.88 m) long corridor running 300 feet (91.44 m) southeast and 300 feet northwest along
Tellico Road from the center of the bridge. The corridor is approximately 150 feet (45.72 m) wide
extending 75 feet (22.86 m) on either side of the road from its present center.

SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Archaeology Group reviewed the subject
project and determined:

There are no National Register listed ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES within the project’s
area of potential effects. (Attach any notes or documents as needed)
There are National Register listed ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES within the project’s area
of potential effects. (Attach any notes or documents as needed).
Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources.
Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources
considered eligible for the National Register.
All identified archaeological sites located within the APE have been considered and all
compliance for archaeological resources with Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act and GS 121-12(a) has been completed for this project.

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RECOMMENDATION

TRC Environmental Corporation (TRC) conducted an archaeological survey and evaluation for the
proposed replacement of Bridge No. 181 on SR 1369 (Tellico Road) over Tellico Creek in Macon
County. The fieldwork was carried out in May 2016 by Michael Nelson. The project APE is within the
boundaries of the Tellico Valley Rural Historic District (Petersen et al. 2006). There are no previously
recorded archaeological sites within or adjacent to the APE, but one newly recorded archaeological site,
31MA780, was identified within the project APE during the current survey. Site 31MA780 is a multi-
component site that includes both prehistoric lithic (Late Archaic) and ceramic artifacts, as well as a late
19th to early 20th century occupation. Following shovel testing, two 1 × 1 m units were excavated to
further investigate the site’s significance. Based on the combined work, 31MA780 is recommended
ineligible for the National Register as an individual resource under all four criteria (Criteria A–D), and is
not considered a contributing resource to the Tellico Valley Rural Historic District. As a result, TRC
recommends no further archaeological investigations are needed for this project. I concur with this
recommendation as the proposed bridge replacement project will not impact significant archaeological
resources. If the project expands and impacts subsurface areas beyond the defined APE, further
archaeological consultations will be necessary.

In addition, this state funded project requires a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 26(a) permit. A copy
of this form is being provided to TVA for their use in their Section 106 compliance including Tribal
consultations as appropriate. Copies of this form are also being provided to The Eastern Band of
Cherokee Indians, The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, and The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee
Indians.

SUPPORT DOCUMENTATION
See attached: Map(s) Previous Survey Info Photos Correspondence
Signed:

7/26/16

NCDOT ARCHAEOLOGIST Date

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Brief description of review activities, results of review, and conclusions:
TRC conducted an intensive archaeological survey and evaluation for the replacement of Bridge No. 181
over Tellico Creek on SR 1369 (Tellico Road) in Macon County. The project area is plotted in the
southwestern portion of the Wesser USGS 7.5' topographic quadrangle. As defined by NCDOT, the
survey area (Area of Potential Effects [APE]) for archaeology is a 600-foot (182.88 m) long corridor
running 300 feet (91.44 m) southeast and 300 feet northwest along Tellico Road from the center of the
bridge. The corridor is approximately 150 feet (45.72 m) wide extending 75 feet (22.86 m) on either side
of the road from its present center (Figure 1).

Background Research

Previously Recorded Sites and Resources: A map review and site files search was conducted by Michael
Nelson of TRC at the Office of State Archaeology Western Branch (OSA) on April 21, 2016, which
supplemented a previous NCDOT review. There are no previously recorded sites located within a one-
mile radius of the project area according to SHPO records, and there have been few archaeological
surveys in the immediate vicinity of the project area.

The project APE is within Section 4 (Teague Branch to Tellico Gap) of the Tellico Valley Rural Historic
District (MA 0091, MA 0593), which was study listed for the National Register in 1995 and
recommended eligible for the National Register in 2006 under Criteria A, C, and D (Figure 2) (Petersen
et al. 2006:122). In particular, Petersen et al. (2006:148) note that the District is significant under
Criterion A:

as a remote mountain community in southwestern North Carolina representative not only of the
successive settlement of Native and Euro-American populations, but also of a pivotal event in
Cherokee-American relations in North Carolina and the United States—the granting and
subsequent revocation of 640-acre life reservations to individual Cherokees

and under Criterion C due to the presence of a stone fishweir and:

representative examples of late nineteenth and early-twentieth-century rural dwellings and
community buildings … all in a relatively unaltered condition. All of the buildings in the district
retain their original relationships to the road, creek, and mountainous terrain.

Finally, the District is eligible under Criterion D due to the presence of:

a significant number of archaeological resources (and other cultural resources) that illustrate
distinct patterns in the evolution of both Cherokee and Euro-American societies. … [These] are
very likely to continue to reveal much information regarding the intimate relationships (cultural
and functional) between the natural environment in the valley and human adaptation over time. In
particular, the patterns of Cherokee land-use in the expanded Tellico Valley Historic District have
hinted at and are expected to reveal essential insights into the cultural responses of
traditionalist/nativist elements in Cherokee society to increasing Anglo-American pressures.

Historic Map Review: Topographic and other historic period maps were examined for information on
natural or cultural variables that might have affected site locations. The Price and Strother map (1808)
does not depict any information west of Buncombe County. The MacRae and Brazier map (1833) depicts
Franklin and the immediate vicinity, but no detail in the approximate project area. The Kerr map (1882)
depicts Tellico Creek, but no obvious detail of the project area.

The APE is within an area that was ceded by the Cherokees in the Calhoun Treaty of 1819. There are no
detailed maps of Cherokee homesteads at that time, but as shown in Figure 3, the project area is located at
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the boundary of two 640-acre Citizen Cherokee Reserve reserves, those of Suaga and Coo-lee-chee,
which were two of four reserves platted along Tellico Creek (Petersen et al. 2006). The plats for Suaga’s
and Coo-lee-chee’s reserves provide little topographic and no cultural detail, but assuming that the
reserves were centered upon their improvements, it is unlikely that improvements associated with either
reserve were located within the APE (Riggs 1988:203–204). As the area was outside Cherokee control
when the 1837–1838 U.S. Army map was developed, that map does not provide detail on the APE or
immediate vicinity (Figure 4).

The earliest map to provide detail in the area is the 1906 USGS Nantahala quadrangle, which depicts the
road crossing Sugar Cove Creek at or near its current location south of its confluence, but no nearby
structures (Figure 5). The 1910s Rural Delivery map, the 1933 Macon County soils map, and the 1935
USGS Wesser planimetric quadrangle depict a similar road crossing, but no nearby structures (Figures 6–
8).

Soil Types: The soils in the APE are mapped primarily as the Spivey-Santeetlah complex (SrC). This
loamy soil complex is well drained with slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The surface is often stony with
exposed rock or rock just under the surface layer. In addition, small areas of the Soco-Stecoah complex
(SoE) and a steeper variant of the Spivey-Santeetlah complex (SrE) make up the soils along the southern
hillside. Although well drained, those soils are on a slope greater than 15 percent and are unlikely to
contain archaeological sites.

Field Work Results

The archaeological field survey included shovel testing (STs) at 10- to 15-m intervals where possible
within the APE (Figure 9). A total of 34 shovel tests were excavated. All shovel tests measured 30 cm in
diameter and were excavated to subsoil or hydric soils or a minimum depth of 75 cm below surface
(cmbs). All soils that were not obvious fill were dry-screened through ¼-inch mesh. Standard techniques
were used to describe each shovel test in terms of depth, stratigraphy, and artifact recovery.

The southwest quadrant is encompassed primarily by the rocky sloped banks along Tellico Creek; no
shovel tests were excavated in that quadrant (Figure 10). The northeast quadrant contains a narrow strip
of a rocky terrace between Tellico Creek and Tellico Road. Five shovel tests (#63–67) excavated in this
quadrant encountered a 28–33 cm thick A horizon of very dark brown (10YR 2/2) rocky loam atop dark
yellowish brown (10YR 3/5) clay loam to rock at depths of 40–55 cmbs; no sites were identified (Figure
11). The southeast quadrant is marked by heavy slope alongside a gravel driveway and a small cut and
graded area alongside Tellico Road. Four shovel tests (# 68–71) were excavated in this quadrant; all
encountered fill and subsoil within 10 cm of the surface (Figures 12 and 13).

Shovel testing in the northwest quadrant identified a single archaeological site, 31MA780.

31MA780

Site 31MA780 is a prehistoric (Middle Archaic, Late Archaic, and Middle Woodland) and late 19th to
20th century historic period site located in the northwest quadrant of the Bridge 181 APE on the north
side of Tellico Road (see Figures 1 and 9). The site is situated on a terrace, partly in an open field and
partly in a lightly wooded area adjacent to Tellico Creek (Figure 14). A former house site appears to be
located in the lower southeast corner of the field in the middle of this quadrant (Figure 15). Although
there are no surface indications (i.e., foundation stones, chimney fall, etc.) of a structure within the APE, a
portion of the landform appears to have been leveled and is surrounded by ornamental shrubs and flowers.
According to a nearby landowner (Mr. Ramsey, who owns the structure at Bridge 180 just east of Bridge
181), there used to be a small “box” house at this location. Such a structure is shown on a 1994 aerial
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photograph (Figure 16), but had apparently been removed by the early 2000s. Just east of the apparent
house site is an unnamed drainage, and to the west within the field is a small buried drainage.

A total of 25 shovel tests (#38–62) were excavated across the site at 10-m intervals, 21 of which
contained artifacts (see Figure 9). The site measures approximately 130 m (east-west) × 30 m (north-
south) and likely extends outside the APE to the west and north. It is bounded by the APE boundary to
the north, east, and west and by Tellico Road and Tellico Creek to the south.

Seventeen of the 25 shovel tests yielded totals of three ceramic and 56 lithic artifacts, including a
fragmentary Late Archaic Savannah River PPK and an eroded sherd; 11 of the tests yielded 24 historic
period artifacts, all dating from the late 19th to 20th century. Although most of the artifacts were
collected from the plowzone (Ap horizon), lithic artifacts were collected from the Ap/B horizon interface
or in the B horizon in three shovel tests (#43, 47, and 50). Two shovel tests (#59 and 60) contained
historic artifacts within Stratum II to depths of 45–55 cmbs. Both of these shovel tests were located along
the east edge of the unnamed drainage and likely encountered flood deposits.

Soils at the western end of the site are more uniform and stable and consist of a brown (10YR 3/3) loam
Ap horizon (plowzone) extending to depths of 18–29 cm below surface (cmbs) and overlying dark
yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam or clay to depths of 33–54 cmbs. The soils encountered in the
shovel tests at the east end of the site around the former house location are variable and disturbed. Most
shovel tests west of the small unnamed drainage contained a thicker (27–40 cm) plowzone of brown
(10YR 3/3) loam atop a possible buried Ap horizon of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam to
50–55 cmbs, followed by dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) clay loam or clay to depths of 70–75 cmbs.
ST 57 contained a PVC pipe at approximately 10 cmbs. Shovel tests east of the unnamed small drainage
encountered a plowzone of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam over dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/4) coarse sandy loam to depths of 45–50 cmbs, followed followed by very dark grayish
brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam atop dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) sand with pebbles and cobbles to
depths of 81 cmbs.

Given the presence of prehistoric ceramics and widespread distribution of lithic artifacts, two 1 x 1 m
units were subsequently excavated to gather additional information on site stratigraphy and integrity as
well as additional diagnostic artifacts. Test Unit 1 was placed 2.7 m north of ST 42, while Test Unit 2
was placed 2.0 m east of ST 48 (see Figure 9).

Test Unit 1 produced only 21 artifacts, including a Connestee simple stamped sherd, two nondiagnostic
sherds, a Savannah River PPK base, a biface fragment, and 16 nondiagnostic debitage fragments (Table
1). All were recovered from the plowzone; no artifacts were recovered from two excavated levels in the
underlying B horizon (Figure 17).

Test Unit 2 produced 29 artifacts, including a Morrow Mountain PPK, a nondiagnostic biface, 26
debitage fragments, and a fragment of clear pressed glass (Table 1). With the exception of the Morrow
Mountain PPK and a single debitage fragment, all were recovered from the plowzone (Figure 18).

The combined artifact assemblage from 31MA780 includes six prehistoric ceramics, 102 lithic artifacts,
and 25 historic period artifacts. The prehistoric ceramics include a single Connestee simple stamped
sherd (with a partial mend hole) (Figure 19a), along with two nondiagnostic eroded and three residual
fragments. Diagnostic lithic artifacts include a quartz Morrow Mountain PPK (Figure 19b), a resharpened
quartzite Savannah River PPK (Figure 19c), a metavolcanic (?) Savannah River PPK base (Figure 19d), a
nondiagnostic quartz (Figure 19f) and two quartzite biface fragments (Figures 19e and 19g). The
remaining lithic artifacts consist of a chert core and 95 unmodified debitage fragments (32 chert, one
jasper, one crystal quartz, 12 quartz, and 49 quartzite). The 25 historic period artifacts include two
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undecorated whiteware sherds, a pressed glass fragment, five container glass fragments (three clear and
two aqua), a Mason Jar lid liner fragment, a .22 caliber rimfire cartridge, three fence staples, two wire
fragments, seven nails (one cut, four wire, and two unidentified), a screw, and a Lincoln cent (data
uncertain), and and a piece of coal.

Based on the shovel testing and test unit data, site 31MA780 is a low density, multicomponent prehistoric
and historic period site characteristic of many in western North Carolina; there is no evidence of artifact
concentrations or intact depositional contexts that could provide significant or new information
concerning local, state, or regional prehistory or history. Consequently, the site is recommended
ineligible for the National Register under Criterion D. Despite its location within the Tellico Valley Rural
Historic District, the site also appears to lack the characteristics that would make it eligible under Criteria
A, B, or C. Consequently, no additional work is recommended at 31MA780 in association with the
current project.

CONCLUSION

The archaeological survey at Bridge 181 resulted in the discovery of a single previously unrecorded
archaeological site, 31MA780. Site 31MA780 is a low density prehistoric (minimally, Middle Archaic,
Late Archaic, and Middle Woodland) and 20th century historic period site. This site is recommended
ineligible for the National Register as an individual resource under all four criteria, and is not considered
a contributing resource to the Tellico Valley Rural Historic District. Consequently, no further
archaeological investigations are recommended for this project.

Michal Nelson
Archaeologist, Asheville
TRC Environmental Corporation

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REFERENCES

Devereaux, R E., E.F. Goldston, and W.A. Davis
1933 Soil Survey of Macon County, North Carolina. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Kerr, W.C.
1882 Map of North Carolina. North Carolina State Board of Agriculture.
http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ncmaps/id/537.
MacRae, John, and Robert H.B. Brazier
1833 A New Map of the State of North Carolina.
http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ncmaps/id/181/rec/1.
Petersen, Shane C., Jennifer A. Cathey, Jesse D. Zinn, and Caleb Smith
2006 Cultural Resources Survey Report: Secondary Road Improvements to Needmore Road, SR 1364/SR
1114, Macon and Swain Counties, North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh.
Price, Jonathan, and John Strother
1808 First Actual Survey of North Carolina.
http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ncmaps/id/520/rec/1.
Riggs, Brett
1988 An Historical and Archaeological Reconnaissance of Citizen Cherokee Reservations in Macon, Swain,
and Jackson Counties, North Carolina. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
1906 Nantahala, N.C., 15-minute topographic map (1:125,000).
1935 Wesser, N.C., 7.5-minute planimetric map (1:24,000).
U.S. Post Office
1910s Rural Delivery Routes, Macon County, North Carolina.
http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ncmaps/id/1733/rec/1.

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Figure 1. Location of Bridge 181 and Bridge 180 APEs and identified archaeological sites.
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Figure 2. Bridge 181 and the Tellico Valley Rural Historic District. (adapted from Petersen et al.
2006: Figure 85).

Figure 3. Citizen Cherokee Reservations in the Bridge 181 project area (adapted from Petersen et al.
2006:Figure 48).
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Figure 4. Bridge 181 project area as shown on the 1837– 1838 U.S. Army survey map.

Figure 5. Bridge 181 project area as shown on 1906 USGS Nantahala quadrangle.
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Figure 6. Bridge 181 project area as shown on 1910s Rural Delivery map.

Figure 7. Bridge 181 project area as shown on 1933 Macon County soils map.

Project Area
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Figure 8. Bridge 181 project area as shown on 1935 USGS Wesser planimetric map.

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Figure 9. Map of Bridge 181 APE showing shovel tests and site location.
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Figure 10. Bridge 181 APE; view of Tellico Creek in southwest quadrant, facing west.

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Figure 11. Bridge 181 APE; shovel testing along terrace in northeast quadrant, facing east.

Figure 12. Bridge 181 APE; drive and cut bank in southeast quadrant, facing southeast.
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Figure 13. Bridge 181 APE; cut and graded area along south side of Tellico Road in southeast
quadrant.

Figure 14. Bridge 181 APE; western end of 31MA780, facing west.
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Figure 15. Bridge 181 APE; southeastern end of 31MA780 around former house location, facing
east.

Figure 16. Bridge 181 APE; former structure location at 31MA780 as shown on 1994 Google Earth
aerial photograph.
Structure Location
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Figure 17. Test Unit 1 at 31MA780, south wall.

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Figure 18. Test Unit 2 at 31MA780, south wall.

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Figure 19. Selected artifacts from 31MA780. a: Connestee simple stamped sherd, TU 1 Level 1; b. quartz Morrow
Mountain PPK, TU 2 Level 2; c: quartzite Savannah River PPK, ST 47; d: metavolcanic (?) Savannah River PPK, TU 1 Level 1;
e: quartzite biface fragment, TU 1 Level 1; f: quartz biface, TU 2 Level 1; g: quartzite biface fragment, ST 46

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Table 1. Test Units at 31MA780.
Test Unit 1
Level Thickness
Depth
(cmbs) Strat Horizon Ceramic Lithic Other Total
Diagnostic
Artifacts/Comments*
1 27 cm 0–27 I Ap 3 18 21 1 Connestee simple
stamped; 1 Savannah
River PPK
2 10 cm 10–20 II B 0
3 10 cm 20–30 II B 0
Total 3 18 0 21
Test Unit 2
Level Thickness
Depth
(cmbs) Strat Horizon Ceramic Lithic Other Total
Diagnostic
Artifacts/Comments*
1 23 cm 0–23 I Ap 26 1 27
2 11 cm 23–34 II B 1 1 1 Morrow Mountain PPK
3 10 cm 34–44 II B 1 1
Total 0 28 1 29
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