20110896 Ver 1_Mitigation Plans_20111121

Strickland, Bev
From: Dorney, John R [[e-mail]]
Sent: Monday, November 21, 2011 1:41 PM
To: Strickland, Bev
Subject: FW: Orton - MOA Response Letter and Mitigation Plan
Attachments: MOA Response Letter- Stamped Received.pdf; Complete Draft Mitigation Plan - Nov 18
2011.pdf
Catch. This is all I have right now. thanla
From: Steve Morrison [mailto:smorrisonCa�lm. roup.net]
Sent: Monday, November 21, 2011 10:35 AM
To: Peter Talty; Bromby, Craig A.
Cc: Dorney, John R
Subject: FW: Orton - MOA Response Letter and Mitigation Plan
We will send you all hard copies of the attached. Thanks.
Steve
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From: Christian Preziosi
Sent: Monday, November 21, 2011 9:26 AM
To: Steve Morrison
Subject: Orton - MOA Response Letter and Mitigation Plan
Steve—
Please see attached PDF copy of the MOA Response Letter hand-delivered to the Corps office Friday afternoon and
stamped "Received". I have also assembled a PDF copy of the complete Draft Mitigation Plan. Note that file sizes for
the plan have been reduced for digital transmittal—so resolution is low on figures and appendices.
Let me know if you need anything else. Thanks-
Christian
Christian A. Preziosi
Land Management Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 2522
Wilmington, NC 28402
Office: 910.452.0001
Fax: [phone]
Cell: 910.471.0515
cpreziosi!a�lm r�oup.net
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1

Consider the environment. Please don't print this email unless you really need to.
2

l�-;s
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Environr�er�t�! C�r�.�ult�ar�ts ���,� �}���. ��� �,�F
No�rcmber 18, 2011
TO: Ms. Jennifcr Frye k ' ,
� U.S. Atn1y Corps of Engineers �� �
69 Darlington Avenue
� Wilmington,NC 28403 " � � � � � �
RE: Individual Permit Application; Orton Plantation; Brunswicl�Co�l3lty, NC � �
Request for Additiona.l Infoi�nation � �
Action ID#: SAW-2011-00624 "
Dear Jenriifer,
This� responds to your lett�.r dated October 14, 2011 in which you reqtiiest additional
� � � infonnatii�n regarding the IP applicat,i<�u for the Orton Plantation �roject submitted on behalf of Orton �
Plantatior� Holdings, LLC. Response� relat'ing to con�pliance with the Corps/EPA M�A are provided �
� below. We have also included a draft initigat'ion�lan for your consideratiion.
a. Pe���nits ,fo� wo�1�: within weticr,nds or othet° s��eeirxl c�qzxcrtie sites a�e availc�ble vnly if tl�.e
pro�osed woi°k is tl�e least en�vi�oninentall�� datnaging, practicable alternative. Please fur^nish
information- regaNding any othe�^ alte�natil�es, including upland alte�natives, to the work foN
wliich vou have c�pplied ancl provicle j�,�stification t6zat you��seZected plan is the least daniagi��g �
to wczfe�oN wetland a�eas. � �
The applicant's stated purpose for the proposed project is to protect and restore -the remaining
eleinents of the historic rice field system at Orton Plantation. The applicant is a direct descendant
of Roger Moore, �he original owner.of.the tract and, tberefore, has�faznilial as well as lustorical �
interest u1 this project. The res�orative nat�ure of th� project nlakes evalua.tion of otl�er t�acts
� ii1-elevant, thus, no other tracts were evaluated. Two on-site alternatives ale.discussed below. �
1) No Action Alternative: Undcr this alternative, no dike improvements would be �nade and i�ice
cultivation operations would not resuma. Tlus site has prinlarily beeil in rice cultiva.tion since the
1700's and the loss of this lustoric farming operatio� would be culturally significant. Because this
alterilative does not meet the applicant's stated purpose and need, it is not considered feasible.
2) UUlai7d A1tenlative: Undei this altei�iative, rice cultivation would take place in upland a.reas at
Orton Planta.tion. TIZis alteinative is not practicable aue to the natlire of t11e 1listoi�c and traditio»al �
cultiva.tion practices to inlpleinent ai7d manage the groi�th of rice crops. The water n�anagement
`system is gravity-based in a low alevation landscape. .T}le management of ��ater is required�for
puiposes �f seed gern�ina.tion and t11e elimination and prevention of competitive �nreed .
ervww.lmgroup.net• [e-mail]• Phone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
3805 Wrightsville Ave., Suite 15, Wilmington, NC 25403 • P.O. Box 2522,Wilmington, NC 28402

u establishment. The hydrological control ineasures and devices remain positioned within areas that �
are wetlands due to ]ong-ternl soil saturation and flooding.
b. IC is necessary fo��you to have taken all appv�opriate c�n�d��acticable steps to minimize wetland
losses. Pleczse indicate all that you have done, especially �egarding developrnent and
modification of plans and�roposed constYUCtion techniques, to Ininiinize aclver�se im�acts.
As stated in th� project narrative submitted with tlle IP application, wetland impacts were avoided
� and ininunized as inucl� as possible in the design of this restoration project, consistent with the
project purpose. Due to the nature of the cultivation of rice at Orton Plantation and tl�e stated
purpose of the project, activities necessarily involve work within wetland areas. By its nature,
implementation of the project will involve activities in .wetlands; hence, ��:,tland im�pacts are
unavoidable.
Thc proposed project to protect and restore the existing historic rice field system is defined in
scope by the cunent confining dike� system and limits of the subject rice fields as depicted. The
applicant is not seeking to re-establish the much larger extent of rice fields that was once-present to
the north and stretching upstreain along Liliput Creek. Remnants of that once-existing dike system
and its canal and quarter ditch system can be readily obseived in older aerial photography as well
as the reinains of the fresh water reserve dam to the west. That water was used as tne primary
irrigation source for those old fields. �
On-going and past dike piotection efforts along the Cape Fear RivEr effectively demonstrate that a
substantial revetmei�t is required to withstand the erosional forces of the Cape Fear River.
Consideration is also given to the fact that the coastal and 404 wetland fringe facing the river is
being eroded. The pennanent i�npacts to jurisdictional wetlands and waters resulting from the
proposed revetment total 8.6 acres. Of this, 2.9 acres are 404 wetlands, 1.5 acres are 404/coastal
wetlanc�s, 0.3 acres are surface rice field 404 wetlands, 2.3 acres are fresh watier canals (within rice
f elds) and 1.6 acres are open waters of the Ca.pe Fear River. An additional area of 2.5 acres of
open river waters imay be ilnpacted by the described widening of revennent segments in the future
as the coastal and 404 wetland fringe erodes away completely in those loca.tions. This additional
aiea (also requested to be authorized) incorporates the potential widening of the entire revetment to
the width di�nensions of the headland area cross section. The magnitude of the impacts is justified
by design features necessary to effectively protect the rice field, including the height of the
revetment required to prevent overtopping and side slopes required to break wake/wave energies
providing long-term stability.
Tlie scope of the repair and reinforcement of the�reinaining dikes beyond the front rice field
revetment is zninimal in nature and no pei�nanent wetland impacts are anticipated.
The water control strueture repair and replacement work inainly involves fhe re�la.cement of
structures within tlleir existing footprints and will result in a very nlinunal permanent wetland
iuzpact area (approximately 0.003 ac).
The described preparation of the rice fields wi11 affect virtually all of the wetlands and waters
within those fields, a total of 333.74 a.cres. However, with the exception of the proposed permanent
field access points described belo��, the rice fields will continue to remain wetlands managed by
the water control systeTn. The irrigation canal/ditch restoration will involve the sidecasting and
www.lmgroup.net• [e-mail]• Phone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
3805 Wrightsville Ave., Suite 15, Wilmington, NC 28403 • P.O. Box 2522,Wilrraington, NC 28402

� � � spreading of matei-ial across the fields, but the resulting thin veneer of fill will not effect a
conversion of tllese fields to uplands, even on a temporary basis. Further, the ability to flood the
fields remains as it has throughout the history �of the plantation. The fields have been and will
continuc to be wetlands managed for agriculture. All impacts here are considered to be temporary.
The permanent fie1d access points will have a maximum wetlands/waters fill dimension of 26'x15'
U� J)V JC.1l.ld1�G 1GGL d.� Gi1.G11 1C71�7.Z11V11. 111G LVlal 111A1�11111'tlit �JG1illG.�'iVi1i w'�ii[a.iiu��`v`v'uii.i� iiiiN2ii.i� �ii�.�i. Lvi
tlle fous-teen (14) access points is 5,460 square feet (0.125 acres). This minimal amount of impact
area will a11ow for safe and efficient fann equipmeut access to various segments of the rice �ield
system.
c. The MOA r�equires that appropriate and���°acticuble t��itigc�tion will be �equi�^ed fo�^ all
unavoidabZc ac�ve�se i�r�pacts �eanaining af'te� the applicant has errzployed all appropriate and
practicable mini�nization. Please indicate your plan to anitigate fo� the pYOjected, unavoidable
loss of wate�s or wetic�nds or provide info�mation as to the absence of cany such appropriate
cand practicczble measu�es.
Please see the Draft Mitigation Plan attached. �
Please contact me if you have any other questions about the project or if you would like to meet to
further discuss these items. Thank you for your assistance with tllis project.
Sincerely,
/
�,`"�.''- .
Steve Morriso �
Environmental Consultant
Encl.
Cc: Mr. Chad Coburn, DWQ �
Ms. Heather Coats, DCM
Mr. Peter Talty, Orton Plantation Holclings, LLC
Mr. Craig Bromby, Hunton &Williams, LLP
Mr. Jol1n Doiney, Atkins
www.lmgroup.net• [e-mail]• Phone: 910.452.Od01 • Fax: [phone]
3805 Wrightsville Ave., Suite 15,Wilmington, NC 28403 • P.O. Box 2522, Wilmington, NG 28402

DRAFT WERAND M I11GA110N PLAN
FoR TME
ORTON RIC�I�D RESTORAl10N PRO.EGT
Prepared for:
USArmy Corps of Engineers
North Carolina Division of Water Quality
North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
Prepared by:
Land Management Group, Inc.
Atkins North America
On Behalf of the Project Applicant, Orton Plantation Holdings, LLC
November 18, 2011

TABLE OF(�ONTBVTS
1.0 IXEClJT1VE SUM MARY................................................................................................. 1
2.0 PROPOS� M ITIGATION.............................................................................................. 2
2.1 �ONC�T...................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 GOALSAND OB�ECTIVES............................................................................................. 2
2.3 WERAND RJNC110NS................................................................................................ 3
2.3.1 NC WAM 9ummary.......................................................................................... 3
2.3.2 Functional Uplift............................................................................................... 5
3.0. 9TE CHARAGT�ZATI ON............................................................................................ 6
4.0 9TE DESIGN..................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 9TE PLANTI NG............................................................................................................... g
6.0 9TE P�FORMANCE M ONITORI NG....................................................................... 10
6.1 SU�C�IT�IA..................................................................................................... 10
6.2 M ONITORING PLAN................................................................................................... 12
7.0 LONCrT�M 9TEMANAGBVIBVT........................................................................... 13
8.0 R��BVCE LIT�IURE............................................................................................ 14
LJST OF FlGUF�SAND APPBVDICES
Fgure1 .........................................................................................................................Vicinity Map
Fgure2 ....................................................................................................... U9GSTopographic Map
Fgure3 ............................................................................................................................LJ DAR M ap
Fgure4 ....................................................................................................................�il 9urvey Map
Fgure5 ........................................................................................................... 1998 Infra-R�d Aerial
Fgure 6 .........................................................................................................2008 True-Color Aerial
�pPendix A..................................................................................................... NC WAM Assessment
�pPendix B.......................................................................................... Mitigation 9te Photographs
�pPendix C..............................................................................................Wetland Boundary 9urvey
i

1.0 IXEClJT1VESUM MARY
On behalf of Orton Plantation Holdings, LLC, Land Management Group, Inc. (LMG) (in
conjunction with Atkins North America) has prepared the following Draft Mitigation Plan
identifying the proposed compensatory mitigation to offset wetland impacts identified in the
Individual Permit (IP) Application submitted to the U.� Army Corps of Engineers (Public
Notice dated October 5, 2011) and the CAMA Major Permit Application submitted to the
North Carolina Division of Coastal Management. Asstated in the project narrative submitted
with the IPapplication, wetland impactswereavoided and minimized asmuch aspossible in
the design of the Historic F�ce Feld R�storation Project. However, due to the nature of the
cultivation of rice at Orton and the stated purpose of the project, activities necessarily
involve work within wetland areas. By its nature, implementation of the project will involve
activities in wetlands; hence, wetland impacts are unavoidable. �ecific avoidance and
minimization efforts are provided in separate correspondence (dated November 18, 2011)
to reviewing agencies. The proposed Historic F�cefield R�storation Project will result in
permanent impactsto 1.5 acresof salt/brackish marsh, 3.33 acresof freshwater wetland and
6.4 acres of open water. The Applicant has selected a compensatory mitigation alternative
that will provide for suitable replacement of both the spatial extent and functional capacity
of wetlands to be impacted. The proposed mitigation will consist of the on-site restoration
of 4.09 acres high functioning salt/brackish marsh and the restoration of 1.22 acres of
freshwater marsh within the interior of the Front rice field.
The following Draft Mitigation Plan provides more detailed information on the mitigation
project goals, design, implementation, and monitoring. Upon receipt of agency concurrence,
the Applicant will proceed with final design and construction documents for the proposed
mit igat ion.
1

2.0 PROPOS� M ITIGATION
2.1 �ONC�T
Based upon an evaluation of a range of alternatives, it is believed that the most appropriate
and environmentally preferable compensatory mitigation for the proposed wetland impacts
isthe restoration of coastal marsh situated adjacent to Orton CYeek near the northern limits
of the existing rice fields. The area of restoration currently consists of a large dike and an
interior stand of common reed (Phragmites australis) which is hydrologically disconnected
from the tidal waters of Orton CYeek. R�storation work will involve the removal of the dike,
Phragmites eradication, grading, and planting of characteristic coastal marsh vegetation.
The proposed restoration area is 4.09 acres. An additional 1.22 acres of existing uplands
within the Front rice field will be excavated to an elevation consistent with adjacent existing
wetlands. The resultant combined acreage of the restoration project is 5.31 acres.
Therefore the total on-site compensatory mitigation package of 5.31 acres of wetland
restoration will amply offset the total impacts of 4.85 acres of wetlands(of which 3.33 acres
of impact areto Low quality non-tidal freshwater marsh asdescribed below).
In order to acxomplish the proposed restoration, the existing dike adjacent to Orton CYeek
will be removed and relocated to the south. Thiswill result in some additional impact to low
value, interior freshwater wetlands. The footprint of the disturbance area associated with
the relocated dike will be offset through expansion of the on-site restoration footprint or
through purchase of riparian wetland credits.
2.2 GOALSAND OB�ECIIVES
The objective of the proposed wetland mitigation is to restore the spatial extent of coastal
marsh in order to offset impacts associated with the proposed improvements to the historic
ricefields occurring on the property. Both characteristic tidal hydrology and coastal marsh
2

vegetation will be restored to areas that formerly consisted of coastal marsh habitat. The
lon�term goal of the mitigation project isto establish marsh habitat adjacent to Orton CYeek
that will be functionally equivalent to nearby, existing coastal marsh habitat occurring along
this portion of the Cape Fear F�ver. Ultimately, the restored marsh will provide ecologic
functions (e.g. primary productivity, nutrient retention/transformation, detrital export, and
faunal habitat) equivalent to natural occurring coastal marsh in the area. Please refer to the
following section regarding existing wetland functions and proposed functional uplift
associated with the restoration work.
2.3 WERAND RJNC110NS
2.3.1 NCWAM 9ummarv
The North Carolina Wetland Assessment Method (NCWAM)was used to determine the level
of function for the wetlands on the Orton Plantation property. NC WAM (N.0 Wetland
Functional Assessment Team, 2010) is an observationally based, rapid assessment method
developed over the past several years by an interagency team of wetland regulators and
wetland experts in NC The ultimate result compares the wetland to a suitable reference
suite of relatively undisturbed wetlands and results in ratings of High (less disturbed),
Medium (moderately disturbed) or Low (highly disturbed).
The NCWAM evaluation (completed by Mr. .bhn Dorney and Mr. Brad Allen of Atkins North
America on October 20, 2011 and November 7, 2011) showed that wetlands on the site are
of Low overall functional value except for the salt/brackish marsh along the Cape Fear F�ver.
The following is a brief summary of the findings of this evaluation. Note that the complete
findings(with supporting NCWAM forms) are included asAppendixA.
Freshwater Wetlands: Overall, the rice field wetlands have Low levelsof function regardless
of which specificfield wasevaluated. Thisoverall conclusion isconsistent with the high level
of hydrologic manipulation associated with the lon�term rice field management which
resulted in our evaluating metric2 (9urface and 9ub-surface Storage Capacity and Duration)
3

as �/��B�9ubstantially altered) for all the rice fields. Even the now-cleared F�verine S�vamp
Forest on the southern part of the Back Feld (south of the Pine Island) had an overall low
level of function. This condition is mainly due to the high degree of hydrologic manipulation
and the presence of about two to three feet of a quasi-floating mat of organic debris over
mineral soil which makes this now-cleared F�verine S�vamp Forest very different in its
characteristics from a reference F�verine S�vamp Forest. Portions of the wetland in the
North Front Feld have been exposed to salt water intrusion where the dike wastemporarily
breached from amplified wave energy associated with the wakes of large ocean-going
vessels utilizing the nearby federal navigation channel. Overall, this past salt water intrusion
has not altered the level of function of the wetland since it is of Low overall quality
throughout the North Front field.
Salt/Brackish Marsh Wetlands: Two sets of NC WAM forms have been completed for the
salt/brackish marsh along the Cape Fear F�ver by .bhn Dorney of Atkins staff. One location
was rated on October 20, 2011 near the joint boundary of the North and �uth Front fields
where the salt marsh is wider and more stable and the second location was rated on
November 7, 2011 at the narrower part of the marsh near the bulkhead just south of the old
breach near the middle of the North Front rice fields (Table 1 in Appendix A). The fringing
salt/brackish marsh along the Cape Fear F�ver was evaluated at high tide near the mutual
boundary of the North and �uth fields. This marsh was found to have a High level of
function although it is notable that it is being gradually and inexorably eroded from waves
and currents amplified by the wakes of large cargo vessels passing in close proximity to the
Orton Property. As such, it is uncertain how much longer it will remain in its present
condition. The evaluation completed on the narrower marsh along the Cape Fear F�ver
showed that it is of Medium overall quality (Medium for Hydrology function, High for Water
Quality function, and Low for Habitat function). The main reason that this salt/brackish
marsh isof lower qualitythan the marsh near the North and �uth Front field location isthat
the this marsh is narrower (no more than 15 feet wide) and actively eroding which results in
its lower quality. 9nce a large portion of the salt marsh to be impacted is of the lower
4

condition, itsreplacement with High qualitysalt/brackish marsh mitigation should morethan
offset the lost functionsresultingfrom unavoidablewetland impacts.
2.3.2 Functional Uplift
The proposed marsh restoration project will have discernible benefits to wetland functions
of the existing site and is ultimately intended to provide the same level of ecological function
as nearby, natural marsh areas. Traditional functions of brackish marsh such as high primary
productivity, nutrient transformation, sediment retention, nursery and foraging habitat, and
flood attenuation will be restored via the proposed mitigation work. The mitigation site is
particularly well-suited for re-establishment of these functions given its proximity to Orton
CYeek and its historic condition. Prior to the establishment of the dike wall and the
modification to site hydrology, the mitigation area likely consisted of brackish marsh tidally
inundated by surface waters of Orton CYeek. 9nce the inception of the rice field
management (over 250 years ago), the area has been effectively disconnected from Orton
CYeek and its associated floodplain processes. The result is the reduced capacity for
sediment and nutrient retention; loss of habitat and habitat connectivity (including the loss
of primary nursery area for fish and shellfish); modified oxidation/reduction processes
influencing biogeochemical cycling; loss of detrital export function; and increased erosion of
stream bank habitat. In addition, the present tidal marsh buffer along the south side of
Orton CYeek has been significantly reduced in spatial extent (as a result of historic land use
practices) in comparison to that of the broad expanse of marsh buffer along the north side of
Ort on CYeek.
R�moval and relocation of the dike will immediately provide for significant expansion of the
riparian buffer along 1,400 linear feet Orton CYeek and will result in the restoration of tidal
processes contributing to enhanced detrital export (supporting food webs downstream),
biogeochemical cycling(resultingfrom hydrologicflux), and sediment retention. In addition,
the restored marsh will provide valuable nursery habitat for juvenile finfish and shellfish as
well as foraging and refuge habitat for various bird, mammal, and amphibian wildlife. In
5

light of the documented functional rating of the impact areas, the proposed restoration site
is considered an environmentally preferable alternative for providing compensatory
mit igat ion.
3.0 9TE CHARAGT�ZATI ON
The Orton Property is located on the west bank of the Cape Fear F�ver approximately 8.5
miles south of the North Carolina State Port of Wilmington and approximately 14 milesfrom
the river mouth (Fgure 1). The proposed mitigation site consists of an approximate 4.09-
acre area located at the northern end of the North Front rice field and immediately south of
Orton CYeek (Fgure 2 through Fgure 6). The estuary at this location is influenced by semi-
diurnal tides (tidal amplitude = 4.17 ft). Salinities are highly variable pending freshwater
inflows and have been documented to be inversely correlated with average river flow
(Mallin et al. 1999). Salinity at a nearby station just south of the site (Channel Marker 35)
ranged between 0.5 ppt and 24 ppt (mean = 11.2 ppt) over a two-year monitoring period
(Mallin et al. 1999). As such, tidal waters at this location are best characterized as
mesohaline (i.e. moderately brackish). The soils of the restoration area consist of high
organic (muck) silty clay loam (mapped as Yaupon soil series by the Brunswick County �il
9urvey). Tidal wetland areasadjacent to Orton CYeek consist of very poorly drained silty clay
loam soils(Bohicket soil series). R�fer to Fgure 4 for the location and extent of mapped soil
units identified within and adjacent to the proposed mitigation area.
The proposed mitigation site iswell-suited for restoration work given its proximity to Orton
CYeek and its historical condition. Prior to the installation of dikes for conversion to rice
fields, the area experienced inundation via semi-diurnal tides of the river. The site is
currently disconnected from tidal waters of Orton CYeek and consists predominantly of 3.1
acres of a monoculture stand of Phragmites. It is bounded by an existing dike and canal
(encompassing approximately 0.98 acres) that will be removed as part of the restoration
6

effort. Based upon preliminary site evaluations, the elevation of the interior rice field is
slightly lower (by approximately 1 ft) than the existing marsh substrate adjacent to Orton
CYeek. This is a similar elevation to other areas near Orton and Lilliput CYeeks which are
dominated by salt/brackish marsh. However, more detailed survey work will be required
prior to determining final grading volumes (see discussion below). R�fer to Appendix B for
photo-documentation of the existing conditions of the mitigation site. A copy of the
approved wetland boundary survey is provided asAppendix C
4.0 9TE DESIGN
The mitigation site design incorporates two zones of habitat manifesting from gradual
changes in substrate elevation and vegetative species composition (refer to Fgure 7). The
two zoneswill include intertidal smooth cordgrass(�artina alterniflora) and supratidal (i.e.
high marsh habitat. The two zones and their corresponding acreage are listed below:
(1) Intertidal S alterniflora marsh - 3.8 ac
(2) 9upratidal high marsh - 0.3ac
The design will favor increased habitat heterogeneity via the establishment of small tidal
channels. These channelswill provide a conduit for tidal flushing and exchange of detrital
material to adjacent open waters. In addition, the channels will provide an increased edge
effect that will favor fish utilization of restored S alterniflora habitat for feeding and refuge.
Bevation is known to be an integral component to achieving compensation site sucxessfor
tidal marsh systems. Indeed, the proper elevation will help to ensure the duration and
amplitude of tidal inundation necessary for S alterniflora growth and rhizomal proliferation.
Assuch, prior to the completion of final design plansand construction documents, adetailed
topographic survey of the proposed restoration site and adjacent natural marsh areaswill be
7

performed. The elevation of the adjacent marsh substrate along the north side of Orton
CYeek will be used as a reference for establishing final grades of the restoration site. That
being said, the restored S alterniflora marsh will occupy the upper '/of the tidal range
elevations(0 to +2.09 ft MSL). R�fer to Fgure 8 for typical existing and proposed profiles of
the restoration site.
Once the dike wall and interior area has been cleared of vegetation and debris, the dike
material will be excavated and graded to elevations consistent with adjacent natural marsh.
As indicated above, the low and high marsh habitat adjacent to Orton CYeekwill be used asa
reference site. Based upon preliminary evaluations of existing grades, it appears as though
the existing, interior diked area is slightly lower than that of the adjacent natural marsh'.
Material from the dike will be used to establish marsh elevationswithin the interior rice field
(including the footprint of the interior canal). Based upon final cut/fill volumes (to be
determined from detailed topographic survey), additional material may be needed to
establish appropriate grades.
In an effort to mimic naturally occurring marsh habitat, the S alterniflora planting zone will
be sloped gently (1-3%) and will simulate the tidal range of the reference marsh. Gentle,
increasing slopes will prevent undesirable ponding and potential dieback of plantings
associated with saline stress. In addition, the gentle slopes will dissipate wave energy
associated with storm events. Waves generated from shipping traffic of the federally-
maintained navigation channel are not anticipated to have any adverse effect since the
restoration site issituated within an interior, more protected areaalong Orton CYeek.
Excavation and grading will be acxomplished via land-based mechanical equipment (e.g.
backhoe, front-end loader, and bulldozer). Construction mats will be used to reduce
potential disturbance to wetland areas. In addition, an Erosion and �diment Control Plan
1 Lo��er substrate elevation of interior rice field is liliely an artifact of the combined effects of(1)upstream
impoundments associated��ith Orton Pond(preventing adequate sediment transport do��nstreain); (2)lustoric
discoiuiection of the interior dilied area pre�enting the occurrence of natural floodplain processes(e.g.flu�ia1
deposition);and (3)olidation of sui�'icial orgaiucs during periods of managed lo����ater conditions.
8

will be submitted prior to any excavation activities. A project scientist will be on-site during
final grading to confirm construction grades and to ensure that surface elevations do not
deviate significantly from the pre-construction intertidal contours. An �-L'j �B�urvey will
be conducted to document final construction grades.
9�nall tidal conduits (i.e. channels ranging between 10- to 15-ft wide) will be excavated to
allow for semi-diurnal flooding similar to the existing channelswithin the marsh on the north
side of Orton CYeek. The proposed channelswill range in depth from 9Tsft MSLto 0 ft MSL
The channel will be designed to ensure a proper hydrologic regime for the restored marsh
while concurrently minimizing impact to any existing marsh habitat. The specific location
and dimensionsof the channel will be determined duringfinal design.
5.0 9TE PLANTI NG
Nursery stock seedlings of S alterniflora grown specifically for salt/brackish marsh
restoration projects in this region will be planted on 2-ft spacings in areas of suitable
elevation, microtopography, and substrate characteristics. Planting locationswill be within
the upper '/of the tidal range and will be consistent with reference elevations of adjacent
marsh. The low marsh area will consist of approximately 3.8 ac (corresponding to
approximately 41,400 seedlings). Additional high marsh vegetation will be planted in a zone
between MHW and the high water level of storm tides. �edlings of giant cordgrass (S
cynuseroides) and black needlerush (Juncus roemerianus) will be planted on 2-ft spacings
across the entire high marsh area. A narrow fringe of transitional scrub-shrub will be
planted to provide substrate stabilization on graded contours above the restored wetland
area along the relocated dike. R�presentative species of this planting zone will include
marsh elder (Iva frutescens)and wax myrtle(Morella cerifera).
9

It is anticipated that the planted wetland area will survive with limited mortality.
R�cruitment of new plant growth within the mitigation area will be promoted by active
rhizomal proliferation and seed dispersal of adjacent natural stands. The location of the site
(i.e. interior creek) will moderate any wave or current forces associated with the Cape Fear
F�ver and associated shipping channel. Nonetheless, oyster shell cultch may be utilized to
help stabilize the eastern extent of the site immediately adjacent to Orton CYeek.
6.0 9TEP�FORMANCEMONITORING
6.1 SU�C�IT�IA
9te sucxess criteria are used to evaluate the development of a created or restored wetland
in relation to stated project goals and objectives. Monitoring of various biological and
physical parameterswill help demonstrate the relative sucxess of the marsh restoration site.
9ncethiscompensation project seeksto restore marsh habitat through plantingsof nursery
stock S alterniflora and S cynuseroides seedlings, the primary sucxess criteriawill be:
(1) u5s o■�(�aA(�r survival rate of plantings and naturally colonized individuals to
meet or exceed�s fi��B�nd
(2) �es�-s�density of the restoration marsh to meet or exceed 75%of the density
of the reference marsh at the conclusion of the monitoring.�'r�rT�O6J�
The Braun-Blanquet (�B) Method (Braun-Blanquet 1965) will be used to determine the
frequency of occurrence (i.e. survival), abundance, and density of vegetation within the
restored marsh and the reference site. The US Army Corps of Engineers (US4C� and
National Marine Fsheries�rvice (NMFS) have utilized this method and recommend it as a
means of documenting marsh mitigation sucxess (F�chter, pers. comm. 2000). The �B
method prescribes scale values corresponding to variations in percent vegetative cover in a
10

designated quadrat (e.g. one meter-square). From a survey of randomly selected quadrats,
frequency of occurrence, abundance, and density can be calculated asfollows:
(1) Frequency of Occurrence = number of occupied quadrats / total number of
quadrats,
(2) Abundance=sum of �B scale values/ number of occupied quadrats, and
(3) Density=sum of �B scale values/ total number of quadrats.
9nce marsh creation and restoration projects can be susceptible to undesirable Phragmites
australis invasion, a maintenance contingency measure will be necessary to ensure that
Phragmites does not out-compete the planted species. Phragmites has been demonstrated
to become the dominant species of disturbed marsh habitats through vigorous rhizomal
proliferation. Indeed, Phragmites is an opportunistic species that can alter its micro-habitat
and create suitable conditions for self-propagation. While many eradication methods have
been attempted to control its spread, Phragmites continues to be a problematic invasive
species. Increased salinity and flooding appear to be the most effective means in preventing
the establishment of Phragmites in restored or created marshes. Periodic herbicide
application hasalso been demonstrated to limit itsgrowth and invasive nature.
For the Orton mitigation site, it is expected that Phragmiteswill pose less of a threat due to
semi-diurnal flooding of much of the site and the exposure to higher salinity waters. If
Phragmites does prove to be a problem, herbicide application, rolling, and physical removal
of culms may be necessary. Maintenance contingency measureswill be employed to ensure
that Phragmitesremainsbelow20%of thetotal speciesdensity.
The hydrologic regime of the restoration zones will mimic that of the selected reference
marsh. The S alterniflora zone will experience semi-diurnal flooding of similar amplitudes
and duration asthose of adjacent natural S alterniflora stands. In addition, the high marsh
zone will experience soil saturation in the upper 12 inches of substrate and be periodically
11

inundated during storm tides (mimicking natural high marsh habitat). The reference marsh
will be located within existing marsh habitat along the north side of Orton CYeek. The
specific location of the reference site will be identified and submitted to the agencies prior
to implementation of the mitigation project.
6.2 M ONITORING PLAN
Monitoring of the compensation site will be conducted near the end of each growing season
(�ptember or October)to evaluate annual progressof the restoration effort. Natural marsh
stands located adjacent to the proposed mitigation area along the north side of Orton CYeek
will also be monitored to provide reference data. Planting densitieswill be calculated based
on percent cover within one meter-square quadrats acxording to the �B method. Meter-
square quadrat sampling will be conducted along transects of each planting zone in the
restored marsh and transects of the reference areas. �ecific number and locations of
transectsand quadratswill be identified in thefinal mitigation plan.
Hydrology will be monitored each half-hour through the use of automated tide gauges.
Gaugeswill be installed in the restored marsh and within the reference marsh. Hydrographs
depicting the frequency and duration of inundation and/or soil saturation will be prepared
for each plantingzone/habitat type.
Annual monitoring reports will be prepared and submitted for agency review each year by
March 1� for up to 5 years post construction. Each report will provide qualitative and
quantitative information regarding the development of the site and will include an
evaluation of the restored area relative to the conditionsof the natural reference marsh. In
addition to survivorship and density, average species height for each quadrat will be
recorded to monitor culm growth over the duration of the monitoring period. 9upplemental
qualitative observations(e.g. species recruitment and faunal presence)will also be recorded.
If at the end of the 3-year monitoring period annual site sucxess criteria have been met, then
a request will be made to the reviewing agencies to cease monitoring. If the site fails to
meet the stated performance criteria, maintenance contingency measures (e.g.
12

supplemental planting and/or Phragmites growth control)will be implemented to rectify site
deficiencies. Monitoring would then continue to the point at which reviewing agencies
deem the site sucxessful in acxordance with the stated performance criteria.
7.0 LONCrT�IV19TEMANAGBVIBVT
Once the restoration project is deemed sucxessful and performance monitoring is no longer
warranted, the applicant will continue to be responsible for long-term site management (i.e.
protection of property in its natural state). Activities (including grading, discharge of
dredged or fill material, dredging, or any activity impacting site hydrology) that are
detrimental to the functional integrity of the site will be prohibited. Upon completion of the
mitigation work, a legal instrument (e.g. restrictive covenant or conservation easement)will
be developed to ensure the preservation of the 4.09-acre mitigation site in perpetuity. It is
anticipated that a local land trust will be the grantee of the conservation easement deed.
13

s.o r�e�evc�u�aTU�
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1965. Plant �ciology: The study of plant communities: translated,
revised, and edited by CD. Fuller and H.S Conrad. Hafner, London.
Broome, SW., E �neca and W. Woodhouse, .�. 1982. Building and Stabilizing Coastal
Dunes wit h Vegetat ion. Pub. UNC�a Grant 85-05.
Broome, SW 1990. CYeation and restoration of tidal wetlandsof the�utheastern United
States. pp. 37-72 in Kusler, M.E (eds.)Wetland CYeation and R�storation: the Status
of the�ience. Island Press, Washington D�
Daiber, F.� 1986. Conservation of Tidal Marshes. Van Nostrand R�inhold Co., New
York.
Hara, T, J. van der Toorn, and J.H. Mook. 1993. Growth dynamicsand size structure of
shootsof Phragmitesaustralis, aclonal plant. J. Ecol. 81: 47-60.
Kusler, J.A. and M.0 Kentula. 1989. Wetland CYeation and R�storation: The Statusof
the�ience. Corvallis, OR U.S �A, Environmental R�search Lab.
Mallin, M.A. et al. 1999. Water Quality in the Lower Cape Fear F�ver S,�stem, 1997-1998.
Annual R�port for the Lower Cape Fear F�ver Program.
Padgett, D.E and J.L Brown. 1999. fffectsof drainage and soil organiccontent on
growth of �artina alterniflora(Poaceae) in an artificial salt marsh mesocosm.
American.burnal of Botany. 86(5). 697-702.
F�chter, J. R�gulatory�ecialist. US4COE Wilmington District. Telephone
conversation. November, 2000.
U.S Department of Agriculture, �il Conservation �rvice. 1986. �il 9urveyof Brunswick
County, North Carolina. 120 pp.
14

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APPBV DIX A.
NC WAM A�SI111 BVT

WERAND FUNC110NAL�S�S9VI BVT
R�ORT OF FlNDINGS
Prepared by.bhn Dorney,AtldnsEnvironmental
L BACKGROUND
The North Carolina Wetland Assessment Method (NCWAM)was used to conduct a
wetland functional assessment for this project asdescribed below. NCWAM wasdeveloped by
an interagency team, including the NCDivision of Water Quality(DWQ)and the USArmy Corps
of Engineers(USAC�. NCWAM has been presented to the Environmental Management
Commission(�/IG�and discussed at several saentificconferences.
DWQ rules encourage use of a�i s�ar Evaluation t'rdl'srj'rs���that has�s��sPr
acceptance in the saentificl' j ■��B�15A NCAC2B.0103(c)). 9milarly, the Corps��Ajoint
mitigation rule refersto an�b�assessment sG�r���Federal Register 73(70): 19703).
The Orton Team believesthat use of NCWAM is appropriate for this project, both from a state
and federal viewpoint. Therefore, NCWAM was used for this project to determine the existing
level of function for the wetlands on site.
The purpose of the proposed permanent fills is to restore the revetments and repair
water control structuresthroughout the project while the temporary impact to the non-tidal
freshwater marsh isto prepare the rice fieldsfor regular replanting. The Corps Public Notice(US
ArmyCorpsof Engineers. 2011)statesthat thericefieldswill continueto remainwetlandsafter
these temporary impacts. The project proposal is to fill and thereby permanently impact a total
of 3.33 acres of freshwater wetland', 1.5 acres of coastal wetland and 6.4 acres of open water as
well as have temporary impacts to 333.74 acres of freshwater wetland . Based upon an
evaluation of a range of alternatives, it is believed that the most appropriate and
environmentally preferable compensatory mitigation for the proposed wetland impacts is to
provide high-quality coastal marsh restoration on the Orton Rantation property(i.e.I o■-����to
compensate for the unavoidable impacts of the project. As documented in the mitigation plan,
the proposed mitigation will provide functional uplift that meets or exceedsthe functions of the
low value freshwater wetlands and the high value salt/brackish marsh that will be impacted by
the project.
Compensatorywetland mitigation is normally only required for permanent impactsto
wetlands indeed, the Division of Water vj,�� rules refer to� j ■Poo�AL'�lossesof existing
j�s����nd� 'rs�l's s■Cof wetland acres�� ��8�]5A NCAC2H.0506(h)(6). Therefore, no
'Asdescribed in section 3(a)of this report (page 5),the proposed compensatory mitigation(on-site salt/brackish
marsh restoration) may result in an increase in the total area of disturbance to low-value non-tidal freshwater
marsh. Thisdisturbance will be unavoidable as part of the restoration effort and will be offset accordingly as
described in the mitigation plan.
1

mitigation is proposed for temporary impacts, espeaally considering that the freshwater
wetlands are rated Lc�w value. The open water impacts should not require compensatory
mitigation since these impacts affect ditches on the property or are needed to stabilize the
revetmentsto continue to protect the rice fields. Therefore, compensatory mitigation is
proposed for the 1.5 acres of impact to high value salt marsh and 3.33 acres of impact to low
value non-tidal freshwater marsh.
According to Kelly Williamswith the NCEcosystem Enhancement Program(�j, �
has coastal salt marsh credits available in the appropriate 8-digit HUC. However the Orton
Rantation team believesthat high quality opportunitiesexist on-siteto conduct the required
salt marsh mitigation which will replace the unavoidably impacted marsh immediately adjacent
to the site of the impact. This approach is outlined below.
II. WEfLAND RJNC110NALA�IVI BVT
NCWAM was used to determine the level of function for the wetlands on the Orton Rantation
property. NCWAM (N.� Wetland Functional Assessment Team. 2010) is an observationally based,
rapid assessment method developed over the past several years by an interagency team of wetland
regulatorsand wetland expertsin N� The ultimate result comparesthewetland to asuitable reference
suiteof relatively undisturbedwetlandsand resultsin ratingsof High (lessdisturbed), Medium
(moderately disturbed)or Lc�w(highly disturbed). On October 20, 2011, ,bhn Dorney and Brad Allen
from Atkins conducted a site visit to the wetlands at Orton Rantation in order to evaluate the level of
function of these wetlands using the most current version(Version 4.1)of the NCWAM. The purpose of
thisworkwasto visit representative locationsof each of thesewetlandsand conduct an NCWAM
evaluation in order to support the permit application and eventual compensatory mitigation plan for
unavoidable impactsto these wetlands. These evaluations update those induded with the 404
application package. Because of the complexity of the site and the lack of directly comparable reference
sites,the initial NCWAM evaluationserroneously rated the value of thewetlandswithin the ricefields,
as determined by Mr. Dorney and Mr.Allen both of whom were actively involved in the development of
NCWAM and have been instructorsfor all 12 dassestaught to date. The updated evaluations
accurately reflect the level of function present in the Orton Rantation wetlands. This evaluation showed
that wetlands on the site are of Lc�w overall functional value except for the salt/brackish marsh along the
Cape Fear F�ver(see following discussion).
a. Hydrolo�cal Backg-ound
Mr. Dillon Epp(Orton Rantation Project Manager)wasfirst queried concerning the past and
present practices of land and water management on the Orton Rantation area. The purpose of
obtainingthisnarrativewastodocument thesubstantial alterationstothenatural hydrologicregime
and the resultant vegetation change that occurred (and continuesto occur) in response to this
alteration. The areawasfirst impacted in the early 9�����with construction of Orton Pt�nd(the Pt�nd)
which is an 880 acre, five mile long pond built to supply gravity-fed water to the rice plantation along
Orton CYeek and the Cape Fear F�ver. Land for the rice plantation was probably deared shortly
thereafter. Originally, the front fields as well as fields#1 and#9 were probably salt/brackish marshes
and the back field was probably riverine swamp forest, based on their position in the landscape relative
to the location of Orton CYeek, the Cape Fear F�ver and local topography(Fgure 1). Water flowed from
2

the Pt�nd to the fieldswhen it was needed for rice cultivation. At other times,which wasthe
predominant condition,water from the Pt�nd flowed (and flows)down the Pt�nd spillway channel to the
Cape Fear F�ver. The rice fieldswere, and are, allowed to dry out in the early springwhen historically
the land was plowed by mule and oxen and then planted to rice. Asthe rice grew,water was gradually
added to the rice fields to keep the growing rice in standing water, but the water level was kept below
the top of the growing rice plants. Ranting occurred in April and rice was harvested in�ptember. The
fieldswere allowed to dry out before harvest. One crop of rice was grown annually. 9nce rice was only
grown for about 90 days(with some additional land preparation time and drying time for harvest),
during most of the year water flowed from Orton Pt�nd via the spillway channel to the Cape Fear F�ver.
F�ce was grown until 1931 when a severe blight hit the area and prevented rice cultivation.
After that time,water levels in the rice fieldswere managed for waterfowl but with approximately the
same schedule. Eventually Phraqmites began to invade the fields and, despite effortsto control it,
Phraqmites eventually took over the fields, particularly the North Front Feld and the�uth Front Feld.
The Phraqmiteswassprayed in late 2011 and the applicant plansto control itsgrowth in the future.
It isalso apparent from historical aerial photosthat portionsof the North Front and�uth Front
fieldswere used asspoil disposal areasfrom dredging the Cape Fear F�ver. Thiswasconfirmed by soil
sampling that was done during the NC WAM evaluations which found predominately sandy soils in
several locations in the North Front and�uth Front fields induding a 1.22 acre upland location in the
North Front field.
b. Faesultsof NCWAM evaluation
Atotal of twelve(12) NCWAM formswere completed at ten locationswith soil samplestaken at
each location aswell asobservationsof wetland condition(Table 1 and Fgure 1). Multipleformswere
completed on the North Front Feld, Feld#1 and the Back Feld, since slightly different soil conditions
were found within these locations. 9nce no differenceswere found between the levels of function
within these fields despite the different soil conditions, the datawere combined into a single evaluation
per field. Completed sheets for the ten sites are attached to this report as supporting documentation.
Freshwater wetlands-O�erall, the rice field wetlands have Lc�w levelsof function regardless of
which speaficfieldwasevaluated. Thisoverall condusion isconsistent with thehigh level of hydrologic
manipulation asdescribed abovewhich resulted in our evaluating metric2(9.�rface and 9.�b-surface
�orage Capacity and Duration) as�/���bstantially altered)for all the rice fields. Even the now-deared
F�verine�vamp Forest on the southern part of the Back Feld (south of the Rne Island) had an overall
low level of function.This condition is mainly due to the high degree of hydrologic manipulation and the
presence of about two to three feet of a quasi-floating mat of organic debris over mineral soil which
makesthisnow-deared F�verine�vamp Forest very different in itscharacteristicsfrom a reference
F�verine�vamp Forest. Pt�rtions of the wetland in the North Front Feld have been exposed to salt
water intrusion where the dike wastemporarily breached due to the erosive forces of tides in the Cape
Fear F�ver, amplified bywaveaction resultingfrom shipsusingthe nearbyCorps�maintained Cape Fear
shipping channel. O�erall, this past salt water intrusion has not altered the level of function of the
wetland since it is of Lc�w overall quality throughout the North Front field.
3

Salt/brackish marsh wetlands- Two sets of NCWAM forms have been completed for the salt/brackish
marsh along the Cape Fear F�ver by,bhn Dorney of Atkins staff. One location was rated on October 20,
2011 near thejoint boundary of the North and�uth Front fieldswhere the salt marsh iswider and
more stable and the second location was rated on November 7, 2011 at the narrower part of the marsh
near the bulkhead just south of the old breach near the middle of the North Front rice fields(Table 1).
The fringing salt/brackish marsh along the Cape Fear F�ver was evaluated at high tide near the mutual
boundary of the North and�uth fields. This marsh wasfound to have a High level of function although
it is notable that it is being gradually and inexorably eroded from boat wakes from the Cape Fear
shipping channel in the Cape Fear F�ver, so it is uncertain how much longer it will remain in its present
condition. The evaluation done on the narrower marsh along the Cape Fear F�ver [showed that it is of
Medium overall quality(Medium for Hydrology function, High for Water Quality function, and Lc�w for
Habitat function)].The main reason that thissalt/brackish marsh isof lower qualitythan the marsh near
the North and�uth Front field location is that the this marsh is narrower(no more than 15 feet wide)
and actively eroding which results in its lower quality. 9nce a large portion of the salt marsh to be
impacted is of the lower condition, its replacement with High quality salt/brackish marsh mitigation
should more than offset the unavoidably lost functions.
4

Table 1: NCWAM evaluationsof the level of wetlandfunction forwetlandsat Orton Rantation.
Lc�cation Wetland Type Hydrology Water Quality Habitat Overall Value
North Front Non-tidal Medium Lc�w Lc�w Lc�w
Feld freshwater
marsh
�uth Front Non-tidal Medium Lc�w Lc�w Lc�w
Feld freshwater
marsh
Tidal marsh Salt/brackish High High High High
along Cape marsh
Fear F�ver at
North and
�uth Front
field boundary
Tidal marsh Salt/brackish Medium High Lc�w Medium
along Cape marsh
Fear F�ver
near
bulkheaded
area
Feld#1 Non-tidal Medium Lc�w Lc�w Lc�w
freshwat er
marsh
Feld#9 Non-tidal Medium Lc�w Lc�w Lc�w
freshwat er
marsh
Backfield near Non-tidal Medium Lc�w Lc�w Lc�w
access road freshwater
marsh
Back field F�verine Lc�w Lc�w Lc�w Lc�w
south of pine swamp forest
island
5

III. QTAl10NS
N.C.Wetland Functional Assessment Team. 2010. N.C. Wetland Assessment Method(NC
WAM) User Manual. Version 4.1. Available at
http://portal.ncdenr.orq/c/document librarv/qet file?uuid=76f3c58b-dab8-4960-ba43-
45b7faf06f4c&qroupl d=38.
USArmy Corpsof Engineers. 2011. Public Notice for Orton Rantation Holdings. October 5,
2011. CorpsAction ID#: {! i 9�99-00624.
6

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Fgure 1
Appro�amate locationsof NCWAM field evaluationsconduced on October 20,2011
and November 7, 2011
1 =North Feld(two locations)
2=�uth Feld
3=Salt/brackish marsh along Cape Fear F�ver near boundary of North and�uth Front fields
4=Salt/brackish marsh along Cape Fear F�ver near bulkheaded area
5=Feld#1 (two locations)
6=Feld#9
7=Back field near access road
8=Back field south of pine island

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Field#1 along Orton Creek-south Date 10/20/2011
portion
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.061028;-77.947993
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
�A ❑A Not severely altered
❑B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
❑C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
�D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
❑Yes �No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
❑A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
❑Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
❑Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
�E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes �No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
�B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
�A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
❑B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Phragmites and fox tail millet dominant with dead red maple and Baccharus, lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Orton
Creek, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times- about 4 feet deep.
According to Dillon Epp,water management(for most of past 200 years)is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice
(gradually raising water level throughout growing season) but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and
oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see. Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes
- no regular flow connection to river and streams. Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and
dike breaches developed in last several decades. Field# 1 is 11 acres in size. Recent breach in dike with resultant plant death and standing
water 6"in places. Some logs in spoil piles in places.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Field# 1 along Orton Creek-south portion Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition MEDIUM
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Field#1 along Orton Creek-north Date 10/20/2011
portion
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.062055;-77.948046
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
�A ❑A Not severely altered
❑B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
�C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
�A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide �> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
�Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
�Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
�E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes �No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
�B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Phragmites and fox tail millet dominant, lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Orton Creek, ditch spacing at 55 feet in
quarter ditch fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times - about 4 feet deep. According to Dillon Epp, water
management(for most of past 200 years) is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice (gradually raising water level
throughout growing season) but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early spring to allow
planting of rice by see. Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes-no regular flow connection
to river and streams. Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches developed in
last several decades. Field#1 is 11 acres in size. Recent breach in dike with resultant plant death and standing water 6"in places.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Field# 1 along Orton Creek-north portion Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition MEDIUM
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Back Field-south portion in recently Date 10/20/2011
cleared area
Wetland Type Riverine Swamp Forest Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.054499,-77.957321
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
❑A ❑A Not severely altered
�B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
�C �C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. �A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
�C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
❑Yes �No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
❑A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
❑Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
❑Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
�E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K �K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A �A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes ❑No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
�A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
�C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A �A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U �C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B �B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� �C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B �B Moderate density shrub layer
� �C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ �B �B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C ❑D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Area is cleared riverine swamp forest with remaining herbaceous cover. Was dominated by red maple, some cypress and pine and wax myrtle
20 to 30 feet tall. Now all cleared but ground surface intact. Lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Orton Creek, ditch
spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times- about 4 feet deep. According to
Dillon Epp, water management(for most of past 200 years) is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice (gradually
raising water level throughout growing season)but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early
spring to allow planting of rice by see. Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes-no regular
flow connection to river and streams. Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches
developed in last several decades. Back field is 85 acres in size total and riverine swamp forest portion appx one-half of that total area. Ground
surface is a floating mat of organic debris about 2 - 3 feet deep over mineral soil. Very unstable ground surface even before clearing. Mat
probably reflects very long term rice cultivation and subsequent marshy soil development which is very different from reference riverine swamp
forest soil.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Back Field-south portion in recently
Wetland Site Name cleared area Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Riverine Swamp Forest Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition LOW
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Particulate Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Soluble Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Physical Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition LOW
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition LOW
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Back Field-north portion near road and Date 10/20/2011
plank bridge
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.060224;-77.953480
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
�A �A Not severely altered
❑B ❑B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
�C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
�A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
�<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
�Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
�Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
�C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes �No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
�A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
�A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
❑B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Vegetative diversity similar to Field 9 - Millet, aster, polygonum, Boehmeria, etc. Lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing
Orton Creek, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times - about 4 feet
deep. According to Dillon Epp, water management (for most of past 200 years) is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to
grow rice (gradually raising water level throughout growing season) but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with
mules and oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see. Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel.
Outer dikes - no regular flow connection to river and streams. Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until
Phragmites and dike breaches developed in last several decades. Back field is 85 acres in size. .

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Back Field-north portion near road and
Wetland Site Name plank bridge Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition HIGH
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Back Field-south portion in recently Date 10/20/2011 (10/28/2011)
cleared area. Evaluated as pre-logging
Wetland Type Riverine Swamp Forest Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.054499,-77.957321
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
❑A ❑A Not severely altered
�B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
�C �C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. �A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
�C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
❑Yes �No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
❑A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
❑Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
❑Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
�B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K �K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A �A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes ❑No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
�A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
�B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
❑A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A �A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U �C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B �B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� �C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B �B Moderate density shrub layer
� �C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� �A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B �B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
�A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
❑B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C ❑D
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��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Area is cleared riverine swamp forest with remaining herbaceous cover. Was dominated by red maple, some cypress and pine and wax myrtle
20 to 30 feet tall. Now all cleared but ground surface intact. Lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Orton Creek, ditch
spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times- about 4 feet deep. According to
Dillon Epp, water management(for most of past 200 years) is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice (gradually
raising water level throughout growing season)but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early
spring to allow planting of rice by see. Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes-no regular
flow connection to river and streams. Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches
developed in last several decades. Back field is 85 acres in size total and riverine swamp forest portion appx one-half of that total area. Ground
surface is a floating mat of organic debris about 2 - 3 feet deep over mineral soil. Very unstable ground surface even before clearing. Mat
probably reflects very long term rice cultivation and subsequent marshy soil development which is very different from reference riverine swamp
forest soil.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Back Field-south portion in recently 10/20/2011
Wetland Site Name cleared area. Evaluated as pre-logging Date of Assessment (10/28/2011)
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Riverine Swamp Forest Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition LOW
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Particulate Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Soluble Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Physical Change Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition MEDIUM
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition LOW
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Field#9 along Orton Creek-rated from Date 10/20/2011
upland edge
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.062270;-77.952669 a x
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
�A �A Not severely altered
❑B ❑B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
❑C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
�D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
�A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide �> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
�Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
�Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
�F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes �No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
�A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
More vegetative diversity than Field 1 -Spartina cyn., narrowleaf cattail,juncus, etc. with a clump of pines. Lateral ditching from ditches, berm
along perimeter facing Orton Creek, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at
times-about 4 feet deep. According to Dillon Epp,water management(for most of past 200 years)is very extensive. Fields flooded from April
to September to grow rice (gradually raising water level throughout growing season)but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic
plowing with mules and oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see. Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru
bypass channel. Outer dikes- no regular flow connection to river and streams. Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl
after that until Phragmites and dike breaches developed in last several decades. Field#9 is 9 acres in size. .

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Field#9 along Orton Creek-rated from
Wetland Site Name upland edge Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition HIGH
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Front North Rice Field-breach area Date 10/20/2011
Wetland Type Brackish/Salt Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorne ,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Precipitation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Longitude(deci-degrees) 34.059459;-77.941496
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
❑ Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area ex erience overbank floodin durin normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
❑A ❑A Not severely altered
�B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
�D �D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
�B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
�C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. ❑A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
�B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
❑Yes �No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
❑A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
❑Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
❑Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
�F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
�Yes ❑No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
�C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Spartina cynosuroides, lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Cape Fear River, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch
fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times-about 4 feet deep. According to Dillon Epp, water management(for
most of past 200 years)is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice(gradually raising water level throughout growing
season) but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see.
Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes- no regular flow connection to river and streams.
Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches developed in last several decades.
North field 160 acres in size.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Front North Rice Field-breach area Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Brackish/Salt Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition NA
Landscape Patch Structure Condition NA
Vegetation Composition Condition NA
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition LOW
Water Quality Condition MEDIUM
Condition/Opportunity MEDIUM
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Front North Rice Field-non-dredge spoil Date 10/20/2011
area
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.058055;-77.946842
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
� Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind � Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
�A ❑A Not severely altered
❑B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
❑C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
�D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. ❑A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
�B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
�A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
�<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
�Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
�Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
�B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes �No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
�C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Phragmites monoculture, lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Cape Fear River, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch
fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times-about 4 feet deep. According to Dillon Epp, water management(for
most of past 200 years)is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice(gradually raising water level throughout growing
season) but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see.
Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes- no regular flow connection to river and streams.
Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches developed in last several decades.
North field 160 acres in size.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Front North Rice Field-non-dredge spoil
Wetland Site Name area Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition LOW
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Front North Rice Field-dredge spoil area Date 10/20/2011
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorne ,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Precipitation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Longitude(deci-degrees) 34.058677;-77.941443
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
� Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
� Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind � Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area ex erience overbank floodin durin normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
❑A ❑A Not severely altered
�B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. �A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
❑C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
�A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
�<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
�Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
�Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
�B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes �No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
�C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Phragmites monoculture, lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Cape Fear River, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch
fields, flooded to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times-about 4 feet deep. According to Dillon Epp, water management(for
most of past 200 years)is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice(gradually raising water level throughout growing
season) but flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see.
Site required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes- no regular flow connection to river and streams.
Last rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches developed in last several decades.
North field 160 acres in size.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Front North Rice Field-dredge spoil area Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition LOW
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Front South Rice Field Date 10/20/2011
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorne ,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Precipitation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Longitude(deci-degrees) 34.051902,-77.944905
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
❑ Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
❑ Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
❑ Blackwater
❑ Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind ❑ Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area ex erience overbank floodin durin normal rainfall conditions? ❑ Yes � No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
❑A ❑A Not severely altered
�B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A ❑A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
�C �C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. �A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
❑C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. �A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
❑B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
❑Yes �No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
❑A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide ❑> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
❑Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
❑Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
❑Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
�D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
❑Yes �No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
�C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Phragmites, lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Cape Fear River, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch fields, flooded
to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times- about 4 feet deep. According to Dillon Epp, water management(for most of past
200 years) is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice(gradually raising water level throughout growing season)but
flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see. Site
required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes-no regular flow connection to river and streams. Last
rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches developed in last several decades. South
field 40 acres in size.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Front South Rice Field Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition LOW
Landscape Patch Structure Condition HIGH
Vegetation Composition Condition LOW
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition LOW
Condition/Opportunity LOW
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating �ow

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name North Frontfield along Cape Fear River Date 11/7/2011
Wetland Type Brackish/Salt Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorne -Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body CapeFear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 0303005
❑ Yes � No Precipitation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Longitude(deci-degrees) 34.060206;-77.949804
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
� Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
� Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
❑ Blackwater
� Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind � Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area ex erience overbank floodin durin normal rainfall conditions? � Yes ❑ No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
�A ❑A Not severely altered
❑B �B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
❑A �A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
�B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
❑C ❑C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
�B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
❑C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. ❑A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
�B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
❑B ❑B ❑B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
�H �H �H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
❑A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
�C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide �> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
�Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
❑Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
�Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
❑A �A >_ 100 feet
�B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
�E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
❑A �A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
�Yes ❑No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C ❑D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
��_`��,. . -� ��-' �:'
� �1 ,1 `�.1 �` "� � �� t � 1
�, �;
��� _.:}. ;�.a�i ��_�.�-.J � �- !�� �` `-, .. ��
_ �.
.�:.� ..�.:� ��� ..�:�
22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
❑A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
�C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Very narrow fringe of salt marsh (from 2 to 20 feet wide) between bulkhead and Cape Fear River. Wetland is obviously severly eroded and
continues to erode regularly due to wave action from ships passing in adjacent Shipping Channel.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name North Front field along Cape Fear River Date of Assessment 11/7/2011
Dorney-
Wetland Type Brackish/Salt Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition NA
Landscape Patch Structure Condition NA
Vegetation Composition Condition NA
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition MEDIUM
Water Quality Condition HIGH
Condition/Opportunity HIGH
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition LOW
Overall Wetland Rating MEDIUM

NC WAM FIELD ASSESSMENT FORM
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Wetland Site Name Salt marsh along Cape Fear River Date 10/20/2011
between North and South fields
Wetland Type Brackish/Salt Marsh Assessor Name/Organization Dorney,Allen-Atkins
Level III Ecoregion Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Nearest Named Water Body Cape Fear River
River Basin Cape Fear USGS 8-Digit Catalogue Unit 03030005
❑ Yes � No Preci itation within 48 hrs? Latitude/Lon itude deci-de rees 34.051902,-77.944905
Evidence of stressors affecting the assessment area(may not be within the assessment area)
Please circle and/or make note on the last page if evidence of stressors is apparent. Consider departure from reference, if appropriate, in
recent past(for instance,within 10 years). Noteworthy stressors include, but are not limited to the following.
• Hydrological modifications(examples: ditches, dams, beaver dams, dikes, berms, ponds, etc.)
• Surface and sub-surface discharges into the wetland (examples: discharges containing obvious pollutants, presence of nearby
septic tanks, underground storage tanks(USTs), hog lagoons, etc.)
• Signs of vegetation stress(examples: vegetation mortality, insect damage, disease, storm damage, salt intrusion, etc.)
• Habitat/plant community alteration(examples: mowing, dear-cutting, exotics, etc.)
Is the assessment area intensively managed? ❑ Yes � No
Regulatory Considerations(select all that apply to the assessment area.)
� Anadromous fish
❑ Federally protected species or State endangered or threatened species
❑ NCDWQ riparian buffer rule in effect
� Abuts a Primary Nursery Area(PNA)
❑ Publicly owned property
� N.C. Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)(including buffer)
❑ Abuts a stream with a NCDWQ classification of SA or supplemental classifications of HQW, ORW, or Trout
❑ Designated NCNHP reference community
❑ Abuts a 303(d)-listed stream or a tributary to a 303(d)-listed stream
What type of natural stream is associated with the wetland,if any?(check all that apply)
❑ Blackwater
� Brownwater
❑ Tidal (if tidal, check one of the following boxes) ❑ Lunar ❑ Wind � Both
Is the assessment area on a coastal island? ❑ Yes � No
Is the assessment area's surtace water storage capacity or duration substantially altered by beaver? ❑ Yes � No
Does the assessment area experience overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions? � Yes ❑ No
1. Ground Surface ConditionNegetation Condition—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider alteration to the ground surface (GS) in the assessment area and vegetation structure (VS) in
the assessment area. Compare to reference wetland if applicable (see User Manual). If a reference is not applicable, then rate the
assessment area based on evidence an effect.
GS VS
�A �A Not severely altered
❑B ❑B Severely altered over a majority of the assessment area(ground surface alteration examples: vehicle tracks, excessive
sedimentation, fire-plow lanes, skidder tracks, bedding, fill, soil compaction, obvious pollutants) (vegetation structure
alteration examples: mechanical disturbance, herbicides, salt intrusion [where appropriate], exotic species, grazing,
less diversity[if appropriate], hydrologic alteration)
2. Surtace and Sub-Surface Storage Capacity and Duration—assessment area condition metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface storage capacity and duration (Surf) and sub-surface storage capacity and duration
(Sub). Consider both increase and decrease in hydrology. Refer to the current NRCS lateral effect of ditching guidance for North Carolina
hydric soils(see USACE Wilmington District website)for the zone of influence of ditches in hydric soils. A ditch <_ 1 foot deep is considered
to affect surface water only, while a ditch > 1 foot deep is expected to affect both surface and sub-surface water. Consider tidal flooding
regime, if applicable.
Surf Sub
�A �A Water storage capacity and duration are not altered.
❑B ❑B Water storage capacity or duration are altered, but not substantially(typically, not sufficient to change vegetation).
❑C ❑C Water storage capacity or duration are substantially altered(typically, alteration sufficient to result in vegetation
change)(examples: draining,flooding, soil compaction,filling, excessive sedimentation, underground utility lines).
3. Water Storage/Surface Relief—assessment area/wetland type condition metric (answer for non-marsh wetlands only)
Check a box in each column. Select the appropriate storage for the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT).
AA WT
3a. ❑A ❑A Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water> 1 deep
❑B ❑B Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 6 inches to 1 foot deep
❑C ❑C Majority of wetland with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
❑D ❑D Depressions able to pond water<3 inches deep
3b. ❑A Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is greater than 2 feet
❑B Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is between 1 and 2 feet
❑C Evidence that maximum depth of inundation is less than 1 foot

4. Soil Texture/Structure—assessment area condition metric
Check a box from each of the three soil property groups below. Dig soil profile in the dominant assessment area landscape feature.
Make soil observations within the top 12 inches. Use most recent National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils guidance for regional
indicators.
4a. ❑A Sandy soil
❑B Loamy or clayey soils exhibiting redoximorphic features(concentrations, depletions, or rhizospheres)
�C Loamy or clayey soils not exhibiting redoximorphic features
❑D Loamy or clayey gleyed soil
❑E Histosol or histic epipedon
4b. ❑A Soil ribbon< 1 inch
�B Soil ribbon? 1 inch
4c. ❑A No peat or muck presence
�B A peat or muck presence
5. Discharge into Wetland—opportunity metric
Check a box in each column. Consider surface pollutants or discharges (Surf) and sub-surface pollutants or discharges (Sub).
Examples of sub-surface discharges include presence of nearby septic tank, underground storage tank(UST), etc.
Surf Sub
�A �A Little or no evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the assessment area
❑B ❑B Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges entering the wetland and stressing, but not overwhelming the
treatment capacity of the assessment area
❑C ❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutants or discharges(pathogen, particulate, or soluble)entering the assessment area and
potentially overwhelming the treatment capacity of the wetland(water discoloration, dead vegetation, excessive
sedimentation, odor)
6. Land Use—opportunity metric
Check all that apply (at least one box in each column). Evaluation involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. Consider sources
draining to assessment area within entire upstream watershed (WS), within 5 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment
area(5M), and within 2 miles and within the watershed draining to the assessment area(2M).
WS 5M 2M
❑A ❑A ❑A > 10%impervious surfaces
�B �B �B < 10%impervious surfaces
❑C ❑C ❑C Confined animal operations(or other local, concentrated source of pollutants
❑D ❑D ❑D ?20%coverage of pasture
❑E ❑E ❑E ?20%coverage of agricultural land(regularly plowed land)
❑F ❑F ❑F ?20%coverage of maintained grass/herb
❑G ❑G ❑G ?20%coverage of clear-cut land
❑H ❑H ❑H Little or no opportunity to improve water quality. Lack of opportunity may result from hydrologic alterations
that prevent drainage or overbank flow from affecting the assessment area.
7. Wetland Acting as Vegetated Buffer—assessment area/wetland complex condition metric
7a. Is assessment area within 50 feet of a tributary or other open water?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 7b. If No, skip to Metric 8.
Wetland buffer need only be present on one side of the water body. Make buffer judgment based on the average width of wetland.
Record a note if a portion of the buffer has been removed or disturbed.
7b. How much of the first 50 feet from the bank is wetland? Descriptor E should be selected if ditches effectively bypass the buffer.
�A ?50 feet
❑B From 30 to<50 feet
❑C From 15 to<30 feet
❑D From 5 to< 15 feet
❑E <5 feet or buffer bypassed by ditches
7c. Tributary width. If the tributary is anastomosed,combine widths of channels/braids for a total width.
❑<_ 15-feet wide �> 15-feet wide ❑ Other open water(no tributary present)
7d. Do roots of assessment area vegetation extend into the bank of the tributary/open water?
�Yes ❑No
7e. Is stream or other open water sheltered or exposed?
❑Sheltered—adjacent open water with width <2500 feet and no regular boat traffic.
�Exposed—adjacent open water with width ?2500 feet or regular boat traffic.
8. Wetland Width at the Assessment Area—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Check a box in each column for riverine wetlands only. Select the average width for the wetland type at the assessment area (WT)
and the wetland complex at the assessment area(WC). See User Manual for WT and WC boundaries.
WT WC
�A �A >_ 100 feet
❑B ❑B From 80 to< 100 feet
❑C ❑C From 50 to<80 feet
❑D ❑D From 40 to<50 feet
❑E ❑E From 30 to<40 feet
❑F ❑F From 15 to<30 feet
❑G ❑G From 5 to< 15 feet
❑H ❑H <5 feet

9. Inundation Duration—assessment area condition metric
Answer for assessment area dominant landform.
❑A Evidence of short-duration inundation (<7 consecutive days)
❑B Evidence of saturation,without evidence of inundation
�C Evidence of long-duration inundation or very long-duration inundation (7 to 30 consecutive days or more)
10. Indicators of Deposition—assessment area condition metric
Consider recent deposition only(no plant growth since deposition).
�A Sediment deposition is not excessive, but at approximately natural levels.
❑B Sediment deposition is excessive, but not overwhelming the wetland.
❑C Sediment deposition is excessive and is overwhelming the wetland.
11. Wetland Size—wetland type/wetland complex condition metric
Check a box in each column. Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric evaluates three aspects of the wetland area: the
size of the wetland type (WT), the size of the wetland complex (WC), and the size of the forested wetland (FW) (if applicable, see User
Manual). See the User Manual for boundaries of these evaluation areas. If assessment area is clear-cut, select"K"for the FW column.
WT WC FW(if applicable)
❑A �A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D ❑D From 25 to<50 acres
�E ❑E ❑E From 10 to<25 acres
❑F ❑F ❑F From 5 to< 10 acres
❑G ❑G ❑G From 1 to<5 acres
❑H ❑H ❑H From 0.5 to< 1 acre
❑I ❑I ❑I From 0.1 to<0.5 acre
❑J ❑J ❑J From 0.01 to<0.1 acre
❑K ❑K ❑K <0.01 acre or assessment area is clear-cut
12. Wetland Intactness—wetland type condition metric(evaluate for Pocosins only)
❑A Pocosin is the full extent(?90%)of its natural landscape size.
❑B Pocosin type is<90%of the full extent of its natural landscape size.
13. Connectivity to Other Natural Areas—landscape condition metric
13a. Check appropriate box(es) (a box may be checked in each column). Involves a GIS effort with field adjustment. This metric
evaluates whether the wetland is well connected (Well) and/or loosely connected (Loosely) to the landscape patch, the contiguous
naturally vegetated area and open water(if appropriate). Boundaries are formed by four-lane roads, regularly maintained utility line
corridors the width of a four-lane road or wider, urban landscapes, maintained fields(pasture and agriculture), or open water> 300
feet wide.
Well Loosely
�A ❑A ?500 acres
❑B ❑B From 100 to<500 acres
❑C ❑C From 50 to< 100 acres
❑D ❑D From 10 to<50 acres
❑E ❑E < 10 acres
❑F ❑F Wetland type has a poor or no connection to other natural habitats
13b. Evaluate for marshes only.
�Yes ❑No Wetland type has a surface hydrology connection to open waters/stream or tidal wetlands.
14. Edge Effect—wetland type condition metric(skip for all marshes)
May involve a GIS effort with field adjustment. Estimate distance from wetland type boundary to artificial edges. Artificial edges include
non-forested areas?40 feet wide such as fields, development, roads, regularly maintained utility line corridors, and clear-cuts. Consider
the eight main points of the compass.
❑A No artificial edge within 150 feet in all directions
❑B No artificial edge within 150 feet in four(4)to seven(7)directions
❑C An artificial edge occurs within 150 feet in more than four(4)directions or assessment area is clear-cut
15. Vegetative Composition—assessment area condition metric(skip for all marshes and Pine Flat)
❑A Vegetation is close to reference condition in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of appropriate
species,with exotic plants absent or sparse within the assessment area.
❑B Vegetation is different from reference condition in species diversity or proportions, but still largely composed of native species
characteristic of the wetland type. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clearcutting or
clearing. It also includes communities with exotics present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata.
❑C
Vegetation severely altered from reference in composition. Expected species are unnaturally absent(planted stands of non-characteristic
species or at least one stratum inappropriately composed of a single species). Exotic species are dominant in at least one
stratum.
16. Vegetative Diversity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for Non-tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
❑A Vegetation diversity is high and is composed primarily of native species(< 10%cover of exotics).
❑B Vegetation diversity is low or has> 10%to 50%cover of exotics.
❑C Vegetation is dominated by exotic species(>50%cover of exotics).

17. Vegetative Structure—assessment area/wetland type condition metric
17a. Is vegetation present?
�Yes ❑No If Yes,continue to 17b. If No,skip to Metric 18.
17b. Evaluate percent coverage of assessment area vegetation for all marshes only. Skip to 17c for non-marsh wetlands.
�A ?25%coverage of vegetation
❑B <25%coverage of vegetation
17c. Check a box in each column for each stratum. Evaluate this portion of the metric for non-marsh wetlands. Consider
structure in airspace above the assessment area(AA)and the wetland type(WT)separately.
�
AA WT
o❑A ❑A Canopy closed, or nearly closed,with natural gaps associated with natural processes
� ❑B ❑B Canopy present, but opened more than natural gaps
U ❑C ❑C Canopy sparse or absent
�
� ❑A ❑A Dense mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density mid-story/sapling layer
� ❑C ❑C Mid-story/sapling layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense shrub layer
� ❑B ❑B Moderate density shrub layer
� ❑C ❑C Shrub layer sparse or absent
� ❑A ❑A Dense herb layer
_ ❑B ❑B Moderate density herb layer
❑C ❑C Herb layer sparse or absent
18. Snags—wetland type condition metric
❑A Large snags(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches DBH, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
19. Diameter Class Distribution—wetland type condition metric
❑A Majority of canopy trees have stems>6 inches in diameter at breast height(DBH); many large trees(> 12 inches DBH)are
present.
❑B Majority of canopy trees have stems between 6 and 12 inches DBH,few are> 12 inch DBH.
�C Majority of canopy trees are<6 inches DBH or no trees.
20. Large Woody Debris—wetland type condition metric
Include both natural debris and man-placed natural debris.
❑A Large logs(more than one)are visible(> 12 inches in diameter, or large relative to species present and landscape stability).
�B NotA
21. Vegetation/Open Water Dispersion—wetland type/open water condition metric(evaluate for Non-Tidal Freshwater Marsh only)
Select the figure that best describes the amount of interspersion between vegetation and open water in the growing season. Patterned
areas indicate vegetated areas,while solid white areas indicate open water.
❑A ❑B ❑C �D
�:��.����� �'�`r--�_1 �`-�,r:'� r-1�-.,��-�,.�
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�, �;
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22. Hydrologic Connectivity—assessment area condition metric(evaluate for riparian wetlands only)
Examples of activities that may severely alter hydrologic connectivity include intensive ditching, fill, sedimentation, channelization,
diversion, man-made berms, beaver dams, and stream incision.
�A Overbank and overland flow are not severely altered in the assessment area.
❑B Overbank flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑C Overland flow is severely altered in the assessment area.
❑D Both overbank and overland flow are severely altered in the assessment area.
Notes
Phragmites, lateral ditching from ditches, berm along perimeter facing Cape Fear River, ditch spacing at 55 feet in quarter ditch fields, flooded
to about two feet deep, rim ditches get salt water at times- about 4 feet deep. According to Dillon Epp, water management(for most of past
200 years) is very extensive. Fields flooded from April to September to grow rice(gradually raising water level throughout growing season)but
flow diverted around area most of rest of year. Historic plowing with mules and oxen in early spring to allow planting of rice by see. Site
required to dry out before harvest. Most water flows thru bypass channel. Outer dikes-no regular flow connection to river and streams. Last
rice crop in 1931 and front field managed for waterfowl after that until Phragmites and dike breaches developed in last several decades. South
field 40 acres in size.

NC WAM Wetland Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 4.1
Rating Calculator Version 4.1
Salt marsh along Cape Fear River between
Wetland Site Name North and South fields Date of Assessment 10/20/2011
Dorney, Allen
Wetland Type Brackish/Salt Marsh Assessor Name/Organization -Atkins
Notes on Field Assessment Form(Y/N) YES
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N) YES
Wetland is intensively managed (Y/N) NO
Assessment area is located within 50 feet of a natural tributary or other open water (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is substantially altered by beaver (Y/N) NO
Assessment area experiences overbank flooding during normal rainfall conditions (Y/N) YES
Assessment area is on a coastal island (Y/N) NO
Sub-function Rating Summary
Function Sub-function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Sub-surface Storage and Retention Condition NA
Water Quality Pathogen Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Particulate Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Soluble Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Physical Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Pollution Change Condition NA
Condition/Opportunity NA
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NA
Habitat Physical Structure Condition NA
Landscape Patch Structure Condition NA
Vegetation Composition Condition NA
Function Rating Summary
Function Metrics Rating
Hydrology Condition HIGH
Water Quality Condition HIGH
Condition/Opportunity HIGH
Opportunity Presence (Y/N) NO
Habitat Condition HIGH
Overall Wetland Rating HIGH

APPBVDIX B�.
M I11GA110N SITE PHOTOC�4PHS

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