HomeMy WebLinkAbout20110619 Ver 1_Application_20110701~y ^~~
•Q~.:~~
M[cttnrJ. F. EASLEY
GOVERNOR
Ms. Sonia Carrillo
NCDWQ
40] Wetlands Unit
1650 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1650
Subject: Nationwide Permit # 14
SR-1331Randolph County
Project # 8C.076131
Mr. Smith:
~~
~~0~
~,o~~vy'wq 4I ~0/j ~L%
~~ST~~U~ gryp~~
LYNDO Ttt'piT~4'Cy
SECRETARY
Mr. Ronnie Smith
Regulatory Division
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
PO Box 1890
Wilmington N.C. 28402
®~
The North Carolina Department of Transportation, Highway Division 8 is requesting a Nationwide
Permit Numbers 14, for project # 8C.076131, on SR 1331 (Ridges Mountain Rd.) in Randolph County.
The proposed project will replace 3 existing deficient crossing pipe as follows:
Site 1-Replace existing 54"x 46' RCP with an 87 "x 63" x 60' CMP Arch.
Site 2- Replace existing 24"x 36' RCP with a 36" x 52' RCP
Site 3- Replace existing 60" x 40' CMP with an 81" x 59" x 60' CMP Arch
These pipes are being replaced in anticipation of a scheduled grading and paving project. The amount of total pipe
length increase for all crossings (SOft.) is needed to improved hydraulic flow, and to allow for the widening of the
roadbed to provide enough area for a safe road shoulder at the location of the crossings.
The total percentage of impervious surface within the project area will be approximately 33%. All erosion control
devices used on the project will be appropriate to the location and in compliance with the current version of the
NCDOT Best Management Practices Manual (BMP). The crossings are all located on sepazate Unnamed Tributaries
of Caraway Creek, a Class C stream within the Yadkin -PeeDee River basin. All construction activities on this
project will be done in compliance with conditions listed in the current BMP manual, for projects built within areas
of Class C streams. Construction will be done under dry conditions whenever possible. There were no threatened or
endangered species observed within the project azea during the required minimum criteria check.
There is a }Drown azcheological site associated with this project. Included in this package is a letter submitted by
NCDOT Archaeological Supervisor, Matt Wilkerson detailing the results of an archaeological survey conducted by
his staff. The result of the survey was a recommendation of no further azcheological invesfigation needed. This letter
was submitted to NC State Historical Preservation office on June 2Q 2011.
This project will require an off site detour during construction, using neaz by state roads.
If you require any additional information, please contact me.
Si~~~
Art C. King
Division Environmen Officer
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
June 28, 201 I
P.O. BOX 1067, ABERDEEN NORTH CAROLINA 28315
PHONE (910) 944-2344 FAX (910) 9445623
~., ,J ,~~
woe wnr~,~o/ j
v ,0~~
~°~T°~~A~ ~~ 1 0 6 1
Office Use Only:
Corps action ID no.
DWQ project no.
Form Version 1.0 November 2008
Pre-Construction Notification (PCN) Form
A. Applicant Information
1. Processing
1a. Type(s) of approval sought from the
Corps:
®Section 404 Permit ^ Section 10 Permit
1 b. Specify Nationwide Permit (NWP) number: 14 or General Permit (GP) number:
1 c. Has the NWP or GP number been verified by the Corps? ^ Yes ®No
1d. Type(s) of approval sought from the DWO (check all that apply):
® 401 Water Quality Certification -Regular ^ Non-404 Jurisdictional General Permit
^ 401 Water Quality Certification -Express ^ Riparian Buffer Authorization
1e. Is this notification solely for the record
because written approval is not required? For the record only for DWQ 401
Certification:
^ Yes ®No For the record only for Corps Permit:
^ Yes ®No
1f. Is payment into a mitigation bank or in-lieu fee program proposed for mitigation
of impacts? If so, attach the acceptance letter from mitigation bank or in-lieu
fee program. ^ Yes ®No
1g. Is the project located in any of NC's twenty coastal counties. If yes, answer 1h
below. ^ Yes ®No
1 h. Is the project located within a NC DCM Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)? ^ Yes ®No
2. Project Information
2a. Name of project: Ridges Mtn Rd (SR 1331)
2b. County: Randolph
2c. Nearest municipality /town: Asheboro
2d. Subdivision name: N/A
2e. NCDOT only, T.I.P. or state
project no: 8C.076131
3. Owner Information
3a. Name on Recorded Deed: NC DOT
3b. Deed Book and Page No.
3c. Responsible Party (for LLC if
applicable):
3d. Street address: PO BOX 1067
3e. City, state, zip: Aberdeen, NC 28315
3f. Telephone no.: 910-944-2344
3g. Faic no.: 910-944-5623
3h. Email address: tjohnson@ncdot.gov
Page 1 of 11
PCN Form -Version 1.0 November 2008 Version
Section A. Applicant Information, continued
4. Applicant Information (if different from owner)
4a. Applicant is: ^ Agent ®Other, specify: Division Engineer
4b. Name: Timothy Johnson
4c. Business name
(if applicable): North Carolina Department of Transportation
4d. Street address: PO BOX 1067
4e. City, state, zip: Aberdeen, NC, 28315
4f. Telephone no.: 910-944-2344
4g. Fax no.: 910-944-5623
4h. Email address: tjohnson@ncdot.gov
5. AgenUConsultant Information (if applicable)
5a. Name: Reid Rich
5b. Business name
(if applicable): North Carolina Department of Transportation
5c. Street address: 126 Dot Drive
Sd. City, state, zip: Asheboro, NC, 27205
5e. Telephone no.: 336-625-2078
5f. Fax no.: 336-625-0146
Sg. Email address: rhrich@ncdot.gov
Page 2 of 11
PCN Form -November 2008 Version
B. Project Information and Prior Project History
1. Property Identification
1 a. Property identification no. (tax PIN or parcel ID): -
1 b. Site coordinates (in decimal degrees): 35.70643'N - -79.94245'W
1c. Property size: acres
2. Surface Waters
2a. Name of nearest body of water (stream, river, etc.) to
proposed project: Caraway Creek
2b. Water Quality Classification of nearest receiving water: C
2c. River basin: Yadkin
3. Project Description
3a. Describe the existing conditions on the site and the general land use in the vicinity of the project at the time of this
application:
unpaved secondary road with crossing, rural agricultural
3b. List the total estimated acreage of all existing wetlands on the property:
0
3c. List the total estimated linear feet of all existing streams (intermittent and perennial) on the property:
180' (3x60')
3d. Explain the purpose of the proposed project:
replace existing culvert to meet currect standards in conjunction with Secondary Road Construction Project
3e. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used:
Grade, Drain, Base, Pave and Erosion Control. utilizing backhoe, pan, dozer, motor grader and excavator
4. Jurisdictional Determinations
4a. Have jurisdictional wetland or stream determinations by the
Corps or State been requested or obtained for this property /
project (including all prior phases) in the past?
^ Yes ®No ^ Unknown
4b. If the Corps made the jurisdictional determination, what type
of determination was made?
^ Preliminary ^ Final
4c. If yes, who delineated the jurisdictional areas?
Name (if known): Agency/Consultant Company:
Other:
4d. If yes, list the dates of the Corps jurisdictional determinations or State determinations and attach documentation.
5. Project History
5a. Have permits or certifications been requested or obtained for
this project (including all prior phases) in the past? ^ Yes ®No ^ Unknown
5b. If yes, explain in detail according to "help fle" instructions.
6. Future Project Plans
6a. Is this a phased project? ®Yes ^ No
6b. If yes, explain.
temporary erosion control measures installed prior to clearing and grubbing phase. Ditchline measures placed as final
grade established. Seeding as work progresses
Page 3 of 11
PCN Form -Version 1.0 November 2008 Version
C. Proposed Impacts Inventory
1. Impacts Summary
1 a. Which sections were completed below for your project (check all that apply):
^ Wetlands ®Streams -tributaries ^ Buffers
^ Open Waters ^ Pond Construction
2. Wetland Impacts
If there are wetland impacts proposed on the site, then complete this question for each wetland area impacted.
2a. 2b. 2c. 2d. 2e. 2f.
Wetland impact - Type of jurisdiction
number - Type of Type of wetland Forested (Corps - 404, Area of impact (acres)
Permanent (P) or impact (if known) DWO -non-404, other)
Tem ora T
W1 ^ P ^ T NA ^ Yes ^ No ^ Corps
^ DWO
W2 ^ P ^ T ^ Yes ^ No ^ Corps
^ DWO
W3 ^ P ^ T ^ Yes ^ No ^ Corps
^ DWO
W4 ^ P ^ T ^ Yes ^ No ^ Corps
^ DWQ
W5 ^ P ^ T ^ Yes ^ No ^ Corps
^ DWO
W6 ^ P ^ T ^ Yes ^ No ^ Corps
^ DWO
2g. Total wetland impacts
2h. Comments:
3. Stream Impacts
If there are perennial or intermittent stream impacts (including temporary impacts) proposed on the site, then complete this
question for all stream sites impacted.
3a. 3b. 3c. 3d. 3e. 3f.
Stream impact Type of Stream name Perennial (PER) or Average stream width (teet) Impact
number - impact intermittent (INT)? length
(linear feet)
Permanent (P) or
Temporary (T)
S1 ®P ^ T pipe UT of Caraway
crk. ®pER ^INT 7 14
S2 ®P ^ T pipe UT of Caraway
crk. ^pER ®INT 3 16
S3 ®P ^ T pipe UT of Caraway ®pER ^INT 8 20
crk.
S4 ^P^T ^PER ^INT
S5 ^ P ^ T ^ PER ^INT
S6 ^P^T ^PER ^INT
3g. Total stream and tributary impacts 50
3h. Comments: Total impacts reFlect net impact from pipe replacement and lengthening.
Page 4 of 11
PCN Form -Version 1.0 November 2008 Version
C. Proposed Impacts Inventory, continued
4. Open Water Impacts
If there are proposed impacts to lakes, ponds, estuaries, tributaries, sounds, the Atlantic Ocean, or any other open water of
the U. S. then individual) Ilst all o en water im acts below.
4a. 4b. 4c. 4d. 4e.
Open water Name of
impact number waterbody Type of impact Waterbody type Area of impact (acres)
-Permanent (if I
(P) or applicable)
Tem ora T
01 ^P^T NA
02 ^P^T
03 ^P^T
04 ^P^T
4f. Total open water impacts 0
4g. Comments:
Page 5 of 11
PCN Form -November 2008 Version
C. Proposed Impacts Inventory, continued
5. Pond or Lake Construction
If and or lake construction ro osed, then com lete the chart below.
5a.
Pond ID 5b.
Proposed use or Sc.
Wetland Impacts (acres) Sd.
Stream Impacts (feet) 5e.
Upland
(acres)
number purpose of pond
Flooded
Filled
Excavated
Flooded
Filled
Excavated
Flooded
P1 NA
P2
Sf. Total
5g. Comments:
5h. Is a dam high hazard permit required?
^ Yes ^ No If yes, permit ID no:
Si. Expected pond surface area (acres):
5j. Size of pond watershed (acres):
5k. Method of construction:
6. Buffer Impacts (for DWQ)
If project will impact a protected riparian buffer, then complete the chart below. If yes, then individually list all buffer impacts
below. If an im acts re uire miti anon, then ou MUST fill out Section D of this form.
6a.
Project is in which protected basin?
^ Neuse ^Tor-Pamlico ^ Other:
^ Catawba ^ Randleman
6b.
Buffer impact
number -
Permanent (P)
or Temporary 6c.
Reason
for impact 6d.
Stream name 6e.
Buffer
mitigation
required? . 6f.
Zone 1 impact (square
feet) 6g.
Zone 2 impact
(square feet)
B1 ^ P ^ T NA ^Yes ^ No
B2 ^p^T ^Yes ^No
B3 ^ P ^ T ^Yes ^ No
6h. Total buffer impacts
6i. Comments: Not in a buffer area.
Page 6 of 11
PCN Form -November 2008 Version
D. Impact Justification and Mitigation
1. Avoidance and Minimization
ta. Specifically describe measures taken to avoid or minimize the proposed impacts in designing project.
to install correct size pipe to minimize scour at inlet and outlet of pipe due to restricted flow of substandard culvert.
1 b. Specifically describe measures taken to avoid or minimize the proposed impacts through construction techniques.
install erosion control devices and compliance with all cunent BMP for road construction.
2. Compensatory Mitigation for Impacts to Waters of the U.S. or Waters of the State
2a. Does the project require Compensatory Mitigation for
impacts to Waters of the U.S. or Waters of the State? ^ Yes ®No
2b. If yes, mitigation is required by (check all that apply): ^DWQ ^ Corps
2c. If yes, which mitigation option will be used for this
project? ^ Mitigation bank
^ Payment to in-lieu fee program
^ Permittee Responsible Mitigation
3. Complete if Using a Mitigation Bank
3a. Name of Mitigation Bank:
3b. Credits Purchased (attach receipt and letter) Type Quantity
3c. Comments:
4. Complete if Making a Payment to In-lieu Fee Program
4a. Approval letter from in-lieu fee program is attached. ^ Yes
4b. Stream mitigation requested: linear feet
4c. If using stream mitigation, stream temperature: warm, cool, cold
4d. Buffer mitigation requested (DWQ only): square feet
4e. Riparian wetland mitigation requested: acres
4f. Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested: acres
4g. Coastal (tidal) wetland mitigation requested: acres
4h.. Comments:
5. Complete if Using a Permittee Responsible Mitigation Plan
5a. If using a permittee responsible mitigation plan, provide a description of the proposed mitigation plan.
Page 7 of 11
PCN Form -Version 1.0 November 2008 Version
D. Impact Justification and Mitigation, continued
6. Buffer Mitigation (State Regulated Riparian Buffer Rules) -required by DWQ
6a. Will the project result in an impact within a protected riparian buffer that requires
buffer mitigation? ^ Yes ^ No
6b. If yes, then identify the square feet of impact to each zone of the riparian buffer that requires mitigation. Calculate the
amount of mitigation required.
Zone Reason for impact Total impact
(square feet) Multiplier Required mitigation
(square feet)
Zone 1 NA 3 (2 for Catawba)
Zone 2 1.5
Total buffer mitigation required:
6c. If buffer mitigation is required, discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (e.g., payment to private mitigation bank,
permittee responsible riparian buffer restoration, payment into an approved in-lieu fee fund).
6d. Comments:
Page 8 of 11
PCN Form -November 2008 Version
E. Stormwater Management and Diffuse Flow Plan (required by DWQ)
1. Diffuse Flow Plan
~ a. Does the project include or is it adjacent to protected riparian buffers identified ^ Yes ®No
within one of the NC Riparian Buffer Protection Rules?
1 b. if yes, then is a diffuse flow plan included? ^ Yes ^ No
2. Determination if the Pro'ect Re wires a Stormwater Mana ement Plan
2a. Does the project require aNon-404 Jurisdictional General Permit? ^ Yes ®No
2b. Is the project subject to General Certification 3704 or 3705? ^ Yes ^ No
3. Determination of Stormwater Review Jurisdiction
3a. Is this project subject to any of the following state-implemented stormwater ^ Coastal counties
management programs (check all that apply)? ^ HOW
^ ORW
If so, attach one copy of the approval letter from the DWO and one copy of the ^ Session Law 2006-246
approved stormwater management plan. ^ Other:
3b. In which local government's jurisdiction is this project?
3c. Is this local government certified to implement a state stormwater program? ^ Yes ^ No
If so, attach one copy of the approval letter from the local government and one copy
of the approved stormwater management plan (or one copy of the approved
Stormwater management plan stamped as approved).
4. Information Re wired for DWQ 401 Unit Stormwater Review
4a. What is the overall ercent im erviousness accordin to the most current site Ian? 33%
4b. Does this project contain any areas that meet the criteria for "high density" per ^ Yes ®No
General Certifications 3704 and 3705?
4c. If the site is over 24% impervious and/or contains high density areas, then provide a brief narrative description of the
stormwater management plan.
see attached erosion control plans.
4d. Has a completed BMP Supplement Form with all required items been submitted ~ Yes ®No
for each stormwater BMP?
Page 9 of 11
PCN Form -Version 1.0 November 2008 Version
F. Supplementary Information
1. Environmental Documentation (DWQ Requirement)
1 a. Does the-project involve an expenditure of public (federal/state/local) funds or the ®Yes ^ No
use of public (federal/state) land?
1 b. If you answered "yes" to the above, does the project require preparation of an
^Y
s
®No
environmental document pursuant to the requirements of the National or State e
(North Carolina) Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
1c. If you answered "yes" to the above, has the document review been finalized by the
State Clearing House? (If so, attach a copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval
^Yes
^ No
letter.)
Comments:
2. Violations (DWQ Requirement)
2a Is the site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H .0500), Isolated
. Wetland Rules (15A NCAC. 2H .1300), DWQ Surface Water or Wetland Standards, ^Yes ®No
or Riparian Buffer Rules (15A NCAC 2B .0200)?
2b. Is this an after-the-fact permit application? ^Yes ®No
2c. If you answered "yes" to one or both of the above questions, provide an explanation of the violation(s):
3. Cumulative Impacts (DWQ Requirement)
3a. Will this project (based on past and reasonably anticipated future impacts) result in ^Yes ®No
additional development, which could impact nearby downstream water quality?
3b. If you answered "yes" to the above, submit a qualitative or quantitative cumulative impact analysis in accordance with the
most recent DWQ policy. If you answered "no,° provide a short narrative description.
4. Sewage Disposal (DWQ Requirement)
4a . Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of wastewater generated from
the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
Page 10 of 11
PCN Form -Version 1.0 November 2008 Version
F. Supplementary Information; continued
5. Endangered Species and Designated Critical Habitat (Corps Requirement)
Sa. WII this project occur in or near an area with federally protected species or ^Yes ®No
habitat?
Sb. Have you checked with the USFWS concerning Endangered Species Act ^Yes ®No
impacts?
^ Raleigh
5c. If yes, indicate the USFWS Field Office you have contacted.
^ Asheville
Sd. What data sources did you use to determine whether your site would impact Endangered Species or Designated Critical
Habitat?
on site survey and Natural Heratige Arc map layer
6. Essential Fish Habitat (Corps Requirement)
6a. Will this project occur in or near an area designated as essential fish habitat? ^Yes ®No
6b. What data sources did you use to determine whether your site would impact Essential Fish Habitat?
7. Historic or Prehistoric Cultural Resources (Corps Requirement)
7a. Will this project occur in or near an area that the state, federal or tribal
governments have designated as having historic or cultural preservation ®Yes ^ No
status (e.g., National Historic Trust designation or properties significant in
North Carolina history and archaeology)?
7b. What data sources did you use to determine whether your site would impact historic or archeological resources?
DOT staff Archeological review referencing SHPO source data
8. Flood Zone Designation (Corps Requirement)
Sa. Will this project occur in aFEMA-designated 100-year floodplain? ^Yes ®No
Sb. If yes, explain how project meets FEMA requirements:
8c. What source(s) did you use to make the floodplain determination?
//126 ~h C/ ~lOf~nSm-Z
/ , ~ "^~ ~"~O ~~/
gent's Printed Name
ApplicantlA Applican Agent's Signature
(Agent's signature is valid only if an authorization letter from the applicant
Date
is provided.
Page 11 of 11
PCN Form -November 2008 Version
iI
~j _
){
C1
lint Hi
1 e
i 1, 4
. ~
,sue
1335 9'
_- 32 J6
ll3
- F~ ~
1331
\1 La
313 Raec
36
e
Y
fl~ 13,8 ~i
131]
T2 :.315 ~T 13 -
T
MiP 13
~`n;,`e4 ?
520 1, ~'L
13 1
Famlcr Y?
49
I~~ 01 1~~ `M'
20 YY w
1
I \~ J/
34 ~ L Marta C
I
I Playa
~._u>~,
~~
nso
~I
" ~~ l
~UWrH AR (R/I E'
~_pY AT1 /ONAL
8 / (/
~?3 FOR/EST
I
EI
I
I
I
1 3'8
~~
1 -1 WgynYle ~ 2:
I.J ~ ~ c _
\~.
~5
F
P ~
~~
sovrH ~
u+E ~EBOR~ ~
~ ,: ~ 4C
1 ~ E2
,~~ J r \Er~V\/
~~ ~~ \ ~ ~ 1
S2 \',II~aJ \ ~ 256 ,z3s~1 372 ;, ~~
\\M~~~~1~' I/\/7 na ' ( C7 Irz1\1~I\~ ~ ~
346 reek ~ n+3 n1d _ a a~1I M: L"./
'o
Is
'~ 119 11dJ 11Lt 11~] 1121 /~ 1132" II23 i SFAGPOVE
00 w r ~
MIO tlla u~P1a9011~V 125;
/ ( '~
ears lam. ~ un 24 Ilan •~ .e -306'
261 ue1 e ~ ? ,, rT , 1 m ,.
uya
161 Itz 1x /a>~q ~~ ~
26 ,3 ce 4' '..no uie .120
61 ^ 01111 `~ O 111]1 J t 1160 ~J ~
~ ~ `"25~, 2 1,
1a5 e
1109Re 373 _ ~ u5 -e : -p
an66 ~ u2 1n° vis ., .,' lies m ,
nos., _ . _ _ FI
_ _
- _I ~ _ .,
Bi ~ ° i
~I/~ ~1
,_.~~~5 ~.~~~ Jr~; /~1j ~ ; -... ~, ~~,f ~ lam; `
~ ~ ~~
o. {, ~, ,.
r--'
'' ~~ ~ .7 '~` 'i ~ 1/ ~ _ ~ i ~ m t r ~ v
sf s., ~ ~
1 ~
~1 i r ) ~~ ~- -~ L~ ~
r ( i o ., ,.. ., - .~
'i`
(`~ ~~ 1
~r
VA l 1~2 ~3 '°'~ ~ J; ~ 1 ~ ~T,
_ '~-ter`--' ' ~ % ~ _ ~" ~ \ V ( f '~J
x° `~'^f
_ S` <j7 ~ ~ : ~ Jam:.. ~ ~. '1. ~ ~~,~ ~~ ii i ~i
}\ i l
5~•.. ~., f ~ ~,
''
"r~~. a iJ.~, '~, ~ %/// Y ''cam ~ U
\.
n ~ E:: ~l / 1'~ . ~ ~
."~-, . f ` r \ _, o ,,,: ; , r 111{~~
{ ~~~~
~ ~~- , ~~ ~J)~
,~ ~ _~
~ ~:.
s `
~ :.C
^~,,, _ 6cab 1:16,000 ix
. p ®~~. t"=1330 ® a
® 2004 DaLOr a. J-D Topepuatls ®. Dau copyripM1t oI <ontant owner. ~~ ~ ~ i oPE
www.tlelorme.cem
s<~.
S. Vie. ~
S ~ ~. 3
1~
V^`\
=
~ C. ~
o ~
j }
j ~ O
g ~ Cali ~ O
~ `-f"
ij ~ i
I O
~ o
W a
O N
S'T ~
OI
¢ (l~
NeyS
°
~I
((~
y w
N° ~a^~
~
Vl % N SdO
I ~tiq
=
I
e .,
~ w
J
x a
o I
I ~ a
mu ~ U
y
w
m
I
z¢.mi
OF
a I Jf m
¢ ~
O
~ i ~ u _. Ia 9H5Z0 ~
N
i
i
a
_ _ ~
o
i a
¢
^,
I .
..
a
aw
d
1
Q
i ¢
m
O \ Ud ~. U W U ~ Nj
' ~ J
W °,¢ 3
41 I as
J}
~
1 .ate y
N I 8 °$ OF
°
°8
°O°o - Nx
'
~ I
'I o
~
/
o
:
N
.;.
••
•` •i W ° ~
~
~.~;~ -
~
~ 000
ca ~
¢~ I
~m ~
I O /
m - .O ~~t~
m I ~ I m °o I/~' / ao 000 $O8
~
O
O O O
p
/...' /
O ~
N Q
~¢ o~°o°o ° ~o
°
°
p ~~' ~
O / '~ ~ d
~ i
F~~ / ~ ~I W +
v~ ~ ~.
I-.~ ~ oo NI ~ ~~
PN d
°p00°O° ~. 1 t~l l0 ~
' ~ pJ°
G°O° ~ I
N~ bbl O
00 .
p
O L
~ M
0000
' I x3
°ppo°O .i MSia NN7 o I =
° •~ - b Z
~
po°o ° s ~ I
00 0 ~ a i
0o
o w
W
~
N M i
~ i
° V
In
lA (
~
Nn
~
N
~
H
p
ooo°
o°
-
O
~
U ~
~
Rt~'a~~e
a N
UwU
i
p
o
p0 OOp° >
•~~ .
~ ^ ^
a4o~~¢ O
~
°o oo oo0
~•.~ I
°apo°
°°p •'
0
~;~ m 1
0
oppo
• ~
a
I
~
~
N I i~.~Q~N
as ~ N ~ DZI~~JN^
¢: ~ ~ N I oTOc"~iU
- 'I ~- , I ~ i ~ , ~, x
m w
x ~
H j Fp„CO
~~~
N j ~ 2
'
0
l m
h
~
2z
y
h
1 o
m
¢
l Q~~
T
I 4
uunnpO° uw °l~ u
L----------------
4
~Q~~e~
~QO~~Q
r1\. '^a1
V Y
.o~W
`, ;~ x;;,43
~.~NR~~
ido~~-¢
"1
I~
vl
i , ~ i
i
~~~
STATE OF I~IORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
BEiVERI.Y EAVES PERDUE
CiOVERNnft
ivlrs. Claudia Brown
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
Historic Preservation Office
Dept. of Cultural Resources
4617 tVfail Service Center
Kaleigh, North Carolina 27699-4617
June 20,2011
Dear Mrs. Brown:
EUGENE A. CONTI, 1R.
SECRETARY
Subject: Archaeological Consideration for Division 8, SR 1331 (Ridges Mountain Road) N Randolph
County, North Carolina (ER # OS-1485)
NCDOT proposes to pave and grade a portion of SR 1331 (Ridges Mountain Road) in Randolph County.
This is not aFederal-Aid project, being State funded. However, under assumption that a US Corps of Arm}'
Engineers pemut may be issued, it is being treated under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
Ace A letter dated September]2, 2005 from your office to Rex Badgett, NCDOT Division 8 Environmental
Officer, recommended that an archaeological survey may be appropriate.
Research conducted at the Office of State Archaeology showed that there are no known archaeological sites
within the Area of Potential Effects defined as the existing roadway and ditch lines. Two sites are recorded
nearby of interest, 31Rd555/555** and 31Rd550. Site 31Rd555/555** was investigated by NCDOT for a
bridge replacement project also along SR 1331 as it crossed Caraway Creek. Shovel testing failed to yield
roadside artifacts approaching the current project (Zinn 2002), though 31Rd555/555** was relocated during
that efEart. That undertaking, which involved a permanent drainage easement, concluded archaeological
investigations (ER # O]-7006) with a data recovery report (Webb 2006). Site 31Rdi50 is south of the current
proposed road improvement on a high spot in the adjacent Eeld. Unevaluated, the small site consisted of one
Kirk projectile point/knife and two Native American ceramic sherds as diagnostics and little else. Neither will
be impacted by this current project.
NCDOT archaeologists Shane Petersen and Brian Overton conducted a field inspection and pedestrian survey
of the APE in October 2010. No new archaeological sites were identified. All previously identified sites are
outside of the APE and will not be affected.
Since the project involves improvement [o the existing facility, the footprint of the project will be limited. The
APE has been affected by the roadbed and associated ditching, disturbing soil stratigraph}' and archaeological
integrity. The relatively minimal nature of the undertaking, paving and draining of an existing gravel facility,
combined with the small APE results in a situation that is unlikely to impact any intact, significant
archaeological sites. Therefore, we recommend no further archaeological investigation of this undertaking.
If you have any comments regarding this conclusion, please contact Brian Overton at (919) 707-6081.
Sincerely,
/, P' *
Matt Wilkerson, Archaeology Supervisor
Office of the Human Environment
cc: Rex Badgett, Division 8 DEO
MAILING AGORE$B: tOGATIGN:
NC DEPARTMENT Df TRANSPORTATION TELEPHGNEI 919-707-8000 PDEA-HUMAN ENVIRONMENT UNIT
PDEA -HUMAN ENVIRONMENT UNIT FAX: 919-212.5705 CENTURY CENTER, BLOC B
1590 MAILSERVIGE CENTER WEBSITE: WWW.N000T ORG 1020 Birch Ridge Drne
RALEIGH. NC 27699-1598 Raleigh, NC 27810
O
1~ h
~~
O
-. W
U
~ A ~ ~ O
i
Q Z C
~ N (fQ~~ o
OU ~ ~[:1~ UW
z~~ o0
~O o~~~e
~
o ~;Ax
oW ~ q~w~Q
~oo~UA
o a;
~~ ~ ^~e~~
x
~
~ cane ~
o
~~~ ~
\
O O Q
UW UW
O O
O M1t
a ; "'
~_
0.
~~ ~
q+
W ~
f~ ~
F I
ti~
~~
0
q+
W c^y
ti
ti~
h
W
0.
~a
q+
WN
h
ti`
~~ b
~ ~
.f'
it
i
_i
u,
ei
m~
_______
_______________ z -.
c
G,
~~
~.~
~'
E
z;
_U'
>'
i
}
s
e
U
H
U
~ o
e4
U r
-1
/ ~ ~~
`~
~~~
~~
~~
,,
~__
I~
'``~
~ ,
`~`
1~ i
~ ,~ `
i
~ ~ ,
i
i
i
~ ~ 1
i
i
i
t ~;
pi
3 -itr
~~
` ~~~
~
i
% ~
Q V Q o
BJtij~
~, .
,
.
a~o"z
FC i>,
~ ;Om~C
B
~
- oo
°
o.,
~
..
~~~w
!~
~,
oo°`
~,
o ~~
J
v
i
~ a
o
~
1 o
•1~
.
..
~~ 1 !
1
-
® y~~e
~~~~
~~~$
I£€~I 2IS :~~~`~
!!I~ .g y~ ~~~ „~t9~ p kgp7+yE~ ~~ V~~~q O~ y£. b~~ ~4 ~3 ~~
1~ ~p 3e ~.~~ y~A.yvn ~ Yk °b ~` Ys~~ Mc a~. ~~p ~F oy ~y
„reo ~i
~ e~ ~~ ~~y ~,'~¢ 5 ~Y:Y~Y ~~ 5~~LLyv9 ~r mae y~~ 9~ pr, d
?~~ k`a ~~= egyy9a7r ~~pp~yyyQyQ~ iyy~ KL ~~g?y9 a~pgpag~g ~~~ ~Y~ `p~.q~ ~~ w`:
?Eb :E Z~~ fES~°y 89LY e~ Fa E7YbE ~dd Say 7tl~F 8! „~ g>
r M v r a v a 4
3r
E ~ y v Yt
Be y c ~ a „ya 333 ~b~ ~~
~~ b d a ngyqk~ tz ~ ~.~ d'Y nc~ ~ 3` ~ °~
~ by Y Ati b aa3$ ~~ yp err y~ys y~ye~ ~ ~.
~ Y a >2`y- Cab
$s ip ~s d ~p ~~ eYgs ep ~~Y v$ ~ab~ ~ `~~ W wY
o ~~•
2i ~y~ a;g ~ ~Y p~ ~ 0~6~ vn q¢~ ~~yy o~~k o~==~ x ~~~
e~ e~ ~zs s :'Y ~~ ~ ~e5g3+ ~~ $~~ p8 `~~b ~~~~~ x WWo
`: 6 ^we eg~p ~ py E~ E Y~EYE yE ~Y~ ~a Y~pE ao~~ z ~N.
y H~-i. n° PPF- Y d, ~ ~a. EF ~Ok to ~ a R_C W 3~~
eP~a~ ~6bz ?~ 9g "Yt3 g ~y~4~ uE fi~2 ra K~~4 W~~° ~ ~o~
¢agb- ~ gp Y qyY pqa p ~ ~wp4~ ~n W
epE£~¢ !&S~ Kk d kb CYY ~ 9.~Y~)~ ~?~ g~~ 4o YE~~ ~g~t~ ~ 3~~
~ ab e 6 E-. iY tlc Y Y- t
t l~~Et~ lain 4 ~~ bs~ ~ ty C Yq ~~ p yYF° ex~``~ < ~wC
r > t E Y G E t Y yY ¢~" i
S l~tgq5e)~~ ~?~~ ~~ & r~yy y~$ Y a~pY~a y~~ ~YY 6 q~e~ a~~yt ~ 3~4
Y F{'~~ae ,~8~ ~ SQ p qS b ~ F ~~E~Y d.p SI~~ a ~~~' c ~~ ~~~
~ 6 aag $ yp~~~~~°~Y ~€~~Wg ~ gm~m~~.~Y
y $5 ! gge~ E Yi #Fg ~ Y~Y YE~ F } w w~ W x
gg ~ 9~a 3~ ~ ~n4W Y Std
gA~Ea~ a y~ Q b ~ C ~ E ~. t ~~''3m 9 °ua:
88 ~~CN 3~ <r`~
m U
- M
- i
F o 0 o J oW
~ W "~
` 3 s
`'.g
o Q an d i ~ w ¢ m U ~ ~ _3„ m`Y 1
t~ W W ti ti ~ Z o ~,~.; e
~' 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ W o " J ~ m:~ 3e
ti ~' W _
~ Y Y O O ~ ~ w O LL ~ _ __
~ W W 2 i i W p R LL - .
C U U ~ ~ S 2 d d Q
n {- m
' ~ J ti o 0 0 a ~ - w
° w ¢ m ~ in H vWi ~ z o w z m iv ~¢ ~='
w ~~ a ~ e~ o g~ w a a s c m -
p- Q>- > ~ ~ ~ > ~_
Q ~ N ~~n d ~. ~ C ~ a ~ m w ~ ¢ ¢ ~ C~ n ,v _
4 m m o w o 0 0 4 ~ ? ~ k ti ~- 2 ~„~ ~ 5 i 3 u, `w
Y 3:W wm'o
~ W D °' J 3 ¢ ~ W W O ~ ti' ~ K U
i W W ~ ~ s ti i- ~ 2 ¢ ~ a 3'eW ` m
~- ~ U ¢ ~n g
ble~~
eEE ~W~~a
N N N O O Q ~ O 'T„~i Ewa
~ b ~ ~p b b b N t7 ~p ~p N b t0 0 ..= n°3
J .-~
,~
,~
O
Z
Z
~ .
Z
u~
~~
O^
~~
Z~
~1
~i Rj
~QM~~,~
N ~ tl~ cq to .
~jflt0 t~flN~O
~ M 11 11
N 11 1~ 11
dd~~~~
Pcsro. sf/9a~
Pprsro. st~~
BEG;N REV/S/pN
PTSro. 2t82~
\ • l ~:~
~, f'n
~ z ~~
~~
~ ~~`,
~` ~ IV ~ G
1 1 - u~z~
~ 1'G` cn 000
o `-'1
~ 1 11 ` _~
1 ,1 ~ ~ ~ /
1
~ 11 1 ~ i
1
IIF%1
1 1
1 1 ~ ; i
1 I I 1 !7
'' ~'
1
G.p I I II ~.n0\>
a i I
I
~~ ~ Fgi ~
1 I 1
b l i , l
1
4.. I 1
~~ 1 ~
1 I
1
~ i~ P1
1. 1 4.1
1~i r~~_- 8E
/ i I~,. ~
~~ , I , 1
1 ,
'~~ 1 1
%~' . ~' %~
W 1 ; 1 1 /
1 I
1 I ICJ
1 I 1
1 I 1 ~ `~.
1 1 I
I
~i~ I F _I
1~1 ~~1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 I 1 1
I 1
1 I
1 1 , 1
1 I 1
1 1 1
1 I I1 ~
j 1 ,-~I
1 I ~ ~ 4
I I I
1 1 r 1
1 I I 1
1 I I ,
11 1g'r
1 IFS;
1 I I I i
1 I I
I
1. 1 I u,
Z
_n e ,y
tl ' J
_nl. N
~
~ oj' ~' `1 4
,shx~
t
Y' s- ~ 3 m
{ Q r~ ~
~
~~~
a'~^la
1
I39'~,J6 Q
y ~
~ O
\ 2
~\~
Z\
~ ~
/
~ry
~`S'I~ W
vLl ~~
V
y~
cn ~
'-,
C) `I"~ ~
~ ~ o
,~
~'~~
I ~~ N
O p) \fl
°" ~' 3 v,
1 ~ y\~ ~ U 1~1 I I\
~ II II II II II 3 y I I I~;
QO ,y N 1 1 1 1
V I~ ll. , ~ I I 1 I
PC$r `ly N ; ~ ~ ; p `~ ~j
,,
Q
~~
1 , ~~
W ~ , ;
I
~ 1 1~
N ~ 1 ~
~ 1
1 ,
~ 1 to
c~ ' 1 ~O
z =
N
X
W
~'
i
m_
~ I~
1
In ~
Q~~~~~ h
`` ~,~~rL
~\ \~; ~J
\ - a
\\ ~ `.~ ~'
\ J ~ 4{~p ,
m ,
\ _ ST[/
i
~ h
VN~~
i V
~ o
r, ~~
~ i
a e.
\. ! i ~
\
\ ~ ~ r
I ~
I ; ,
'-,
tz
W ri
~I
~
I~
I~ ~ i
~~? 2'
~ i
J J I
XI I
1 1 'LL~
~ 1 h ~.
U~~.
~
_. ~,~
I `)
O 1~
A u
~~~~~ ~~ ~
_
n°°11 ~
a
m
nn
14~J~~ - z
r
7M
+133
2~
PTSiO i
~ ~_~~ +
y ;;~PCSta.19 3592
3 .~
:S ~n
c
c~ J'
.; d.
`' J n
.` _^
q
15
`,}-
cal 3 ~
v. ~ ~~ ~`
~' N ~
F~
3
U
Z
Vl
W
1
rs 1
. , \ ,
~ 1 ~ o ~~
1 `f
~
l
AI
°
-, I
,+a.
' 11 '. ~~+, mis -
. Y4~
~
~
1
I 1
)
~~I 1~ ~
w ..: I { a ~
f" ~ I ~
;
~:a; I~
N
I
0 ~ I I r•
~
~
i i ~
o
r~'
I
N I ~ W
i
IH~ II, j
2 ~ I I ~ ~
ai c
i"II I
I
d<
I
I
',
I l e;
y
~
, u
I I
~ 1 1 1
1
1 I
~1 <
~
I
1
1 ~ ~ ,
1 1 I~
4A1 1
'
1
I
J ~.''i X1
1`yi
\
'~j 1
1
~rf, 11 11 ~,
W \ ..v~l 1. '.
C
L \ u 1 1 1 /,
1 1 li'
M ~
olj ~II :1_
'
~~ r11 ,;,r: ~1
,ter..,.
(~ ~6,~gS~
_ "I
_. --- - I
1
I
I
i
I
rO 2
I ~ ~~
I ~ Q' l!]
I
5ta•2~~~520 0~~0~~
~~inunu
=U ~ ~QO~tiQ
ro I
~ I
~. I
I
(~ I
-=
Z C.7 I
I
4 I
z ~
Q o I
rJ I
w
~ ~
Z
m
o i
o
cry
.~
~'
', I
I..
1
o\
I
~ ~.,
, I CI
I
's~. PT Si°.:18+43.4'
p'`~8 ~
~2
~.I ' F'
~,
-- ~ i ~
~`a
' / ~~ ~ON~ ~tD
I L~ ~
1 ~ i V~~1~ 0 II II II
% i ~ Q ~ J ~ ~
~ ~ I
i I
I
nr=' ~15t°.15+49.36
Y ~
Z~
V
~~ t
i
I
-~ I
- l~Q
Z~ W }?~ I:: 1 ~
{"11 1 ~
~ IP
- ~
1 y0
1 1 1 9
Qh
7~ ~
1 I 1
N , I 1~1 ~.
<
1 I ~
.
~ ~
1 \`~
O
1
I
\
I \
1
11 ~
~'~ 1
1
N
1\
1
z 1
I 1 11 ~/
~, +51 ~rS
3NIl H~1dYV
y
uu..u uu
J
~
~ c
,
i
,
, ,
,
i
i
i
l
_
_
,i
J
;~ ~ 3,
J `~ ~
1~+
J
N
Q
a nl
A t ~
J ~$
~
UJ I
,1 n /
3 ~= ~
u
~, 3 ~
d
~~
ccqq`4o
~oWN"1
II n II
J4~~
I ~LSta. 39+81.59 0~~ j':"
I I . I ,~ •,p,~ (~
~ I I I , ~, ~~ ~\ °Y~ Y
I I ~ x s ~ ~ to d, o,
M I Idl ~ ~I ~ ~o~ti~'Qh
~ ~ i i .x a f 3"1 \\~ Q~ rr rr rr q ~
/r
~ 1 i i~ 3~ vJ y~ ~~~~Q.
/ i
1 I I II o
~ I i ~LL N /
I I G 111 L1 i
~1 J _
1 I `l O- ~ ~ Q •-
~ I• I 11 xN R
~ ~(' ~- s
~'~ I I. ~.~ w o'1' o v- ~
1 I I ~~ ~ ,* V' ZTl . Ml
I~ j i ~4 yb F '1'x20 ~ Nl ? ~ ~ ,~
~ I I 9 O~ ~~"- r`l b~ 111
I 11 1 ~ O
1 _
IB I I N m= ~ ;I II II 11 II
~I I '
1 I I 14 ~
;®I ,~ ,a Ss6.35+795/ ,,
l I ,` /n >
y V ~
1 IIla~7~~ E~ 34+39b2! o ~
'~._ ~t0• ~ ~ c'
PTSta, 32±5°j
~SfO' -~Ot
~J~
,;
,,
'~' ~Q ri
/~ ~~<
,' Orr
,
,'
{ ~
c !~ ''
U
~ _o
Z J ~~'
W q~
£ fJ M ` _/
N
M-
9 ' ~ 3'
~~ ~ r
£ n 3 ~~
y~- ~~..~
I-
y.,,Z oas
13~p0~ N~~,yr+
,' !~ ~( n
,' Z J
,.1
~-- _~-___- °~ ra
' ~ 5 ~,
,
v~
I
,
:~. ~
~~ 3
~ ~
- 9
G
~~.
~~~ /
~ ~
/ -•
>_ ~~ ~ b;
~ ... N~~
l
W ~
1
71
+f~=Q;1
~oN~~
a ~LS~ N
b,N"1e~
M
m'`. ~ 29fJJs2 ~~ II II II II
~r_ ~. ~QOJF_~
J
~5t°. 53+x578
3 ~B
OT St°' S228~p0 L
EOPP075t°•P?Si° 5~+6i75
w
'v
s
N1
\ ~
~``, ~
S
i
~ I ~
~ ~` ,
~~.
I ; Q
z
,
~'~ ;
1
`I
11 Y O
„
~
X
1
~
1 1 ,'
\
~
~~ . O o
s~
_ ~
~ ~ e u?S O
Ilx~ ~ ,,~ ~~ ,
+ , ~~" j o ,
I, , xo ~ ,~
~°
~1 1 / ,
i
~: ,
~ ~~
,'
_~; ,~
„+ ,
y ~ ~1
1 , , _ ,
1 , ~ ~..,
-~~
I Imo
;
'V, .
_~
~
. -
O ~ 11 II ; ° ,,
,
~
~
1
~ ~- -,
1
~
X
1
~ I I
~
Z
,_ _
1
O 1\}..-.I I III ~ b ° I,, O Q O
lIl ,i
"
; I , I yN i
! OZO~
,11„ xe ~31~ o~
~ I I'~~mti IA
c
I I ~ i N ANN
~ ~
.
f-
a
~
I I ~'~ I
~ I I
v ~ Q] d$ ~ '
~ ~} Kl
~ I I ~
c I I m N
~ y
I I
W ~ I I ~ ~ ~ n
~ ~~ ~~~ k
I I o
' ° n 11
~ n
\ ~ 1 I I 1
V
~ ;
W aa~Jl
777
,,,ee\~a"~I 1 ~
im
ip ~
~ i
~ 7
~
i
v
' 'y
: ~
aZ
z Ir- ,~ ~~~ ,~
'
p~' ~ n V- ~ M ,
~~O z
ln¢
~~~ _
M
1'1~
I~~`Y
pp
~~ O ~ O
Qp
+iD~~0a1
~~M~ N - ~~~ ~~
11
11 1\ 11
V1 11
a a~-1~~
2q o
~' ~ m ~
9 r ~' u~
Y
f `o_`{.
r ~'P Y
~ ~ t-
~
~ W t-
~~
~
~ JQ
J~
~1
J`~ =N
V~\~'
x
~~
dj
~
~ ~
~.
~
~~O~
b
~
~'
a
a~~oS' p~I
~
~,
~
Q ~~ ~ 6 `~
D +
~~
;
O q / ~ O x
/
r J /
.~/O
~
q
':. l:i y.
~ L N. f
~-
J =~:c d
3 ~,~ i
~ 1 ~ r •T.
4 <~ ,~
I~
z
n
J N
_~ I
9~
~
J T
~
~
'
f- \r N ~ '
.' ~ "'
.' ~ i i ,
~ i '~
r$
.'~
,
N~~ ~ o
Jiti!S
1
~ ,' I
,I
~~
~ ; 11
~~ I
O ~ I
~ ~
N ~ ~ ~
1 I
tea.
I,
I
\ . ~~
' ' , \
~. U
-~°
~ yh
x ~ti
/
i
i i
/~i
!..,-
~ i
%~
i~ i
,_~ ,
~~'~ .
I C,
/¢~ N c
o ~
~~
~I
W <
,
I~
I' N , ,
x~
I ;
~
7 "
~
o
Vv ~
I, K,
I I~. z
I
I ~
r
i
~/i /.
i
~N ~ l ~ ,
' -i- \
3 `
~ ~ L.
\ pp- ~n ..t ~~ ~
~ W ~.'_
\ \ ~" ~ 3 ~ ~
c. ~.~ ~
1u ~
ATSto
9/,~
'~,
3 ~ ~ , f ,' rP ;-
:~ - ~ ~ ,,i
Z ~ ~ `7 i ~ t` ~OO~( ~.
r _. _.__ _i ~ ~\
~ o -^ /
~l ~ ~ ~ \
~ M O __~ ~ L ~T ~ ~ ~
i ~
> ~~
LJ~
~X ~~
~ .,
2
It\v~
~g
`~^~~.
8~ti ~ry a
~~ ~ \p ^,
~ ~ ii
^~
O
0
0
0
0
°~ m
o w
Z 4 J
a ~-
2 N M
U O
O i
Z ~- m
w O
m p V
W
1- Vl O N ^
O a O 3
z x + o ~
~ ~ ~
ti
z a v c~
w ~ z
~ N N
Z ~
U ~ w N
o w x
J ~ Z w
Q LL N .,
io c° ~ , d
' \ » 4 ~ i ~/ uj r
p / ~ ~- I-'" F~
~ 6 ,~ /~ ~ `s/p
Ot/OM ~ ' 6/x
OIO~j~1Slr i.
1~J a
M~J,09 o;~Q~~
M'Zysb'S s,Q "~g ~,~ _
o .8 N ~ No~ ~~^Qi
i }tI1 ~N,
~`L~ -a( m ~n - in
---_ fLh J `~kf~`~N~
'' ~---__ _y ~~~ ~~~?~.-~~ a ~~ a ii k~{
-1 m y ~,
~-
O J~ i ~ d`` D\ ~\ ~^ bn~b~
i
-f ; / SA
5
`" ~i x ; M 0 k9~
wrn3 _3~ hA
Q
~'] T7.
°a~.N~`"o. ~`~s`
X Y ~ ~~
yv~~ \~
OQ~,
\`\ `~ 2
~ `
~\ `
`
`
,~
. 3~
s `~~kya ~dV'
~~ ~
~ ~
~~
S
w
U
dS
W
O
'...
JR • ~
1~ QVl4
Z~
~,^
Wrn
~M
~ ~ .
~ m
O~
V ~
Q~
m~
O ~
_~
~ W
Q
J
yy! ~i
dr
YS
Y~
~4V~ ..
Q~~
w
0
J ~
~ W trl
Z
~~
wM
~ M
a_
v
l_
O `C{
v-
' r G
.
2
-~
`n ~
~ '- 'Ji ''
b
~ X ~
~ +
~.
n 3
~~, <%
o ~ /
f-- v, _
c Ln h
~~- ~
""ZO =1
^~O~ ~
~6V BRi~
°~ porno 0 o~FCr
-°orso s9{ cb~
E~yp S,U~E6'~
s, t
a n
r ''i ~
r.
~J
~~ -J D
U qtr in
i ~
in M ~ ~
~ d n
~ ~ 3 ~ w
~~n to ~ ,Y
r~