Advanced Plating Tech_Regional Office Historical File Pre 2018

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FILE
NCDENR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
Beverly Eaves Perdue Coleen H. Sullins Dee Freeman
Governor Director Secretary
October 11, 2010
Advanced Plating Technologies
2600 Stitt Street
Monroe, North Carolina 28110
Attention: Mike Hanson
RE: Notice of Regulatory Requirements
NCAC 2T .1003(1) and NCAC 2T .1008(1)
Closed Loop Recycle System
AdvPlating Facility, Monroe
Union County
Dear Mr. Hanson:
Chapter 143, North Carolina General Statutes, authorizes and directs the Environmental Management commission of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources to protect and preserve the water and air resources of the State. The
Division of Water Quality has the delegated authority to enforce adopted pollution control rules. The purpose of this letter
is to advise you of your responsibilities regarding the operation of the closed loop recycle system at your facility.
Based on a recent telephone conversation between Mr. Baker of your company and staff of this office, your system is
considered deemed permitted by regulation (ie. does not require an individual permit) because under NCAC 2T .1003(1),
it fits the following description:
• Return of wastewater is contained under roof within an industrial or commercial process where there is no
anticipated release of wastewater
• No earthen basins are used
• The facility has developed a spill control plan in the event of a release
However, NCAC 2T .1008 also requires that a Residuals Management Plan be maintained for all systems that generate
residuals. The plan must include a detailed explanation as to how the residuals will be collected, handled, processed,
stored and disposed of. Disposal records, as descibed in your plan, must be retained on -site for five years.
Within 60 days, please submit a copy of your Residuals Management Plan to this office. Since some of the residuals are
stored outside the building on the loading dock, please include a copy of your spill control plan. Should you have any
questions, please call me at 704/663-1699 ext. 2180 or contact me via email at an drew. pitner(a).ncdenr.gov.
MAF/advplating Itr 10-8-10
Mooresville Regional Office
Location: 610 East Center Ave., Suite 301 Mooresville, NC 28115
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone] Customer Service: 1-877-623-6748
Internet: www.ncwaterquality.org
An Equal Opportunity 1 Affirmative Action Employer- 50% Recycled/10% Post Consumer paper
Sin erely,
Andrew Pitner, P.G.
Regional Environmental Supervisor
Aquifer Protection Section
NorthCarohna
Natumllry

NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
HAZARDOUS WASTE SECTION
NCDENR ACTIVITY REPORT
Date: 9/9/10 Reported by: Mark Burnette ESS
Subject: AdvPlating (Advanced Plating Technologies)
Name of Company or person in violation
Location: 2600 Stitt Street
Site address
City: Monroe County: Union Zip Code: 28110
Contact Person: Robert Parker Plating Engineer Mike Hanson Owner
(Owner, Operator, Manager, other)
Reason for Visit: Inspection (CEO
Report: On July 15, 2010 a site visit was conducted at AdvPlating to conduct an inspection. The facility is not
listed with the State as a hazardous waste generator, and has never been inspected by the Section. Upon
arrival to the site a short meeting was conducted with Mr. Parker to discuss the intent of the site visit. Since
the facility is not registered as a generator, the contact was questioned about the waste generation procedure
and processes. It was discovered that the facility only conducts electroless nickel plating. The waste generated
is tested and used at a pH of 4.8-5 when spent, then the facility adjusts it to get it's pH to 6.5-7. The waste
and related material is processed through a wastewater treatment system on -site which is closed loop. The
filtered water is reused in a tank and the reclaimed sludge is disposed of as non -hazardous waste.
A walk-thru was conducted to see what type of processes and waste storage was being used. The facility had
approximately 150 fifty-five gallon containers inside the facility that were either already processed sludge or
sludge awaiting processing. Additionally, there were approximately 87 fifty-five gallon containers on the back
loading dock.
The main area of concern was a large area of dead vegetation that appeared to be caused by the spilling or
dumping of some material or waste from the loading dock area. The facility contact did not know the source of
the spill or what material was spilled. (see below)
Dock area with dead vegetation in background
Drum storage on dock
Copies of manifests were received on July 19, 2010 and reviewed. The waste shipped is described as Filter
Cake Non Hazardous/Non Regulated. It is sent to ABM -American Bio Mass in Walterboro, South Carolina. On

July 20, 2010 Mr. Mike Hanson was contacted to follow-up on the dead vegetation issue. He stated that he
thinks it is from phosphates and he is collecting samples to be analyzed by the county's Department of
Agriculture. He stated that the results should be available by July 30tn
Information was submitted which included a soil analysis conducted through the Agriculture Extension Agency
in Union County. The results showed the soil levels were high in nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The Ag
Extension Agency suggested planting a cover crop of buckwheat to help adjust the pH and Potassium. While
the analysis did not reveal any hazardous issues, there are some issues related to groundwater and soils that
may need to be addressed.
Activity type: Complaint (04) Used oil (UOI)
(Circle One) Technical Assistance (CAV) Sampling (SPQ
Comprehensive evaluation (CEI)Compliance schedule (CSE)
Case development (CDI)

Finley, Peggy
From: Pitner, Andrew
Sent: Friday, September 10, 2010 12:01 PM
To: Finley, Peggy
Subject: FW: Advplating referral -Union CO
Attachments: advplating.cei.fy10.doc; advplating.referral. doc; DSC06252.JPG; DSC06253.JPG
It sounds like this might be a problem at what could be a deemed permitted facility. Another email to follow...
From: Burnette, Mark
Sent: Friday, September 10, 2010 11:32 AM
To: Pitner, Andrew
Cc: Burch, Brent
Subject: Advplating referral -Union CO
Andrew,
Attached is a referral and report for a site I did an investigation at in Monroe where something leaked and killed a lot of
vegetation behind the building. It is not hazardous waste but thought you may be interested. Let me know if you have
questions,
)Kar4 A. $wrhatte
Environmental Senior Specialist
PO Box 2481
Indian Trail, NC 28079
704-776-4780
[e-mail]
*****************************************************************************
NOTICE: E-mail correspondence to and from this address may be subject to the North Carolina Public Records Law and
may be disclosed to third parties by an authorized state official.
*****************************************************************************

ALYI-IWA
Via
NCDENR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Michael F. Easley, Governor
Division of Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Section
9/9/ 10
To: Groundwater/DWM
Water Quality/DWM
Air Quality/DAQ
OSHA
Through: Brent Burch
Compliance Branch Supervisor
Hazardous Waste Section
From: Mark Burnette
Environmental Senior Specialist
Hazardous Waste Section
RE: Referral of. Advanced Plating Tech.
2600 Stitt Street
Monroe, NC 28110
Owner- Mike Hanson
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
Solid Waste
Superfund
Inactive Sites
X Other Aquifer Protection`
`E-Z-P� (40
Attached is information regarding the above site. After review, it has been determined that at this time, the
hazardous waste regulations (RCRA) do/ do not apply to this site. However, our review did indicate that site
conditions might warrant a review by your office. Consequently, we respectfully refer this site to your section
for consideration.
Attachment
cc: Mike Williford
Central Files
MRO Files
SFP 1 3 2010
s7
[J', VQ - At;t!i#c:r Protecti
919 North Main Street, Mooresville, North Carolina 28115 .��.
Phone: [phone] FAX: [phone] Internet: www.enr.state.nc.us
An Equal opportunity/ Affirmative Action Employer - 50 % Recycled 110 % Post Consumer Paper

pppppp—
NCDENR
Date: 9/9/10
Subject
NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
HAZARDOUS WASTE SECTION
ACTIVITY REPORT
Reported by:
Name of Company or person
r
.14 � P 1 3 2010
Location: 2600 Stitt Street "
Site address
City: Monroe County: Union Zip Code: 28110 DWO _ Aquifer Protection
Contact Person: Robert Parker Plating Engineer, Mike Hanson, Owner
(Owner, Operator, Manager, other)
Reason for Visit: Inspection (CEI)
Report: On July 15, 2010 a site visit was conducted at AdvPlating to conduct an inspection. The facility is not
listed with the State as a hazardous waste generator, and has never been inspected by the Section. Upon
arrival to the site a short meeting was conducted with Mr. Parker to discuss the intent of the site visit. Since
the facility is not registered as a generator, the contact was questioned about the waste generation procedure
and processes. It was discovered that the facility only conducts electroless nickel plating. The waste generated
is tested and used at a pH of 4.8-5 when spent, then the facility adjusts it to get it's pH to 6.5-7. The waste
and related material is processed through a wastewater treatment system on -site which is closed loop. The
filtered water is reused in a tank and the reclaimed sludge is disposed of as non -hazardous waste.
A walk-thru was conducted to see what type of processes and waste storage was being used. The facility had
approximately 150 fifty-five gallon containers inside the facility that were either already processed sludge or
sludge awaiting processing. Additionally, there were approximately 87 fifty-five gallon containers on the back
loading dock.
The main area of concern was a large area of dead vegetation that appeared to be caused by the spilling or
dumping of some material or waste from the loading dock area. The facility contact did not know the source of
the spill or what material was spilled. (see below)
Dock area with dead vegetation in background
Drum storage on dock
Copies of manifests were received on July 19, 2010 and reviewed. The waste shipped is described as Filter
Cake Non Hazardous/Non Regulated. It is sent to ABM -American Bio Mass in Walterboro, South Carolina. On

rpppp"-
July 20, 2010 Mr. Mike Hanson was contacted to follow-up on the dead vegetation issue. He stated that he
thinks it is from phosphates and he is collecting samples to be analyzed by the county's Department of
Agriculture. He stated that the results should be available by July 30t1,
Information was submitted which included a soil analysis conducted through the Agriculture Extension Agency
in Union County. The results showed the soil levels were high in nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The Ag
Extension Agency suggested planting a cover crop of buckwheat to help adjust the pH and Potassium. While
the analysis did not reveal any hazardous issues, there are some issues related to groundwater and soils that
may need to be addressed.
Activity type: Complaint (04) Used oil (UOI)
(Circle One) Technical Assistance (CAV) Sampling (SPQ
Comprehensive evaluation (CEI)Compliance schedule (CSE)
Case development (CDI)

pppl0pipo-
03:19P FROM:ADVANCED PLATING TEC 7042961-335 TO:7047764780 P.2/2
From Advanced Plating Tech. Inc. Soil test performed by Robert Parker. 8/10/10
Testing of soil sample was done using Mosser Lee Soil Test Kit purchased @ Lowe's. Test kit
included Ph, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium.
Results were as follows:
Ph 6.0 to 7.0 .
Nitrogen High low to Medium.
Phosphorus Medium.
Potassium - Medium.
Upon review with the Agricultural Extension Agency, they recommended a cover crop of Buckwheat
to adjust to conditions of Ph and Potassium. A test sample of soil was taken and placed in peat cups with
buckwheat seeds placed in each cup . The seeds germinated and sprouted in 7/8 days and started to grow.
NOTE: Our facility plates only Electroless Nickel which does not generate any hazardous waste. Also
we plate for the food industry and arc an NSF approved facility. We are obligated not to have any
hazardous materials in house. Our nickel solutions are also Rollas compliant. See cert. Attached.
Robert Parker
T

2600 Stitt st 28110 - Google Maps
Page 1 of 1
Address 2600 Stitt St
Goc a maps Monroe, NC 28110
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MONITORING REPORT(MR) VIOLATIONS for: Report Date 02r1e/10 Page 5of20
Permit: °S MRs Between 9 and Region: Mooresville Violation Category: Limit Violation Program Category: NPDES WW
Facility Name: % Param Name: % County: °i Subbasin: Violation Action:
Major Minor: °/c
PERMIT: NCO071528 FACILITY: Lake Norman Woods Homeowners Association - Lake COUNTY: Catawba REGION: Mooresville
Norman Woods WWTP
Limit Violation . / \
MONITORI G OUTFACE / VI TION UNIT OF CALCULATED
REPOR PPI L ATION PARAMETE D E FREQUENCY MEASURE LIMIT VALUE VIOLATION TYPE VIOLATION ACTION
03 -2 9 001 Efflue Chi Total Residual 03/09/09 2 ugh 28 Daily Maximum Exceeded No Action, BPV
PERMIT: NCO027197 FACILITY: City of Shelby - Shelby WTP
Limit Violation
MONITORING OUTFALL /
REPORT PPI LOCATION
PARAMETER
03 -2009 CONV000137
Coliform, Total MF,
Immed,LES Endo Agar
03 -2009 CONV000660
Arsenic, Total (as As)
03 -2009 CONV000660
Coliform, Total MF,
Immed,LES Endo Agar
03 -2009 CONVO01177
Coliform, Total MF,
Immed,LES Endo Agar
03 -2009 CONVO05607
Coliform, Total MF,
Immed,LES Endo Agar
COUNTY: Cleveland REGION: Mooresville
VIOLATION
UNIT OF
CALCULATED
DATE
FREQUENCY
MEASURE
LIMIT
VALUE
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03/31/09
3 X year
#/100ml
1
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Limit Exceeded
None
03/31/09
3 X year
mg/I
0.01
0.08
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03/31/09
3 X year
#/100ml
1
313
Limit Exceeded
None
03/31/09
3 X year
#/100ml
1
151.5
Limit Exceeded
None
03/31/09
3 X year
#/100ml
1
410.6
Limit Exceeded
None

2600 Stitt st 28110 - Google Maps
Page 1 of 1
Google maps Address
To see all the details that are visible on the
screen, use the "Print' link next to the map.
Get Directions My Map Print Send Link
http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl 9/10/2010

CM
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GROUNDWATER SAMPLING
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Client:_�D�t�t/�Op'r LocatioirfL��
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Name/#:
Name & Affiliation (Sampler(s):
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Well Information
Well ID:_ I Uen Well Locked: yes
Well Diameter: Construction Steel . Stainless 1
Total Well Depth: ft. /ulti. Factor": ius/12)2 X 3.14 x 7.481
Depth to Product: . 4 Product Thicknes ft.
Static Water Lev ft. Casing V e: AIW gallons
Height of Water Col.: ft. Volumes: gallons
Pu un
Date Prged: Time Start: Finish: Purge Rate:
Purging Method: Total Volume Purged: gallons
_Sampling Information
Date Sample Collected:_,'7K/..Zo f o Q' Time Sample Collected: /„i : a C am pm
Sampling Equipment Used:-
Bottle Type Preservation Analysis Required
3-VoY Q Yo-A /-(CL . . 951-6c)
Field Measurements/Observations
Sample Temp. (OC):_ a I • ?2 Time: A a :d-0 Turbidity (ntu): J Time:
Sample pH (s.u.): -7.1 Time: . ao Dis. Oxy. (mg/L)• S o Time: I a* as
Specific Cond. (uS): Go Time: la -ego Res. Cl (mg/L): — Time:
ReDox (mV): 7- — Time: Other: Time:
Odor: NoIVE Appearance: — cfe"a-t —
General Observations:
Weather Conditions: 4-&-1 d '�IL BS°F S716 /o k,,pb W j Vp SS
Sampler S
Stabilization Test
Date: 0 8 o / 09
Time
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pH (s.u.)
Spec. Cond.
(US)
Redox.
(mV)
Turbidity
ntu
Dissolved
Oxy. (mg/L)
Temp. ("C)
Volume
Removed (gals.)
Other

North Carolina
Michael F. Easley, Governor
ApT � llllllll; W
0.
NCDENR
Department of Environment and
Division of Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Section
9/9/ 10
To: Groundwater/D WM
Water Quality/DWM
Air Quality/DAQ
OSHA
Through: Brent Burch
Compliance Branch Supervisor
Hazardous Waste Section
From: Mark Burnette
Environmental Senior Specialist
Hazardous Waste Section
RE: Referral of: Advanced Plating Tech.
2600 Stitt Street
Monroe, NC 28110
Owner- Mike Hanson
Natural Resources
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
Solid Waste
Superfund
Inactive Sites
X Other Aquifer Protection
Attached is information regarding the above site. After review, it has been determined that at this time, the
hazardous waste regulations (RCRA) do/ do not apply to this site. However, our review did indicate that site
conditions might warrant a review by your office. Consequently, we respectfully refer this site to your section
for consideration.
Attachment
cc: Mike Williford
Central Files
MRO Files
919 North Main Street, Mooresville, North Carolina 28115
Phone: [phone] FAX: [phone] Internet: www.enr.state.nc.us
An Equal Opportunity/ Affirmative Action Employer - 50 % Recycled l 10 % Post Consumer Paper

Electroless nickel plating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 4
Electroless nickel plating
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electroless nickel plating (EN) is an auto -catalytic chemical technique used to deposit a layer of
nickel -phosphorus or nickel -boron alloy on a solid workpiece, such as metals or plastic. The process
relies on the presence of a reducing agent, for example hydrated sodium hypophosphite (NaP02H2•H20)
which reacts with the metal ions to deposit metal. The alloys with different percentage of phosphorus,
ranging from 2-5 (low phosphorus) to up to 11-14 (high phosphorus) are possible. The metallurgical
properties of alloys depend on the percentage of phosphorus.
Contents
■ 1 Overview
■ 2 Pretreatment
■ 3 Advantages and disadvantages
■ 4 Types
■ 4.1 Low phosphorus electroless nickel
■ 4.2 Medium phosphorus electroless nickel
■ 4.3 High phosphorus electroless nickel
■ 5 Applications
■ 6 Standards
■ 7 See also
■ 8 References
Overview
Electroless nickel plating is an auto -catalytic reaction used to deposit a coating of nickel on a substrate.
Unlike electroplating, it is not necessary to pass an electric current through the solution to form a
deposit. This plating technique is to prevent corrosion and wear. EN techniques can also be used to
manufacture composite coatings by suspending powder in the bath.
Electroless nickel plating has several advantages versus electroplating. Free from flux -density and
power supply issues, it provides an even deposit regardless of workpiece geometry, and with the proper
pre -plate catalyst, can deposit on non-conductive surfaces.
Pretreatment
Before performing electroless nickel plating, the material to be plated must be cleaned by a series of
cleaning chemicals such as bases and acids, this process is called the pre-treatment process. Failure to
remove unwanted "soils" from the part's surface would result in poor plating. Each pre-treatment
chemical must be followed by water rinsing (normally two to three times) to remove the chemical that
adheres to the surface. De greasing removes oils from surface; acid cleaning removes scaling. Activation
is done with a weak acid etch, or nickel strike, or, in the case of non-metallic substrate, a proprietary
solution. After the plating process, plated materials must be finished with an anti -oxidation or anti -
tarnish chemical (trisodium phosphate or chromate) and pure water rinsing to prevent unwanted stains.
The rinsing materials must then be completely dried off or sometimes baked off to obtain the full
http://en.wikipedia.org[wiki/Electroless nickel_plating 9/15/2010

Electroless nickel plating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 4
hardness of the plating film.
The pre-treatment required for the deposition of nickel and cobalt on a non-conductive surface usually
consists of an initial surface preparation to render the substrate hydrophillic. Following this initial step,
the surface is activated by a solution of a noble metal, e.g., palladium chloride. Silver nitrate is also
successfully used for activating ABS and other plastics. Electroless bath formation varies with the
activator. The substrate is now ready for nickel deposition.Ic"a"O" needed]
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages include:
1. Does not use electrical power.
2. Even coating on parts surface can be achieved.
3. No sophisticated jigs or racks are required.
4. There is flexibility in plating volume and thickness.
5. The process can plate recesses and blind holes with stable thickness.
6. Chemical replenishment can be monitored automatically.
7. Complex filtration method is not required
8. Matte, Semi Bright or Bright finishes can be obtained.
Disadvantages include:
1. Lifespan of chemicals is limited.
2. Waste treatment cost is high due to the speedy chemical renewal.
Each type of electroless nickel also has particular advantages depending on the application and type of
nickel alloy.111
Types
Low phosphorus electroless nickel
1. Hard deposits
2. Very uniform thickness
3. Excellent corrosion resistance in alkaline environments
Medium phosphorus electroless nickel
1. Very bright and semi -bright options
2. High speed deposit rate
3. Very stable
4. Used for Slurry Disposal Industries
5. The most common type of electroless nickel applied
High phosphorus electroless nickel
1. Superior corrosion protection
2. Excellent acid resistance [2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless_nickel_plating 9/15/2010

Electroless nickel plating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 3 of 4
3. Lower porosity
4. Non-magnetic
5. Less prone to staining
6. Pit -free deposits
Applications
The most common form of electroless nickel plating produces a nickel phosphorus alloy coating. The
phosphorus content in electroless nickel coatings can range from 2% to 13%.111 It is commonly used in
engineering coating applications where wear resistance, hardness and corrosion protection are required.
Applications include oil field valves, rotors, drive shafts, paper handling equipment, fuel rails, optical
surfaces for diamond turning, door knobs, kitchen utensils, bathroom fixtures, electrical/mechanical
tools and office equipment. It is also commonly used as a coating in electronics printed circuit board
manufacturing, typically with an overlay of gold to prevent corrosion. This process is known as
electroless nickel immersion gold.
Due to the high hardness of the coating it can be used to salvage worn parts. Coatings of 25 to 100
micrometres can be applied and machined back to final dimensions. Its uniform deposition profile mean
it can be applied to complex components not readily suited to other hard wearing coatings like hard
chromium.
It is also used extensively in the manufacture of hard disk drives, as a way of providing an atomically
smooth coating to the aluminium disks, the magnetic layers are then deposited on top of this film,
usually by sputtering and finishing with protective carbon and lubrication layers; these final two layers
protect the underlying magnetic layer (media layer) from damage should the read / write head lose its
cushion of air and contact the surface.
Its use in the automotive industry for wear resistance has increased significantly, however it is important
to recognise that only EOLVD or RoHS compliant process types (free from heavy metal stabilizers) may
be used for these applications.
Standards
■ AMS-2404
. AMS-C-26074
■ ASTM B-733
■ ASTM-B-656
■ MIL-DTL-32119
See also
. Electroplating
References
1. ^ a b Fact sheet on Electroless Nickel
2. ^ http://tawasplating.com/process/electrolessnickel.html
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless—nickel_plating"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless—nickel_plating 9/15/2010

Electroless nickel plating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 4 of 4
Categories: Metal plating
■ This page was last modified on 10 September 2010 at 13:58.
■ Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms
may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless_nickel_plating 9/15/2010

Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 12
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from RoHS)
The Directive on the restriction of the use of certain
European Union directive:
hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
-
2002/95/EC (* listen ; commonly referred to as the Restriction
Directive 2002/95/EC
of Hazardous Substances Directive or RoHS) was adopted in
February 2003 by the European Union.�11 The RoHS directive
Directive on the restriction of the use
of certain hazardous substances in
took effect on 1 July 2006, and is required to be enforced and
electrical and electronic equipment
become law in each member state. This directive restricts the
_ __._ _................___
use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various
Made by Council &
types of electronic and electrical equipment. It is closely linked
Parliament
with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
(WEEE) 2002/96/EC which sets collection, recycling and
Made under Art. 95 EC
recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative
Journal [eur-lex.europa.eu
initiative to solve the problem of huge amounts of toxic e-waste.
reference L37, 13 February
In speech, RoHS is often spelled out, or
2003 PP• ]
pronounced /'rus/, /'rof/, /'rouz/, /'rouhoz/ or "rose",
v19-23
"roast" without the T "Ross" "raws" "ro-haws" or "ro-hoss".
History
_..........___._.._ ...._...___.. __ .. .___._..
Made 27 January 2003
Contents
Came into 13 February 2003
force
■ 1 Details
■ 1.1 Examples of product components containing
Implementation
13 August 2004
restricted substances
date
■ 1.2 Product category 8 and 9 exclusions
Preparative texts
■ 1.3 Hazardous materials and the high-tech trash
problem
Commission
C365E, 19
■ 1.4 Changing toxicity perceptions
proposal
December 2000,
■ 1.5 Life -cycle impact assessment of lead-free
p. 195,
solder
C240E, 28 August F
■ 1.6 Life -cycle impact assessment of BFR-free
2001, p. 303.
plastics
EESC opinion
C 116, 20 April
■ 2 Labeling
!
2001,p.38.
■ 3 RoHS in other regions
■ 3.1 Asia / Pacific
CR opinion
C148, 18 May 2001, y
■ 3.2 North America
P. 1 •
■ 4 Other standards
EP opinion
C34E, 7 February
I
■ 5 C:iti51
III
2002, p. 109.
1 Effect on reliability
_
II
■ 5.2 Economic effect
Other legislation
■ 6 Benefits Amended by Dir. 2008/35/EC;
■ 6.1 Health benefits Dec. 2005/618/EC,
■ 6.2 Reliability concerns unfounded Dec. 2005/717/EC,
■ 6.3 Flow properties and assembly Dec. 2005/747/EC,
■ 6.4 Some exempt products achieve compliance Dec. 2006/310/EC,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoHS 9/15/2010

Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 12
■ 7 Literature
■ 8 See also
■ 9 References
■ 10 External links
Details
Dec. 2006/690/EC,
Dec. 2006/691 /EC,
Dec. 2006/692/EC,
Dec. 2008/385/EC.
Status: Current legislation
Each European Union member state will adopt its own enforcement and implementation policies using
the directive as a guide.
RoHS is often referred to as the lead-free directive, but it restricts the use of the following six substances:
1. Lead (Pb)
2. Mercury (Hg)
3. Cadmium (Cd)
4. Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+)
5. Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)
6. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)
PBB and PBDE are flame retardants used in several plastics.
The maximum permitted concentrations are 0.1% or 1000 ppm (except for cadmium, which is limited to
0.01 % or 100 ppm) by weight of homogeneous material. This means that the limits do not apply to the
weight of the finished product, or even to a component, but to any single substance that could
(theoretically) be separated mechanically —for example, the sheath on a cable or the tinning on a
component lead.
As an example, a radio is composed of a case, screws, washers, a circuit board, speakers, etc. The screws,
washers, and case may each be made of homogenous materials, but the other components comprise
multiple sub -components of many different types of material. For instance, a circuit board is composed of
a bare PCB, ICs, resistors, capacitors, switches, etc. A switch is composed of a case, a lever, a spring,
contacts, pins, etc, each of which may be made of different materials. A contact might be composed of a
copper strip with a surface coating. A speaker is composed of a permanent magnet, copper wire, paper,
etc.
Everything that can be identified as a homogeneous material must meet the limit. So if it turns out that
the case was made of plastic with 2,300 ppm (0.23%) PBB used as a flame retardant, then the entire radio
would fail the requirements of the directive.
In an effort to close RoHS loopholes, in May 2006 the European Commission was asked to review two
currently excluded product categories (monitoring and control equipment, and medical devices) for future
inclusion in the products that must fall into RoHS compliance.[2] In addition the commission entertains
requests for deadline extensions or for exclusions by substance categories, substance location or weight.
[3]
Note that batteries are not included within the scope of RoHS. However, in Europe, batteries are under
the European Commission's 1991 Battery Directive (91/157/EEC[4]), which was recently increased in
scope and approved in the form of the new battery directive, version 2003/0282 COD,[5] which will be
official when submitted to and published in the EU's Official Journal. While the first Battery Directive
addressed possible trade barrier issues brought about by disparate European member states'
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implementation, the new directive more explicitly highlights improving and protecting the environment
from the negative effects of the waste contained in batteries. It also contains a program for more
ambitious recycling of industrial, automotive, and consumer batteries, gradually increasing the rate of
manufacturer -provided collection sites to 45% by 2016. It also sets limits of 5 ppm mercury and 20 ppm
cadmium to batteries except those used in medical, emergency, or portable power -tool devices.[6] Though
not setting quantitative limits on quantities of lead, lead -acid, nickel, and nickel -cadmium in batteries, it
cites a need to restrict these substances and provide for recycling up to 75% of batteries with these
substances. There are also provisions for marking the batteries with symbols in regard to metal content
and recycling collection information.
The directive applies to equipment as defined by a section of the WEEE directive. The following numeric
categories apply:
1. Large and small household appliances.
2. IT equipment.
3. Telecommunications equipment (although infrastructure equipment is exempt in some countries)
4. Consumer equipment.
5. Lighting equipment —including light bulbs.
6. Electronic and electrical tools.
7. Toys, leisure, and sports equipment.
8. Medical devices (currently exempt)
9. Monitoring and control instruments (currently exempt)
10. Automatic dispensers.
It does not apply to fixed industrial plant and tools. Compliance is the responsibility of the company that
puts the product on the market, as defined in the Directive; components and sub -assemblies are not
responsible for product compliance. Of course, given the fact that the regulation is applied at the
homogeneous material level, data on substance concentrations needs to be transferred through the supply
chain to the final producer. An IPC standard has recently been developed and published to facilitate this
data exchange, IPC-1752.[7] It is enabled through two PDF forms that are free to use.
RoHS applies to these products in the EU whether made within the EU or imported. Certain exemptions
apply, and these are updated on occasion by the EU.
Examples of product components containing restricted substances
RoHS restricted substances have been used in a broad array of consumer electronics products. Examples
of leaded components include:
■ paints and pigments
. PVC (vinyl) cables as a stabilizer (e.g. power cords, USB cables)
. solders
. printed circuit board finishes, leads, internal and external interconnects
■ glass in television and photographic products (e.g. CRT television screens and camera lenses)
■ metal parts
■ lamps and bulbs
. batteries
Cadmium is found in many of the above components, examples include plastic pigmentation, nickel -
cadmium (NiCd) batteries and US photocells (used in night lights). Mercury is used in lighting
applications and automotive switches, examples include fluorescent lamps (used in laptops for
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backlighting) and mercury tilt switches (these are rarely used nowadays). Hexavalant chromium is used
for metal finishes to prevent corrosion. Polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl Ethers/Oxides are used
primarily as flame retardants. [8]
Product category 8 and 9 exclusions
Medical devices, and monitoring and control instruments comprise RoHS Category 8 and Category 9
products respectively. The EU recognizes that these products are manufactured in small numbers and
generally have a long product life. Further, these products are often used in mission -critical applications
where their failure can reasonably be expected to be extremely disruptive, if not catastrophic. Since the
long term effects of lead-free solder, a primary RoHS objective, cannot be known for a period of at least
five years following the directive's application to the remaining eight categories, the EU has established
at least a temporary moratorium for Category 8 and 9 products.
In an effort to gain more insight the EU commissioned a study to assess when and if the RoHS directive
should be applied to Category 8 and 9 products. Released in July 2006, the Review of Directive
20021951EC (RoHS) Categories 8 and 9 — Final Report recommended that Category 8 and 9 products
remain exempt from the RoHS directive until 2012 or 2018 depending upon specific product sub-
categories and applications.191 Since the EU has not yet adopted this recommendation, the exact timing of
RoHS application to Category 8 and 9 products remains uncertain.
Hazardous materials and the high-tech trash problem
RoHS and other efforts to reduce hazardous materials in electronics are motivated in part to address the
global issue of consumer electronics waste. As newer technology arrives at an ever increasing rate,
consumers are discarding their obsolete products sooner than ever. This waste ends up in landfills and in
countries like China to be "recycled."1101
"In the fashion -conscious mobile market, 98 million US cell phones took their last call in
2005. All told, the EPA estimates that in the U.S. that year, between 1.5 and 1.9 million tons
of computers, TVs, VCRs, monitors, cell phones, and other equipment were discarded. If all
sources of electronic waste are tallied, it could total 50 million tons a year worldwide,
according to the UN Environment Programme. "111 ]
American electronics sent offshore to countries like Ghana in West Africa under the guise of recycling
may be doing more harm than good. Not only are adult and child workers in these jobs being poisoned by
heavy metals, but these metals are returning to the U.S. "The U.S. right now is shipping large quantities
of leaded materials to China, and China is the world's major manufacturing center," Dr. Jeffrey
Weidenhamer says, a chemistry professor at Ashland University in Ohio. "It's not all that surprising
things are comingfull circle and now we're getting contaminated products back."[12][13]
Changing toxicity perceptions
In addition to the high-tech trash problem, RoHS reflects contemporary research over the past 50 years in
biological toxicology that acknowledges the long-term effects of low-level chemical exposure on
populations. New testing is capable of detecting much smaller concentrations of environmental toxins.
Researchers are associating these exposures with neurological, developmental, and reproductive changes.
RoHS and other environmental laws are in contrast to historical and contemporary law that seek to
address only acute toxicology, that is direct exposure to large amounts of toxins causing severe injury or
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death.[14]
Life -cycle impact assessment of lead-free solder
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published a life -cycle assessment (LCA)
of the environmental impacts of lead-free and tin -lead solder, as used in electronic products.[151 For bar
solders, when only lead-free solders were considered, the tin/copper alternative had the lowest (best)
scores. For paste solders, bismuth/tin/silver had the lowest impact scores among the lead-free alternatives
in every category except non-renewable resource consumption. For both paste and bar solders, all of the
lead-free solder alternatives had a lower (better) LCA score in toxicity categories than tin/lead solder.
This is primarily due to the toxicity of lead, and the amount of lead that leaches from printed wiring
board assemblies, as determined by the leachability study conducted by the partnership. The study results
are providing the industry with an objective analysis of the life -cycle environmental impacts of leading
candidate alternative lead-free solders, allowing industry to consider environmental concerns along with
the traditionally evaluated parameters of cost and performance. This assessment is also allowing industry
to redirect efforts toward products and processes that reduce solders' environmental footprint, including
energy consumption, releases of toxic chemicals, and potential risks to human health and the
environment. Another life -cycle assessment by IKP, University of Stuttgart, shows similar results to
those of the EPA study.l161
Life -cycle impact assessment of BFR-free plastics
The ban on concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFR) above 0.1% in plastics has had an
impact on plastics recycling. As more and more products include recycled plastics, it has become critical
to know the BFR concentration in these plastics, either by tracing the origins of the recycled plastics to
establish the BFR concentrations, or by measuring the BFR concentrations from samples. Plastics with
high BFR concentrations are costly to handle or to discard, whereas plastics with levels below 0.1% have
value as recyclable materials.
There are a number of analytical techniques for the rapid measurement of BFR concentrations. X-ray
fluorescence spectroscopy can confirm the presence of bromine (Br), but it does not indicate the BFR
concentration or specific molecule. Ion attachment mass spectrometry (IAMS) can be used to measure
BFR concentrations in plastics. The BFR ban has had significant impacts both upstream — plastic
material selection — and downstream — plastic material recycling.
Labeling
RoHS does not require any specific product labeling, however many manufacturers
have adopted their own compliance marks to reduce confusion. Visual indicators in
use today include explicit "RoHS compliant" labels, green leaves, check marks, and
"PB-Free" markings. In addition, the closely related WEEE (Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment Directive) trash -can logo with an "X" through it is an indicator The WEEE
that the product may be compliant. Chinese RoHS labels, a lower case "e" within a directive logo
circle with arrows, can also designate compliance.
The proposed RoHS2 attempts to address this issue by requiring the CE mark, introducing an additional
enforcement agency, Trading Standards.["]
RoHS in other regions
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Please note that world wide standards and certification are available under the QC 080000 standard,
governed by the NSAI (National Standards Authority of Ireland), to ensure the control of RoHs in
industrial applications.
Asia / Pacific
China Order No. 39: Final Measures for the Administration of the Control and Electronic Information
Products(often referred to as China RoHSI18]) has the stated intent to establish similar restrictions, but in
fact takes a very different approach. Unlike EU RoHS, where products in specified categories are
included unless specifically excluded, there will be a list of included products, known as the catalogue —
see Article 18 of the regulation — which will be a subset of the total scope of Electronic Information
Products, or EIPs, to which the regulations apply. Initially, products that fall under the covered scope
must provide markings and disclosure as to the presence of certain substances, while the substances
themselves are not (yet) prohibited. There are some products that are EIPs, which are not in scope for EU
RoHS, e.g. radar systems, semiconductor -manufacturing equipment, photomasks, etc. The list of EIPs is
available in Chinese and English.1191 The marking and disclosure aspects of the regulation were intended
to take effect on July 1, 2006, but were postponed twice to March 1, 2007. There is no timeline for the
catalogue yet.
Japan does not have any direct legislation dealing with the RoHS substances, but its recycling laws have
spurred Japanese manufacturers to move to a lead-free process in accordance with RoHS guidelines. A
ministerial ordinance Japanese industrial standard for Marking Of Specific Chemical Substances (J-
MOSS), effective from July 1, 2006, directs that some electronic products exceeding a specified amount
of the nominated toxic substances must carry a warning label.[20]
South Korea promulgated the Act for Resource Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and
Vehicles on April 2, 2007. This regulation has aspects of RoHS, WEEE, and ELV.[21]
Turkey announced the implementation of their Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) legislation
effective June 2009.[221
North America
California has passed SB 20: Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003, or EWRA. This law prohibits the
sale of electronic devices after January 1, 2007, that are prohibited from being sold under the EU RoHS
directive, but across a much narrower scope that includes LCDs, CRTs, and the like and only covers the
four heavy metals restricted by RoHS. EWRA also has a restricted material disclosure requirement.
Effective January 1, 2010, the California Lighting Efficiency and Toxics Reduction Act applies RoHS to
general purpose lights, i.e. "lamps, bulbs, tubes, or other electric devices that provide functional
illumination for indoor residential, indoor commercial, and outdoor use."[23]
Other US states and cities are debating whether to adopt similar laws, and there are several states that
have mercury and PBDE bans already.
Other standards
RoHS is not the only environmental standard of which electronic product developers should be aware.
Manufacturers will find that it is cheaper to have only a single bill of materials for a product that is
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distributed worldwide, instead of customizing the product to fit each country's specific environmental
laws. Therefore, they develop their own standards, which allow only the strictest of all allowable
substances.
For example, IBM forces each of their suppliers to complete a Product Content Declaration form to
document compliance to their environmental standard Baseline Environmental Requirements for
Materials, Parts and Products for IBM Logo Hardware Products. So for example, IBM bans DecaBDE,
even though there is a RoHS exception for this material [2], this exemption was lifted on 1 April 2008
[3]•
Similarly, here is Hewlett-Packard's environmental standard: General specification for the environment
(GSE).
Criticism
Adverse effects on product quality and reliability, plus high cost of compliance (especially to small
business) are cited as criticisms of the directive, as well as early research indicating that the life cycle
benefits of lead-free solder versus traditional solder materials are mixed.[151
Criticism early on came from an industry resistant to change and a misunderstanding of solders and
soldering processes. Deliberate misinformation was espoused to resist what was perceived as a "non -tariff
barrier created by European bureaucrats." Many believe the industry is stronger now through this
experience and has a better understanding of the science and technologies involved.[24]
One criticism of RoHS is that the restriction of lead and cadmium does not address some of their most
prolific applications, while being costly for the electronics industry to comply with. Specifically, the total
lead used in electronics makes up only 2% of world lead consumption, while 90% of lead is used for
batteries (covered by the battery directive, as mentioned above, which requires recycling and limits the
use of mercury and cadmium, but does not restrict lead). Another criticism is that less than 4% of lead in
landfills is due to electronic components or circuit boards, while approximately 36% is due to leaded
glass in monitors and televisions, which can contain up to 2 kg per screen.[251
The more common Lead-free solder systems have a higher melting point e.g., a 30°C typical difference
for tin -silver -copper alloys but wave soldering temperature is approximately the same at—255°0261.
however at this temperature most typical lead free solders have longer wetting times than Pb/Sn 37:63
solder.[271 Additionally wetting force is typically lower[271, which can be disadvantageous (for hole
filling), but advantageous in other situations (closely spaced components).
Care must be taken in selection of RoHS solders as some formulations are harder with less ductility,
increasing the likelihood of cracks instead of plastic deformation, which is typical for lead -containing
solders.[ct""n needed] Cracks can occur due to thermal or mechanical forces acting on components or the
circuit board, the former being more common during manufacturing and the latter in the field. RoHS
solders exhibit advantages and disadvantages in these respects, dependent on packaging and formulation.
[28]
The editor of Conformity Magazine wonders if the transition to lead-free solder will not affect long-term
reliability of electronic devices and systems, especially in applications more mission -critical than in
consumer products, citing possible breaches due to other environmental factors like oxidation.[29] This
article refers to the Newark InOne "RoHS Legislation and Technical Manual",[30] which cites these and
other "lead-free" solder issues, such as:
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1. Warping or delamination of printed circuit boards;
2. Damage to through -holes, ICs and components on circuit boards; and,
3. Added moisture sensitivity, all of which may compromise quality and reliability.
Effect on reliability
Potential reliability concerns are addressed in Annex, item #7, of the RoHS directive, granting servers
exemption from regulation until 2010. These issues were raised when the directive was first implemented
in 2003 and reliability effects were less known. [311
Another potential problem that lead-free solders face is the growth of tin whiskers. These thin strands of
tin can grow and make contact with an adjacent trace, developing a short circuit. Historically tin whiskers
have been associated with a handful of failures, including a nuclear power plant and pacemaker incident
where pure tin plating was used, see tin whiskers. However, these failures pre -date RoHS. They also do
not involve consumer electronics, and therefore may employ RoHS-restricted substances if desired. To
help mitigate potential problems, lead-free manufacturers are using a variety of approaches such as tin -
zinc formulations that produce non -conducting whiskers or formulations that reduce growth, although
they do not halt growth completely in all circumstances. [321 Fortunately, experience thus far suggests
deployed instances of RoHS compliant products are not failing due to whisker growth. Dr. Ronald Lasky
of Dartmouth College reports: "RoHS has been in force for more than 15 months now, and —$400B
RoHS-compliant products have been produced. With all of these products in the field, no significant
numbers of tin whisker -related failures have been reported. "[33] Whisker growth occurs slowly over time,
is unpredictable, and not fully understood, so time may be the only true test of these efforts. Whisker
growth is even observable for lead -based solders, albeit on a much smaller scale.
Some countries have exempted medical and telecommunication infrastructure products from the
legislation.[341 However, this may be a moot point, as electronic component manufacturers convert their
production lines to producing only lead-free parts, conventional parts with eutectic tin -lead solder will
simply not be available, even for military, aerospace and industrial users. To the extent that only solder is
involved, this is at least partially mitigated by many lead-free components' compatibility with lead -
containing solder processes. Leadframe-based components, such as QFPs, SOICs, and SOPs with gull
wing leads, are generally compatible since the finish on the part leads contributes a small amount of
material to the finished joint. However, components such as BGAs which come with lead-free solder
balls and leadless parts are often not compatible with lead -containing processes.[35]
Economic effect
There are no de minimus exemptions, e.g., for micro -businesses. Today, only one micro -business is
known to have closed down, to investigate the cost of compliance.[36] This economic effect was
anticipated and at least some attempts at mitigating the effect were made.[37]
Another form of economic effect is the cost of product failures during the switch to RoHS compliance.
For example, tin whiskers were responsible for a 5% failure rate in certain components of Swiss Swatch
watches in 2006, reportedly triggering a $1 billion recall.[38] Swatch responded to this by applying for
exemptions to RoHS compliance for two components. One of these exemptions was effectively approved,
with the other still pending after an initial denial. For the denied part Swatch has stated to be using a
replacement solder that is almost pure lead, and its application was for permission to switch to a solder
with a lower lead content. [39] [40] [41 ]
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Benefits
Health benefits
RoHS helps reduce damage to people and the environment in third -world countries where much of
today's "high-tech trash" ends up.[42][43][441 The use of lead-free solders and components has provided
immediate health benefits to electronics industry workers in prototype and manufacturing operations.
Contact with solder paste no longer represents the same health -hazard it did before.[45]
Reliability concerns unfounded
Contrary to the predictions of widespread component
failure and reduced reliability, RoHS's first
anniversary (July 2007) passed with little fanfare.[46]
Today, millions of compliant products are in use
worldwide. Most of today's consumer electronics are
now RoHS compliant, examples include Apple's iPod
portable music players, Dell and HP home computers
and servers, Nintendo's Wii, Motorola and Nokia's
wireless phones, Netgear routers, and Panasonic
televisions and appliances.
Many electronics companies keep "RoHS status"
pages on their corporate websites. For example, the
AMD website states:
An illustration of solder joint reliability,
demonstrating A1phaSTAR's reliability versus
traditional joints. A1phaSTAR is a RoHS
immersion silver PWB assembly process from
Cookson Electronics. Copyright 2007 © Enthone
Inc.
"Although lead containing solder cannot be completely eliminated from all applications
today, AMD engineers have developed effective technical solutions to reduce lead content in
microprocessors and chipsets to ensure RoHS compliance while minimizing costs and
maintaining product features. There is no change to fit, functional, electrical or performance
specifications. Quality and reliability standards for RoHS compliant products are expected
to be identical compared to current packages. "[47]
RoHS printed circuit board finishing technologies are surpassing traditional formulations in fabrication
thermal shock, solder paste printability, contact resistance, and aluminum wire bonding performance and
nearing their performance in other attributes.[48] One of these finishing products, known as immersion
silver, is depicted here.
The properties of lead-free solder, such as its high temperature resilience, has been used to prevent
failures under harsh field conditions. These conditions include 150°C operating temperatures with test
cycles in the range of -40°C - 150°C with severe vibration and shock requirements. Automobile
manufacturers are turning to RoHS solutions now as electronics move into the engine bay.[491
Flow properties and assembly
One of the major differences between lead -containing and lead-free solder pastes is the 'flow" of the
solder in its liquid state. Lead -containing solder has higher surface tension, and tends to move slightly to
attach itself to exposed metal surfaces that touch any part of the liquid solder. Lead-free solder conversely
tends to stay in place where it is in its liquid state, and attaches itself to exposed metal surfaces only
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where the liquid solder touches it.
This lack of 'Wow "—while typically seen as a disadvantage because it can lead to lesser quality electrical
contacts —can be used to place components tighter than they normally could be placed due to the
properties of lead -containing solders.
For example, Motorola reports that their new RoHS wireless device assembly techniques are
"...enabling a smaller, thinner, lighter unit." Their Motorola Q phone would not have been possible
without the new solder. The lead-free solder allows for tighter pad spacing.[50]
Some exempt products achieve compliance
Research into new alloys and technologies is allowing companies to release RoHS products that are
currently exempt from compliance, e.g. computer servers.[511 IBM has announced a RoHS solution for
high lead solder joints once thought to remain a permanent exemption. The lead-free packaging
technology "...offers economical advantages in relation to traditional bumping processes, such as solder
waste reduction, use of bulk alloys, quicker time -to -market for products and a much lower chemical
usage rate. "[52][53]
Test and measurement vendors, such as National Instruments, have also started to produce RoHS-
compliant products, despite devices in this category being exempt from the RoHS directive. [54]
Literature
■ Hwang, Jennie S. (2004). Introduction to Implementing Lead -Free Electronics. McGraw-Hill
Professional. ISBN 0-07-144374-6.
See also
■ Battery Directive
■ Electronic waste
■ Green computing
■ Ion attachment mass spectrometry - used to enforce RoHS limits on banned substances
■ List of European Union directives
■ Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
References
1. ^ Eur-lex.europa.eu
2. ^ European Commission to Plug RoHS Loophole
3. ^ EU Invites Comments on Possible RoHS Exemptions
4. ^ Council Directive of 18 March 1991 on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances
(91/157/EEC)
5. ^ Directive 2006/... /EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on batteries and accumulators and
waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC
6. ^ Conformity Magazine: The EU's RoHS and WEEE Directives
7. ^ IPC 1752 for Materials Declaration
8. ^ Elimination of RoHS Substances in Electronic Products
9. ^ Review of Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) Categories 8 and 9 — Final Report
10. ^ Heavy Metals Concentrations of Surface Dust from a -Waste Recycling and Its Human Health Implications
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in Southeast China
11. ^ High -Tech Trash - National Geographic
12. ^ Study: E-waste recycling poisons people with heavy metals, News.com Green Tech Blog/LaMonica
13. ^ Recycling that Harms the Environment and People - New York Times
14. ^ New Toxicity
15. A, b Solders in Electronics: A Life -Cycle Assessment
16. ^ Life -Cycle Assessment according to ISO 14040
17. ^ RoHS2
18. ^ Kuschnik, Bernhard; The European Union's Energy Using Products - EuP - Directive 2005/32 EC: Taking
Transnational Eco - Product Design Regulation One Step Further, 27 Temple Journal of Science Technology
& Environmental Law 1 (2008), 1, (2).
19. ^ China RoHS Solutions
20. ^ Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources from the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade
and Industry, accessed 2007-10-15
21. ^ Korean RoHS
22. ^ Intertek Group plc
23. ^ California RoHS Lighting Requirements to Become Effective on January 1, 2010
24. ^ [1]
25. ^ European Power Supply Manufacturers Association
26. ^ FACT AND FICTION IN LEAD FREE SOLDERING from www.dkmetals.co.uk
27. A, b Temperature selection for wave soldering with Lead -Free alloys Circuits assembly May 2001
www.circuitsassembly.com , via www.solderconnection.co.uk
28. ^ Thermal cycling reliability of SnAgCu and SnPb solder joints: A comparison for several IC -packages
29. ^ Conformity Magazine: Removal of Lead Shakes Up the Manufacturing Chain
30. ^ Newark InOne: RoHS Legislation and Technical Manual
31. ^ "Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction
of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment" (PDF). http://europa.eu/eur-
lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/1-037/1-03720030213 en00190023.pdf#search=%22rohs%20%22.
32. ^ "New Sn-Zn Solder Bonds at Under 200 celsius". http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/NEA/archive/200211/214612.
33. ^ "Frome One Engineer to Another - RoHS". http://blogs.indium.com/blog/rohs.
34. ^ "Digital Control Systems Inc. Prepares for New Restriction of Hazardous Substances Legislation".
http://www.dcs-inc.net/RoHS.htm.
35. ^ ST Application Note 2034 - Soldering Compatibility
36. ^ GIMFG.com has suspended retail operations for the moment ...
37. ^ Partial Regulatory Impact Assessment of the Draft Statutory Instrument to Implement the European
Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (UK)
38. ^ Within a whisker of failure, The Guardian, April 3, 2008
39. ^ Overview on Exemptions and Pending Requests at EU Level, Orgalime, January 23, 2007, page 8
40. ^ Metal Whiskers: Failure Modes and Mitigation Strategies, Jay Brusse, Dr. Henning Leidecker, Lyudmyla
Panashchenko, NASA, December 5, 2007, page 35
41. ^ Adaptation to scientific and technical progress under Directive 2002/95/EC, Oko-Institut e.V., Frauenhofer
Institut IZM, July 28, 2006, page 83
42. ^ Laws fail to keep up with e-trash
43. ^ Health effects of high-tech trash in third world countries
44. ^ Technology's Morning After
45. ^ Ogunseitan, Oladele A. (July 2007). "Health and Environmental Benefits of Adopting Lead -Free Solders".
Journal of Materials (New York: Springer) 59 (7): 12-17. ISSN 1047-4838.
http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0707/ogunseitan-0707.html. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
46. ^ One Year Later: The Good News is the Bad News was Wrong
47. ^ AMD Statement on RoHS Compliance:
48. ^ Sunstone Circuits material comparison matrix
49. ^ Adaption to Scientific and Technical Progress Under RoHS
50. ^ Motorola Q: Not Possible without Lead-free Assembly
51. ^ Dell RoHS Products
52. ^ IBM Launches Production of Lead-free Packaging Technology
53. ^ IBM Announces Shipment of Lead-free C4 Joints
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54. ^ NI premiers RoHS-compliant products
External links
■ RoHS compliance guidance for businesses on NetRegs.gov.uk
■ RoHS Compliance in the EU - www.rohs.eu
■ RoHS Compliance Definition & Guidelines
■ EU Regulations compliance (WEEE, RoHS, Batteries, REACH)
■ RoHS directive official text
■ Official United Kingdom site on RoHS
■ Free RoHS regulatory bulletin updates - Bureau Veritas
■ Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition
■ Understanding RoHS (PDF) Shimadzu Scientific Instruments
■ Lead-free RoHS Compliance Material Comparison from Sunstone Circuits
■ RoHS Explained: includes overview and links to related resources?
■ RoHS News
■ Electronic Components and RoHS Compliance News
■ EIATRACK information on RoHS and WEEE Directives
■ RoHS 101
. China RoHS
■ Cleaner products at lower cost (1/3; Hermann Strass; Open Systems Publishing; May 2003
■ EU RoHS Enforcement Guidance Document, V.1; EU RoHS Enforcement Authorities Informal
Network; May 2006
■ Lead -Free Medical Devices Article from 2005
■ Understanding RoHS from MEC Innovation
■ Properties of Lead -Free Solders National Institute of Standards and Technology
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive"
Categories: European Union directives I Environmental chemistry I Waste legislation in the European
Union I Waste legislation in the United Kingdom 12003 in law 12003 in the European Union
Environmental protection I Electronic waste
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoHS 9/15/2010