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HomeMy WebLinkAboutNC0026824_Report_19861027NPDES DOCUMENT SCANNING COVER SHEET NPDES Permit: NCO026824 Butner/SGWASA WWTP Document Type: Permit Issuance Wasteload Allocation Authorization to Construct (AtC) Permit Modification Complete File - Historical Engineering Alternatives (EAA) Report Instream Assessment (67b) Speculative Limits Environmental Assessment (EA) Document Date: October 27, 1986 Tiais doCr"w+eat is printed on reuse paper -ignore arty content on the rezrerse side DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OCTOBER 27,1986 MEMORANDUM TO : George T . Everett Robert VanTilburg Dennis Ramsey - - FROM: Steve W . Ted der SUBJECT: John Umstead Hospital WWTP Intensive Toxics Evaluation NPDES* NC0026824, Granville County _ Staff of the Technical Services Branch have Conducted intensive toxics, biological and chemical evaluations at the •John Umstead Hospital WWTP. This evaluation was conducted during May 1986. This facility has recently demonstrated preliminary reductions in toxicity. Review of future chronic testing (performed as self- _ monitoring) and subsequent biological surveys by our own staff will be used to evaluated any toxicity reduction steps used by the facilty. The attached report details the results and conclusions, as well as recommended actions. If there are any questions, please contact Ken Eagleson or me at (919) 733-5083 or Larry Ausley at _ (919)733-5083. -- - i SWT: ps cc: Ken Eagleson Larry Ausley Doug Finan Jay Sauber Meg Kerr Jimmie Overton - .ter t-� _ .♦ C- John Umstead Hospital WWTP Toxicity Examination NPDES*NCO026824 IIIIIII11111 l IIIIIIIIIIII North Carolina Department of Natural Resources & Community Develop IYvBLLF Bioassay and Biomonitoring LABORA AORY NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WATER QUALITY SECTION October,1986 JOHN UMSTEAD HOSPITAL WWTP TOXICITY EXAMINATION NPDES NO. NCO026824 NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES' AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT WATER QUALITY SECTION October 1986 � ♦Lt.; .� '�f .. ,. .fiat'�� ,ter+r�y['•l.If ..y:. d.W l�.� ��, �: �;.-t. �x+a. ♦_.r•. n• J '�� . ;�`-'',.i. i'.i' •'� ::.t•i �-iu •i' .. a'�.t t .� ` � �i'. .r ��. v;� w` /ti: ;�i�.Y �s �•.. . � �'�. `� '�.. • _ •I ?. 7'c.1 :'. •.�..' _ate. .�"t• t. i. � ':�:. �.'�. ` •ti '- :�,� t� !�'t• ,�. ,3l�!, 4t�..lNA: �'L 11�.'? . .O, .. • "• ..•1_ • • ._ '[..y.�� � t���•i� i 'r"h'.� fir[} Je�'.�.�: i .. ."i ._ ....... . . e .�_' ..: —'� _ . --tt_,. _ •i' ..4LY r..,.., ..w'Ji:w. .t'•w•.,•L i rtSir 1Y � :�"�o ::•�t't-�: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page - List of Figures and Tables ............................................... Introduction Toxicity Examination ....... .............................................. Chemical Sampling .............................................. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Analysis ............................ UnCIU31WI3................................................................ 23 Recommendations................................................. 1; ...... ....... 25 Footnote$ ................................................................... 26-- Appendix., ..................................................................... 27 Daphnia pulex Test Procedure ............................ ................ . 28 ­ 96 Hour flow -Through Test Procedure ....................................... -29 Ceriodaehnia Reproduction Test Procedure ................. ....... 32 Bent:hic Macroinvertebrate Procedure ..................... ............. 33 Listof Definitions.................................................... 34 0 i LIST OF TABLES - Page Table 1. Industrial Contributors to John Umstead Hospital WWTP........ 1 Table 2. John Umstead Hospital WWTP Self -Monitoring Bioassay Results..... 6, Table 3. Spearman-Karber Calculation of 168 hour Ceriodaohnia LC4'o....... 7 Table 4. Sampling Site Descriptions ...................:-:..-.::::�...... 9 Table 5. Chemical Analyses Results ........................ .. ......... 10 Table 6. Organic Chemical Summary........* ............................... 12 Table 7. Site Descriptions, John Umstead Hospital Benthic Macroinvertebrate Survey..,..: ...................................... 17 Table 8. Taxa Richness (by group). EPT Abundance and Bioclassi-fication ofSites ................................................- ....... 17 Table 9 Taxa Collected at Knap of Reeds Creek, 26 May 1982........ 18 Table 10. Knap of Reeds Creek, 12 June 1985................................. 20 LIST OF FIGURES - - page. Figure 1. John Umstead Hospital WWTP Schematic Diagram ..................... .3 Figure 21. Seven -Day Ceriodaohnia Mean Cumulative Reproduction ............. Figure 3'1 John Umstead Hospital WWTP Study Area ........................... 8 .a^ _ _ ♦T.• ♦ . +� '� .1.. Z t.i -� xrif l L -i N'LRy,�y '.+• e. INTRODUCTION An on -site toxicity examination was conducted at the John Umstead-.:Hospl".tal WWTP (NC0026824) from May 12-17, 1986. This facility, located in southwest Gran- ville County. serves the John Umstead Hospital complex, the Town of Butner and several industries. The facility is permitted to discharge 3.5 mil Iion'•gaItons Of wastewater per day (MGD). approximately 16.8% of which originates from indus- trial sources. The individual contributions of the major industries are pre- vented in Table 1. Table 1. Industrial Contributors to John Umstead Hospital.WWTP Industry Category Flow (gal/day) Mt.' Hope Textile Finisher 367,000 Athol Vinyl Extruder .23,340 Mead Corp. Corrugated Box Manufacturer 20,000 Newton Instrument Co. Metal Finisher 23.340 Staley Syrup Syrup Distributor 3,300- - Asplundh Equipment Manufacturer __ 6_;700 Johns MansviIIe PVC Pipe Extruder 3,300- IVAC IV Unit Manufacturer 169,7--- Piedmont Circuits Electroplater 116,700 Northern Telecom Telephone Equipment Assembler 10,000 This document details findi-ngs of chemical and biological sampl•in9, includ- ing the following: - 1.) 48 hour static bioassay using Daphnia un lex on effluent and influent samples to determine acute toxicity. 2.) 96 hour flow -through acute bioassay using PimeDhales Dromelas (fathead minnows) performed on effluent collected prior to chlorination. 3.) Chemical samples collected from effluent, influent, and thi-receiving stream. 4.) Collection and analysis of macro iriver tebrate samples. to determine the impact of the effl.uent on the receIv•Ing stream pop uldtibna - {, .'• - ` � _ .ail :•'.. .tr��'fi,�'.'�'Kl'.� e. �:'�,.•�s•:. ..f's}J7'C�:•5•.�:' �i 'l:. 5.) Seven-day Cerlodaphnia reproduction test to assess sub -let hal''-(chronIc) toxicity. The John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharges into Knap of -Reeds Creek (-Class C) in the Neuse River Basin. The 7010 (T day, 10 year low flow) for Knapp -of Reed& Creek is 0.08 cubic feet per second (cfs). Using the permitted flow (3.5 MOD) and 7010 stream flow conditions the WWTP produces an instr-eam was -to concentration of 98.54%. -- - A review of the John Umstead Hospital's WWTP's self -monitoring chemical data from May' 1985 to July 1986 reveals T;violations of its residue/total suspended solids I'imit. During six of these months, coliform samples were reported as "too numerous to count" on at least one day of the month and may -represent -permit violations. CIn February of 1985 the Division of Environmental Management required the . John Umstead Hospital WWTP to begin self -monitoring bioassays on. a monthly basis. The results of these bioassays are - Iisted-in-Table 2. The target acute t-oxiefty value (LCsa) for these bioassays is )90%. This target value was met 'coda-islently from June to September 1986. In October 1986, the self -monitoring requirement was changed so that the facility is required to perform the Ceriodaphnij Pass/Fail-.bioassay on a quarterly basis. The waste treatment processes at the WWTP include a bar screen, primary cla.rifier', reaerat Ion basin, final clarification, chlorine addition, aerobic digester, anaerobic digester and sludge drying beds. -A schematic of the WWTP appears in Figure 1. yr'..r�. � 'i..t - ti• rrf� - .r r� ��rF `t:'y • ��� T ='t f mod. .Ji .K' :. - Figure 1. John Umstead Hospital WWTP Schematic -Diagram Sludge Drying Beds _Anaerobic Digesters Aerobic Digesters O_- • Sump Pump - Drainage Sludge Drying Bed Drainage Grease and -Scum Reservoirs From Skimmers Sta 02A Storage Bin for Influent Clarifier -Sludge_ Bar Primary Clarifier Screen I i Reaeration Basin Chlorine Chllorine dditlon Dosing : _.. Sta 02 .Building bioassay Semplin,g Point r � .r..�.. : .S :�(,'_ s '1:` •}; � ::_.4,a.. � _.�s.r. yn. �Cr..•.J�.,..,.;:':•L..���'�c'. _ .. .. .. — .'i�..�_L �—...� -1 _ ��i _ � ._ t:,w"—'- . ��•� .•..ram .i�.s`.��': �.t:� . ... '"_�}`�`w.;i—.:..r— _ 0.., .-a _.••-. Fi ure 2. Seven Day Cerioda hnia Mean Cumulative Reproduction Mean Cumulative Reproduction l n 20 IS { Mean Young Produced E S `. Table 2. John Umstead Hospital WWTP Self -Monitoring Bioassay Result& Date Result Feb 85 ) 40 Mar 85 NS Apr 85 )90 May 85 NS Jun 85 NS Ju 1 85 NS Aug 85 NS Sep 85 P 15 Oct 85 47 Nov 85 )90 Dec 85 5 Jan 86 <5 Feb 86 )90 • Mar 86 7.6 Apr 86 >90 May 86 P35 Jun 86 )90 Jul 86 >90 - Aug 86 >90 Sep 86 >90 NS - No Sample TOXICITY EXAMINATION + An on -site toxicityexamination was conducted cted at the John Umstead Hospital. WWTP as a result of erratic results from its self -monitoring bioassays. LCgo's of these 48 hour Dephnia lex bioassays range from <5% to >90%. The LCso value is the concentration of offIuent lethal to fifty percent of the -test-.organIsms .__ On -site bioassays were performed from May 12-17, 1986 and included a 96 hour flow -through bioassay using fathead minnows Q imeohales oromelas)_-as-..the teat species, llQajphn I a pU Iex 48 hour bioassays, and a seven-day riodaoh-his chronic t0xicity',bioassay determining both chronic lethality and re.prroduc.tlon suppres- lion. Dilution water for these on -site tests was obtained from Knap of _Reeds Creek at SR-1121 approximately 4600 meters upstream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge. This water was tested prior to use at the Aquatic Toxicology - - •`, `.. - - ...�-. `. :2^t �.' :+psi «...- .` - . ! I S•.A. .:�. j•J: -* c.- ..7w':i:• 'i.: t- 'a.1 •� x. �'Y .+>r iNL. ,sLiCiw�M1 a�-�!'s. r: • =1. . .. .. ... ..r•'- .. _ - .. - `� -f - - ._^.Y.'^.'`•: °t. •.•�_ _ _•�x•::t�1."-.`�f<'fF!fs�_>:; :;.W1±4�• ��...>... - . eS+--r+�, t CLaboratory using the Ceriodaphnia reproduction test. ReP roduction in this dilu- tion water was similar to that of laboratory culture water. The 96 hour flow -through bioassay was performed on.effluent collected from a drop box just prior to chlorination. The test organisms (fathead minnows) were 38 days old at the beginning of the test. They were obtained from cultures at the Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory. These minnows were acclimated to the dilution water approximately 48 hours prior to test initiation. At appr-o1k=imate'ly-20.5 hours prior to test initiation, the minnows were randomly transfer -red to each test chamber. The ercenta es'of effluent to which the minnows were exposed were _ P fl � P _ 0 (dilution water), 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. These dilutions of effluent were tested in -replicate. Each test chamber contained 10 minnows. The bioassay was. initiate'�d at 9:30 AM on -May 13, 1986 and terminated at 9:30 AM on -May 17, 1986-. (' The toxicant delivery system cycled 560 times over the 96 hou•r test period.. yielding,,a 90% replacement volume of test solution every 3 hours. There were no mortalities recorded during the test peri-od, Daphnia uD lex 48 hour static bioassays were conducted-while--on=s-ite using -a 24 hour composite sample of the effluent and an instantaneous grab sample of the influent. The resulting LCso s were 72% and >70% respectively. The highest concentration of influent tested was 70% due to extremely low.d,issolved oxygen levels. ,Mortality was also recorded at the 24 hour mark in the effluent bioas- say, resulting in a 24 hour LC6o of 77%. A portion of the 24 hour composite effluent sample tested was stored at room temperature and aerated for 96 hours.. A 24 hr Paphnio,pulex static bioassay was conducted on this sample at the-Aqua.t.ic Toxicology Laboratory in which no toxicity was observed. This resu'li radical es that the toxicity observed was non -persistent as defined by EPA/600/4-85/0131. A seven-day Ceriodaphnia static replacement bioassay was performed on dilu- do-ns of effluent to assess both sub-lethal.toxicity and lethal thtonic..toxicity..• _Th.is test.was Initiated on-slte on May. 12. •1986 and terminated::a.t:,,fi:Aquetl: = - :� •',c •i':'•"- -. .7} ... r „. . ..ti:_ -�• , ti4 '1'� m� f � ,it'"�,�1 t�....; tb`t `e ,� , C. Toxicology Laboratory on May 19 1986 A 168 hour LC&o value of 15.8% was cal- culated based on mortality results using the trimmed Spearman-Karber method for calculating LC&o's. These results are summarized in Table 3.. There was :complete mortality in effluent concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. There was comp- lete survival in effluent concentrations 0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and 10%. geriodaphnia reproduction in these last concentrations was similar to that of the control organisms, indicating that lethality is as �sensi t ive an indicator. o-f _chr_oniC.. ._ toxicity as reproduction suppression in this instance. Figure 2 graphica.11y presents mean reproduction. Consequently, the chronic value (ChV) calculated from this data is the same as the LCso, 15.8%. CHEMICAL SAMPLING A -series of chemical samples was collected during this evaluation.and sent to the Division of Environmental Management Chemistry Laboratory for analysis. Table 4 describes the sampling stations. All samples were collected as instan- taneous grabs wi th the except ion o-f Station -02 samp Ies te_f-.f Went b-i_oassay_ samp- ling poilnt) which were taken as 24 hour composites. Figure 3, a map of the study area, illustrates sampling site locations. Results and summaries of' chemical analyses are documented in Tables 5 and 6. .... Table 3. Trimmed Spearman-Karber Calculation of 168 Hour Cer::iodaDhnia-LCso • 11 Organisms Dead Effluent Concentration Organisms Exposed at 168--Hours 0 10 0 0.01 10 0 0.10 10 1.00 10 _ p 10.00 10 0 25.00 10 10 _. 50.00 10 10 15.0.0 10 10 ` .100.00 10 10 Trimmed Spearman-Karber LCgo = 15.8-1% --- .. -., r�. -•, t. -- 1F f. `.s: ..y�. �,'~=: :t �w �!� 1.�2�'t. �.lA �wti 1,M'}5:�.}n,i. .;IY .r . • - .. .. .. i_ - • 'l - , . .- .. ..:^f .... i. .. . . ..- �- ., -v.. •rf•w`rt.•rr/`/.s-f7C^.t /.\��.�wSK)r�-a.J � r. f':. .4ffi•.. Figure 3, John Urnstead Hospital WWTP Study Area Lake Butner SRI 121 M 11 �12 1120 K)70,p OfJV&ffds Creek 01 1 to I WWTP C7 0 02 4, 03 Falls Lake Street 1100 N 0 1103 Table 4. Sampling Site Descriptions Station 01 - Knap of Reeds Creek approximately 50 meters upstream of the John Umstead Hosp:tai WWTP discharge. At this point the creek Is approximately 10 meters wide and 0.5 meters deep. Station OlA - Knap of Reeds Creek at SR-1004 approximately 4,500 meters upstream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge. Here the creek is approximately 10 meters wide and 0.1 meter deep. Station 02 - John Umstead Hospital WWTP effluent at the collection basin between the final clarifier and chlotination. This la the'bioas-say samp- ling point. Station, 02A - John Umstead Hospital WWTP influent collected just prior to the bar screen. Station 02B - John Umstead Hospital WWTP chlorinated effluent collected just prior to the outfall. _ Station 03A - Knap of Reeds Creek approximately 100 meters downstream of t-he John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge. Here the creek is*approximat-ely 10 meters wide and 0.3 meters deep. Station 03 - Knap of Reeds Creek approximately 750 meters downstream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP. Here the creek is approximately 15 meters wide and 1 meter deep. Station 104 - Knap of Reeds Creek approximately 4,600 creek meters upstream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge. At this point the creek is approximately 5 meters wide and 0.25 meters deep. This was the dilution water source for all "on -site bioassays. Station 05 - Knap of Reeds Creek near SR-1100 approximately 3750 meters down- stream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge. At this P01-nt the creek is approximately 10 meters wide and 0.2 meters deep. Metals analysea of John Umstead Hospital WWTP effluent revealed elevated levels of zinc and extremely elevated levels of copper. In the•compoa.Ile sample... from May 15, copper was reported at 210 ppb and at 180 ppb in the sample from May 17. Copper LCgo's for 48 hour Qaphnia, uD lax static bioassays have been reported as low as 9.8 ppb for a water h4rdness -of 45 ppm=. A Ceriodaohnia 48 hour static. LCdo of 17.. ppb has been reported for copper*. This metal was r_epo.rte.d_at 110 ppb and:�80•'ppb 'in flrab admp.les• taken May 15 and May 17, rasQect.fy.el'q.;'=at the. down • v.. •! . .r• 'i :-� •.r i'`...c—w ts.:a.. Sid.-: :4.tl.t f:�'_�.! :'?l;'Y3J•.G.: a Tab 10 5 . Cis i as 1 Ana i YrAm Rs:ru i is MGM • • • 11 �11 1111 1 �1 � 1 Residue TOTHL . .. . • 1 1 • •�� .. .. MIE fill. "al d C © MGM ®® •• 1 / 1 IC © ®® 1 1 ®® MGM © © 1 © ® 11 Tab I o 5. Chao i ca I Rm I yses RQsu I ts(con t i nod ) Permitted Flow CM00> 3.50 7Q 10 (CFS) 0.08 Crew i ca I i ca 1 Un i to S to 01 S to 02 S to 02fi S to 03 Sto 04 Predicted stt�ra�r'� Rna I 860517 860517 860517 860517 860517 conc: at 7010 B00 PPM C00 PPM 20 96 400 49 11 Co I i form : W Fecal =/ 10001 Residue TOTRL PPM 160 550 490 360 83 volatile PPM 64 100 260 63 37 f i zed PPti 91 450 230 300 46 _ Res i PPM 3 3 120 8 - < 1 volatile PPti 1 1 110 4 <1 fixed PPM 2 2 14 4 <1 PH Cstmxiwd units > 7.1 6.9 6.31 6.8 7 k i d i ty PPM 16 . 25 88 24 16 RIkalinity 69 ' 77 110 78 49 Rrsen i c PM < 10 < 10 Chrm i cam Hex. ppe <50 i de PPM < . 01 < . 01 _ Fluoride PPM 14 10.35 FormaidehUdePPM 0.6 Q. 1 0 : 54 Or+ease and 0 i Is PPM Hardness PPM 80 55 82 61 47 tBRS ppM PherMo I s PPB 3 : 39 5 Silver PPB <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 Specific Conductance mhos/a 200 800 - 520 540 ..120 t#�3 PPti 0.17 4.6 19 3.3 0.02 2.81 TKH PPM 0.9 7.8 54 7.9 0.'2 H02 H03 PPM 0.18 3.7 0.1 0.64 0.08 5.32 P. totoi PPM 0.05 7.8 10 4.8 0.02 8.03 R I ue i num We 100 300 450 250 <50 320.26 Cade i um PPB < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 (10'- Chromium PP8 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 Copper PPS < 10 180 110 80 < 10 192.15 Iron PPB 770 400 1100 510 70 886.86 PPS <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 Q.2 <0.2 PPS 510 45 60 200 <25 41.88 Nickel PPS <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 Leod PPB <50 <50 <50 <50 <S0 Zinc PPB < 101 70 78 33 < 101 68.98 *� Us 1 ues t prvdicfef i nstrem concentrot i ons using of f 1 uent concentrations max i w Peml tted f 1 oo and assuml-ng upstrem.. concentrations of O _ . _ _ . _ . _ . _, .. ... _ .. .. _ .L .-.�• `>.:1 _ _ .'•k' ..� ��j:.;c� � _ _ .:_ nY�`t�; ..i_.r:..hl= ,•_3:a _rr�:.• ;. Tab I. 6. 4gm i s Chom i co I Sor-y MEN Q NONE . ... • _-- -_- h. l - • 1 1 1 1 • . . . 1 1 LEMS • . . .. Q ■ El -NINE1 .. . 1 1 / 1. 1 1 / ml Vim: .. • . : • m' IS we W-1 NONE; kR • ''� VENEER-- • .. ..: -�-- ■ MOM --NINE �_---INE■ ■ ' ... saw M � • - rs■�■■■■ENNINEEN ■ ■ stream station (03). The copper present In the effluent was a:I.lkely;con-tr1butor to the acute toxicity seen in the Doehnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia:bioassays. Copper was reported at 110 ppb and 80 ppb in grab samples taken May 15.-and 17, respectively at the do,?:istream station (03). Both of these values exceed the N.C. Water Ouality Standards Action limit of 15 ppb for copper. Give-n the toxic- ity values above, it is likely that copper is in acutely toxic concentrations downstream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP. Copper was not detected in samples collected upstream of the discharge (Station 01). Zinc was detected at 70 ppb in each of 2 composite effluent samples taken May 15 and 17. Zinc LCco's have been reported as low as 76 ppb -in 48--hour static Ceriodephnia bioassays' and 100 ppb in a water of hardness of 45 ppm in 48 hour static Daphnia m-aona bioassaysc. The levels of zinc in the effluent could have contributed to the acute toxicity observed in both cladoceran bioassays.• Ziric was detected at 38 ppb and 33 ppb in grab samples taken downstream of the dis- chargei(Station 03) on May 15 and 17 respectively. Zinc was not -detected upstream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge. - -- Fo'irmaldehyde was detected in the effluent samples of May -15 rand 17- at con- centratiions of 0.5 and 0.6 ppm respectively. Formaldehyde was found in the influent sample from May 15 at a. concentration of 0.6 ppm. These effluent con- centrations would be predicted to dilute to concentrations Instream of 0:49.and 0.59 ppm respectively during 7010 receiving stream flow and maximum perm.l•tted facility discharge. A proposed water quality standard for formaldehyde has.been suggested as .0235 ppm by the DEM draft document "North Carolina Water Quail Ity Standards Documentation: Toxicity of Formaldehyde to Freshwater. Organi.ams", (Draft-84pt. 1066). Thi6 criterion hd6 been proposed based on reported toxicity data for 25 spec lec of Invertebrates and vertebrates which range as low as a 96 hour LCso of 0.39 ppm /for the seed shrimp OYpridopsis sp.• and the acute:chronic toxicI-ty ratio of 20:1 derived from these data. —i. .� -. �:• . r..::•�: a 'L, J•, Yyr �L•. "fr .1.. Tzi•: •• L ..�.° ftul Table 6 presents a summary of results of organic chemistry analyses of John Umstead Hospital. WWTP's influent and effluent. The table also lists available bioassay data for compounds found in the effluent. Of'immedidte interest is the large number of compounds (37) found in the influent over the two sampling dates. This fact, along with the observation that most of these compounds were not found on both of the sampling dates, indicates that the John Umstead Hospital WWTP receives a large number'of organic,compounds on an intermittent basis. Removal of most of these compounds appears to be good, with only.8._compound3 appearing in the effluent. Of the organic compounds detected in the effluent, the insecticide Diazinon is of most concern. It was found at 0.04 ppb in the sample-t-ak•en May 13 and at 0.07 ppb in the sample taken May 17. ECso's of Diazinon.•have been reported as 0.811 and 0.911 ppb in 48 hour Daphnia up lex static bioassays. At the amounts C . detected, Diazinon may cause chronic toxicity. However, any effects •i.t*•may have had in the cladoceran bioassays performed' on -John Umstead Hos.pl.tal .-VNNTP ware probably masked by metals toxicity. All other organic compo-ands were -detected a.t levels well below those known to cause toxicity. Diazinon, chloroform, 1-;2 dich- loroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane all appear on the N.C. Water duality stan- dards list of "Chemical Substances Requiring Special Attention". They, -are sus- pected of being toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic; or neurotoxic but sufficient data are not presently available to adopt Statewide numerical concen- tration limits for each one". r t i N•t ;:,i'•�•1�'•^` •.C�.: _:S.Z... �+ :r,.°.•.-;�_. ZM1l r-r'�:.r{ t•.• y'�'Y.: • 't. :o:i. �y�ia !: ••s... : s �' �Ya � ,,t'�.�...•• _ t .. .. '.�.� ,•^1�.rt":-i!;s . st(ti.:�r ..�. .Ci4a.. � :: �'.. f / ,.i .. :.. .. .. `x._. _'i•r.__.. .-�. - �-c .'1. T••s•. Z .. .- -- •'t- --- --•i .- --..�z -- e.^_.t—.._•-'--•.}[L ...n �.. .•.. .. .. .�+•5.. BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE ANALYSIS Berlthic macroinvertebrate community surveys were conducted on Knap of -Road's Creek in 1972, 1982 and 1985. Four Sites were sampled: Station 01A - Knap of Reeds Creek at SR-1004, Granville County.' This site is 3 river miles above the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge, just below Lake Butner. It was sampled as a control site during the 1985 survey. Station 01 - Knap of Reeds Creek 50 yards upstream of the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge. This station.was sampled durl•ng elI-three .su-rveys and corresponds to the upstream chemistry station./ Station 03A - Knap of reeds Creek 100 yards downstream of the John Umstead Hos- pital WWTP discharge. ► This station is approximate'l-y 500-yards- above the downstream chemistry station. It was sampled during all three surveys. Station 05 - Knap of Reeds Creek near SR-1100, Granville County.- This site is -2.5 miles below the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge and was sampled in 1982 and 1985 to assess recovery from the +John Umstead Hospital discharge stress. f Stream characteristics at these sites are described in Table 7. Benthic macro invertebrates were collected using a standardized qualitative collection technique (DEM 1983). The primary output from this..collection-tech- pique isla tabulation of taxa richness, i.e., the number of different kinds of animals present. Unstressed streams and rivers always have high taxa richness. Various types of pollution wiII'reduce or eliminate the more intolerant species, producing Lower taxa richness values. In-house criteria have been developed -to relate taxa richness to five water quality ratings or bioclassifications: Excellent', Good, Good -Fair, Fair, and Poor. Taxa richness values are calculated both for all species (ST) and for the more intolerant P r rou s .(E hemeo tera, g P P Plecoptera, and Trichoptera - SEPT- The distribution and ebundahce'of -various. pollution "indicator" species also can be utilized to deduce changes in water quality. Taxa richness values by group and bioclassifications for all three t• surveys are listed in Table,.8. Species lists for the 1982 and,1986 surveys are g i von. i,n :Tab l e '9 .and 10, respect i've l y. .:T .r: -.5. :,!•. _ - /�. r: �'1 ;'t�. wJJ:� .��: �-a:"� .a?.�'ir �'•: ill.{;.i� t mow. ._ _ .. .. 'T . ♦ � �- .. .. _ .. •� r 1 1� �. .. � .•i•w�.��Y[• I�._' T i _ .�.�A _�,•I .__. ♦ i 4'�• � .a.Y�vM�••. 1 Comparison of Stations 01A and 01 indicate that some non -point source pol- lution may have been affecting Knap of Reeds Creek above the J_ohn.Umstead Hospi- tal discharge. Several pollution intolerant Trichoptera.were collected at Sta- tion 01A, however none of these taxa were abundant. The site was bioclassified as Good/Fair, but this is considered tentative as the extreme low flow observed during the sampling period probably restricted the diversity of the aquatic fauna in this segment of the creek. Station 01 wa's bioclassifi.ed..as Fair In - all. three surveys. indicating some degradation of water quality upstream of the John Umstead-Hospital discharge. Station 03A was bioclassified Poor in all three surveys. In all cases, there was a sharp reduction in the taxa richness and abundance of pollution intolerant (EPT) groups. The most severe reductions were observed.•in-June 1985. Because of the very low upstream flows during this sampling period, the effects of the John Umstead Hospital effluent would have been intens-if.ied by Tow dilu- tion. Results from Station 05, also rated Poor, indicate there is. Vittle recov- ery from A he effects of the John Umstead Hospital discharge before Knap of*Reeds Creek flows into Falls Lake. The dominant taxa were similar at both Stations 03A and 05: Chironomus and Polvoedilum illinoense. These species are usually tolerant of both organic-. loading and toxics. Several invertebrate predators were also abundant in this segment of Knap of reeds Creek: several Tanypodinae, HYdrovorus and Sialls. In this area of high organic loading, we would have expected several other species to become, very abundant, including PhYseIIa and LimnodriIus-_spp. :The Iow abundance, of these species suggested toxicity In Knap of. Reeds Creek'. In conclusion, samples from Knap of Reeds Creek have repeatedly indicated that the John Umstead Hospital WWTP discharge has a severe effect on the aquatic fauna. Both organic loading and toxicity appear to be a problem. -:'..Furthermore, there-I�s IittIe-recovery before the creek flows into Falls.Lake. ~-. Table 7. Site Descriptions, John Umstead Hospital Survey 0 t A 01 03A 05 Loco tIlon: R-1004 Just above WWTP 100 m below WWTP nr 8R-1100 Width(m) 10 10 10 10 Depth (m) - Avg 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 Mo 0.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 Table 8. Taxa Richness (by Group). EPT Abundance and 8ioc"Jassif-ifo1 Sites on Knap of Reeds Creek, Durham County. 1972-1985. June 19861 May 1982, March -April 1972' Grout 01A 01 03A -A5 O1 03A 05 03A - Ephemeroptera 8 7 0 2 9 3 2 10 3 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 Trichoptera 7 3 0 0 2 1 t 2 1 Coleoptere 5 6 3 5 4 1 2 2 2 Odonata 12 10 1 7 6 3 2 4� 1 Megaloptera 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 0 Diptera:,Misc. 3 4 2 7 3 3 1 2 3 Diptera: Chiron. 17 16 7 11 22 15 11 13 .20 Oligochaeta 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 •6 5 Crustacea 1 3 0 1 3 1 1 1 3 _ Mo11u3ca 5 8 0 1 6' 0 1 - 2 1 Other 3 6 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 Subtotal ,(EPT) 15 10 0 2 12 4 4 16 5 Total 66 70 19 40 61 30 25 47 39 EPT Abundance' 67 68 0 2 43 15 15 412 4 Rating Good- fair Poor Poor Fair Poor Poor -Fair? Poor Fair ' OEM Standardized qualitative collection = Two Hester-Dendy samples, One Surber sample plus some qualitative collections ' Rare = 1 Common = 3. Abundant = 10, summed for a I I EPT taxe.. val-ues for -.the 1972 data are estimates i ♦. ,i •.Z.1 _ - .. - ~�i 2 e �i. t. ^ :w �FaN ..�c. •r .�_yin,w ,s �� Station: Table 9. Taxa Collected at Knap of Reeds Creek, 26 May '82. 01 03A 05 Taxa EPHEMEROPTERA Stenonema modestum R S. smithae- . S. fempratum Stenacron interpunctatum, R C R R Baetis 'flavistriga - R Baetis �ropinquus R R _ _ Clown alamance Pseudocloeon sp. A R 1 Caenis sp. R - _ PLECOPTERA A C -- - Perlesta placida TRICHOPTERA C - C Cheumatopsyche sp. { Phylocentropus sp. A A A R - - COLEOPTERA Hydroporus spp. Helophor�us R A A l Dineuta� sp. -.. R R R Helichusl sp.. C _ - ODONATA Cordulegaster sp. R Gomphus sp. C R - Progomphus obscurus Libellula sp. R C - Somatochlora sp. R R - Erythemis sp. _ - R _ R Argia sp. R Ischnura j sp . ` MEGALOPTERA R Sialis sp. ---Nigronia jserricornis R R C R HEMIPTERA Sigara spl. CRUSTACEA R Hyalellaazteca Crangonyx�sp. C Cambarus sp. C - MOLLUSCA R R R Somatogyrus sp. '. Elimia sp C - - Ferrissia rivularis R - Pseudosuccinea columella R _ ..- - Phys el -lb sp R . _ - S.phaerium simile C .: ,� .. i Table 9. (Cont. �. Station: 01 03A OS Taxa HIRUDINEA Placobdella papill if era R _ - DIPTERA: MISC. Tipuli sp. C _ Palpomyia (complex) C Anopheles sp. R C - Culex sp. - Chaoborus punctipennis _ R R Simulium vittatum gr. DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE R Chironomini - Chironomus sp. A A Dicrotendipes sp. ' C A Glyptotendipes sp. _ --A Cryptochironomus fulvus _ R R Microtendipes sp. c R R Paracladopelma undine C _ Polypedilum illinoense C P. fallax A --- - -A P. sc�laenum P. convictum A A C _ Phaenopsectra flavi es p Tribelos sp. - A R R R Tan tarsini Tanytarsus spp. A A - - Rheotanytarsus sp. A _ Paratanytarsus sp. R _ _ R Tantpodinae - Ablabesmyia mallochi C Conchapelopia gr. A C Natarsia sp. R C. Procladius sublettei C C R Orthocladiinae C C ' - Cricotopus/Orthocladius sp. 1 C - - C/0 spy. 5 C ' Rheocricotopus robacki R C _ -Brillia sp. R C C Genus nr. Brillia R Paraphaenocladius sp. 1 OLIGOCHAETA _ R Opisthopora Lumbriculidae R R Limnodrilus hoffineisteri C Tubif ex tubif ex R C - - - A • a = s- - - xg ..h 3t•��. :R i. vyti'- M �2.;yc • :err ;+:t•'�',t � >e+T3:��--��,, C Table 10. Knap of Reeds Creek, 12 June 1985 1A O1 0 A EPHEMEROPTERA -- Stenonema modestum A C - S. femoratum C R - R Stenacron interpunctatum A A - S. pallidum R - - - Caenis sp. A A - R Hexagenia sp. - C - - Cloeon sp. C A - - Baetis flavistriga C - - - B. propinquus - A - _ - Eurylophella temporalis �R - - - TRICHOPTERA Cheumatopsyche spp. A A - - Hydropsyche betteni A R - - Chimarra sp. C - - - Neureclipsis sp. R Phylocentropus sp. C A - - Polycentropua sp. R - - - ' Nectop3yche exquisite R - - - COLEOPTERA Macronychus glabratus - R - - Dubiraphia vittata C R R Helichus sp. R C - - Dineutus/Gyrinus - -R C - = �Hydroporus spp. C C A A I'Deronectes griseostriatus - C - --- �Coptotomus sp. Laccobius sp. - - - R Tropisternus sp. R - - - Berosus sp. - - - C Peltodytes sp. - - R - Sperchopsis tesselatus - - - R - ODONATA Argia spp. C R - - . Enallagma spp. C C R -C Gomphus spp. A C - .R _ Hagenius brevistylus R - - - Progomphus obscurus - A - C Cordulegaster sp. - R - - Boyeria vinosa C A - C Macromia spp. C R - - Libellula sp. R - - R Sympetrum sp. C - - - Tetragoneur-ia sp. R - - C Helocordulia selysi R - - -_ Neurocordulia obsolete C - Erythemis simplicicolIis -R - - -' Somatochlora sp. - Sympetrum .sp. - A - — �..z� «t :' - _ ti. - • a - _ '• .. _� /� - - ... :Y - ..F ,jf` � .`f;- �� s•r• L .t_ �h �; ors _!>•• Table 10 (Cont.) 01 A — 01 03A 05 MEGALOPTERA Sialis sp. A A A A Nigronia serricornis R C - C Chauliodes rastricornis - C R C DIPTERA: MISC. Tipula op. R A A A Hexatoma sp. - R A A Palpomyia (complex) A A - C Dasyhelea sp. - - - _ R Cu l ex sp. - - - - .. C Anopheles sp. R - - C Simulium vittatum gr. - R - - Dolichopedidae - - - R DIPTERA: CHIRON. ' Chironomus sp. C C A A Cryptochironomus fulvus R C Dicrotendipes neomodestus - R Paratendipes sp. C - Polypedilum illinoense C R A -- -A P. convictum - C P. fallax P. halterale - R R - iP. scalaenum - - A A Microtendipes sp. A C -- Phaenopsectra sp. - A A. _ Paracladopelma undine - R - �Tribelos sp. q - - - - �Stictochironomus sp. C - �Xenochironomus xenolabis C - Tanytarsus sp. A A Micropsectra sp. R - Conchapelopis gr. R - C A 'Ablabesmyia parajanta gr. C A - A A. tarella C - - R A. mallochi - C C Natorsia sp. - - A R Procladius sp. C C - A Zavrellmyia op. - - - R- Labrundinia pilosella - R - - Cricotopus bicinctus R - - - -Euorthocladius sp. - - - R Thienemaniella sp. - R _ Rheosmittia sp. - R OLIGOCHAETA Isochaetides freyi C R - - Limnodrilus hoffineisteri - R R C llyodrilus.templetoni - R - - Lumbricul'idae. C C R - Styl,arie:lacustris R - - - 7 ` Table 10 (Cont.) — 01A 01 03A 0,5• CRUSTACEA _ •_ _ • Cambarus sp. - C - R Asellus sp. - C - - Hyallela azteca A A - - MOLILUSCA Elliptio complanata C - - - Sphaerium app. A A - - Pisidium sp. - R - - Corbicula lluminea - R - - Physella sp. C A - R _ Menetus dilatus R. C - - Helisoma anceps A C - - Campeloma decisum - A - - Ferrissia rivularis ; - R - - OTHER Sigare sp. - A C -.. ' Ranatra sp. R R R R Beiastome sp. Hydracarina C R - - Batracobdella phalera - C - - Helobdella triserialis - C - - Dugesia tigrina R R - - f '•}1• •I M`y• .��•:- ... t.. •.f�. `:.. • � X ��.\%• ^.i i.,..lt• fa•I ..tii' •` �I`�1��! CONCLUSIONS Results of on -site toxicological evaluations conducted at the John Umstead Hospital WWTP predict an acutely toxic environment caused by the facility's discharge into Knap of Reeds Creek. Chronic mortality (168 hour LC,, - 15.8%) observed in the Ceriodaohnia life cycle test occurred at a concentration of effluent well below that of the facility's low flow instream waste concentration of 98.54%. Acute toxicity (48 hour LC „ - 72%) observed in the 48 hour Daphnis ulex static bioassay also occurred below the low flow instream waste concentra- tion. Three chemicals found in the effluent are of particular concern. CoppeYvas �_ found downstream of the discharge in acutely toxic amounts which also exceed its N.C. Water Oualily Action Level. Copper most likely is a major contributor of toxicity displayed by the John Umstead Hospital WWTP effluent. ;:Z'i.ne-was found in acutely toxic levels in the effluent. Zinc could be a secondary contributor to the toxicity observed in the effluent. The insecticide D.i.azinon-was also detected in the effluent at borderline chronic levels, but any effect was prob- ably masked by copper and zinc toxicity - Ben thic macroinvertebrate analyses support predictions of toxicity instream by bioassays conducted on John Umstead WWTP effluent. These evaluations Indicate that the discharge has had a severe impact on aquatic fauna in Knep of Reeds Creek. Further, there appears to be very little recovery before the creek flows into Falls Lake. Results of self -monitoring bioassays conducted prior to and after this investigation indicate a trend toward reduction of acute toxicity associated with i This reduction in acute toxicity might be attributed to modifications in Industrial pretreatment of Piedmont Circuit's waste. This action was initiated by letter, from the John Umstead Hospital notifying Piedmont Circuit that it waa in exceedence of federal pretreatment standards for copper and lead for electro- plating wastes. Piedmont Circuit instituted a program of systematic backwashing of clarifiers and added a liming process to reduce copper and lead concentra- t1ons. C .. _ _�. `�•'_ •�, .... - 2.e ram• • - • y ,`� ,,k` t � ' , 4 } RECOMaENDATION3 1. The facility should continue to perform the Pass/Fall C a r I Q d a p h n i A reproduc- tion bioassay on a quarterly basin. If this bioassay has not been passed within two quarters, the facility should develop and submit a toxicity reduc- t i on pl an with a schedule of attaining compliance. If this schedule is not met, permit re -opening for addition of toxicity limits should be considered. 2. Efforts should be made by the plant to locate sources of copper, zinc and Diazinon . The facility should take appropriate actions to reduce discharge of these chemicals. 3. Copper, zinc and Diazinon should be. included as monitoring requirements in the next John Umstead Hospital WNTP NPDES permit issuance if elevated levels persist C FOOTNOTES ' W.H. Peltier and C.I. Weber. 1985. Methods for Measuring the Acute -Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. U*s EPA-EMSL-Cincinnati, Cincin- nati, Ohio. • Biesinger, K.E. and G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism on Daphnia maon.g. J. Fish. Rea. Board. Can. 29:1691. • D.I. Mount and T.J. Norberg, "A Seven -Day Life -Cycle Cladocer-an Toxicity Test", Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 3, pp 433. 1984. D.I. Mount and T.J. Norberg, ibid. s Biesinger, K.E. and G.M. Christensen. 1972 op, cit. T.D. Bills, L.L. Marking and J.H. Chandler, Jr. 1977. Formalin: Its toxicity to non -target aquatic organisms, persistence, and counteraction. U.S.'Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife service. Government Printing Office,• Washing- ton D.C. ' Gaynorl! W.Dawson, Allen L. Jennings, Daniel DrozdoWski, and Eugene Rider, "The Acute Toxicity of 47 Industrial Chemicals to Fresh and Saltwater fishes", J. Hazardous Materials, 1, 1975/77. ° G.A. LeBlanc, "Acute Toxicity of Priority Pollutants to Watee-Flea ( n i a manna)", Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 24(5):684-691, 1980. ° G.A. LeBlanc, op. cit. 1O D.L. Geiger, C.E. Northcott, D.J. Call, and L.T. Brooke, editors. Acute Toxi- cities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimeahales p_romelas). Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin -Superior, 1985, 11, p. 42. " " Waynon W. Johnson and Mack T. Finley, Handbook of. Acute Toxicity of.'Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates, United. States department.....of_the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 1980. p. 26. 'a H.O. Sanders and O.B. Cope, "Toxicities of Several Pesticides to Two. Species of Cladocerans", Tans. Am. Fish. Soc., 95(2), pp. 165-169. 's WaynonlW. Johnson et al., op cit., p. 26. V' in cen, t R. Mattoon, John W. Arthur, Charles T. Walbridge.,.: Acute Toxic[-ty'of .. . selected Compounds to Fathead Minnows", EPA-600/3-76-097,-0ct. 1976.. H.C. Alexander, et al. "Toxicity of perchloroethylene, trichloroethylone, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and methylene chloride to fathead minnows". Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, 20, 344, 1978. '• R•.J. •Baccafusca, et al . , 'Acute Toxicity of Priority Pol l.ut`ahta to -81.u0 0-1-11 (t_.eoomis.macrochirua_)". Bull. Environ. Contam. -Toxicol. 26t4),. pp_ 445-452:... .�.'f' a _(7i,._ •t . j... V • y i :.N _ :e'