19970330 Ver 1_Year 5 Monitoring Report_20061201

YEAR IV MONITORING REPORT
Grandover Wetland Creation - Hole #12 West
Holden Road Stream Restoration
Guilford County, NC
S&ME Project No. 1588-02-044 & 44A
Prepared for:
Koury Corporation
400 Four Seasons Town Centre
Greensboro, NC 27427
Prepared by:
S&ME, Inc.
3718 Old Battleground Road
Greensboro, NC 27410
December 2006
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Grandover Wetland Creation-Hole 12 West & Holden Road Stream Restoration
USACE Action ID: 199700557 (Koury Ventures Limited)
Greensboro, North Carolina
S&MF Project No. 1588-02-044 and 1588-02-44A
Dear Mr. Thomas:
On behall'of Koury Corporation, S&ME Inc. (S&ME) would like to submit this `Year IV
Monitoring Report' with associated maps and tables to fulfill the 2006 monitoring requirements
for both the Grandover Golf Course Wetland Creation and the Holden Road Stream Restoration.
' The Grandover Wetland Creation continues to maintain its wetland hydrology and vegetative
qualities, despite several dry periods during the late summer months of 2006. The Holden Road
Stream Restoration has been challenged in many ways by upstrea?n development that includes the
construction of residential homes and completion of residential streets. A stream repair activity
was performed in October 2006 to aid in restoring channel stability in areas that were impacted
by sediment and erosion. Fifty live stakes, 90 tubeling trees, and a selected native seed mix were
planted using seven rolls of soil protection blankets for stream bank stabilization. The stream
' restoration efforts remain effective to date and S&ME will continue to monitor these areas
throughout the upcoming year.
Please feel free to contact us at [phone] should you have questions in regards to this
report. We appreciate your continued support of these projects and look forward to successful
completion of Year V monitoring requirements in 2007.
Respectfully,
SWE, Inc.
vuk Melanie McKinney, L.S.S. Rob Willcox, L.6
Natural Resources Professiona Natural Resources Department Manager
SR/RPW
cc: Mr. Charles Havens, Koury Corporation
Ms. Cyndi Karoly, NCDWQ 401 Wetlands Unit
S&MC. INC_ 3718 Old Battleground Ho;u1 i Gio(nshnro, NC 27410 1/) 336.288.7180 / 336.288.8980 i www.smelnc.com
S&ME
December 19, 2006
United States Army Corps of Engineers
6508 Falls of the Neuse Road
Suite 120
Raleigh, North Carolina
Attention: Mr. John Thomas
Reference: YEAR IV MONITORING REPORT

Year IV Monitoring Report S&ME Project No. 1588-02-044A & 44A
Grandover Wetland Creation/Holden Road Stream Restoration December 19, 2006
1.0 GRANDOVER WETLAND CREATION - HOLE #12 WEST
1 1.1 Onsite Conditions
Vegetation and hydrology at the Grandover Wetland Creation continued to remain successful
throughout the Year 1V monitoring period. The site is overwhelmed with vegetation throughout
the growing season including maturing trees in the southern portion of the creation site, and it is
dominated by herbaceous plants and shrubs within the central and northern portions of the
creation. Monitoring well data for the six onsite monitoring wells, shows water at an average of
4.5 inches below the soil surface. Updated photographs of the Grandover Wetland Creation are
included in Appendix M.
1.2 Grading/Structures
' No changes to grading or structures are proposed for the Grandover Wetland Creation. The
elevation in Cell 1 was corrected during the Year I monitoring period and appears to be
functioning per design.
' 1.3 Vegetation
The majority of herbaceous vegetation observed onsite consists of soft rush (Juncus effusus) with
canopy that includes Black willow (Salix nigra), Swamp tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), and Tag alder
(Alnus serrulata). Significant amounts of'vegetation have volunteered within each cell and along
the berms that divide the cells.
Vegetation data was gathered in September 2006 using six 60' diameter sample plots, one in each
' of the five cells, and one located southwest of Cell #3. Vegetation plot locations have remained
consistent with plot locations chosen for 2005 monitoring. Longitude and latitude data for these
points is listed on vegetative plot data sheets attached in Appendix L A location map depicting
vegetative plot locations is attached as Figure 1.
Vegetative densities ranged from 524 stems per acre to 1,325 stems per acre, with a mean density
in the sampling plots of 1,086 stems per acre. An informal survey of the remainder of the site
indicates that this level of success is apparent across the entire wetland creation area.

F-?
Year IV Monitoring Report S&ME Project No. 1588-02-044A & 44A
Grandover Wetland Creation/Holder Road Stream Restoration December 19, 2006
1.4 Monitoring Wells
Six onsite monitoring wells are maintained in locations shown in Figure 1. Monitoring wells
have not been moved from their initial monitoring positions; however; their depths have been
adjusted throughout the years to better meet the standard of 24 inches below grade. Five
monitoring wells are located in the wetland creation with one located on the adjacent existing
wetland. The longitude and latitude of monitoring well locations are listed on vegetation plot
data sheets, with each vegetation plot number corresponding to the monitoring well number.
Wells are measured periodically throughout the year and monitoring data is represented in the
Tables section of this report. Throughout the year, depth of water ranged from the 27 inches
below the ground surface in June to 7 inches above the ground surface in September, with water
levels averaging 4.5 inches below the ground surface. Water levels were unusually low in June
2006 and it our opinion that this occurrence was due to drought conditions observed across the
state during that period of time.
2.0 HOLDEN ROAD STREAM RESTORATION
2.1 Onsite Conditions
Since the Year Ill monitoring period, the Holden Road Stream Restoration has experienced many
changes associated with development activities that have taken place on the property. Roads
onsite have evolved from graded road beds to paved subdivision streets. Lots have been prepared
throughout the property and many houses completed on upstream residential lots. The increase in
impervious surfaces immediately upstream of the restoration project has challenged the stability
of the stream. Several large storm events have impacted reaches by undercutting banks and
depositing sediments in unwanted areas. During an August site visit, several areas of concern
were identified and in October 2006 a repair project was performed as described in Section 2.2.
S&ME has focused efforts on preserving the natural stream channel design as changes occur to
the surrounding land use. Vegetation along the riparian corridor has rebounded from repair
events completed in Fall 2004. Black willow (Salix nigra) and Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
live stakes that were planted in Fall 2004 have grown tremendously and proven effective in bank
stabilization. Updated photographs of the Holden Road Stream Restoration are included in
Appendix IV.
2
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J

Year IV Monitoring Report S&ME Project No. 1588-02-044A & 44A
Grandover Wetland Creation/Holder Road Stream Restoration December 19, 2006
2.2 Grading/Structures
In October 2006, stream repair efforts were conducted in order to remove unwanted sediment
from the channel, providing a more v-shaped flow in areas, and undercut stream banks were
reshaped to provide a more gradual slope capable of withstanding future erosive forces. A
trackhoe bucket was used for sediment removal and bank stabilization. Boulders were used to
replace several root wads that had been blown out from storm events. Fifty live stake Black
willows (Salix nigra), 45 Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) tubelings, and 45 Willow oak
(Quercus phellos) tublings were planted along stream banks. Seven rolls of soil protection
blankets, each roll triple netted and consisting of 100% coconut fiber (manufactured by North
American Green) was placed in disturbed areas using staples. Particular attention was given to
providing reshaped stream banks with soil protection blankets and live stakes and tubelings. A
native seed mix consisting of Blackeyed susan, Deer tongue, Korean lespedeza, Partridge pea,
Smartweed, Plains coreopsis, and Riverbank wild rye was spread and overseeded with Ryegrass
and German foxtail millet. During a November 2006 site visit immediately after a heavy rainfall,
the stabilized banks and plants appeared to be withstanding recent rain events. Photographs from
the November site visit and repair events are included in Appendix IV.
2.3 Vegetation
Vegetation is abundant during the growing season along stream banks and within the riparian
corridor of the Holden Road Stream Restoration project. Saplings of Black willows (Salix nigra),
Red maple (Ater rubrunt), Cottonwood (Populus deltoides), and Pumpkin ash (Fraxinus
pro%unda) may be observed along the riparian corridor and stream banks. Plantings of live stake
Black willows in Fall 2004 proved beneficial in stabilizing several stream banks and we
anticipate a higher rate of survival among the recently planted tubelings. Over the past several
years the potential for growth in canopy has been influenced partially by repair activities that
result in heavy equipment traffic. S&ME has provided plantings following each repair event and
we have seen positive results from these plantings. Based on the slow rate of growth associated
with woody vegetation in relation to herbaceous vegetation, we anticipate that woody vegetation
onsite will increase over time and once repair activities are no longer needed for the project.
Vegetation data was gathered in September 2006 using six 60' diameter sample plots. Vegetation
plot locations have remained consistent with plot locations chosen for 2005 monitoring.
Longitude and latitude data for these points is listed on vegetative plot data sheets attached in
Appendix 11. A location map depicting vegetative plot locations is attached as Figure 2.
3

Year IV Monitoring Report S&ME Project No. 1588-02-044A & 44A
Grandover Wetland Creation/Holden Road Stream Restoration December 19, 2006
Vegetation densities ranged from 709 stems per acre to 894 sterns per acre, with a mean density
of 791 stems per acre. An informal survey of the remainder of the site indicates that this level of
success is apparent across the entire restoration area including the presence of many native
grasses.
3.0 CONCLUSIONS
The Grandover Wetland Creation continues to maintain its wetland hydrology and vegetative
qualities and has proven to be a self-sustaining wetland system. We look forward to successful
completion of the compensatory mitigation monitoring requirements at the end of 2007. S&ME
will continue to monitor the Holden Road Stream Restoration site throughout 2007 as changes
occur along upland areas adjacent to the restoration project.
S&ME is aware of project restraints for the Holden Road Stream Restoration observed over the
past four years that include the natural geology and presence of bedrock in several stream
sections, hindering our ability to create a deeper and wider channel with a soil stabilized bank in
several areas. The presence of bedrock and unsuitable soil in some stream bank sections has
proven unfavorable for providing adequate plant growth. These areas have been reshaped so that
fresh soil along a gradual slope may be better suitable for plant growth and ultimately become
better protected during bankfull events.
The land use changes on upland areas adjacent to the restoration project also pose challenges for
preserving the natural stream design and preventing the stream from developing characteristics
typical of urban streams such as undercut banks, sedimentation, and straightened channels.
S&ME will continue to evaluate the site closely over the next year and we anticipate successful
completion of monitoring requirements in 2007.
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Monitoring Well #1
Year IV Monitoring
Grandover Wetland Creation
Date
Observed Height of Well
Above Grade (In.) Depth to Water
(In.) Inundated/Saturated
Comments
3/31/2006 26" 27.5" Water 1.5 " below surface
6/24/2006 26" 52" Water 26" below surface
8/8/2006 26.5" 25" Water 1.5 " above surface
9/14/2006 26.5" 19.5" Water 7" above surface
11/17/2006 25" 21" Water 4" above surface
Monitoring Well #2
Date
Observed Height of Well
Above Grade (In.) Depth to Water
(In.) Inundated/Saturated
Comments
3/31/2006 23" 28" Water 5" below surface
6/19/2006 23" 48" Water 25" below surface
8/8/2006 24" 28.5 Water 4.5 below surface
9/14/2006 24" 22" Water 2" above surface
11/17/2006 24" 21.5" Water 2.5" above surface
Monitoring Well #3

J
Date
Observed Height of Well
Above Grade (In.) Depth to Water
(In.) Inundated/Saturated
Comments
3/31/2006 25" 36" Water 11" below surface
6/19/2006 25" 52" Water 27below surface
8/8/2006 25" 21" Water 4" above surface
9/14/2006 25" 24" Water (cD 1" above surface
11117/2006 25" 27" Water 2" below surface
Monitoring Well #4
Date
Observed Height of Well
Above Grade (In.) Depth to Water
(In.) Inundated/Saturated
Comments
3/31/2006 24" 31" Water 7" below surface
6/19/2006 24" 46" Water 22" below surface
8/8/2006 24.5 18" Water 6.5" above surface
9/30/2005 24.5" 22" Water 2.5" above surface
11/14/2005 24" 19.5" Water 4.5"above surface

Monitoring Well #5
Date
Observed Height of Well
Above Grade (In.) Depth to Water
(In.) Inundated/Saturated
Comments
3/31/2006 23" 21" Water 2 " above surface
6/19/2006 23" 41" Water 18" below surface
8/8/2006 22.5" 19" Water 3.5" above surface
9/14/2006 23" 21" Water 1.5" above surface
11/17/2006 23" 26" Water 3" above surface
Monitoring Well #6
Date
Observed Height of Well
Above Grade (In.) Depth to Water
(In.) Inundated/Saturated
Comments
3/31/2006 24" 32" Water 8" below surface
6/19/2006 24" 47" Water 23" below surface
8/8/2006 24" 29.5" Water 5.5" below surface
9/14/2006 24" 21" Water 3" above surface
11/17/2006 24" 33" Water 9" below surface
49

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Grandover Wetland Creation
Plot #1
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
JE = Juncus Effusus 55 63.9%
BB = Buttonbush 6 7%
CL = Carex Lurida 5 5.8%
S = S irea 9 10.5%
RM= Red Maple 2 2.3%
INK= Inkber 6 7.0%
00= Overcup Oak 3 3.5%
Total No. of Plants 86
86 x =1,325 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
0

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Grandover Wetland Creation
Plot # 2
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
JE = Juncus Effusus 55 67.9%
W= Willow 3 3.7%
BB= Buttonbush 6 7.4%
CL= Carex Lurida 6 7.4%
S=S irea 6 7.4%
RM= Red Maple 3 3.7%
00= Overcup Oak 2 2.5%
Total No. of Plants 81
81 x =1,248 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
0

Grandover Wetland Creation
Plot # 3
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
JE = Juncus Effusus 30 43.5%
CL = Carex Lurida 5 7.2%
BB= Buttonbush 7 10.2%
SW = Sweet flag/Blue flag 10 14.5%
00=Overcu Oak 2 2.9%
TA= Ta Alder 12 17.4%
RM= Red Maple 2 2.9%
W= Willow 1 1.4%
Total No. of Plants 69
69 x =1,063 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
111
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Grandover Wetland Creation
Plot # 4
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
TA= Tag Alder 26 37.1%
ELD= Elderberry 13 18.6%
LT = Lizards Tail 1 1.4%
Y= Yau on 5 7.1%
ST = Swam Tu elo 6 8.6%
CT= Cattail 4 5.7%
RM=Red Maple 1 1.4%
JE=Juncus Effusus 6 8.6%
W= Willow 8 11.4%
Total No. of Plants 70
70 x =1,078 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
?I

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Grandover Wetland Creation
Plot it 5
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
ST= Swam Tupelo 25 30.1 %
JE = Juncus Effusus 20 24.1%
RM = Red maple 2 2.4%
TA = Ta alder 8 9.6%
Y = Yau on 2 2.4%
ELD = Elderberry 6 7.2%
W= Willow 11 13.3%
CT= Cattail 5 6%
CL= Carex Lurida 4 4.9%
Total No. of Plants 83
83 x =1,279 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
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Grandover Wetland Creation
Plot # 6
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
SW= Sweet Gum 5 14.7%
SY = Sycamore 3 8.8%
JE = Juncus Effusus 7 20.6%
RM = Red maple 3 8.8%
PO = Pin Oak 4 11.8%
W = Willow 5 14.7%
SM=Smilax 3 8.8%
ST= Swamp tupelo 4 11.8%
Total No. of Plants 34
34 x =524 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
a

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Appendix 11

A
0
V
Holden Road Stream Restoration
Plot #1
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
RM = Red maple 5 10.2%
BW = Black willow 4 8.2%
CL = Carex Lurida 4 8.2%
SO = Shummard oak 1 2%
WO = Water oak 2 4.1%
SY= Sycamore 1 2%
P=Pine 7 14.3%
JE= Juncus effusus 25 51%
Total No. of Plants 49
49 x =755 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
30.01,62-N
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Holden Road Stream Restoration
Plot #2
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
RM = Red maple 7 12.1%
INK = Inkber 1 1.7%
CL = Carex Lurida 2 3.4%
GA= Green Ash 3 5.2%
JE= Juncus Effusus 28 48.3%
PA= Pumpkin Ash 2 3.4%
P = Pine 5 8.6%
BB = Button bush 3 5.2%
BW= Black willow 7 12.1%
Total No. of Plants 58
58 x =894 stems/ac
2,826 43,560

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Holden Road Stream Restoration
Plot #3
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
RM = Red maple 3 5.8%
GA = Green ash 3 5.8%
CW=Cottonwood 7 13.5%
CL = Carex Lurida 4 7.7%
BW = Black willow 8 15.4%
BB = Button bush 3 5.8%
P= Pine 6 11.5%
JE= Juncus Effusus 18 34.5%
Total No. of Plants 52
52 x =801 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
-1
s

Holden Road Stream Restoration
Plot # 4
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
RM = Red maple 5 10.2%
P= Pine 7 6.1%
CL = Carex Lurida 4 10.2%
00 = Overcu Oak 2 4.2%
BW = Black willow 10 12.2%
JE= Juncus effusus 15 28.6%
BB = Button bush 4 16.3%
CW= Cottonwood 4 12.2%
Total No. of Plants 51
51 x =786 stems/ac
2,826 43,560
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Road Stream Restoration
Holden
Plot #5
Plant Abbreviation
I # stems/species % stems/plot
RM = Red maple 4 7.7%
SW= Sweet um 1 1.9%
CW= Cottonwood 8 15.4%
BW = Black willow 7 13.5%
BB = Button bush 6 11.5%
PA= Pumpkin ash 2 3.8%
P= Pine 10 19.3%
PO= Pin oak 2 3.8%
JE= Juncus effusus 12 23.1%
Total No. of Plants 52
52 x =801 stems/ac
2,826 43,560

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Holden Road Stream Restoration
Plot #6
Plant Abbreviation # stems/species % stems/plot
RM = Red maple 2 4.3%
JE= Juncus effusus 18 39.1%
CL = Carex lurida 3 6.5%
CW= Cottonwood 5 10.9%
BB= Buttonbush 3 6.5%
BW= Black willow 6 13.1%
P= Pine 6 13.1%
PA= Pumpkin ash 3 6.5%
Total No. of Plants 46
46 x =709 stems/ac
2,826 43,560

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feet. The 2 inch storm is roughly considered here to represent the channel forming discharge with
an estimated stage of 2 to 3 feet in the HRB 1 reach. This bankfull storm and stage was confirmed
on August 26 after the Greensboro areas received 2.6 inches of rainfall within a 24 hour period.
Debris dispersed by waters of this storm along the HRB reach were found 3 'above the channel
(photos in Appendix B). The results are also similar to the urban small catchment data collected
from the Charlotte area by Williams, 1998 and Keaton, in preparation. The design calls for a flood
plain diversion inlet to the uppermost of the three detention basins set approximately at or slightly
beneath bankfull stage. Water released from the first pond drains only to the second, and water
from the second drains only to the third pond, where it is finally released through a flow rate
limited outlet to the HRB stream just upstream from the culvert at the southeast corner of the site.
The boundary with the sewer line and channel are bermed and bioengineered where necessary.
Where the berm is within fifteen feet of the stream bank, the bank is dressed with toe revetment.
The existing drainage cuts that allow flood plain drainage are removed, and all overland flow on
the north side is directed into these detention structures. The structures besides providing for
lowering and attenuation of the storm discharge, also provide for water quality improvements for
the South Buffalo Creek basin, which is currently impaired from sediment loading. The
uppermost of the three detention facilities, will likely need to have some periodic dredging of
accumulated sediment over time to maintain capacity and flow function.
Riparian Buffer Areas
While not directly part of the restoration objectives in this mitigation plan, a 50' buffer is to
be stabilized and planted with native plant communities. All clearing and grade work within this
buffer will be conducted in a manner to minimize risk to the stream.
Stream Restoration Monitoring Plan
The restoration work was broken down into 4 phases. Each phase is to be inspected prior
to the onset of next phase of work to insure that work is progressing in accordance to the plan and
expected benefits. After work is completed a final inspection is to be made and the monitoring
team is to be notified in writing that the stream restoration work has been completed according to
specifications. Within 30 days of this completion, the first of 4 (quarterly) monitoring visits is to
be conducted by the monitoring team. The monitoring team is to include both biologic and
morphologic/hydrologic expertise. Within the first year, following the second and forth visit, a
report detailing any observed problems with the restoration are to be summarized and reported.
Work to mitigate these problems should be addressed in a timely fashion, however, this time is not
to exceed 12 months. Completion of any required secondary remedial work will be communicated
in writing to the monitoring team, and subsequent visits will assess and communicate the success
of these remedial actions. Following the first year of quarterly monitoring, monitoring can be
reduced to biannual visits, providing no remedial actions have been taken in the previous 12
months. Quarterly monitoring is to be maintained until a year has passed without remedial work
(12 months for the date of communication that the remedial work has been completed). To the
extent feasible monitoring is to be completed at comparable climatic and hydrologic times so that
data is comparable to both the existing assessment data, and from one monitoring year of data to
the next. At least 1 visit following mayor storms is advised to evaluate first hand the impacts of the
restoration in regards to bankfull discharge, and vice versa.
Monitoring is to include bank erosion rates, performance of flood plain detention
structures, progress of newly established reparian plant communities, aquatic macroinvertebrate
communities, riffle /pool area stability, performance of in channel sills, vanes, and toe and slope
tie-in revetment.
Holden Stream Restoration Site - Greensboro - p. 17
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Harmon, W., Jennings, G., Patterson, J., Clinton, D., Slate, L.O., Gessup, A., Everhart, J. R., and
Smith, R. E., 1999, Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for North Carolina Streams, (not
peer reviewed) in Stream Restoration and Protection Workshop proceedings, Asheville, 1999.
i
Keaton, J., in prep., Assessment of Morphologic Characteristics as a Stream Restoration Tool
for the Urban North Carolina Piedmont, M.S.Eng. Thesis at UNC-Charlotte, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, 68 p.
NC Drought Monitoring Council, 1999, North Carolina Drought/Water Availability Conditions
,
bulletin 2, August 16, 1999, Dept. of Env. and Nat. Res., Div. of Water Resources, Raleigh.
Rosgen, D., and Silvey, Lee, Field Guide for Stream Classification, 1998, Wildland Hydrology
' Books, Pagosa Springs, CO.
Rosgen, D., Applied River Morphology, 1996, Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO.
Simon, A., and Hupp, C. R., 1992, Geomorphic and vegetative recovery processes along
modified stream channels of west Tennessee. USGS Open File Rpt. 91-502, Nashville, TN
Streambank Stabilization Handbook (CDROM) , Version 1.0, 1999, Veri-teck, Inc., Vicksburg,
MS, 39182.
USEPA , Index of Watershed Indicators, Watershed Information 03030002 (Haw River drainage
basin), last revised 5.5.1999, http://www.epa.gov/surf2/hucs/03030002/score.html.
USSCS, 1986, Urban Hydrology forf Small Watershed, Tech. Release 55 (2nd ed.).
Wilkerson, S. D., Linden, Karl, G., Bowen, J. D. and Allan, C. J., 1998, Development and
Analysis of Hydraulic Geometry relationships for the Urban Piedmont of North Carolina, an open
file report for Charlotte Storm Water Services, Univ.of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, 78
p-

1 Holden Stream Restoration Site - Greensboro - p. 19

Appendix A. Holden Road Bioassessment

1
I

1

E

HABITAT
ASSESSMENT AND
RESTORATION
PROGRAM INC.----•- -
JAMES F. MATTHEWS, Ph.D.
T. LAWRENCE MELLICHAMP, Ph.D.
P.O. Box 655
Newell, NC 28126
[phone]
[phone]
fax: [phone]
Koury Property, Greensboro, NC
Baseline Water Quality and Bioassessment
Site Characterization
On Friday, June 18, 1999, HARP sampled the two main streams on the Koury property
bordered by Holden and Farmington Rds. The sampling was performed to provide a
baseline bioassessment of the streams in preparation for mitigation and enhancement
purposes. Data collected included bank vegetation analysis, fish species,
macroinvertebrate presence and basic water quality measurements including, dissolved
oxygen, temperature, pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids.
Sampling was performed based on permanent stream stations previously set up by HARP
personnel. These stations were marked with survey stakes, flagging and have been
located using GPS (sub-meter accuracy) technology. All data collection and mapping
will reference these stations for consistency and accuracy.
Vegetation
The vegetation along the reaches is very different when comparing the two streams. The
channel running parallel to Farmington Rd. (Stream "A") is open along the majority of
the banks and has relatively recent growth. The other reach (Stream `B") is in a mature
' floodplain forest setting. Thus, while some of the species may be found along both
streams, the size and age of the vegetation and the amount of shade differs significantly.

11 Habitat Analysis, Endangered Plant Studies, Restoration of Habitats, Wetland Mitigation, Monitoring
Stream "A" is comprised of 60 stations with Station 1 being the furthest upstream. The
upstream section of Stream "A", at the culverts (Station 1 to Station 7), is somewhat
forested, with 50-60% cover. From this point down to Station 59, the stream is mostly
open, with a 5-15% cover. The most downstream portion (Stations 59 & 60) have 70-
80% cover. Therefore, the vegetation along Stream "A" is herbaceous and shrubby and
because of this, it receives a lot of sunlight and energy.
The typical vegetation from Stations 1 to 59 includes, Silky dogwood (Cornus amomum),
Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Black willow (Salix nigra), Tag alder (Alnus

serrulata), Blackberry (Rubus spp.), Poison ivy (Toxicodendron ra&cans), Privet
(Ligustrum sinense), and some small saplings of River birch (Betula nigra), Sweetgum
(Liquid=bar styraciflua), Black walnut (Juglans nigra), Winged elm (Minus alata) and
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). Most of this vegetation is less then six feet tall and
s grows next to or over the banks of the stream. Some of the herbaceous species found on
the banks or in the stream include, Impatiens (Impatiens capensis), Giant cane
(Arun&naria gigantea), several kinds of Lespedeza (Lespedeza spp.), Goldenrods
(Solidago spp.), milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), assorted sedges (Carex spp.) and bulrush
(Juncos effusus). Filamentous and non-filamentous algae were present in the stream,
with some portions of the stream having quite an abundance.
At Stations 59 & 60, the trees are larger and cover 70-80% of the stream. The larger trees
in this area are Sweetgum, Sycamore, Black walnut and Slippery elm (Ulmus
americana). All of these trees were on the East bank.
Please see the pictures at the end of this report for representative photos of the vegetative
cover and stream characteristics for Stream "A".
Stream "B" is comprised of 44 stations, with Station 1 being the furthest upstream. A
mature floodplain forest, providing 90-95% cover surrounds the entire stream, except for
the upper two stations. At Stations 1 & 2, the stream is open, due to recent utility
construction and only provides 5-20% cover.
' The vegetative cover for Stream `B" is very different from Stream "A" because the
floodplain forest surrounding the stream is mostly intact. Large specimens (>18-20" dbh)
of Sweetgum and Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) dominate the forest. Also
' included are Black walnut, Slippery elm, Red ash (Frmdnus pennsylvanica), Hackbeiry
(Celtis laevigatus), and Sycamore. Understory trees and shrubs include, Dogwood
(Cornus florida), Tag alder, Privet, Silky dogwood, Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Black
cherry (Prunus serotina), Black willow, Redbud (Cercis canadensis), and Red mulberry
(Morus rubra).
' Prevalent herbaceous and vine species include, Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera
japonica), Poison ivy, Greenbrier (Smilax spp.), Multiflora rose, Impatiens, Grape (Vitis
spp.), and Microstegium (Microstegium virmineum).
Please see the pictures at the end of this report for representative photos of the vegetative
cover and stream characteristics for Stream "B".
Other Data
' In addition to providing the vegetative analysis, HARP also collected data on the water
quality, the macroinvertebrates and the fish communities in the two stream reaches.
Macroinvertebrates and fish are useful indicators of stream health because they occupy
key roles in the food chains of aquatic ecosystems and are exposed to pollutants during
their entire aquatic life.

w

Macroinvertebrates (aquatic insect larva, worms, snails, etc.) often live in water for over
a year, cannot easily escape pollution and can be sensitive to mild pollution or changes in
water quality. Macroinvertebrates are often used as indicators of intermittent or acute
pollution problems, due to their shorter time in the water (relative to fish). The variety
and number of sensitive:tolerant macroinvertebrates found in a water body can indicate
the presence of pollution.
Fish are more long-lived than macroinvertebrates and are indicators of more chronic or
long-term water quality issues. Fish have been classified regarding their sensitivity to
pollution so the make-up of the fish community and total numbers of fish can be
indicators of the water quality.
By examining the macroinvertebrates and the fish communities together, along with
traditional water quality analyses, a complete picture of the stream health can be
obtained. Also, gathering these data will provide for baseline data to see how stream
habitat improvements have affected the stream over time; good or bad.
Water Quality
' Overall, there are no real surprises that showed up during testing. As suspected, the
average temperature for Stream "A" is five degrees higher than Stream `B" due to the
more open nature of the stream. Conductivity and total dissolved solids were higher in
' Stream "A" and this may be due to runoff from parking lots and impervious surfaces
from just upstream of the studied reach of Stream "A".

r;

I

Interestingly, Stream "A" had a higher DO level and a higher temperature than Stream
"B". Usually, the cooler the water, the higher the ability of the water to retain dissolved
oxygen. This could possibly be due to physical characteristics of the streams or amount
of pollution. Stream "A" may have more riffle-pool areas agitating the water, allowing
for more DO. Or Stream "B" may have a higher level of some minor organic pollution,
which decreases DO through bacterial respiration of organic matter.
The water quality data have been summarized at the end of this report.
Macroinvertebrates
Often, three orders of macroinvertebrates are used for quick identification of water
quality. These are the Ephemeroptera (Mayflies), Plecoptera (Stoneflies) and Tricoperta
(Caddis flies), also known as the EPT group. Generally, a higher percentage of EPT
individuals, relative to other types of macroinvertebrates, indicates better water quality.
During our investigation, HARP decided to perform a general assay of the
macroinvertebrates; looking to determine the percent EPT taxa at several stations in each
stream. Often it is necessary to identify macroinvertebrates to the genus and/or species
level to get a real picture of the macroinvertebrate community. However, given the scope

of our investigation, we will report on the types and relative numbers of
macroinvertebrates so that future comparisons can be made. If a more rigorous approach
is needed, HARP can perform this at additional cost.
i The investigative team sampled stations at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of
each stream reach. All available habitats were sampled for macroinvertebrates including
the vegetation in the water, on and under rocks, in pools, root wads, leaf packs, sand
deposits and any coarse woody debris. The samples were placed in a sorting tray and
separated by order group in the field. Total numbers were counted as well.
Overall, the macroinvertebrates were more numerous and indicated a greater percentage
1 of EPT taxa in Stream "A". Since this stream has a higher DO level and receives more
sunlight, the productivity is higher than the forested stream, and it is not surprising that
more numbers of macroinvertebrates and a higher percentage of EPT taxa were found in
Stream "A". Crayfish and water striders were found in abundance in both streams.
The macroinvertebrate data have been summarized at the end of this report.
Fish
' The fish were not sampled using station numbers, as fish are much more mobile than the
macroinvertebrates. Therefore, the entire reach was sampled to determine community
make-up. General notes were taken regarding total numbers and sizes of specimens. All
' fish were released back into the stream after identification.
As with the macroinvertebrates, Stream "A" had a greater abundance and more diverse
' community than in Stream `B". There were 10-20 times more fish in Stream "A" than in
Stream `B". No fish that have a sensitive or very sensitive pollution tolerance were
sampled in either of the two streams. This probably means that overall, the water quality
' is average to below average for a stream in an urbanized location.
i The Dwarf waterdog (Necturus punctatus) was sampled in only Stream `B". This
salamander is a common inhabitant of forested streams and is not a surprising find.
The fish data have been summarized at the end of this report.
Recommendations
' The data collected for the streams on this property indicate that the systems are average
to below average in regards to water quality and biological communities, and have some
' level of impairment. There were no serious water quality issues detected during the field
investigation. It was surprising that there were so few fish in the forested stream section,
Stream `S". Admittedly, these are small streams and thus the small size may preclude
' large or numerous assemblages of fish and macroinvertebrates. However, there does
seem to be some opportunity to improve the water quality and habitats found in the
stream reaches.

-1
This improvement could come in the form of treatment BMPs at the upper reaches of the
' streams. For example, treatment wetlands could be placed adjacent to the streams to
collect storm water during rain events. The treatment wetlands would filter out sediment
z and other non-desirable constituents from the water and provide for additional habitat and
' cleaner water for the downstream reaches. Moreover, in-stream habitat improvements
such as the installation of riffle/pool complexes and additional substrate could provide for
greater habitat diversity, higher DO concentrations and allow for more types of fish and
' macroinvertebrates to inhabit the streams.

E

1

The forested stream seems to have a greater degree of embeddedness to it when
compared to Stream "A". This stream had several areas where tires and other large
discarded items have been placed in the streambed. These could be removed to open the
stream channel and reduce areas where sand and silt settle, reducing the embeddedness.
'tz
Chris Matthews
Jeff Levi

i
i
' Representative Photos of Stream Vegetative Cover
And Tables Describing the Water Quality, and
Macroinvertebrate and Fish Community Data

11,
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i

FSgnre 1. Typical section of Stream "A"
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Ditch dug at one point to drain water along the sewer line trail.
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Table 1. DGPS Control Data for Stream Reach HR-A
Station No. NC State Plane
Easting (FT) Northing (FT)
hra - 1 1747046 831773
z hra - 2 1747089 831772
hra - 3 1747111 831773
hra - 4 1747181 831776
hra - 5 1747206 831782
hra - 6 1747253 831770
hra - 7 1747296 831752
hra - 11 1747428 831621
hra - 12 1747461 831584
hra - 13 1747484 831547
hra - 14 1747517 831514
hra -
hra - 15
16 1747539
1747562 831470
831441
hra - 17 1747600 831424
hra -
hra - 18
19 1747631
1747669 831410
831376
hra - 20 1747703 831365
hra - 21 1747737 831367
hra - 22 1747771 831371
hra - 23 1747798 831377
hra - 24 1747825 831375
hra - 25 1747861 831370
hra - 26 1747895 831369
hra - 27 1747931 831381
hra- 28 1747949 831374
hra - 29 1747990 831376
hra - 30 1748033 831365
hra - 31 1748069 831362
hra - 33 1748148 831350
hra- 34 1748161 831364
hra -
hra - 35
36 1748204
1748245 831359
831382
hra - 37 1748303 831376
hra - 38 1748353 831386
hra - 39 1748371 831383
hra - 40 1748403 831384
hra - 41 1748423 831391
hra - 42 1748459 831358
hra - 43 1748488 831326
hra - 44 1748528 831300
hra - 46 1748582 831228
hra - 47 1748611 831207
hra - 49 1748638 831 172
hra - 50 1748672 831 172
hra- 52 1748744 831220
hra - 53 1748776 831 185
hra - 57 1748869 831059
hra- 58 1748914 831000
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Station Nc NC State Plane
Easting (FT) Northing (FT)
hrb - 1 1747136 829458
hrb - 1 1747136 829461
hrb - 1 1747136 829461
hrb - 2 1747182 829473
hrb - 3 1747187 829553
hrb - 6 1747439 829586
hrb - 8 1747387 829481
hrb - 9 1747549 829617
hrb - 10 1747605 829661
hrb - 13 1747743 829739
hrb - 14 1747821 829961
hrb - 15 1747976 829590
hrb - 16 1747945 829855
hrb - 18 1748185 829842
hrb - 19 1748057 829849
hrb - 22 1748281 830072
hrb - 23 1748336 830134
hrb - 24 1748333 830078
hrb - 25 1748386 830150
hrb - 30 1748506 830250
hrb - 37 1748739 830561
hrb - 38 1748752 830543
hrb - 40 1748803 830598
hrb - 41 1748818 830606
hrb - 43 1748832 830659
hrb - 45 1748833 830747

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G I DOVER
Golf Course and
Mixed-Use Development
Guilford County, Forth Carolina
Wetland Mitigation Design
Prepared For:
Koury Corporation
400 Four Seasons Town Center
Greensboro, NC 27407
Prepared By:
LandDesign Enl-ineering Services, Inc.
1208 Eastchester Dr., Suite 200
High Point, NC 27265
[phone]

Leonard S. Rindner
Environmental Planning Consultant
3714 Spokeshave Ln.
Matthews, NC 28105
[phone]

Habitat Assessment and Restoration Program, Inc
P.O. Box 655
Newell, NC 28126
[phone]
GRANDOVER
Golf Course and
Mixed-Use Development
Guilford County, North Carolina
Wetland Mitigation Design
Prepared For:
Koury Corporation
400 Four Seasons Town Center
Greensboro, NC 27407
Prepared By:
LandDesign Engineering Services, Inc.
1208 Eastchester Dr., Suite 200
Nigh Point, NC 27265
[phone]

Leonard S. Rindner
Environmental Planning Consultant
3714 Spokeshave Ln.
Matthews, NC 28105
[phone]
Habitat Assessment and Restoration Program, Inc.
P.O. Box 655
Newell, NC 28126
[phone]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 OBJECTIVE
3.0 APPROACH
3.1 Hydrology
3.2 Soils
3.3 Vegetation
4.0 MITIGATION SITE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Golf Course Site Planting/Old Pond Bed (Site 4)
4.2 Extended Storm Water Detention Basin Planting (site 5)
4.3 General Notes for Herbaceous Zone
5.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
6.0 MONITORING
6.1 Vegetation Monitoring
6.2 Vegetation Success Criteria
6.3 Hydrology Monitoring
6.4 Hydrology Success Criteria
6.5 Contingency Plan
6.6 Report Submittal
7.0 OPE RATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PLAN
7.1 Vegetation Management
7.2 Inspections
7.3 As-builts - Benchmark for Sediment Removal
APPENDIX A
0
0 Grandover
Wetland Mitigation Plan
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Koury Ventures of Greensboro, NC is currently developing Grandover, a mixed-use
project consisting of residential, retail, office and recreational facilities (Fig. 1). As
previously described in the "Grandover - Individual Permit Report and Supporting
Documentation" (Permit) document (December 15, 1997), wetlands were encountered on
the project site. Through careful site planning and cooperation with the regulatory
agencies, 82% of the wetlands were avoided. The remaining impacted wetlands have
progressively been mitigated on-site by Koury Ventures in response with the conditions
required for a Nationwide Permit #26 issued by the USACE and with concurrence by the
NCDWQ. Acreage amounts and wetland impact types have all been outlined in the
Permit (1997) previously submitted.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To compensate for unavoidable impacts, the Permit proposed significant and important
wetland restoration and creation to balance the environmental consequences of the
proposed development on wetlands and water quality. The objective and goal of this
plan is to outline the restoration and creation of at least 2.00 acres of periodically
saturated and occasionally flooded palustrine wetlands. The form of mitigation will
include developing areas of headwater forests in various forms that are saturated
within the root zone or inundated for a significant portion of the growing season.
Q The zones will be based on the expected saturation and inundation of the particular zones
and tolerances and include:
• Bottomland hardwoods
• Scrub/shrub
• Emergent/herbaceous
• Open water/aquatic zones
These zones adjacent to surface waters will help to improve water quality by filtering
runoff, trapping sediment, absorbing nutrients, and providing wildlife habitat and a food
source for aquatic organisms, herpetofauna, birds, fish and other wildlife. These
wetlands are to be located 1) on the golf course with the expansion of an existing wetland
on-site and 2) in an extended stormwater wetland along Grandover Parkway (Fig. 2).
r, 3.0 APPROACH
The creation and enhancement/restoration of at least 2.00 acres of wetlands ranging from
bottomland hardwood forests to emergent wetlands will replace diverse habitat that has
been impacted. Areas that will be converted to wetlands will be excavated and these
materials will not be used to fill any wetlands unless authorized by the UCACE. The
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GRANDOVER
Guilrord County, North Carolina
Koury Ventures Limited Partnership
Leonard S. Rindner, PWS
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LOCATION MAP Figure 1
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Guilford County, North Carolina
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- I Leonard S. Rindner, PWS
Figure 2
DATE : MARCH, 1999
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a mitigation areas, where necessary, will be backfilled to finish grades with suitable topsoil
and stabilized as necessary to restore the hydrological planting zones and drainage
patterns. Under normal conditions for the area, the soils are expected to be inundated
and/or saturated during the winter months and early spring for a period of at least 5 to
12.5% of the growing season.
Future impacts to wetlands that are created and the applicant as outlined in the Permit
document will protect those preserved.
3.1 Hydrology
The following hydrological zones are expected to occur within the wetland mitigation
areas:
• Semipermanently to permanently: area is inundated or saturated
from 75-100% of the growing season.
• Regularly: area is inundated or saturated from 25-75% of the growing
season.
• Seasonally: area is inundated or saturated from 12.5-25% of the
growing season.
• Irregularly: area is inundated or saturated from 5-12.5% of the
growing season.
3.2 Soils
If necessary, soil from previously permitted impacted wetlands, but as yet not impacted,
will be stripped and stored as feasible for use in lining the wetland mitigation sites. The
soils that occur in the area include Enon Series, which are known to have dense clay
subsoils. Using these existing soils in the proposed mitigation sites may hasten the
development of hydric soil conditions in the proposed wetland mitigation sites.
3.3 vegetation
Planting includes a variety of saturation tolerant tree, shrub and herbaceous species that
are also high in wildlife value. The planting plan will also encourage a diverse canopy
and mid-story vegetation. The primary criteria that plant selections are based is the
duration of soil saturation. Plant species tolerant of appropriate hydrologic conditions
will be specified in the mitigation areas. Forested mitigation areas will be planted in an
initial density of 500 woody stems per acre, scrub/shrub areas will have an initial density
of 1000 stems per acre and herbaceous plantings will be performed in organized patterns
and groupings of a similar hydrophytic zone.
0
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0 4.0 MITIGATION SITE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Golf Course Site Planting/Old Pond Bed (Site 4)
To compensate for wetland loss during the construction of the Grandover development, a
site has been chosen just below the tee-box on the 12 hole. The chosen location is
approximately 1.60 acres and is adjacent to and existing 4-5 acre wetland in an old pond
bed. This site is expected to provide 1.50-2.00 acres of wetland creation and/or
restoration. This area is a low point in the landscape and is bound on the north and east
sides by a steep slope leading up to the fairway and on the west by a small stream (Fig.
3). The hydrology of the pond bed will be enhanced to assist in detention to promote pre-
development runoff conditions.
The creation/enhancement site will involve the removal of soil to match a selected
wetland elevation adjacent to the area and then the construction of small berms,
microtopographic features and outlet control structures to vary habitat and control flow
(Fig. 4). The proposed outlet structure will enhance the duration of flooding and
saturation suitable for the creation of a marsh, scrub/shrub habitat and bottomland
hardwood tree species. The goal of the mitigation site is to provide stormwater treatment,
water storage, and create aquatic habitat. The proposed wetland will treat runoff from the
golf course and has been incorporated into the golf course as a hazard. Field changes and
modifications are likely during the construction of this site and necessary revision
substantially modifying the general concept shown in Fig. 4 will be submitted for
approval to the NCDWQ and USACE.
The adjacent scrub/shrub and emergent wetland in the former pond will serve as the
reference wetland to provide the wetland hydrology success criteria for the constructed
L? wetlands. This area was previously delineated and verified by the USACE as a wetland.
This area receives water from the golf course and natural surface drainage. Currently,
there are wetland species that are growing next to the slope leading up to the fairway.
These species include Black willow (Salix nigra), Tag alder (Ahms serrulata), River
birch (Betula nigra), Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Silky dogwood (Corpus
amomum), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and Red maple (Acer nibnim). Various
herbaceous species such as Rushes (Juncus spp.), Sedges (Carex spp.), Smartweed
(Polygoninn spp.), Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Lizard-tail (Saununis cernus), Duck
p potato (Sagiltaria spp.) and Arrow arum (Peltandra virginica) are also found in this area.
The soils in the area are varied, with much of the site having hydric soils covered by a 1-
2 foot layer of sediment, apparently arriving in this area during construction of the
course. These hydric soils are probably Wehadkee silt loam and/or Wehadkee inclusions
within Chewacla sandy loam. Wehadkee soils are map units that are hydric soils or have
hydric soils as a main component as inclusions. Soil samples taken in the field yielded
soils with a low chroma and mottles. Oxidized rhizospheres and shallow root systems
were common. Other hydrologic characteristics on this site included saturated soil in the
upper 12", standing water, water lines, drift lines and sediment deposits. Some upland
plant species are beginning to invade this area, especially in the center of the proposed
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mitigation site. Detailed soil profiles are included in the water budget found in Appendix
A.
The water budget (Appendix A) performed for this site indicates that adequate hydrology
is available to support the development of bottomland hardwoods, scrub/shrub and
aquatic conditions. Hydrology for the site will be maintained by channeling water from
the existing stream during storms or other high water producing events. Hydrology will
also be supported by golf course runoff, overland flow, high water table, and captured
rainfall. Additionally, the outlet from the wetland will be sized, stabilized and placed to
detain drainage and minimize flooding downstream. Normal hydrology will be
considered the percent of time that the upper 12" of soil exhibits inundation or saturation.
If precipitation amounts deviate drastically from the normal levels, then the success
criteria will be inundated or saturated soil conditions during 5% to 12.5% of the growing
season.
The bottom grades of the proposed wetland will be flat to a maximum of 0.5% slope.
Microtopographic features such as small drainage ways, hummocks, berms and outfalls
will be designed to disperse and direct flows and create various hydrologic zones. Small
drainage ways and/or level spreaders will diffuse the flow and will distribute water to
various sections of each cell in a sheet flow pattern. Rock check dams will be used to
make minor flow adjustments within the mitigation cell.
Revegetation of this area will involve planting species that occur in other, undisturbed
wetlands that are currently on-site. These undisturbed wetlands will serve as biological
references to provide the wetland hydrology and vegetation success criteria for the
restored wetland. The planting schedule will include a diversity of water tolerant
hardwood tree, scrub/shrub and herbaceous species that are also high in wildlife value.
The planting plan will also encourage strata diversity. All plant material will be obtained
from local sources and no more than 20% of each of the listed species will be used to
encourage diversity. Scrub/shrub vegetation will form the transition zones between the
emergent cells and the bottomland hardwood cells. All new plantings will consist of
species that are classified as OBL or FACW.
Vegetation will be selected from the following list:
Bottomland Hardwood
Platanus occidentalis
Quercus lyrata
O_liercus michauxii
Taxodium distichun:
Diospyros virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica
Scrub/shrub
Alnus serrulata
Cornus amomum
Viburnum dentalum
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Lindera benzoin
Salix sericea
Sambucus canadensis
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Areas of occasional
inundation
Juncus effusus Polygonum spp. Carex spp.
Eleocharis spp. Leersia spp. Scirpus spp.
Areas of persistent
inundation
Juncus effiisus Carex spp. Sauria-us cernus
Pellandra i,irginica Sagillaria spp. Scirpus spp.
Pontedaria cordala Acorus calamus Nuphar haeum
Planting will be conducted in the early spring and fall. Specific plant species, quantities
and size will be dependent on availability, time of year, and to some extent, cost. Annual
ryegrass or other annual grasses will be used to stabilize any bare soils to provide
stabilization and other wetlands and surface waters will be protected during planting from
erosion and sedimentation. Control structures such as sediment traps, siltation barriers,
and/or silt fence will be used as necessary. It is expected that natural volunteering of
hydrophytic vegetation will also occur due to the close proximity to other wetland plant
seed sources. Monitoring will be conducted to determine the need for additional planting
to maintain the success criteria.
4.2 Pond with Littoral Planting Zone (Site 5)
To compensate for wetland loss during the construction of the Grandover development, a
site has been chosen just along Grandover Parkway, near the proposed future Koury
Corporate Headquarters (Fig 5). The chosen littoral zone creation area is approximately
0.50 - 0.75 acres and will be comprised of the creation of open water with a wetland
fringe in a disturbed stream situation. The acreage that is being applied to mitigation
involves the wetland fringe only. The hydrology of the pond will be enhanced to assist in
detention to promote treatment and detention of post-development runoff conditions.
The creation site will involve the removal of soil to match a selected wetland elevation
adjacent to the area and then the construction of a pond with a littoral
emergent/scrub/shrub zone (Fig. 6). The goal of the mitigation site is to restore pollutant
removal, bank stabilization, stormwater treatment, and water storage values, as well as
create aquatic habitat. The proposed wetland will treat runoff from the golf course and
road network. Field changes and modifications are likely during the construction of this
site and necessary revision substantially modifying the general concept shown in Fig. 6
will be submitted for approval to the NCDWQ and USACE.
Scrub/shrub and herbaceous wetland vegetation occur along this disturbed stream within
areas maintained by utility companies. Management has not allowed the vegetation to
transform into bottomland hardwood forest vegetation. These species include Black
willow (Salix nigra), Tag alder (Alms serrulata), River birch (Belula nigra), Sweetgum
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1 ` Guilford County, North Carolina
Koury Ventures Limited Partnership
1 Leonard S. Rindner, PWS
Q STORM WATER POND PLAN Figure 5
PERMITTING PLAN

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(Liquidambar styraciflua), Green ash (Ei•axinus pennsyl??anica) saplings, Silky dogwood
(Corpus amonnnn), and elderberry (Sambucns canadensis). Various herbaceous species
such as Rushes (Juncus spp.), Sedges (Carex spp.), Smartweed (Polygonum spp.),
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), and Spikerush (Eleocharis spp.) are also found in this
area.
The soils in the area are varied and are probably Wehadkee inclusions within Chewacla
soils adjacent to the disturbed stream. Wetlands were found around seeps in slopes that-
surround the area. Soil samples taken in the field yielded soils with a low chroma and
mottles. Manganese concretions and oxidized rhizospheres were common. Other
hydrologic characteristics on this site included saturated soil in the upper 12", standing
water, water lines, drift lines, sediment deposits, oxidized rhizospheres and shallow root
systems.
As outlined in the Permit, the water budget performed for this site indicates that adequate
hydrology is available to support the development of scrub/shrub, herbaceous zones and
aquatic conditions. The proposed pond, storm water runoff and a seasonal high water
table, will maintain hydrology for the site. Additionally, the outlet from the pond will be
sized, stabilized and placed to detain drainage and minimize flooding downstream.
Normal hydrology will be considered the percent of time that the upper 12" of soil in the
planted littoral zone exhibits inundation or saturation. If precipitation amounts deviate
drastically from the normal levels, then the success criteria will be inundated or saturated
soil conditions during 5% to 12.5% of the growing season.
The grades of the planted fringe around the proposed pond will be a minimum of 4:1 with
most of the zone having an 8:1 - 10:1 slope. Microtopographic features such as small
drainage ways and. hummocks will be placed to control flows and create various
hydrologic zones.
Revegetation of this area will involve planting species that occur under the power and
natural gas ROWs, which are currently on-site. These USACE verified wetlands will
serve as biological references to provide the wetland hydrology and vegetation success
criteria for the created wetland. The planting schedule will include a diversity of water
tolerant scrub/shrub and herbaceous species that are also high in wildlife value. The
planting plan will also encourage some strata diversity. All plant material will be
obtained from local sources and no more than 20% of each of the listed species will be
used to encourage diversity. Scrub/shrub vegetation will form the transition zones
between the emergent cells and the bottomland hardwood cells. All new plantings will
consist of species that are classified as OBL or FACW.
Vegetation will be selected from the following list:
Scrub/shrub
Alms serrulata Cephalanthus occidentalis Salix sericea
Cornus amonnun Lindera benzoin Sambucus canadernsis
Viburnum dentatum
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Areas of occasional
inundation
Juncus effilsns Polygonum spp. Carex spp.
Eleocharis spp. Leersia spp. Scirpus spp.
Areas of persistent
inundation
Jrarcris cffusirs Carex spp. Saururus cernus
Peltandra virginica Sagiltaria spp. Scirpus spp.
Pontedaria cordata Acorus calamus Nuphar luteum
Planting will be conducted in the early spring and fall. Specific plant species, quantities
and size will be dependent on availability, time of year, and to some extent, cost. Annual
ryegrass or other annual grasses will be used to stabilize any bare soils to provide
stabilization and other wetlands and surface waters will be protected during planting from
erosion and sedimentation. Control structures such as sediment traps, siltation barriers,
and/or silt fence will be used as necessary. It is expected that natural volunteering of
hydrophytic vegetation will also occur due to the close proximity to other wetland plant
seed sources. Monitoring will be conducted to determine the need for additional planting
to maintain the success criteria.
4.3 General Notes for Herbaceous Zones
Roots may be substituted for pots or containers but spacing must be no
more than one each per S.F.
2. Area, shape, water depth, and drainage pattern of littoral plantings may
vary due to actual site conditions. Minor modifications are allowed in
accordance with plan objectives.
3. For littoral zones, planting depth shall not exceed 3' and at least 50% of
the area should be less than one foot in depth.
4. If applicable, the littoral area should have a minimum width of 10', with a
maximum slope of 4:1 and a preferred slope of 8:1 - 10:1.
5. Plants should be placed 2' - 3' apart and grouped to decrease competition.
Plantings should occur in naturalized patterns and clumps. An equal
portion of each species should be used.
6. The area should be planted when the soil is saturated but not inundated or
flooded.
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7. Do not use soil from a wetland or bottomland if the soil is populated with
cattail or other undesirable species.
8. Plants below he water surface or in saturated soil will require hand-
planting.
9. Timing of emergent plantings should be verified based on final selection
and plant type. ,
For scrub/shrub and bottomland hardwood plantings, a qualified landscaper or
environmental restoration firm should be used. Verify that the firms are versed in the
proper handling, transport, maintenance and planting techniques. All planting techniques
should conform to industry standards for the appropriate species and form of the material
(potted, bare rootstock, etc.).
5.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLGY
Prior to any construction activities, wetlands to be saved will be clearly marked in the
field and on plans. All utilities in the construction area must be identified prior to
excavation activities.
During the construction phase, all wetlands and streams, as well as the mitigation areas,
will be protected from sedimentation by appropriate sediment and erosion control
features and Best Management Practices. The removed soils will not be used to fill
wetlands unless authorized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The mitigation areas
will be backfilled to finish grades with suitable topsoil and stabilized as necessary to
restore the hydrological planting zone.
In addition to the planted vegetation, the mitigation area may be stabilized with grasses or
other herbaceous materials for at least one growing season to observe hydrological and
soil development, as well as vegetation that may be volunteering or inappropriately
invading.
Soils shall be topsoil or stockpiled suitable wetland soils with a minimum of 40% organic
content. Soils shall be spread and compacted to 90%. No more than one foot of topsoil
shall be spread and adequately compacted as a planting medium throughout the
mitigation sites. Manipulation of soil depth will be required to for microtopographic
features in the mitigation cells. Field modifications will be required based on actual site
conditions.
The entire mitigation cell shall be impounded to fully saturate the soils prior to adjusting
discharge structures and establishing hydrologic zones. Post-planting watering may be
U necessary during the first growing season to maintain moist soil conditions.
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6.0 MONITORING
Monitoring of the wetland creation areas will be performed to evaluate the mitigation
sites relative to the success criteria. Annual reports will be prepared which summarizes
the data collected in the field and notes trends. Photographs at fixed stations will be
taken to document the trends and changes occurring at the sites. These reports will be
furnished to the USACE and the NCDWQ.
6.1 Vegetation Monitoring
For the golf course mitigation site, two to three sample plots will be identified. Each
sample plot will represent a 50' by 50' area. A permanent sample plot location will then
be identified for this site. An observation plot will be established with a 30' radius that
will allow recording of the number and species of each surviving woody stem and the
percent aerial cover of the three most dominant species. Within the 30' radius area, a 10'
radius area will be established to record the three dominant herbaceous species.
For the pond and wetland fringe creation site, three permanent transacts will be
established, 50' long. The number and species of each surviving woody stem and the
percent aerial cover of the three most dominant woody species will be recorded.
Additionally, along this transect the three most dominant herbaceous species will be
recorded.
Mitigation sites will be monitored bi-annually during March/April and again in
August/September to measure survival rate, species diversity, and growth as well as to
identify any problems such as upland or invasive wetland species. Invasive species
removal will be as needed and will include the removal of such plants as honeysuckle,
poison ivy, blackberry, rose, kudzu and privet.
6.2 Vegetation Success Criteria
Successful mitigation will be established when at least 60% or 320 woody stems per acre
are surviving. For herbaceous plants, a 75% survival rate will be required. If these
criteria are not met, the site will be considered unsuccessful and maintenance will be
needed to provide the required quantity. A five (5) year monitoring program will be
conducted for the bottomland hardwood and scrub/shrub communities.
6.3 Hydrology Monitoring
Monitoring wells were installed at the golf course site during the water budget study.
These wells, in addition to two other reference wells, will be used to monitor
groundwater conditions. Monitoring wells will be designed, improved and placed in
accordance with the specifications in the USACE, Installing Monitoring
Wells/piezometers in wetlands (W" Technical Note HY-IA-3.1, August 1993).
Monitoring wells will be set to a depth of 24" below final grade. The wells will be
placed in vegetation sampling plots or transects to provide representative coverage within
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each of the wetland system types. Hydrological sampling will be performed throughout
the growing season at intervals necessary to satisfy the hydrology success criteria. It will
rl be observed on a monthly or as needed basis for at least the first year in order to establish
a record of the hydrology throughout the year. A minimum of two wells will be
established for each of the created wetlands and pond creation areas.
6.4 Hydrology Success Criteria
Saturation or inundation for at least 12.5% of the growing season at lower landscape
positions during average climactic conditions is the target hydrological characteristic.
Upper landscape positions may exhibit saturation and/or inundation between 5% and
12.5% of the growing season. If wetland parameters are marginal, USACE personnel
will be consulted to determine the jurisdictional extent in transition areas. The data
collected during the monitoring period will be used to evaluate the success of the
mitigation sites. The success criteria are as follows:
• Soil saturation within 12" of the surface for a minimum for
approximately 12 consecutive days during the early part of the
growing season.
• Observed evidence of inundation or saturation within the root zone for
5% to 12.5% of the growing season.
• Establishment of at least one hydrology indicator as outlined in the
1987 USACE Wetland Delineation Manual in the sample plot or
matched adjacent riparian habitat.
• Establishment of at least one hydric soil indicator as outlined in the
1987 USACE Wetland Delineation Manual in the sample plot or
matched adjacent riparian habitat.
6.5 Contingency Plan
These vegetative, soil and hydrological characteristics must be met to determine the
success of the wetland mitigation. If the mitigation is determined to be unsuccessful, one
or more of the following contingency plans will be implemented.
• Selected reinstallation of vegetation or other maintenance (thinning or
removal).
• Extended monitoring periods.
• Hydrological modifications or manipulation, and/or
• Off-site mitigation sites, and/or
• An acceptable alternative form of mitigation.
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6.6 Report Submittal
An "as-built" plan drawing of the area, including initial species compositions by
community type and sample plot locations will be provided after the completion of
planting. A review of the actual design, densities, and quantities will also be included.
These will be provided within 9o days of the completion of the planting. Reports will
document sample plot locations along with representative photographs illustrating site
conditions.
Monitoring reports will include:
• Species and quantity of each surviving woody stem in the plot areas,
• Estimated percent aerial cover of the three dominant species,
• Representative photographs,
• Depth of water table during the monitoring period, and
• Hydric soil observations and any other hydrological characteristics.
Q Field data will be recorded on a monitoring data form and submitted along with
photographs in an annual report. This will be submitted to the USACE and the NCDWQ.
After the fifth year of monitoring, a summary report and as-builts will be provided for
review and discussion regarding compliance of the project with conditions outlined in the
Permit and to determine if further monitoring or modifications are required.
7.0 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PLAN
The mitigation areas will be monitored bi-annually to identify maintenance requirements
that will encourage the successful development of the wetland mitigation sites and
function of the storm water quality measures. This will include the following:
• Vegetation management
• Semi-annual inspections
• Debris check after storm events
• Establishment of a benchmark for sediment removal with specific
elevations
• Designation of a responsible party
7.1 Vegetation Management
The presence of invasive species that impair the development of the site shall be
identified during monitoring and removed by the responsible party. These species may
be removed using physical means or by an approved chemical application.
7.2 Inspections
Mitigation areas will be monitored bi-annually during March/April and in
August/September or after storm events. Each bi-annual or post storm monitoring event
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will determine the need for removal of debris and identify any necessary repairs to the
mitigation site such as those caused by erosion.
7.3 As-builts - Benchmark for Sediment Removal
Field adjustment is expected during the construction of the mitigation areas. An "as-
built" plan drawing of the area will include a benchmark for sediment removal.
Removed sediment will be transported to an upland site and stabilized. In some cases, it
may be appropriate to use the sediment to enhance or modify the development of the
wetland area. This will be determined on a case by case basis and any such activities will
be included in the monitoring report.
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APPETqlDffX A
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Water Budget Analysis for the Grandover Wetland Expansion Site
An analysis of the water budget provides a means to evaluate the availability of
water to sustain vegetative cover under different water regimes. Wetlands particularly
depend on the availability of soil water in excess of potential evapotranspiration in order to
sustain unique plant communities and prevent invasion or dominance of non-wetland
communities. Wetlands themselves are commonly defined or mapped by the persistence of
water in the upper 1 foot of the soil profile for extended periods during the primary
growing season for the area in question.
In this study an existing wetland located on the Grandover property golf course has
a fringe of bottomland which is currently not supporting wetland vegetation and it has been
proposed that site has potential for construction of an engineered wetland. This report
discusses water budget and water availability issues pertinent to testing this hypothesis.
In order to evaluate the availability of water required to sustain wetland plant
communities in an expanded perimeter to the existing wetland we have conducted 2 studies.
First we have used the Thornthwaite water budget model (Thornthwaite and Mather, 1957)
to provide both a regional and site-specific perspective on the natural flux of water through
the hydrologic cycle for this site. This analysis requires regional climate data and site-
specific soil capacity data; both of which were obtained for this phase of the work.
Second, subsurface conditions at the site were investigated in order to document existing
soil moisture and ground water conditions as well as some of the physical characteristics
which may have a bearing on water budget issues (e.g. soil infiltration rates). This report
first presents the Tliornthwaite water budget analysis and then the site subsurface data.
Finally recommendations are made with regards to the feasibility of expanding the
perimeter of the existing wetlands at the site given the water budget results.
Tliorntltwaite Water Budget Analysis
The Thornthwaite method was used to calculate the monthly availability of water for
average, minimum, and maximum soil capacity values determined for the this site. The
climatologic data required to perform this analysis is monthly precipitation and monthly
mean temperature. The Greensboro, N.C. Airport Weather Station precipitation and
temperature data for the period 1951-1990 (Table 1) were used for this study as it
represented the closest comprehensive climate record. A computerized version (Black,
1989) of Thornthwaite Water Budget method was used to calculate the water budget on an
average monthly basis. This model uses a running accounting procedure for the climate
record of study using the continuity principal where ds/dt = I - O. That is to say the change
in water storage per unit change in time (ds/dt) must be equal to the flux of water into the
site (I) minus the flux of water out of the site (O). In this approach runoff and ground
water contributions are set to zero in order to establish base-line conditions. Also both
upstream surface water and ground water at the site are managed for irrigation of the golf
course. These uncertainties limits the Thornthwaite analysis to conservatively using
precipitation as the sole inflow and deep and lateral seepage components as the sole outputs
(other than evapotranspiration).
The initial soil moisture levels in the water budget analysis are set to the field
capacity values. The field capacity represents the water that will be present within the
rooting depth of the soil after the force of gravity has removed all the water it can from the
soil matrix. It is calculated in the laboratory by saturating cores obtained from the rooting
Q zone, and letting them drain for a 1 to 3 day period, and then calculating the volume of
p. 1
I
water remaining (usually by weighing the sample before and after drying, and then
converting to volumetric values). Depending on the type of soil and rooting depth of
vegetation these values can vary significantly. Cores taken from the site in the areas
investigated for wetland expansion had grass and shrub roots extending not more than I
foot below grade. However if trees are planted at this site this rooting depth would be
extended to 3 to 5 feet. The more conservative 1 foot level is used to calculate our water
budget base line as it is the more conservative condition. For this analysis 6 soil capacity
values were obtained by laboratory analysis for both shallow (0-1.5 feet) and deep (1.5 - 3
feet) cores at three locations on the site. The site sample locations are shown in figure 1.
The soil capacity data is tabulated in Table 1. The average of the six values (156 mm), the
minimum (56 mm), and the maximum (238 mm) were used to investigate water budgets
that exist for varying soil conditions at the site.
The results for the three water budget runs are show in tables 3-5 and fi?,,ure 2-4.
The parameters used in the water budget model are listed in Table 2. For the minimum soil
capacity (56 mm) there is a water surplus (water in excess ohpotential evapotranspiration)
for 5-6 months of the year, essentially from October to April. This condition is a worst
case scenario, and is unlikely to represent but a small fraction of the site under existing
conditions. The second case, wherein we used the average soil capacity data for a 1 foot
rooting depth, a water surplus is present for 8 months of the year, extending from mid-
Sept. to early June. The wettest conditions are obtained for the highest soil capacity value,
which was obtained from a clay rich site and had 238 mm of water in the upper 1 foot. For
this soil capacity water surplus conditions persist for all but a 4-6 week period in July and
early August, but even here it is more a condition of equality than water deficit or surplus.
The three water budget analyses show that for a very conservative rooting depth of
1 foot water will be in surplus from 5 to 11 months. Presuming construction of the
wetlands can tailor the upper 1-2 feet to have soil capacity values that are average or above
average, water surpluses should not disappear until well into the growing season in late
June or July. This means that wetland species should have a reasonable opportunity to
dominate the plot, once designed. As the depth of the root zone increases the availability of
water increases, which in Thornthwaite models results in net monthly surpluses and a
longer persistence of surpluses into the growing season. While increased surpluses
generated by changing the root zone depth appear at first to be artificial in nature in these
models, water consumption does not increase proportionally with root depth or mass, thus
a wetland vegetative cover with deeper roots can persist as a viable wetland in areas where
shallow rooted communities cannot.
On-Site Water Budget Studies
a In order to determine aspects of water cycling and availability at the potential
wetland expansion site at the Grandover property we conducted a series of field studies to
better define the potential of sustaining wetland conditions in the area demarcated on figure
1. These studies include: soil capacity analysis, infiltration rate analysis, water table
investigations, subsurface sediment characterization, and determination of field hydraulic
conductivity.
In this area 6 samples were obtained for soil capacity analysis. These results were
discussed in the previous Thornthwaite water budget analysis. The results are tabulated in
table 5 of this report. The samples represent a reasonable diversity of subsurface
conditions encountered both near the surface and at depths to three feet.
In addition to the above data cores were taken at three locations along an east to
west transect in the south end of the study area (Site 1, 2, and 12) to define the subsurface
0 p. 2
Ka
extents and types of sediment. Field core descriptions are appended to this report. No
authigenic soil horizons exist at the site within coring depth, thus no attempt is made to
place these sediments into a standard soil classification. Prior to construction of the golf
course this bottomland was a pond, and at site 1 approximately 6 inches of medium sand is
found deposited over interlayered clay and sand, the latter presumably from the older
history of pond siltation. At site 2, again a surficial deposit, in this case of sandy silt, is
found overlying clay rich silt (mud) and silty clay extending at least to a depth of 3 feet. At
site 14, near the creek, the entire 3 foot core was composed of variably colored sandy to
silty clay and clay. While no formal core descriptions were recorded at site 12, silty clay is
the dominate lithology at depth in this hole. Overall in all auger holes, lenses or layers of
clayey sediment were found at various depths, at all sites along the east perimeter sandy
horizons cap, but are also interspersed with, the clayey horizons.
What is more important than sediment type is to has some detailed understanding of
the hydraulic conditions within the shallow subsurface. In order to define these conditions,
3 piezometer wells, and two shallow open auger holes were dug to investigate ground
water conditions. The level of the water table was observed fora 3 to 4 week period from
May 13th to June 10th for each of the three piezometer wells. Levels were also recorded at
some of the intervals for open auger holes to supplement the piezometer well readings. The
data is shown in Table 1, and drawn in cross section on Figure 5 (along with the surface
elevation). From the data one can see that a water table was encountered from 1.5 to 2.5
feet below grade at the site. In general the slope of the water table follows the surface
grade. Since no deep wells could be installed at the site it is not clear whether the water
table is perched or continuous with the deeper regional water table. Conditions are
favorable for a perched water table at this site. Two observations relative to this water table
are important, first, the water table levels persisted over the three week interval. These
readings were started within a longer term (March to May) dry period characterized by
approximately a 5 inch deficit in cumulative annual rainfall for this region of North
Carolina. Second, the water table levels are within the upper 3 feet of the surface, which
under normal conditions would represent water available for bottom hardwood stands. Site
12 was located in a stand of trees, while the others were in areas of grass/shrub cover.
Finally, water tables persisted until June 10th which is well into the period of water deficit
calculated for the average soil capacity values at the site.
V
JL
In addition to the field capacity, sediment cores, and ground water piezometer data
two nested infiltration ring test were performed to calculate infiltration rates. These studies
were performed at sites 1 and 2, and the data is tabulated in Table 8. Site 1 yielded an
infiltration rate of 1.71 cm/hr, and Site 2 7.60 cm/hr. These rates are more representative
of the upper thin sandy sediment layers at sites 1 and 2 than they are of the clay-rich pond
sediment lying just beneath the surface.
Finally, a Guelph Permeameter was used to obtain a value for field saturated
hydraulic conductivity in the upper 10 cm of the sediment profile at site 2 (Table 9). Time
dependent decay of a 5 cm and 10 cm head is used with this instrument to calculate a field
saturated hydraulic conductivity value. A value of .000011 cm/sec was determined for the
upper sandy sediment this locality. An attempt was made to also obtain a value for the
deeper clayey sediment layers but no change in head was detectable over a four hour period
of observations. This requires values less that 10-7 cm/sec for these clayey layers. Typical
hydraulic conductivity for clayey sediment range from 10-7 to 10-10 cm/sec. (Davis, 1969,
Freeze and Cherry, 1979).
Summary of Water Budge Studies
p. 3

In review of all the water budget data we can conclude that water is available at the
site in excess of potential evapotranspiration for all months but perhaps July - Sept. This
conclusion is predicted from the Thornthwaite analysis and is confirmed by field probes,
which by serendipity were initiated under abnormally dry seasonal conditions. Given the
consistency of the two analytical approaches we are confident that field saturated conditions
are persistent at the site into June, and perhaps persist throughout the growing season.
While bottom-land hardwoods were only established in one corner of the study area,
saturated water conditions found in this area of the site (locality #12) confirms that the
depth of root development is not a limiting factor in the persistence of saturated conditions.
Thus it is unlikely that deeper root zone advance in the southern more open grass and shrub
end of the site area will alter water table conditions following wetland construction. Due to
the fact that the site has some areas of sandy or silty sand upper substrates which were
unsaturated to depths of 1 to 2.5 feet (and are represented by the lower soil capacity values)
it is important to recognize that as long as the established root depth is shallow the site will
not support wetland plant communities. Establishing wetland conditions at this site will
require either water augmentation via additional overland flow (or ground water recharge)
or regrading of the site to alter the root depth relative to the observed water table. Since the
water table may be tenuously perched by clay rich old pond sediment, care should be taken
to not over grade or disturb the deeper clayey substrates which permit this condition to
persist. The prudent approach would be to grade down to within 12 inches of the existing
water table, and then confirm on a 10 meter grid both water table and soil capacity values.
Augmentation of inputs would also be useful to supplement water availability in July,
August, and early September.
References
Black, P. E., 1989. The Thorntliwaite Water Budget in APL, Faculty of Forestry
Miscellaneous Publication 22 (ESF 89-002), SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210
Thornthwaite, C. W., and J. R. Mather, in Publications in Climatology, Vol. VIII, 1,
Drexel Institute of Technology, Ceterton, NJ, 1957.
Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry, 1979, Groundwater, 604 p., Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ 07632
Davis, S. N., 1969, Porosity and permeability of Natural Materials, Flow through Porous
Media, Ed., R.J.M. De Wiest, Academic Press, NY pp. 54-89.
0
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VISUAL CORE DESCRIPTION
SEDIMENTS/ SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
u4•%,?icry Co?o^ SECTION DESCRIPTION
OBSERVER
N1CJ'r' ?? V °I`04.,-^
3C - 3Ecra C?ay
J r n ?1v ct?
?7G1e ?rlv? w?'/3rl0wt?n r?? J?r<
J
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FM%000 These data are to be processed into a Computerized data base along with existing tiandardized data from other legs and will tx accessible
to the scientific community at large. RECORD ALL MEASUREMENTS CAREFULLY. COMPLETELY. ANO LEGIBLY.
H T

SITE L I
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VISUAL CORE DESCRIPTION I I I
SEDIMENTS /SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
OBSERVER
SECTION DESCRIPTION
C
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t' to the scientific community at large. RECORD ALL MEASUREMENTS CAREFULLY, COMPLETELY, AND LEGIBLY.
Figure 8. Field Core Descriptions - Site 14.

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42

Table 2. Sources, Formulas, and Explanations for the
Computer Calculations of the Water Budget Compoenents
Term Protram
IAbcl Source, formula, or esptanation
Temperature TDCCF Mean monthly, In deuces F
Precipitsuoe l'Pr1N • Mean monthly, is inchu
Precipitation 11 PTMM Mean monthly, in mitlimcters
Ruaoir MROIN Measured runoff, in locncs (optional)
Tcmpenture TUEOC Mean rnanthly, in det
reu C
Itest Ir ka IIGGII J
i . (T!S)I114 ; !- !
Uoadjuued pwenital

cva
otram
inti
UNI'LT
. antilot (0.012 •O.OZ4S f h (0.46745 + 0.0I7Q2 n log 71
p
p
on (if T < 00C, UNPCT . 0
if r >• 16.S0C, UNPET . aS
if 0 < T < 24.50(7, use fgxmwa)
Coaccuon factors CORI'A . a + b L Ar + c 1_4T2
JA4-1A a- b '
L c Mw?r < . b .
` r 1
/
4N Jf.I .O.16Sn
/FED 24.2 -0.01110 0.00170
.0
000.!7 JUL !!.! 412430 O.tAl181

/MAR J1.1 -0.01318 .
0.0 AUG 11.1 •40OIO4
SEP
O .4og020/

/APR J4d -402.111
•0.00107 J
.7 -O.OlJ46
OCT J1.2 •40S6d2 -0.00066/

1"Ay JI.1 -0.10770
MW 342 •O
l1JSS
•0.00117
Nov JQJ -aOJ2OJ •0.001701

-40012d/
. 0.001 DEC JQS -404290 -0.002981
Potcotial cvapovatuplntlon POTET . CORFAa UNPCT
Predpitation-rwnua.Et rMrET . PPTMM - POTET
Accumulated potential water lou ACP WL Dependent upon Soil Depth
(S)
air temperature
,
,
and PPTMM <> POT E I'
Soil motsge SIRE E r antllot [lot S- (OS25 /S1.02710 a
WI
)
Change in ston
to DELTA Gr
Scqucntlal dlRcnrxe In values of STRCE
Actual cvapouansplratlon AC U:T . PPTMM + DELTA (if PPTMM'rOTC'L ACnT
-POlr
Dedca DEF1C .rOTLr-Aci=- n
Surplus SURPL . PPTMM-AC ET
(a, If excess too to repicnitA STRCE,
PrrMM -(ACTET + DELTA)
Water runoff WATTko Halfof current + half of previous moeths%cte

Snow runofr
SNO110 .
Ten percent of current + tuff of previous rnontiu-
etc

Total fmooR, mat
TROMM ,
. WATRO + SNOIlO .
Total nutorr, in. TROIN Total runoff, in inches (to compare with MROIN) ,

Tahlc 3. Nlunthy Thurntliw itc Water Bud;?Tet Results 1'u r Nlini
m
um Site Soil Ca
pacity

l' A 13 U L A
dean Annual Water Budget f R W A 'l' E
or Grandover
S ft
it
N
r

For the years 195L t _
o 1989 where e, o
th Carol ina
Soil I s tora?e capac L t,y = 56.00
Streamgage elevatio mm.
n = 760.00
Weather St. elevation = 800
00 ft.
f

Latitude (degrees) .
= 35.00 t.
North.
JAN FEB iMAH APP
'I'DI:G1. 37 '10 48 58 ?I11Y lUN 1UL
66 ?\UG II I' U("i' Vlri UL C Ye

L'L''l'LN 3 3 l 3
7,1 77
4 4
76
70

58

X19

40 ar

58
MROfN ? ?
'l'Ul•:CC 3 5 9 4 4
.?
?
?;
;?
4L
l4
HETIX 0 L 19 23 25 25 •?
1 15 y
2
5

UNPE'' O 0 L
8
1
L

1

9

5

3
1

L
14

CORFA 25 26 31. 33
'
'
' 3 4
q
36
36
4
3
2
L
U 66
PO
f
E
' 3 7 25 5(i
PPTMM 82 88 94 37
97
1
1 3S 31 2g
81 26 25
79
PMPET 79 80 69 22 93
95
95
-4 -38 -60 IOL 87 8
5 71 71 7
84 794
1056
ACPWL
5''RGE 56 56
-4 -42 -L02 -39
-140 9
5O
-L 35 49 77 262
56
DELTA Sb
ACLE1 3 7 SL Zb 8
-2 -17
1 4
-el 3
-1 38
35 56 56
25 56 93 1
2
1
18
DEFIC 13
4 12 106 88 51 22 7 69'2
SURPL 79 U0 69 22 42 35 9 102
WATRO 23 60 64 43
SNORO 22 11
''
3
1 31 77 279

PROMM 23 60 64 43
22 11 1 16 47 279
Q PROiN 1 2 3 2 1 0 5
0 3
0 1
0 1
0 16 47 279
1 ? 11
O R I G I N A L S T A T I O N D A T A
North

Streamgage Name: Caroli na
USGS ID Number: Grandover_Si te

1411 Weather Station: xxxx
Starting Year: Greensboro
Ending Year: 1951
rd- Stream r
Gage Lat: 1989
Streamgage Long: 35
Streamgage Elev, Ft: 74
Drainage Area, Sq. Mi.: 760
Weather Station Lat: 1
Weather Station Long: 35
Weather Station Elev
Ft: 74
,
Soil storage capacity, mm: 800
Remarks: 156
Average Soil Storage
H Y D R 0 M E T E 0 R 0 L 0 G I C A L D A
T A
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV

T
emp (F) 37.2 40.4 48.2 58.0
66.2 73
7 77
3 DEC Year

P

T .
. 76.2 69.7 58.4
4
8.8
40.1 -
57.9

0
(in) 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.1
fft
?n
3.7 3.8 3.8
4.0
3.4
3.4
2.8
3.3
41.6
1
0
0
Q
North Carolina
Grandover_Site
xxxx
Greensboro
1951
1989
Average Soil Storage
H Y D R 0 M E T E 0 R 0 L 0 G I C A L
35
74
760
1
35
74
800
156
D A T A
JAN FEB MAR 'APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year
Temp (F) 37.2 40.4 48.2 58.0 66.2 73.7 77.3 76.2 69.7 58.4 48.8-40.1
57.9
PPT (in) 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.4 3.4 2.8 3.3 41.b
Table 4. Nlonthy Thornthwaite Water Bud-get RcsulLS for Avcra`cc Site Soil Capacity
' l' A B U L. A It W A' l' E R B U D G E ' l'
glean Annua l Wate r Budget fo r Grandover S ite, North Carol i
na
For the ye ars L95L to 1989 where . .
Soil stora ge capacity = 1.56.00 mm.
Streamgage elevation = 760.00 ft.
Weather St . elevation = 800.00 ft.
Lati tude (degrees) = 35.UU Nort h.

I'i)I:GI JAN
:17 M IS
1 ,iMAR :\I'lt ;'11Ay )UN .1111. M.A; SI:I' OCT OV 1)1'.C Year

P1.11 1'1 N
3 0
3 48 58
11 3 66 74 77 76 70 5 8 49 '1 58

MROLN
?
? 4
•? 4 4
, 1 3 3 3 3 42

5
9 L4
L9
23 25 ?
25 ,
2L
l:5
9
if
L4
HFTIX 0 1 2 5 8 1.0 1.2 11 9 5 3 1 66
UNPET U U 1 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 L U
CORFA 25 26 31 33 36 36 37 35 31 29 26 25
POTET
PPTMM 3
82 7
88 25 56
94 97 133 155 140 97 51. 22 7 794

PMPET
79
80 79
69 22 93
-4 95 95
-38 -60 LOL
-39 87 86 71 84 1056

ACPWL
-4
-42 -102
-140 -9
-1:50 35 49 77 262
STRGE 156 156 156 156 152 119 81 63 60 95 143 156
DELTA
ACTET
3
7
25 56 -33 -38 -18 -4 35 49 13

DEFIC 93 128 133 119 91 51 22 7 736

SUIl1'1,
79
80
69 22 4 5 22 21 6 58

WATRO
16
60
64 43
22
L1 5
3
L 63 257

SNORO L U 33 257
PROMM 16 60 64 43 22 11 5 3 1 1 0 33 257
PROIN 1 2 3 2 1 U U U U U U 1 1U
0 R 1 L 1 N A L S T A T 1 0 N D A T A
Streamgage Name:
USGS ID Number:
Weather Station:
Starting Year:
Ending Year:
Streamgage Lat:
Streamgage Long:
Streamgage Elev, Ft:
Drainage Area, Sq. Mi.:
Weather Station Lat:
Weather Station Long:
Weather Station Elev, Ft:
Soil storage capacity, mm:
Remarks:
0
0
Table 5. NlonlltY Thorntltwaitc W;t1Cr l3ud?, •u /
(:esultJ Ct)r N[;lXlltlUnt SIIC JUII C.apalaly
T A B U L A It W A '1' E R U U D G E T
Mean Annual Water Budget for Grandover_Site. North Carolina
For the years L951 to 1989 where
So i I. storage capacity = 238.00 min.
Streamgage elevation = 760.00 ft.
Weather St. elevation = 800.00 ft.
Latitude (degrees) = 35.00 North.
IAN MAIt APR
I'D 1
(;F ;37 4 `IAY -I 1)N .I UL AUG SI.,'P M'T NIA, 1)I C Year
.
0 118 58
PP'1'LN 3 3 4 3 66 7.1 77 7ti 70 -8 •19 X11) 58

,MR01 N ? ? ? ? 4 4 4 1 3 3 3 3 42
'I'DEGC 3 5 9 L4 L9 23 25 25 2 L L5 9 4

HETIX 0 L 2 5
8 10 L2
L L
9
5 3
L 14
66
UNPET 0 0 1 2
CORFA25 26 31 33 3 4 4
36 3 4 3 2 L 0

PO'1'E•r 3 6 37 35 31 29 26 25
725 56
PPTMM 82 88 94 79 97 133 155
93 95 95 140 97 51 22 7 794

PMPE'1' 79 80 69 22
-4 -38 -60 LOL
-39 87
-9 86 7L
35 49 84 1056

ACPWL
'
-4 -42 -102
-140 -
150 77 262
5
r12GE 238 238 238 238 234 200 156
DELTA L33 1'28 L63 212 238

ACTET 3 7 25 56 -34 -44
93 1'29 139 -23
125 -5
92 35 49
51 22 26

DEFIC
4 4 16
16
4 7 750

SURPL 79 80 69 22
WATRO L3 60 64 43
51 44
2,57
22 11 15 1 1 0 26 2
SNORO 57
PROMM 13 60 64 43
PRO I N 1 2 3 22 11 5 3 1 1 0 26 257
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10
0 R 1 G I N A L S T A T 1 0 N D A 'r A
N
h
ort
Carolina
Streaml,s
age Name: Grandover
Site
USGS ID Number:
Weather Station: _
xxxx
G
reensboro
Starting Year: 1951
Ending Year: 1989
Streamgage Lat:

Streamgage Long: 35

Streamgage Elev, Ft: 74

Drainage Area,.Sq. Mi.: 760

Weather Station Lat: 1

Weather Station Long: 35

Weather Station Elev, Ft: 74

Soil storage capacity, mm: 800

Remarks:
Average Soil
Stora
ge 156
H Y D R 0 M E T E 0 R 0 L 0 G I C A L D A T A
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year
Temp (F) 37.'2 40.4 48.'2 58.0 66.2 73.7 77.3 76.'2 69.7 58.4 48.8 40.1 57.9
PPT (in) 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.4 3.4 2.8 3.3 41.6
1
Table 6. Steil Capacity Data for Grandover Wetland Study
1
438.7
Dry Weight 453.4
-483.7
-Cart, Volume 163.4231366 cm3 i
Gravimevie Suil Moisture (G) 0.066099476
Field Capacity as a Percentage Dry Weight 6.009947644
Field Capacity as a Percentage Wet Weight 6.200122775
Field Capacity as a Percentage Volume 13.54032637
2224899164 inches/foot
S 'I D
Core Diameter 3.3 cm
Sample [ntcrval 14-22"
Core Length 20.32
Description Coarse Sand. Gravel
Wet weight
of cnstty 2.804938373 g1cm3
Vol. Soil Moisture 0.185403263
Core Diameter 3.3 cm
Sample Interval 2"-13"
Core Length (cm) 40.64
Description Mixture of Coarse material and Clay
Wet weight 474.2 gm
Dry Weight 337.7 gm
136.5 gm
Core Volume 326.5462731 cm3
Gravirnetric Soil Moisture (G)
Field Capacity as a Percentage Dry Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Wet Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Volume
Soil Density 1.033207437 g/cm3
Vol. Soil Moisture 0.417627525
Core Diameter 3.8 cm
Sample Interval 0-12"
Core Length 31.115
Description Some Coarse material grading to clay
Wet weight 642.5 gm
Dry Weight 477 gm
165.5 gm
Core Volume 250.2416779 cm3
Gravirrtetric Soil Moisture (G)
Field Capacity as a Percentage Dry Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Wet Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Volume
Soil Density 1.906157296 g/em3
Vol. Soil Moisture 0.661360655
page 2'--
0.404204916
40.42049156
23.78532265
41.76275247
5.011530296 inclics/Coot
0.346960168
34.69601677
25.75875436
66.13606551
7.936327861 inches/foot
U
0 Table 6. Soil Capacity Data 1'or Grandovcr `Vctland Study
Care 913 Deep Core Diameter 3.3 cm
Sample Interval 24"•36"
Core Length 49.53
Description Clay with some organic material
Wet weight 1039.9
Dry Weight 918.7
171.2
Core Volume 398.3438954 cm3
Gravirne ric SuiI Moisture (G)
Field Capacity as a Percentage Dry Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Wet Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Volume
Soil Density 2.30629868 g/cm3
Vol. Soil Moisture 0.429779399
Core #14 Shallow Core Diameter 3.3 cm
Sample Interval W-12"
Core Length (cm) 16.51
Description Clay with organic debris
Wet weight 292.6
Dry Weight 138.9
103.7
Core Volume 132.7812935 cm3
Gravimetric Soil Moisture (G)
Field Capacity as a Percentage Dry Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Wet Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Volume
Soil Density 1.422640102 g/cm3
Vol. Soil Moisture 0.780933476
Core #14 Deep Core Diameter 3.3 crn
Sample Interval 24"-36"
Core Length 26.67
Description Clay
Wet weight 504.3
Dry Weight 367.9
136.9
Core Volume 214.4923667 cm3
Gravimetric Soil Moisture (G)
Field Capacity as a Percentage Dry Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Wet Weight
Field Capacity as a Percentage Volume

ttt
ttt Soil Density 1.715203555 g/cm3
...... Vol. Soil Moisture 0.638249663

?ags'3-

0.136350278
18.63502776
15.70736311
42.97793991
5.157352739 inches/Coot

0.543967708
54.39677078
35.44087491
78.09334759
9.37130171 inches/foot
0.372111987
37.2111987
27.11965135
63.82496634
7.658995961 inches/foot
n

Table 7. Grandover Wetland Piezometer Well Water Levels
13-May 19-May 10-Jun
Water Table __ Water Table Water Table

Well/Auger Hole #
Elevation Depth Elev.
Depth
Elev. __
Depth Elev
#1 piezometer 754.49 1.51 752.98 1.29 753.2 2.64 751.85
#2 Open Auger Hole 752.6
1.79 750.81
#12 Piezometer
914 piezometer 757.01
750.7 2.36 754.65
3.38 747.32 2.3
0.42 754.71
750.28 2.33 754.68
1.25 749.45
#14 Open Auger Hole 750.7 0.875 749.825 1.63 749.07

Table 8. Infiltration Rates
Reading VaIue(cm/hr) Reading Value(cm/hr)
Site 1. 1 1.697 Site 2. 1 5.14
2 1.61128 2 11.47
3 1.63668 3 8.63
4 1.7067 4 8.023
average 1.712915 cm/hr 5 7.838
6 4.48
® averaae 7 59RR cm/hr
Table 9. Guelph Permeameter Hydraulic Conductivity (Site 2)
5 cm head test 10 cm head test
Reading Rate of Change(cm/min) Reading Rate of Change (cm/min)
1 0.0649 1 0.1724
2 0.0983 2 0.1268
3 0.0339 3 0.1651
4 0.0872 Average 0.155
5 0.053 R2= 0.0026 cm/sec
6 0.03
Average 0.061
R1= 0.0010 cm/sec
Field Sat urated Hydraulic Conductivity . 0.00001 1 cm/sec

age 1---