20090901 Ver 1_Mitigation Plans_20061127

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Natural Resources
Restoration & Conservation
Ms. Amanda Jones
Army Corp of Engineers
Asheville Field Office
151 Patton Ave. Room 208
Asheville, NC 28801
Dear Ms. Jones:
IV [E
V
November 22, 2006
Enclosed you will find two copies of the prospectus for the Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation
Bank that will be sponsored by Restoration Systems, LLC. After your review of the
prospectus, we would like to schedule an on-site meeting with you and the Mitigation
Banking Review Team (MBRT) to discuss the project. Additional copies of this
prospectus are available for the members of the MBRT upon request.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me directly.
Sincerely,
Travis Lee Hamrick
Enclosed: 2 Copies of the Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus
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Pilot Mill • 1101 Haynes St., Suite 107 • Raleigh, NC 27604 • www.restorationsystems.com • Phone [phone] • Fax [phone]
MITIGATION PROSPECTUS
SHOAL FALLS FARM MITIGATION BANK
DEVELOPED THROUGH RESTORATION OF
CRAB AND SHOAL CREEKS
HENDERSON COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
PREPARED BY:
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RESTORATION SYSTEMS, LLC
1101 HAYNES STREET, SUITE 107
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27604
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AND
AXIOM ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
A2126 ROWLAND POND DRIVE
WILLOW SPRING, NORTH CAROLINA 27592
Axiom Environmental, Inc.
AUGUST 2006
Photo 1 - Shoal Creek
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction...,; ................................................................................................................ ...1
1.1 Project Goals .......................................................................................................... ...1
2.Q
r...,. -F-xist+ng•,Co1ditiohs ......................
.................................................................................... 3
2.1 Phypi.pgraphy, Topography, And Land Use ............................................................ ...3
2. Water Quality
2.3 Vegetation .............................................................................................................. ...5
2.4 Soils And Land Form ..........................................................:......................................6
3.0 Stream Characteristics .........................................................................................................7
3.1 Hydrology ..................................................................................................................8
3.2 Stream Classification .................................................................................................8
3.2.1 Dimension ............................................................................................................9
3.2.2 Profile .................................................................................................................. 9
4.0 Stream Restoration Plan .................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Stream Restoration ................................................................................................. 11
4. 1.1 Reconstruction On New Location ....................................................................... 12
4.1.2 In-Stream Structures .:........................................................................................ 13
4.1.3 Stream Reconstruction In-Place ........................................................................ 14
4.2 Stream Enhancement (Levels I And li) .................................................................... 15
4.3 Stream Preservation ................................................................................................ 15
4.4 Vegetative Planting ................................................................................................. 15
5.0 Monitoring Plan .................................................................................................................. 17
5.1 Stream Monitoring ................................................................................................... 17
5.2 Vegetation Monitoring ............................................................................................. 17
5.3 Biotic Community Changes ..........:..... ..
...............................................................„.. 18
6.0 Available Credit And Proposed Release ............................................................................ 19
6.1 Credit Determination ............................................................................................... 19
6.2 Credit Release Schedule ......................................................................................... 19
6.3 Perpetual Maintenance Of Mitigation Bank .............................................................. 20
6.4 Nonproject Development Scenario .......................................................................... 20
6.5 Corporate Experience ............................................................................................. 20
7.0 Jurisdictional Topics ........................................................................................................... 22
7.1 Waters Of The United States ................................................................................... 22
7.2 Rare And Protected Species ................................................................................... 22
7.2.1 Federally Protected Species .............................................................................. 22
7.2.2 Federal Species Of Concern .............................................................................. 29
8.0 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................ 31
9.0 References ........................................................................................................................ 32
Appendice A. Figures
LIST OF PHOTOS
Photo 1. Shoal Creek
Photo 2. Shoal Creek
Photo 3. Crab Creek
Photo 4. Existing Conditions
Photo 5. Riparian Vegetation
Photo 6. Existing Stream Condition
Cover
ii
3
4
5
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Site Location Appendix A
Figure 2. Mitigation Service Area Appendix A
Figure 3. Drainage Area Appendix A
Figure 4. Topography Appendix A
Figure 5. Existing Conditions Appendix A
Figure 6. Proposed Conditions Appendix A
Figure 7. Structures Appendix A
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Existing Site Stream Characteristics .............................................................................4
Table 2. Soils Mapped within the Site ........................................................................................6
Table 3. Stream Geometry and Classification ............................................................................ 7
Table 4. Credit Determination ..................................................................................................19
Table 5. Credit Release ...........................................................................................................19
Table 6. Federally Protected. Species listed for Henderson County ..........................................23
Table 7. Federal Species of Concern ....................................................................................... 30
Photo 2 - Shoal Creek
MITIGATION PROSPECTUS
SHOAL FALLS FARM MITIGATION BANK
THROUGH RESTORATION OF CRAB AND SHOAL CREEKS
HENDERSON COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Restoration Systems proposes the establishment of a stream mitigation bank at the Shoal Falls
Farm Site, which is located in southwestern Henderson County less than 1 mile east of the
Transylvania/Henderson County line and approximately 8 miles southwest of the Town of
Henderson. The Site occurs southeast of the intersection of Crab Creek Road and Dupont
Road (Figures 1 and 2, Appendix A). The Site encompasses approximately 24 acres of land
that is used for livestock grazing, hay production, and relatively undisturbed forest. Within the
Site, approximately 7465 linear feet of stream associated with Crab Creek, Shoal Creek, and an
unnamed tributary (UT) to Shoal Creek exhibit mitigation potential. Agricultural practices
including the maintenance and removal of riparian vegetation and relocation, dredging, and
straightening of onsite streams have resulted in degraded water quality, unstable channel
characteristics (stream entrenchment, erosion, and bank collapse), and reduced storage
capacity/floodwater attenuation.
This Mitigation Prospectus (hereafter referred to as the "Prospectus"), describes the details,
methods, and monitoring protocols proposed by Restoration Systems to be utilized to generate
5375 linear feet of stream mitigation credit at the Site.
1.1 PROJECT GOALS
The primary goals of this stream restoration project focus on improving water quality, enhancing
flood attenuation, and restoring aquatic and riparian habitat, and will be accomplished by:
1. Removing nonpoint and point sources of pollution associated with agriculture including
a) cessation of broadcasting fertilizer, pesticides, and other agricultural chemicals into
and adjacent to Site streams, b) removal of livestock grazing from a 30-foot buffer from
onsite streams, and c) restoration of a forested riparian buffer adjacent to streams to
treat surface runoff.
2. Reducing sedimentation within onsite and downstream receiving waters by a) reducing
bank erosion associated with vegetation maintenance and agricultural activities to Site
streams and b) planting a forested riparian buffer adjacent to Site streams.
3. Reestablishing stream stability and the capacity to transport watershed flows and
sediment loads by restoring stable dimension, pattern, and profile supported by natural
in-stream habitat and grade/bank stabilization structures.
4. Promoting floodwater attenuation by a) reconnecting bankfull stream flows to the
abandoned floodplain terrace; b) restoring secondary, dredged, straightened, and
entrenched tributaries, thereby reducing floodwater velocities within smaller catchment
basins; c) increasing storage capacity for floodwaters within the Site; and d) revegetating
Site floodplains to increase frictional resistance on floodwaters.
5. Improving aquatic habitat with bed variability and the use of in-stream structures.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
6. Providing a terrestrial wildlife corridor and refuge in the vicinity of Dupont National
Forest.
These goals will be achieved by:
Providing 5375 Stream Mitigation Credits.
o Restoring approximately 4380 linear feet of stream channel through construction of
stable channel, thereby reestablishing stable dimension, pattern, and profile.
o Enhancing (Level I Enhancement) approximately 470 linear feet of stream channel
through alterations to channel dimension and profile, with subsequent bank
stabilization.
o Enhancing (Level II Enhancement) 450 linear feet of stream channel through
removal of invasive species, cessation of livestock grazing, and bank stabilization.
o Preserving approximately 2510 linear feet of stream channel.
Planting a native forested riparian buffer adjacent to restored streams within the Site.
Protecting the Site in perpetuity with a conservation easement.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS
The Site is located in an alluvial valley which is flanked to the south by the steep, north facing
slopes of Stone Mountain and Hickory Mountain. The Site is broken into two parcels that are
primarily, composed of agricultural fields utilized for beef cattle production, a proposed
equestrian complex, and relatively undisturbed
forest (Figure 5, Appendix A). The northern tract
is centered along Crab Creek and is. entirely
characterized by beef cattle grazing and hay
fields. The southern tract is centered along
Shoal Creek and is characterized by natural
forest and fallow fields in the upper reaches, hay
fields and feed lots below Shoal Creek Falls, and
maintained lawn near the Site outfall.
The main hydrologic features of the Site are Crab
Creek and Shoal Creek which are third- and
fourth-order streams, respectively (Figure 3,
Appendix A). Crab Creek drains an approximately 6.4-square mile watershed at the Site outfall
(United States Geological Survey [USGS] Standing Stone Mountain, North Carolina 7.5-minute
topographic quadrangle). Crab Creek is contained within a relatively wide, flat valley that is
underlain by deep alluvial sediments (Valley Type VII).
Shoal Creek drains an approximately 2.3-square mile watershed at the Site outfall. The upper
reaches of Shoal Creek drain off the steeply sloping flanks of Stone and Hickory Mountains.
The upper reaches are characterized by step-pool streams underlain by geologically controlled
valley walls (Valley Type II). As the Shoal Creek descends the valley, it flows over the scarp
into Shoal Creek Falls, which is characterized by a plunge-pool stream with approximately 160
feet of drop over about 300 feet. A small log cabin, dam, and hydroelectric building that were
established in the mid-1940's is situated at the base of Shoal Creek Falls. Once Shoal Creek
passes the dam, stream gradients decrease as the channel enters the wide, flat Crab Creek
floodplain.
OPv Crab Creek and Shoal Creek are bank-to-bank stream systems characterized by eroding banks,
,/ excessive sediment transport and a disturbed riparian buffer. These eroding reaches form the
(J?- primary restoration and enhancement features of the Site.
2.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, AND LAND USE
The Site is located in the Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains portion of the Blue Ridge
ecoregion of North Carolina within USGS Cataloging Unit 06010105 of the French Broad River
Basin. Regional physiography is characterized by gently rounded to steep slopes and narrow
valleys with high gradient, clear streams over bedrock and boulder substrate. Onsite elevations
range from a high of 2400 feet National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD) on upper slopes
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
above Shoal Creek Falls.to a low of approximately 2120 feet NGVD at the Site outfall (USGS
Standing Stone Mountain, North Carolina 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles).
The upstream watersheds are dominated by forest, with agricultural land and sparse residential
development contained primarily along flatter floodplains and ridge tops. Impervious surfaces
account for less than 10 percent of the upstream watershed land surface.
Onsite land use is characterized by agricultural land utilized primarily for beef cattle production,
a proposed equine facility, fallow fields, and mature forest (Figure 5, Appendix A). Land use
adjacent to Crab Creek is entirely dominated by beef cattle production. Land use adjacent to
Shoal Creek varies, with mature forest and fallow fields in the upper reaches and an equestrian
complex and residential housing in the downstream reaches., A log cabin with driveway, an
impounded reach of Shoal Creek, and a small
hydroelectric building are situated upstream of
the equine complex. These structures were
constructed in the mid-1940's and are likely to
be removed or renovated by the landowner. hkLJL
Riparian vegetation adjacent to restoration/
enhancement reaches of onsite streams is
sparse and disturbed due to livestock grazing,
bush hogging, and regular maintenance.
Through some portions of the Site, the
landowner has erected fencing adjacent to the
stream to exclude livestock access; however,
the banks are continuing to erode due to a lack
of deep rooted vegetation and unstable channel characteristics.
The Site encompasses 7465 linear feet of existing stream including Crab Creek, Shoal Creek,
and an UT to Shoal Creek. The following table gives characteristics of existing Site streams; the
locations of each stream are depicted in Figure 5 (Appendix A).
Tahlp 1 _ F_Yictinn Site Stream Characteristics
Stream Reach Stream Length
(linear feet USGS
Stream Order Stream
Classification*
Crab Creek 2170 fourth perennial
Shoal Creek 4023 third perennial
UT to Shoal Creek 1272 first perennial
Total 7465
* Based on field observations and best professional judgment.
2.2 WATER QUALITY
The Site is located within the French Broad River Basin in 14-digit USGS Cataloging Unit
06010105010080 of the South Atlantic/Gulf Region (North Carolina Division of Water Quality
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
[NCDWQ] subbasin number 04-03-02) [Figure 2, Appendix A]). Crab Creek (Stream Index
Number 6-38-23) has been assigned a Best Usage Classification of C, Tr, HQW. Shoal Falls
Creek (Stream Index Number 6-38-23-4) has been assigned a Best Usage Classification of C.
Site tributaries drain to the section of the French Broad River that has been assigned Stream
Index Number 6-(27), a Best Usage Classification of B, and is Fully Supporting its intended
uses (NCDWQ 2001b, NCDWQ 2005). Class B waters are suitable for primary recreation
activities and all other Class C uses. Class C waters are suitable for aquatic life propagation
and survival, fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture. The designation Tr (Trout
Waters) includes areas protected for natural trout propagation and survival of stocked trout.
The designation HQW (High Quality Waters) includes areas possessing special qualities
including excellent water quality, Native or Special" Native Trout Waters, Critical Habitat areas,
or WS-1 and WS-II water supplies.
The Site is located in 14-digit watershed 06010105010080. This is not a Targeted Local
Watershed; however, it is within a Priority Subbasin (NCWRP 2001). Site tributaries are not
listed on the NCDWQ draft 2004 or 2006 303(d) lists (NCDWQ 2004, 2006a).
2.3 VEGETATION
The Site is characterized by pastureland, fallow fields, and native forest vegetation (Figure 5,
Appendix A). Pastureland is comprised of planted grassy species with various herbaceous
invasive species interspersed throughout. ' Invasive species include clover (Trifolium sp.),
Queen Anne's-lace (Daucus carota), ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale), milkweek (Asclepias sp.), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), nightshade (Solanum
Caro/inense), and dock (Rumex sp.). Pastureland is heavily grazed and/or regularly maintained,
thereby reducing sapling establishment.
The margins of Crab Creek have recently been fenced to exclude livestock from the stream
banks. Riparian vegetation is predominantly characterized by herbaceous species due to the
recent establishment of livestock exclusionary barriers; however, a few hearty herbaceous and
shrub/sapling species are interspersed along the stream banks consisting of rose (Rosa sp.),
blackberry (Rubus sp.), joe-pyeweed
(Eutrochium sp.), tag alder (Alnus serrulata),
black willow (Salix nigra), pecan (Carya
illinoinensis), and dogwood (Corpus florida).
Fallow fields and native forest occur in the
upper reaches of Shoal Creek. Fallow fields
appear to have been utilized for grazing or
hay production in the past, with cessation of
maintenance occurring approximately 2
years prior to the Site visit. The fields are
characterized by similar species associated
with pastureland and riparian vegetation,
with more mature development.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
Native forest vegetation occurs along the margins of Shoal Creek and its UT, and is primarily
characterized by riparian species such as tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), various elms
(Ulmus spp.), red maple (Acer rubrum), and hemlock (Tsuga sp.) with a dense understory of
doghobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), spice bush (Lindera benzoin), and mountain laurel
(Kalmia latifolia).
Reforestation of hardwood species is proposed over approximately 18 acres of the Site,
including areas of pastureland and fallow fields. Forest composition is expected to vary from
Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest to Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest, as described
in Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina, Third Approximation (Schafale
and Weakley 1990). Forest communities may vary based on floodplain size, flooding regime,
and/or topographic variations. Species composition will mimic reference forest measurements
of undisturbed floodplains up or downstream of the Site and offsite reference forests. An
ecological approach will be taken for Site restoration; therefore, a varied forest structure should
target habitat diversity.
2.4 SOILS AND LAND FORM
Soils that occur within the Site are described in Table 2. Two distinct land features occur within
the Site boundaries: floodplain and valley wall. Floodplain portions of the Site are underlain by
soils of the Codorus soil series. Side slopes and steep escarpments within the Site are
underlain by soils of the Ashe, Evard, and Tusquitee soil series.
Table 2. Soils Mapped w ithin the Site
Soil Series Hydric Family Description
Status
Ashe nonhydric Typic This series consists of moderately deep, somewhat
Dystrudepts excessively drained, moderately rapid permeable soils on
gently to very steeply sloping ridges and side slopes. Slopes
are commonly greater than 50 percent, but range from 2 to 95
percent. Bedrock occurs at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Codorus nonhydric Fluvaquentic This series consists of very deep, moderately to somewhat
Dystrudepts poorly drained, moderately permeable soils on floodplains.
Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Bedrock occurs at a depth
of more than 40 inches.
Evard nonhydric Typic Hapludults This series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately
permeable soils on ridges and side slopes. Slopes range from
2 to 95 percent. Bedrock occurs at more than 60 inches
Tusquitee nonhydric Typic This series consist of very deep, well-drained, moderately
Dystrudepts permeable soils on very steep benches, foot slopes, toe
slopes, and fans in coves. Slopes range from 2 to 95 percent.
Bedrock occurs at more than 60 inches.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
3.0 STREAM CHARACTERISTICS
Site streams have been characterized based on fluvial geomorphic principles (Rosgen 1996a).
Table 3 provides a summary of measured stream geometry attributes under existing conditions
(considered to be unstable) and a preliminary estimate of potentially stable stream attributes.
Preliminary estimates of stable stream attributes are based primarily upon data observations
along the existing reaches and regional curves (Harman et al. 2001).
Table 3. Stream Geometry and Classification
DIMENSION
Attribute Cross-section 1 Crab Creek Cross-section 2
Existing Proposed Existing Proposed
DA 6.4 6.4 2.3 2.3
Abkf 76.6 76.6 34.1 34.1
Aexistin 116.8 76.6 82.7 34.1
Wbkf 26.3 38.8 19.1 26.9
Dbkf 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.4
Dmax 4.5 2.6 2.8 1.8
Wbkf/Dbkf 9 19.4 11 19.2
FPA 220 220 120 120
ENT 8.4 5.6 6 4
LBH 5.3 2.6 5.0 1.8
BHR 1.2 1.0 1.8 1.0
PATTERN
Existing Pro osed Existing Pro posed
Median Range Median Range Median 'Range Median Range
Wbelt 310 323-

388 272 205 -341
Wbelt/Wbk No distinct 8 6-10 No distinct 8 6-10
f

Lm repetitive pattern of _
388 repetitive pattern of
riffles and pools
d
t
h 466
543 riffles and pools 409 341 -477

Lm/Wbkf ue
o c
annel
st
ai
ht
i
12
10 -14 due to channel
12 I
10 -14
r
g
en
ng straightening
Lp-p 323 194 - 205 170 - 238
272
L- /Wbkf 6 5-7 6 5-7
SIN 1.05 1.3 1.0 1.3
PROFILE
SSW 0.0085 0.0068 0.0273 0.021
Svalle 0.0089 0.0089 0.0273 0.0273
Stream
T e E-Type Cb-Type Eg-Type Cb-Type
DA Drainage basin area (square miles)
Abkf Bankfull cross-sectional area (riffle)
(square feet)
Aexistin g Existing cross-sectional area (riffle)
(square feet)
Wbkf . Bankfull width (riffle) (feet)
Dbkf Average bankfull depth (riffle) (feet)
Dmax Maximum bankfull depth (riffle)
(feet)
FPA Floodprone area (feet)
ENT Entrenchment ratio
(FPAMIbkf)
LBH Low bank height (distance
from
thalweg to the top of low bank) (feet)
BHR Bank height ratio [low bank
height/Dmax (riffle)]
Wbelt Belt width (feet)
Lm Meander wavelength (feet)
Lp-p Length from pool to pool (feet)
SIN Sinuosity (thalweg
distance/straight-line distance)
Ssw Slope of the water surface
(rise/run)
Svalley Slope of the valley (rise/run)
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
3.1 HYDROLOGY
This hydrophysiographic region is characterized by moderate rainfall with precipitation
averaging approximately 56.6 inches per year (SCONC 2006). The watershed drainage basins
for Crab Creek and Shoal Creek are approximately 6.4 and 2.3 square miles at the Site outfalls,
respectively. Site discharge is dominated by a combination of upstream basin catchment,
groundwater flow, and precipitation. Based on regional curves (Harman et al. 2001) the bankfull
discharge for a 6.4- and 2.3-square mile watershed averages approximately 448 and 212 cubic
feet per-second, respectively. Current research also estimates a bankfull discharge of 448 and
212 cubic feet per second occurs every 1.3 to 1.5 years (Rosgen 1996a, Leopold 1994).
3.2 STREAM CLASSIFICATION
Stream geometry and substrate data have been evaluated to orient stream restoration based on
a classification utilizing fluvial geomorphic principles (Rosgen 1996a). This classification
stratifies streams into comparable groups based on pattern, dimension, profile, and substrate
characteristics. Primary components of the classification include degree of entrenchment,
width-depth ratio, sinuosity, channel slope,
and stream substrate composition.
Historically, onsite stream reaches may have
been characterized by E-type channels. E-
type streams are characterized as slightly
entrenched, riffle-pool channels exhibiting
high sinuosity (>1.5); however, reference
streams in the region typically are
characterized by sinuosity's slightly lower
than 1.3. In North Carolina, E-type streams
often occur in narrow to wide valleys with
well-developed alluvial floodplains (Valley
Type VIII). E-type streams typically exhibit a
sequence of riffles and pools associated with a sinuous flow pattern. E-type channels are
typically considered stable. However, these streams are sensitive to disturbance and may
rapidly convert to other stream types.
The majority of onsite streams appear to have been impacted by land clearing, erosive flows,
and manipulation of channels including relocation and/or straightening. Channel manipulations
or deforestation near stable E-type streams typically leads to channel adjustments including
increases in bank erosion, width-depth ratio, stream gradient, and sediment supply. In addition,
these impacts may lead to decreases in channel sinuosity, meander-width-ratios, and sediment
transport capacity (Rosgen 1996b). Onsite streams are expected to continue to erode and
deposit sediment into receiving streams until a stable stream pattern has been carved from the
adjacent floodplain.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
3.2.1 Dimension
Regional curves (Harman et al. 2001) were utilized to determine bankfull channel cross-
sectional areas of Site streams. The cross-sectional area was then utilized to determine the
bankfull width, average bankfull depth, maximum depth, and floodprone area of the existing Site
channel. Using this method, a departure from stability could be estimated based on a
comparison of existing and proposed/stable dimension variables.
During field investigations two cross-sections were measured; one along the main-stem channel
of Crab Creek and one in the lower reaches of Shoal Creek. These cross-sections indicate that
streams are currently classified as E-type and Eg-type channels (Table 3). The channels are
moderately to highly incised with bank-height ratios ranging from 1.2 to 1.8. The reach exhibits
bank collapse, appears unstable, and destabilization of the stream banks is continually
increasing. Regional curves predict a stable cross-sectional area of 76.6 square feet for Crab
Creek and 34.1 square feet for Shoal Creek; however, the existing cross-sectional areas
measure 116.8 and 82.7 square feet, respectively. The existing cross-sectional areas are more
than 1.5 to 2.5 times the predicted value.
Based on regional curve estimations of cross-sectional area, it appears that the main stem
channels are oversized and incised, as indicated by a high bank-height ratio and excessive
cross-sectional area. Channel incision appears to have resulted in bank erosion below the
effective rooting depth of existing riparian vegetation. Measures to reduce channel size (cross-
sectional area) and bank-height ratios should be targeted for this project.
3.2.2 Profile
Based on the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle, the onsite valley slope for restorable
portions of the Site measure approximately 0.0089 to 0.0273 rise/run (Table 3). Estimated
valley slopes appear typical for the Blue Ridge physiographic region of North Carolina.' Water
surface slopes were estimated by dividing the valley slope by channel sinuosity. Sinuosity was
measured from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis of aerial photography and
visual observations of the stream channel during field surveys, and was measured at 1.0 to 1.05
for the onsite stream channels. Calculated water surface slope measured approximately 0.0085
and 0.0273 rise/run.
Impacts to onsite streams such as straightening, downcutting, incision, and bank erosion appear
to have resulted in oversteepening of the average water surface profile. In addition, impacts
appear to have removed most of the riffle and pool morphology characteristic of stable streams
in this region. Stream incision may have resulted in excessive sediment deposition within pools,
thereby steepening pool slopes and flattening riffle slopes. Measures designed to flatten the
average water surface profile and restore riffle/pool slopes to suitable ranges are expected to be
targeted on the onsite stream.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
3.2.3 Plan Form
Analysis of aerial photography utilizing GIS was conducted to determine existing onsite plan
form variables. Existing plan form variables were compared to ratios of stable plan form based
on fluvial geomorphic methods (Rosgen 1996). Using this method, a departure from stability
was estimated.
Site streams have been straightened in the past, resulting in sinuosity measuring approximately
1.0 to 1.05 (thalweg distance/valley distance) (Table 3). Due to channel alterations, no distinct
repetitive pattern of riffles and pools occurs in the existing channel. In addition, values for belt-
width, pool-to-pool spacing, and meander wavelength were not measurable.
Based on plan form variables, Site streams contain reaches that have been degraded by 1)
bank collapse, erosion, and incision; 2) straightening resulting in no repetitive riffle and pool
sequence and reduction in sinuosity; and 3) a subsequent reduction in the overall length of Site
channels. Mitigation efforts along degraded sections will target restoration of riffle/pool pattern
and bringing pool-to-pool spacing and meander wavelength into suitable ranges for this region.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
4.0 STREAM RESTORATION PLAN
The primary goals of this mitigation plan include 1) construction of a stable, riffle-pool stream
channel, 2) enhancement of water quality functions (reduce nonpoint source sedimentation and
nutrient inputs), 3) restoration of a natural forested riparian buffer along Site stream reaches, 4)
restoration of wildlife habitat associated with a riparian corridor/stable stream, and 5)
establishment of a conservation easement which will encompass all restoration activities.
Primary activities include 1) stream restoration, 2) stream enhancement (Level I), 3) stream
enhancement (Level II), 4) stream preservation, and 5) riparian buffer restoration. The
restoration concept as outlined in Figure 6 (Appendix A) is expected to:
• Restore 4380 linear feet of stream along Crab Creek and Shoal Creek
• Enhance (Level 1) 470 linear feet of stream along the upper reaches of Shoal Creek
• Enhance (Level II) 450 linear feet of stream along the lower reaches of Shoal Creek
• Preserve 2510 linear feet in the upper reaches of Shoal Creek and a UT to Shoal Creek
4.1 STREAM RESTORATION
This stream restoration effort is designed to restore a stable, meandering stream that
approximates hydrodynamics, stream geometry, and local microtopography relative to reference
conditions. Geometric attributes for the existing, degraded channel and the proposed, stable
channel are listed in Table 3.
Stream restoration is expected to entail 1) belt-width preparation, 2) channel excavation, 3) spoil
stockpiling, 4) channel stabilization, 5) channel diversion to newly constructed channels, and 5)
abandoned channel backfill.
An erosion control plan and construction/transportation plan will be developed. Erosion control
will be performed locally throughout the Site and will be incorporated into the construction
sequencing. Exposed surficial soils at the Site are unconsolidated, alluvial sediments which do
not revegetate rapidly after disturbance; therefore, seeding with appropriate grasses and
immediate planting with disturbance-adapted shrubs will be employed following the earth-
moving process. In addition, onsite root mats (seed banks) and vegetation will be stockpiled
and redistributed after disturbance.
A transportation plan, including the location of access routes and staging areas, will be
designed to avoid impacts to the proposed design channel corridor. In addition, the
transportation plan and all construction activities will minimize disturbance to existing vegetation
and soils to the extent feasible. The number of transportation access points into the floodplain
will be maximized to avoid traversing long distances through the Site interior.
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4.1.1 Reconstruction on New Location
Portions of the Site characterized by an adjacent floodplain suitable for design channel
excavation on new location will be utilized to the maximum extent feasible. Primary activities
designed to restore the channel on new location include 1) beltwidth preparation and grading, 2)
channel excavation, 3) installation of channel plugs, and 4) backfilling of the abandoned
channel.
1) Beltwidth Preparation and Grading
The stream beltwidth corridor will be cleared to allow survey and equipment access. Care will
be taken to avoid the removal of existing, deeply rooted vegetation within the beltwidth corridor,
which may provide design channel stability. Material excavated during grading will be
stockpiled immediately adjacent to the channel segments to be abandoned and backfilled.
These segments will be backfilled after stream diversion is completed.
Spoil material may be placed to stabilize temporary access roads and to minimize compaction
of the underlying floodplain. However, all spoil will be removed from floodplain surfaces.upon
completion of construction activities.
After preparation of the corridor, the design channel and updated profile survey will be
developed and the location of each meander wavelength will be plotted and staked along the
profile. Riffle locations and relative frequency will be staked according to parameters outlined in
a detailed restoration plan and/or construction plans. These configurations may be modified in
the field based on local variations in the floodplain profile.
21 Channel Excavation
Once belt-width corridor preparation is complete, the proposed channel will be excavated to the
average width, depth, and cross-sectional area derived from reference reach studies and
detailed measurements of the onsite reach. Based on regional curve estimates of channel
dimension (depicted in Table 3), the cross-sectional area-will be approximately 34.1 square feet
in Shoal Creek and 76.6 square feet in Crab Creek, with a bankfull width ranging between 19
and 26 feet, and an average bankfull depth ranging between 1.8 and 2.9 feet.
The stream banks and local belt width area of constructed channels will be immediately planted
with shrub and herbaceous vegetation. Shrubs such as tag alder and black willow may be
purchased and planted, or removed from the banks of the abandoned channel and stockpiled
during clearing, and placed into the stream construction area. Deposition of shrub and woody
debris into and/or overhanging the constructed channel is encouraged. Root mats may also be
selectively removed from adjacent areas and placed as erosion control features on channel
banks.
Particular attention will be directed toward providing vegetative cover and root growth along the
outer bends of each stream meander. Live willow stake revetments and available root mats or
biodegradable, coir-fiber matting may be embedded into the break-in-slope to promote more
rapid development of an overhanging bank. Willow stakes will be obtained and inserted through
the coir-fiber mat into the underlying soil.
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4) Channel Plugs
Impermeable plugs will be installed along abandoned channel. The plugs will consist of low-
permeability materials or hardened structures designed to be of sufficient strength to withstand
the erosive energy of surface flow events across the Site. Dense clays suitable for. plug
construction may be imported from offsite or extracted from existing materials and compacted
within the channel. The plug will be sufficiently wide and deep to form an imbedded overlap in
the existing banks and channel bed.
The plug situated at the upstream terminus of the design channel, located below the stream
diversion point, may sustain high-energy flows; therefore, a hardened structure or additional
armoring may be considered at this location.
5) Channel Backfilling
After impermeable plugs are installed, the abandoned channel will be backfilled. Backfilling will
be performed primarily by pushing stockpiled materials into the channel. Based on initial
grading plan estimates, sufficient backfill material is expected from channel excavation,
floodplain grading, and soil borrow areas. The channel will be filled to the extent that onsite
material is available and compacted to maximize microtopographic variability, including ruts,
ephemeral pools, and hummocks in the vicinity of the backfilled channel.
A deficit of fill material for channel backfill may occur. If so, a series of closed, linear
depressions may be left along confined channel segments. Additional fill material for critical
areas may be obtained by excavating shallow depressions along the banks of these planned,
open-channel segments. These excavated areas will represent closed linear, elliptical, or oval
depressions. In essence, the channel may be converted to a sequence of shallow, ephemeral
pools adjacent to effectively plugged and backfilled channel sections. These pools are
expected to stabilize and fill in with organic material over time. Vegetation debris (root mats, top
soils, shrubs, woody debris, etc.) will be redistributed across the backfill area upon completion.
4.1.2 In-Stream Structures
Stream restoration under natural stream design techniques normally involves the use of in-
stream structures for bank stabilization, grade control, and habitat improvement. Primary
activities designed to achieve these objectives may include 1) installation of cross-vane weirs
and/or 2) installation of J-hook/log vanes.
1) Cross-vane Weirs
Cross-vane weirs may be installed in the channel as conceptually depicted in Figure 7. The
purpose of the vane is to 1) sustain bank stability, 2) direct high velocity flows during bankfull
events toward the center of the channel, 3) maintain average pool depth throughout the reach,
4) preserve water surface elevations and reconnect the adjacent floodplain to flooding dynamics
from the stream, and 5) modify energy distributions through increases in channel roughness and
local energy slopes during peak flows.
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Cross-vane weirs will be constructed of boulders approximately 18 inches in minimum width.
Cross-vane weir construction will be initiated by imbedding footer rocks into the stream bed for
stability and to prevent undercutting of the structure. Header rocks will then be placed atop the
footer rocks at the design elevation. Footer and header rocks create an arm that slopes from
the center of the channel upward at approximately 10 to 15 degrees, tying in at the bankfull
floodplain elevation. The cross-vane arms at both banks will be tied into the bank with a sill to
eliminate the possibility of water diverting around, the structure. Once the header and footer
stones are in place, filter fabric will be buried into a trench excavated around the upstream side
of the vane arms. The filter fabric is then draped over the header rocks to force water over the
vane. The upstream side of the structure can then be backfilled with suitable material to the
elevation of the header stones.
2) J-hook Vanes/Log-Vanes
The primary purpose of these vanes is to direct high-velocity flows during bankfull events
towards the center of the channel. J-hook vanes will be constructed using the same type and
size of rock employed in the construction of cross-vane weirs (Figure 7, Appendix A). Log
vanes will be constructed utilizing large tree trunks harvested, from the Site or imported from
offsite. The tree stem harvested for a log-vane arm must be long enough to be imbedded into
the stream channel and extend several feet into the floodplain (Figure 7, Appendix A). A trench
will be dug into the stream channel that is deep enough for the head of the log to be at or below
the channel invert. The trench is then extended into the floodplain and the log is set into the
trench such that the log arm is below the floodplain elevation. If the log is not of sufficient size
to completely block stream flow (gaps occur between the log and channel bed) then a footer log
or stone footers will be installed beneath the header log. Boulders will then be situated at the
base of the log and at the head of the log to hold the log in place.
Similar to a cross-vane, the arm of the J-hook vane and the log vane (which forms an arm) must
slope from the center of the channel upward at approximately 7 to 10 degrees, tying in at the
bankfull floodplain elevation. Once these vanes are in place, filter fabric is toed into a trench on
the upstream side of the vane and draped over the structure to force water over the vane. The
upstream side of the structure is then backfilled with suitable material.
4.1.3 Stream Reconstruction In-Place
Reconstruction in-place is proposed for areas of the Site where reconstruction on new location
is not feasible due to proximity to the upstream/downstream Site boundaries, stream gradient,
easement constraints, or where the channel retails a sinuous flow pattern and is confined within
a narrow, relatively steep valley. The main objective of restoration in these reaches is to
promote an average bankfull channel depth of approximately 1.8 feet from the channel bottom
to the floodplain surface and to reduce channel size to cross-sectional area depicted in Table 3.
Primary activities designed to achieve these objectives may include 1) installation of in-stream
structures and 2) installation of a bankfull floodplain bench. In-stream structures have been
described in Section 4.1.2 (In-Stream Structures) above.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
1) Bankfull Bench Creation
The creation of a bankfull, floodplain bench is expected to 1) remove eroding material and
collapsing banks, 2) promote overbank flooding during bank-full flood events, 3) reduce the
erosive potential of flood waters, and 4) increase the width of the active floodplain. Bankfull
benches may be created by excavating the adjacent floodplain to bankfull elevations of filling
eroded/abandoned channel areas with suitable material.
After excavation, or filling of the bench, a relatively level floodplain surface is expected to be
stabilized with suitable erosion control measures. Planting of the bench with native floodplain
vegetation is expected to reduce erosion of bench sediments, reduce flow velocities in flood
waters, filter pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat.
4.2 STREAM ENHANCEMENT (LEVELS I AND II)
Stream Enhancement Level I and II are expected along various reaches of Shoal Creek (Figure
6, Appendix A).
Stream Enhancement Level I is being proposed on approximately 470 linear feet within the
upper reaches of Shoal Creek. Enhancement Level I is expected to include alterations to
dimension and profile, and planting of native forest vegetation within areas of Shoal Creek that
are currently characterized by a sinuous flow pattern. Enhancement Level I may also require
the installation of in-stream structures as described in Section 4.1.2 (In-Stream Structures).
Stream Enhancement Level II is being proposed on approximately 450 linear feet within the
lower reaches of Shoal Creek. Enhancement Level II is expected to include cessation of current
land management practices, removal of invasive species (where necessary), and planting with
native hardwood vegetation. Stream Enhancement Level II is proposed along an unnamed
tributary that is relatively stable and exhibits suitable stream pattern, dimension, and profile.
Planting with native vegetation is discussed in detail in Section 4.4 (Vegetative Planting).
4.3 STREAM PRESERVATION
Preservation is being proposed on approximately 2510 linear feet of stream within the upper
reaches of Shoal Creek and a UT to Shoal Creek (Figure 6, Appendix A). Based on preliminary
analysis and field investigations, these reaches are relatively stable due a lack of human
induced impact and a well-developed riparian buffer. These areas will be protected in perpetuity
through the establishment of a conservation easement including a minimum 30-foot forested
buffer adjacent to each bank of the stream.
4.4 VEGETATIVE PLANTING
Deep-rooted, riparian vegetation will be restored within approximately 18 acres of the Site.
Planting vegetation on cleared stream banks is proposed to reestablish native/historic
community patterns within the stream corridor, associated side slopes, and transition areas.
Revegetating Site floodplains and stream banks will provide stream bank stability, give shade,
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
reduce surface water temperatures, filter pollutants from adjacent runoff, and provide habitat for
area wildlife. The vegetated stream buffer will extend to a minimum of 30 feet from the top of
stream banks. Scarification of floodplain surfaces may be required prior to planting.
Variations in vegetative planting will occur based on topographic locations and hydraulic
conditions of the soil. Vegetative species composition will mimic reference forest data and
onsite observations. Species expected for this project may include the following elements.
Piedmont /Mountain Bottomland Forest
1. Cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda)
2. Swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxit)
3. American elm (U/mus americana)
4. Hackberry (Celtis laevigata)
5. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsy/vanica)
6. Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata)
7. Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis)
8. Southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum)
9. Flowering dogwood (Corpus florida)
10. Ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana)
11. American holly (Ilex opaca)
12. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)
Stream-Side Assemblage
1. Black willow (Sa/ix nigra)
2. Tag alder (Alnus serrulata)
Species distribution and densities will be determined during development of the detailed
restoration plan.
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5.0 MONITORING PLAN
Monitoring of Site restoration efforts will be performed for five years or until agreed upon
success criteria are fulfilled. Monitoring is proposed for the stream channel and riparian
vegetation.
5.1 STREAM MONITORING
Annual monitoring will include development of channel cross-sections on riffles and pools,
pebble counts, and a water surface profile of the channel as outlined in interagency Stream
Mitigation Guidelines (USACE et al. 2003). The data will be presented in graphic and tabular
format. Data to be presented will include 1) cross-sectional area, 2) bankfull width, 3) average
depth, 4) maximum depth, 5) width-to-depth ratio, 6) meander wavelength, 7) belt-width, 8)
water surface slope, 9) sinuosity, and 10) stream substrate composition. A photographic record
of preconstruction and postconstruction conditions will also be compiled.
Stream Success Criteria
Success criteria for stream restoration will include 1) successful classification of the reach as a
functioning stream system (Rosgen 1996a) and 2) channel variables indicative of a stable
stream system.
Visual assessment of in-stream structures will be conducted to determine if failure has occurred.
Failure of a structure may be indicated by collapse of the structure, undermining of the structure,
abandonment of the channel around the structure, and/or stream flow beneath the structure.
5.2 VEGETATION MONITORING
After planting has been completed in winter or early spring, an initial evaluation will be
performed to verify planting methods and to determine initial species composition and density.
Supplemental planting and additional Site modifications will be implemented, if necessary.
During quantitative vegetation sampling in early fall of the first year, sample plots will be
randomly placed within the Site as per guidelines established in CVS-EEP Protocol for
Recording Vegetation, Version 4.0 (Lee et al. 2006). In each sample plot, vegetation
parameters to be monitored include species composition and species density. Visual
observations of the percent cover of shrub and herbaceous species will also be recorded.
Vegetation Success Criteria
An average density of 320 stems per acre of Characteristic Tree Species must be surviving in
the first three monitoring years. Subsequently, 290 Characteristic Tree Species per acre must
be surviving in year 4 and 260 Characteristic Tree Species per acre in year 5.
i
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5.3 BIOTIC COMMUNITY CHANGES
Changes in the biotic community are anticipated from a shift in habitat opportunities as the Crab
Creek and Shoal Creek are restored. In-stream, biological monitoring is proposed to track the
changes during the monitoring period. The benthic macroinvertebrate community will be
sampled using NCDWQ protocols found in the Standard Operating Procedures for Benthic
Macroinvertebrates (NCDWQ 2006b) and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Protocols for
Compensatory Stream Restoration Projects (NCDWQ 2001a). Biological sampling of benthic
macroinvertebrates will be used to collect preconstruction baseline data for comparison with
postconstruction restored conditions.
For benthic macroinvertebrates, monitoring locations will be established within the Site as well
as up and downstream of Site restoration reaches. It is anticipated that postrestoration
collections may move slightly from the prerestoration conditions in order to take advantage of
developing habitat niches (i.e. riffles, vegetative cover, woody debris in channel, overhanging
banks) that cannot be predicted prerestoration. Benthic macroinvertebrate samples will be
collected from individual reaches using the Qual-4 collection method. Sampling techniques of
the Qual-4 collection method consist of kick nets, sweep nets, leaf packs, and visual searches.
Collection procedures will be available for review by NCDWQ biologists. Preproject biological
sampling will occur during the spring of 2007 or 2008, depending upon construction schedules,
with postproject monitoring occurring in the spring of each subsequent monitoring year.
Identification of collected organisms will be performed by personnel with the NCDWQ or by a
NCDWQ certified laboratory. A reference organism collection will be maintained by Axiom
Environmental, Inc. and will be available for taxonomic review. Additional data collected will
include D50 values and appropriate NCDWQ habitat assessment forms.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
6.0 AVAILABLE CREDIT AND PROPOSED RELEASE
6.1 CREDIT DETERMINATION
The Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank encompasses reaches of Crab Creek, Shoal Creek, and
a UT to Shoal Creek. Onsite stream reaches have been impacted by land clearing, livestock
grazing, channel dredging and straightening, and erosive velocities. In addition, Site soils have
been impacted by stream channel incision and floodplain ditching. Restoration options outlined
in this report are as follows:
Table 4. Credit Determination
Restoration Activity Linear Percentage of Mitigation Units
Feet Mitigation Units
Stream Restoration 4380 82 4380
Stream Enhancement (Level 1) 470 6 313
Stream Enhancement (Level 11) 450 3 180
Stream Preservation 2510 9 502
Total 5375
After completion of the project the site will offer up to 5375 Stream Mitigation Units
6.2 CREDIT RELEASE SCHEDULE
A credit release scenario is proposed that complies with the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEP) full-delivery program. Under this
credit release scenario the credit release schedule is based upon project milestones. Project
milestones and percent of credit released include the following:
Table 5. Credit Release
Task Project Milestone
1 Restoration Plan Approved by MBRT
2 Record Conservation Easement
3 Mitigation Site Earthwork Completed (approved by MBRT)
4 Mitigation Site Planting and Installation of Monitoring Devices
5 As-built Mitigation Plan/Drawings
6 Submit Monitoring Report #1 (meets success criteria)
7 Submit Monitoring Report #2 (meets success criteria)
8 Submit Monitoring Report #3 (meets success criteria)
9 Submit Monitoring Report #4 (meets success criteria)
10 Submit Monitoring Report #5 (meets success criteria)
Percent of Credit
F15
25
15
10
0
5
5
5
Total \ /100

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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
6.3 PERPETUAL MAINTENANCE OF MITIGATION BANK
Restoration Systems currently holds an Option to Purchase the approximately 24-acre Site.
Upon approval of the contract, Restoration Systems will execute the option and subsequently
place a conservation easement over the subject parcels. Restoration Systems will remain the
owner of the easement for the 5-year monitoring period. After the 5-year monitoring period,
Restoration Systems will transfer the conservation easement to an approved conservation
organization.
6.4 NONPROJECT DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO
Currently the property is proposed for development of low-density residential housing with a
communal livestock/equestrian center. If the proposed stream restoration does not occur, then
the stream-side buffer will continue to be maintained for livestock grazing and future impacts to
the streams from residential development will occur. In addition, portions of the Site that are
currently characterized by mature riparian forest may be cleared for development access and
residential maintenance.
Channel erosion is expected to continue under existing and future development scenarios.
Sediment from bank erosion is deleterious to benthic macroinvertebrate habitat and can be
expected to reduce fisheries populations in the existing and downstream reaches. In addition,
proposed mitigation activities will provide wildlife and fish habitat, shade/cool surface waters
(thereby increasing dissolved oxygen levels), filter nutrients, reduce sedimentation, reduce
downstream flooding, and increase bed morphology (habitat) through maintenance of
perpendicular flow vectors. The proposed project offers substantial ecological improvement
within and downstream from the Site.
6.5 CORPORATE EXPERIENCE
Restoration Systems is an environmental restoration, mitigation banking, and full-delivery
mitigation firm founded in 1998. The firm was formed to improve the quality of environmental
restoration and mitigation by locating and acquiring the best properties, planning their
restoration using the latest science, and constructing them with the most qualified contractors.
Restoration Systems staff has been involved in environmental mitigation and mitigation banking
since 1992. Project managers have more than 80 years of experience in resource evaluation,
environmental restoration, and mitigation implementation. The company employs 14 permanent
staff, with its main office in Raleigh, North Carolina and a satellite office in Greensboro.
Corporate experience of the principals began with completion of the state's first full-delivery
project in 1997, the Barra Farms Mitigation Bank (623 acres, NCDOT), the subsequent Bear
Creek - Mill Branch Mitigation Bank in 2001 (450 acres, NCDOT), and Sleepy Creek Mitigation
Site (550 acres, NCDOT). The firm then accomplished the largest turn-key commercial
mitigation project in the state, the Causey Farm Stream and Wetland Mitigation Site for the
Piedmont Triad International Airport Authority. The Causey Farm project comprised over 7700
linear feet of reconstructed stream channel and 10 acres of restored wetland that was used to
offset impacts associated with runway expansion at the Federal Express Facility.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
Restoration Systems has implemented a number of projects for EEP and the North Carolina
Wetland Restoration Program; including, the removal of the Carbonton and Lowell Dams in the
Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins (132,000 linear feet), the Haw River Wetland Restoration
Site (34 acres, Cape Fear), the Elk Shoals Stream Restoration Site (6000 linear feet, Catawba),
the Lick Creek Stream Site (10,000 linear feet, Cape Fear), Gatlin Swamp Wetland Restoration
Site (125 acres, Roanoke), and a number of buffer restoration projects, including Casey Dairy,
Walnut Creek, Big Bull, Brogden Road, and Little Buffalo Buffer Sites. Under construction this
year are the Lloyd Stream and Wetland Restoration Site (4750 linear feet and 6 acres, White
Oak) and Gray Farm Stream Restoration Site (7610 linear feet).
The firm is under contract to two Fortune 500 firms, Schlumberger Corp, a division of
Halliburton, to dredge behind and remove two high-head dams in the Savannah River Basin in
South Carolina, and Martin Marietta Corporation, to compensate for 500-plus acres of impacts
to wetlands as the result of a new quarry in Southeastern North Carolina.
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7.0 JURISDICTIONAL TOPICS
7.1 WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES
Site streams are subject to jurisdictional consideration under Section '404 of the Clean Water
Act as waters of the United States (33 CFR Section 328.3). The Site may be classified as
riverine, upper perennial with an unconsolidated bottom dominated by cobble (R3UB1)
(Cowardin et al. 1979). These waters are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States Army
Corps of Engineers (USACE) and will require permitting for proposed mitigation strategies.
A final permitting strategy cannot be developed until agency guidance for restoration techniques
have been determined and jurisdictional area impacts resulting from Site implementation
activities are firmly quantified. However, permits will be required for encroachment into waters
of United States. Consideration will be given to the use of Nationwide Permit (NWP) 27 for
stream restoration activities. Impacts to jurisdictional areas will be allowed assuming "the
authorized work results in a net increase in aquatic resource functions and values in the project.
area".
Section 401 of the Clean Water Act requires each state to certify that state water quality
standards will not be violated for activities which 1) involve issuance of a federal permit or
license or 2) require discharges into "waters of the United States." Application for 401 general
certification will be required. A Section 404 permit is not valid until 401 certification is issued.
7.2 RARE AND PROTECTED SPECIES
Some populations of fauna and flora have been in, or are in, the process of decline due to either
natural forces or their inability to coexist with human activities. Federal law (under the
provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended) requires that any action, likely
to adversely affect a species classified as federally protected, be subject to review by the United
States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Other species may receive additional protection
under separate state laws.
7.2.1 Federally Protected Species
Plants and animals with federal classifications of Endangered, Threatened, Proposed
Endangered, and Proposed Threatened are protected under provisions of Sections 7 and 9 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Based on the most recently updated county-by-county database of federally listed species in
North Carolina as posted by the USFWS at http://nc-es.fws.gov/es/countyfr.html, 8 federally
protected species are listed for Henderson County. Table 6 lists the federally protected species
for Henderson County and indicates if potential habitat exists within the Site for each species.
In addition, a species description and biological conclusion are given for each listed species
below.
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Table 6. Federally Protected Species listed for Henderson County
Common Name Scientific Name Status" Habitat Present
Within Site
Vertebrates
Bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergii Threatened (S/A) No
Invertebrates
Appalachian elktoe Alasmidonta raveneliana Endangered Yes
Oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis Endangered Yes
Vascular Plant
Bunched arrowhead Sagittaria fasciculata Endangered No
Mountain sweet pitcherplant Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii Endangered No
Small-whorled pogonia /sotria medeoloides Threatened No
Swamp pink Helonias bullata Threatened No
White irisette Sisyrinchium dichotomum Endangered No
'Endangered = a taxon "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range"; Threatened = a taxon "likely to
become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range"; Threatened (S/A) = a species
that is threatened due to similarity of appearance with other rare species and is listed for its protection; these species are not
biologically endangered or threatened and are not subject to Section 7 consultation.
Clemmys muhlenbergii (Bog Turtle)
Threatened (Similarity of Appearance)
Family: Emydidae
Date Listed: November 4, 1997
The bog turtle is a small turtle reaching an adult size of approximately 3 to 4 inches. This
otherwise darkly-colored species is readily identifiable by the presence of a bright orange or
yellow blotch on the sides of the head and neck (Martof et al. 1980). The bog turtle has
declined drastically within the northern portion of its range due to over-collection and habitat
alteration. As a result, the USFWS officially proposed in the January 29, 1997 Federal Register
(62 FR 4229) to list bog turtle as threatened within the northern portion of its range, and within
the southern portion of its range, which includes North Carolina, the bog turtle is proposed for
listing as threatened due to similarity of appearance to the northern population. The proposed
listing would allow incidental take of bog turtles in the southern population resulting from
otherwise lawful activity. The bog turtle is typically found in bogs, marshes, and wet pastures,
usually in association with aquatic or semi-aquatic vegetation and small, shallow streams over
soft bottoms (Palmer and Braswell 1995). In North Carolina, bog turtles have a discontinuous
distribution in the Mountains and western Piedmont.
Bog turtles are listed as threatened due to similarity of appearance with another rare species
and is listed for the protection of the other species. These species are not biologically
endangered or threatened and are not subject to Section 7 consultation.
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Alasmidonta raveneliana (Appalachian elktoe)
Endangered
Family: Unionidae
Date Listed: November 23, 1994
Appalachian elktoe is a small, subovate- to kidney-shaped freshwater mussel that grows to
approximately 3.1 inches in length, 1.4 inches in height, and 1.0 inch in width (Clarke 1981).
The shell is thin, but not fragile, and exhibits slight inflation along the posterior ridge near the
center of the shell. Beaks project only slightly above the hinge line. Lateral teeth are absent;
however, the hinge plate of both valves is thickened. Small, pyramidal, compressed
pseudocardinal teeth are present, and an interdental projection is present in the left valve.
Juveniles are yellowish brown, but the periostracum (outer shell surface) is thicker and dark
brown in adults. Individuals may be variably marked with prominent to obscure greenish rays.
The nacre (shell. interior) is shiny, blue to bluish white with salmon, pinkish, or brownish coloring
in the central portion of the shell and beak cavity.
Appalachian elktoe is endemic to the upper Tennessee River system in the mountains of
western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. In North Carolina, this species may now be
restricted to the Little Tennessee and Nolichucky drainages (LeGrand et al. 2004). Recent
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission surveys have documented this species in the
Little Tennessee River in Macon and Swain Counties, Cane River in Yancey County, and
Nolichucky and North Toe Rivers in Yancey and Mitchell Counties. A new population has
recently been found in the Little River near the Henderson-Transylvania County line (personal
communication, Mark Cantrell, USFWS, July 11, 2001). The Pigeon River once supported a
population of this mussel, but now is reported to be severely polluted and no longer likely to
support the species (TSCFTM 1990). Suitable habitat for Appalachian elktoe is comprised of
well-oxygenated riffle areas with sand and gravel substrate among cobbles and boulders.
Current is usually moderate to swift and depth is no more than 3 feet (Parmalee and Bogan
1998).
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: Habitat for Appalachian elktoe exists within the Site in
the form of shallow flowing streams over gravel and cobble substrate; therefore, detailed
surveys will be necessary to determine whether individuals are present prior to initiation
of restoration activities. Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the protection of
surface waters and HQW guidelines (Design Standards in Sensitive Watersheds) would
be strictly enforced during the life of the project. UNRESOLVED
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
Epioblasma capsaeformis (Oyster Mussel)
Endangered
Family: Unionidae
Date Listed: June 14, 2001
The oyster mussel is a small, freshwater mussel reaching approximately 2.1 inches in length.
The shell is dull to sub-shiny and yellowish to green with numerous dark green rays. The nacre
(inside shell surface) is whitish to bluish in color. Shells of females are slightly inflated and
thinner toward the posterior margin. Oyster mussels inhabit small to medium-sized rivers with
sand/gravel substrate, in shallow riffles and fast water less than 3 feet deep (Parmalee and
Bogan 1998). This species is sometimes associated with water willow (Justicia americana) and
is found in gravel pockets between bedrock and swift currents. Four species of fish have been
identified as hosts: spotted darter (Etheostoma maculatum), redline darter (E. rufilineatum),
dusky darter (Percina sciera), and banded sculpin (Cottus carollinae) (USFWS 2000).
The oyster mussel is endemic to the Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages in Alabama,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina. Within North Carolina, the species was
known to have been abundant in the early 1900s in the upper Tennessee River system of the
mountains of western North Carolina and Tennessee. Currently the oyster mussel survives in
nine tributaries of the Tennessee and Cumberland River systems in Kentucky, Tennessee, and
Virginia. This species is now considered to have been "formerly reported" from the French
Broad River (LeGrand and Hall 2004). Much of the historic range of this species has been
impounded by projects of the Tennessee Valley Authority and the USACE. Other populations
have probably been lost due to pollution and siltation. All known populations are small and
vulnerable to disturbance.
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: Habitat for oyster mussel exists within the Site in the
form of shallow flowing streams over gravel and cobble substrate; therefore, detailed
surveys will be necessary to determine whether individuals are present prior to initiation
of restoration activities. BMPs for the protection of surface waters and HQW guidelines
(Design Standards in Sensitive Watersheds) would be strictly enforced during the life of
the project. UNRESOLVED
Sagittaria fasciculata (Bunched Arrowhead)
Endangered
Family: Alismataceae
Date Listed: July 25, 1979
Bunched arrowhead is a perennial, emergent, aquatic herb growing to 14 inches in height with
simple, basal leaves. Two leaf forms are produced: phyllodes (blade-less) early in the season,
and progressively longer, broader leaves later in the season (Kral 1983). The phyllodes are
linear, distinctively flattened, spongy-tissued, and are up to 4 inches long and 0.8 inches wide.
Later leaves may be spoon-shaped or narrowly oblanceolate and strap-like, growing to lengths
of 14 inches and widths of 1.6 inches. Unisexual flowers are borne on an erect flowering stem
in two to four whorls, with each whorl subtended by three bracts fused at the base. Fruits
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
consist of a round aggregate of large, distinctively crested achenes. Flowering has been
reported as occurring in May and June (Kral 1983) to as late as July (Massey et al. 1983), with
fruits present from May through September (Massey et al. 1983). Vegetative portions of the
plant may emerge in April and persist through September (Massey et al. 1983).
Bunched arrowhead is found rooted in shallow water in or along shallow, sluggish streams
flowing through mountain swamps or bogs (Kral 1983). Typical substrate is reported to be
siliceous and micaceous silty muck, often with high sulfide content (Kral 1983). The current
distribution is restricted to Henderson County in the mountains of North Carolina (Amoroso and
Finnegan 2002) and Greenville County in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina (USFWS
1991).
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: Suitable habitat for bunched arrowhead does not exist
within the Site. Site streams are characterized by unsuitable flow velocities and
substrate. The project will not result in adverse effects to populations of bunched
arrowhead. NO EFFECT
Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii [S. jonesh] (Mountain Sweet Pitcher Plant)
Endangered
Family: Sarraceniaceae
Date Listed: September 30, 1988
Mountain sweet pitcher plant is an insectivorous, perennial, hydrophytic herb growing to 30
inches in height with hollow, trumpet-shaped leaves. The pitcher chamber is narrow but
expands sharply along the upper quarter of the length. An ascending, cordate-shaped hood is
held high over the exposed pitcher chamber orifice. Solitary flowers are produced on erect
flowering stems. Petals are dark red to maroon on the outside, with the inner surface often
yellow-green tinged with red. Flowering has been reported from April to June with fruits formed
by August. Vegetative portions of the plant may emerge in April and persist through August
(Massey' et al. 1983). Mountain sweet pitcher plant is treated as a subspecies of the more
common sweet pitcher plant (S. rubra).
Mountain sweet pitcher plant is found in mountain bogs and streamsides along the Blue Ridge
Divide. Populations are usually found in level depressions in floodplains, but a few populations
have been found along waterfalls, on granite rockfaces. Herbs and shrubs dominate, but a few
scattered canopy trees may be present. The current distribution is restricted to Henderson and
Transylvania Counties in the mountains of North Carolina (Amoroso and Finnegan 2002) and
Greenville and Pickens Counties in western South Carolina.
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: Portions of the Site that are proposed for restoration
and/or enhancement do not contain suitable habitat for mountain sweet pitcher plant.
Restoration/enhancement reaches are characterized by livestock pasture adjacent to
relatively large streams. The project will not result in adverse effects to populations of
mountain sweet pitcher plant. NO EFFECT
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
Isotria medeoloides (Small-whorled Pogonia)
Threatened
Family: Orchidaceae
Date Listed: September 10, 1982
The small-whorled pogonia is a terrestrial orchid growing to about 10 inches high. Five or six
drooping, pale dusty green, widely rounded leaves with pointed tips are arranged in a whorl at
the apex of the greenish or purplish, hollow stem. Typically a single, yellowish green, nearly
stalkless flower is produced just above the leaves; a second flower rarely may be present.
Flowers consist of three petals, which may reach lengths of 0.7 inch, surrounded by 3 narrow
sepals up to 1.0 inch in length. Flower production, which occurs from May to July, is followed by
the formation of an erect ellipsoidal capsule 0.7 to 1.2 inches in length (Massey et al. 1983).
This species may remain dormant for periods up to 10 years between blooming periods
(Newcomb 1977).
The small-whorled pogonia is widespread, occurring from southern Maine to northern Georgia,
but is very local in distribution. In North Carolina, this species is found scattered locations in the
Mountains, Piedmont and Sandhills (Amoroso and Finnegan 2002). Small-whorled pogonia is
found in open, dry deciduous, mixed pine-deciduous forest, or along stream banks. Examples
of areas providing suitable conditions (open canopy and shrub layer with a sparse herb layer)
where small-whorled pogonia has been found include old fields, pastures, windthrow areas,
cutover forests, old orchards, and semi-permanent canopy breaks along roads, streams, lakes,
and cliffs (Massey et al. 1983). Habitat forests are generally in second- or third-growth
successional stages. Soils are often sandy or stony, acid, nutrient-poor soils overlain by leaf
litter. Beyond the common characteristics of soils, sparse ground cover and open canopy with
persistent breaks, myriad exceptions, and local variations occur (USFWS 1992). In the
Mountains and Piedmont of North Carolina, this species is usually found in association with
white pine (Pinus strobus) (Weakley 1993).
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: Portions of the Site that are proposed for restoration
and/or enhancement do not contain suitable habitat for small-whored pogonia.
Restoration/enhancement reaches are characterized by livestock pasture characterized
by dense herbaceous cover of planted grasses. These areas are not characterized by
second- or third-growth successional vegetation or dry deciduous/mixed pine-deciduous
forest. The project will not result in adverse effects to populations of small-whorled
pogonia. NO EFFECT
Helonias bullata (Swamp Pink)
Threatened
Family: Liliaceae
Date Listed: September 9, 1988
Swamp pink is a perennial, hydrophytic herb in the lily family with simple leaves in a basal
rosette. Small scale-like leaves or bracts are found on a hollow flowering stem which may be 16
27
Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
inches tall in flower and 24 inches tall in fruit. The inflorescence consists of pink to lavender
flowers borne on a raceme without bracts. Fruits consist of three-lobed papery capsules.
Flowering occurs in April and May, with fruits present from May through July. Vegetative
portions of the plant may emerge in April and persist through September (Massey et al. 1983).
In North Carolina, swamp pink is found in mountain swamps and bogs. Swamp pink occurs
along small watercourses in permanently saturated, acidic, organic soils, or black muck which is
mostly. sphagnous (Porter and Wieboldt 1991). Swamp pink does not tolerate prolonged
inundation, but can survive infrequent and brief flooding. In North Carolina, the current
distribution is restricted to Henderson, Jackson, and Transylvania Counties (Amoroso and
Finnegan 2002).
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: Portions of the Site that are proposed for restoration
and/or enhancement do not contain suitable habitat for swamp pink.
Restoration/enhancement reaches are characterized by livestock pasture characterized
by dense herbaceous cover of planted grasses. The project will not result in adverse
effects to populations of swamp pink. NO EFFECT
Sisyrinchium dichotomum (White Irisette)
Endangered
Family: Iridaceae
Date Listed: September 26, 1991
White irisette is a perennial herb in the iris family that grows to 16 inches tall. Stem leaves are
at least as wide as the winged stem and may reach 5.5 inches long and 0.2 inch wide. Basal
leaves reach one-third to one-half the height of the plant and may be up to 7.5 inches long and
0.14 inch wide. White irisette differs from other blue-eyed grasses by having three to five nodes
with successively shorter internodes between dichotomous branches (USFWS 1995). Four to
six flowers with white, recurved perianth units are borne per spathe. Flowering occurs from late
May through July.
White irisette is found in dry to mesic, open oak-hickory forest on midelevation mountain slopes
at elevations from 1300 to 3300 feet with aspects ranging primarily from southeast to southwest
(USFWS 1995). White irisette grows in shallow, circumneutral soils, especially over weathered
amphibolite. White irisette is reported to grow best on regularly disturbed sites, such as power
lines, roadsides, and woodland edges, which mimic suppressed natural disturbances and
maintain open habitat (USFWS 1995). The current distribution is restricted to Forsyth,
Henderson, Polk, and Rutherford Counties in North Carolina (Amoroso and Finnegan 2002) and
Greenville County in western South Carolina.
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: Portions of the Site that are proposed for restoration
and/or enhancement do not contain suitable habitat for white irisette.
Restoration/enhancement reaches are characterized by livestock pasture characterized
by dense herbaceous cover of planted grasses. These areas are not characterized by
dry to mesic, open oak-hickory forest on midelevation mountain slopes with aspects
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
ranging primarily from southeast to southwest. The project will not result in adverse
effects to populations of white irisette. NO EFFECT
7.2.2 Federal Species of Concern
There are 24 Federal Species of Concern (FSC) listed by the USFWS for Henderson County,
North Carolina. FSC are not afforded federal protection under the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended, and are not subject to any of its provisions, including Section 7, until they
are formally proposed or listed as Threatened or Endangered. An FSC is defined as a species
that is under consideration for listing for which there is insufficient information to support listing.
In addition, FSCs classified as Endangered (E), Threatened (T), or Special Concern (SC) by the
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) list of Rare Plant and Animal Species are
afforded state protection under the North Carolina State Endangered Species Act and the North
Carolina Plant Protection and Conservation Act of 1979, as amended. Table 7 summarizes
FSC listed for Henderson County that are protected by the state.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
T!2hiw 7 Fpriprai Anpr-ies of Concern

Common Name
Scientific Name Potential
Habitat* State
Status****
Eastern small-footed bat Myotis leibii No Sc
Green salamander Aneides aeneus No E
Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Yes SC
Mountain blotched chub Erimystax insignis eristigma Yes SR**
Pygmy salamander Desmognathus wrighti No SR
Southern Appalachian eastern
woodrat Neotoma floridana haematoreia No SC
Yellow-bellied sapsucker (Southern
Appalachian population) Spyapicus varius appalachiensis No SC
Diana fritillary Speyria diana Yes W2
French Broad crayfish Cambarus reburrus Yes SR**
Tennessee heelsplitter Lasmigona holstonia No E
Blue Ridge ragwort Packera millefolium No T***
Bog asphodel Narthecium americanum No E***
Bitternut Juglans cinerea No W5A
Fort Mountain sedge Carex communis var. amplisquama No SR-T
Fraser's loosestrife Lysimachia frasen Yes E**
French Broad heartleaf Hexastylis rhombiformis No SR-L
Gray's lily Ldium grayi Yes T-SC***
Large-flowered Barbara's buttons Marshallia grandiflora No SR-T***
Mountain catchfly Silene ovata No SR-T
Mountain heartleaf Hexastylis contracta No E
New Jersey rush Juncus caesariensis No E
Small-leaved meadow-rue Thalictrum macrostylum No SR-L***
Sweet pinesap Monotropsis odorata No SR-T**
White fringless orchid Platanthera integrilabia No E***
*Potential Habitat: Portions of the Site under review for potential habitat are limited to areas which are proposed for earth moving
activities including restoration and/or enhancement reaches. Areas proposed for preservation are not included in the FSC
habitat review.
** Obscure record - the date and/or location of observation is uncertain.
*** Historic record - the species has not been observed in one of the counties within the last 50 years
****State Status: E = Endangered; T = Threatened; SR = Significantly Rare; SC = Special Concern; W5A = Watch list, category 5A
(rare because of significant decline); -L=limited to North Carolina and adjacent states (endemic or near endemic); b = disjunct
population; T = throughout (these species are rare throughout their ranges [fewer than 100 populations total]) (Franklin and
Finnegan 2004; LeGrand and Hall 2004).
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
The term "cultural resources" refers to prehistoric or historic archaeological sites, structures, or
artifact deposits over 50 years old. "Significant" cultural resources are those that are eligible or
potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Evaluations of site
significance are made with reference to the eligibility criteria of the National Register (36 CFR
60) and in consultation with the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO).
Field visits were conducted on July 28, 2006 to ascertain the presence of structures or features
that may be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. One structure occurs within the
proposed easement; a log cabin with several associated out-structures. Based on
conversations with the landowner, the cabin and out-structures were constructed in the 1940's.
Site implementation is expected to be limited to pastureland and fallow fields. The structure is
contained within mature forest located at the base of Shoal Creek Falls in an area proposed for
preservation. This area is not proposed to be disturbed during Site implementation. No other
structures or features are present within the easement; therefore, we do not anticipate impacts
to known structures that are eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
9.0 REFERENCES
Amoroso, J.L. and J. T. Finnegan. 2002. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Plant
Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks
and Recreation, N.C. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources,
Raleigh. 111 pp.
Clarke, A.H. 1991. The Tribe Alasmidontini (Unionidae: Anodontinae), Part I: Pegias,
Alasmidonta, and Arcidens. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 326. 101 pp.
Cowardin, Lewis M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classifications of Wetlands
and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
Franklin, M.A, and Finnegan, J.T. 2004. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Plant
Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks
and Recreation, N.C. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources,
Raleigh. 111 pp.
Harman, W.A., Wise, D.E., Walker, M.A., Morris, R., Cantrell, M.A., Clemmons, M., Jennings,
G.D., Clinton, D., Patterson, J. 2001. Bankfull Regional Curves for North Carolina
Mountain Streams.
Kral, R. 1983. A Report on Some Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Forest-related Vascular
Plants of the South. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Region, Atlanta, GA. Technical Publication R8-TP 2.1305 pp.
Leopold, L.B. 1994. A View of the River. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA. 298 pp.
Lee, M.T., R.K. Peet, S.D. Roberts, and T.R. Wentworth. 2006. CVS-EEP Protocol for
Recording Vegetation, Level 1-2 Plot Sampling Only. Ecosystem Enhancement
Program, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 11 pp.
LeGrand, H.E., Jr., S.P. Hall, and J.T. Finnegan. 2004. Natural Heritage Program List of the
Rare Animal Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program,
Division of Parks and Recreation, N.C. Department of Environment, Health and Natural
Resources, Raleigh. 67 pp.
Martof, B.S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, and J.R. Harrison III. 1980. Amphibians and Reptiles of
the Carolinas and Virginia. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 264
PP.
32
Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
Massey, J.R., D.K.S. Otte, T.A. Atkinson, and R.D. Whetstone. 1983. An Atlas and Illustrated
Guide to the Threatened and Endangered Plants of the Mountains of North Carolina and
Virginia. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina. 218 pp.
Newcomb, L. 1977. Newcomb's Wildflower Guide. Little, Brown, and Company, Boston, MA.
490 pp.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ). 2001a. Benthic Macroinvertebrate
Monitoring Protocols for Compensatory Mitigation. 401/Wetlands Unit, Department of
Environment and Natural Resources. Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ). 2001b. Watershed Restoration Plan for
the French Broad River Basin. Department of Environment, Health and Natural
Resources. Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ). 2004. Draft North Carolina Water Quality
Assessment and Impaired Waters List (2004 Integrated 305(b) and 303(d) Report).
Public Review (online). Available:
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/tmdl/documents/20041RCategories4-7.PDF [August 25, 2006].
North Carolina Department of Environment and. Natural Resources, Raleigh, North
Carolina.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ). 2005. French Broad River Basinwide
Water Quality Plan. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources.
Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ). 2006a. Draft North Carolina Water Quality
Assessment and Impaired Waters List (2006 Integrated 305(b) and 303(d) Report).
Public Review (online). Available:
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/tmdI/documents/2006303dListPublicReviewDraft.pdf [August
25, 2006]. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh,
North Carolina.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ). 2006b. Standard Operating Procedures for
Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Biological Assessment Unit, Department of Environment
and Natural Resources. Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP). 2001. Watershed Restoration Plan
for the French Broad River Basin (online). Available:
http://www.nceep.net/services/restplans/french%20broad%202001.pdf [August 25,
2006]. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh,
North Carolina.
Palmer, W.M. and A.L. Braswell. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. The University of North
Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 412 pp.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
Parmalee, P.W. and A.E. Bogan. 1998. The Freshwater Mussels of Tennessee.
University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 328 pp.
Porter, D.M., and T.F. Wieboldt. 1991. Vascular Plants. Pp.51-171 in: K. Terwilliger (ed.),
Virginia's Endangered Species: Proceedings of a Symposium. The McDonald and
Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, Virginia. 672 pp.
Rosgen, D. 1996a. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology (Publisher). Pagosa
Springs, Colorado
Rosgen, D. 1996b. "Classification of Natural Rivers: Reply to the comments by J.R. Miller and
J.B. Ritter." Catena. 27:301-307
Schafale, M and Weakley, A. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of North
Carolina, Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of
Parks and Recreation. Raleigh, North Carolina
State Climate Office of North Carolina (SCONC). 2006. North Carolina Climate Retrieval and
Observations Network of the Southeast Database. (online). Available: http://www.nc-
climate.ncsu.edu/cronos/ (March 5, 2006]. State Climate Office of North Carolina,
Raleigh, North Carolina.
The Scientific Council on Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks (TSCFTM). 1990. A Report on
the Conservation Status of North Carolina's Freshwater and Terrestrial Molluscan Fauna.
283 pp.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).1992. Small Whorled Pogonia (Isotria
medeoloides) Recovery Plan, First Revision. Newton Corner, MA. 75 pp.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1995. White Irisette Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Georgia. 22 pp.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2000. Endangered and Threatened Mussels
in North Carolina. Oyster Mussels in North Carolina. Available:
http://nc-es.fws.gov/mussel/oystermuss.html [October, 23, 2000]. United States Fish and
Wildlife Service.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2001. Threatened and Endangered Species
System. (online). Available: http://www.fws.gov/nc%2Des/es/. United States Fish and
Wildlife Service.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, United States Environmental Protection Agency, North
Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, North Carolina Division of Water Quality. 2003
Stream Mitigation Guidelines.
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Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus Restoration Systems, LLC
Weakley, A. S. 1993. Orchidaceae (Orchid Family): Isotria Rafinesque (Whorled Pogonia,
Five-leaves, Fiveleaf Orchid). P. 491 in: Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas and Virginia,
Working Draft of 22 October 1993.
Weakley, A. S. 1993. Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas and Virginia. Working Draft of
November 1993. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and
Recreation, Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. 575 pp.
35
Shoal Falls Farm Mitigation Bank Prospectus . Restoration Systems, LLC
APPENDIX A
FIGURES
C Directions to the Site
,: From Hendersonville go West on Kanuga Road
'-T Kanuga Road turns into Crab Creek Road
Site is approximately 7 miles from Hendersonville

,E Afe r
4a on left just before Dupont Road 1?' R ?-
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SITE LOCATION
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Site Location Mountain Home view
°t° 'Horse"Shoe D R S O
within 14-Digit Cataloging Unit ^
st 06010105010080 G Balfour a Ridge R;
r ana
Port Et vat, e' 'Henderso 'Ile
F,
Stan re; Laurel r mill
;f
Tuckasegee Park.: f Spring
^ Penros latck
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T R'A N S- Y?C N [ A Valhalla
Big RidgMef oseS9U on
$elic
_•` Dwn. by:
2126 Rowland Pond Dr USGS HYDROLOGIC UNIT MAP Ckd by: WGL FIGURE
i Willow Spring, NC 27592 WGL
[phone] SHOAL FALLS FARM MITIGATION BANK Data:
[phone] fax Henderson County, North Carolina Au 200s
-? Protect:
salon, e„vne,nuiuni 05-002.31
11
N
`"

C ( t( l `! (l u.
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i Q<?/.
L ,
* .?n* Ther t?letwooe*y
N? Legend
O Easement = 12 acres t L?f1
Drainage Area Crab Creek = 6.4 sq mi
Feet 4 / C\KY\ a -Drainage Area Shoal Creek = 2.3 sq mi
0 8001,600 3,200 4,800 6,400
ir.
- ----- - - -----
w.y,
Dwn. By: FIGURE
2126 Rowaind Pond Dr. DRAINAGE AREA WGL
Willow Spring, NC 27592
[phone] SHOAL FALLS FARM MITIGATION BANK DateAUG2006
[phone](fax) Henderson County, North Carolina Project:
05-002.31
Aaiem I:nvironm.mnl
Dwn. By, , FIGURE
2126 Rowalnd Pond Dr. TOPOGRAPHY
Willow Spring, NC 27592 Date:
[phone] SHOAL FALLS FARM MITIGATION BANK AUG2006
[phone] (fax) Henderson County, North Carolina Project:
•05-002.31

Dwn. By:WGL FIGURE
2126 RowaInd Pond Dr. EXISTING CONDITIONS Willow 1693 27592 SHOAL FALLS FARM MITIGATION BANK Date.
(919) 21155--1693
AUG2006 5
/ (919)
[phone] (fax) Henderson County, North Carolina Project:
05-002.31

Legend
Q Easement = 24 acres
¦ ¦ ¦ Stream Restoration = 4380 ft
Stream Enhance II = 450 ft
¦ ¦ ¦ Stream Enhance 1 = 470 ft
Stream Pres = 2510 ft
- Stream Crossings
14?, 7 0 580 870 1,160
Feet

Axiom Environmental, Inc.
2126 Rowland Pond or
Willow Spring, NC 27592
[phone]
[phone] fax
own. by.
WGL FIGURE

Date

AUG 2006 6
Project
05-002.31
f
,e-CHANNEL
BANK
/
FABR C
HEA
STC
NOTE:
HEADER AND FOOTER 87ONES ARE LARGE. ANGULAR BOULDERE
MEASURING A MINIMUM OF 2,P ALONG THE SHORTEST DIMENSIOI
CHANNEL
BANK--FCC
STC
Axiom Environmental, Inc.
NOTES/REVISIONS
SCOUR
POOL
PLAN VIEW
REACH
CRAB CREEK
SHOAL CREEK
NOTE:
HEADERAND FOOTER STONESARE LARGE, ANGULAR BOULDER
MEASURINGA MINIMUM OF 24" ALONG THE SHORTEST DIMENSIC

PLAN VIEW
1..\Figures\Typica1s2.dgn 8/29/2006 4:43:23 PM
Project:
SHOAL FALLS FARM
MITIGATION BANK
Henderson County
North Carolina
RT PRJNG
SHOULD BE CUT
rHETOP LOG.
DRIVE REBAR
AND BEND ENDS.
PLACED WITH LAG
? %L OF THE ENGINEER.
Title:
TYPICAL
STRUCTURE
DETAILS
Scale: FIGURE NO.
NO SCALE
Date: 7
AUG 2008
Project No.:
06-002.31
NOTE:
WADER AND FOOTER STONES ARE LARGE, ANGULAR BOULDERS
MEASURING AMINIMUM OF 24'ALONG THE SHORTEST DIMENSION.
\ O
CHANNEL
HEADER
/-CHANNEL STONE
C BANK
`Z FABRR
FOOTER \
A ` ELEVATIONA,A STONE
2030 fen
CHAWNEL
BANI(-?
SCOUR
POOL
PLAN VIEW
HEADER
STONE
FOOTER
STONE
BACK FILL
TO GRADE
EXIST. FU
FILTER FABRIC
TYPICAL J-HOOK VANE
REACH ARM LENGTH (FT.) CHANNEL DEPTH (FT.)
CRAB CREEK 1B 2A
SHOALCREEK 18 1.8
NOTE;
HEADERAND FOOTER STONESARE LARGE, ANGULAR BOULDERS
MEASURING AMINIMUM OF 2'r ALONG THE SHORTEST DIMENSION.
A
PLAN VIEW
NNEL
K
R STONE
ROCK FILL
E)
?WH?E roN
RE NEEDED
TYPICAL CROSS VANE
PROFILE B•B
PROFILE B4L
ROCK FILL
(Y67 STONE)
WHERE NEEDED
POE- GROUND
FILTER FABRIC
POOL
i
r
PLAN VIEW
BACKFLL
SUPPORT
PILINGS WI
GALVANIZED
SPIKES OR
TIE RODS
AXlom Environmental, Inc. I
? ??LSU 1:! l5
JAN 2 2007
ft-T AWSAND TONWA RITY
NOTES/REVISIONS
TYPICAL LOG VANE
Title:
TYPICAL
04 jiBAR STRUCTURE
CLOSE-UP OF SUPPORT PILING DETAILS
SUPPORT PILINGS SHOULD BE CUT
SLIGHTLY BELOW THE TOP LOG.
AFTER PLACING LQGS,OR"RERAR Scale: FIGURE NO.
THROUGH LOOS AND BEND ENDS. NO SCALE
VANE LOG REBAR MAY BE REPLACED WITH LAG
SOLT WITH APPRWAL OF THE ENGINEER. Date:
AUG 2008
Project No.:
OB-002.31
SECTION"
I \FiureskT icals 2.dgn 8/29/2006 4:43:23 PM
NOTES:
I. EXPOSED VANE OCCUPIES 1/3 OF THE BANKFULL WIDTH OF
THE CHANNEL.
2. SUPPORT PILINGS SHALL BE PENCIL SHARPENED, UNTREATED,
PEELED, AMIMMUM OF 4INCHES N TOPDWNETER,AND B FEET LONG,
9. LOOS SHALL CONSIST OF NATIVE HARDWOOD SPECIES, RELATIVELY
STRAIGHT WITH AMINIMUM DIAMETER OF 15INCHES AND
APPROXIMATELY 35 FEET IN LENGTH.
4. USE FILTER FABRIC TO SEAL GAPS BETWEEN LOGS.
VEGETATION
TRANSPLANTS
OR LIVE STAKING
1 CROSS SECTION
4ck Ix
BURIED
Loa
VEGETATION
TRANSPLANTS
OR LIVE STA1 NG
F. FLOW
Project:
SHOAL FALLS FARM
MITIGATION BANK
Henderson County
North Carolina
ELEVATIONAA STONE"
RE: Shoals Falls Farm Mitigation Bank - Jan. 19th (UNCLASSIFIED)
Subject: RE: Shoals Falls Farm Mitigation Bank - Jan. 19th (UNCLASSIFIED)
From: "Jones, Amanda D SAW" <[e-mail]>
Date: Wed, 17 Jan 2007 14:42:56 -0500
To: "Eric Kulz" <[e-mail]>
Classification: UNCLASSIFIED
Caveats: NONE
It normally takes about 4 hours to get here from Raleigh.
Directions: Head west on I-40, take exit for I-240, take Haywood
St./Montford St. exit, make a left at the light and cross over 240, as soon
as you cross over the bridge the road T's so you make another left and then
your first immediate right onto French Broad Avenue. When you turn onto
French Broad, the tall building in front of you with the gated parking is our
building. Make the first left onto Otis and the gate entrance is on the
right. You'll have to buzz the guards and tell them you're here to see the
Corps. I'll try to reserve you a visitor spot. If they give you a hard time,
there's a parking deck on the other side of Otis.
Our physical address is
151 Patton Ave. Room 208, Asheville 28801
Here's a link from Mapquest.
http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?searchtype=address&country=US&addtohisto
ry=&searchtab=home&formtype=address&popflag=0&latitude=&longitude=&name=&phon
e=&level=&cat=&address=151+Patton+Avenue&city=Asheville&state=NC&zipcode=2880
1
My office number is 828-271-7980 x.231 or if you can't reach me our admin
staff is at x. 221 or 228
-----Original Message-----
From: Eric Kulz [mailto:eric.kulz@ncmail
Sent: Wednesday, January 17, 2007 12:02
To: Jones, Amanda D SAW
PM
Subject: Re: Shoals Falls Farm Mitigation Bank - Jan. 19th
Amanda:
Please provide instructions to your office; we'll meet you there by 11:15.
Any idea how long a drive it is from Raleigh?
Eric
Jones, Amanda D SAW wrote:
Looks like Jan.19th will work for everyone. Let's say 12:00 on-site
since we've got some folks making a day-trip from Raleigh. If anyone
wants to meet at my office and carpool, I'll be leaving here around
11:15. Just let me know if you need directions to the office. I'm
putting a copy of the Prospectus in the mail today to everyone which
includes directions to the site. See everyone on the 19th and Happy
Holidays.
/Amanda D. Jones/
/Regulatory Specialist/
1U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/
/Asheville Regulatory Field Office/
/151 Patton Avenue, Room 208/
net]
i of 9 1/17/2007 2:46 PM
RE: Shoals Falls Farm Mitigation Bank - Jan. 19th (UNCLASSIFIED)
/Asheville, NC 28801-5006/
/828-271-7980 ext. 231/
/fax: [phone]/
Eric W. Kulz
Environmental Specialist
401 Oversight and Express Permitting Unit
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Suite 250
Raleigh, NC 27604
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Classification: UNCLASSIFIED
Caveats: NONE
7 1 i 1 '7 PI nn•7 I. A C TYK X
Iving Directions from 2321 Crabtree Blvd, Raleigh, NC to US Army Corps of Engineer... Page 1 of 3
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AP
2321 Crabtree Blvd US Army Corps of Engineers:
Raleigh, NC 27604-2260, US 828-271-7980
151 Patton Ave # 208, Asheville, NC
28801, US
Total Est. Time: Total Est. Distance:
4 hours, 3 minutes 251.72 miles
Maneuvers _ Distance
1: Start out going NORTHWEST on CRABTREE BLVD toward TIMBER DR. 0.4 miles
¢Y; 2: Turn RIGHT onto CAPITAL BLVD / US-401 N. 0.8 miles
3: Merge onto I-440 W toward SANFORD. 6.8 miles
4: Take EXIT 4B toward I-40 W / RDU INTL AIRPORT / DURHAM. 0.4 miles
5: Merge onto RALEIGH-CHAPEL HILL EXPY. 2.8 miles
6: RALEIGH-CHAPEL HILL EXPY becomes I-40 W. 61.5 miles
7: Keep RIGHT to take I-40 W / I-85 BR S via EXIT 131 toward US-70 /
GREENSBORO / WINSTON-SALEM. 7.6 miles
8: Keep RIGHT to take I-40 W via EXIT 36A toward WINSTON-SALEM 165.7 miles
9: Merge onto I-240 W via EXIT 53B toward ASHEVILLE. 4.8 miles
10: Take the MONTFORD AVE exit- EXIT 4C- toward HAYWOOD ST. 0.1 miles
EX IT]
__Z?
........ .......
11: Turn LEFT onto MONTFORD AVE.
<0.1 miles
12: Turn LEFT onto HAYWOOD ST.
13: Turn RIGHT onto N FRENCH BROAD AVE.
<0.1 miles
0.1 miles
14: Turn LEFT onto PATTON AVE.
<0.1 miles
15: End at US Army Corps of Engineers:
151 Patton Ave # 208, Asheville, NC 28801, US
Total Est. Time: 4 hours, 3 minutes Total Est. Distance: 251.72 miles
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151 Patton Ave
Asheville NC
28801-2638 US
Notes:

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