20100563 Ver 1_Restoration Plan_20020301

Technical Proposal for:
FULL DELIVERY PROJECT
TO PROVIDE STREAM AND WETLAND MITIGATION IN
THE TAR-PAMLICO RIVER BASIN
CATALOGING UNIT 03020104
Acre Swamp Creek
Stream and Wetland Restoration

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Submitted to:
i;. NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
??`• ? iUi\`?iClil
& NATURAL RESOURCES
Ecosystem Enhancement Program
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MSP-06-004
Submitted by:
i + THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP, INC.
1513 Walnut Street, Suite 250
Cary, NC 27511
h, NC 27604
December 13, 2005
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V1 j'lr rf . AND S' ORMWI ? FIRANr,Mi
PART 4 TECHNICAL APPROACH
4.1 Introduction
• Project Location
The Acre Swamp Creek site drains in a southerly direction into Acre Swamp. Acre Swamp ultimately
discharges into Pungo River, which has a confluence with the Tar River in Pamlico Sound. The following
discussion provides a description of the site in the context of the greater drainage basin that
encompasses the site and provides a connection between the site and its watershed with respect to water
quality and sensitive areas.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin: The 76-acre Acre Swamp Creek site is located in Beaufort County in the Tar-
Pamlico River Basin, USGS Hydrologic Unit 03020104 (Figure 1). The basin covers a land area of 5,571
square miles, and contains 2,566 stream miles. The Tar River originates in north central North Carolina
and flows toward the southeast, until it reaches tidal waters near Washington and becomes the Pamlico
River. The Pamlico River is a tidal estuary that flows into the Pamlico Sound, which is part of the
USEPA's National Estuary Program.
The population of the counties that comprise the Tar-Pamlico River Basin are expected to grow to almost
one million people by 2020. According to the Basinwide Water Quality Plan for the Tar-Pamlico River
Basin, there will be increased drinking water demands and wastewater discharges, as well as a
concurrent loss of natural areas and increases in impervious surfaces associated with development. The
entire basin was designated as Nutrient Sensitive Waters (NSW) in 1989 in response to the problems
associated with nutrient loading and the resulting eutrophication (NCDENR, 2003). Beaufort County is
one of five counties in the basin that is required to develop and implement stormwater management plans
because of their development trends and potential nutrient contributions to the Pamlico Estuary. There
are 60 (77 MGD total) registered water withdrawals in the Tar-Pamlico River basin. Thirty-nine (36 MGD)
are agricultural and 21 (41 MGD) are nonagricultural. Fifty-one of these are surface water withdrawals
Pamlico River Subbasin 03-03-07: The Acre Swamp Creek site is located in the Pamlico River
Subbasin 03-03-07, which covers 1,190 square miles (see Figure 2). Estuarine streams are dominant in
this subbasin, with freshwater streams limited to the headwaters of estuarine creeks, such as the location
of the Acre Swamp Creek site, and the East Dismal Swamp. The Pamlico River Subbasin, which
encompasses the Acre Swamp Creek site, has the following characteristics and designations.
Pollution Sources within the Subbasin
Wastewater discharges as well as discharges from processing plants, animal operations,
agricultural lands, and developed areas contribute pollution to the Pamlico. Most of the permitted
wastewater flow to the Tar-Pamlico River Basin is from major municipal treatment plants.
Subbasin 03-03-07 has 20 facilities with NPDES permits to discharge wastewater into its
waterways (NCDENR, 2003). In addition, there are 18 registered animal operations in this
subbasin. Industry includes the PCS phosphate mine, located near the town of Aurora. The
mine is the largest of the four major dischargers in this subbasin. Approximately 26 percent of
the subbasin is agricultural land, which contribute pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus,
which have been applied as fertilizer and are brought down into watersheds by soil erosion.
The estuary from Washington downstream to the Pungo River has experienced degradation from
excessive nutrient loadings. Nitrogen concentrations have been associated with nonpoint source
runoff in the upper part of the Pamlico River (near the Town of Washington) and in the Pungo
River. Elevated phosphorus concentrations were associated with the PCS effluent, although
concentrations decreased sharply in the Pamlico River after facility upgrading in 1992 (NCDENR,
2003). Algal blooms have been documented throughout the estuary, presumably due to loadings
of excess nutrients.
Water Supply Watershed
Acre Swamp is not located in a water supply watershed; however, the site drains into the Pamlico
Sound, which is classified as SA for shellfish harvesting.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 22 of 53
TAR-PAMLICO RIVER BASIN
CATALOGING UNIT 03020104
03020102
03020101
03020103
A
ACRE SWAMP CREEK
SITE
03020104
03020105
0 10 20
Miles
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
HUC LOCATION
Source:
HUC Data - USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
THE LOUIS 6ERGER GROUP FIGURE 1
1513 Walnut Street, Su3e 250
Cary, NC 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 23 of 53
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3-03-04
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0?2 ACRE SWAMP CREEK
03-03 SITE
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Tar-Pamlico River Basin
0 10 20
Miles
Legend
Subbasin Boundary
0 Targeted Local Watersheds
Source:
HUC Data - USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
NCDENR - Targeted Local Watersheds in the Tar-Pamlico River Basin.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
Subbasin 03-03-07
Targeted Watershed
03020104110010
THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGU R E 2
1513 Walnut Street, Sule 250
Cary, NC 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 24 of 53
303d-Listed Stream or Watershed
There are two 303-d listed streams in Subbasin 03-03-07. Kennedy Creek and Jack Creek are
both listed for impaired biological integrity. Although Acre Swamp is not listed as impaired, it has
been characterized as being heavily channelized, with eroding streambanks, no riparian zone and
little instream habitat (NCDENR, 2003)
NCWRP Targeted Watershed
The Acre Swamp site is located within a Targeted Local Watershed.
Natural Heritage Area
A Natural Heritage Area is an area that contains one or more threatened or endangered species
or wildlife species in need of conservation. The Natural Heritage Program has identified over 100
individual natural areas in the Tar-Pamlico River basin. Acre Swamp is located approximately 5
miles from Van Swamp, a 3500-acre, high quality Nonriverine Swamp Forest recently protected
by the Wildlife Resources Commission. Broad Creek Marshes and Forests, and Pantego
Wetlands, two other Natural Heritage areas, are approximately 6 miles from the site.
Acre Swamp Creek Site Watershed: The Acre Swamp Creek site has a total drainage area of
approximately 220 acres (0.34 square miles) at the inception of the proposed stream and approximately
370 acres (0.58 square miles) at the point where the proposed stream discharges at the southwest corner
of the site. The watershed is characterized by agricultural land (row crops) and pine plantations, with few
roads or residences (Figure 3). The project site is located south of Windley Canal Road and north of the
intersection of Ripp Highway and Terra Ceia Road (Figure 4). Less than one percent of the watershed is
covered by impervious surface. Nonpoint sources of pollution within the watershed primarily include
chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides and loose soil (sediment). Storm water runoff carrying these
pollutants is rapidly transported downstream through the extensive network of ditches throughout the
watershed.
• Site Description
The Acre Swamp Creek site is characterized by a network of ditches and canals that empty into Acre
Swamp. The original stream channel was ditched, filled, and redirected by the construction of an
extensive ditch network across the site (Figure 5). Photos 1 and 2 represent the current physical state of
the site. Remnants of the original stream channel are no longer visible; however, evidence of its prior
existence is present from soil survey mapping. Anecdotal testimony about a great flood in the 1960s
overflowing the ditches provides evidence suggesting that the ditching was done in the early 1960's at the
latest.
Land use within the 76-acre project site consists of three primary land uses. Approximately 60 acres of
the site is in the form of agricultural fields used for row crops including corn, grains, soybeans, and
numerous species of flower bulbs. The remaining 7 acres on the northeastern portion of the site have
been timbered within the last decade. These acres are in a state of transition and the most prevalent
species observed was red maple (Acer rubrum). Both of the previously wooded areas are bordered by
drainage ditches that flow east into the ditch and canal system that drains the agricultural land and
eventually drain into Acre Swamp.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 25 of 53
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Drainage Area at Terminousof Proposed Channel (370 ac)
® Drainage Area at Inception of Proposed Channel (220 ac)
Source:
Base Mapping. 7 5 Minute USGS Topographic Map,
Pinetown, NC Ouadrangle
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
Drainage Area
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Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 26 (?1 '53
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ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
USGS Site Location
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Tai-Pamlico River Bosin SIJ•eam rind IVellcind Resloralion Page 27 of 53
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Photo 1: A ditch confluence adjacent to the wooded lot on drained Muckalee silt loam, south of the farm
access road. The area is proposed for stream restoration.
Photo 2: A ditch confluence adjacent to the wooded lot on drained Muckalee silt loam, north of the farm
access road. View of upslope limit of the proposed riverine wetland restoration.
7'ar-Pamlrro River Basin Stream and [Yetland Restoration Page 29 (?1 '53
¦ Soils
The Acre Swamp Creek site is located within the Mid-Atlantic Flatwoods Ecoregion. This Ecogegion is
characterized by flat plains on lightly dissected marine terraces; swamps and low gradient streams with
sandy and silty substrates. The Soil Survey of Beaufort County, North Carolina (USDA-SCS) indicates
that the soils within the project area consist of three soil series/map units: Muckalee loam, Rains sandy
loam and Torhunta sandy loam (Table 1, Figure 6). All of these soil series are classified as hydric.
Review of the NRCS soils map indicates that the historical stream channel on-site was most likely
associated with the Muckalee soil series described below.
Muckalee loam, frequently flooded (Me)
These nearly level, very deep, poorly drained soils are on floodplains. They formed in loamy and
sandy alluvial sediments. They have a loamy surface layer. The underlying materials are loamy
or sandy. Permeability is moderate and shrink-swell potential is low. Seasonal high water table
is within a depth of 1.0 foot. These soils are subject to frequent flooding at brief durations and are
indicative of riverine wetlands. Frequent, with regard to flooding, is defined by the NRCS as likely
to occur often under normal weather conditions, the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in
any year but less than 50 percent in all months in any year. Brief, with regard to flooding, is
defined by the NRCS as inundation lasting for 2 to 7 days. NRCS data for this soil type indicates
typical flooding, as previously described, in the months of November through May.
Rains sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slope (Ra)
This soil mapping unit consists very deep, fine-earth fraction textured soils. These poorly drained
soils are located in flats or depressions in lower to upper coastal plains with negligible runoff. The
surface layer consists of very dark gray to light brownish gray sandy loam 12 inches thick, while
the subsurface layer consists of gray sandy loam. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 0
to 12 inches during the months of December to April.
Torhunta sandy loam (Tr)
These nearly level, very deep, very poorly drained soils are on smooth flats and in depressions
on uplands and terraces. They formed in loamy marine and alluvial sediments. They have a
loamy surface layer and subsoil. Permeability is moderately rapid and shrink-swell potential is
low. Seasonal high water table is within a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 feet.
TABLE 1
PROJECT AREA SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
Map
Unit
Soil Name Percent
Slope
Drainage Characteristics Depth to SHWT
(inches) Hydric
Soil
Symbol
Me Muckalee silt loam 0 to 2 Poorly drained 0 to 12 Yes
Ra Rains sandy loam 0 to 2 Poorly drained 0 to 12 Yes
Ru Torhunta sandy loam 0 to 2 Very poorly drained 6 to 18 Yes
SHWT= Seasonal High Water Table.
During the field investigation, numerous soil pits were dug across the site and the soil profile and depth to
groundwater examined. The extent of hydric soils mapped by the NRCS was corroborated by the field
investigation. It was apparent from the soil profiles that the Muckalee soils were more extensive than
previously mapped on the site. The depth to saturated soil ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 feet from the surface.
The groundwater depth was closely tied to the water surface elevation within the nearby ditches,
indicating that observed flow in the drainage features is due primarily to groundwater discharge.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 30 of 53
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Q Soils
Me - Muckalee loan, frequently flooded (Hydric Criteria 2133)
Ra - Rains fine sandy loam (Hydric Criteria 293)
Tr - Torhunta sandy loam (Hydric Criteria 293)
Si NfC eS
Base Mapping- NCDOT.1998
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO Database, Beaufort County, NC, 2004
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
NRCS Soils Map
?E LOUIS BERGER GP OUP FIGURE
walrat Street, Swle -'% -
? ?, NC 27511 Dec. 200'
Tar•-Pandico River 13asin Sh•eam and Wedand Resloralion
Page 31 of 53

• Expected Ecological Benefits and Goals
The restoration goals of the proposed project focus on the benefits obtained from restoring the pattern,
dimension, and profile of a headwater stream, reconnecting the stream to its floodplain, and restoring
adjacent riverine wetlands within the streams floodplain. The benefits include protecting and improving
water quality, improving aquatic and terrestrial wildlife habitat, reducing downstream flooding by
increasing flood storage, restoring groundwater and surface water contributions to extensive wet
hardwood forests, and restoring, reconnecting, and protecting valuable wildlife habitat.
To achieve the restoration goals, Berger proposes to restore a minimum of 7,000 linear feet of an E-
channel stream and restore 30 acres of riverine wetlands within the 76-acre site. The original stream
channel and adjacent riverine wetlands have been altered and filled through the construction of an
extensive ditch network over the past 60 years to facilitate farming activities. Berger will plug the ditches
at strategic locations and redirect surface flow through a restored channel with an appropriate dimension,
pattern, and profile to transport water and sediment in order to achieve dynamic equilibrium. The resultant
reconnection of the stream to its floodplain will provide for flood attenuation as well as restore surface
hydrology to restored riverine wetlands. The higher channel elevation and increased sinuosity will serve
to restore groundwater hydrology within existing hydric soils as well. Water quality benefits will be
achieved by increasing residence time of surface water runoff within a properly functioning stream and
wetland system as well as through the conversion of cropland to riparian corridors and riverine wetlands.
As a result of this project, wildlife habitat benefits will also be achieved through the restoration of forested
riverine wetlands and stream buffers. Restoring a forested riparian corridor will also provide additional
forest habitat as well as provide a connection between the larger wet hardwood forests to the north of the
site and the extensive forested wetlands and uplands to the south of the site.
¦ Threatened and Endangered Species
Part of the restoration goals proposed for the project location is the restoration of valuable wetland and
wildlife habitat. The riverine forested wetland, riparian corridor, and stream habitat that is to be restored
will provide suitable habitat for a variety of wildlife, potentially including state threatened and significantly
rare species. Species that are known to occur in Beaufort County or downstream of the site are discussed
below.
Sensitive jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) is a state threatened plant species that thrives in
freshwater to slightly brackish tidal marshes and wet ditches. Restoration activities will produce suitable
habitat for this species. The habitat that will be created will also be favorable for the Dismal Swamp
Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi helaletes), which prefer low pocosins and early succession
wetlands, as well as a species of mayfly (Baetisca becks). Valuable habitat will be created that could
potentially support the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) which is found in savannas, seepage bogs,
pocosin edges, and is recorded to occur in Beaufort County. The location of Acre Swamp Creek will likely
improve water quality for species such as Triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulate), a threatened
invertebrate found in riverine systems, and the dwarf wedge mussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) and Tar
spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana), which are endangered in the Tar River Basin. .
The expected ecological benefits and goals associated with the Acre Swamp Creek site serve to meet
objectives consistent with the resource protection objectives detailed in the Basinwide Assessment
Report, 2003, and will address specific degradation issues with the targeted watershed of the Tar-
Pamlico River Subbasin 03-03-07..
• Restoration Approach
The proposed wetland and stream restoration concept for the Acre Swamp Creek site is to restore the
pre-existing hydrology to the drained hydric soils and create new, stable stream channel with the
appropriate dimension, pattern, and profile to transport perennial flow and sediment, as well as provide an
accessible floodplain. Reconnecting the stream to the floodplain will restore the seasonal overbank
flooding that will provide the hydrology for the riverine wetlands.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 32 of 53
The design of the proposed channel involved an iterative approach. The channel dimension, pattern, and
profile presented in this section is derived from regional curve data and refined by evaluation of the
design against restoration goals, site conditions, and site constraints. The restoration approach involves
plugging and filling ditches, constructing a stable stream channel, and planting native species along the
stream banks and within the upland/wetland riparian buffer/bottomland forest. Berger proposes to restore
approximately 7,000 linear feet of the Acre Swamp tributary at the site. Approximately 16 acres of stream
buffer would be planted to hardwood trees and shrubs.
A riverine wetland restoration concept is presented in this proposal. The main source of water supporting
the wetland will be from overtopping of the proposed stream banks and flooding of the riverine wetlands
from this fluvial water source. The hydrology of the site and the hydraulics of the proposed channel will be
modeled to determine the extent and frequency of overbank flooding from the proposed channel into the
wetland. In addition, groundwater monitoring wells will be installed and monitored during the initial stages
of the project to determine groundwater contributions. The extent of hydric soils will be mapped across
the site by a professional soil scientist.
Using this data, the restoration design will be refined to restore site hydrology to its former wetland
hydroperiod. This would be accomplished through the plugging and filling of the existing ditch network
and minor regrading to reintroduce microtopography to slow surface water movement across the site,
mimic natural topographic diversity in wetlands, and improve tree establishment. An oak-dominated
hardwood forest community would be established through a planting program within wetlands to be
restored. As shown in the Restoration Concept in Figure 7, it is estimated that 30 acres of riverine
forested wetlands could be restored through this approach. This figure excludes the stream buffer
acreage.
STREAM MITIGATION UNITS (SMUS) GENERATED FROM PROPOSED PROJECT
Mitigation Type Ratio Feet SMUs
Restoration 1:1 7,000 7,000
Enhancement Level 1 1.5:1
Enhancement Level II 2.5:1
Preservation 5:1
Upland NA
Total 7,000 7,000

WETLAND MITIGATION UNITS (WMUS) GENERATED FROM PROPOSED PROJECT
Mitigation Type Ratio Acres WMUs
Restoration 1:1 30 30
Creation 3:1
Enhancement 2:1
Preservation 5:1
Upland NA 46
Total 76 30
Feasibility Assessment
Berger conducted an initial feasibility assessment to support the development of the stream and wetland
restoration design, and identify site constraints. The feasibility assessment included the following:
A field inspection of the site to verify land use;
Characterization of existing topography by surveying transects across the site using a
laser level;
- Assessment of drainage features and the direction of drainage flow, which was applied to
the delineation of the watershed of the site;
Verification of the presence and extent of mapped soil types and groundwater depth; and
An assessment of existing vegetative communities, wetlands and habitat features.
The assessment confirmed the suitability of the site for wetland and stream restoration. See Photos 3 and
4 depicting site investigation activities.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 33 of 53
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Photos 3: Photograph of laser level survey of site. Looking south at the culvert under the farm access
road. Restored stream would be conveyed under the access road with a new culvert system that provides
appropriate conveyance of flows and sediment.
Photo 4: Drained hydric soils at soil boring Q. Soil boring taken in the south east corner of the proposed
riverine wetland area. The soil survey indicates that this area is Raines fine sandy loam- however, soils
characteristics observed at this location matched the profile of the Muckalee soils during the field survey.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and !Wetland Restoration Page 35 of 53
Riverine Wetland Restoration Area Determination
The proposed wetland area will be restored adjacent to a restored stream channel. The entire area is
underlain by hydric, alluvial soils of the Muckalee loam series that were developed as a result of fluvial
conditions, which supports the hypothesis that a historical stream channel and riverine wetlands were
located on the site prior to the construction of the extensive ditch network. The Muckalee soils are subject
to frequent flooding with inundation periods typically lasting 2 to 7 days. The restored wetland will receive
a significant portion of its hydrology from over-bank flooding as it is within the 5-year floodplain.
To verify that the riverine wetlands will be supported by over-bank flooding, the surface water flows
entering the proposed channel from the contributing watershed during a 2- and a 5-year storm event was
calculated using the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Technical Release 55
(TR-55) (USDA-SCS, 1986). The cross sectional area of these flow events was determined by applying
the continuity equation and the Manning's equation to the calculated flowrate. The calculated cross
sectional area was then compared to the cross section area of the proposed channel. The results indicate
that the stream will over top during the 2- and 5-year storm events and flood the adjacent riverine wetland
areas, because the cross sectional area of the proposed channel is less than the cross sectional area of
the flow events.
Perennial Flow Verification
Berger identified a published reference reach also located within the coastal plain region (in the nearby
Chowan River Basin) that conveys perennial flow, named UT of Salmon Creek #1, which has a similar
drainage area (0.22 square miles) to the upper portion of the Acre Swamp Creek site. The reference
reach data supports the assessment that a stream with perennial flow can be restored at the site. The
Acre Swamp Creek site has a slightly larger watershed at the point of channel initiation than the published
reference reach. In addition, the site has extensive hydric soils and abundant surface and groundwater
sources to maintain surface water flow year round.
Stream Alignment and Profile Determination
The proposed stream alignment was developed from site topography and soils. The topography survey of
the site revealed that the site drops approximately 7.2 feet from the northeast corner of the site to the
southwest corner of the site. Based on this data and a measured valley length of 5,660 feet, the site has a
calculated valley slope of 0.13 percent. This is within the same order of magnitude of the nearby Pungo
Swamp, into which the site ultimately discharges, which has a valley slope of 0.05 percent. The centerline
of the proposed stream approximately follows the soil mapping unit of the Muckalee soil series developed
by the NRCS, a soil type formed by alluvial processes and located on flood plains or low stream terraces.
Establishment of the Proposed Channel Pattern
The sinuosity for Acre Swamp Creek is proposed to be 1.3. This value was determined by measuring the
sinuosity of Pungo Swamp, the river that the site ultimately drains into. The sinuosity of Pungo Swamp is
1.3, as illustrated in Figure 8. The proposed sinuosity for Acre Swamp Creek was then validated by
reviewing the valley slope and the expected sediment type (sand and silt).
Geomorphic Dimension Determination
Stream design parameters were developed using regional curve data developed for the coastal plain of
North Carolina (Doll et al., 2001). The regional curve data was used to develop an approximation of the
bankfull cross-sectional area, channel width, mean depth, and flowrate based on the proposed
watershed. The watershed draining into the upper portion of the site was calculated using USGS
topographic maps and supplemented with field observations. The upper drainage area to the proposed
point of initiation of a perennial flowing stream channel was measured as 220 acres (0.34 square miles)
(Figure 3). Using the regional curve equations, the following four dimensions were calculated for a stream
channel with a 220 acre (0.34 square mile) drainage area (Table 2).
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 36 of 53
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Base Mapping: 7.5 Minute USGS Topographic Map,
Pinetown, NC Quadrangle.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
Sinuousity
ofPungo Swamp
THE LOUIS BEROER OROuP FIGURES1513 We['A Sheet, Suite 250
c y' NC 2751 t Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 37 of 53
TABLE 2
COASTAL PLAIN REGIONAL CURVE DIMENSIONS
Hydraulic Geometry Measure Dimension
Bankfull Area (Abkf) 7 - 10 square-feet
Bankfull Width (Wbkf) 7.4 - 9 feet
Bankfull Mean Depth (Dbkf) 0.9 -1 feet
Bankfull Flowrate (Qbkf) 7.6 - 11.0 cubic feet per
second
The channel dimensions generated from regional cure data were advanced using reference reach data.
Reference reach geometry and dimensionless ratios were obtained from Barbara Doll at Sea Grant (Doll,
Persn. Comm. 2005). Data for E-channel reference reaches with similar slopes were reviewed. Based on
the reference reach data, the dimensions generated using the regional cure regression equations were
determined to be appropriate.
The channel width and depth was further refined following the recommendation of using a minimum width
to depth ratio of 9 for streams created in noncohesive soils (NCSRI and NCSG, 2003).
Berger's Proposed Design
Based on the results of the feasibility assessment and design analyses, Berger proposes to construct a
total of approximately 7,000 linear feet of stream restoration and 30 acres of riverine wetland restoration
at the Acre Swamp Creek site (Figure 7). The stream will initiate at the northeastern-most portion of the
site and follow a southwesterly course. The stream will be conveyed under the existing access road via
an appropriately sized bottomless culvert system. The stream will traverse the site at a sinuosity of 1.3.
The channel width will range from 7.4 to 9 feet and the channel depth will be approximately 1 foot.
Within the southern-most portion of the site, the restored stream will flow contiguous to restored riverine
wetlands. The adjacent farmfield will be restored to wetland by plugging the extensive ditch network and
filling several lengthy segments of on-site ditch. The restoration design will be refined to restore site
hydrology to its former wetland hydroperiod. The site will be graded relatively level using on-site material
to plug and fill ditches. The design elevation will result in a wetland within the floodplain of the adjacent
restored stream channel. On-site material will also be used to create relatively low perimeter berms. The
berms will sere to retain stream floodwaters and watershed run-on as well as prevent potential
hydrologic trespass to adjacent lands as a result of the wetland hydrologic restoration of the Acre Swamp
Creek site. The site will then be harrowed to create a naturalized micro-topography and hummocky
wetland conditions. This process adds roughness to the design to retard and retain surface waters and
provides elevation variation to support the various herbaceous and woody planted species proposed to
be established.
In general, the goal of the design will be to establish a riverine wetland forest community consistent with a
Coastal Plain Small Stream Swamp (Schafale and Weakley, 1990) within the floodplain of the. stream.
Berger's planting plan will incorporate the use of native trees and shrubs. An oak-dominated hardwood
forest community would be established through a planting program within wetlands to be restored. The
wetter areas within the design will be planted with more flood tolerant species including baldcypress,
swamp chestnut oak and tupelo.
Woody seedlings will be established in a naturalized pattern to avoid creating rows and monotypic stands.
Tree species will be established within zones that reflect the preferable hydrologic regimes of each
species; areas with the longer periods of inundation will be planted with flood tolerant species. To
encourage a higher diversity of woody plant species on the site, planting patterns will include leaving
small gaps to provide open areas for recruitment.
Figure 9 provides a preliminary plan view of the proposed stream channel and typical channel cross
sections. The proposed restored habitat will discharge at the southwestern-most corner of the site, which
ultimately drains to Acre Swamp. Berger's preliminary planting plan is provided in Figure 10. Sections
4.2.4 and 4.2.5 in the scope of work describe the means by which the proposed design will be
implemented to restore the site.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 38 of 53
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4.2 Scope of Work
4.2.1 Task 1: Environmental Screening and Public Notice and Meeting
• Environmental Screening and Categorical Exclusion
Berger will conduct an environmental screening of the Acre Swamp Creek site using the Categorical
Exclusion Action Form, as described in the Environmental Documentation Process for Ecosystem
Enhancement Program Projects (NCDOT, 2005). This document outlines the laws and regulations that
EEP projects are required to comply with. An initial screening of the proposed Acre Swamp Creek project
using the Categorical Exclusion (CE) checklist follows. A comprehensive evaluation of the proposed
project will be performed upon execution of a contract with EEP.
The Categorical Exclusion Form requires that a screening be conducted to determine the
potential for the proposed project to impact American Indian territory or sites, archeological
resources, and historical architecture structures. The Acre Swamp Creek site is located within
Beaufort County, which is not claimed as "territory" by the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.
Therefore, the proposed project would be in compliance with the American Indian Religious
Freedom Act. Since the site is not located on Federal or American Indian Lands, the proposed
project would also be in compliance with the Antiquities Act, the Archaeological Resources
Protection Act, and Executive Order 13007 (Indian Sacred Sites). Berger will consult with the
North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) to ensure compliance with the National
Historic Preservation Act. If significant historic sites are located within the project limits, Berger
also will consult with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to ensure compliance with the
Department of Transportation Act, which requires projects minimize impacts to historic resources.
- The Acre Swamp Creek site does not include public parklands; therefore, the proposed project
would comply with the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act.
The site is located within a county that is subject to the rules and policies of the Coastal
Resources Commission. Restoration of the Acre Swamp Creek site met both the local policies
regarding land use as well as all the Coastal Area Management Act (LAMA) permit regulations.
Any land disturbances over one acre would require a land quality permit with the North Carolina
Division of Land Resources. Berger will apply for and obtain the necessary permits from the North
Carolina Division of Land Resources upon execution of a contract with EEP.
Since the proposed project requires the acquisition of real estate, compliance with the Farmland
Protection Policy Act and the Uniform Relocations Assistance and Real Property Acquisition
Policies Act is necessary. The project would involve the conversion of prime farmland soils
(Raines sandy loam and Torhunta sandy loam) to non-farm use. The Beaufort County NRCS will
be contacted and Berger will submit form AD-1006 upon execution of a contract with EEP.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will be contacted to determine if Threatened and Endangered
Species and/or Critical Habitat are listed for Beaufort County and if the project is likely to impact
any listed species or Critical Habitat.
Since the proposed project is not located within or near a Wilderness Area, the project would not
require a special use permit and/or easement.
Berger will screen the site for potential hazardous waste sites or underground storage tanks,
evaluate the potential for protected species and migratory birds, and screen the proposed project
site for invasive species.
Berger will evaluate the potential for the project to impact a unique or important natural resource
or impact the quality of adjacent water resources.
Berger will delineate wetlands/waters of the U.S. within the project area.
A screening of the project's impacts to social and economic resources will also be conducted.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 41 of 53
• Public Notice and Meeting
Berger will publish a Public Notice in a newspaper serving the area surrounding the site. The Public
Notice will provide the location of the site and briefly describe the activities that will be conducted at the
site and the ultimate fate of the site. The public's response to the Public Notice will dictate whether a
Citizen's Information Workshop is necessary. If it is deemed that a Workshop is needed, Berger will
conduct a Workshop to inform the public about the proposed project and answer questions.
4.2.2 Task 2: Property Acquisition
• Current Ownership
The land is currently owned by three property owners. Mark, Casey and Carl van Staalduinen own
approximately 60 acres of the site. Wiley and Diane Sue Walker own approximately 7 acres of the site
and Dera Mae Harris owns the remaining 9 acres. Berger has a contract to purchase a conservation
easement on a portion of each property, totaling 76 acres, which will remain in force through the proposal
process. Copies of the contracts are provided in Appendix A.
• Long Term Property Management
Upon execution of a contract with EEP for development of stream and wetland mitigation units, Berger
will prepare and submit to EEP a recorded Conservation Easement. Berger will utilize the EEP standard
conservation easement agreement to ensure protection of the site in perpetuity. Upon acceptance of the
property survey, deeds and conservation easement, Berger will transfer the property to EEP or an
approved State Agency.
• Timeline
It is estimated that it will take 60 days to record the Conservation Easement. A fully executed
Conservation Easement will be provided to EEP along with a copy of the surveyed property boundary and
deed documents.
4.2.3 Task 3: Site-Specific Restoration Plan
Berger will develop a Restoration Plan that:
1. Presents the goals and objectives of the restoration project;
2. Describes the project watershed and existing conditions of the site;
3. Presents the Wetland and Stream Reference Restoration Studies conducted to guide the
proposed Acre Swamp Creek restoration design;
4. Details the restoration plan, including the hydrologic modifications, vegetation community
restoration, planting plan, soil amendments, the proposed alignment, channel geometry,
morphology, proposed structures and channel plugs, and the sediment transport analysis; and
5. Briefly describes the wetland and stream monitoring plan and success criteria.
The Berger site-specific restoration plan is detailed and depicted in Section 4.1, Restoration Approach.
• Technical Studies
Several technical studies will be conducted to support the design of the proposed project. The studies will
include surveying the site topography, surveying and sampling the underlying soils of the site,
characterizing the surface water and groundwater hydrology, developing a water budget for the
restoration design, identifying and surveying an appropriate reference reach, performing a hydraulic
analysis of the restoration design, and performing a sediment transport analysis of the proposed stream
channel. The final design will be a result of an iterative process of incorporating the results of the
technical studies with existing site conditions and constraints while achieving the defined restoration
goals.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 42 of 53
Topography: Berger will retain the services of a North Carolina licensed surveyor to develop a
topographic survey of the site with a contour interval of 1 foot, which would provide sufficient detail to
develop a wetland restoration design. A boundary survey will be conducted along with the topographic
survey for use in preparing the conservation easement.
Geotechnical Studies: Berger will conduct a series of geotechnical surveys of the site to classify the
existing soil profile and determine in-situ soil properties. The survey will involve hand borings conducted
by a certified soil scientist and will include a classification of hydric and nonhydric soil types. The soil
profiles to the depth of four feet will be described, in accordance with the USDA soil classification system.
Soil samples will be sent to a qualified laboratory to measure the hydraulic conductivity of onsite soils.
This data will be applied to the development of the water budget.
Stream Reference Restoration Studies: Berger obtained the reference data (Doll Persn. Comm., 2005)
collected in support of the development of the Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for Rural North Carolina
Coastal Plain Streams (Doll, et al., 2003). The data acquired provides basic information about stable
reference reaches located within the Coastal Plain physiographic region of North Carolina, including the
sinuosity of streams with similar slopes and watershed sizes as the Acre Swamp Creek site and the
dimensionless ratios calculated from the reference reach surveys. Berger applied this information to
develop the design presented in this proposal. Berger will identify, if possible, a local stable reference
reach to advance the stream design. The reference dimension, pattern, and profile and the reference
vegetative communities will be documented and applied to the restoration design. This data will be used
to finalize the bankfull channel cross sectional area, bankfull channel width, width to depth ratio,
maximum and average depth at bankfull, channel planform, and longitudinal profile.
Stream Channel Hydrologic Analysis: Flows conveyed in the proposed stream channel will include
surface water flows as well as contributions from groundwater. Surface water hydrology will be modeled
using HEC-HMS, which simulates precipitation-runoff processes. Berger will develop hydrographs for a
range of storm events. The model will account for surface runoff from the watershed, conveyance through
the ditch system. The precipitation-runoff amount developed using the model will be compared to regional
curve data developed for the Coastal Plain physiographic region of North Carolina.
Groundwater contributions to the channel will be characterized based on field observations of
groundwater elevations and soils descriptions. The plugging and filling of the existing drainage network
will restore historical water table elevations, which according to the soil series data ranges between 0 to 1
feet.
Stream Channel Hydraulics Analysis: HEC-RAS will be employed to verify that the restored channel
dimensions developed from reference reach and regional curve data are appropriate. Channel velocities
and water surface elevations will be determined for each modeled storm event. Specifically, the bankfull
event will be modeled to ensure that the bankfull stage is at the approximate top of bank elevation. HEC-
RAS will also be employed to assess the potential for hydrologic trespass resulting from the project
implementation.
Sediment Transport Analysis: Berger will perform a sediment transport analysis to ensure that the
proposed stream channel has the capacity to move its sediment load through the proposed cross section
without aggrading or degrading the channel. Several sediment transport models will be evaluated, such
as HEC-6, and HEC-RAS version 3.1.2 (which includes the general approach used in Sediment Analysis
Module (SAM) expanded to fit within the framework of HEC-RAS), to determine the most appropriate
model for a sand/clay stream bed. The analysis will model the designed channel and compare the
sediment-discharge rates to a section of a stable reference stream, if possible.
Wetland Area Hydrologic Analysis: Hydrologic inputs into the restored wetland will include direct
rainfall onto the wetland and contributions from groundwater and overland flow from the watershed.
Hydrologic outputs may include surface water and groundwater discharge, evaporation, and
evapotranspiration. A hydrologic analysis of these parameters will be conducted and the data will be
applied to the development of a water budget, which will be used to design the restored wetland.
Surface water flows entering the wetland from the watershed will be calculated using the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Technical Release 55 (TR-55) (USDA-SCS,
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 43 of 53
1986). Berger will develop hydrographs for a range of storm events. Surface outflows from the
wetland parcel will also be calculated using TR-55. The results will be applied to the water budget
as well as to design of the outlet structure from the wetland.
o Groundwater gages will be installed and monitored during the initial stages of the project to
characterize groundwater contributions to the site.
o Precipitation and evaporation data will be determined from gage data, i.e., National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or U.S. Geological Surrey (USGS) data, located in the
vicinity of the site. The daily rainfall data for the period of record will be evaluated to characterize
an average precipitation year for the site.
o Evapotranspiration data for the water budget analyses will be derived from nearby gages, if
available, or will be modeled using the Thornthwaite and Mather (1957) method, using
temperature records.
4.2.4 Task 4: Permits and/or Certifications and Earthwork
• Permits
Berger will develop application packages for and secure a Nationwide Permit No. 27 from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, a NCDENR DWQ Section 401 Water Quality Certification, a NCDENR Soil Erosion
and Sedimentation Control Plan Letter of Approval, and NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for
Construction Activities.
The site is located within a county that is subject to the rules and policies of the Coastal Resources
Commission. Based on correspondence with the Division of Coastal Management, restoration of the Acre
Swamp Creek site would be consistent with the Beaufort County CAMA Land Use Plan (1997), as there is
no applicable or related policy for stream or wetland mitigation (Division of Coastal Management, pers.
Comm., 2005). However, a land quality permit obtained from the North Carolina Division of Land
Resources may be required to implement the proposed restoration. Berger will apply for and obtain the
necessary permits from the North Carolina Division of Land Resources upon execution of a contract with
EEP.
Berger will meet with the regulatory agencies and develop permit applications that address project
purpose and need, alternatives, limits of disturbance, fill in regulated waters of the U.S. and project
benefits and demonstration of compliance. The applications will include all of the relevant material
required to obtain the required permits before initiating construction activities.
• Earthwork
Berger will subcontract earthwork to a firm with experience in implementing wetland and stream
restoration projects. Berger staff will directly manage the day to day activities of the contractor to provide
quality control/assurance of the work performed, address any construction issues in a timely manner,
control schedule, and minimize cost. Site construction will begin with mobilization of the selected
contractor to the site. During mobilization, all necessary Soil Erosion and Sediment Control (SESC)
measures will be installed.
Earthwork of Riverine Wetland
The first stage of construction will encompass establishing grade controls and layout of the proposed
wetland restoration limits, followed by installation of soil erosion controls. Next, the ditch plugs will be
installed within the restoration area beginning in the upslope areas and working in a downslope direction.
This will be followed by the creation of shallow berms to prevent off-site flooding.
The next step will involve the use of a bedding harrow to create microtopography across the restoration
area. The bedding harrow will be run over the site a minimum of three passes to create a random pattern
of shallow (6 to 8 inches high) undulations in the ground surface. Berger has used this process
successfully on numerous other wetland restoration projects and found that it effectively increases plant
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 44 of 53
diversity and improves tree establishment success in wetland sites. Seeding of the site with a native seed
mix would follow.
Earthwork of Stream Channel
The first stage of construction will encompass constructing the outlet structure and establishing the layout
of the proposed stream channel alignment, width, depth, and meander pattern. Step pools will also be
installed at the outlet. Next, the proposed channel will be excavated from the north end (upstream) of the
site to the connection with the step pools. Redirected field drainage ditches will also be joined to the
stream channel. Once the outlet and main channel are completed, the channel grading will be finalized to
join the main ditch network at the northern edge of the property to the restored channel. The final ditch
plug in the main ditch will be installed at this time. As the stream channel is constructed, stabilization
measures, such as permanent seeding and installation of coir fiber matting, will be installed. During the
fall/early spring dormant live stakes will be installed along the channel in accordance with the planting
plan.
Demobilization will finish with the removal of any SESC measures and equipment, following acceptance
by NCDENR.
4.2.5 Task 5: Planting and Installation of Monitoring Devices and Plots
• Planting
After the wetland and stream hydrology has been successfully re-established, the site will be seeded with
ground cover species and tree seedlings will be planted, maintained, and monitored. In general, the goal
of the planting scheme will be to establish a riverine wetland forest community consistent with a Coastal
Plain Small Stream Swamp (Schafale and Weakley, 1990) within the floodplain of the stream. Berger's
planting plan will incorporate the use of native trees and shrubs. The drier forest communities within the
stream buffer will be planted with poplars, pine, hickory, and oaks, while wetter areas within the buffer will
be planted with more flood tolerant species.
Tree species will be established through the planting of bareroot seedlings of hardwood species native to
the area, at a density of 680 trees per acre. The establishment of species will follow the Guidelines for
Riparian Buffer Restoration (NCWRP, 2001). The overall goal of the planting density is to attain a
minimum density of 260 trees per acre at maturity (five years). Planting stock will be obtained from
sources within 200 miles of the site. Woody species may include the following:
Taxodium distichum
Quercus laurifolia
Quercus phellos
Quercus michauxii
Quercus lyrata
Pinus palustris
Pinus serotina
Nyssa aquatica
Nyssa sylvatica
Magnolia virginiana
Baldcypress
Laurel Oak
Willow Oak
Swamp Chestnut Oak
Overcup Oak
Longleaf Pine
Pond Pine
Tupelo
Swamp Blackgum
Sweet Bay
Carpinus caroliniana
Clethra alnifolia
Cornus amomum
Itea virginica
Leucothoe racemosa
Vaccinium elliotii
Liriodendron tulipifera
Quercus albs
Quercus rubra
Carya cordiformis
Ironwood
Sweet Pepperbush
Silky Dogwood
Virginia sweetspire
Swamp doghobble
Elliot's Blueberry
Yellow Poplar
White Oak
Red Oak
Bitternut Hickory
Seedlings will be established in a naturalized pattern to avoid creating rows and monotypic stands. Tree
species will be established within zones that reflect the preferable hydrologic regimes of each species;
areas with the longer periods of inundation will be planted with flood tolerant species. To encourage a
higher diversity of woody plant species on the site, planting patterns will include leaving small gaps to
provide open areas for recruitment.
Live stakes of alder, willow, and dogwood will be used to provide further stabilization of the streambank.
Stakes would be installed along both banks on three-foot centers in a triangular pattern. A preliminary
planting plan is provided in Figure 10.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 45 of 53
Berger staff experienced in tree planting will oversee all planting efforts to ensure proper plant handling,
storage and installation methods are followed in order to achieve the highest planting success.
• Installation of Monitoring Devices and Establishment of Vegetation Monitoring Plots
Groundwater Hydrology Monitoring: The groundwater hydrology at the Acre Swamp Creek site will be
monitored using groundwater gages with automatic data loggers.
Surface Water Hydrology Monitoring: The surface water hydrology at the Acre Swamp Creek site will
be monitored using a single stream gage with an automatic data logger.
Vegetation Monitoring Plots: Permanent sampling plots will be established at random locations within
the site. Vegetation sampling plots will be established to provide a minimum sampling area of 5 percent of
the total planted wetland restoration area.
Riparian Buffer Vegetation Monitoring Plots: Permanent sampling plots will be established at random
locations within the riparian buffer to provide a minimum sampling area of 5 percent of the total planted
buffer area.
Vegetation Photo Plots: Vegetation survival within the riparian buffer and riverine wetland area will be
documented through photographic documentation at established photo stations / plot areas.
4.2.6 Task 6: Mitigation Plan and As-Built/As-Planted Plans
Following construction, Berger will develop a Mitigation Plan in accordance with EEP guidelines. The
Mitigation Plan will include a summary of the project, a detailed description of the success criteria, the
monitoring schedule and methodology, a description of the mitigation proposal, and the maintenance and
contingency plans.
A set of As-Built Drawings, developed in accordance with EEP guidelines, for the Acre Swamp Creek
restoration project will also be included in the Mitigation Plan. The As-Built Drawings will include, but not
be limited to, existing features, restored grades, ditch plugs, the monitoring gauges, permanent photo
stations, vegetative monitoring plots, vegetative zones, the easement boundary, benchmark locations,
planting zones, and as-planted quantities.
4.2.7 Tasks 7 -11: Monitoring and Maintenance
Berger will be responsible for the success of the restoration project. Annual monitoring of the site will be
carried out for a period of 5 years after completion of all restoration activities, or until the restoration site is
deemed successful. Monitoring will be conducted each year and the subsequent report will be submitted
to EEP before December 31 of that year. Direct sampling and measurement techniques will be employed
as well as photo-documentation.
Based on field observations and annual monitoring results, Berger will determine if actions are required to
reach or exceed the performance criteria outlined in the Mitigation Plan.
• Problem Areas Identification
Problem areas will be identified based on a visual inspection of vegetative and structural characteristics.
Vegetative problem areas will be identified as either lacking vegetation or containing exotic vegetation
and the probable cause of the problem will be described, shown in a plan view and photographed.
Structural problem areas will be identified in more descriptive terms by individual issue. Aggradation or
degradation of channel slope, instream and engineered structures, bank erosions and other physical
stability problems will be measured, described, shown in plan view and photographed.
• Vegetative Success Criteria
The vegetative performance standard for the first three years of monitoring will entail demonstrating that
320 native woody-species per acre have survived. In Year Four, the performance standard for native
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 46 of 53
woody species density will be 288 native woody-species per acre. In Year Five, the performance standard
decreases to 260 native woody species per acre.
• Vegetation Establishment
Vegetative establishment will be monitored through the use of permanent sample quadrats established at
random locations. The total area of all the sample plots will be approximately 5 percent of the total
mitigation area. The quadrats will be monitored annually employing techniques described in the
Vegetation Monitoring Plan for EEP Riparian Buffer and Wetland Restoration Projects. Species
abundance and survival in each individual plot will be documented. In addition, percent vegetative cover
and evidence of invasive species will be recorded for each plot. A stem count of installed tree and shrub
species will be performed within each vegetative plot. Living trees and shrubs will be tallied by species
and marked with loosely tied, degradable flagging. Recruitment of woody plants will also be noted. Within
each plot, percent cover provided by herbaceous plants will be estimated within a 1-meter square area.
One representative digital photo of each sample plot will be taken the same day as the vegetative
sampling is conducted. A series of fixed photograph stations will be established upon the As-built survey
to record a set of representative views during subsequent monitoring years.
• Noxious Species Control Plan
Invasive and noxious species establishment within the restored wetland will be minimized through the
establishment of native plant species as part of the planting and seeding program. Berger will prepare an
invasive and noxious species Control Plan specifically for this site. Monitoring activities will include field
surveys to detect any establishment of invasive and noxious species. Depending upon the species and
the extent of the population, Berger will employ an appropriate control method in accordance with the
Plan. Control methods could include hand-pulling, use of a glyphosate herbicide, or mechanical mowing.
The method used to control and eliminate invasive and noxious plant species will be carefully chosen so
as to not adversely impact water quality or native flora.
• Wetland Hydrology and Success Criteria
Wetland hydrology will be monitored in accordance with USACE guidelines through the use of monitoring
gages that record groundwater levels and surface flooding during each growing season for the first five
years of vegetative establishment, or until success criteria have been met, whichever occurs later.
Hydrology will be considered successful as per the USACE Wetland Delineation Manual, if the soil is
flooded, or saturated within 12 inches of the surface continuously for at least 5 to 12.5 percent of the
growing season, assuming normal precipitation. Berger will monitor the wetland hydrology of the site
using groundwater gages with automatic data loggers. Depth and duration of a shallow groundwater table
and periodic surface flooding will be measured.
• Stream Channel Stability
Stream channel stability will be determined by measuring the dimension, pattern, and profile of the stream
to determine the rates, magnitude, and direction of stream adjustments. Rosgen methodologies of
determining stream stability will be employed. Monumented cross-sections will be installed and surveyed
on a yearly basis to monitor vertical bed stability in accordance with NCDENR stream monitoring
guidelines. Lateral stability will be assessed using bank pins and toe pins at the cross-sections and
monitored annually to determine horizontal stability of the stream. A longitudinal profile will be surveyed
along the thalweg of the channel to capture the bed slope and determine the level of aggradation or
degradation and capture any changes in the pool/riffle sequence. The stream pattern will be evaluated by
measuring the sinuosity of the channel, which will be calculated by dividing the channel length determined
during the long profile by the straight-line valley length. Pebble counts will also be performed to assess
changes in bed material distribution (i.e., finer substrate in pools and coarser substrate in riffles). As part
of the visual inspection, during monitoring years 3 and 5, a detailed BEHI and NBS assessment will be
performed. The entire project is to be classified into the BEHI erosion hazard categories and
accompanied by an NBS assessment for the purpose of describing sediment export estimates (tonnage
per annum).
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 47 of 53
• Stream Hydrology
The surface water hydrology at the Acre Swamp Creek site will be monitored using a stream gage with an
automatic data logger. The gage will be established to compare the surface water level in the streams to
the mean bankfull stage. The performance criteria prescribed in the Stream Mitigation Guidelines
(USACE, 2003) requires that at least two bankfull events are documented during the five year monitoring
period. If less than two bankfull events occur during the first five years, the annual monitoring will be
required to continue until the second bankfull event is documented. The two documented bankfull events
must occur during separate monitoring years.
• Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling
Biological assessments will be completed to demonstrate the level of success of the restoration of benthic
macroinvertebrate habitat. Qualitative benthic invertebrate collection was based upon the Interim, Internal
Technical Guide, Benthic Macroinvertebrate Monitoring Protocols for Compensatory Stream Restoration
Projects published by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) (NCDWQ, 2001). The
Technical Guide recommends the Qual-4 collection method for small streams which have catchments of
one square mile or less (first or second order streams).. The collection method requires one kick net
sample, one sweep net sample (using a D-frame net), one leaf-pack sample, and visual collection of
samples.
Samples at each site will be analyzed by a lab certified by the NCDWQ for the identification of benthic
macroinvertebrates. Comparative analysis will be made indicating the species diversity, tolerance levels
and biotic index to establish the existence of a pattern of improvement in the colonization of the benthic
community.
4.3 Schedule
The overall project is anticipated to require six to seven years (72 to 84 months). Ideally, the design and
construction will be targeted to result in an early spring planting window. However, a late-fall planting
window can easily be accommodated. The schedule does not account for potential delays which may
include agency review and approvals, seasonal constraints, and weather delays.
Task Number Description Cumulative Months
1.0 Environmental Screening and Public Notice 1 -3
and Meeting (if necessary)
2.0 Property Acquisition 2
3.0 Site-Specific Restoration Plan 2-7
4.0 Permits and/or Certifications and Earthwork 8-10
5.0 Planting 11
6.0 Mitigation Plan and As-Built/As-Planted Plans 12
7.0-11.0 Monitoring and Maintenance 12 - 72
4.4 Conclusion
The Louis Berger Group, Inc. is pleased to propose the 76-acre Acre Swamp Creek site to provide 30
acres of riverine wetland restoration and 7,000 feet of stream restoration in the Tar-Pamlico River Basin
03020104. This agricultural property has been subject to extensive ditching in the past and the clearing of
forested habitat. The drainage ways on-site have been altered and degraded, and the adjacent riverine
wetlands and riparian zone have been cleared and used for agricultural purposes. Underlain by hydric
soils and adjacent to potential pollution sources, the site offers the potential to improve water quality and
restore wetland habitat in addition to the proposed stream restoration.
The following table summarizes the Acre Swamp Creek site restoration characteristics using the format
provided by EEP as part of the technical proposal evaluation criteria.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 48 of 53
TECHNICAL PROPOSAL PROPOSED RESTORATION OF THE
F
EVALUATION CRITERIA . ACRE SWAMP CREEK
1. Potential for Water Quality Benefit
Project is in a WRP Targeted Watershed The site is located within a targeted watershed.
Project Involves Work on a 303d-listed Stream or its There are two 303d-listed streams in the site's subbasin:
Watershed Kenned Creek and Jack Creek.
Project is Located in a Water Supply Watershed No, the project is not located within a Water Supply
Watershed.
Adjacent to Land that Produces WQ Problems (impervious Yes, the site is in direct proximity to cultivated agriculture.
surfaces, nutrients, sediments
Opportunity for Pollutant Removal from Adjacent Land The site has potential to remove pollutants from the
surrounding farmlands.
Exceeds Minimum Buffer Requirements (on Stream and The parcel provides more than a 50-foot buffer along all
Buffer Projects stream se ments.
2. Potential for Water Quantity Benefit and/or Flood Storage
% Impervious Surface in Watershed <1 % im ervious surface in watershed.
Landscape Position (Headwaters, Pulse Attenuation, etc.)
I
The site is strategically located in the headwaters of the Tar
-Pamlico River Basin.
3. Potential for Habitat Benefit
Use of Appropriate Plant Communities Berger has developed a planting plan that reflects the
appropriate native species associated with riverine
forested wetlands within the coastal lain.
Potential Habitat Improvement for Listed Species The restoration of the stream and riverine habitats has
the potential to benefit listed species.
Potential Habitat Improvement for Anadromous Species Not Applicable.
Potential to Connect Adjacent Natural Habitats Project will connect to adjacent bottomland forest/ hardwood
swamps, and Southern Yellow Pine habitat
Adjacent to Existing Natural Heritage Areas Site is approximately 5 miles from Van Swamp, a Natural
Heritage Area.
4. Ability to Meet Project Goals
Percent of Mitigation Proposed Relative to Requested The proposed project has the potential to provide 47% of the
Amount 15,000 stream mitigation units requested and 86% of the 35
riverine wetland mitigation units requested.
Are Preferences Listed in RFP Likely to be Met? The proposed design would restore riverine wetland and
stream habitat to the project site.
5. Likelihood of Success
Lack of Physical Constraints The site is relatively flat, mostly cleared land with extensive
ditches suitable for restoration.
Noxious Species Control Plan A noxious species control plan has been resented.
EEP Agreement with Amount & Type of Mitigation Proposed The site proposes to restore dimension, pattern, and profile
R vs. E vs. P, I vs. P to 7,000 feet of stream and 30 acres of riverine wetlands.
Ability to Meet Specified Project Requirements (Specified The restoration of stream and wetlands on the site will re-
Project Goals) connect the stream to it's floodplain, provide flood
attenuation, and like) will improve water quality.
Project Timeline The presented project timeline matches the RFP and results
in restoration earthwork in 2007.
6. Qualifications & Experience of Offeror
Similar Mitigation Projects Completed in NC Berger performed two other full delivery projects in the
Yadkin resulting in 5,500-feet of stream restoration as well
as wetland restoration. Berger was recently awarded a
contract by EEP to provide 10,000 feet of stream restoration
through a Full Delivery Project.
Similar Mitigation Projects Completed in Other States Berger has completed wetland and stream restoration in
several states resulting in more than 10,000 acres of habitat
al miles of restored streams and creeks.
Firm has Office in NC Cary, h Carolina.
Experience of Project Manager nns, PWS, CE, Rosgen trained, has 17 years of
experience including FDP projects in NC and is
M
of the WES manual for wetland mitigation desi n.
author
Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Project ploys an integrated team of ecologists, engineers
ers to implement the project.
DBE/WBE/Minority Involvement utinely subcontracts DBE/WBE firms and will do so
for this project to conduct services such as survey, lab work,
planting, and legal services.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 49 of 53
0 4U0 800
Feet
Legend
® Project Site
r-71 Soils
Me - Muckalee loam, frequently flooded (Hydric Criteria 2133)
Ra- Rains fine sandy loam (Hydric Criteria 263)
Tr - Torhunta sandy loam (Hydric Criteria 263)
Sources.
Base Mapping- NCDOT, 1998.
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO Database, Beaufort County, NC, 2004.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
NRCS Soils Map
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIITHE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGURE 6
1513 Wainut Street, Suite 250
Cary, ruc 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River- Basin Stream and Wetland Rcmi-ation Page 31 Q1'53
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Legend
Project Site
Q Soils
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Ra - Rains fine sandy loam; Hydric Criteria 2B3 (18.86 ac)
Tr - Torhunta sandy loam; Hydric Criteria 2133 (22.36 ac)
Sources:
Base Mapping - NCDOT, 1998.
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO Database, Beaufort County, NC, 2004.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
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THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGURL l
1513 Walnut Street, Suite 250
Cary. NC 27511 Mar. 2007
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Legend
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Soil Map Units
Me - Muckalee loam, frequently flooded
Ra - Rains fine sandy loam
Tr - Torhunta sandy loam
Sources:
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO Database, Beaufort County, NC, 2004.
= Feet
1,600
ACRE SWAMP CREEK
Historical Aerial
Photographs
1958
THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP
1513 Walnut Street. Suite 250
Cary, NC 27511 Mar. 2007
N
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Legend
Feet
Project Area 0 400 800 1,600
Soil Map Units
Me - Muckalee loam, frequently flooded
Ra - Rains fine sandy loam
Tr - Torhunta sandy loam
Sources:
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO Database, Beaufort County, NC, 2004.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK
Historical Aerial
Photographs
1963
, THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP
"
1513 Walnut Street, Suite 250
Cary. NC 27511 Mar. 2007
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Legend
Feet
. Project Area 0 400 800 1,600
Soil Map Units
Me - Muckalee loam, frequently flooded
Ra - Rains fine sandy loam
Tr - Torhunta sandy loam
Sources:
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO Database, Beaufort County, NC, 2004.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK
Historical Aerial
Photographs
1970
{,, THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP
?` trtr 1513 Walnut Street, Suite 250
?1/ Cary, NC 27511 Mar. 2007
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Base Mapping 7 5 Minute USGS Topographic Map.
Plnetown, NC Quadrangle
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
Drainage Area
THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGU R E 3
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i"at y. NC 27511 Dec.2005
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THE LOUIS 6ER6FR GRIi1.IP FIGU RE 4
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Tai-Pamlico Rimer Basin Sh•eam and Welland Restoralion Page 27 of'53
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access road. The area is proposed for stream restoration.
Photo 2: A ditch confluence adjacent to the wooded lot on drained Muckalee silt loam, north of the farm
access road. View of upslope limit of the proposed riverine wetland restoration.
Tai-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Welland Restoration Page 29 of 53
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Sources
BaseMapping - NCDOT, 1998
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO Database, Beaufort County, NC, 2004
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
NRCS Soils Map
THE LOVIS BERGER GROUP FIGURE(.
E1513 W abut Streel, Suite 250
Cary. NC 27 511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Panrdico River B rein Stream and W 'etland Restoration Page 31 of 53

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road. Restored stream would be conveyed under the access road with a new culvert system that provides
appropriate conveyance of flows and sediment.
Photo 4: Drained hydric soils at soil boring Q. Soil boring taken in the south east corner of the proposed
riverine wetland area. The soil survey indicates that this area is Raines fine sandy loam; however, soils
characteristics observed at this location matched the profile of the Muckalee soils during the field survey.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and ff"edand Restoration Page 35 of 53
Cl 1 75U 3,500
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ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
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® THE LOUIS BEROER OROUP FIGURE8
1513 Walnut Street, 8.11. 250
Can. NC 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and H'etland Restoration Page 37 of 33
Site Visit materials
Subject: Site Visit materials
From: "O'Rourke, Michael" <[e-mail]>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2006 14:30:36 -0500
To: "Cyndi Karoly" <[e-mail]>, "David Lekson" <[e-mail]>,
"Eric Kulz" <Eric. Kulz @ ncmail.net>, "John Dorney" <[e-mail]>, "Kyle Barnes"
<[e-mail]>, "Tom Steffens" <[e-mail]>, "Tracey Wheeler"
<Tracey. Wheeler @ us. army. mil>
Good afternoon everyone,
I have recently contacted each of you to try to set up a site visit for two projects in the greater Washington area.
The dates I have proposed are Jan 9, Jan 18, or Jan 23, 2007. 1 realize that we have a lot of schedules to
accommodate so I hope this is enough notice to be able to find a date we all have in common. In an attempt to
provide you with as much information as possible in advance of our trip I have posted our technical proposal on
an FTP site so that you may have access to maps and plans concerning both projects. The Acre Swamp site is
located just east of Washington and has a stream and a wetland component. The Woodlawn Branch project is
situated just east of Plymouth and only has a stream component. The sites are approximately 40 minutes apart
and share many of the same characteristics including some soils. Both sites are EEP project sites. Please call
me with any questions you may have.
Michael
The reports can be found on the following FTP site in a folder named "USACE_NCDWQ" and the login is listed
below the site.
ftD://ftD.Iouisberaer.com/
username: ncdot
password: dotftp&lbgl
Michael O'Rourke
Senior Environmental Scientist
The Louis Berger Group, Inc.
1513 Walnut Street
Suite 250
Cary, NC 27511
Office: [phone] ext. 27
Fax: [phone]
Cell: [phone]
m
[e-mail]
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• Stream Hydrology
The surface water hydrology at the Acre Swamp Creek site will be monitored using a stream gage with an
automatic data logger. The gage will be established to compare the surface water level in the streams to
the mean bankfull stage. The performance criteria prescribed in the Stream Mitigation Guidelines
(USACE, 2003) requires that at least two bankfull events are documented during the five year monitoring
period. If less than two bankfull events occur during the first five years, the annual monitoring will be
required to continue until the second bankfull event is documented. The two documented bankfull events
must occur during separate monitoring years.
• Benthic Macro!nvertebrate Sampling
Biological assessments will be completed to demonstrate the level of success of the restoration of benthic
macroinvertebrate habitat. Qualitative benthic invertebrate collection was based upon the Interim, Internal
Technical Guide, Benthic Macroinvertebrate Monitoring Protocols for Compensatory Stream Restoration
Projects published by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) (NCDWQ, 2001). The
Technical Guide recommends the Qual-4 collection method for small streams which have catchments of
one square mile or less (first or second order streams). The collection method requires one kick net
sample, one sweep net sample (using a D-frame net), one leaf-pack sample, and visual collection of
samples.
Samples at each site will be analyzed by a lab certified by the NCDWQ for the identification of benthic
macroinvertebrates. Comparative analysis will be made indicating the species diversity, tolerance levels
and biotic index to establish the existence of a pattern of improvement in the colonization of the benthic
community.
4.3 Schedule
The overall project is anticipated to require six to seven years (72 to 84 months). Ideally, the design and
construction will be targeted to result in an early spring planting window. However, a late-fall planting
window can easily be accommodated. The schedule does not account for potential delays which may
include agency review and approvals, seasonal constraints, and weather delays.
Task Number Description Cumulative Months
1.0 Environmental Screening and Public Notice 1-3
and Meeting (if necessary)
2.0 Property Acquisition 2
3.0 Site-Specific Restoration Plan 2-7
4.0 Permits and/or Certifications and Earthwork 8-10
5.0 Planting 11
6.0 Mitigation Plan and As-Built/As-Planted Plans 12
7.0-11.0 Monitorina and Maintenance 12 - 72
4.4 Conclusion
The Louis Berger Group, Inc. is pleased to propose the 76-acre Acre Swamp Creek site to provide 30
acres of riverine wetland restoration and 7,000 feet of stream restoration in the Tar-Pamlico River Basin
03020104. This agricultural property has been subject to extensive ditching in the past and the clearing of
forested habitat. The drainage ways on-site have been altered and degraded, and the adjacent riverine
wetlands and riparian zone have been cleared and used for agricultural purposes. Underlain by hydric
soils and adjacent to potential pollution sources, the site offers the potential to improve water quality and
restore wetland habitat in addition to the proposed stream restoration.
The following table summarizes the Acre Swamp Creek site restoration characteristics using the format
provided by EEP as part of the technical proposal evaluation criteria.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 48 of 53
woody species density will be 288 native woody-species per acre. In Year Five, the performance standard
decreases to 260 native woody species per acre.
Vegetation Establishment
Vegetative establishment will be monitored through the use of permanent sample quadrats established at
random locations. The total area of all the sample plots will be approximately 5 percent of the total
mitigation area. The quadrats will be monitored annually employing techniques described in the
Vegetation Monitoring Plan for EEP Riparian Buffer and Wetland Restoration Projects. Species
abundance and survival in each individual plot will be documented. In addition, percent vegetative cover
and evidence of invasive species will be recorded for each plot. A stem count of installed tree and shrub
species will be performed within each vegetative plot. Living trees and shrubs will be tallied by species
and marked with loosely tied, degradable flagging. Recruitment of woody plants will also be noted. Within
each plot, percent cover provided by herbaceous plants will be estimated within a 1-meter square area.
One representative digital photo of each sample plot will be taken the same day as the vegetative
sampling is conducted. A series of fixed photograph stations will be established upon the As-built survey
to record a set of representative views during subsequent monitoring years.
• Noxious Species Control Plan
Invasive and noxious species establishment within the restored wetland will be minimized through the
establishment of native plant species as part of the planting and seeding program. Berger will prepare an
invasive and noxious species Control Plan specifically for this site. Monitoring activities will include yield .
surveys to detect any establishment of invasive and noxious species. Depending upon the species and
the extent of the population, Berger will employ an appropriate control method in accordance with the
Plan. Control methods could include hand-pulling, use of a glyphosate herbicide, or mechanical movving.
The method used to control and eliminate invasive and noxious plant species will be carefully chosen so
as to not adversely impact water quality or native flora.
• Wetland Hydrology and Success Criteria
Wetland hydrology will be monitored in accordance with USACE guidelines through the use of monitccing
gages that record groundwater levels and surface flooding during each growing season for the first five
years of vegetative establishment, or until success criteria have been met, whichever occurs later.
Hydrology will be considered successful as per the USACE Wetland Delineation Manual, if the sad is
flooded, or saturated within 12 inches of the surface continuously for at least 5 to 12.5 percent of the
growing season, assuming normal precipitation. Berger will monitor the wetland hydrology of the site
using groundwater gages with automatic data loggers. Depth and duration of a shallow groundwater table
and periodic surface flooding will be measured.
• Stream Channel Stability
Stream channel stability will be determined by measuring the dimension, pattern, and profile of the stream
to determine the rates, magnitude, and direction of stream adjustments. Rosgen methodologies of
determining stream stability will be employed. Monumented cross-sections will be installed and surveyed
on a yearly basis to monitor vertical bed stability in accordance with NCDENR stream monita ing
guidelines. Lateral stability will be assessed using bank pins and toe pins at the cross-sections and
monitored annually to determine horizontal stability of the stream. A longitudinal profile will be surveyed
along the thalweg of the channel to capture the bed slope and determine the level of aggradation or
degradation and capture any changes in the pool/riffle sequence. The stream pattern will be evaluated by
measuring the sinuosity of the channel, which will be calculated by dividing the channel length determked
during the long profile by the straight-line valley length. Pebble counts will also be performed to assess
changes in bed material distribution (i.e., finer substrate in pools and coarser substrate in riffles). As part
of the visual inspection, during monitoring years 3 and 5, a detailed BEHI and NBS assessment will be
performed. The entire project is to be classified into the BEHI erosion hazard categories and
accompanied by an NBS assessment for the purpose of describing sediment export estimates (tonnage
per annum).
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 47 of 53
Berger staff experienced in tree planting will oversee all planting efforts to ensure proper plant handling,
storage and installation methods are followed in order to achieve the highest planting success. .
• Installation of Monitoring Devices and Establishment of Vegetation Monitoring Plots
Groundwater Hydrology Monitoring: The groundwater hydrology at the Acre Swamp Creek site will be
monitored using groundwater gages with automatic data loggers.
Surface Water Hydrology Monitoring: The surface water hydrology at the Acre Swamp Creek site will
be monitored using a single stream gage with an automatic data logger.
Vegetation Monitoring Plots: Permanent sampling plots will be established at random locations within
the site. Vegetation sampling plots will be established to provide a minimum sampling area of 5 percent of
the total planted wetland restoration area.
Riparian Buffer Vegetation Monitoring Plots: Permanent sampling plots will be established at random
locations within the riparian buffer to provide a minimum sampling area of 5 percent of the total planted
buffer area.
Vegetation Photo Plots: Vegetation survival within the riparian buffer and riverine wetland area will be
documented through photographic documentation at established photo stations / plot areas.
4.2.6 Task 6: Mitigation Plan and As-Built/As-Planted Plans
Following construction, Berger will develop a Mitigation Plan in accordance with EEP guidelines. The
Mitigation Plan will include a summary of the project, a detailed description of the success criteria, the
monitoring schedule and methodology, a description of the mitigation proposal, and the maintenance and
contingency plans.
A set of As-Built Drawings, developed in accordance with EEP guidelines, for the Acre Swamp Creek
restoration project will also be included in the Mitigation Plan. The As-Built Drawings will include, but not
be limited to, existing features, restored grades, ditch plugs, the monitoring gauges, permanent photo
stations, vegetative monitoring plots, vegetative zones, the easement boundary, benchmark locations,
planting zones, and as-planted quantities.
4.2.7 Tasks 7 -11: Monitoring and Maintenance
Berger will be responsible for the success of the restoration project. Annual monitoring of the site will be
carried out for a period of 5 years after completion of all restoration activities, or until the restoration site is
deemed successful. Monitoring will be conducted each year and the subsequent report will be submitted
to EEP before December 31 of that year. Direct sampling and measurement techniques will be employed
as well as photo-documentation.
Based on field observations and annual monitoring results, Berger will determine if actions are required to
reach or exceed the performance criteria outlined in the Mitigation Plan.
• Problem Areas Identification
Problem areas will be identified based on a visual inspection of vegetative and structural characteristics.
Vegetative problem areas will be identified as either lacking vegetation or containing exotic vegetation
and the probable cause of the problem will be described, shown in a plan view and photographed.
Structural problem areas will be identified in more descriptive terms by individual issue. Aggradation or
degradation of channel slope, instream and engineered structures, bank erosions and other physical
stability problems will be measured, described, shown in plan view and photographed.
• Vegetative Success Criteria
The vegetative performance standard for the first three years of monitoring will entail demonstrating that
320 native woody-species per acre have survived. In Year Four, the performance standard for native
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 46 of 53
diversity and improves tree establishment success in wetland sites. Seeding of the site with a native seed
mix would follow.
Earthwork of Stream Channel
The first stage of construction will encompass constructing the outlet structure and establishing the layout
of the proposed stream channel alignment, width, depth, and meander pattern. Step pools will also be
installed at the outlet. Next, the proposed channel will be excavated from the north end (upstream) of the
site to the connection with the step pools. Redirected field drainage ditches will also be joined to the
stream channel. Once the outlet and main channel are completed, the channel grading will be finalized to
join the main ditch network at the northern edge of the property to the restored channel. The final ditch
plug in the main ditch will be installed at this time. As the stream channel is constructed, stabilization
measures, such as permanent seeding and installation of coir fiber matting, will be installed. During the
fall/early spring dormant live stakes will be installed along the channel in accordance with the planting
plan.
Demobilization will finish with the removal of any SESC measures and equipment, following acceptance
by NCDENR.
4.2.5 Task 5: Planting and Installation of Monitoring Devices and Plots
• Planting
After the wetland and stream hydrology has been successfully re-established, the site will be seeded with
ground cover species and tree seedlings will be planted, maintained, and monitored. In general, the goal
of the planting scheme will be to establish a riverine wetland forest community consistent with a Coastal
Plain Small Stream Swamp (Schafale and Weakley, 1990) within the floodplain of the stream. Berger's
planting plan will incorporate the use of native trees and shrubs. The drier forest communities within the
stream buffer will be planted with poplars, pine, hickory, and oaks, while wetter areas within the buffer will
be planted with more flood tolerant species.
Tree species will be established through the planting of bareroot seedlings of hardwood species native to
the area, at a density of 680 trees per acre. The establishment of species will follow the Guidelines for
Riparian Buffer Restoration (NCWRP, 2001). The overall goal of the planting density is to attain a
minimum density of 260 trees per acre at maturity (five years). Planting stock will be obtained from
sources within 200 miles of the site. Woody species may include the following:
Taxodium distichum
Quercus laurifolia
Quercus phellos
Quercus michauxii
Quercus lyrata
Pinus palustris
Pinus serotina
Nyssa aquatica
Nyssa sylvatica
Magnolia virginiana
Baldcypress
Laurel Oak
Willow Oak
Swamp Chestnut Oak
Overcup Oak
Longleaf Pine
Pond Pine
Tupelo
Swamp Blackgum
Sweet Bay
Carpinus caroliniana
Clethra alnifolia
Cornus amomum
Itea virginica
Leucothoe racemosa
Vaccinium elliotii
Liriodendron tulipifera
Quercus alba
Quercus rubra
Carya cordiformis
Ironwood
Sweet Pepperbush
Silky Dogwood
Virginia sweetspire
Swamp doghobble
Elliot's Blueberry
Yellow Poplar
White Oak
Red Oak
Bitternut Hickory
Seedlings will be established in a naturalized pattern to avoid creating rows and monotypic stands. Tree
species will be established within zones that reflect the preferable hydrologic regimes of each species;
areas with the longer periods of inundation will be planted with flood tolerant species. To encourage a
higher diversity of woody plant species on the site, planting patterns will include leaving small gaps to
provide open areas for recruitment.
Live stakes of alder, willow, and dogwood will be used to provide further stabilization of the streambank.
Stakes would be installed along both banks on three-foot centers in a triangular pattern. A preliminary
planting plan is provided in Figure 10.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 45 of 53
1986). Berger will develop hydrographs for a, range of storm events. Surface outflows from the
wetland parcel will also be calculated using TR-55. The results will be applied to the water budget
as well as to design of the outlet structure from the wetland.
o Groundwater gages will be installed and monitored during the initial stages of the project to
characterize groundwater contributions to the site.
o Precipitation and evaporation data will be determined from gage data, i.e., National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data, located in the
vicinity of the site. The daily rainfall data for the period of record will be evaluated to characterize
an average precipitation year for the site.
o Evapotranspiration data for the water budget analyses will be derived from nearby gages, if
available, or will be modeled using the Thornthwaite and Mather (1957) method, using
temperature records.
4.2.4 Task 4: Permits and/or Certifications and Earthwork
• Permits
Berger will develop application packages for and secure a Nationwide Permit No. 27 from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, a NCDENR DWQ Section 401 Water Quality Certification, a NCDENR Soil Erosion
and Sedimentation Control Plan Letter of Approval, and NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for
Construction Activities.
The site is located within a county that is subject to the rules and policies of the Coastal Resources
Commission. Based on correspondence with the Division of Coastal Management, restoration of the Acre
Swamp Creek site would be consistent with the Beaufort County CAMA Land Use Plan (1997), as there is
no applicable or related policy for stream or wetland mitigation (Division of Coastal Management, pers.
Comm., 2005). However, a land quality permit obtained from the North Carolina Division of Land
Resources may be required to implement the proposed restoration. Berger will apply for and obtain the
necessary permits from the North Carolina Division of Land Resources upon execution of a contract with
EEP.
Berger will meet with the regulatory agencies and develop permit applications that address project
purpose and need, alternatives, limits of disturbance, fill in regulated waters of the U.S. and project
benefits and demonstration of compliance. The applications will include all of the relevant material
required to obtain the required permits before initiating construction activities.
• Earthwork
Berger will subcontract earthwork to a firm with experience in implementing wetland and stream
restoration projects. Berger staff will directly manage the day to day activities of the contractor to provide
quality control/assurance of the work performed, address any construction. issues in a timely manner,
control schedule, and minimize cost. Site construction will begin with mobilization of the selected
contractor to the site. During mobilization, all necessary Soil Erosion and Sediment Control (SESC)
measures will be installed.
Earthwork of Riverine Wetland
The first stage of construction will encompass establishing grade controls and layout of the proposed
wetland restoration limits, followed by installation of soil erosion controls. Next, the ditch plugs will be
installed within the restoration area beginning in the upslope areas and working in a downslope direction.
This will be followed by the creation of shallow berms to prevent off-site flooding.
The next step will involve the use of a bedding harrow to create microtopography across the restoration
area. The bedding harrow will be run over the site a minimum of three passes to create a random pattern
of shallow (6 to 8 inches high) undulations in the ground surface. Berger has used this process
successfully on numerous other wetland restoration projects and found that it effectively increases plant
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 44 of 53
Topography: Berger will retain the services of a North Carolina licensed surveyor to develop a
topographic survey of the site with a contour interval of 1 foot, which would provide sufficient detail to
develop a wetland restoration design. A boundary survey will be conducted along with the topographic
survey for use in preparing the conservation easement.
Geotechnical Studies: Berger will conduct a series of geotechnical surveys of the site to classify the
existing soil profile and determine in-situ soil properties. The survey will involve hand borings conducted
by a certified soil scientist and will include a classification of hydric and nonhydric soil types. The soil
profiles to the depth of four feet will be described, in accordance with the USDA soil classification system.
Soil samples will be sent to a qualified laboratory to measure the hydraulic conductivity of onsite soils.
This data will be applied to the development of the water budget.
Stream Reference Restoration Studies: Berger obtained the reference data (Doll Persn. Comm., 2005)
collected in support of the development of the Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for Rural North Carolina
Coastal Plain Streams (Doll, et al., 2003). The data acquired provides basic information about stable
reference reaches located within the Coastal Plain physiographic region of North Carolina, including the
sinuosity of streams with similar slopes and watershed sizes as the Acre Swamp Creek site and the
dimensionless ratios calculated from the reference reach surveys. Berger applied this information to
develop the design presented in this proposal. Berger will identify, if possible, a local stable reference
reach to advance the stream design. The reference dimension, pattern, and profile and the reference
vegetative communities will be documented and applied to the restoration design. This data will be used
to finalize the bankfull channel cross sectional area, bankfull channel width, width to depth ratio,
maximum and average depth at bankfull, channel planform, and longitudinal profile.
Stream Channel Hydrologic Analysis: Flows conveyed in the proposed stream channel will include
surface water flows as well as contributions from groundwater. Surface water hydrology will be modeled
using HEC-HMS, which simulates precipitation-runoff processes. Berger will develop hydrographs for a
range of storm events. The model will account for surface runoff from the.watershed, conveyance through
the ditch system. The precipitation-runoff amount developed using the model will be compared to regional
curve data developed for the Coastal Plain physiographic region of North Carolina.
Groundwater contributions to the channel will be characterized based on field observations of
groundwater elevations and soils descriptions. The plugging and filling of the existing drainage network
will restore historical water table elevations, which according to the soil series data ranges between 0 to 1
feet.
Stream Channel Hydraulics Analysis: HEC-RAS will be employed to verify that the restored channel
dimensions developed from reference reach and regional curve data are appropriate. Channel velocities
and water surface elevations will be determined for each modeled storm event. Specifically, the bankfull
event will be modeled to ensure that the bankfull stage is at the approximate top of bank elevation. HEC-
RAS will also be employed to assess the potential for hydrologic trespass resulting from the project
implementation.
Sediment Transport Analysis: Berger will perform a sediment transport analysis to ensure that the
proposed stream channel has the capacity to move its sediment load through the proposed cross section
without aggrading or degrading the channel. Several sediment transport models will be evaluated, such
as HEC-6, and HEC-RAS version 3.1.2 (which includes the general approach used in Sediment Analysis
Module (SAM) expanded to fit within the framework of HEC-RAS), to determine the most appropriate
model for a sand/clay stream bed. The analysis will model the designed channel and compare the
sediment-discharge rates to a section of a stable reference stream, if possible.
Wetland Area Hydrologic Analysis: Hydrologic inputs into the restored wetland will include direct
rainfall onto the wetland and contributions from groundwater and overland flow from the watershed.
Hydrologic outputs may include surface water and groundwater discharge, evaporation, and
evapotranspiration. A hydrologic analysis of these parameters will be conducted and the data will be
applied to the development of a water budget, which will be used to design the restored wetland.
Surface water flows entering the wetland from the watershed will be calculated using the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Technical Release 55 (TR-55) (USDA-SCS,
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 43 of 53
• Public Notice and Meeting
Berger will publish a Public Notice in a newspaper serving the area surrounding the site. The Public
Notice will provide the location of the site and briefly describe the activities that will be conducted at the
site and the ultimate fate of the site. The public's response to the Public Notice will dictate whether a
Citizen's Information Workshop is necessary. If it is deemed that a Workshop is needed, Berger will
conduct a Workshop to inform the public about the proposed project and answer questions.
4.2.2 Task 2: Property Acquisition
• Current Ownership
The land is currently owned by three property owners. Mark, Casey and Carl van Staalduinen own
approximately 60 acres of the site. Wiley and Diane Sue Walker own approximately 7 acres of the site
and Dera Mae Harris owns the remaining 9 acres. Berger has a contract to purchase a conservation
easement on a portion of each property, totaling 76 acres, which will remain in force through the proposal
process. Copies of the contracts are provided in Appendix A.
• Long Term Property Management
Upon execution of a contract with EEP for development of stream and wetland mitigation units, Berger
will prepare and submit to EEP a recorded Conservation Easement. Berger will utilize the EEP standard
conservation easement agreement to ensure protection of the site in perpetuity. Upon acceptance of the
property survey, deeds and conservation easement, Berger will transfer the property to EEP or an
approved State Agency.
• Timeline
It is estimated that it will take 60 days to record the Conservation Easement. A fully executed
Conservation Easement will be provided to EEP along with a copy of the surveyed property boundary and
deed documents.
4.2.3 Task 3: Site-Specific Restoration Plan
Berger will develop a Restoration Plan that:
1. Presents the goals and objectives of the restoration project;
2. Describes the project watershed and existing conditions of the site;
3. Presents the Wetland and Stream Reference Restoration Studies conducted to guide the
proposed Acre Swamp Creek restoration design;
4. Details the restoration plan, including the hydrologic modifications, vegetation community
restoration, planting plan, soil amendments, the proposed alignment, channel geometry,
morphology, proposed structures and channel plugs, and the sediment transport analysis; and
5. Briefly describes the wetland and stream monitoring plan and success criteria.
The Berger site-specific restoration plan is detailed and depicted in Section 4.1, Restoration Approach.
• Technical Studies
Several technical studies will be conducted to support the design of the proposed project. The studies will
include surveying the site topography, surveying and sampling the underlying soils of the site,
characterizing the surface water and groundwater hydrology, developing a water budget for the
restoration design, identifying and surveying an appropriate reference reach, performing a hydraulic
analysis of the restoration design, and performing a sediment transport analysis of the proposed stream
channel. The final design will be a result of an iterative process of incorporating the results of the
technical studies with existing site conditions and constraints while achieving the defined restoration
goals.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 42 of 53
4.2 Scope of Work
4.2.1 Task 1: Environmental Screening and Public Notice and Meeting
• Environmental Screening and Categorical Exclusion
Berger will conduct an environmental screening of the Acre Swamp Creek site using the Categorical
Exclusion Action Form, as described in the Environmental Documentation Process for Ecosystem
Enhancement Program Projects (NCDOT, 2005). This document outlines the laws and regulations that
EEP projects are required to comply with. An initial screening of the proposed Acre Swamp Creek project
using the Categorical Exclusion (CE) checklist follows. A comprehensive evaluation of the proposed
project will be performed upon execution of a contract with EEP.
The Categorical Exclusion Form requires that a screening be conducted to determine the
potential for the proposed project to impact American Indian territory or sites, archeological
resources, and historical architecture structures. The Acre Swamp Creek site is located within
Beaufort County, which is not claimed as "territory" by the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.
Therefore, the proposed project would be in compliance with the American Indian Religious
Freedom Act. Since the site is not located on Federal or American Indian Lands, the proposed
project would also be in compliance with the Antiquities Act, the Archaeological Resources
Protection Act, and Executive Order 13007 (Indian Sacred Sites). Berger will consult with the
North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) to ensure compliance with the National
Historic Preservation Act. If significant historic sites are located within the project limits, Berger
also will consult with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to ensure compliance with the
Department of Transportation Act, which requires projects minimize impacts to historic resources.
The Acre Swamp Creek site does not include public parklands; therefore, the proposed project
would comply with the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act.
- The site is located within a county that is subject to the rules and policies of the Coastal
Resources Commission. Restoration of the Acre Swamp Creek site met both the local policies
regarding land use as well as all the Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA) permit regulations.
Any land disturbances over one acre would require a land quality permit with the North Carolina
Division of Land Resources. Berger will apply for and obtain the necessary permits from the North
Carolina Division of Land Resources upon execution of a contract with EEP.
Since the proposed project requires the acquisition of real estate, compliance with the Farmland
Protection Policy Act and the Uniform Relocations Assistance and Real Property Acquisition
Policies Act is necessary. The project would involve the conversion of prime farmland soils
(Raines sandy loam and Torhunta sandy loam) to non-farm use. The Beaufort County NRCS will
be contacted and Berger will submit form AD-1006 upon execution of a contract with EEP.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will be contacted to determine if Threatened and Endangered
Species and/or Critical Habitat are listed for Beaufort County and if the project is likely to impact
any listed species or Critical Habitat.
Since the proposed project is not located within or near a Wilderness Area, the project would not
require a special use permit and/or easement.
Berger will screen the site for potential hazardous waste sites or underground storage tanks,
evaluate the potential for protected species and migratory birds, and screen the proposed project
site for invasive species.
Berger will evaluate the potential for the project to impact a unique or important natural resource
or impact the quality of adjacent water resources.
Berger will delineate wetlands/waters of the U.S. within the project area.
A screening of the project's impacts to social and economic resources will also be conducted
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 41 of 53

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TABLE 2
COASTAL PLAIN REGIONAL CURVE DIMENSIONS
Hydraulic Geometry Measure Dimension
Bankfull Area (Abu) 7 - 10 square-feet
Bankfull Width (Wakf) 7.4 - 9 feet
Bankfull Mean Depth (Dbkf) 0.9 -1 feet
Bankfull Flowrate (Qbkf) 7.6 -11.0 cubic feet per
second
The channel dimensions generated from regional curve data were advanced using reference reach data.
Reference reach geometry and dimensionless ratios were obtained from Barbara Doll at Sea Grant (Doll,
Persn. Comm. 2005). Data for E-channel reference reaches with similar slopes were reviewed. Based on
the reference reach data, the dimensions generated using the regional curve regression equations were
determined to be appropriate.
The channel width and depth was further refined following the recommendation of using a minimum width
to depth ratio of 9 for streams created in noncohesive soils (NCSRI and NCSG, 2003).
Berger's Proposed Design
Based on the results of the feasibility assessment and design analyses, Berger proposes to construct a
total of approximately 7,000 linear feet of stream restoration and 30 acres of riverine wetland restoration
at the Acre Swamp Creek site (Figure 7). The stream will initiate at the northeastern-most portion of the
site and follow a southwesterly course. The stream will be conveyed under the existing access road via
an appropriately sized bottomless culvert system. The stream will traverse the site at a sinuosity of 1.3.
The channel width will range from 7.4 to 9 feet and the channel depth will be approximately 1 foot.
Within the southern-most portion of the site, the restored stream will flow contiguous to restored riverine
wetlands. The adjacent farmfield will be restored to wetland by plugging the extensive ditch network and
filling several lengthy segments of on-site ditch. The restoration design will be refined to restore site
hydrology to its former wetland hydroperiod. The site will be graded relatively level using on-site material
to plug and fill ditches. The design elevation will result in a wetland within the floodplain of the adjacent
restored stream channel. On-site material will also be used to create relatively low perimeter berms. The
berms will serve to retain stream floodwaters and watershed run-on as well as prevent potential
hydrologic trespass to adjacent lands as a result of the wetland hydrologic restoration of the Acre Swamp
Creek site. The site will then be harrowed" to create a naturalized micro-topography and hummocky
wetland conditions. This process adds roughness to the design to retard and retain surface waters and
provides elevation variation to support the various herbaceous and woody planted species proposed to
be established.
In general, the goal of the design will be to establish a riverine wetland forest community consistent with a
Coastal Plain Small Stream Swamp (Schafale and Weakley, 1990) within the floodplain of the stream.
Berger's planting plan will incorporate the use of native trees and shrubs. An oak-dominated hardwood
forest community would be established through a planting program within wetlands to be restored. The
wetter areas within the design will be planted with more flood tolerant species including baldcypress,
swamp chestnut oak and tupelo.
Woody seedlings will be established in a naturalized pattern to avoid creating rows and monotypic stands.
Tree species will be established within zones that reflect the preferable hydrologic regimes of each
species; areas with the longer periods of inundation will be planted with flood tolerant species. TO
encourage a higher diversity of woody plant species on the site, planting patterns will include leaving
small gaps to provide open areas for recruitment.
Figure 9 provides a preliminary plan view of the proposed stream channel and typical channel cross
sections. The proposed restored habitat will discharge at the southwestern-most corner of the site, which
ultimately drains to Acre Swamp. Berger's preliminary planting plan is provided in Figure 10. Sections
4.2.4 and 4.2.5 in the scope of work describe the means by which the proposed design will be
implemented to restore the site.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 38 of 53
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ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
Sinuousity
of Pungo Swamp
THE LOUIS 6EROER GROUP FIGURES
0 1513 bVairut Street, Suite 250
Caiy, rX 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 37 of 53
Riverine Wetland Restoration Area Determination
The proposed wetland area will be restored adjacent to a restored stream channel. The entire area is
underlain by hydric, alluvial soils of the Muckalee loam series that were developed as a result of fluvial
conditions, which supports the hypothesis that a historical stream channel and riverine wetlands were
located on the site prior to the construction of the extensive ditch network. The Muckalee soils are subject
to frequent flooding with inundation periods typically lasting 2 to 7 days. The restored wetland will receive
a significant portion of its hydrology from over-bank flooding as it is within the 5-year floodplain.
To verify that the riverine wetlands will be supported by over-bank flooding, the surface water flows
entering the proposed channel from the contributing watershed during a 2- and a 5-year storm event was
calculated using the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Technical Release 55
(TR-55) (USDA-SCS, 1986). The cross sectional area of these flow events was determined by applying
the continuity equation and the Manning's equation to the calculated flowrate. The calculated cross
sectional area was then compared to the cross section area of the proposed channel. The results indicate
that the stream will over top during the 2- and 5-year storm events and flood the adjacent riverine wetland
areas, because the cross sectional area of the proposed channel is less than the cross sectional area of
the flow events.
Perennial Flow Verification
Berger identified a published reference reach also located within the coastal plain region (in the nearby
Chowan River Basin) that conveys perennial flow, named UT of Salmon Creek #1, which has a similar
drainage area (0.22 square miles) to the upper portion of the Acre Swamp Creek site. The reference
reach data supports the assessment that a stream with perennial flow can be restored at the site. The
Acre Swamp Creek site has a slightly larger watershed at the point of channel initiation than the published
reference reach. In addition, the site has extensive hydric soils and abundant surface and groundwater
sources to maintain surface water flow year round.
Stream Alignment and Profile Determination
The proposed stream alignment was developed from site topography and soils. The topography survey of
the site revealed that the site drops approximately 7.2 feet from the northeast comer of the site to the
southwest corner of the site. Based on this data and a measured valley length of 5,660 feet, the site has a
calculated valley slope of 0.13 percent. This is within the same order of magnitude of the nearby Pungo
Swamp, into which the site ultimately discharges, which has a valley slope of 0.05 percent. The centerline
of the proposed stream approximately follows the soil mapping unit of the Muckalee soil series developed
by the NRCS, a soil type formed by alluvial processes and located on flood plains or low stream terraces.
Establishment of the Proposed Channel Pattern
The sinuosity for Acre Swamp Creek is proposed to be 1.3. This value was determined by measuring the
sinuosity of Pungo Swamp, the river that the site ultimately drains into. The sinuosity of Pungo Swamp is
1.3, as illustrated in Figure 8. The proposed sinuosity for Acre Swamp Creek was then validated by
reviewing the valley slope and the expected sediment type (sand and silt).
Geomorphic Dimension Determination
Stream design parameters were developed using regional curve data developed for the coastal plain of
North Carolina (Doll et al., 2001). The regional curve data was used to develop an approximation of the
bankfull cross-sectional area, channel width, mean depth, and flowrate based on the proposed
watershed. The watershed draining into the upper portion of the site was calculated using USGS
topographic maps and supplemented with field observations. The upper drainage area to the proposed
point of initiation of a perennial flowing stream channel was measured as 220 acres (0.34 square miles)
(Figure 3). Using the regional curve equations, the following four dimensions were calculated for a stream
channel with a 220 acre (0.34 square mile) drainage area (Table 2).
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 36 of 53
Photos 3: Photograph of laser level survey of site. Looking south at the culvert under the farm access
road. Restored stream would be conveyed under the access road with a new culvert system that provides
appropriate conveyance of flows and sediment.
Photo 4: Drained hydric soils at soil boring Q. Soil boring taken in the south east corner of the proposed
riverine wetland area. The soil survey indicates that this area is Raines fine sandy loam; however, soils
characteristics observed at this location matched the profile of the Muckalee soils during the field survey-
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 35 of 53
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The design of the proposed channel involved an iterative approach. The channel dimension, pattern, and
profile presented in this section is derived from regional curve data and refined by evaluation of the
design against restoration goals, site conditions, and site constraints. The restoration approach involves
plugging and filling ditches, constructing a stable stream channel, and planting native species along the
stream banks and within the upland/wetland riparian buffer/bottomland forest. Berger proposes to restore
approximately 7,000 linear feet of the Acre Swamp tributary at the site. Approximately 16 acres of stream
buffer would be planted to hardwood trees and shrubs.
A riverine wetland restoration concept is presented in this proposal. The main source of water supporting
the wetland will be from overtopping of the proposed stream banks and flooding of the riverine wetlands
from this fluvial water source. The hydrology of the site and the hydraulics of the proposed channel will be
modeled to determine the extent and frequency of overbank flooding from the proposed channel into the
wetland. In addition, groundwater monitoring wells will be installed and monitored during the initial stages
of the project to determine groundwater contributions. The extent of hydric soils will be mapped across
the site by a professional soil scientist.
Using this data, the restoration design will be refined to restore site hydrology to its former wetland
hydroperiod. This would be accomplished through the plugging and filling of the existing ditch network
and minor regrading to reintroduce microtopography to slow surface water movement across the site,
mimic natural topographic diversity.in wetlands, and improve tree establishment. An oak-dominated
hardwood forest community would be established through a planting program within wetlands to be
restored. As shown in the Restoration Concept in Figure 7, it is estimated that 30 acres of riverine
forested wetlands could be restored through this approach. This figure excludes the stream buffer
acreage.
STREAM MITIGATION UNITS (SMUs) GENERATED FROM PROPOSED PROJECT
Mitigation Type Ratio Feet SMUs
Restoration 1:1 7,000 7,000
Enhancement Level 1 1.5:1
Enhancement Level II 2.5:1
Preservation 5:1
Upland NA
Total 7,000 7,000
WETLAND MITIGATION UNITS (WMUS) GENERATED FROM PROPOSED PROJECT
Mitigation Type Ratio Acres WMUs
Restoration 1:1 30 30
Creation 3:1
Enhancement 2:1
Preservation 5:1
Upland NA 46
Total 76 30
Feasibility Assessment
Berger conducted an initial feasibility assessment to support the development of the stream and wetland
restoration design, and identify site constraints. The feasibility assessment included the following:
- A field inspection of the site to verify land use;
- Characterization of existing topography by surveying transects across the site using a
laser level;
- Assessment of drainage features and the direction of drainage flow, which was applied to
the delineation of the watershed of the site;
- Verification of the presence and extent of mapped soil types and groundwater depth; and
- An assessment of existing vegetative communities, wetlands and habitat features.
The assessment confirmed the suitability of the site for wetland and stream restoration. See Photos 3 and
4 depicting site investigation activities.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 33 of 53
• Expected Ecological Benefits and Goals
The restoration goals of the proposed project focus on the benefits obtained from restoring the pattern,
dimension, and profile of a headwater stream, reconnecting the stream to its floodplain, and restoring
adjacent riverine wetlands within the streams floodplain. The benefits include protecting and improving
water quality, improving aquatic and terrestrial wildlife habitat, reducing downstream flooding by
increasing flood storage, restoring groundwater and surface water contributions to extensive wet
hardwood forests, and restoring, reconnecting, and protecting valuable wildlife habitat.
To achieve the restoration goals, Berger proposes to restore a minimum of 7,000 linear feet of an E-
channel stream and restore 30 acres of riverine wetlands within the 76-acre site. The original stream
channel and adjacent riverine wetlands have been altered and filled through the construction of an
extensive ditch network over the past 60 years to facilitate farming activities. Berger will plug the ditches
at strategic locations and redirect surface flow through a restored channel with an appropriate dimension,
pattern, and profile to transport water and sediment in order to achieve dynamic equilibrium. The resultant
reconnection of the stream to its floodplain will provide for flood attenuation as well as restore surface.
hydrology to restored riverine wetlands. The higher channel elevation and increased sinuosity will serve
to restore groundwater hydrology within existing hydric soils as well. Water quality benefits will be
achieved by increasing residence time of surface water runoff within a properly functioning stream and
wetland system as well as through the conversion of cropland to riparian corridors and riverine wetlands.
As a result of this project, wildlife habitat benefits will also be achieved through the restoration of forested
riverine wetlands and stream buffers. Restoring a forested riparian corridor will also provide additional
forest habitat as well as provide a connection between the larger wet hardwood forests to the north of the
site and the extensive forested wetlands and uplands to the south of the site.
¦ Threatened and Endangered Species -
Part of the restoration goals proposed for the project location is the restoration of valuable wetland and
wildlife habitat. The riverine forested wetland, riparian corridor, and stream habitat that is to be restored
will provide suitable habitat for a variety of wildlife, potentially including state threatened and significantly
rare species. Species that are known to occur in Beaufort County or downstream of the site are discussed
below.
Sensitive jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) is a state threatened plant species that thrives in
freshwater to slightly brackish tidal marshes and wet ditches. Restoration activities will produce suitable
habitat for this species. The habitat that will be created will also be favorable for the Dismal Swamp
Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi helaletes), which prefer low pocosins and early succession
wetlands, as well as a species of mayfly (Baetisca becks). Valuable habitat will be created that could
potentially support the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) which is found in savannas, seepage bogs,
pocosin edges, and is recorded to occur in Beaufort County. The location of Acre Swamp Creek will likely
improve water quality for species such as Triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulate), a threatened
invertebrate found in riverine systems, and the dwarf wedge mussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) and Tar
spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana), which are endangered in the Tar River Basin.
The expected ecological benefits and goals associated with the Acre Swamp Creek site serve to meet
objectives consistent with the resource protection objectives detailed in the Basinwide Assessment
Report, 2003, and will address specific degradation issues with the targeted watershed of the Tar-
Pamlico River Subbasin 03-03-07.
• Restoration Approach
The proposed wetland and stream restoration concept for the Acre Swamp Creek site is to restore the
pre-existing hydrology to the drained hydric soils and create new, stable stream channel with the
appropriate dimension, pattern, and profile to transport perennial flow and sediment, as well as provide an
accessible floodplain. Reconnecting the stream to the floodplain will restore the seasonal overbank
flooding that will provide the hydrology for the riverine wetlands.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 32 of 53
0 400 800
Feet
Legend
C3 Project Site
0 Soils
Me - Muckalee loam, frequently flooded (Hydric Criteria 263)
Ra - Rains fine sandy loam (Hydric Criteria 2133)
Tr - Torhunta sandy loam (Hydric Criteria 2133)
Sources:
Base Mapping- NCDOT, 1M.
Soils Data - USDA, NRCS SSURGO'Database, Beautod County, NC, 2004.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
NRCS Soils Map
®THE. LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGURE6`
1513 Walnut Street, -Suite 250
Cary. Nc 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 31 of 53
¦ Soils
The Acre Swamp Creek site is located within the Mid-Atlantic Flatwoods Ecoregion. This Ecogegion is
characterized by flat plains on lightly dissected marine terraces; swamps and low gradient streams with
sandy and silty substrates. The Soil Survey of Beaufort County, North Carolina (USDA-SCS) indicates
that the soils. within the project area consist of three soil series/map units: Muckalee loam, Rains sandy
loam and Torhunta sandy loam (Table 1, Figure 6). All of these soil series are classified as hydric.
Review of the NRCS soils map indicates that the historical stream channel on-site was most likely
associated with the Muckalee soil series described below.
Muckalee loam, frequently flooded (Me)
These nearly level, very deep, poorly drained soils are on floodplains. They formed in loamy and
sandy alluvial sediments. They have a loamy surface layer. The underlying materials are loamy
or sandy. Permeability is moderate and shrink-swell potential is low. Seasonal high water table
is within a depth of 1.0 foot. These soils are subject to frequent flooding at brief durations and are
indicative of riverine wetlands. Frequent, with regard to flooding, is defined by the NRCS as likely
to occur often under normal weather conditions, the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in
any year but less than 50 percent in all months in any year. Brief, with regard to flooding, is
defined by the NRCS as inundation lasting for 2 to 7 days. NRCS data for this soil type indicates
typical flooding, as previously described, in the months of November through May.
Rains sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slope (Ra)
This soil mapping unit consists very deep, fine-earth fraction textured soils. These poorly drained
soils are located in flats or depressions in lower to upper coastal plains with negligible runoff. The
surface layer consists of very dark gray to light brownish gray sandy loam 12 inches thick, while
the subsurface layer consists of gray sandy loam. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 0
to 12 inches during the months of December to April.
Torhunta sandy loam (Tr)
These nearly level, very deep, very poorly drained soils are on smooth flats and in depressions
on uplands and terraces. They formed in loamy marine and alluvial sediments. They have a
loamy surface layer and subsoil. Permeability is moderately rapid and shrink-swell potential is
low. Seasonal high water table is within a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 feet.
TABLE 1
PROJECT AREA SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
Map
Unit
Soil Name Percent
Drainage Characteristics Depth to SHWT Hydric

Symbol Slope (inches) Soil
Me Muckalee silt loam 0 to 2 Poorly drained 0 to 12 Yes
Ra Rains sandy loam 0 to 2 Poorly drained 0 to 12 Yes
Ru Torhunta sandy loam 0 to 2 Very poorly drained 6 to 18 Yes
SHWT= Seasonal High Water Table.
During the field investigation, numerous soil pits were dug across the site and the soil profile and depth to
groundwater examined. The extent of hydric soils mapped by the NRCS was corroborated by the field
investigation. It was apparent from the soil profiles that the Muckalee soils were more extensive than
previously mapped on the site. The depth to saturated soil ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 feet from the surface.
The groundwater depth was closely tied to the water surface elevation within the nearby ditches,
indicating that observed flow in the drainage features is due primarily to groundwater discharge.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 30 of 53
Photo 1: A ditch confluence adjacent to the wooded lot on drained Muckalee silt loam, south of the farm
access road. The area is proposed for stream restoration.
Photo 2: A ditch confluence adjacent to the wooded lot on drained Muckalee silt loam, north of the farm
access road. View of upslope limit of the proposed riverine wetland restoration.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 29 of 53
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ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
USGS Site Location
THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGURE 4:
1513 Walnut Street, Sute250
Cary, NC 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 27 of 53
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Legend
Project Site
Drainage Area at Terminous of Proposed Channel (370 ac)
OrainageArea at Inception of Fioposed Ch annel (220 ac)
Source.
Base Mapping 75 Minute USGSTopographicMap,
Pinetown, NC Quadrangle.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
Drainage Area
THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGURE 3
E1513 Walnut. Street, Suite 250
cary,NC27511 Dec.2005
?r
? j
.y?! ri 51l ?:
IV
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 26 of 53
303d-Listed Stream or Watershed
There are two 303-d listed streams in Subbasin 03-03-07. Kennedy Creek and Jack Creek are
both listed for impaired biological integrity. Although Acre Swamp is not listed as impaired, it has
been characterized as being heavily channelized, with eroding streambanks, no riparian zone and
little instream habitat (NCDENR, 2003)
NCWRP Targeted Watershed
The Acre Swamp site is located within a Targeted Local Watershed.
Natural Heritage Area
A Natural Heritage Area is an area that contains one or more threatened or endangered species
or wildlife species in need of conservation. The Natural Heritage Program has identified over 100
individual natural areas in the Tar-Pamlico River basin. Acre Swamp is located approximately 5
miles from Van Swamp, a 3500-acre, high quality Nonriverine Swamp Forest recently protected
by the Wildlife Resources Commission. Broad Creek Marshes and Forests, and Pantega
Wetlands, two other Natural Heritage areas, are approximately 6 miles from the site.
Acre Swamp Creek Site Watershed: The Acre Swamp Creek site has a total drainage area of
approximately 220 acres (0.34 square miles) at the inception of the proposed stream and approximately
370 acres (0.58 square miles) at the point where the proposed stream discharges at the southwest corner
of the site. The watershed is characterized by agricultural land (row crops) and pine plantations, with few
roads or residences (Figure 3). The project site is located south of Windley Canal Road and north of the
intersection of Ripp Highway and Terra Ceia Road (Figure 4). Less than one percent of the watershed is
covered by impervious surface. Nonpoint sources of pollution within the watershed primarily include
chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides and loose soil (sediment). Storm water runoff carrying these
pollutants is rapidly transported downstream through the extensive network of ditches throughout the
watershed.
• Site Description
The Acre Swamp Creek site is characterized by a network of ditches and canals that empty into Acre
Swamp. The original stream channel was ditched, filled, and redirected by the construction of an
extensive ditch network across the site (Figure 5). Photos 1 and 2 represent the current physical state of
the site. Remnants of the original stream channel are no longer visible; however, evidence of its prior
existence is present from soil survey mapping. Anecdotal testimony about a great flood in the 1960s
overflowing the ditches provides evidence suggesting that the ditching was done in the early 1960's at the
latest.
Land use within the 76-acre project site consists of three primary land uses. Approximately 60 acres of
the site is in the form of agricultural fields used for row crops including corn, grains, soybeans, and
numerous species of flower bulbs. The remaining 7 acres on the northeastern portion of the site have
been timbered within the last decade. These acres are in a state of transition and the most prevalent
species observed was red maple (Acer rubrum). Both of the previously wooded areas are bordered by
drainage ditches that flow east into the ditch and canal system that drains the agricultural land and
eventually drain into Acre Swamp.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 25 of 53
A
Tar-Pamlico River Basin
0 10 20
Miles
Legend
Subbasin Boundary
Targeted Local Watersheds
Source:
HUC Data - USDA--Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
NCDENR - Targeted Local Watersheds in the Tar-Pamlico River Basin.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE I
Subbasin 03-03-07
Targeted Watershed
03020104110010
THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGU RE 2
1513 Walnut Street, Suite 250
Cary, NC 27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 24 of 53
N
TAR-P'AMLICO RIVER BASIN
CATALOGING UNIT 03020104
03020102
03020101
03020103

ACRE SWAMP CREEK
SITE
03020104
03020105
0 10 20
Miles
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
HUC LOCATION
Source:
HUC Data - USDA--Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration
THE LOUIS BERC£R GROUP F)G
®.1513 Walnut Street. Sute 250
Cary, NC 27511 Dec. 2005
Page 23 of 53

PART 4 TECHNICAL APPROACH
4.1 Introduction
•. Project Location
The Acre Swamp Creek site drains in a southerly direction into Acre Swamp. Acre Swamp ultimately
discharges into Pungo River, which has a confluence with the Tar River in Pamlico Sound. The fallowing
discussion provides a description of the site in the context of the greater drainage basin that
encompasses the site and provides a connection between the site and its watershed with respect to water
quality and sensitive areas.
Tar-Pamlico River Basin: The 76-acre Acre Swamp Creek site is located in Beaufort County in the Tar-
Pamlico River Basin, USGS Hydrologic Unit 03020104 (Figure 1). The basin covers a land area of 5,571
square miles, and contains 2,566 stream miles. The Tar River originates in north central North Carolina
and flows toward the southeast, until it reaches tidal waters near Washington and becomes the Pamlico
River. The Pamlico River is a tidal estuary that flows into the Pamlico Sound, which is paat of the
USEPA's National Estuary Program.
The population of the counties that comprise the Tar-Pamlico River Basin are expected to grow to almost
one million people by 2020. According to the Basinwide Water Quality Plan for the Tar-Pamliiao River
Basin, there will be increased drinking water demands and wastewater discharges, as weill as a
concurrent loss of natural areas and increases in impervious surfaces associated with development. The
entire basin was designated as Nutrient Sensitive Waters (NSW) in 1989 in response to the problems
associated with nutrient loading and the resulting eutrophication (NCDENR, 2003). Beaufort County is
one of five counties in the basin that is required to develop and implement stormwater management plans
because of their development trends and potential nutrient contributions to the Pamlico Estuary- There
are 60 (77 MGD total) registered water withdrawals in the Tar-Pamlico River basin. Thirty-nine (36 MGD)
are agricultural and 21 (41 MGD) are nonagricultural. Fifty-one of these are surface water withdraamtals
Pamlico River Subbasin 03-03-07: The Acre Swamp Creek site is located in the Pamlico River
Subbasin 03-03-07, which covers 1,190 square miles (see Figure 2). Estuarine streams are dominant in
this subbasin, with freshwater streams limited to the headwaters of estuarine creeks, such as the location
of the Acre Swamp Creek site, and the East Dismal Swamp. The Pamlico River Subbasin, which
encompasses the Acre Swamp Creek site, has the following characteristics and designations.
- Pollution Sources within the Subbasin
Wastewater discharges as well as discharges from processing plants, animal operations,
agricultural lands, and developed areas contribute pollution to the Pamlico. Most of the permitted
wastewater flow to the Tar-Pamlico River Basin is from major municipal treatmerd plants.
Subbasin 03-03-07 has 20 facilities with NPDES permits to discharge wastewater into its
waterways (NCDENR, 2003). In addition, there are 18 registered animal operations in this
subbasin. Industry includes the PCS phosphate mine, located near the town of Aurava. The
mine is the largest of the four major dischargers in this subbasin. Approximately 26 percent of
the subbasin is agricultural land, which contribute pollutants such as nitrogen and phoWhorus,
which have been applied as fertilizer and are brought down into watersheds by soil erosicrm.
The estuary from Washington downstream to the Pungo River has experienced degradallfion from
excessive nutrient loadings. Nitrogen concentrations have been associated with nonpoirdt source
runoff in the upper part of the Pamlico River (near the Town of Washington) and in the Pungo
River. Elevated phosphorus concentrations were associated with the PCS effluent, although
concentrations decreased sharply in the Pamlico River after facility upgrading in 1992 (NCDDENR,
2003). Algal blooms have been documented throughout the estuary, presumably due to ibadings
of excess nutrients.
Water Supply Watershed
Acre Swamp is not located in a water supply watershed; however, the site drains into the Pamlico
Sound, which is classified as SA for shellfish harvesting.

Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration
Page 22 of 53
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Legend
C3 ProjeLt Site
Source.
Base (napping" 7.5 Minute USGS'TOpographic Maps.
Pinetown, NC Ctuadragle.
ACRE SWAMP CREEK SITE
USGS Site Location
THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP FIGURE 4
1513 WaI6ut $IrBet; Sude 25Q
Cary Nc27511 Dec. 2005
Tar-Pamlico River Basin Stream and Wetland Restoration Page 27 of 53