20080238 Ver 1_Mitigation AsBuilt Plans_20090709

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AS-BUILT MITIGATION PLAN
THREE MILE CREEK RESTORATION SITE
AVERY COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
(Contract #16-D06125-A)
FULL DELIVERY PROJECT
TO PROVIDE STREAM AND WETLAND MITIGATION
IN THE FRENCH BROAD RIVER BASIN
CATALOGING UNIT 06010108
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DENR - WATER QUALITY
WEnMIDS AND STMMWATER BRANCH
Prepared for:
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA
Prepared by:
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Restoration Systems, LLC
' 1101 Haynes Street, Suite 211
Raleigh, North Carolina 27604
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Axiom Environmental, Inc.
Axiom Environmental, Inc.
20 Enterprise Street, Suite 7
Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
April 2009
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NC ECOSYSTEM THREE MILE CREEK RESTORATION SITE
i-NHANCEMENT PROGRAM AS-BUILT MITIGATION PLAN
AVERY COUNTY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Restoration Systems, L.L.C. (Restoration Systems) has completed restoration of streams and wetlands at
the Three Mile Creek Restoration Site (hereafter referred to as the "Site") to assist the North Carolina
Ecosystem Enhancement Program (NCEEP) in fulfilling stream and wetland mitigation goals. The Site,
located in southwestern Avery County approximately 5.2 miles northeast of Spruce Pine, North Carolina,
provides the minimum of 8021 stream mitigation units and 2.3 riparian wetland mitigation units as
outlined in the October 2006 Technical Proposal. The Site is located in United States Geological Survey
(USGS) Hydrologic Unit and Targeted Local Watershed 06010108010020 (North Carolina Division of
Water Quality Subbasin 04-03-06) of the French Broad River Basin.
A Detailed Stream and Wetland Restoration Plan was completed for the Site in September 2007. The
plan outlined methods to complete stream and wetland restoration activities at the Site. A 26.68-acre
conservation easement was placed on the Site to incorporate all restoration activities. The Site contains
Three Mile Creek, 12 unnamed tributaries to Three Mile Creek, Fork Creek, and associated floodplains.
Prior to construction, the project was characterized by agricultural land utilized for Christmas tree and
ornamental landscape nursery plant production, timber harvest, and livestock grazing. Agricultural
practices including the maintenance and removal of riparian vegetation and relocation, dredging, and
straightening of onsite streams resulted in degraded water quality, unstable channel characteristics (stream
entrenchment, erosion, and bank collapse), and reduced storage capacity and floodwater attenuation. In
addition, hydric soils were disturbed due to regular plowing and vegetation maintenance, hoof shear from
livestock, and the removal of groundwater hydrology inputs from the rerouting and straightening of Site
tributaries.
Restoration of Site streams and wetlands will result in positive benefits for water quality and biological
diversity in the Three Mile Creek watershed. Targeted mitigation efforts focused on improving water
quality, enhancing flood attenuation, and restoring aquatic and riparian habitat and were accomplished by:
1. Removing nonpoint and point sources of pollution associated with agricultural practices including
a) cessation of broadcasting fertilizer, pesticides, and other agricultural chemicals into and
adjacent to the Site and b) provide a forested riparian buffer to treat surface runoff.
2. Reducing sedimentation within onsite and downstream receiving waters by a) reducing bank
erosion associated with vegetation maintenance and plowing adjacent to Site streams and
wetlands and b) planting a forested riparian buffer adjacent to Site streams and wetlands.
3. Reestablishing stream stability and the capacity to transport watershed flows and sediment loads
by restoring a stable dimension, pattern, and profile supported by natural in-stream habitat and
grade/bank stabilization structures.
4. Promoting floodwater attenuation by a) reconnecting bankfull stream flows to the abandoned
floodplain terrace; b) restoring secondary, dredged, straightened, and entrenched tributaries,
thereby reducing floodwater velocities within smaller catchment basins; c) restoration of
depressional floodplain wetlands and floodwater storage capacity within the Site, and d)
revegetating Site floodplains to increase frictional resistance on floodwaters.
As-built Mitigation Plan Executive Summary
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site

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5. Improving aquatic habitat with bed variability and the use of in-stream structures upstream of a
reach identified by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission as supporting naturally
reproducing rainbow trout populations.
6. Providing a terrestrial wildlife corridor and refuge in an area that is developed for agricultural
production.
As constructed, the Site restored historic stream and wetland functions, which existed onsite prior to
channel straightening and dredging, agricultural impacts, and vegetation removal. Stream construction of
meandering, C-/E-type stream channel resulted in 6057 linear feet of stream restoration, 618 linear feet of
stream enhancement (Level I), 875 linear feet of stream enhancement (Level II), 6421 linear feet of
stream preservation, 2.5 acres of riverine wetland restoration, and 2.3 acres of riverine wetland
enhancement. The total amount of mitigation implemented at the Site is 8103 SMUs and 3.7 riverine
WMUs.
As-built Mitigation Plan
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Executive Summary
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................
1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................
1.2 Project Goals and Objectives ..........................................................................
1.3 Project Structure, Restoration Type, and Approach .........................................
1.4 Project History ...............................................................................................
2.0 RESTORATION ACTIVITIES ..........................................................................
2.1 Stream Restoration .........................................................................................
3.1.1 Belt-width Preparation and Grading ........................................................
3.1.2 Floodplain Bench Excavation .................................................................
3.1.3 Channel Excavation ................................................................................
3.1.4 Channel Backfilling ................................................................................
3.1.5 Marsh Treatment Areas ..........................................................................
3.1.6 In-Stream Structures ...............................................................................
3.1.7 Forded Channel Crossing ........................................................................
3.2 Stream Enhancement (Level I and 11) .............................................................
3.3 Stream Preservation .......................................................................................
3.4 Wetland Restoration and Enhancement ...........................................................
3.2.1 Reestablishment of Historic Groundwater Elevations ..............................
3.2.2 Excavation and Grading of Elevated Spoil and Sediment Embankments.
3.2.3 Hydrophytic Vegetation ..........................................................................
4.0 PLANT COMMUNITY RESTORATION .........................................................
5.0 MONITORING PLAN .......................................................................................
5.1 Stream ...........................................................................................................
5.2 Hydrology ......................................................................................................
5.3 Vegetation ......................................................................................................
6.0 SUCCESS CRITERIA .......................................................................................
6.1 Stream Success Criteria ..................................................................................
6.2 Hydrologic Success Criteria ...........................................................................
6.2 Vegetation Success Criteria ............................................................................
7.0 MONITORING REPORT SUBMITTAL ...........................................................
8.0 CONTINGENCY ..............................................................................................
9.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................
TABLES
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Table 1. Site Restoration Structures and Objectives ...............................................................
Table 2. Project Activity and Reporting History ..............................................
Table 3. Project Contacts Table ......................................................................
Table 4. Project Background Table .................................................................
Table 5. Planted Tree Species .........................................................................
Table 6. Baseline Morphology and Hydraulic Summary .................................
Table 7A-C. Baseline Morphology and Hydraulic Monitoring Summary ........
Table 8. Characteristic Tree Species ...............................................................
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As-built Mitigation Plan page i
Three Mile Restoration Site
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Figures and As-built Construction Sheets
Appendix B. Preconstruction and Construction Photographs
Appendix C. As-built Cross-section and Longitudinal Profile Plots
FIGURES and SHEETS
Figure 1. Site Location .......................................................................................................... Appendix A
Figure 2. Preconstruction Conditions ..................................................................................... Appendix A
Figures 3A-313. Typical Structure Details .............................................................................. Appendix A
Figure 4. Planting Plan .......................................................................................................... Appendix A
Sheets 1-23. As-built Survey ................................................................................................. Appendix A
As-built Mitigation Plan page ii
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
THREE MILE CREEK RESTORATION SITE
AS-BUILT MITIGATION PLAN
AVERY COUNTY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location and Setting
Restoration Systems, L.L.C. (Restoration Systems) has completed restoration of streams and wetlands at
the Three Mile Creek Restoration Site (hereafter referred to as the "Site") to assist the North Carolina
Ecosystem Enhancement Program (NCEEP) in fulfilling stream and wetland mitigation goals. The Site,
The Site, located in southwestern Avery County approximately 5.2 miles northeast of Spruce Pine, North
Carolina, provides the minimum of 8021 stream mitigation units and 2.3 riparian wetland mitigation units
as outlined in the October 2006 Technical Proposal (Figure 1, Appendix A). The Site is located in United
States Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Unit and Targeted Local Watershed 06010108010020 (North
Carolina Division of Water Quality Subbasin 04-03-06) of the French Broad River Basin.
Directions to the Site:
? From Asheville or Raleigh, take I-40 to Marion; take NC 226 north through Linville Falls; go left
on NC 194; site is -4.5 miles on left
? Or, From Asheville take 19/23 North to 19E through Spruce Pine to NC 194
? Take a right on NC 194 and travel approximately 1.5 miles
? The Site is on the right
? Latitude, Longitude of Site: 35.9827°N, 81.9843°W (NAD83/WGS84)
1.2 Project Goals and Objectives
A Detailed Stream and Wetland Restoration Plan was completed for the Site in September 2007. The plan
outlined methods to complete stream and wetland restoration activities at the Site. A 26.68-acre
conservation easement was placed on the Site to incorporate all restoration activities. The Site contains 4.8
acres of hydric soil, Three Mile Creek, 12 unnamed tributaries (UTs) to Three Mile Creek, Fork Creek, and
adjacent floodplains, which represent the primary hydrologic features of the Site. The drainage basin size
is approximately 5.1 square miles at the Site outfall. The Site watershed is dominated by forest,
agricultural land, and sparse industrial/residential development; less than five percent of the upstream
watershed is composed of impervious surface.
Prior to construction, the project was characterized by agricultural land utilized for Christmas tree and
ornamental landscape nursery plant production, timber harvest, and livestock grazing (Figure 2, Appendix
A). Agricultural practices including the maintenance and removal of riparian vegetation and relocation,
dredging, and straightening of onsite streams resulted in degraded water quality, unstable channel
characteristics (stream entrenchment, erosion, and bank collapse), and reduced storage capacity and
floodwater attenuation. In addition, hydric soils were disturbed due to regular plowing and vegetation
maintenance, hoof shear from livestock, and the removal of groundwater hydrology inputs from the
rerouting and straightening of Site tributaries.
The following objectives were proposed to provide mitigation credit requested under the EEP Request For
Proposal (RFP) #16-D06125 dated June 27, 2006.
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Three Mile Creek Restoration Site

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• Restore aquatic wetland, and riparian habitat within the upper portions of the Three Mile Creek
watershed.
• Restore geomorphic stability to the subject stream reaches.
• Restore approximately ten acres of Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland and Piedmont/Low Mountain
Alluvial Forests
Restoration of Site streams and wetlands will result in positive benefits for water quality and biological
diversity in the Three Mile Creek watershed. Targeted mitigation efforts at the Site were accomplished by:
1. Removing nonpoint and point sources of pollution associated with agricultural practices including
a) cessation of broadcasting fertilizer, pesticides, and other agricultural chemicals into and adjacent
to the Site and b) provide a forested riparian buffer to treat surface runoff.
2. Reducing sedimentation within onsite and downstream receiving waters by a) reducing bank
erosion associated with vegetation maintenance and plowing adjacent to Site streams and wetlands
and b) planting a forested riparian buffer adjacent to Site streams and wetlands.
3. Reestablishing stream stability and the capacity to transport watershed flows and sediment loads by
restoring a stable dimension, pattern, and profile supported by natural in-stream habitat and
grade/bank stabilization structures.
4. Promoting floodwater attenuation by a) reconnecting bankfull stream flows to the abandoned
floodplain terrace; b) restoring secondary, dredged, straightened, and entrenched tributaries,
thereby reducing floodwater velocities within smaller catchment basins; c) restoration of
depressional floodplain wetlands and floodwater storage capacity within the Site, and d)
revegetating Site floodplains to increase frictional resistance on floodwaters.
5. Improving aquatic habitat with bed variability and the use of in-stream structures upstream of a
reach identified by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission as supporting naturally
reproducing rainbow trout populations.
6. Providing a terrestrial wildlife corridor and refuge in an area that is developed for agricultural
production.
1.3 Project Structure, Restoration Type, and Approach
As constructed, the Site restored historic stream and wetland functions, which existed onsite prior to
channel straightening and dredging, agricultural impacts, and vegetation removal. Stream construction of
meandering, C-/E-type stream channel resulted in 6057 linear feet of stream restoration, 618 linear feet of
stream enhancement (Level I), 875 linear feet of stream enhancement (Level lI), 6421 linear feet of stream
preservation, 2.5 acres of riverine wetland restoration, and 2.3 acres of riverine wetland enhancement
(Table 1).
Table 1. Site Restoration Structures and nhieetives
Restoration Existing Designed
Segment/ Station Mitigation Priority Linear Linear
Reach ID* Range Type Approach Footage/ Footage/ Comment
Acreaze Acreage"

Th
Mil 1+25-37+30 Restoration 1 3552 3495 Restoration of a straightened
ree
e channel on new location.
Creek 37+30-42+15 Enhancement I 2 485 485 Restoration of dimension and
profile in lace.
Fork Creek 0+00-1+58 Enhancement 11 NA 158 158 Removal of invasive species
and supplemental planting.
Tributary 1 0+00-3+84 Restoration 1 172 384 Restoration of a straightened
channel on new location.
' As-built Mitigation Plan
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Page 2
Tahle 1 _ Cite Restoration Ctructurec and nhiectives (continued)
Existing Designed
Restoration
Se Station Mitigation Priority Linear Linear
Comment
Range Type Approach Footage/ Footage/
*
Reach ch ID ID Acreage Acreage"
Restoration of dimension and
0+00-1+33 Enhancement I 2 133 133 profile in lace.
Tributary 2 Removal of invasive species
NA Enhancement II NA 351 351 and supplemental planting.
Restoration of a ditched and
0+00-3+40 Restoration 1 252 340 disturbed channel on new
Tributary 3 location.
NA Preservation NA 1808 1808 Preservation of existing reach
Restoration of a ditched and
0+00-2+28 Restoration 1 136 198 disturbed channel on new
Tributary 4 location.
Removal of invasive species
NA Enhancement II NA 366 366 and supplemental planting.
Restoration of a ditched and
0+00-2+44 Restoration 1 150 214 disturbed channel on new
Tributary 5 location.
Preservation of stable, forested
NA Preservation NA 931 931 stream reaches.
Restoration of a ditched and
0+00-2+44 Restoration 1 124 214 disturbed channel on new
Tributary 6a location.
Preservation of stable, forested
NA Preservation NA 681 681 stream reaches.
Restoration of a ditched and
Tributary 7 0+00-2+75 Restoration 1 146 245 disturbed channel on new
location.
Restoration of a ditched and
0+00-3+43 Restoration 1 519 343 disturbed channel on new
location.
Tributary 8 Filling a ditched springhead
242 Restoration 1 242 242 systems and braiding
restoration channel.
Tie spring head to design
Tributary 9 0+00-0+43 NA NA 0 43 channel.
Restoration of a ditched and
0+00-0+92 Restoration 1 72 92 disturbed channel on new
location.
Tributary l la Braiding surface flow of
228 Restoration 1 228 228 restoration channel.
Preservation of stable, forested
NA Preservation NA 49 49 stream reaches.
Restoration of a ditched and
Tributary l lb 0+00-0+62 Restoration 1 51 62 disturbed channel on new
location.
Preservation NA Preservation NA 2952 2952 Preservation of stable, forested
stream reaches
Tributaries .
Reconstructing site tributaries,
filling ditched channels and
Riparian/ -- Restoration -- -- 2.5 ditches, rehydrating floodplain
Riverine soils, and planting with native
Wetlands forest vegetation.
Planting with native forest
-- Enhancement __ .. 2.3 vegetation.
' Locations of earn trlbutary ana restorauon type are uepttacu un aiiccw 1-c3 ui nVp-lu- ?. ?? ............. ..??
** Constructed linear footage excludes crossings or areas outside of easement; therefore, is slightly shorter than stationing depicts.
Priority Approach 1 - Convert incised stream to stable stream at historic floodplain elevation.
Priority Approach 2 - Convert incised stream to stable stream and reestablish floodplain at present location.
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Three Mile Creek Restoration Site

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1.4 Project History
Completed project activities, reporting history, completion dates, project contacts, and background
information are summarized in Tables 2-4.
Table 2. Proiect Activitv and Reporting History

Activity or Report Data
Collection
Com letion Actual
Completion
or Delivery
Restoration Plan August 2007 September 2007
Construction Completion NA January 2009
Site Planting NA February 2009
Mitigation Plan/As-builts March 2009 April 2009
Table 3. Proiect C antacts Tahle
Full Delivery Provider Restoration Systems
1101 Haynes Street, Suite 211
Raleigh, North Carolina 27604
George Howard and John Preyer [phone]
Designer Axiom Environmental, Inc.
20 Enterprise Street, Suite 7
Raleigh, NC 27607
Grant Lewis [phone]
Construction Contractor Land Mechanics Designs, Inc.
126 Circle G Lane
Willow Spring, North Carolina 27592
Lloyd Glover [phone]
Planting Contractor Carolina Silvics
908 Indian Trail Road
Edenton, North Carolina 27932
Dwight McKinney [phone]
Surveying Contractor K2 Design Group, PA
5758 US Highway 70 East
Goldsboro, North Carolina 27534
John Rudolph [phone]
As-built Mitigation Plan
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Page 4
Table 4. Project Bac round Table
Project County Avery County, North Carolina
Drainage Area Three Mile Creek: 5.1 square miles
Fork Creek: 1.8 square miles
Tributaries: 0.02-0.2 square mile
Drainage impervious cover estimate (%) < I
Stream Order Three Mile Creek: Second and Third
Fork Creek: Second
Tributaries: First and Second
Physiographic Region Blue Ridge
Ecoregion Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains
Rosgen Classification of As-built E-/C-type
Dominant Soil Types Chandler, Cullowhee, Nikwasi, Micaville, Saunook,
Thunder
Reference Site ID Stone Mountain and Cranberry Creek
USGS HUC 06010108010020
NCDWQ Subbasin 04-03-06
NCDWQ Classification WS-IV Tr (Stream Index # 7-2-25-(0.7))
Any portion of any project segment 303d
listed? No
Any portion of any project segment upstream
of a 303d listed segment? Yes, the receiving water of the North Toe River (Stream
Index Number 7-2-[27.7]b) is listed for impaired
biological integrity and turbidity
Reasons for 303d listing or stressor Not Applicable
% of project easement fenced +/-8%
2.0 RESTORATION ACTIVITIES
Primary activities proposed at the Site include 1) stream restoration, 2) stream enhancement (level I and
level II), 3) stream preservation, 4) wetland restoration, 5) wetland enhancement, 6) soil scarification, and
7) plant community restoration. Restoration plans constructed 6057 linear feet of stream restoration, 618
linear feet of stream enhancement (Level 1), 875 linear feet of stream enhancement (Level II), 6421 linear
feet of stream preservation, 2.5 acres of riverine wetland restoration, and 2.3 acres of riverine wetland
enhancement. In total, the Site provides 8103 SMUs and 3.7 riverine WMUs (Sheets 1-23, Appendix A).
2.1 Stream Restoration
Portions of Three Mile Creek and eleven of the tributaries are located within a floodplain suitable for
design channel excavation on new location. The streams were constructed on new location and the old
dredged, straightened, and rerouted channels were abandoned and backfilled. Primary activities designed
to restore the channels on new location included 1) belt-width preparation and grading, 2) floodplain bench
excavation, 3) channel excavation, 4) installation of channel plugs, 5) backfilling of the abandoned channel,
and 6) installation of in-stream structures.
3.1.1 Belt-width Preparation and Grading
The belt-width was prepared and graded; material excavated during grading was stockpiled immediately
adjacent to channel segments to be abandoned and backfilled. These segments were backfilled after stream
diversion was completed. After preparation of the corridor, the design channel and updated profile survey
was developed and the location of each meander wavelength plotted and staked along the profile.
As-built Mitigation Plan Page 5
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
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' 3.1.2 Floodplain Bench Excavation
' A bankfull, floodplain bench was created to 1) remove eroding material and collapsing banks, 2) promote
overbank flooding during bankfull flood events, 3) reduce the erosive potential of flood waters, and 4)
increase the width of the active floodplain. Bankfull benches were created by excavating the adjacent
floodplain to bankfull elevations or filling eroded/abandoned channel areas with suitable material. After
excavation, or filling of the bench, a relatively level floodplain surface was stabilized with suitable erosion
control measures. Planting of the bench with native floodplain vegetation occurred to reduce erosion of
' bench sediments, reduce flow velocities in flood waters, filter pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat.
3.1.3 Channel Excavation
The channel was constructed within the range of values depicted in the September 2007 Detailed
' Restoration Plan for the Site.
The stream banks and local belt-width area of constructed channels were planted with shrub and
herbaceous vegetation. Deposition of shrub and woody debris into and/or overhanging the constructed
channel was encouraged.
Particular attention was directed toward providing vegetative cover and root growth along the outer bends
of each stream meander. Live willow stake revetments, available root mats, and/or biodegradable, erosion-
control matting were embedded into the break-in-slope to promote more rapid development of an
overhanging bank.
3.1.4 Channel Backfilling
' After impermeable plugs were installed, the abandoned channels were backfilled. Backfilling was
performed primarily by pushing stockpiled materials into the channel. The channels were filled to the
extent that onsite material was available and compacted to maximize microtopographic variability,
' including ruts, ephemeral pools, and hummocks in the vicinity of the backfilled channel.
Borrow material was generated through excavation of groundwater storage depressions throughout the Site
landscape. The primary purpose of these depressions was to provide suitable, low permeability material for
ditch plugs and backfilling, to increase water storage potential within the wetland restoration area, and to
increase potential for biological diversity within the complex.
3.1.5 Marsh Treatment Areas
Shallow wetland marsh treatment areas were excavated in the floodplain to intercept surface waters
draining through agricultural areas prior to discharging into the mainstem Three Mile Creek channel.
Marsh treatment areas are depicted on Sheets 2-7 (Appendix A) and consisted of shallow depressions that
will provide treatment and attenuation of initial stormwater pulses. The outfall of each treatment area was
constructed of hydrologically stable rip-rap or other suitable material to protect against headcut migration
into the constructed depression and/or upstream stream reaches. It is expected that the treatment areas will
fill with sediment and organic matter over time.
3.1.6 In-Stream Structures
In-stream structures were used within the Site for bank stabilization, grade control, and habitat
improvement. This included the installation of 2 J-hook vanes, 4 log vanes, 10 rock cross-vanes, and 8
step-pool structures (Sheets 11-15, Appendix A).
As-built Mitigation Plan Page 6
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
J-hook Vanes/Log Vanes
J-hook vanes and log vanes were used to direct high velocity flows during bankfull events towards the
center of the channel. J-hook vanes were constructed of boulders approximately 24 inches in minimum
width. J-hook vane construction was initiated by imbedding footer rocks into the stream bed for stability to
prevent undercutting of the structure. Header rocks were then placed atop the footer rocks at the design
elevation. Footer and header rocks create an arm that slopes from the center of the channel upward at
approximately 7 to 10 degrees, tying in at the bankfull floodplain elevation. Once the header and footer
stones were in place, filter fabric was buried into a trench excavated around the upstream side of the J-hook
vane arm. The filter fabric was then draped over the header rocks to force water over the vane. The
upstream side of the structure was backfilled with suitable material to the elevation of the header stones.
Log vanes were constructed utilizing large tree trunks harvested from the Site. The tree stems harvested for
log cross-vane arms were long enough to be imbedded into the stream channel and extend several feet into
the floodplain. Logs create an arm that slopes from the center of the channel upward at approximately 5 to
7 degrees, tying in at the bankfull floodplain elevation. Logs extend from each stream bank at an angle of
20 to 30 degrees. A trench was dug into the stream channel that was deep enough for the head of the log to
be at or below the channel invert. The trench was then extended into the floodplain and the log was set into
the trench such that the log arm was below the floodplain elevation. Once the vane was in place, filter
fabric was toed into a trench on the upstream side of the vane and draped over the structure to force water
over the vane. The upstream side of the structure was then backfilled with suitable material.
Rock Cross-vanes
Rock cross-vanes were installed in the channel to 1) sustain bank stability, 2) direct high velocity flows
during bankfull events toward the center of the channel, 3) maintain average pool depths throughout the
reach, 4) preserve water surface elevations and reconnect bankfull stream flows with the adjacent
floodplains, and 5) modify energy distributions through increases in channel roughness and local energy
slopes during peak flows.
Rock cross-vanes were constructed of boulders approximately 24 inches in minimum width. Rock cross-
vane construction was initiated by imbedding footer rocks into the stream bed for stability to prevent
undercutting of the structure. Header rocks were then placed atop the footer rocks at the design elevation.
Footer and header rocks create an arm that slopes from the center of the channel upward at approximately 7
to 10 degrees, tying in at the bankfull floodplain elevation. The cross-vane arms at both banks were tied
into the bank with a sill to eliminate the possibility of water diverting around the structure. Once the
header and footer stones were in place, filter fabric was buried into a trench excavated around the upstream
side of the vane arms. The filter fabric was then draped over the header rocks to force water over the vane.
The upstream side of the structure was backfilled with suitable material to the elevation of the header
stones.
Sten-Pool Structures
Step-pool structures were constructed to 1) sustain bank stability, 2) direct high velocity flows during
bankfull events toward the center of the channel, 3) preserve water surface elevations and reconnect
bankfull stream flows with the adjacent floodplains, and 4) modify energy distributions in steeper stream
reaches through increases in channel roughness and local energy slopes during peak flows. Step-pool
structures were installed at the infall of restoration reaches of Tributaries 3, 4, and 11A, and the outfall of
Tributaries 2, 6A, 7, 8, and 11B to the Main Channel to lower hydrology to the elevation of the tributary or
Main Channel, respectively. Step-pool structures were constructed of boulders approximately 24 inches in
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Three Mile Creek Restoration Site

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minimum width. These structures were constructed similar to a series of rock cross-vanes as described
' above.
3.1.7 Forded Channel Crossing
Landowner constraints necessitated the installation of two channel fords to allow access to portions of the
' property isolated by the conservation easement and stream restoration activities. The location of the
channel fords are depicted on Sheets 11-15 (Appendix A). The fords were constructed of hydraulically
stable rip-rap or suitable rock and are large enough to handle the weight of anticipated vehicular traffic.
' Approach grades to the fords were at an approximate 15:1 slope and constructed of hard, scour-resistant
crushed rock or other permeable material, which is free of fines. The bed elevations of the fords are equal
the floodplain elevation above and below the ford to reduce the risk of headcutting.
'
3.2 Stream Enhancement (Level I and II)
Stream enhancement (Level I and II) on the upper reaches of Tributaries 2 and 4, the lower reach of Three
' Mile Creek, and Fork Creek entailed the cessation of current land management practices and planting
riparian buffers with native forest vegetation. Enhancement Level I also entailed dimension and profile
adjustments along with the installation of instream habitat structures. Bank stabilization measures
' including the use of root/biodegradable erosion control matting, live staking, and bank sloping were
implemented where necessary to prevent further bank erosion/degradation. Particular attention was
directed toward providing vegetative cover and root growth along the outer bends of each stream meander.
' Riparian buffers extend a minimum of 30 feet from the top of stream banks to facilitate stream recovery
and prevent further degradation of Site streams. In addition, water quality functions and aquatic and
wildlife habitat associated with stable riparian corridors/streams will be improved.

3.3 Stream Preservation
The forested/upstream reach of Tributaries 3, 5, 6, and 11 were preserved as part of this project. Based on
' preliminary analysis and field investigations, these reaches are relatively stable due to a lack of human-
induced impacts and a well-developed riparian buffer. These areas will be protected in perpetuity through
the establishment of a conservation easement including a minimum 30-foot forested buffer adjacent to each
' bank of the stream.
3.4 Wetland Restoration and Enhancement
Wetland restoration activities focused on 1) the reestablishment of historic water table elevations, 2)
' excavation and grading of elevated spoil and sediment embankments, 3) reestablishment of hydrophytic
vegetation, and 4) reconstruction of stream corridors.
' 3.2.1 Reestablishment of Historic Groundwater Elevations
Preconstruction Tributaries 1 and 8 depths averaged 3-5 feet, while the constructed Tributaries 1 and 8
average approximately 0.7-1 foot. Hydric soils adjacent to the incised channels were drained due to
' lowering of the groundwater tables and a lateral drainage effect from existing stream reaches. Historic flow
patterns were restored across the floodplain and channel inverts were reestablished to rehydrate soils
adjacent to Site streams. In addition, preconstruction drainage ditches within the Site effectively removed
' wetland hydrology within the restoration area; these ditches were filled to rehydrate hydric soils. Filling of
these ditches and restoring Site tributaries resulted in the restoration of jurisdictional hydrology to riverine
wetlands.
As-built Mitigation Plan Page 8
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
3.2.2 Excavation and Grading of Elevated Spoil and Sediment Embankments
Spoil/sediment deposition adjacent to the preconstruction channels and area ditches were removed. Spoil
materials were used to fill of onsite ditches, which represented a critical element of onsite wetland
restoration.
3.2.3 Hydrophytic Vegetation
Onsite wetland areas endured significant disturbance from land use activities prior to construction such as
land clearing and other anthropogenic maintenance. Wetland areas were revegetated with native vegetation
typical of wetland communities in the region. Emphasis focused on developing a diverse plant assemblage.
Plant Community Restoration is discussed in more detail in Section 4.0.
4.0 PLANT COMMUNITY RESTORATION
The Site was planted with native tree species in January 2009. Onsite observations, reference forest, and
pertinent community descriptions from Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina
(Schafale and Weakley 1990) were used to develop the primary plant community association promoted
during restoration efforts. Before plant community restoration was implemented, the entire Site was
scarified. Scarification was performed as linear bands directed perpendicular to the land slope.
Subsequently, community restoration was initiated on scarified surfaces. The Site was planted with species
characteristic of Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest within wetland areas, and a Piedmont/Low
Mountain Alluvial Forest within the remainder of the Site. Fourteen tree species were planted at the Site;
they are as shown in Table 5 (also in Figure 4, Appendix A).
Bare-root seedlings of canopy and understory tree species were planted within the Site at a density of
approximately 2790 stems per acre within the stream-side assemblage and a density of approximately 660
stems per acre within the Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest and Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial
Forest communities. Bare-root seedlings were hand planted to minimize wetland soil disturbance. A total
of 19,600 diagnostic tree and shrub seedlings were planted in support of Site restoration.
As-built Mitigation Plan Page 9
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site

L

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i

I
Table 5. Planted Tree SnPrie.C
Piedmont/Low
Piedmont/Mountain Mountain Stream-side
Vegetation Association Bottomland Forest Alluvial Forest Assemblage TOTAL
Area acres 5.4 4.0 4.8 14.2
Number % of Number % of Number % of
Species planted* total planted* total lanted** total Number planted
Swamp chestnut oak (Quercus

michauxii 600 17 -- -- -- -- 600
Chenybark oak

( uercus a oda 900 25 -- -- -- -- 900
Sycamore

(Platanus occidentalis) 500 14 300 12 -- -- 600
Hackberry

Gelds laevl ata 600 17 -- -- -- -- 600
Green ash

Fraxinus enn lvanica 400 11 600 22 -- -- 1000
Pawpaw

Asimina triloba 300 8 300 12 -- -- 600
Northern red oak

( ercus rubra) 400 15 -- -- 400
White oak

uercus albs 400 15 -- -- 400
Black cherry

Prunus serotina 300 12 -- -- 300
Red bud
(Cercis canadensis) "" -" _- -- 2000 15 2000
Persimmon

Dios ros vir iniana 300 12 2300 17 2600
Silky dogwood

Cornus amomum 300 8 -- -- 3900 29 4200
Buttonbush

(Ce halanthus occidentalis)
-- 2600 19.5 2600
Elderberry
Sambucus canadensis "" -" _- -- 2600 19.5 2600
TOTAL 3600 100 2600 100 13,400 100 19,600
5.0 MONITORING PLAN
The Three Mile Stream and Wetland Restoration Site monitoring plan will entail analysis of the stream
channel, hydrology, and vegetation. Monitoring of restoration efforts will be performed for a minimum of
5 years or until success criteria are fulfilled. Locations of stream cross-sections and vegetation monitoring
plots are depicted in Sheets 11-15 (Appendix A).
5.1 Stream
After completion of Site construction, one 3000-linear foot reach of Three Mile Creek was monitored for
geometric activity along the restored channel. In addition, 11 stream cross-sections were established and
permanently monumented within the monitoring reach.
t Annual fall monitoring will include development of channel cross-sections on riffles and pools, pebble
counts, and a water surface profile of the channel. The data will be presented in graphic and tabular format.
Data to be presented will include 1) cross-sectional area, 2) bankfull width, 3) average depth, 4) maximum
' depth, 5) width-to-depth ratio, 6) water surface slope, and 7) stream substrate composition. A photographic
record that will include preconstruction and post-construction pictures has been initiated (Appendix B).
' As-built Mitigation Plan Page 10
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Baseline/as-built measurements, performed in November 2008, emulated the proposed channel
morphology; data are included in Tables 6 and 7A to 7C, and cross-section and longitudinal profile plots
can be found in Appendix C.
5.2 Hydrology
After hydrological modifications were completed at the Site, four continuously recording, surficial
monitoring gauges were installed in accordance with specifications in Installing Monitoring
Wells/Piezometers in Wetlands (NCWRP 1993). Monitoring gauges were set to a depth of approximately
24 inches below the soil surface. Screened portions of each gauge were surrounded by filter fabric, buried
in screened well sand, and sealed with a bentonite cap to prevent siltation and surface flow infiltration
during floods.
Three groundwater gauges were installed in wetland restoration and enhancement areas to provide
representative coverage of the Site. One additional gauge was placed in a reference wetland area.
Hydrological sampling will be performed in restoration and reference areas during the growing season at
daily intervals necessary to satisfy the hydrology success criteria within each physiographic landscape area
(USEPA 1990).
5.3 Vegetation
Following Site planting, eight (10-meter by 10-meter) vegetation monitoring plots were established within
the Site. During the first year, vegetation will receive a cursory, visual evaluation on a periodic basis to
ascertain the degree of overtopping of planted elements by nuisance species. Subsequently, quantitative
sampling of vegetation will be performed each year using the CVS-EEP Protocol for Recording Vegetation
Level 1-2 Plot Sampling Only (Version 4.0) (Lee et al. 2006) in September of the first monitoring year and
between June 1 and September 30 for each subsequent year until the vegetation success criteria are
achieved.
A photographic record of plant growth will be included in each annual monitoring report.
6.0 SUCCESS CRITERIA
6.1 Stream Success Criteria
Success criteria for stream restoration will include 1) successful classification of the reach as a functioning
stream system (Rosgen 1996) and 2) channel variables indicative of a stable stream system. Annual
monitoring will continue until success criteria are met and no less than two bankfull events have occurred,
as determined by in situ crest gauge, otherwise monitoring will continue until the second bankfull event has
occurred.
Visual assessment of in-stream structures will be conducted to determine if failure has occurred. Failure of
a structure may be indicated by collapse of the structure, undermining of the structure, abandonment of the
channel around the structure, and/or stream flow beneath the structure.
As-built Mitigation Plan Page 11
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site

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' 6.2 Hydrologic Success Criteria
Target hydrological characteristics include saturation or inundation for 5 to 12.5 percent of the growing
' season, during average climatic conditions. During growing seasons with atypical climatic conditions,
groundwater gauges in reference wetlands may dictate threshold hydrology success criteria (75 percent of
reference). These areas are expected to support hydrophytic vegetation. If wetland parameters are
' marginal as indicated by vegetation and/or hydrology monitoring, a jurisdictional determination will be
performed.
6.2 Vegetation Success Criteria
Success criteria have been established to verify that the vegetation component supports community
elements necessary for forest development. Success criteria are dependent upon the density and growth of
' characteristic forest species. Additional success criteria are dependent upon density and growth of
"Characteristic Tree Species." Characteristic Tree Species include planted species, species identified
through inventory of a reference (relatively undisturbed) forest community used to orient the planting plan,
' and appropriate Schafale and Weakley (1990) community descriptions. All species planted and identified
in the reference forest will be utilized to define "Characteristic Tree Species" as termed in the success
criteria (Table 8).
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Table 8. Characteristic Tree Species
Planted Species Reference Species
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Red maple (Ater rubrum)
Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata) Ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana)
Redbud (Cercis canadensis) Dogwood (Cornus florida)
Buttonbush(Cephalanthus occidentalis) Strawberry bush (Euonymous americana)
Silky dogwood(Cornus amomum) Spice bush (Lindera benzoin)
Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) White pine (Pinus strobes)
Black cherry (Prunus serotina) Black cherry (Prunus serotina)
White oak (Quercus alba) White oak (Quercus alba)
Swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii) Red oak (Quercus sp.)
Cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.)
Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) Wild azalea (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Elderberry(Sambucus canadensis) Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
Hemlock (Tsuga sp.)
An average density of 320 stems per acre of Characteristic Tree Species must be surviving at the end of the
third monitoring year. Subsequently, 290 Characteristic Tree Species per acre must be surviving at the end
of year 4 and 260 Characteristic Tree Species per acre at the end of year 5.
If vegetation success criteria are not achieved, based on average density calculations from combined plots
over the entire restoration area, supplemental planting may be performed with tree species approved by
As-built Mitigation Plan
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Page 16
regulatory agencies. Supplemental planting will be performed as needed until achievement of vegetation
success criteria.
7.0 MONITORING REPORT SUBMITTAL
An Annual Stream and Wetland Monitoring Report will be prepared at the end of each monitoring year
(growing season). The monitoring report will depict the sample plot and quadrant locations and include
photographs which illustrate Site conditions. Data compilation and analyses will be presented including
graphic and tabular format, where practicable.
8.0 CONTINGENCY
In the event that success criteria are not fulfilled, a mechanism for contingency will be implemented.
Stream
In the event that stream success criteria are not fulfilled, a mechanism for contingency will be
implemented. Stream contingency may include, but may not be limited to 1) structure installation; 2) repair
of dimension, pattern, and/or profile variables; and 3) bank stabilization. The method of contingency is
expected to be dependent upon stream variables that are not in compliance with success criteria. Primary
concerns, which may jeopardize stream success include 1) headcut migration through the Site, and/or 2)
bank erosion.
Headcut Migration Through the Site
In the event that a headcut occurs within the Site (identified visually or through onsite measurements [i.e.
bank-height ratios exceeding 1.4]), provisions for impeding headcut migration and repairing damage
caused by the headcut will be implemented. Headcut migration may be impeded through the installation of
in-stream grade control structures (rip-rap sill and/or log cross-vane weir) and/or restoring stream geometry
variables until channel stability is achieved. Channel repairs to stream geometry may include channel
backfill with coarse material and stabilizing the material with erosion control matting, vegetative
transplants, and/or willow stakes.
Bank Erosion
In the event that severe bank erosion occurs at the Site resulting in elevated width-to-depth ratios,
contingency measures to reduce bank erosion and width-to-depth ratio will be implemented. Bank erosion
contingency measures may include the installation of cross-vane weirs and/or other bank stabilization
measures. If the resultant bank erosion induces shoot cutoffs or channel abandonment, a channel may be
excavated which will reduce shear stress to stable values.
Hydrology
Hydrological contingency will require consultation with hydrologists and regulatory agencies if wetland
hydrology enhancement is not achieved. Floodplain surface modifications, including construction of
ephemeral pools, represent a likely mechanism to increase the floodplain area in support of jurisdictional
wetlands. Recommendations for contingency to establish wetland hydrology will be implemented and
monitored until Hydrology Success Criteria are achieved.
As-built Mitigation Plan Page 17
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site

Vegetation
If vegetation success criteria are not achieved based on average density calculations from combined plots
over the entire restoration area, supplemental planting may be performed with tree species approved by
regulatory agencies. Supplemental planting will be performed as needed until achievement of vegetation
' success criteria.
n

As-built Mitigation Plan Page 18
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
9.0 REFERENCES
Lee, M.T., R.K. Peet, S.D. Roberts, and T.R. Wentworth. 2006. CVS-EEP Protocol for Recording
Vegetation. Version 4.0. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
Ecosystem Enhancement Program. Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP). 1993. Installing Monitoring Wells/Piezometers
in Wetlands (WRP Technical Note HY-IA-3.1). North Carolina Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina
Rosgen D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology. Pagosa Springs, Colorado.
Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina:
Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation,
North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. Raleigh, North
Carolina.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990. Mitigation Site Type Classification
(MiST). USEPA Workshop, August 13-15, 1989. USEPA Region IV and Hardwood Research
Cooperative, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina.
As-built Mitigation Plan Page 19
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
ll
11

As-built Mitigation Plan
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Appendix A.
Figures and As-built Construction Sheets
Appendices
11

Directions to the Site from Spruce Pine, North Carolina = 9 131 -> Travel North on US Route 19E for - 5 miles a' ,,,,,, anx, ?; '
-> Turn Right on NC Route 194 and Travel -1.5 miles
> Site is on Right H.?, t J a° ,wnda f ?'
-> Latitude, Longitude : 35.9827°N, 81.9843°W (NAD83/WGS84)
I
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- Site Location
T_ 1
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C,. 1 LAND
1:158,400
Source: 1977 North Carolina Atlas and Gazetteer, pp. 32 $ 33.
- Dwn. y:
2126 Rowland Pond Dr SITE LOCATION Ckd by: CLF FIGURE
Willow spring, NC 27592 WGL
[phone] THREE MILE CREEK RESTORATION SITE Date:
[phone] fax Avery County, North Carolina Nov2008
Project
07-004
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Appendix B.
Preconstruction and
Construction Photographs
' As-built Mitigation Plan Appendices
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Three Mile Creek Preconstruction Conditions
Taken March 2007
s•

4

As-built Mitigation Plan Appendices
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Three Mile Creek During Construction
Taken June 2008
„fig ? ? _ ?-:
a?fir; y ti
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As-built Mitigation Plan Appendices
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
Appendix C.
As-built Cross-section and Longitudinal Profile Plots
As-built Mitigation Plan Appendices
Three Mile Creek Restoration Site
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