770017_CORRESPONDENCE_20171231

NCDEWR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Pat McCrory
Governor
Paul Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
3208 Gibson Mill Rd,
Ellerbe, NC 28338
Dear Paul Wilson:
August 4, 2014
John E. Skvarla, III
cretary
REC�[VED
AUG 1 1 2014
DENR -FAYErTEM LLE RENNAL OFRCE
Subject: Application for renewal of General Permit/Waste Utilization Plan
Wilson's Swine Farm
Certificate of Coverage No. AWS770017
Animal Waste Management System
Richmond County
The Division of Water Resources (Division) received your application for the renewal of coverage for
expiring State general pernift. However, you did not include a copy of your most recent waste utilization plan
with the application form as requested hy the Division by a letter dated March 3, 2014. The Division
considers your application as incomplete as long as all the required documents are not included in your
application. Please�submit one copy of your most recent waste utilization plan within fifteen (15) days to the
following address:
Miressa D. Garoma
Division of Water Quality
1636 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1636
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
Miressa D, Garoma
Animal Feeding Operations Branch
Water Quality Regional Operations Section
Division of Water Resources, NCDENR
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office, Water Quality Regional Operations Section
Central Files
1636 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1636
Phone: [phone]C Internet www.ncdenr,gov
An Equal Opportunity � Affirmadye Aclion Employer — Made in pan by recycled paper

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�j
EXHIBIT 7 NOTES
(11 This drawing is intended to illustrate basic on -site conditions and a
proposed layout of the animal waste spray irrigation zones for the
Gold Leof Form complex near Ellerbe. NC. Certain items an this drawing
ore shown s lic and ore not intended to represent exec+, dimensions.
Existing roposed irrigation features are being shown.
121 This drawing is to serve only as on illustration for the reader and wrs
not done by a licensed surveyor. Environmental Engineering Services is
not responsible For the property layout accuracy or exact boundary
lime placement shown on this drawing. The North arrow and scale
ore approximate. This drawing is not to be used For property line
verifications or similar purposes.
[3) All above ground or under ground utilities ore not shown on this
drawing but should be located prior to any soil disturbances.
[41 Areas to receive animal waste must be maintained and kept in good
condition. Irrigation patterns shell be as close as possible to those
illustrated but some minor chonges due to oper-otionol reality is expected.
Animal waste shell not be applied more than 30 days prior to planting a
crop or 30 days prior to a crop breaking dormancy.
[5) Sprezones and animal "facilities" shell honor all boundary set -becks,
estoblished by regulation. Set -becks shown ore suggested as minimum
bored on the siting dote for this f orrn All set -backs ore listed in the
written specs. The farmer shell be responsible for measuring all
In -the -field set -bucks, making sure they meet the regulations.
[61 All animal waste shell fell inside the buffers shown. The operator shall
all times allow For wind drift . Spray irrigated waster shall not be allowed to
impact of f site lend. Surface run-off of soil or waste is prohibited.
(7) The f ormer/'oper-etor shell make every effort to operate the system
as designed, using good judgment when in operation . Weather conditions
and crop reds may cause some voriotion in normal o oration but the
basic purpose, intent. and safety of the s stem must be maintained.
The farmer may substitute components if uZy meet or exceed the
system design specifications.
181 During irrigation events, persons and animals shall be kept out of
wetted areas. Sediment and erosion shell be controlled on
all areas
receiving animal manure.
[91 The owner(s) of this property should be advised that all animal waste
irrigation srystems must hove a certified operator to supervise operation
of they system.
110Tke irrigated fields ere shown b pull leases and ercpse e close to
actual size as reproduction would allow. Each pull lane is shown as toted
wetted area. The acreage figures shown ere approximations of "Effective
Wetted Areas'. Some occasional fringe wetting of treed areas on field
Field borders is on operational reality.
[111 Any boundary set -backs shown from occupied dwellings. churches. property
lines. etc. are approximate. These set -becks ore shown here to give the
irrigation operator general guidance. A surveyor should be used to veriFy
set -backs if the former is unsure. Housing, churches. streams, etc. shown
on this Exhibit were taken from mops end aerial photographs and from
various on -site measurements.
(121 Based on USGS ttoplogrophic mops sand on -site approximations, the lagoon
water level is roughly 50 feet above the lowest irrigation point end 20 f_ eet
below the highest irrigation point.
(131 Field number 6 is not scheduled to be irrigated but it can be used icy
receive animal manure.
[141 Drain ports for winterizing the irrigation system are not planned
for this farm. However, if ever installed, put droin ports on the lowest
hydrants. Open the upper hydrants when draining the system. Do not
allow drained effluent luent to run off -site.
[151 NC D.O.T. specifications for installing the force main under SR#1465 are
not. included as ort of these specifications. The Perm owner will
be responsible ror obtaining permission and/or permits for this work.
[161 Proposed irrigation patterns ore from a AMADAS Herd Hose Traveler'
Model 1030. Irrigation circles ore shown using a Nelson SR150 Fling Nazzle ''With
a 126 inch ring operating et 50 psi and 255 gpm.
PART OF WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
ON EXHIBIT 7
THIS DRAWING PROVMD BY:
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING APPFCkD BY:
SERVICES LARRY F. GRAHAM, P.E.
Mae WSiEi TIR•UH6 ffilui ika NI;3 %t* X P IRP"TION LAYOUT
FOR GOLD LEAF FARM.
Fin pox 42& AEER3EEX NC 2M RIC HMOND COUNTY. NTY. NC
PHONE: [M 295-3252 OWNS k BRYAN WpL.50N
DRAWN BY:
HLBA a GRAHAM
0
NOR7-H
PROPERTY LINE
PROPERTY LINE
rr a■ ;-r ■
J1F4222;"Z#2[@(kj!j W 0_qC§
""'111sttofr�(rr,,
[� I'
an SESS1 ••�'
SEAL
11602
REGULATORY IRRIGATION SET -BACKS OR BUFFERS
FROM WETTED AREAS
25 FEET FROM PERENNIAL WATERS +
' 0 FEET FROM ANY PROPERTY BOUNDARY ++
25 FEET FROM PUBUC ROAD RIGHT OF WAYS +++
' 100 FEET FROM WATER WELLS (ON AND OFF SITE)
• 200 FEET FROM NEIGHBORING HORSES (DWELLINGS)
0 FEET FROM DRAINAGE DiTCFES ++
0 FEET FROM RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY BOUNDARIES ++
+ - 100 FEET RECOMMENDED
++ = 25 FEET RECOMMENDED
+++ = 50 FEET RECOMMENDED
NOTE THIS SWINE FARM WAS SITED IN 1994, SETBACKS ARE SHD N
FOR THIS FARM BASED ON THE ORIGINAL FARM SITING.
SOLID BLUE
LINE STREAM
( UNNAMED )
I.;.. a :I a, 1-81,
Ile I
INSTALL 6 INCH RRIGATION PIPE l PDER
HIGHWAY PER OUT. SPE - FICAT1ONS
....�� —uv �..�var.c..l`.�.. �.. . . — i. vuvw. — --- r...:. .. o _ .0 c. ' 4�4
photographs. The scale is npproximoLely 1-
VICINITY MAP
ILLUSTRATIVE NOT TO SCALE
DETAIL A
TYPICAL END HYDRANT WITH AIR RELEASE AND DRAIN VALVE
MTALrL.ER TO CONFIGURE AS NEEDED)
Hone To Droin
6 Inch Volve And
Cep Assembly
Air Relief Valve -
PVC Acceptor __
ConcreL.e Thrus
Blcx k
6 Inch PVC Pipe
Flush Mount
Valve Box
a II ;ql
u
I!
• III 11EI
12 Irv--h
III. -�� TFreaded
Drain
=Ix1=
I==111 �i! �IE1 Valve
{I6 IIITT�I�
LEGEND
ALCM PFE EXTENSEN - ABM GRMW
+ S TGP GLN CART Pl1L HERE
(gi N - l RE OJT OFF VALVE
$- VALVQ7 ffW.ATM MfCYtaYT'S
D atmH Pu:?T
I NEW CONCRUE THtLST ROCKS [AS NEMM
-- — 6 NCH PVC PIPE 93-Fa b
iAErrM AREA iRRMATM PATTERN
. .......
RLL TRACK OF UN CART
A
PAD AIR RELIEF VALVE
EA
E7CIS m A1R wuEF VALVE
/
WATER WELL Arm M FOOT SETBACK
< <
D'ANN+GE WAY OR STEEP S1_0PES
T
lm-&-ncN VALvE Fws&m A VAC"
Q
ffaSATM PL P FUSSMLE UMATIOM
- -!r
IRRIGATION 'SPRINKLER
COVERAGE
27O °
320 FT
WX *-a SPECY ED 0V41F TER
I L LUG T RATED EiY TF US URCLE
EFFECTIVE WETTED ACRES OLE TO IRRIGATION
' FI-M = 6.664 ACRES +/-
F6-Pl = 4.247 ACRES +/-
' F1-P2 = 5.422 ACRES +/-
F6-P2 = 4.545 ACRES +/-
' F1-P3 = 5.767 ACRES +/-
F6-P3 = 3.448 ACRES +/-
' FI-P4 = 5.330 ACRES +/-
'
FS--P4 = 3.356 ACRES +/-
' Fl-P5 = 6.515 ACRES +/-
F6--P5 = 3.471. ACRES +/-
' F2-P1 = 1.889 ACRES +/
F646 - 2277 ACMES +/-
' F2-P2 = L480 ACRES +/-
F6-P? = 3.655 ACRES +/-
' FF3-Pl = 3202 ACRES */-
F5-P8 - L083 ACRES
' F3-P2 = Z461 ACRES */-
F6-P9 = 4.784 ACRES +/-
' F3-P3 = 2.185 ACRES
F7- P1 = 4.336 ACRES
' F3-P4 = 2254 ACRES +/-
F?-P2 = 5.3B1 ACRES
' F4-Pl = 6276 ACRES+/-
F?-P3 = 3.51? ACRES
' F4-P2 = 5.3?fi ACRES +/_
' F4-P3 = 5.881 ACRES +/-
F?-P4 = 4.a�3 ACRES
' F4-P4 - 6.432 ACRES +/-
F 7-P5 - 2� ACRES
' F4-P5 = 5.351 ACRES +/-
F?--P6 = 4.5% ACRES +/-
' F5-PI - 2.162 ACRES +/-
F7-P7 - 2218 ACRES +/-
' F5-P2 - 6.396 ACRES +/
F7-P8 - 5B50 ACRES +/-
• F5-P3 = 2.599 AGES +/-
' F5-P4 = 3 r?69 ACRES +/-
' F5-P5 = 2.247 ACRES +!-
TOTAL EFFECTIVE WETTED AREA = 152.130 ACRES +/-
NON IRRIGATED CROP LAND INSIDE BUFFERS = 165 ACRES +/-
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EXHIBIT 7 NOTES
M This drowing is intended to illustrate basic on --site conditions end n
proposed layout of the onimol waste sprny irrigotion zones for the
Gold LenF Form complex neor Ellerbe. NC. -Certain items on this drowing
ore shown sL� mbolic and ore not intended to represent exoct dimensions.
Existir-q end proposed irrigation features ore being shown.
[21 This drawing 18 to serve only ms on illustration for the reader ❑nd was
not done by in licensed surveyor. Environmental E±-rgneering Services is
not responsible for the property loyout occurocy or exoct boundary
line placement shown can this drawing. The North orrow and scale
ore opproximote. This drowing is not to be used for property line
verifi.cmt,lons or similmr purposes.
[31 All above ground or under ground utilities ere not shown on this
drowing but should be locot.ed prior to ony soil disturbances.
[41 Arens to receive onimol waste must be mointoined and kept in good
condition. Irrigation patter-ns shall be os close 6s possible to those
illustreited but some minor changes due to operotionel reality is expecter: _
Animol woste shall not be opplied more then 30 days prior to planting in
crop or 30 doys prior to o crap brenking dormancy.
[51 Sprn zones and onimol "facilities" shell honor oll boundary set -backs
estobhf:Ld by regulation. Set-bocks shown ore suggested os minimum
bmse:d can the siting dote for this form. All set -backs ore listed in the
writter specs. The former- sholl be responsible for meosuring all
in~the-Field set-bnmks. moking sure they meet the regulations.
[61 All nnimnl waste shell Toll inside the buffers shown. The operator shall
all times allow for wind drift . Sproy irrigated water sholl not be ollowed Eo
impact oFF-site land. Surface run -of F of- :soil or woste is prohibited.
f7l The former/opernLor shall make every effort to opermte the system
me designed. using good ,judgment when in operation . Weather conditions
and crap needs may souse some vorietion in normol operot.ion but the
basic purpose. intent, and safety of the syystem must be mointoined.
The former may substitute components if they meet or exceed the
system design specifi+cotions.
[61 Curing irrigation events. persons and animols shall be ke t out of
wetted nreos. Sediment and erosion shall be controlled on all orens
receivirxq onimol manure.
[91 The owner(s) of this property should be advised thot ell onimol wosf-,e
irrigation systems must have o certified operotor to supervise operation
of the system.
(101' The irrigoted Fields ore shown byy pull longs and nre cis close to
actual size ins reproduct-ion would n1low. Ench pull lone is shown os toi:.ol
wetted oreo. The ocreoge figures shown ore epproximotions of "Effective
Wetted Arens". Some occe monel fringe wetting of treed oreos on field
I°^ _ i I I I r , A
I 1t:J. 5LJ L-R.JI 'ut::a Its i k$ CMI l.Jpt"I 'f3 LLLir 10L r-13MI L.y.
fill Any boundory set -bucks shown from occupied dwellings, churches. proper-ty
lines. ore opproximote. These set --becks ore shown here to give the
irrigation o rotor general guidance. A surveyor should be used to verify
set-boc;ks i'the former is unsure. Housing, churches. streoms. etc. shown
on this Exhibit were token from mops and neriel photographs and from
vorious on -site mensurements.
(121 Based on USGS topogrophic mops end on --site approximations. the lagoon
water lavel is roughly 50 feet obove the lowest i.rrigotion point end 20 Feet
below the highest irrigation point.
[131 Field number B is not scheduled to be irrigated but it con be used to
receive animal monure.
[141 Droin ports for winterizing the irrigation system ore not planned
For thie Farm. However. if ever insLolled, put droin ports on the lowest
hydrants. Open the upper hydrants when droining the system. Do not
efflow dr*`oined of fluent to run off -site.
[151 NC D.O.T. specificotions for instolling the farce moin under SR#1465 ore
not included os�P art of these specifications. The form owner will.
be responsible i or obtaining permission and/or permits for this work.
(161 Pro 3osed irrigation patterns ore from o AMADAS Hord Hose Troveler
Model 1�130. Irrigotion circles ore shown using m Nelson SR150 Ring Nozzle with
n 1.26 inch ring operoCing of 50 psi end 255 gpm.
PART OF WIL50N'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
0&,rHIS DRAWING PROVIDED BY: EXHIBIT "?
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING APPROvED Br.
SERVICES LARRY F. GRAHAM. P.E.
-, eta .,
OATS
5-18.99
PROPERTY LINE
BROKEN BLUE
LIINE STREAMS I
1
WILSON'SSWINE �'�::: I �Ifa1E:_S7R�AM_: r.:
FARM OPERATION .. : ' ....... .,
i
- C
C
�E'
F4-P5
F4-P4
PROPERTY LINE
REGULATORY IRRIGATION SET -BACKS OR BUFFERS
FROM WETTED AREAS
25 FEET FROM PERENNIAL WATERS +
0 FEET FROM ANY PROPERTY BOUNDARY ++
25 FEET FROM PUBLIC ROAD RIGHT OF WAYS +++
100 FEET FROM WATER WELLS iON AND OFF SITED
200 FEET FROM NEIGHBORING HOUSES (DWELLINGS)
' 0 FEET FROM DRAINAGE DITCHES++
0 FEET FROM RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY BOUNDARIES ++
+ 100 FEET RECOMMENDED
++ = 25 FEET RECOMMENDED
++# = 50 FEET RECOMMENDED
NOTE: THIS SWINE FARM WAS SITED IN 1994. SETBACKS ARE SHOWN
FOR THIS FARM BASED ON THE ORIGINAL FARM SITING.
SOLID BLUE P
(UNNAMEDLiNE AM
IRRIGATION 9_FT7ER FROM
HIGHWAY C/L 55 FT. MN
100 FT. RECOMMENDED
INSTALL 6 INCH IRRIGATION PIPE LM) R
K0-- NAY PER D.QT. SPECIFICA77ONS
I r uz;i rl1C7I.J wcx:j utff%, iLjFt _j r i -ur rr t�L5vt-_r Gli i-J 41 m-- iIi{.J Vw�� lA.JI
photographs. The scold is opproximotely 1" =AU x2 0-.
DETAIL A
TYPICAL END HYDRANT WITH AIR RELEASE AND DRAIN VALVE
(INSTALLER TO CONFIGURE AS NEEDED)
Hoge- To Dl- nin
6 Inch Valve And
Cop AeFserr61,4
Air Relief Valve —lp�
r
148� PVC Adopt.or'- Flush Mount.
Volve Box
rY
Ilk
14�
\14 I.or,cr-e . s Thr«at Black -- . 111111 � 11Dreain
p 1 = 111 ! IiE f l Vdlvel
VICINITY MAP
ILLUSTRATIVE NOT TO SCALE
111 n A ��e- A uA �H2
6 Inch PVC Pipe �111... 111... 111111�111�111=a111... 111... 1ii
LEGEND
A
' ' 1 WC>OOM f* W. or NCTHRRIGATED AREAS
A'A A
- BROKEN 13LE LAE STREAM
SE TBACY LIMITS OR WETTED AREA REFERS
ALPJNLr PIPE EXTFQJMON . ABOVE GROUND
+ 1,3TO' GLN CART PILL HEW
-e- VALV B 144GATTON H` nPANTS
C DAiN PfR'r.
*
PETTED AREA FWR AT N PATTERN
P11 L TR U ( " (XJN C.:
PRIED AIR RELJEF VALVE
EA
F_Ac3nNu AIi? RE:uFF vALvE
WATER WEN. L ANU IN FOOT c3FTBA0<
CRAINNGE WAY OP STF01 SAS
T
TRi-ACTKN VALVE FRE8 VACJ_K
,
1R aGATrN PLW SUE LIrAT 0t'R
- rr� Iar rr a -
I
;► -� -- a«I gar tr a-
�_ 3 ar *1 a'
EFFECTIVE. WETTED ACRES aE TO IRRIGATION
FI-Pl = 6_664 ACRES +,'- F6-PI x 4,247 ACRES +1_
FI-P2 = 5.42-2 ACRES +/- F6--P2 = 4.545 AGES +/-
• FI-P3 = 5.767 ACMES +/- F6-P3 = 3.448 ACRES
' FI-P4 = 5,330 ACRES *✓- • F6-P4 3.366 ACRES +/-
' FI-PS - 6.515 ACRES +r-
•
F6+5 -
3.471 ACRES */-
' F'2-PI - I.885 ACRES +/-
F64-16 =
2277 ACRES
' F2-P2 - L480 ACRES +/-
F-6-P7 =
3.655 ACRES +/-
' F3-P1 = 3.202 ACRES +/-
F6-P9 -
1.063 ACRES +/-
F3-P2 Y 2.461 AGES +/-
F5-P9 =
4.764 ACRES +r-
' F3-P3 - 2585 ACRES +/-
F7-PI -
4.336 ACRES +/-
' F3-P4 - 2.254 ACRES +/-
F7--P2 =
5.381 ACRES
• F4-P1 = 6.276 ACRES +r-
F7-P3 -
3517 ACRES
• F4-P2 - 5.376 ACRES +/-
Fe -P4 -
4.573 ACRES +0_
• F4-P3 - 5081 ACRES
F -P5 =
2002 ACRES
• F4-P4 . 6.432 ACRES+/-
F?-p6 -
4.5% ACRES
' F4-P5 = 5.351 ACRES +r-
• F5-PI - 2.162 ACRES +/-
F7-P7 -
221E ACRES
• F5-P2 = &396 ACRES +/-
F 7-P8 -
5.650 ACRES +/-
• FS-P3 = 2.559 ACRES +/
• F5-P4 - 3.n9 ACRES +/-
' F5-P5 - 2.247 ACRES +,f
TOTAL EFFECTIVE WETTED AREA = 152.80 ACRES +/-
NON IRRIGATED CROP LAND INSIDE LX.F'F E RS - 165 ACRES +/-

HCDEHR
Noilb Carokna DePallment of Environment and Natural Resources
Beveriv Eaves, ��erdue
1,
Governo,
CERTIFIED INIATL
RETURN RECEIPT RL'QUESTUD
Wilson, Paul
Wilson's Swine Farm
31-08 Gibson Mill Rd
Ellerbe. NC 28338
Dear Pennittee.
Division ofWat9F QUalitV
Coleeri'H,
Direc-Lo-
December 16,2010
D&�F'�eeman
. Secre,-ar�,
RECEIVED
DEC 14 2010
DENR -FAYETTWLLE REGIONAL OFFICE
S ub�j cc t: Notice of Violation
ff'Ylson'.� Swine Flit -III
Perntit Number AWS7 7001 -17
Richmond County
As, of this date., our records indi--ate that the above -referenced permit issued to your facility has
overdue fees. It is both a condition of your pen -nit and required by Rule I 5A NCAC 2� .01 05(e) (2) to
pay the annual administering and compliance fee, within thirty (30) days of being billed by this Division.
The followin2 invoices are outstandinu:
Invoice Number
Invoice Date
Due Date Outstanding Fee (S)
201 OP1111005474
6/4/2010
7/4/2010
1 360
Please be reminded that the table above covers nn�), the most recent invoice sent toyou. Please
also includepqvinents,ffir invoices sent in thepreviousy-ears./or which the anuualftes are still duc.
Failure to pay the fee accordingly may result in the Division initiating enforcement actions, to
include the assessment of civil penalties. Failure to comply with conditions in a penim May result 111 3
recommendation of enforcement action, to the Director of the Division of Water Quality who may issue a
civil penalty assessment of not more that tweni-y-five thousand (S25,000) dollars against any "'person"
Who Violate,, or fails to act in accordance with the tenns, conditions, or requirements of a permit under
authority of G.S. 143-215.6A. Therefore, it is imperative that you submit the appropriate fee as requested
within thirty (30) days of this Notice of Violation.
Please remit the payment, made payable to the North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (NCDENR), in the above arnount. Please include Permit Nunihcy- on your check- and
mail this payment to:
Division of Nkater Quality - Budget Office
Attn: Fran McPherson
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh,NIC 27699-161-7
Phonc.- [phone]
1636 MaR �sc-mu, (;one�. Nolh
Lunon ' —27?", Eiivt- Pal.ez:,, Norm Camima. x-7GkJ-'
pnrm� . P1 -_7Z'� ;7 AX 91 Custcme.� �e�,vize: I - 77-623. -57 47.
Dwo v.. --i
-Contd.-
N Car----) th i -aa
044� 411

If you have an), questions concerning this Notice, please contact J. R. Josh] at [phone] or
at joyajoshi@ncderingov.
Sincere])%
Keitb Latick, Supervisor
Animal Feedin- Operation Unit
cc: f4gy—et'IFT'Ale Regional Office. Aquifer Protection Section Cr
APS Central File (Permit No AWS770017)

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REVISED CERTIFIED ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOR
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
FACILITY I.D. # 77-17 RECEIVED
Prepared for: Wilson's Swine Farm
c/o Bryan Wilson
1180 Jones Springs Church Road
Ellerbe, N.C. 28338
Phone [phone]
Plans Prepared By: Larry F. Graham, P.E.
Environmental Engineering Services
P.O. Box 426
Aberdeen, N.C. 28315
Phone [phone] Fax: [phone]
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JO 12 20
DENR - FA*MLLE REIMM 1111E
Copy Submitted to: Richmond County NRCS
Vilma Mendez Colombani - District Conservationist
125 South Hancock Street
Rockingham, N.C. 28379
[phone]
1?100,� 1`1/0/v
Original Waste Utilization Plan Completion Date (by NRCS): March 29,1995
Revised Plan Completion Date: May 18, 1999

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNP
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WARNING
THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS PACKAGE WAS DEVELOPED
SPECIFICALLY FOR THE NAMED CLIENT ON THE TITLE PAGE. THIS
MATERIAL SHALL NOT BE COPIED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS FOR
PERSONAL USE OR DISTRIBUTION. ONLY PERSONS AUTHORIZED BY
THE CLIENT SHOULD COPY OR REPRODUCE THE MATERIAL WITHIN
THIS REPORT. REGULATORY OFFICIALS MAY HOWEVER COPY
AND/OR DISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT ACCORDING TO
DEPARTMENTAL POLICY AND ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF THE
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Page u

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNW
Table of Contents
BACKGROUND ABOUT THIS FARM AND A GENERAL SCOPE OF WORK 1
REPORT OBJECTIVES 2
ON-FARM DETAILS 3
General Site Information and Location 3
Topography, Drainage, and Surface Waters 4
Animal Waste Related Set -Backs Or Buffers 5
Miscellaneous Site Details 7
Animal Waste Descriptions and Related Information 7
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WILSON'S SWINE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM.
7
General
7
Description of Waste Treatment
8
Lagoon Shape and Flows
8
Sludge Holding Capacity
8
Typical Design Treatment Volume
8
Six Month Wastewater And Rainfall Storage
9
Storage Of The First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
9
Storage Of The Second 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm (Sometimes Called Normal Freeboard)
10
Emergency Freeboard
10
High Water Markers for Liquid Uvels
10
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM 11
Odor Control And Lagoon Management (apply as needed) 11
Odor Control And Air Quality Regulations (recent) 14
Insect Control And Mortality Management 14
Page fli

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAVAD
I
General Sediment, Nutrient And Run -Off Control Suggestions (use as needed)
15
e
P rsonal Safety Considerations Around Lagoons
16
WASTE UTILIZATION PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
17
Soils To Receive Waste
17
On -Farm Nutrient Production From Animal Manure And Its Use On Agricultural Crops
is
Nitrogen
19
Copper And Zinc
20
Phosphorus and Potassium
20
Sodium
21
Other Elements In The Lagoon Effluent
21
SoR Test Results And Discussions
23
Overall Cropping Descriptions
24
Crop Planting and Fertilizing Considerations
25
Tobacco................... ................. ................................................................................ .......................................
SweetCom ............................... ....................... .................................................................................................
25
26
FieldCorn ................. ............... ................................................... ..............................................................
27
SweetPotatoes ....................................................................................................................................................
28
Watermelons.......................................................................................................................................
.............. 29
Cantaloupes (muslanelon) ........................................ .................... .......................... -- ......................................
30
Hybrid Coastal Bermudagrass (for hay) ..............................................................................................................
31
CerealRye (winter cover crop) .......................................................... .................................................................
32
General Crop Management Reminders
34
NUTRIENT AND LIQUID WASTE APPLICATIONS
36
Irrigation Scheduling
35
Existing and Proposed Irrigation Methodology
36
Field by Meld Land Application Details
42
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
64
General
64
Irrigation System Layout And Operation
65
Grading And Clearing For Travel Lanes (use If needed)
66
Page iv

WELSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
Trenches And Pipe Installation 67
Valves And System Safety 68
System Operation And Maintenance 70
Irrigation Examples 70
GENERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM 74
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND NOTICES
Page v
76

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
Page vi
OMMIT LIST
Exhibit 1.
County road map (vicinity map).
Exhibit 2.
USGS Topographic map of the farm property location.
Exhibit 3.
Boundary outline of entire property (aerial photograph).
Exhibit 4.
NRCS soil sunV map of the farm.
Exhibit 5.
NCDA waste analysis reports of lagoon effl'uent.
Exhibit 6.
Not used in this package.
Exhibit 7.
Irrigation layout and field map for Wilson's Swine Farm.
Exhibit 8,
Soil and plant tissue sampling instructions.
Exhibit 9,
Waste sampling instructions.
Exhibit 10.
Mortality management methods list.
Exhibit 11.
Example forms for record keeping.
Exhibit 12.
Cooperative extension publication "Swine Manure as a Fertilizer Source".
Exhibit 13.
Metals loading in soils (NRCS).
Exhibit 14.
Specification guide for pasture and hay land planting,
Exhibit 15.
NCDA Soil Test Report.
Exhibit 16.
Field calibration procedures for animal waste application equipment (extension publication).
Exhibit 17,
Crop nutrient requirements, etc. (Cooperative Extension Publication)
Exhibit 18.
Swine fhrm waste management odor control checklist.
Exhibit 19.
Insect control checklist for animal operations.
Exhibit 20.
Emergency action plan ideas and BMP's.
Exhibit 21,
Exhibit 22.
Gun cart nozzle data and irrigation pump curves,
Hard hose information.
traveler
Exhibit 23.
Pipe for irrigation (extension publication).
Exhibit 24,
Irrigation scheduhng (extension publicafion).
Exhibit 25.
Typical systems operation guide.
Exhibit 26.
Tri -Action Valve infommtion.
Exhibit 27.
Field calibration procedures for semi-solid animal waste application equipment.
Exhibit 28.
Head loss and pressure calculations for each pull.
Exhibit 29.
Volume vs. depth graph for the anaerobic lagoon.
Page vi

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
CERTIFICATION PARAMETERS AND DETAILS
' BACKGROUND ABOUT THIS FARM AND A GENERAL SCOPE OF WORK
Gold Leaf Farm is a diversified farming operation, with a multitude of crop production and livestock
' production enterprises. On the Gold Leaf Farm property is an existing swine grow -out or finishing
complex consisting of 10 finishing houses, a single stage anaerobic lagoon, an office, and mist,
support equipment. The swine production operation is known as Wilson's Swine Farm. The
iswine operation has been active since the spring of 1995 and is owned by Mr. Bryan Wilson. Since its
completion, the swine operation has been following a Certified Waste Management Plan (CAWMP)
for dealing with its animal manure. It is the purpose of this new document to revise the old CAWMP
and better reflect current farming operations within the framework of more recent regulatory
guidelines. Details within this revised plan are being developed in accordance with current U. S.
' Natural Resources and Conservation Service (MRCS) guidelines. The engineer will however use his
own judgment about certain matters to include or exclude and use reasonable assumptions about waste
utilization data when exact data is not available.
For clarity, the reader should remember that through out this document the engineer will mention both
Wilson's Swine Farm and Gold Leaf Farm since they are related and found on the same farm land.
Animal waste from Wilson's Swine Farm will be applied to Gold Leaf Farm Land and associated
' crops. The CAWMP is being developed for Wilson's Swine Farm.
The swine operation was sited in August of 1994 by the Richmond County NRCS (Mr. Jerry Pate and
' Ms. Vilma Marra, both with the NRCS). In March of 1995, the Richmond County NRCS certified an
animal waste utilization plan for Wilson's Swine Farm. The farm has been more or less using this plan
since that time. In March of 1999 Environmental Engineering Services (EES) was hired to revise this
plan and bring it up-to-date.
The anaerobic lagoon at Wilson's Swine Farm was designed by Larry F. Graham, P.E. with
' Environmental Engineering Services (EES). Except for a few minor details, its construction was
certified as complete in May of 1995. When designed and constructed, the lagoon met or exceeded
the NRCS guidelines at that time. There are no plans to modify the existing lagoon system beyond
' what was designed at the time of its construction.
Gold Leaf Farm is a very diversified operation and has intensive crop growing schedules. This requires
the farmer to be flexible in his yearly planning for waste applications. It is extremely difficult to
describe every crop growing alternative for this farm, especially when it relates to a large variety of
crops planted on different fields each year. The plan being discussed herein will replace the existing
' CAWMP, but the reader should note that the farmer has the ultimate authority to manage his animal
manure resource to best suite his cropping patterns and weather conditions. This plan is only a guide
and should be modified-( mthin reason) to fit those needs from year to year. Maximums and
minimums being discussed should not be violated and precautions about off -site run-off of animal
waste should be strictly observed.
The design parameters contained in this document have been shown to be effective if performed in a
responsible manner by knowledgeable persons. It is impossible however to predict all future
operational, environmental, and legislative situations which could cause these plans to need
1 modification or be revised at a later date. When possible, this document follows the U.S. Natural

1 WE SON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
' Resources Conversation Service (MRCS) design criteria and is not meant to contradict standard
MRCS guidelines or the design criteria of other organizations. Much of the exhibit information in this
document was obtained courtesy of the N,C, Cooperative Extension Service.
In case the reader is .not familiar with animal waste utilization plans for agriculture, he or she must
' realize that this document is not a comprehensive teaching manual. In fact no such document can take
the place of the owner/operator's experience and desire to learn all there is to know about the
operation and maintenance of animal operations, especially with regards to waste management, When
possible the engineer has tried to explain the thought process so the farmer could make changes to the
plan following the same logic, All assumptions related to decision details are not presented in full
explanation for brevity.
The development of a CAWMP is a dynamic process. This means that one design decision will affect
the next decision, and that decision will affect the next, etc. In the fixture on -site situations will
occasionally require plan alterations or adjustments to those parameters presented below. Therefore,
the reader should use this plan for guidance and for general standards more than for exact "to the
inch" measurements. The farmer/manager however should not grossly exceed the minimum or
maximum recommendations so as not to violate the intent of the recommendations. The engineer has
tried to weigh all factors in accordance with importance. Parameters like manpower requirements,
equipment costs, economics of operations, and the individual's situation enter into the plan design but
' may not be openly addressed in this report, Each swine facility operates differently and must be
evaluated on its own merit and the owner/operator's willingness to maintain best management
practices or BMP's.
Irrigation information presented in this document may relate to a new, existing,. or modified system.
Either way the engineer is presenting this information to demonstrate the adequacy of the equipment
and to give general guidance as to performance parameters, It will be completely up to the irrigation
system operator to operate the system in accordance with these plans, to protect the surface water and
ground water of the State of North Carolina, and to adhere to all rules and regulations related to
animal waste utilization.
' All specifications within this document or other documents provided by EES are acceptable for use to
satisfy the animal waste management rules found in the publication titled NCDEBNR, Division of
Environmental Management, Title 15A:02K Section .0200. The reader should refer to this State
publication for regulatory details.
IREPORT OBJECTIVES
1. To describe the Gold Leaf Farm (and Wilson's Swine Farm) site characteristics and operational
features, To explain to the reader where the farm is located, what type of production is occurring,
and significant animal waste management practices. Descriptions and explanations about crop
production, lagoon storage capacities, crop yields, etc. will be given for background.
' 2. To review the farm's manure application areas, soil types, and plans for crop production. This
would include an evaluation of the adequacy of existing equipment for current and proposed
irrigation needs.

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMIP
3. To list the crops to be grown, which crops will receive animal waste, Realistic Yield Expectations
(R.Y.E.), Plant Available Nitrogen (P.A.N.) uptake by crop, some general cropping patterns, and
animal waste application windows.
4. To provide general guidance to the farmer and/or irrigation operator as to some fundamental
irrigation equations and principals so on-site waste application adjustments can be made as needed.
This will include critical elements such as application amounts, precipitation rates, gun cart travel
speeds, and a general water balance discussion between the irrigation routine and storage
capabilities of the lagoon system.
5, To add emphasis to environmental concerns related to the protection of surface and groundwater
at and near the farm. This will include insect and odor control information.
6. To provide a certifiable set of animal waste management plans (including information provided by
others) that will accommodate the specific farm needs, be cost effective to the farmer, and meet
the basic criteria of prudent and effective animal waste utilization and irrigation.
ON-FARM DETAILS
General Site Information and Location
The physical location of the farm parcel is in the north eastern part of Richmond County
approximately 9 miles north east of Ellerbe and approximately 2.5 miles south east of Derby,
Entrance to the farm is off SR# 1465 (Sycamore Lane Road) about 1, 100 feet north of the intersection
of SRj� 1471 and SR4 1465. The farm consists of approximately 300 acres total. The nearest named
stream to the farm site is Drowning Creek and it is located north east of the farm according to USGS
quadrangle maps, Exhibits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 show various views of the property.
The farm property is bordered by mostly wooded land or farm land with some residential dwellings
scattered around the immediate community. Sandhill Game Land borders a section of the property on
the south east corner. A travel trailer campground lies approximately 1. 5 miles north west of the farm
in a direct vector.
Gold Leaf Farm has only one swine production complex on the parcel. This production complex is a
feeder to finish operation with 8,800 head, Wilson's Swine Farm grows hogs for N.G. Purvis Farms,
Inc., a Moore County based integrator. A single stage anaerobic lagoon stores and treats the liquid
swine effluent. When needed the swine liquid is recycled into the houses to recharge the waste
removal systems. On occasion lagoon effluent is pumped from the lagoon and land applied via an
existing spray irrigation system. The effluent is applied to farm grown crops at agronomic rates and
acts as a commercial fertilizer substitute. The swine population at this complex is not being changed,
To the engineer's knowledge, there have been no occurrences of effluent and/or sludge releases at this
farm parcel. In addition to growing a multitude of crops and swine, Mr. Wilson has several poultry
houses on his farm. All chicken manure will be transported off the farm in the future.
I

1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Specifications contained in this report will relate to proper animal waste utilization. Throughout this
document there will also be information and suggestions providing helpful hints on odor control, insect
' control, mortality management, as well as general long term overall waste management.
Topography, Drainage, and Surface Waters
The topography at and around the farm parcel ranges from almost flat to gently rolling hills ' with all of
the drainage moving in a general north east direction and eventually into Drowning Creek. In addition
' there are several unnamed tributaries (i.e. broken blue line streams) on the farm parcel which terminate
at Drowning Creek. From aerial photographs and on -site observation there are three fresh water
ponds on site. A composite USGS topo map of the area can be seen as Exhibit 2, The USGS
' topographic maps containing this information are the West End Quadrangle map (photo revised 1982)
and the Hoffman Quadrangle map (photo revised 1982). Coordinates for the Wilson's Swine complex
are approximately Longitude 79 degrees, 36 minutes, 20 seconds; Latitude 35 degrees, 7 minutes, 26
' seconds.
Drowning Creek lies approximately 7,800 feet north east of the anaerobic lagoon in a direct vector
' and approximately 3,000 feet from the closest land application field. The down -slope hydraulic path to
Drowning Creek is greater than the straight line distance. Three unnamed -named tributaries (broken
blue line streams) can be found on the farm, mostly on the northern farm side. All three of the fresh
water ponds are located on these broken blue line streams. From the USGS topographic
representations and from conversations with the farm owner, flow in these streams depends on rainfall.
In warm dry weather these streams may cease to flow. Drowning Creek is a WS2 water supply near
the farm. No towns are know to get their water from the Drowning Creek immediately down stream
from the farm site. Crop fields are located all around the Gold Leaf Farm parcel.
' The discharge of swine effluent to the surface waters of N.C. is prohibited. Therefore no effluent
should be allowed to make its way into the nearby streams and rivers. While no intensive animal
' farming operation is immune from wastewater discharge accidents, adhering to the safety guidelines
within this document and careful management should greatly minimize any such accidents. A sudden
dam breach causing a significant release of effluent is very unlikely but existing dam evaluations are
beyond the scope of this document. The reader should note however that the engineer did observe the
lagoon and its earthen dike being installed and verified it was constructed according to NRCS
guidelines. Likewise run-off from excess irrigation is not allowed. In a discharge event, the effluent
' would be very dilute prior to it reaching any public water supply intake. While the effects of any such
occurrence is serious, the engineer believes any major threat to a drinking water supply is minimal and
would not have dramatic and prolonged effects on the availability of the drinking water supply.
Municipal water intakes would be more than 10 miles away from the farm (downstream). Stream
aquatic life would be in jeopardy associated with any large and sudden release of swine effluent
especially if the discharge would occur at dry times when stream flows are small. The extent of such
an accident would depend on the quantity and quality of the effluent.
The natural slopes within the spray fields at the farm range from 0 to 8 percent, with one field from 2
to 10 percent. In general rainfall run-off` flows away from or around the confinement housing and the
lagoon areas via pre -determined grass water ways and ditches. The swine houses are not guttered.
' Most surface flowing water that might initially flow toward the lagoon is intercepted so this water is
4
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WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAVAT
diverted around the outside of the lagoon, Therefore only rainwater falling directly into the lagoon
adds to yearly volume increases.
None of the farm land which is receiving animal manure should not be impacted by 100 year flooding,
This was not verified with flood insurance maps but is a reasonable assumption given the positions of
the fields (see Exhibit 2).
Animal Waste Related Set -Backs Or Buffers
There are numerous regulations related to set -backs and buffers from intensive livestock operations.
Unfortunately these values are subject to rapid change due to legislation, making them hard to always
follow. The engineer has made an attempt to list the appropriate set -backs below according to the
.0200 regulations, General Statue 106 (Senate Bill 1080), Senate Bill 1217, House Bill 515, etc. as of
this report date.
Tables I and 2 show various buffers or set -backs that apply to swine and dairy operations. Table 2
shows minimum distances from wetted areas, usually from irrigation, The reader should note that the
set -backs shown are dependent on the time the farm was sited. Gold Leaf Farm has been in business
for many years but the swine facility was sited in August of 1994. Wind conditions, neighbor activities,
crop growth, temperatures, etc, may require that buffers be increased. Wind direction is
predominately from the west and southwest in Piedmont North Carolina. Be particularly careful to
avoid spray drift if irrigating on windy days.
TABLE I
"FACELYff SET -BACKS" FOR NEW OR EXPANDING OPERATIONS
SET -BACKS FROM --
SWINE.
cows
-FACIELITY
Residences (farms exis#ng before 4-15-87)
300 feet
300 feet
(farms sited before 10-1-95)
750 feet
750 feet
-Residences
Residences (farms sited after 10-1-95) _ ___
1,500 feet
750 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areasaarks, etc. (farms exist�iS before 4-15-87)
300 feet
300 feet
.
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
. areas, parks, etc. (farms sited before 1044-95)
750 feet
750 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areas, parks, etc. (farms sited after 10-1-95)
2,500 feet
750 feet
Property fines
• Farms sited before 10- 1 -95
• Farms sited between 10-1-95 & 10-1-96
• Farms sited after 10-1-96
100 feet?
100 feet
500 feet
100 feet?
100 feet?
100 feet?
Blue Line Streams (USGS Quad. Maps)
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells serving the farm propn
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells not serving the farm prope�
500 feet
100 feet
100 ye�flood plain
Not Allowed
Not Allowed
? = This setback has not been confirmed, but it is considered a good recommendation.

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
1
n
1
1
11
1
1
Facilities would include the confinement houses, feed bins, lagoon, lagoon dam, etc. Access roads,
stormwater control devices (i.e. grass water ways),'irrigation fields, piping, etc. are not part of the
facilities under the above set -back limitations according to the engineer's understanding. However the
grower should refer to legal counsel and/or regulatory agencies to confirm these opinions since there is
much regulatory confusion about such matters.
TABLE 2
"WASTE APPLICATION SET -BACKS" FOR ANIMAL OPERATIONS ( NEW AND EXISTING)
WASTE APPLICATION SET -BACKS FROM —
SWINE
COWS
Residences or occupied dwellings
200 feet
200 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
200 feet
200 feet
areas parks, etc.
Any property line not owned by the farm (except as
No Specification (50 ft.
No Specification (25 ft.
shown below)
recommended, more is
recommended, more is
better)
better
Any property line with an occupied dwelling on that
adjacent property.
• Farm sited before 10-1-95 ...........................
0 feet (more is better)
No Specification (25 ft.
• Farm sited between 10-1-95 & 8-27-97........
50 feet
recommended, more is
• Farm sited or expanded after 8-27-97 .........
75 feet
better)
• S ra elds put in place after 8-27-97 .........
75 feet
Public roads and ri t-of wa +
25 feet recommended?
25 feet recommended?
Shallow drainage ditches or ass water ways ++
0 ft use extreme caution
0 ft use extreme caution
-Irrigation ditches or canals Lflowing or usually full
25 ft more is better
25 ft more is better
Perennial Streams (i.e. Blue Line Streams from USGS
Quad. Maps) other than an irrigation ditch or Canal
• Farms sited before 10-1-95 ..........................
25 feet (100 ft is better)
25 feet (100 feet is
• Farms sited between 10-1-95 & 8-27-97.......
50 feet (100 ft is better)
recommended)
• Farm sited or expanded after 8-27-97 ....,....
75 feet (100 ft is better)
• Sprayfields put in place after 8-27-97 ..........
75 feet (100 ft is better)
Water wells serving the farm property
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells not serving the farm 2roperty
100 feet
100 feet
100 year flood plain
Allowed but use caution
Allowed but use caution—
? = This setback has not been confirmed, but it is considered a good recommendation.
+ = Typical right-of-ways from secondary roads in NC is 30 feet from the center line of the road. This means to
stay 25 feet away from the right of way or a total of 55 feet from the center line of the road. The engineer would
suggest a buffer of at least 75 feet from public road right-of-ways if using big gun irrigation to avoid unpleasant
accidents, especially in windy conditions. Twenty five feet is recommended if using a "honey wagon" to
broadcast near public road right-of-ways.
++ = A light application of effluent over grass water ways to maintain a good grass cover is acceptable. This is
different from deep ground water lowering ditches. Use good judgment and plan this type of activity away from
rain events. Do not irrigate in wet Iands if avoidable. Do not heavily apply waste in valleys which are subject to
high rainfall run off or in wet weather drainage ways. 100 feet buffers from perennial water (i.e. blue line
streams) are recommended by the engineer for all fields where waste is to be applied (if applicable).
6

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNIP
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Miscellaneous Site Details
There are no dwellings, structures, roads, or bridges between the anaerobic lagoon and the nearest
creek or branch.
In North Carolina the prevailing winds are typically from the south-west blowing to the north-east.
There are no high density residential developments, hospitals, schools, or parks immediately north east
of the Gold Leaf Farm parcel but some individual dwellings do exist in the nearby community. The
land application of waste should not be inhibited by these nearby dwellings as long as all precautions
and safeguards are followed. SR# 1465 is not designated a N.C. Scenic By -Way.
From limited observation, the engineer did not observe any unusual natural or archeological features at
this farm parcel where waste is to be applied. No endangered or threatened wildlife species were
noted. Most wildlife habitat at this farm have been provided and are being maintained by the owner
(e.g. fresh water ponds, wooded buffers, etc.).
Animal Waste Descriptions and Related Information
Anaerobically treated swine effluent is the only type of animal waste to be applied to the fields and
crops on the Gold Leaf Farm proper. As mentioned earlier, the chicken manure will be hauled off site.
Sludge from the anaerobic lagoon has not been scheduled for removaL However in the future it will
need.to be scheduled for land application. Sludge removal and its associated land application is not
part of this waste utilization package.
TABLE3
General Swine Farm Data For Wilson's Swine Farm
lype of facili!y
Feeder to Finish
Original farm siting
1994
Number of head
8)800
Average head weight
135 pounds
Total SSLW
1,188,000 pounds.
LaSoon'construction completed
1995
Number of lagoons
I
Lagoon for storing excess water
First Lonly) stage
Future expansion plans
None -
A BRIEF REVIEEW OF THE WELSON'S SWINE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM.
General
The Wilson's Swine Farm anaerobic lagoon was built in 1995. Environmental Engineering Services
developed the design specifications for this lagoon. For brevity the engineer will refer the reader to
the original document for design and construction details. The revised CA�NW report herein will not
concentrate on the lagoon construction efforts but will give known volumes to the reader and relate
how they affect the waste utilization plan.

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
The swine confinement houses at this farm use shallow under slat puts with pull -plug type drains for
waste removal. All wastewater generated within the confinement houses drains to the lagoon by
' gravity. Wastewater is stored inside the lagoon until ready for irrigation. Transfer pipe outlets from
the houses terminate below the water surface within the lagoon.
' Description of Waste Treatment
Modem intensive livestock operations with a liquid waste component typically use on -farm anaerobic
lagoons to both store and treat the animal manure, These lagoons rely on bacteria to decompose the
' organic matter in the wastewater into gases, liquids, and sludges or solids. In addition significant
pathogen reduction is achieved by the process,
Lagoon Shape and Flows
There is no one special shape required for the design of anaerobic lagoons, Lagoon volume is a
' more important criteria than is shape. Very shallow water depths are discouraged.
The anaerobic lagoon at this farm ' has no outlet and its water level will vary with wastewater
generation, irrigation, and rainfall, Irrigation does and will occur out of this single lagoon. The lagoon
has a rectangular shaped surface area and more or less flat bottom. The interior of this lagoon could
not be viewed because of existing effluent but the original interior shape is known from measurements
that were taken in 1995, This lagoon has an imported clay liner which was compacted as it was
installed. The farm lagoon was built according to NRCS standards at the time of construction. The
farmer has reportedly staked his lagoon to show the minimum and maximum water levels.
1
Sludge Holding Capacity
The Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon was designed to contain 5 years of sludge accumulation. The
current sludge depth is not known for this structure. The engineer is assuming the farm manager will
address sludge removal in the not too distant future. The manager should plan for sludge removal at
an optimum time of crop growth and weather conditions and have a certified plan reflecting his or her
desires. For the farmer's reference, planning and future consideration, the Iagoon was designed for the
following sludge accumulation.
TABLE 4
Slude_Storage Volume Designed for The Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon
5 years of storage 1 2,000,000 gallons (267,380 cubic feet) +/-
Typical Design Treatment Volume
The design treatment volume (sometimes called Minimum Design Volume) is the volume of
' wastewater needed to maintain optimum conditions for bacterial growth in anaerobic lagoons. This
volume may require several months to obtain once filling begins on new lagoons. The owner should
be careful to add water to the lagoon until one half of the design treatment volume is achieved before
adding swine manure to new lagoons. The operator should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
greater than b feet in single stage or first stage lagoons to control excessive odors. Minimum depth
maintenance does not apply to storage only ponds. Second stage lagoon water levels can be lowered
' below the 6 feet level before the on -set of long wet seasons.

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Requiring enlargements of existing lagoon systems to meet current NRCS design criteria must be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis since they are usually full of effluent and it is often difficult to make
them larger, It is best to view actual effluent test results to see if adequate treatment is taking place,
Below the reader will see the design volume of the lagoon in question. Historical treatment
effectiveness of this lagoon system will be discussed later,
TABLE5
Minimum Design Treatment Volume for Wilson's Swine Farm
I- Stage Anaerobic Lagoon 1 8,300,000 gallons (1,109,626 cu, ft.)
Six Month Wastewater And Rainfall Storage
Wastewater is typically pulled,�off of the top of a last stage lagoon and recycled to the confinement
buildings for re -use. Excess water accumulation will eventually be spray irrigated on crops. Naturally
the farmer wifl not'desire to irrigate every day or every week, Ukewise there will be time periods
when the weather will not permit responsible irrigation. This requires there to be storage volume built
into the lagoon system to give the farmer safety and flexibility in the irrigation routine. In North
Carolina the time period for this part of the design can vary between three and six months or
occasionally less if intensive waste management is used,
Table 6 shows a 6 month water storage volume and a I month storage volume for this farm's lagoon.
The six month storage volume includes excess wastes produced by the animals, spillage or wasted
water, clean-up water, and excess rainfall (less evaporation) directly into the lagoon. This does not
include rainfall run-off water from outside the lagoon since it is usually diverted by earthen
embankments and grass water ways. These are 'took values" only.
TABLE6
Typical Wastewater Storage Needs - Book Values:
Six Months
4,443,120 gallons (594,000 cu. ft)
One Month
740,520 gallons (99,000 cu. ft.) +/-
Table 6 shows book values for excess wastewater production based on generalized climatological
data and known case histories of hog production. This data also accounts for the average evaporation
which occurs from lagoons. However this data can vary greatly with seasons and unusual weather
conditions. The engineer thinks it is acceptable to use if the lagoon is uncovered and mostly free of
floating organic mats and crust. An actual rainfall balance should be used if the structure is covered
such as with most dairy waste storage ponds,
Storage Of The First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
At any time in North Carolina there may occur a severe rain producing storm which can deposit
considerable amounts of water quickly. The standard storm surge aflowed in lagoon design is the 25
year - 24 hour rainfall event. This storm event is historicafly different between the Mountains,
Piedmont, and Coastal plain and can even vary between neighboring cities. The 25 year - 24 hour
storm used for the lagoon design was 6.5 inches.
9

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNP
There Should Be No Surface Run -Off From Surrounding Areas Allowed To Enter The Lagoon.
All Run -Off Shall Be Diverted Around The Lagoon Via Earthen Embankments, Grass Water
Ways, Or Similar Water Diversion Techniques,
One 25 year - 24 hour storm volume for this farm is shown below. This value must be considered
above the 6 month storage volumes.
TABLE7
Estimated Volume For One 25 Year - 24 Hour Severe Storm:
First Storm Storage 778,728 eet)
_gallons (104,108 cubic f
Storage Of The Second 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm (Sometimes Called Normal Freeboard)
For animal waste lagoons, normal freeboard is defined as the added depth needed for containment of a
second 25 year -24 hour storm event. When the Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon was constructed there
was not a design criteria for a second storm allowance. While the second storm allowance would be
the same as the first if used, the second storm allowance for this farm is zero.
Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon Normal Freeboard Volume: 0 gallons (0 cu. ft.)
Emergency Freeboard
Emergency freeboard is the extra depth added to a lagoon for safety against a random embankment
overflow or dam washout. This extra depth is a safety measure and prevents water from spilling over
the dam, resulting in dam erosion and complete or partial dam failure. This amount of added depth is
usually selected to be I foot but can be 2 feet in some cases. This freeboard is between the top of any
emergency overflow and the top of the dam,
Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon Emergency Freeboard: I foot
Since emergency overflow discussions have no bearing on animal waste utilization, no additional detail
on emergency overflow design will be given herein. See the EES lagoon design package for
emergency overflow design details.
High Water Markers for Liquid Levels
As required by regulation, the farmer shall install a permanent pole or metered stick or stakes inside
the lagoon or waste storage pond so the operator can tell at a glance the current water level and
volume inside the lagoon. The engineer recommends the farmer use some type of highly visible marker
divided in increments so he/she can tell at a glance the storage volume remaining in the lagoon. Pole
markings should be no greater than I foot apart, but six inch graduations are better. Eghly visible
permanent markers mounted up and down the interior side slope of the lagoon will also serve the
same purpose, If wooden stakes are used they should be made out of treated lumber. As a minimum
the farmer shall install a permanent marker at the "pump on" level and one at the "pump off' level.
The "pump on" level is below the allowance for any storm Surges. A mid -way marker is also very
helpful for approximating volumes if the marker is not graduated. Important lagoon water levels are
shown below in Table 8. See Exhibit 29 to view a graph of lagoon volume vs. depth.
10

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNF
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TABLE8
ARproximate Levels To Stake Inside The Lagoon
START PUNTING BEFORE HERE STOP PUMPING AT LEAST BY HERE
ET BELOW OVERFLOW) (FEET BELOW OVERFLOW)
Soon 0.7++ 4.4
++ = Storage for only one 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm available between here and overflow. Please
remember, the emergency overflow is NOT the top of the dam,
TABLE9
OVERALL DESIGN SUMMARY FOR THE GOLD LEAF FARM LAGOON
All tabular values are presented as calculated but are close approximations. Tabular values may vary a little
from design values. See Exhibit 29 for a graph of as -built lagoon data.
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
Odor Control And Lagoon Management (apply as needed)
Note: Much of this document's text and exhibits are directly or indirectly related to odor control.
Likewise, common sense plays a very important part of any odor control program. The below list of
items is not intended to be all inclusive, Please refer to all information related to this farm, including
suggestions made in the attached exhibits. See Exhibit 18 for an odor control checklist.
I . Use common sense and constant observations to prevent lagoon upsets.
2. It is desirable to add manure daily or every other day in regular doses. This is preferred to slug
loading the lagoon at irregular intervals or starving the microorganisms.
3. The lagoon sludge and/or wastewater shall be tested to determine its nutrient content prior to land
applications. This shall be done every 60 days or within 60 days of major application events. Send
effluent and sludge samples to the N. C. Department of Agriculture, Plant, Waste, and Tissue Lab,
4300 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, N.C. 27607, phone [phone], Plant or crop tissue
I I
Added Liquid
Depth (Fed)
Total Liquid
Depth from
Bottom Of
Lagoon (Feet)
Added Volume
(Gallons)
Total Volume
(Gallons)
Sludge
2.10
2.10
2,000,000
2,000,000
Minimum Dop Volume
8.50
10.60
1023-OOPOOO
Six Month Storage Volume
3.70
__8,300,000
14.30
4,443,120
14,743,120
Surface Mow
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storaize
Extra Storage Capacity
0
14.30
0
14,743,120
First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
0.70
15.00
778,728
15,521,848
Normal Freeboard (second
storm)
0
I
15.00
I
0
15,521,848
Emggena Freeboard
1.0
16.00
N/A
N/A
Totals
---- — -
16.00
.......
15 521,848
All tabular values are presented as calculated but are close approximations. Tabular values may vary a little
from design values. See Exhibit 29 for a graph of as -built lagoon data.
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
Odor Control And Lagoon Management (apply as needed)
Note: Much of this document's text and exhibits are directly or indirectly related to odor control.
Likewise, common sense plays a very important part of any odor control program. The below list of
items is not intended to be all inclusive, Please refer to all information related to this farm, including
suggestions made in the attached exhibits. See Exhibit 18 for an odor control checklist.
I . Use common sense and constant observations to prevent lagoon upsets.
2. It is desirable to add manure daily or every other day in regular doses. This is preferred to slug
loading the lagoon at irregular intervals or starving the microorganisms.
3. The lagoon sludge and/or wastewater shall be tested to determine its nutrient content prior to land
applications. This shall be done every 60 days or within 60 days of major application events. Send
effluent and sludge samples to the N. C. Department of Agriculture, Plant, Waste, and Tissue Lab,
4300 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, N.C. 27607, phone [phone], Plant or crop tissue
I I

1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
samples can also be sent for regular analysis. Contact the local Cooperative Extension Service for
additional details and phone numbers. Keep in mind that sludge applications will likely alter
routine liquid application rates so do not confuse sludge and slurry applications with liquid
effluent. See Exhibit 9 for waste sampling instructions.
4. Keep grasses'and vegetation out of the lagoon. Permanent floating organic mats are not likely to
occur on swine lagoons, Such mats will not interfere with performance but should be removed to
help control odor and insects. Animal health consumables, rubber gloves, plastic bags, and trash
tend to accumulate in lagoons and should be cleaned out regularly, Keep it neatl
5. Lagoon water levels should be lowered before the on -set of wet weather seasons and in
accordance with on -farm crop needs, Leave plenty of room for heavy rainfalls or long wet
seasons. Review freeboard requirements and keep enough freeboard for the appropriate storm
surges.
6. Regularly inspect the lagoon dam and earthen embankments for settling or bulges, side slope
stability, rodent damage, jug holes or pock marks, erosion scars, wave action damage, weeping,
etc. Weeds should be mown at least one time per year and two times per year in heavy growth
years so the operator can see problems before they get serious.
7. Do not drive vehicles across emergency spillways, Keep the spillway clear of limbs, tall plant
growth, logs, floating debris, sedimentation, etc. Watch for erosion and settling.
8. Grazing on dams and embankments can cause problems and is not allowed.
9. Inspect all dams, earthen embankments, and emergency spillways at least two times per year or
after every significant storm event. The owner/operator shall keep a written record on all
inspections, maintenance and repairs done on the lagoon and or dam.
10, Lagoons with floors below the seasonably high water table should maintain the water levels in ,the
lagoon at or slightly above the seasonably high level,
11. Always maintain at least 1 foot of freeboard in lagoons with pump systems. If pump units are not
owned by the farmer where he/she has control of the use of the pump then the farmer should
maintain at least a 2 feet freeboard.
12. Try to avoid.large rapid liquid level reductions inside the lagoon. Always observe the inside dam
sides for possible liner sloughing during rapid liquid draw -downs. Repair damaged lagoon liners
immediately.
13. Emergency spillways should be kept clear of trash and debris. A good grass cover should be
maintained at and down slope of emergency spillways.
14.Once new lagoons are constructed and ready for filling, it is very important to first add water to
the lagoon prior to adding swine manure. The owners should be careful to add water to a new
lagoon until at least one half of the lagoon design treatment volume is achieved before adding
swine manure. In first stage lagoons the operator.should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
of about 6 feet (does not apply to storage only ponds). Initial water addition to the lagoon shall be
from water wells on the farm or from nearby creeks, but if storm water run-off can be easily added
to the lagoon it may be added in place of well water. Do not allow lagoon side walls to become
eroded when filling.
15. Research literature suggests a pH of 7.5 to 8,0 be maintained in an anaerobic swine lagoon to
obtain optimum treatment conditions and minimize odors. During lagoon start-up the acid forming
bacteria will tend to populate faster then the methane forming bacteria and can lower the overall
pH of the lagoon water. If this occurs, the owner/operator should add hydrated lime to the lagoon
at a rate of 1 pound per 1000 cubic feet of water. The lime can be applied to the surface of the
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1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
' lagoon and mixed into the surface waters until a proper pH is obtained. Start adjusting the pH if
the lagoon water drops to or below a pH of 6.7.
' 16. The only way to accurately estimate the volume of sludge in an anaerobic lagoon is to take
measurements. This can be done by using a "sludge judge" or a variety of other measuring
devices. Measure sludge accumulation at least one time every 2 years. Plan sludge removal events
' as desired by the farmer in accordance with the waste utilization plan, weather conditions, etc.
PLAN AHEAD!
17. Avoid unnecessary agitation of the lagoon when not irrigating. This will help control odors. Take
tmeasures to allow water to flow into the lagoon in a gentle fashion instead of splashing or
cascading. Inlet piping should be placed below water surface as long as the water inside the
houses will drain out fully. Extreme care should be used when filling the lagoon so as to avoid
' eroding a scar into the side of the lagoon and exposing undesirable soils. Use temporary flexible
drainage pipe if necessary to transfer water to the bottom of the lagoon area. Flexible pipe can be
' left in lagoon.
18. Effluent piping from the confinement housing should be a minimum of 6 inches in diameter,
however 8 inch piping may be used. Gravity flow piping should be sloped according to the
' recommendations of the building contractor. It should be PVC piping with glue joints. The
terminal end of the piping should extend just under the water surface. If the pipe outlets are under
water and the pipes are air tight the pipes should be equipped with vapor traps and vents to
' prevent gasses from moving back toward the confinement houses. Clean out ports should also be
provided for each set of pipes. USE EXTREME CAUTION WHEN INSTALLING PIPES
ACROSS FILL MATERIAL SUCH AS A DAM. CONSULT THE ENGINEER OR NRCS
' BEFORE DIGGING.
19. Lagoon start-ups are best done in warm weather, particularly in the northern climates. This is less
important in southern states. Careful consideration to pH and gradual start-up loadings can help
' off -set cool weather start-ups.
20. Irrigation pump intakes should be a minimum of 18 inches below the lagoon liquid surfaces. The
operator may elect to occasionally agitate the sludge on the lagoon floor while irrigating in order
' to minimize sludge build-up. Any irrigation pump and irrigation nozzles should be designed to
pump solids if this is part of the irrigation plan. If solids are agitated when irrigating, account for
this in your waste application amounts.
' 21. Take extreme care to select optimum conditions for spray irrigation of wastewater and sludge
removal events. Careful planing will help minimize odors. Irrigate wastewater in dry warm
weather if possible, preferably before 12 noon. Avoid weekend and holiday irrigation unless
rabsolutely necessary. Try to irrigate when wind is not blowing toward neighbors.
22. New products are being developed to help minimize odors from swine operations. The
owner/operator may utilize such products but these should only be utilized according to
' manufacture's recommendations and with caution. Many of these products do not reduce odors
and are a waste of money. Rapid additions of enzymes or chemicals could cause microbial upsets.
' 23. In North Carolina prevailing winds blow from the southwest toward the northeast. Plant or
maintain trees on the west and southwest side of the farm to act as a wind break. Plant trees
between irrigation fields and neighbors or public highways. Avoid spraying on windy days or
' when the wind is blowing toward nearby neighbors.
24. Keep trash, dead animals, and spilled feed cleaned up and properly disposed. Regularly haul off
dead animal carcasses or bury them according to accepted carcass disposal methods.
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IWELSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
25. Keep at least 12 inches of air space between the bottom of concrete slats and under floor waste
accumulations.
Odor Control And Air Quality'Regulations (recent)
The NC Environmental Management Commission (EMC) adopted temporary odor rules in February
1999. Permanent rules are scheduled to be adopted within the year. Most of these rules are
mentioned in the above section but are being shown ieparate for emphasis, These rules are listed
below for the fanner's information.
I . The discharge point of the flush water discharge pipe shall extend to a point below the surface of
the animal wastewater lagoon.
2. The carcasses of dead animals shall be properly stored at all times and disposed of within 48 hours.
3. Spray irrigation activities of wastewater can not be allowed to drift beyond the farm boundary
except for the purposes of maintaining a safe lagoon freeboard. This would be an emergency
situation. Farmers must contact the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) in emergency situations
and before irrigating effluent during storms.
4. Animal wastewater application spray system intakes shall be located near the liquid surface of the
animal wastewater lagoon. In other words they can not be located more than 18 inches below the
surface.
5� Ventilation fans shaH be maintained according to the manufacturer's specifications.
6. Animal feed storage containers located outside of animal containment buildings shall be covered
except when necessary to remove feed.
T Animal wastewater flush tanks shall be covered with a device that is designed for ready access to
prevent overflow or shall have installed a fill pipe thaf extends below the surface of the tank's
wastewater,
Insect Control And Mortality Management
Insect control is an important aspect of the day to day operation of a swine production facility and
assists the farmer in being a "good neighbor". Below is a list to consider in an insect control program.
Also refer to Exhibit 19 for an insect control check list,
I . The farmer shall at all times strive to keep weeds and tall grass from growing uncontrolled around
the lagoons. Good weed control will help minimize insect problems.
1 Keep large floating mats of leaves, trash, and debris cleaned out from the lagoon, These, mats can
tend to form a habitat for insects and flies. Dispose of all organic materials and trash in containers
or dumpsters.
3. Keep dead animals picked up, placed in carcass disposal containers, and hauled off-site. In warm
months have the dead animals removed from the farm every day.
4. Keep all grass mown especially around houses and lagoons.
5. Keep all spilled feed ;�d piles of grain cleaned up.
6. Follow crop stalk and root destruction programs where applicable. Follow all BMP's for crop
production.
7. Small pools of water can develop around a farm due to equipment traffic, etc. Keep these
depressions filled so water does not stand for long periods, A "dr-/' and manicured farm
discourages insect breeding.
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1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
' 8. The farmer should consult with the local Cooperative Extension Service to discuss an integrated
pest management program. Incorporate the use of pesticides and herbicides as needed for insect
' control.
9. Employ good housekeeping!
10. Manure tends to pack into the corners of pits and can cause excessive odors and insects.
' Regularly inspect pits, sump areas, pit walls, etc. for caked manure. Use a high pressure hose to
wash out caked manure areas.
l l . Remove crusted solids from lagoons, pits, and channels.
' 12. Fly traps which lure flies to them with an attractant well if enough of them are used around a farm,
especially if the animal waste is not allowed to sit undisturbed in corners of pits or in hard to reach
places. Hang such traps where they will not be damaged by the animals or by machinery and
where they can be maintained.
13. The managers at Wilson's Swine Farm use steel containers or dumpsters to house dead animals
until picked up by a rendering company (Enterprise Rendering Company, 28821 Bethlehem
' Church Road, Oakboro, N.C. 28129 Ph. # [phone]). This is their method of mortality
management. Make sure all dead animals are placed within this container immediately upon
' removal from the confinement housing. General Sediment, Nutrient And Run -Off Control Suggestions (use as needed)
' 1. The off site discharge of animal waste is prohibited. Surface waters of the state can not be
impacted by animal waste. In the future the farmer shall at all times take whatever means
necessary to control soil erosion on the farm and prevent sediment or nutrient transport off -site.
' The farmer should use terraces, grass strips, grass buffer zones, farming on the contour, silt
fencing, rock dams, etc. in order to control erosion and run-off. However, erosion control design
is beyond the scope of this waste utilization package. The local NRCS office may assist in
' developing a long term sediment and erosion control plan if requested by the farmer.
2. The up -slope sides of all lagoons shall have sufficiently sized stormwater diversion embankments
' across their length to convey rainfall run-off to the sides or around the ponds. Rainfall run-off
from the buildings should be diverted away from the pond area if possible.
3. After any soil disturbance, and/or final grading takes place, the farmer shall establish permanent
' vegetation around the confinement houses, lagoon dams, and waste application fields. The farmer
shall maintain good covers with mowing and fertilizing. Annually collect soil samples for analysis
' and follow fertilizer and lime recommendations. Fertilize and lime native grasses around the site
and keep existing ground cover in tact as much as possible. Maintain natural water ways and
ditches. Plant new cover grasses as necessary. See Exhibit 8 for soil sampling and plant tissue
' sampling instructions.
4. Repair mulch and seed beds as necessary if areas of dead grass develop or erosion scars occur.
5. Use pesticides and herbicides only as a last resort to keep grass stands healthy. Use good
housekeeping techniques to control insects along with or instead of pesticides.
6. New shrubs and trees should not be planted closer than 30 feet to lagoons and never on earthen
' dams.
7. Leave grasses a little long just going into the typical dormant season for the type of grass you
' have, Leave grasses long in buffer areas and in grass water ways.
15
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WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNW
Personal Safety Considerations Around Lagoons
(repeatedftom lagoon design package)
i. 'Fencing around the lagoon is an option to the farmer if trespassing is a problem. If the public or
children wfll have access to the lagoon area the lagoon should have a stock tight fence installed
around its perimeter. Clear warning signs should be installed around the lagoon and be visible
from all sides of the lagoon, Unauthorized persons should be kept away from the lagoon area.
2. The owners should install throw type safety devices- within easy access ftom at least 2 places
around the lagoon in the event of a drowning accident, Safety ropes should also be kept nearby.
At least one person at the farm should have water rescue training. Any person using a boat on the
lagoon must wear a fife preserver and have a helper standing on shore in case of an emergency. All
farm personnel should have first aid and safety training.
3. Animal manures produce gasses as their solids decompose. Agitation of lagoon solids or agitation
of under slat liquids can cause large amounts of gasses to -be released quickly, The owners should
be aware that certain gasses are colorless and odorless and can cause asphyxiation and death under
severe circumstances (usually in confined spaces and not as likely around a lagoon). It is doubtful
gas concentrations would approach explosive levels, but the owners should be aware of such
possibilities in confined spaces. Employees should be warned about such dangers and trained in
dealing with such matters. The primary types of gases produced by animal manure are listed
below:
TABLE 10
HydKogen
Sulr1de-(H2S):
*
The most dangerous of gases produced, especially during manure agitation. This gas is corrosive
toexposed metal parts.
*
Colorless with distinct odor,
*
Heavier than air, acciimulates near the floor.
*
Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 10 parts
per million
*
Recommended control of gas: Adequate ventilation.
o
Not readily explosive.
Carbon Dioxide -(CO;):
Not particularly toxic in normal concentrations. Large quantities can be released during manure
.agitation. Not particularly corrosive.
Colorless and odorless.
Heavier than air, accumulates near the floor.
Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 5,000 parts
per million
Recommended control of gas: Adequate ventilation,
Not readily explosive,
Methane-(CH4):
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The most explosive of gases produced, especially during manure agitation. Not extremely toxic
at low levels.
Colorless and odorless.
Lighter than air, accumulates near the ceiling.
Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 1,000 parts
per million
Recommended control of gas: Adequate ventilation.
falosive at concentrations of 50,000 to 150,000 parts per million (or 5 - 15 %)
Ammonia-(NH4):
Not extremely toxic in lower concentrations. Irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Can
be released in large quantities especially during manure agitation, Can be corrosive to exposed
metal pans,
Colorless with very distinct odor.
Lighter than air, accumulates near the ceiling,
Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 25 parts
per million
Recommended control of gas: Adequate ventilation,
Not readily explosive.
4. Workers should never go under floor slats unless accompanied by a helper and only if adequate
ventilation is in place. Drain and clean under slat pits at least 8 hours prior to entering in addition
to providing good ventilation. Workers entering confined spaces should follow OSHA guidelines
for such activities,
5. The owner/operator may wish to purchase a portable hand held gas meter for questionable
environmental situations.
6. Beware of spiders and snakes around swine facilities.
7. Workers should attend to cuts and wounds immediately with the proper first aid.
8. An emergency action plan must be developed for this fann in case an emergency develops. A
general plan is discussed later in this document.
WASTE UTEL17ATION PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Soils To Receive Waste
The USDA/NRCS soil survey maps for Richmond County (Exhibit 4) are not as complete'as some
counties. It would. appear from Exhibit 4 that there is only one soil type for the Gold Leaf Farm crop
land. That predominate soils series to "potentially" receive animal manure at this site is Candor and
Wakulla. Below the reader will find a soil description:
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1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
' Soils At Gold_ Leaf Farm - Crop Land
1. 716B - WcB. Candor and Wakulla Soils, 0 to 8 percent slopes.
Soil Description - 1
' Soil Name.................................................................. Candor and Wakulla Soils
Soil Index Number ..................................................... 6 (most probable)
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone ............. . . . . . . . ........ 6 in/hr. (approx. )
' Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ................ Bare Soil = 0.40 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate .. . . . . .... . . . ... On Crop = 0.50 In.IHr. (Avg.)
Maximum Short Duration Application Rate ................ On Crop = 0.60 Inches/Hour
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maximum -Hay) ........... 0.24 Inches/Day
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maximum-Veg.) ........... 0.18 Inches/Day
' Maximum Irrigation During Peak ET - Hay ....................... Every 4 to 5 Days
Maximum Irrigation During Peak ET - Veg. Every 7 to 8 Days
Application Amount Range Per Event ..... . ....... . ...... . ........ . 0.3 to 1.0 inches ++
Most of the above soildescription was taken from the NRCS Technical guide, Section II-G (Sprinkler
Irrigation Guide). Certain items have been modified. per the engineer's opinion.
' ++ Approximate maximum irrigation in one cycle in the piedmont and coastal plain. Usually irrigation
application amounts should be 0,75 inches or less. Highest value assumes a 75% irrigation efficiency
and would only be possible in hot and dry weather conditions on slopes less than 8 %. Steeper slopes
or cool weather applications will require less intensive irrigation, Do not apply more than 1 inch of
wastewater at any one irrigation event. Application amounts of fresh water may be higher.
' On -Farm Nutrient Production From Animal Manure And Its Use On Agricultural Crops
There is no more 'important task in the utilization of animal waste than to properly apply it on a
' particular crop at rates which the plants can utilize. Over application can cause nutrients to be washed
off to surface water or leached into ground water, and under application can result in a poor crop
growth, lower yields, etc. Proper application amounts are known as "agronomic rates", The proper
' agronomic rates can vary from season to season, by crop types, by soil types, by topography, by short
term weather conditions, etc. These values are not to be confused with potential hydraulic loadings.
Hydraulic loadings will be discussed in another section. The key factor to remember is to not apply
' nutrients to crops in excess of their ability to utilize these nutrients or in excess of water (hydraulic)
acceptance rates. Do not be confused and think that there is only one nutrient application rate for a
articular crop. Nutrient apRlication will vM as mentioned above.
Once raw animal waste is collected and stored it starts going through microbial digestion. Anaerobic
lagoons are especially good at breaking down solids and nutrients in raw manure. The microbes in all
' digestion processes consume some nutrients in their metabolism and help reduce the nutrient value of
the raw manure. Anaerobically digested animal manure contains nitrogen as well as other
macronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium, eta In addition the effluent contains many
micronutrients such as copper, zinc, iron, etc. Currently only nitrogen is considered as the limiting
nutrient factor for the land application of animal waste, but in the future other nutrients may become
the limiting components, especially if they are found in large quantities within the waste. The farmer
' must perform annual soil tests for potassium, phosphorous, copper, zinc, sodium, etc. The farmer
18

1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWAe
' should alwa s be aware of the total nutrient composition of his/her waste and alwa s look at other
nutrients besides -nitrogen since these can seriously effect crop health. Some discussion about
' nutrients and metals will be given in this plan. Exhibit 13 shows maximum metal loading in soils.
Below the reader will find estimated nutrient amounts expected to be produced from the swine waste.
These values are subject to change with future waste analyses.
' Nitrogen
' Plant Available Nitrogen or P.A.N. in animal waste can be most reliably estimated by using an average
of actual chemical analyses, When data is not available the designer can use some standard design
numbers (i.e. book values) such as those issued by the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, MRCS
' publications, etc. Book values are often used if there are not at least 5 consecutive waste analyses to
average (i.e. 2 per year for 3 years or 3 per year for 2 years). All nitrogen figures discussed within this
report are given as P.A.N.
As a word of caution, NCDA waste testing is only as reliable as the care with which the sample is
retrieved. Therefore the farmer should take extreme care to collect representative waste samples.
The same would be true for soil sampling. The reader can see Exhibit 9 for waste sampling
instructions and Exhibit 8 for soil sampling instructions.
' Animal manure from Wilson's Swine Farm is the only source of animal waste that will be applied to
the Gold Leaf Farm crop land. Table 11 (below) shows recent test data from the swine lagoon. This
data was collected by Mr. Bryan Wilson and provided to the engineer (also see Exhibit 5). In addition
Table 11 shows "average book values" for similar type hog operations. The actual on -farm test data
only represents 2 sample dates or sample events. The reader should note that according to DWQ
guidelines and NRCS guidelines there is not enough long term testing data available from Wilson's
' Swine Farm to draw strong conclusions about P.A.N. amounts in the effluent. In addition the samples
were all taken in warm months which could also skew the data. Because the actual test data is higher
than the book value, the engineer has chosen to use a value slightly over the average book value to
estimate nitrogen production. However the engineer would like to caution the; farmer to closely watch
future NCDA test results since the few available RAN. values show levels of nitrogen sigWfiggntly
' above the book averages. REMINDER; In the future the farmer must collect waste samples at
least 3 times aer year to accurately track nutrient levels in the lagoon effluent. Collecting
samples one time per season (4 times per year) is a better plan if at all possible.
1 Gold Leaf Farm Nitrogen Value Determination
Number of Head: 8,800 top hogs.
' Type of operation: Feeder to Finish
Estimation source: NCDA test results and MRCS book value averages .
Estimated average weight per animal unit: 13 5 lbs
' Estimated average excess water production (rainfall added) = 1.0 cu. ft, Ab.
Excess water production est. source: NCSU - Cooperative Ext. Service.
19
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1
1
TABLE 11
Estimated P.A.N. Production On Wilson's Swine Farm - Annual Totals
DATE OR
APPLICATION
P.A.N. PER
ESTIMATED
TOTAL P.A.N.
TYPE OF
TECHNIQUE
UNIT FOR
GALLONS OF
PRODUCTION
SAMPLE
LIQUID WASTE
EFFLUENT TO
(POUNDS PER YEAR) ,
(POUNDS PER
IRRIGATE
1000 GAL)
ANNUALLY
GALLONS
7-9-97
Irriaced
3.1
NIA
NIA
7-9-97
Irrigated
3,0
N/A
NIA
6-17-98
Irri ted
3.5
NIA
NIA
6-17-98
Irrigated
3,1
NIA
NIA
6-17-98
Irrigated
3,9
NIA
NIA
Average of
Irrigated
3.3
8,900,000
29,370
Actual Data
NRCS Book
Irrigated
2.5
8,900,000
22,250
Value
Selected Design
Irrigated
2.75
8,900,000
24,475
Value
Copper And Zinc
Copper and zinc are trace metals (heavy metals) often found in animal type waste and will appear in
the anaerobic lagoon effluent in small amounts. Heavy metals concentrations are usually higher in
anaerobic lagoon bio-solids (sludge) than in anaerobic lagoon effluent. Plants must have a limited
amount of these metals in order to thrive. Copper and zinc can accumulate in soils and may eventually
reach high enough levels to become toxic to plants (phytotoxic) if applied year after year, especially if
applied in large amounts each year. Different plants have different tolerances for these metals,
Harmful metal accumulation levels will also depend on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil.
Exhibit 13 shows these two metals and relative harmful levels. The land owner or operator should
always try to keep the heavy metal levels as low as possible. MRCS, DWQ, etc. recommends that no
more than 1/20 of the lifetime metals allowance be applied in any one year, especially if the application
is an on -going event. Soil test data will show existing metal levels and the CEC of the soil. Soil tests
for copper and zinc must be taken at least annually or according to the DWQ issued permit. Table 12
summarizes the most recent test results in terms of copper and zinc concentrations.
Phosphorus and Potassium
Phosphorus is found in various concentrations in all animal types of waste with concentrations usually
higher in anaerobic lagoon sludge. Phosphorous is a key element to ensure good crop health. Its
effect on crop growth is not as dramatic as nitrogen or potassium, but the lack of it can cause plant
stunting, poor seed formation, and reduced crop yields. Phosphorous levels in animal type waste will
vary depending on many factors so testing will always be required. Often the operator will land apply
phosphorus in amounts beyond what can be taken up by plants. High phosphorus levels are more of a
problem for surface transport to streams than it is a problem for plants. This is because the
phosphorous strongly attaches itself to soil particles. Therefore the operator must be very cautious
about surface run-off and soil erosion from fields into streams or creeks, Good buffer strips and
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WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
erosion controls will help keep phosphorus from getting into streams, See Exhibits 12 and 17 for
more details about phosphorus.
Potassium is also found in anaerobic lagoon effluent and is a very important element for plant growth,
Plants use potassium in quantities similar to their use of nitrogen. The lack of potassium can cause
plant stress, defoliation, or death, Potassium is less mobile in soil than nitrogen but more mobile than
potassium. Sandy soils tend to loose potassium more readily than clay soils. Maintaining good soil
pH and organic matter will help keep potassium from moving below the plant root zone. Potassium is
not thought to be as environmentally damaging as phosphorous. Good buffer strips and erosion
controls will help keep phosphorus from getting into streams from run-off. See Exhibits 12 and 17 for
more details about potassium,
As mentioned above under P.A.N. discussions, Wilson's Swine Farm does not have enough
representative lagoon effluent samples or test results from which to draw strong conclusions about
nutrient contents. However for the purpose of discussion Table 12 summarizes the known test results
in terms of phosphorous and potassium concentrations assuming they will be irrigated.
ISodium
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Sodium is a naturally occurring element in many soils, Excessive buildups of sodium can cause water
stress in growing plants. Sometimes sodium can cause clay particle dispersion if it is not balanced with
calcium or magnesium. Clay particle dispersion will cause the soil surface to become hard and will
severely restrict water infiltration and permeability.
High sodium content wastes, if land applied, can accumulate sodium in the soil profile and cause the
problems mentioned above. Engineers use an equation to evaluate the potential effect of sodium on a
soil that is called the Sodium Adsorption Ration or S.A.R. This ratio looks at a balance between
sodium, calcium and magnesium. In general, a wastewater or sludge with a S.A.R. of 15 or less is
usually safe to apply on clay soils. Sandy soils do not have as much problem with clay dispersion as
do clay type sods since the clay content of sandy soils is obviously less, The waste sample collected
for this project (using values from Table 12) has a S.A.R. of less than 8. All things considered, sodium
does not seem to be a problem at this time. Table 12 summarizes the test results for sodium.
Other Elements In The Lagoon Effluent
Exhibit 5 shows additional elements and compounds that were tested for by the NCDA. The engineer
does not see significant quantities of these elements that are of concern given the amount of effluent
scheduled for application. However, the operator should not be lulled into thinking future test results
will remain the same as shown here. Future test results should always be viewed for elevations in
heavy metals, sodium, etc. Table 12 shows the remainder of these tested elements and rough
estimations on their quantities in future applications, But remember, these are estimates and do not
substitute for routine testing.
21

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWM?
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TABLE 12
ESTIMATED ANNUAL WASTE APPLICATION AMOUNTS FOR VARIOUS COMPONENTS
FOUND IN THE WILSON'S- SWINE FARM ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT
NCDA WASTE ANALYSES RESULTS (taken 7-9-97 and 6-1 -98)
Compound
Averaged
Sample Test
Results +
Gallons of Waste
to Irrigate
Annually
Total Annual Est.
Application Due
To Irrigation
I
Suggested
Maximum Soil
Loading Rates
(cumulative) ++
Aluminum (AQ*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Arsenic (As)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 37 lbs./acre
Boron (B)*
0.64 mg/L
8,900,000
48 pounds
Not Established
Calcium (Ca)*
106 mg/L
8,900,000
7,872 pounds
N/A
Cadmium (Cd)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
4.4 - 17.8 lbs./acre
Chlorine (Cl)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Chromium (Cr)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 2,676 lbs./acre
Copper (Cu)*
0.55 mg/L
8,900,000
41 pounds
125 - 500 lbs./acre
Iron (Fe)*
5 mg/L
8,900,000
371 pounds
Not Established
Lead (Pb)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
500 - 2,000 lbs./acre
Lithium (Li)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Magnesium (Mg)*
23.24 mg1L
8,900,000
1,726 pounds
Not Established
Manganese (Mn)*
0.33 mg/L
8,900,000
25 pounds
Not Established
Mercury (Hg)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
<15 lbs./acre
Molybdenum (Mo)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
<16 lbs./acre
Nirkel (Ni)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
125 - 500 lbs./acre
Phosphorous (P)*
80.22 mg/L
8,900,000
5,957 pounds
N /A
Potassium (K)*
896 mg/L
8,900,000
66,538 pounds
N /A
Selenium (Se)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 89 lbs./acre
Sodium (Na)*
331 mg/L
8,900,000
24,581 pounds
Not Established
Sulfur (S)*
21.4 mg/L
8,900,000
1,589 pounds
Not Established
Zinc (Zn)*
0. 71 mg/L
8,900,000
53 pounds
250 - 1,000 lbs./acre
These elements or compounds are reportable values on the NCDA Waste Analysis Report sheets.
+ These values are shown fbr irrigation since that will be the likely manner of application. The y are total
values not necessarily plant available. Some of each element will be used by each year's crop.
++ = This column is shown for general ggidance onl , Maximum values will actually depend on soil type, soil
pH, and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. See Exhibit 13 for potential phytatoxic problem levels
for copper and zinc. Sources are EPA and NCDA.
N / A = Not applicable,
22

' WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
' Soil Test Results And Discussions
Routine soil testing is very important for land application sites to give the operator feedback about soil
conditions. The soil test is representative of the conditions of the soil in everything but nitrogen.
Nitrogen is estimated based on typical plant needs and -is not reported as a true test result. All soil
' reports are a "snap -shot" of the soil conditions at a particular time and are subject to change as the
years pass. Keep soil data for historical reviews.
' Gold Leaf Farm has been taking soil samples and having them tested at the NCDA lab for a number of
years. Exhibit 15 shows three years of soil test data. For brevity the engineer will let the reader view
Exhibit 15 for himself/herself. The farmer has designated where each sample was collected. In the
future the farmer should keep all records according to the field numbers within this document. The
latest soil report (i.e. 1999) is the best report since it is the newest. While these soil reports are only
"snap -shots" of the soil conditions from year to year, the following basic. comments can be made:
1. Most sandy soils will need lime in order to maintain the proper pH. Keeping the soil pH near
neutral (i.e. neutral is 7) will help keep metals immobile and provide a proper plant growth acidity
' level. The swine effluent from the anaerobic lagoon already contains some calcium and magnesium
which could account for some of the annual lime needs. The -most recent soil tests show that there
is little need for lime for the upcoming planting season. Always collect soil samples before waste
applications to verify the correct lime amounts. The soil pH values tested by Bryan Wilson are
mostly between 5.6 and 6.5.
2. Past soil test results should be kept by the operator and compared to new test results. Look for
ttrends or increasing levels of metals. When collecting soil samples, closely follow the soil sample
instructions found in Exhibit 8. Do not use galvanized buckets or galvanized tools to collect these
samples.
3. Land applied nutrients from animal waste are not 100 percent available to the crop in the first year.
Some of the nutrients applied this year will become available next year for next years crops.
' Discussions about nutrient mineralization and residuals are beyond the scope of this report. Collect
soil samples early enough to study the results before planting craps.
4. Crop nitrogen requirements are estimated on the soil reports. Remember that nitrogen
' requirements are based on averages for a particular type crop. More will be said later about crop
production rates vs. nitrogen application.
5. In terms of crop utilization and benefits, there is a need for potassium (i.e, potash) on every field
' and little or no phosphorous needed according to the 1999 soil test results. Table 12 indicates that
a considerable amount of potassium is available from the animal manure. Use caution but go
ahead and land apply the correct amount of nutrients to the crops via irrigation, broadcasting, etc.
' Pay close attention to P and K levels in the future since there is a considerable amount of these
elements in the animal waste.
6. According to the 1999 soil report there is not a need to add copper or zinc to the soils at the farm
' in terms of crop production. In fact fixture loading of these metals should be minimized to avoid
plant phytotoxicity problems. The 1999 soil test indicates that copper and zinc levels are not at
levels to cause plant phototoxic problems for fields 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Fields 2 and 8 had no
results reported for 1999. Looking back on soils reports from 1998 and 1997 it would appear
field 8 is approaching excessive amounts of both copper and zinc. Here the zinc index is high
' compared to the CEC of the soil (see Exhibit 13 for a table of metals and CECs). There were no
soil samples collected for field 2.
23

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
7. Field # 8 may have had chicken litter applied to it in years past, raising the elevation of copper and
zinc. While there does not appear to be a noticeable vegetative problem within this field, the
engineer would recommend keeping a close eye on this sample next time and if the zinc and copper
indexes are still increasing, discontinue applying animal waste on this field. Read Exhibit 8
carefully for soil sampling instructions to make sure the test results are representative of your
situation.
Overall Cropping Descriptions
Discussions between the farmer and the engineer were held to determine the farmer's desire for future
crop selection. As mentioned earlier, Gold Leaf Farm grows a wide variety of crops. Table 13 shows
the crops typically grown at the farm. All crops are harvested regularly. The reader should understand
that Mr. Wilson rotates his crops from field to field from year to year. This means he could have most
any type crop in any given field on any particularyear. The exact mixture of crops to be grown on any
field will depend on the farmer's business needs, crop demands, and the weather. In order to make
this report useful and not overly complex the engineer will not attempt to give all possible
combinations of crop patterns but will discuss the most likely combinations, The farmer should be able
to take the discussed data and apply it to the particular crop combinations each year. A discussion on
the cropping patterns wiU appear below,
Cereal Rye (i.e. small grain) will be planted on all fields for a winter cover crop. All cereal rye planted
crops will be grazed by cattle. Cereal rye stubble will be plowed under when the time comes to plant
row crops. Cereal rye overseeded on coastal bermudagrass fields will be cut short just before
bermudagrass emergence.
All effluent will be surface applied via a spray irrigation system, Mr. Wilson can apply effluent via a
broadcast wagon if needed, but this is not currently planned for the farm. See Exhibit 7 for a property
sketch, field identifications and an irrigation plan.
Table 13 shows the various fields at Gold Leaf Farm which are scheduled to receive waste. This table
is a best guess summary of the Gold Leaf cropping patterns and available land areas. The field sizes
were taken from FSA field maps and aerial photographs and are the engineer's best estimates. Some
on -the -ground field sizes were collected for verification of map scale, The field sizes shown in Table
13 are not wettable acres. The crops shown to be grown are typical for that particular field. The
farmer has flexibility in changing the crop patterns if needed, but records must be kgpt to show what
was wown on each field, how much 3deld Was obtained, and how much waste qpplied. Typically, row
crops will be grown in warm weather on every cultivated field when possible. Cereal rye will be
planted as a cover crop during cool weather on cultivated fields and on the bermudagrass field.
Gold Leaf Farm will harvest the produced crops except for the grazing mentioned earlier. Burning hay
or other crops is not allowed.
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IWFLSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNP
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TABLE 13
Field Size for the Gold 1,eaf Fann Property
Field
Field Areas
Field Areas
Predominate
Crop Type To Be Grown
Approx.
Number
Before
After
Soil Type(s)
Slopes In
Buffers
Buffers
Fields
(acres) +
(acres) +
1
32.78
31,31
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
Oto 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
J�
2
5.18
4.65
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
2 to 10 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
_ Rye
3
13.30
13.30
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
Rye
4
31.05
30.09
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
Oto 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
R
ye
5
18.94
M94
Candor WcB
Coastal Bermudagrass, Rye
0 to 8 %
6
31.63
30.42
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
Oto 8 %
Watennelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
B�Le
7
35.04
33.84
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
Oto 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
Rye
8
3.39
2.42
Candor WcB
Coastal Bermudagrass, ELe
Oto 8 %
Total
171.31
164,97
N/A
N/A
N/A
+ = These are NOT wetted acres,
ICrop Planting and Fertilizing Considerations
Tobacco
Flue cured tobacco is a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately
fifty acres of tobacco will be planted each year according to the farmer.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than I month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon-to-be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, topsoil depth, microbial
activity, waste type, organic content of the waste, etc.
The best -time for planting flue cured tobacco is between April I and May 15, but this planting window
can change depending on the readiness of the transplants, weather (especially temperature), field
preparations, etc. Typically, tobacco plants are transplanted into the fields in TOWS' as seedlings.
Tobacco seedling spacings will vary somewhat by variety, soil types, experience, etc. Therefore the
engineer will not specify a particular plant or row spacing in this document. Tobacco is a crop
scheduled for human consumption therefore it can not have animal waste applied to it once in the field.
25
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1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMY
This means any animal waste must be applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for
R.Y.E. are really not applicable to tobacco since a only a certain amount of the total N needed for this
' crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of tobacco must be supplied via a
commercial fertilizer.
' Tobacco quality greatly depends on the proper applications of nitrogen. Too much or too little
nitrogen can have a negative impact on the tobacco quality. Typical nitrogen application ranges for
tobacco are between 50 and 80 pounds of nitrogen annually, but this may need to be adjusted upwards
' if leaching is a problem (mainly on sandy or coarse textured soils). Fine textured soils with high clay
or organic content will require the lower range of nitrogen. Deep topsoils that have a coarse and
sandy texture require more nitrogen. The normal ripening process of tobacco leaves is partially caused
' by nitrogen starvation. Leaves high in nitrogen are difficult to cure and often turn dark, especially in
the yellowing stage. Therefore the farmer should avoid applying nitrogen to tobacco late in its
growing cycle. Overall the growing of tobacco is a complicated process and the fertilization process is
' not a "one size fits all" effort. The reader can see more information about tobacco production in the
NC Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 Flue Cured Tobacco Information", AG-
' 187.
Animal waste will only be applied to tobacco as a preplant measure. Nitrogen from the animal waste
' will be released over time so applying the waste near transplanting will afford the plants longer
exposure to the available nitrogen. For tobacco the engineer will use the typical preplant nitrogen rate
as a fixed pounds per acre. P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for tobacco at the Gold Leaf
' Farm will be given at 65 lbs. N per acre. This rate takes into consideration the sandy soils and the
rates given in the 1999 Tobacco Information book mentioned above. Tobacco is a warm season crop
and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from May through June. This uptake of
' nutrients may shift a little depending on when the crop is planted. A typical R.Y.E. for tobacco on
Candor soils would be 1,700 pounds per acre, but Gold Leaf Farm records show a typical yield
of 3,000 pounds per acre. The engineer believes the significantly larger yield is due to fresh water
' irrigation. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal
waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
' Tobacco may be harvested over a several month period. Usually this period is from August through
October but can be as early as July and as late as November. The tobacco leaves will be harvested and
the stalks and roots reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage of all crops
' removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the
desired nutrient application plan. This especially important since many nutrients other than nitrogen
' are important for tobacco production. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil
reports.
' Sweet Corn
Field corn is a warm season crop. Mr, Wilson usually plants about 15 acres of sweet corn per year on
the Gold Leaf Farm. Field corn is typically planted between February 15 to April 30 in eastern NC
and between March 15 and June 1 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant corn by April 15 in
both regions to achieve the best yields. Corn has its most vigorous growth and nitrogen uptake
between 25 and 75 days after planting.
26

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
1 When commercial fertilizer is used, a percent of the total crop nitrogen needs (say 1/4 to 1/2 total N
application) is applied at preplant or at planting. This will of course depend on the soil type, organic
' matter in the soil, clay content of the soil, rainfall, etc. Then as the corn starts to grow and is roughly
12 to 18 inches tall, 1/2 to 3/4 of the total nitrogen is applied as a side dressing.
' When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
Nitrogen can be applied to a growing corn crop as needed as long as the total nitrogen applied does
not exceed the crop's demand.
' Sweet corn is a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore it can not have animal waste applied
to it once in it emerges. This means any animal waste must be applied as a preplant measure only.
' Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to sweet corn since only a certain amount of the
total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of sweet corn must be
supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
' For sweet corn the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for sweet corn at the Gold Leaf Farm is usually 85 lbs.
' N per acre. This is slightly higher than the normally recommended preplant application from
commercial fertilizer, but since the sweet corn will be irrigated and since some of the animal waste
P.A.N. will be released over time the engineer feels this application rate would be appropriate. A
' typical RY.E. for sweet corn on Candor soils was not available for review. Gold Leaf Farm
records show a typical yield of sweet corn to be 1,000 and 1,200 dozen per acre. Again, R.Y.E.
will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant, Table 14
' shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Since there are numerous varieties of corn it is best to refer to the manufactures recommendations on
' planting rates and row spacings. However, a rule of thumb is to strive for around 14,500 to 19,000
corn plants per acre.
' Sweet corn will normally be ready for harvest around the first of July. The corn ears will be harvested
and the stalks reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield
' units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis
incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the
NCDA soil reports. The reader can see more information about sweet corn production in the NC
' Cooperative Extension Service publication -titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable
Recommendations", AG-586.
' Field Corn
Field corn is a warm season crop. Mr. Wilson usually plants about 16 acres of field corn per year on
the Gold Leaf Farm. Field corn is typically planted between March 20 to May 1 in eastern NC and
' between March 25 and May 15 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant corn by April 15 in both
regions to achieve the best yields. Soil temperatures need to be about 55 degrees F. in order to plant
corn seed. Corn has its most vigorous growth and nitrogen uptake between 25 and 75 days after
' planting,
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IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
' When commercial fertilizer is used a percent of the total crop nitrogen needs (say 1/4 to 1/2 total N
application) is applied at preplant or at planting. This will of course depend on the soil type, organic
' matter in the soil, clay content of the soil, rainfall, etc. Then as the corn starts to grow and is roughly
12 inches tall, 1/2 to 3/4 of the total nitrogen is applied as a side dressing,
' When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
' Nitrogen can be applied to a growing corn crop as needed as long as the total nitrogen applied does
not exceed the crop's demand. Field corn is not a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore it
can have animal waste applied to it after it emerges.
' The engineer will use R.Y.E. to calculate nutrient uptake take based on historical values since the book
81
values for corn yields on Candor soils are so far off the normal Gold Leaf Farm yields. The engineer
' believes the book values for corn yields on Candor soils (i.e. 45 bushels per acre) do not account for
the use of fresh water irrigation and subsequent increased yields. The engineer sees no reason to
' detract from the farmer's historical yields simply to comply with a book number that is inaccurate for
this farm. Typical nitrogen removal by field corn is usually 1 to 1.2 pounds of N uptake per
bushel of harvested crop. A typical R.Y.E. for field corn at the Gold Leaf Farm is
' conservatively 100 bushels per acre, and in many years up to 150 bushels per acre. Table 14 shows
a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
' Nitrogen application on field corn usually stops about one week before tasseling which usually occurs
about 3 months from planting. Applying nitrogen after the silks have turned brown is not advised. A
rule for applying nitrogen is to apply one half as a preplant measure and the rest 30 to 40 days after
' emergence. Be careful not to over -apply nitrogen or obtain run-off of effluent when applying animal
waste. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Since there are numerous varieties of corn it is best to refer to the manufactures recommendations on
planting rates and row spacings. However, a rule of thumb is to strive for around 20,000 to 24,000
corn plants per acre.
' Field corn is usuallyread for harvest between October and November. Optimum grain moisture
Y P
content for mechanically harvested corn is between 21 and 26 percent. The corn ears will be
' harvested and the stalks reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or
applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and
' the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize
according to the NCDA soil reports. Annually the farmer or irrigation operator shall compare crop
removal rates with animal waste analyses and adjust waste application accordingly. The reader can see
t more information about field corn production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service publication
titled "Corn Production Systems in North Carolina", AG-347.
Sweet Potatoes
Sweet potatoes are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately
twenty five acres of sweet potatoes will be planted each year. Sweet potatoes are typically planted
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WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
between May 1 to July 15 in eastern NC and between May 15 and June 30 in the Piedmont. Sweet
potato root development requires about 3 to 4 months.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
' to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
' i Sweet potato sprouts can be set out on soul edges 8 to 14 inches apart with raw spacings of 6 to 48 3
' inches. Sweet potatoes are a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore they can not have
animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal waste must be applied as a
preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to sweet potatoes since
' only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N
needs of sweet potatoes must be supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
' For sweet potatoes the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre.
Typical P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for sweet potatoes at the Gold Leaf Farm is
usually 64 lbs. N per acre. For sweet potatoes, fertilizer is usually added about 21 to 28 days after
planting, but since the sweet potatoes will be irrigated and since some of the animal waste P.A.N. will
be released over time the engineer feels this application rate would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E.
for sweet potatoes on Candor soils was not available to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm
records show a typical yield of 356 bushels per acre. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate
P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical
nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Sweet potatoes are usually ready for harvest sometime in September or October. Records shall be
' kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples
shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and
supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil reports. The reader can see more information about
' sweet potato production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 North
Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations", AG-586.
Watermelons
Watermelons are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately twenty
acres of watermelons will be planted each year. Watermelons are typically planted between April 15
to May 20 in eastern NC and between May 1 and June IS in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant
watermelons as early as possible in either region. Soil temperatures should be 55 degrees F before
planting. Early plantings may need to be protected from wind damage by rye strips, or similar wind
breaks. Watermelons should mature in about 3 months from emergence if using direct seeding.
' When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
29

1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWN P
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
Watermelons can be planted by direct seeding. Plant 3 to 5 pounds of seed per acre. The
recommended spacings for watermelons is 3 to 4 feet apart with row spacings of 5 to 6 feet. If plastic
' mulch is used this spacing would change. Watermelons are a crop scheduled for human consumption
therefore they can not have animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal
waste must be applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not
applicable to watermelons since only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be
applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of watermelons must be supplied via a commercial
fertilizer.
' For watermelons the engineer will use the typical lent N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
� preplant P
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for fresh water irrigated watermelons at the Gold
' Leaf Farm is usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For watermelons, fertilizer is usually added at preplant and
after the vines start running and sometimes after the first harvest. When commercial fertilizer is used
' about 50 pounds of N per acre is used, but since the animal waste P.A.N. will be released over time
the engineer feels the 60 pound application rate would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E. for
watermelons on Candor soils was not available to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm records
' show a typical yield of 8 tons per acre. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal
due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake
windows for various crops.
' Watermelons are usually ready for harvest sometime in mid summer, usually sometime in July or early
August. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the
site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient
application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil reports. The reader can
see more information about watermelon- production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service
' publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations", AG-586.
Cantaloupes (muskmelon)
' Cantaloupes are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately fifteen
acres of cantaloupes will be planted each year. Cantaloupes are typically planted between April 15 to
May 15 in eastern NC and between May l and July 20 in the Piedmont. Some eastern NC planting
' may also occur between July 1 and July 15 according to published literature, but not for the Gold Leaf
Farm. It is best to plant cantaloupes as early as possible' in either region. Transplant or seed
' cantaloupes when the daily mean temperature has reached 60 degrees F. Temperatures below 45
degrees F can cause plant stunting. Early plantings may need to be protected from wind damage by
rye -strips, or similar wind breaks. Cantaloupes should mature in about 100 days from planting.
' When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
' to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
30

1 WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
' Cantaloupes can be planted by direct seeding or by using seedlings. The recommended spacings for
cantaloupes is 5 to 6 feet apart on plastic mulch and 6 to 7 feet on bare ground. If plastic mulch is
' used 7.5 to 15 square feet should be allowed per plant and if bare ground is used 20 to 25 square feet
should be allowed. Cantaloupes are a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore they can not
have animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal waste must be
' applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to
cantaloupes since only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant.
Post emergence N needs of cantaloupes must be supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
t For cantaloupes the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
FtYF P F
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for fresh water irrigated cantaloupes at the Gold Leaf
' Farm is usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For cantaloupes, fertilizer is usually added at preplant and after
the vines start running. When commercial fertilizer is used about 50 pounds of N per acre is used, but
since the animal waste P.A.N. will be released over time the engineer feels this application rate of 60
' pounds would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E. for cantaloupes on Candor soils was not available
to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm records show a typical yield of 7.5 tons per acre. Again,
' R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant.
Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
' Cantaloupes are usually ready for harvest sometime in mid summer, usually from July 15 to August
15, but can vary with many factors. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of
all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated
' into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil
reports. The reader can see more information about cantaloupe production in the NC Cooperative
Extension Service publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations",
' AG-586.
Hybrid Coastal Bermudagrass (for hay)
' Typically, hybrid coastal bermudagrass will yield more tonnage than common bermudagrass. Hybrid
coastal bermudagrass produces no seeds but spreads by rhizomes and stolons. Coastal bermudagrass is
a warm season crop and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from May to August,
' however it may actively grow from April to October, depending on temperatures. Climatic and
nutrient conditions will alter growth rates for bermudagrass. About 3 cuttings per year can be
' expected on most bermudagrass fields.
Hybrid coastal bermudagrass tolerates acid soils reasonably well (pH 5 to 5.5). However it does
' respond to liming. A soil pH of 6.0 or higher is recommended for improved growing conditions.
Commercial fertilizer should be applied in split applications, i.e. not all at one time. When using
animal type waste as a fertilizer source applications will occur regularly over the growing season.
' Nitrogen uptake predictions will be discussed below.
When establishing, sprig hybrid coastal bermudagrass at 5 to 15 bushels per acre in rows about 3 to 4
' feet apart with sprigs 2 to 3 feet apart within the row. If sprigs are plentiful, the farmer can establish
by broadcasting 70 to 100 bushels per acre in late winter and disking in. One bushel will contain about
1,200 sprigs. Best planting dates in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain are between March 1 and March
' 31
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IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
31. Planting may also be possible between February 15 to May 1 if weather conditions are favorable.
If irrigated, some planting may spill over into July but this is not highly recommended. Sprig mortality
' is lessened when ample soil moisture is present.
The typical yield for non -irrigated hybrid coastal bermudagrass is from 3 to 6 tons per acre, again
' depending on many factors, not the least of which is soil type. For a Candor soil type, the R.Y.E.
for non -irrigated coastal bermuda hay is 5 tons per acre (taken from NCSU/NCCES Nutrient
Management Manual, Reference Section). However if bermudagrass is irrigated with fresh water
its yield can be considerably higher. Since Gold Leaf Farm irrigates its coastal bermudagrass the
engineer will use a RY.E. of 6 tons per acre as a gross yield. However the coastal bermudagrass at
this farm will be grazed by cattle, so its R.Y.E. must be reduced by 75% (per NRCS guidelines)
to 4.5 tons per acre. The normal nitrogen uptake for hybrid coastal bermudagrass is between
40 and 50 pounds of N per ton of hay. The engineer has used a Realistic Yield Expectation (R.Y.E.)
' to estimate crop yield for the Gold Leaf Farm.
If bermudagrass is overseeded with a grain crop and the overseeded crop is not cut properly in the
' spring, it can shade the greening bermudagrass and reduce the subsequent yields. Therefore it is
important to harvest the overseeded crop before it heads or by April 7 in most coastal counties and by
April 15 in most piedmont counties.
If the bermudagrass is not being grazed, cut regularly and harvest the residual hay. This is important
when calculating crop nitrogen removal capabilities. Bermudagrass should be cut when it is 12 to 15
inches tall. Regular cutting every four to six weeks during the growing season can be expected
provided growing conditions are suitable. More or less frequent cutting may be necessary. If the
operator is not overseeding, bermudagrass should go into the winter season with 3 to 4 inches of
growth. If being overseeded, cut bermudagrass back to 2 or 3 inches before planting the winter crop.
Do not cut bermudagrass closer than 2 inches from the ground since this can damage the root system.
' Cereal Rye (winter cover crop)
Cereal rye is a winter annual small grain that looks similar to wheat, barley, and oats. This crop is
sometimes used to overseed a warm season crop like bermudagrass. Doing so affords some flexibility
to a waste management program and enhances nitrogen uptake on an annual basis. However, it must
be managed correctly or it can have a negative impact on a bermudagrass crop and be counter
' productive to the grower.
The cereal rye should be planted between August 20 and October 31 in the piedmont and between
September l and November 15 in the coastal plain region. Planting by October 15 is recommended to
provide the best opportunity to get winter growth. Cereal rye has its most vigorous growth in the
spring, but it has moderate growth in the fall. Some growth, though small, also occurs in the winter.
' Nitrogen uptake is greatest in the spring. Its fall nitrogen uptake and growth is greater than annual
ryegrass for the same season. Be careful not to plant rye too early in the season if planting over
bermudagrass since the bermudagrass may tend to keep growing and shade the emerging rye.
1
The most consistent cereal grain stands are obtained from drilling rye into short (less than 3 inches tall)
' bermudagrass sod. If drilling is not possible, the seeds may be broadcast on short bermuda sod
32

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
followed by a light cultivation with a disc or tillage implement. The seeding rate for broadcast
planting should be 1.5 times the rate for drilled seeds. Typical planting of cereal rye is 100 pounds of
' seed per acre if drilling and 130 to 150 pounds per acre if broadcasting.
If overseeding bermudagrass, the last application of animal type waste should be applied to
bermudagrass prior to August 31. When the small grain (overseeded on bermuda) is to be harvested
an application of 50 lbs/acre of Plant Available Nitrogen (PAX) may be applied between September
15 and October 30. An additional 50 lbs/acre of P.A.N. may be applied in February or early March.
' If rye is overseeded on bermudagrass and will be grazed by cattle, the P.A.N. applications must
be reduced by 25 %, or a maximum application of 75 pounds P.A.N. per year. Small grain
' harvest is required prior to heading or April 7, which ever comes first, If grazing, allow cattle access
to the rye before bermudagrass emerges. If rye growth is harvested on time it should not significantly
shade the bermuda and reduce bermudagrass yields. If the bermuda is not overseeded it will continue
to grow until cool weather. Usually bermudagrass growth will slow and sometimes stop by the end of
September if it is not overseeded with a cool season crop.
' If the rye will be planted on cultivated soil (i.e. not overseeded on bermudagrass), and will be
grazed, and the stubble reincorporated into the soil before planting of row crops, the total
P.A.N. is recommended not to exceed 60 pounds per year.
1
If rye is not grazed, cut rye as needed and remove from the site, usually this will only occur one time
for small grains. Do not cut the rye closer than about 3 or 4 inches from the ground in order to not
damage the emerging hybrid coastal bermudagrass shoots or root system. Short rye stubble should be
left standing after cutting.
TABLE 14
Typical Nitraaen Uptake Months for Various Crops Grown In Central and Eastern N.C.
CROP
Jan
Feb I
Mar
Aril
May
June
July
AugSet
Oct
Nov
Dec
Field Corn in
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H
H-N
H-N
N
N
N
N
Sweet Corn (grain)*
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
H-N
N
N
N
N
N
Corn silo e
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H
H-N
N
N
N
N
N
Sorghum
N
N
N
N-L
M H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N
SE&hum
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N
Winter Wheat
L-N
M-H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N-L
L
L-N
L-N
Winter Rye
N
L-M
H
H
M
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
§ffbeans
N
N
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H-M
L
N
N
N
Tall Fescue
N
M-H
H
H
M
L
L
M N
M
M-L
L-N
L-N
Orchard M
N
M-H
H
H
M
L
L
MN
M
M-L
L-N
L-N
H. Bermuda
N
N
N
NL
L-M
H
H
M
L-N
N
N
N
Tobacco *
N
N
N
M-H
H
H
M-N
N
N
N
N
N
Sweet Potatoes *
N
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H-M
M-N
N
N
N
Watermelons *
N
N
N
N-L
L-M
H
H
M-L
N
N
N
N
Cantaloupes *.
N
N
ZN
N-L
L-M
H
H-M
M-N
N
N
N
N
Pearl Millet
N
N
I N
N-L
M-H
H
H
H-M
L-N
N
N
N
N = No nitrogen application recommended under normal growing conditions.
L = Apply nitrogen in Low amounts for normal growing conditions. Low amounts are < 15 lbs/acre.
M = Apply nitrogen in Medium amounts for normal growing conditions. Medium amounts are < 25 lbs/acre.
H = Apply nitrogen in High amounts for normal growing conditions. High amounts are 50 + lbs/acre.
* W These crops are grown for human consumption. Do not apply animal waste to these crops except at pre -plant.
33
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WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
NOTES ABOUT TABLE 14: This is a somewhat general chart and does not account for every situation. When
the chart says L-N for a month, it may be better to use None unless weather and crop growth permits. The
nitrogen application on crops will depend on the planting schedule and the harvest date of previous crops.
Animal waste can not be applied more than 30 days prior to planting a crop or from crop emergence (i.e.
greening). This table was taken from data developed by NCSU, NRCS, and the NC Cooperative Extension
Service and tempered with the engineer's experience. Waste with high organic content may require fertilization
in advance of Table 14 dates. Likewise, applying animal waste as preplant fertilizer may be necessary to apply
a High dose since it can not be applied after crop emergence. See written explanations about each crop and the
associated animal waste recommendations.
TABLE 15
Summarized R.Y.E. For The Crops At Gold Leaf Farm all fields are Candor soils
CROP TYPE
BOOK
HISTORICAL
TYPICAL
P.A.N. TO BE
P.A.N. TO BE
VALUE
AVERAGE
TOTAL
APPLIED VIA
APPLIED VIA
FOR R.Y.E.
VALUES FOR
P.A.N.
ANIMAL
ANIMAL MANURE
R.Y.E. +
REMOVAL
MANURE
(FOST-
REPL
EMERGENCE
TOBACCO
1,700 lbs/acre
3,000 lbs/acre
preplant only
65pounds/acre
0 Munds
SWEET CORN
Not Available
1 100 doz/acre
preplant only
85 poundstacre
0 pounds
FIELD CORN
45 bu/acre
100 bu/acre
1.2 lbs/bu
60pounds/acre
60pounds/acre
SWEET POTATO
Not Available
350 bu/acre
preplant. only
60pounds/acre
0 pounds
WATERMELON
Not Available
8 tons/acre
lant only
60 unds/acre
0 unds
CANTALOUPE
Not Available
7.5 tons/acre
lant only
60pounds/acre
0 pounds
RYE (small grain)
NIA
N/A
601bs/year
20 pounds/acre
40 pounds/acre in
( cultivated &
in fall
spring
razed
RYE (small grain)
NIA
NIA
75 lbs/year
30 poundslacre
45 pounds/acre in
(overseeded &
in fall
spring
razed
BERMUDAGRASS
5 tons/acre
unlmown
48 lbs/ton
uniform/season
uniform/season
+ = When book values for R.Y.E. are not even close to historical data, the engineer used the farmer's historical
data for R.Y.E. The historical data used is not the highest year yield but represents reasonable yields based on
the farmer's data. Gold Leaf Farm irrigates all crop land with fresh water so yields will typically be higher than
book values.
General Crop Management Reminders
In order to maximize yield and provide high quality crops, soil samples and waste samples shall be
collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. See Exhibit 8 for soil
sampling details. Soil samples shall be collected no less than yearly. Lime and supplement fertilize
according to the NCDA soil reports tempered with yields and crop health. Annually the farmer shall
compare crop removal rates with nutrient application rates and adjust irrigation accordingly. Do not
over -apply nutrients to crops since that can result in crop damage, environmental problems, and animal
health problems when the forage crops are consumed. Consult seed companies for exact planting and
harvesting suggestions or your local Cooperative Extension Service.
Exhibit 8 includes some information about plant tissue sampling. The farmer is encouraged to collect
plant tissue samples in advance of the need to fertilize and have them tested for nutrients. This is
especially useful if you think you have not applied enough nitrogen to a crop and it looks yellow or
34

IWILSON'S SWM FARM CA)&W
stunted. Plant tissue sampling wiU help you better tune your waste application for the most productive
crop without over applying nitrogen. Contact your local Cooperative Extension Service for more
details about plant tissue sampling.
It is suggested that the swine producer minimize the cutting of grasses and/or other crops in the buffer
areas shown in Exhibit 7. Taller grass allows for better sediment control and animal habitat in the
borders surrounding the fields This is especially important in or near drainage ways or ditches and in
areas where two hillsides. converge, The farmer may elect to plant some other type of vegetation in
this area which requires minimal maintenance. Cut buffer zones as needed and minimize the use of
commercial fertilizers in these areas. Planting suggestions for forage crops appear on Exhibit 14.
Sometimes weeds will try to take over a field of grasses, especially if the grasses have been weakened
by drought or disease. Always control weed growth and strive for a mono -culture crop.
NUTRIENT AND LIQUID WASTE APPLICATIONS
Irrigation Scheduling
Understanding the more technical points of irrigating is very important to the proper utilization of
animal waste, Knowing soil/water relationships and plant/water relationships helps the farmer decide
when irrigation is appropriate, However, it would be much beyond the scope of this portion of the
CAWW to dwell on highly technical aspects of irrigation. The key point to remember is that the soil
must accept and plants must be able to utilize the irrigated water (and nutrients) in order to avoid
surface run-off or gravity drainage, Full plant utilization of the water held within the root zone is
needed to avoid draining nutrients below the root zone. CarefW observations of soil/plant and climatic
relationships will help assure a successful irrigation program. Exhibit 24 explains soil1water/plant
relationships in more detail.
TABLE 16
2MDayj N2pded Between Heayy Irrigation Events (T ical) Medium body soils)
5yTpical)
Month Hay CLqps Y2Mbles
January 20 23
February 15 is
March 10 13
April 8 11
May 6 a
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35
June
5
7
July
5
7
August
6
8
September
8
10
October
10
13
November
15
18
December
20
23
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WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
' Table 16 is a very general guide. On -site measurements and experience must be used to accurately
schedule irrigation events. Sandy soils may require less dry days between irrigation events. Small
' amounts of irrigation may be possible without waiting for all the dry days shown. Plant available
moisture and other soil/water relationships will dictate actual times between irrigation events. If
forage crops are not actively growing it is better not to irrigate unless they are just before breaking
' dormancy.
The operator must use good judgment when applying effluent to crops. His or her judgment,
' tempered with crop growth, crop health, rainfall, and other factors will be needed to make a workable
irrigation schedule. The farmer must also adhere to lagoon designs. and suggested maximum and
minimum lagoon volumes. Always know your lagoon level and available storage volume. A key item
' to remember is to keep water levels inside the pump out lagoon (i.e. where irrigation pump is located)
at manageable levels. Lagoon water levels should not be used alone to verify effluent application
volumes over the crop land. Good records on irrigation rates, hours of pumping, and volumes are
' required. Exhibit 11 shows several examples of record keeping forms.
' Due to the concerns over possible groundwater contamination occurrences, the owner is encouraged
to "spread out' the irrigation volumes so as to not concentrate loadings in one place at one time.
Heavy effluent loadings can cause nitrogen to quickly leach below the plant root zone. 'Several light
' applications per month is often better than 1 heavy application. Monitor soil moisture so that gravity
drainage from irrigation events is more or less zero.
' Hard hose travelers do not always irrigate all available acreage. Field corners and long narrow strips
are often missed by this type of irrigation system. These areas of crops need nutrients in order to
thrive. Wilson's Swine Farm may wish to utilize some of this land for effluent and sludge disposal or
' in a "pump and haul" situation using a broadcast wagon, however the use of a broadcast wagon is not
pan of this waste utilization plan. If the non -irrigated fields are ever used to receive effluent, the
farmer must keep a record of this activity.
1
Existing and Proposed Irrigation Methodology
' Gold Leaf Farm has an existing irrigation system. This system mostly consists of two older hard hose
travelers, two portable or engine driven irrigation pumps, underground (permanent piping), and
' aluminum piping (movable). It is the desire of Mr. Bryan Wilson to replace his old hard hose travelers
with new ones, keep his existing pumps, keep the underground piping and hydrants, and install 9 new
hydrants, underground piping to serve those hydrants, etc. The existing irrigation system and the
' proposed expansion is shown on Exhibit 7. Because new equipment is planned for purchase, the
engineer is treating this system as being new or modified. However the resultant irrigation coverage is
not undergoing a significant expansion since the entire farm is already being irrigated.
Exhibit 7 divides the spray acreage into fields called 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. A total of 165 +l- acres
of crop land is available at the Gold Leaf Farm complex after set -backs are taken into account.
' However, not 100% of this area can be counted as "Certified Animal Waste Management Plan
(CAWMP) wetted acreage". Since the entire system is being classified as a new or expanded system
the engineer will refer to "effectively irrigated acreage" when discussing irrigation coverage.
' 36

IWUSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNT
To facilitate discussions about irrigation and -to assist the farmer in maintaining his irrigation records,
all fields will be divided into irrigation pull lanes for this discussion. Each field (except field 8) is
divided into individual pull paths for the gun cart Grassy areas outside of the pull zones (including
field 8) can also be used for waste provided they are within the set -backs, but due to irrigation
equipment limitations these areas are not scheduled for spray irrigation. Table 17 shows the various
puffs at Gold Leaf Farm which are scheduled to receive effluent. At this farm there is only one
predominate soil type under irrigation.
From the USDA/NRCS soil survey map of Richmond County, and other references, the permeability
of the most restrictive soil layer of Gold Leaf Farm soils varies from as low as 6 inches per hour to as
much as 20 inches per hour. In other words the soil permeability rate is high. If crop covers exist and
if the soils are not wet, the soils should accept the higher precipitation rates shown in Table 17. As
with application rates, wastewater application depths for soils will vary between wet seasons and dry
seasons as well as with slope, soil type, crop condition, etc. However at Gold Leaf Farm there is only
one soil type reported and the field slopes (for all practical purposes) are less than 8%, but the other
conditions mentioned Aril] temper water apphcation amounts. Experience may allow changes to the
values in Table 17 but these are reasonable values to follow.
Table 18 shows the total estimated Effective Wettable Acres for each field by pull lane. This table is a
summary of wettable acre determination calculations showing each portion of the calculation process,
This table was developed using' one type nozzle, one pressure setting, one pumping rate, and one
assumed nozzle coverage percentage. If such settings were changed the actual wettable acres may
likewise change. The gun cart pull length was estimated from Exhibit 7.
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TABLE 17 IS PRINTED ON THE NEXT PAGE
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IWILSON'S SWWE FARM CAVINT
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TABLE 17 Irrigation Data (proposed)- Gold Leaf Farm
Field &
Pull
Number
System
Lateral Type
Gun Nozzle Type and Size
Suggested Maximum
Precipitation Range
On/hr) -
Suggested Application
Depth Range (inches)
Field 1
Pull I
Multiple
Nelson SR150R, 1.26" ring
0.3 to 0,5
0.3 to LO
2
-Mulkle
Same
03 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
-Pull
3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
-Pull
Pull 4
Multiple
Same
0,3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
5
Multiple
Same
03 to 0,5
03 to 1.0
-Pull
Held 2
Pull I
Multiple
Same
0,3 to 0,5
0,3 to 1.0
2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
-PuU
Field 3
I
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
-Pull
Pull 2
mul�Ele
Some
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
-Pall 3
Mul�ple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
-Pull 4
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 4
I
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1,0
-Pull
Putt 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pall 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0,3 to 1.0
Pull 4
mul!�Rle
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to LO
Pull 5
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Fleld 5
Pull I
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pall 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 5
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 6
Pull I
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0,5
0.3 to 1.0
,Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0,5"
03 to 1.0
Pull 4
MultipIe
Same
0.3 to 0,5
0,3 to 1.0
Pull 5
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 6
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 7
Multiple
Same
0,3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Ptdl 8
MultiRle
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 9
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
03 to 1.0
Field 7
Pull I
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0,5
0.3 to 1.0
Pall 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Multipje
Same
03 to 0.5
0,3 to 1.0
Pull 5
Multiple
Same
03 to 0,5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 6
Multiple
Same
0,3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 7
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull a
multiple
Same
0.3 to 0,5
0,3 to 1.0
Field 8
N/A
N/A
0.3 to 0.5
0,3 to 1.0
38

m m m = m = � m m = m m m = m m m = =
TABLE 18
AUTO
TOTAL
EFFECTIVE
WETTED
AREA
ACRES
6.664
5.422
5.767
5.330
6.515
29.70
1.889
1.480
3.37
3.202
2.461
2.185
2.254
10.10
EFFECTIVE
WETTABLE
ACREAGE
CALCULABONS
FOR NIVILSON"S
SWINE
FARM
- THIS IS CLASSIFIED AS A NEW OR EXPANDED SYSTEM -
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
INPUT
INPUT
FIELD
INTERIOR
GUN
LANE
PUBLISHED
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
START
STOP
NUMBER
OR
CART
SPACING
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
END
END
AND
EXTERIOR
PULL
FOR MULTI
DIAMETER
AREA FOR
AREA FOR
WETTED
WETTED
PULL
PULL
LENGTH
LATERAL
DATA
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
AREA
AREA
NUMBER
SYSTEMS
LANES
LANES
(TABLE
(TABLE
NE62-5) +
N E62-5) +
FEET
FEET
FEET
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
FIELD I
PULL1
EXTERIOR
985
200
320
5.88
0.535
0.250
PUILL2
INTERIOR
1010
200
320
4.64
0.535
0.250
PULL3
INTERIOR
1085
200
320
4.98
0.535
0.250
PULL4
INTERIOR
990
200
320
4-55
0.535
0.250
PULL5
EXTERIOR
960
200
320
5.73
0.535
0.250
TOTAL
FIELD 2
PULL1
EXTERIOR
185
200
320
1.10
0.535
0.250
PULL2
EXTERIOR
155
200
320
0.93
0.385
0.170
TOTAL
FIELb 3
PULL1
EXTERIOR
405
200
320
2.42
0.535
0.250
PULL2
INTERIOR
365
200
320
1.68
0.535
0.250
PUILL3
INTERIOR
305
200
320
1.40
0.535
0.2 50
PULL4
INTERIOR
320
200
320
1.47
0.535
0.250
TOTAL
THIS IS AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TABLES NE65 AND NE60.
PAGE
39
AUTO
TOTAL
EFFECTIVE
WETTED
AREA
ACRES
6.664
5.422
5.767
5.330
6.515
29.70
1.889
1.480
3.37
3.202
2.461
2.185
2.254
10.10

THIS IS AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TABLES NE65 AND NE60
PAGE 40
TABLE
18
(CONTINUED)
- THIS IS CLASSIFIED AS A NEW OR EXPANDED SYSTEM -
FIELD
INTERIOR
GUN
LANE
PUBLISHED
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
START
STOP
TOTAL
NUMBER
OR
CART
SPACING
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
END
END
EFFECTIVE
AND
EXTERIOR
PULL
FORMULTI
DIAMETER
AREAFOR
AREAFOR
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
PULL
PULL
LENGTH
LATERAL
DATA
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
AREA
AREA
AREA
NUMBER
SYSTEMS
LANES
LANES
(TABLE
(TABLE
NE62-5) +
NEW -5) +
FEEI
FEET
FEET
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
FIELD 4
PULL1
EXTERIOR
920
200
320
5.49
0.535
0.250
6.276
PULL 2
INTERIOR
100D
200
320
4.59
0.535
0.250
5.376
PULL 3
INTERIOR
1110
200
320
5.10
0.535
0.250
5.881
PULL4
INTERIOR
1230
200
320
5.65
0.535
0.250
6.432
PULL5
EXTERIOR
765
200
320
4.57
0.535
0.250
5.351
TOTAL
29.32
FIELD 5
PULL1
INTERIOR
300
2DO
320
1.38
0.535
0.250
2.162
PULL2
EXTERIOR
940
200
320
5.61
0.535
0.250
6.396
PULL3
INTERIOR
395
200
320
1.81
0,535
0.250
2.599
PULL4
EXTERIOR
500
200
320
2.98
0.535
0.250
3.769
PULL 5
EXTERIOR
245
200
320
1.46
0.535
0.250
2.247
TOTAL
17.17
THIS IS AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TABLES NE65 AND NE60
PAGE 40

EFFECINE
WETTABLE
ACREAGE
TABLE
CALCULATIONS
18
(CONTINUED)
FOR WILSON'S SWINE
- THIS IS CLASSIFIED AS A NEW OR EXPANDED SYSTEM -
EARM
FIELD
INTERIOR
GUN
LANE
PUBLISHED
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
START
STOP
TOTAL
NUMBER
OR
CART
SPACING
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
END
END
EFFECTIVE
AND
EXTERIOR
PULL
FOR MULTI
DIAMETER
AREA FOR
AREA FOR
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
PULL
PULL
LENGTH
LATERAL
DATA
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
AREA
AREA
AREA
NUMBER
SYSTEMS
LAJNES
LANES
(TABLE
(TABLE
NE62.5) +
NE62.5) +
FEET
FEET
FEET
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
FIELD 6
PULL1
EXTERIOR
580
200
320
3.46
0.535
0.250
4.247
PULL2
EXTERIOR
630
200
320
3.76
0.535
0.250
4.545
PULL3
INTERIOR
580
200
320
2.66
0,535
0,250
3."8
PULL4
INTERIOR
560
200
320
2.57
0.535
0.250
3.356
PULL 5
INTERIOR
585
200
320
2.69
0.535
0.250
3.471
PULL6
INTERIOR
325
200
320
1.49
0.535
0.250
2.277
PULL7
INTERIOR
625
200
320
2.87
0.535
0.250
3.655
PULLB
EXTERIOR
so
200
320
0.30
0.535
0.250
1.083
PULL9
EXTERIOR
670
200
320
4.00
0.535
0.250
4.784
TOTAL
30.87
FIELD 7
PULL1
EXTERIOR
595
200
320
3.55
0.535
0.250
4.336
PULL2
EXTERIOR
770
200
320
4.60
0.535
0.250
5.381
PULL 3
INTERIOR
595
200
320
2.73
0.535
0.250
3.517
PULL4
INTERIOR
825
200
320
3.79
0.535
0.250'
4.573
PULLS
INTERIOR
265
2DO
320
1.22
0.535
0.250
2.002
PULL6
INTERIOR
830
200
320
3.81
0.535
0.250
4.596
PULL7
EXTERIOR
240
200
320
1,43
0.535
0.250
2.218
PULL8
EXTERIOR
815
200
320
4.86
D.535
0.250
5.650
TOTAL
32.27
FIELD 8
NO PULLS
THIS FIELD DOES NOT RECIEVE ROUTINE IRRIGATION
N/A
GRAND TOTAL FOR EFFECTIVE
WETTED COVERAGE
152.80
+ THIS IS AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TABLES NE65 AND NE60.
PAGE
41

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
1
1
11
TABLE 19
Traveler Pull Speed Data - Gold Leaf Farm
Field & Pull
Number
Gun
Operating
Pressure
(psi)
Lane Spacing
@ 62.5 %
Wetted
Diameter
feet
Gun
Rotation
Arc
(degrees)
Flow Rate
of
Sprinkler
Nozzle
m
Target
Application
Volume
(inches)
Gun Cart
Travel
Speed
(ft./min)
Precipitation
Rate At
These
Settings
in/hour
Fields 1 to
7 - All Pulls
Volume 1
90 psi
200
270
255
0.3
6.84
0.50
Volume 2
50 psi
200
270
255
0.4
5.13
0.50
Volume 3
50 psi
200
270
255
0.5
4.10
0.50
Volume 4
50 psi
200
270
255
0.6
3.42
0.50
Volume 5
50 pi
200
270
255
0.7
2.93
0.50
Volume 6
50 psi
200 .
270
255
0.8
2.56
0.50
Volume 7
50 psi
200
270
255
0.9
2.28
0.50
Volume 8
50 psi
200
270
255
1.0
2.05
0.50
Field 8
N/A
N/A
NIA
N/A
NIA
NIA
N/A
The reader should realize that it is almost impossible to pin down the exact irrigation routine for any
site with varying weather conditions, crop needs, etc. Therefore the engineer must leave the ultimate
irrigation operation to the person doing the irrigation. Gun cart retrieval rates will likely be the most
useful adjustment factor to implement in overall application technique. But remember, precipitation
rate does not change with pull rate, as illustrated in Table 19. Application amounts (i.e, volume) do
change with pull rates, so be aware of this aspect. A series of pull rates and application volumes are
shown in Table 19 for the operator's quick reference.
Animal waste can only be applied to land eroding less than 5 tons per acre per year. The Gold Leaf
Farm land is not steep and should qualify given the proper crop covers are maintained. Erosion could
become a problem at this farm in the irrigated fields if crop covers are not maintained. It is vitally
important that the farmer pay close attention to irrigation schedules at this farm. Strong slopes
will encourage surface run off to occur, especially during rainfall events. Nearby wet weather
streams and ponds down -slope from the irrigated fields and could be impacted by the over
application of effluent or by a sudden rain storm shortly after irrigation.
Fields 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are scheduled to be irrigated by the new hard hose travelers. Field 8 is not
scheduled for irrigation since it has some farm buildings scattered about, making a gun cart difficult to
track.
Field by Field Land Application Details
Below the reader will see Tables 20 through 33. All of these tables are related to the animal waste
utilization plans for Wilson's Swine Farm and Gold Leaf Farm. Each table represents a different set
of predicted values related to waste application. It is very important that the reader realize that
growing various crop types on numerous fields and rotating these crops between fields each year
makes for a complicated set of tables to predict in advance all possible combinations. Therefore the
engineer has developed tables that present the individual crop yield and estimated nitrogen uptake for
that crop. Also, each of the Gold Leaf Farm fields will have a cereal rye crop planted in the fall of the
year for winter cover. Some of the below data shows row crops overseeded with cereal rye and some
42
1

IWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
of the tables show hybrid coastal bermudagrass overseeded with cereal rye. It is important to look at
each table for the needed information and combine tables as needed by the grower.
' This animal waste utilization plan has been made to show reasonable waste application methodology
and nitrogen management, but it should be clearly understood that it is made to be changed as crop
' data and waste test results change. Therefore the reader should use this plan as a guideline for animal
waste management and not get hung -up on the exact values presented below. Tables 20 through 33
were developed with the following assumptions:
t L The farmer will accurate! record crop a waste application amounts waste test data, and
Y P type, PP
crop yield for each field (or pull) receiving animal waste. Animal waste applications will be altered
' according to crops being grown, analysis of the applied waste, recent crop yields, and recent waste
test results.
t 2. The farmer will be able to take the actual crop yields by field number (or pull number), the
quantity of waste applied, and use the P.A.N. uptake values given in this plan and calculate an annual
P.A.N. removal for a given field. This will be especially important since the waste analysis for a given
' waste type can change from season to season.
3. There are not enough actual lagoon effluent test values to use averages from this data when
calculating RA.N, Therefore the annual P.A.N. predictions shown in Table 11 are based on book
' values and tempered with a few actual waste analyses. Routine animal waste testing will be the only
accurate method of determining effluent nitrogen content in the future. The farmer will be allowed to
decide where to grow crops and how much animal waste is to be applied as long as P.A.N. removal
' rates are not exceeded for that particular crop.
4. All fields at Gold Leaf Farm are said to be Candor Sands. All fields and crops will be irrigated
with fresh water as needed. Therefore typical yields of crops are greater on Gold Leaf Farm than
' typical book values.
Explanation of Tables --
' TABLE 20.
Certain crops grown at Gold Leaf Farm are scheduled for human consumption. Therefore they can
' not receive animal waste as a fertilizer source except as a preplant measure. Table 20 shows the
expected yields of the crops not scheduled for human consumption. These crops can and will have
animal waste applied the entire time of their growing season, This table is based on Realistic Yield
' Expectations or R.Y.E. from either book values or historical values. Since Mr. Wilson irrigates his
crops with fresh water, his yields are typically higher than book values shown for Candor soils, Table
' 20 is a "best guess" of R.Y.E. Future yields could be lower or higher. Table 20 shows 75 percent
reduction in forage crops due to grazing.
TABLE 21
Table 21 shows estimated P.A.N. uptakes (or removal) estimates based on crop type. The crops
scheduled for human consumption are shown as a single. preplant P.A.N. application amount, whereas
the crops not scheduled for human consumption are shown as a book value amount per unit of
harvested crop. The preplant amounts shown are not 100 % of the crops P.A.N. needs, but reflect the
amount of P.A.N. that is typically applied at preplant for this soil type. The reader should remember
' that all of the P.A.N. in the animal waste is not available the minute it hits the ground, but should
43

IWILSON'S SVANE FARM CAWMP
1 become available to the crop within 1 to 4 weeks of application. All crops are scheduled for removal
off the land at harvest except for grazed grasses.
' TABLE 22
As mentioned above, Gold Leaf Farm will grow a combination of row crops on many if its fields each
' summer. The farm also has dedicated coastal bermudagrass land that is not planted in row crops.
Fields 5 and 8 are planted in bermudagrass, but field 8 will not be routinely irrigated. Mr. Wilson can
apply swine effluent to Field 8 if he records the activity, but its P.A.N. removal potential is not being
' counted within the routine irrigation calculations. Every field will have rye planted on it in the fall.
Table 22 shows the combination of crops that might be possible for any given field by pull zone, Table
22 only_relates to P.A.N. due to animal waste applications. The reader will also note that a lower
' P.A.N. application is being used for cereal rye on row crop land since this crop will be tilled under
during row crop land preparation, All of the cereal rye crop and bermudagrass crop are being treated
as grazed. The P.A.N. removal potential for all cereal rye and bermudagrass have been adjusted for
grazing.
' Table 22 divides the irrigated fields into pull zones. Each pull zone shows the total effective
wettable acres within that zone (taken from Table 18). It also breaks down the amount of annual
P.A.N. to be removed by a warm and cool season crop combination. As can be seen by this table,
' certain crop combinations remove more nitrogen than other crop combinations. For example, F 1-P 1
(Field 1 and Pull 1) shows an estimated P.A.N. removal of 866 pounds for the Tobacco and Rye
combination compared to 1,000 pounds for the Sweet Corn and Rye combination. Remember, some
' of these combinations are for animal waste at preplant only. Those crops not scheduled for human
consumption typically remove more P.A.N. from animal waste since the waste can be applied through
out the crop's growing season. The farmer should not land apply nitrogen in amounts in excess of
' those found in Table 22 unless on -farm data can show otherwise.
TABLE 23
' Table 23 shows how many acres of each crop (combined with cereal rye) that are typically grown at
Gold Leaf Farm each year. This table also shows the per acre animal waste P.A.N. removal estimates
for these combinations and the expected farm wide total P.A.N. removal. The total amount of swine
' generated P.A.N. is also shown in this table for comparison. According to this table, the amount of
nitrogen generated from the swine operation is more or less balanced with the amount of A.A.N. being
removed by the crops. The reader will note that there is 165 acres of crop land that could receive
' animal waste. The total effective wetted area for irrigation is about 153 acres, but more than 153
acres will get some effluent. Therefore the engineer is estimating about 159 acres is receiving enough
' animal waste via irrigation to use in calculating total P.A.N. removal potential. These are
approximations and guidelines only. By having both cool and warm weather crops, the farmer
maintains maximum flexibility in his waste application program.
Table 23 suggests a more or less "balanced" nitrogen usage/availability scheme, but in some cases
nitrogen loading rates may be seriously diminished due to a lack of excess wastewater. This of course
' would not pose a significant problem and may allow for some needed sludge removal to occur.
Nitrogen application can be less than shown by any of these tables. Lower nitrogen levels may mean
lower crop yields. Crop yields must be figured back into the nitrogen removal equation. The farmer
' may wish to adjust application amounts or reduce acreage to better balance nutrients with crop
44
1

IWELSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNT
demand. Alw@ys record 3delds removed from all acreage., Also record fresh water irrigation events
and the addition of commercial fertilizer.
TABLES 24 through 32
Tables 24 through 32 list the individual crops to be grown at Gold Leaf Farm. These tables allow the
reader to see the estimated gallons of effluent needed to supply the nitrogen needs already mentioned.
The last column in each table in this series shows the inches of effluent needed to supply those
nitrogen needs, In some cases the inches of effluent required may need to be applied in split
applications if there is a danger or run-off. For instance Table 32 shows considerable irrigation to
occur in the month of June on Coastal Bermudagrass. This application should be split, perhaps even
shifting. some of the irrigation events to another month. In no case shall the farmer apply more than I
inch of swine waste at any one irrigation event,
Tables 24 through 32 also show effluent application windows for each crop. These are "typical"
windows that coincide with crop production guides for that crop. Of course animal waste can only be
applied as a preplant measure on crops scheduled for human consumption. The farmer may at any
time vary this cropping pattern to best suite his needs and growing conditions. The reader can see
suggested fertilizer application windows and R.Y.E. values for the various crops discussed under the
above section titled "Crop Planting and Fertilizing Considerations" and in Table 14. Use these tables
as guidelines.
TABLE33
Table 33 shows long term water balances that "could" be experienced within the Wilson's Swine Farm
lagoon. Notice that the. cumulative liquid volumes wax and wane between seasons. It is very
important to realize that the operator must use good judgment when applying effluent to crops since
irrigation must be tempered with crop growth, crop health, rainfall, lagoon water levels, etc, Table 33
is only a general guide to show that it is possible to balance the excess water production with irrigation
needs and not over fill the lagoon. Excess wastewater values in Table 33 do not include unusually
large excess rainfall events (e.g, rainfall from a hurricane). Always know your lagoon level and
available storage volume. A key item to remember is to keep water levels inside the lagoon low
enough to store at least ' one 25 year 24 hour storm before overflow. Allowing storage for two 25
year 24 hour storms would be better but is not a regulatory requirement for this farm. Lower water
levels in lagoon systems before the on -set of long wet seasons. Applying waste to areas outside the
wetted irrigation zones could also help if lagoon levels become too high. Exhibit 29 shows a graph of
the lagoon volume and should help the farmer relate volume to water levels.
I
I
I
45

m m = m m m � m m m m � m m m = m m m
FARM NAME: WILSONS SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
ONE
R.Y.E.
ACRE OF
FOR
TABLE
AIDL
RYE
BERMUDA
(TONSIACIYR)
CROP TYPES AND REAUSTIC YIELD
EXPECTATIONS +
1
0
1
R.Y.E
ONE
0
FIELD
ONE
ONE
FOR
ACRE OF
ONE
ONE
AND
ACRE OF
ACRE OF
FIELD
SWEET
ACREOF
ACREOF
PULL
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
CORN
POTATOES WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
NUMBER
0
(BU/AWR)
4.5
4.5
Fl - Pl
1
1
100
1
1
1
Fl - P2
1
1
100
1
1
1
Fl - P3
I
1
100
1
1
1
Fl - P4
1
1
100
1
1
1
Fl -P5
I
1
100
1
1
1
F2 - PI
1
1
100
1
1
1
F2 - P2
1
1
IDO
1
1
1
F3 - PI
1
1
100
1
1
1
F3 - P2
1
1
100
1
1
1
F3 - P3
1
100
1
1
1
F3 - P4
I
1
100
1
1
1
F4 - Pl
I
1
100
1
1
1
F4 - P2
1
1
100
1
1
1
F4 - P3
1
1
100
1
1
1
F4 - P4
I
1
100
1
1
1
F4 - P5
1
1
100
1
1
1
F5-Pl
0
0
0
0
0
0
F5 - P2
0
0
0
0
0
0
FS - P3
0
0
0
0
0
0
F5 - P4
0
0
0
0
0
0
F5 - P5
0
0
a
0
0
0
+ = ACTUAL R.Y.E. IS ONLY GIVEN FOR CROPS NOT SCHEDULED
FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. CROPS
SCHEDULED FOR
PREPLANT NITROGEN APPLICATION ONLY ARE DESIGNATED BY A"'I" IN THIS TABLE.
PAGE
46
ONE
R.Y.E.
ACRE OF
FOR
CEREAL
HYBRID
RYE
BERMUDA
(TONSIACIYR)
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.5
4.5
1
4.5
1
4.5
1
4.5

m m = m � � m m m m m m m � = = m = =
FARM NAME:
FARM OVVNER(S):
FARM LOCATION:
FIELD
AND
PULL
NUMBER
F6 - PI
F8 - P2
F6 - P3
F6 - P4
F6 - P5
F6 - P6
F6 - P7
Fs - pa
F6 - P9
F7- PI
F7 - P2
F7 - P3
F7 - P4
F7 - P5
F7 - P6
F7 - P7
F7 - P8
FIELD 8
ONE
ACRE OF
TOBACCO
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
BRYAN WILSON
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
20- (CONTINUED)
CROP TYPES AND REALISTIC YIELD EXPECTATIONS +
+ = ACTUAL R.Y.E. IS ONLY GIVEN FOR CROPS NOT SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
PREPLANIT NITROGEN APPLICATION ONLY ARE DESIGNATED BY A *I' IN THIS TABLE.
PAGE 47
R.Y.E
ONE
ONE
R.Y.E.
ONE
FOR
ACRE OF
ONE
ONE
ACRE OF
FOR
ACRE OF
FIELD
SWEET
ACRE OF
ACRE OF
CEREAL
HYBRID
SWEET CORN
CORN
POTATOES
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
RYE
BERMUDA
(BLLIACIYR)
(TIACIYR)
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
IGO
I
1
1
1
a
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4.5
+ = ACTUAL R.Y.E. IS ONLY GIVEN FOR CROPS NOT SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
PREPLANIT NITROGEN APPLICATION ONLY ARE DESIGNATED BY A *I' IN THIS TABLE.
PAGE 47

= m m m m m m m m m m m m m m = m = �
FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
+ = INDICATES A LUMP SUM AMOUNT OF PAN. APPLIED AT PREPLANT. NO POST EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE
PAGE 48
PAN.
REL40VED
BY
HYBRID
BERMUDA
(LBITON)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
48
48
48
48
TABLE
2JL
CROP TYPES AND PER UNIT NITROGEN APPLICATIONS OR
REMOVALS
PAN.
PAN.
PAN.
PA.N.
PAN.
REMOVED
FOR PRE-
PAN.
PAN.
REMOVED
FIELD
FOR PRE-
FOR PRE-
BY
PLANT ON
FOR PRE-
FOR PRE-
BY
AND
PLANT ON
PLANT ON
FIELD
SWEET
PLANT ON
PLANT ON
CEREAL
PULL
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
CORN
POTATOES
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
RYE
NUMBER
(LB/ACRE)+
(LBIAGRE)+
(LB/BU)
(LB/ACRE)+
(LB/ACRE)+
(LB/ACRE)+
(LBlAC/YR)+
I'll - P1
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
Fl - P2
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
Fl - P3
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
Fl - P4
65
85
1.2
6D
60
60
65
Fl - PS
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F2 - P1
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F2 - P2
es
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F3 - PI
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F3 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F3 - P3
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F3 - P4
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F4 - Pl
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F4 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F4 - P3
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F4 - P4
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F4 - P5
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
F5 - Pl
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
F5 - P2
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
F5 - P3
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
F5 - P4
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
F5 - P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
+ = INDICATES A LUMP SUM AMOUNT OF PAN. APPLIED AT PREPLANT. NO POST EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE
PAGE 48
PAN.
REL40VED
BY
HYBRID
BERMUDA
(LBITON)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
48
48
48
48

= � m m � m = m m m = m m = m m � m =
FARM NAME:
FARM OWNER(S)
FARM LOCATION
FIELD
AND
PULL
NUMBER
F6 - P1
F6 - P2
F6 - P3
F6 - P4
F6 - P5
F6 - P6
F6 - P7
F6 - P8
F6 - P9
F7 - P1
F7 - P2
F7 - P3
F7 - P4
F7 - P5
F7 - P6
F7 - P7
F7 - P8
FIELD 8
PAX
FOR PRE -
PLANT ON
TOBACCO
(LBIACRE)
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
0
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
BRYAN WILSON
RICHMOND COUNTY, N -C -
PAX
REMOVED
BY
CEREAL
RYE
(LB(AC/YR)
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
75
+ = INDICATES A LUMP SUM AMOUNT OF P-A.N. APPLIED AT PREPLANT- NO POST EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE.
PAGE 49
PAX
REMOVED
BY
HYBRID
BERMUDA
(LINTON)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
TABLE,
2L
(CONTINUED)
CROP TYPES AND PER UNIT NITROGEN APPUCATIONS OR
REMOVALS
PAX
P-A.N.
PAX
REMOVED
FOR PRE-
PAX
P.A.N-
FOR PRE-
BY
PLANT ON
FOR PRE-
FOR PRE -
PLANT ON
FIELD
SWEET
PLANT ON
PLANT ON
SWEETCORN
CORN
POTATOES
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
(LBIACRE)
(u3l`BU)
(LBJACRE)
(LB/ACRE)
(LB/ACRE)
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
85.
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
as
1.2
60
60
60
85
1.2
60
60
60
0
0
0
0
0
PAX
REMOVED
BY
CEREAL
RYE
(LB(AC/YR)
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
75
+ = INDICATES A LUMP SUM AMOUNT OF P-A.N. APPLIED AT PREPLANT- NO POST EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE.
PAGE 49
PAX
REMOVED
BY
HYBRID
BERMUDA
(LINTON)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48

m � m m m m m m m m m m = � m m m m m
FARM NAME-
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S):
BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION:
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TOTAL CROP ACRES
IN THESE FIELDS
165
ACRES TAKING OUT FOR BUFFERS, ETC.
IABLE
22L
NITROGEN REMOVAL ESTIMATES BASED
ON ANNUAL CROP COMBINATIONS
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
PAN.
PAN.
PAN.
PAN.
PAN.
PAN.
PAN.
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
FIELD
TOTAL
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
NUMBER
EFFECT.
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
FIELD CORN
SWEET POTS.
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
BERMUDA
AND
WET -FABLE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
PULL
ACRES IN
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO-
COMBO.
NUMBER
THIS PULL
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
Fl - Pl
6.664
866
1000
1233
833
833
833
0
Fl - P2
5.422
705
813
1003
678
678
678
0
Fl - P3
5.767
750
865
1067
721
721
721
0
Fl - P4
5.330
693
800
986
666
666
666
0
Fl - P5
6.515
847
977
1205
814
814
814
0
F2 - Pl
1.889
246
283
349
236
236
236
0
F2 - P2
1.480
192
222
274
185
185
185
0
F3 - Pl
3.202
416
480
592
400
400
400
0
F3 - P2
2.461
320
369
455
308
308
308
0
F3 - P3
2.185
284
328
404
273
273
273
0
F3 - P4
2.254
293
338
417
282
282
282
0
F4 - PI
6.276
816
941
1161
785
785
785
0
F4 - P2
5.376
699
806
995
672
672
672
0
F4 - P3
5.881
765
882
1088
735
735
735
0
F4 - P4
6.432
836
965
1190
804
804
804
0
F4 - PS
5.351
696
803
990
669
669
669
0
F5 - P1
2.162
0
0
0
0
0
0
629
FS - P2
6.396
0
0
0
0
0
0
1861
F5 - P3
2.599
0
0
0
0
0
0
756
F5 - P4
3.769
0
0
0
0
0
0
1097
F5 - P5
2.247
0
0
0
0
0
0
654
PAGE
50

m m m = m m = m = m = m � m = m = m m
FARM NAME:
WILSON*S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S):
BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION:
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE
2Z
(CONTINUED)
NITROGEN REMOVAL ESTIMATES BASED
ON ANNUAL CROP COMBINATIONS
TOTAL TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
PAK PAX
PA.N.
PAX
PAK
PAK
PAK
REMOVED REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
FIELD
TOTAL
BY BY
By
BY
BY
BY
BY
NUMBER
EFFECT.
TOBACCO SWEETCORN
FIELD CORN
SWT POTATOES
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
BERMUDA
AND
WETTABLE
& RYE & RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE.
PULL
ACRES IN
COMBO. COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO,
COMBO.
COMBO.
NUMBER
THIS PULL
(pounds) (pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
(pounds)
F6 - Pl
4.247
552 637
786
531
531
531
0
F6 - P2
4.545
591 682
841
568
568
568
0
F6 - P3
3.448
448 517
638
431
431
411
0
F6 - P4
3-356
436 503
621
420
420
420
0
F6 - P5
3.471
451 521
642
434
434
434
0
F6 - P6
2.277
296 342
421
285
285
285
0
F6 - P7
3.655
475 548
676
457
457
457
0
F6 - P8
1.083
141 162
200
135
135
135
0
F6 - P9
4.784
622 718
8a5
598
598
598
0
F7 - Pl
4.336
564 650
802
542
542
542
0
F7 - P2
5.381
700 807
995
673
673
673
a
F7 - P3
3.517
457 528
651
440
440
440
0
F7 - P4
4.573
594 686
846
572
572
572
0
F7 - P5
2.002
260 300
370
250
250
250
0
F7 - P6
4.596
597 689
850
575
575
575
0
F7 - P7
2.218
288 333
410
277
277
277
0
F7 - P8
5.650
735 848
11345
706
706
706
0
FIELD 8
2.420
0 0
0
0
0
a
704
TOTAL
15522
TOTAL
152.80
(EXCLUDING FIELD 8)
PAGE
51

FARM NAME: WILSON*S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
P*l
TQMNL ANIMAL WASTE PAN. REMOVAL FOR AULEPIEQ
COMBINATION OF CROPS
PA. N. FROM ANIMAL TOTAL ACRES OF
TOTAL PAX
WASTE REMOVED BY THIS CROP COMBINATION
REMOVEDBY
THIS COMBINATION UNDER SIGNIFICANT THIS
COMBINATION
FOR ONE ACRE IRRIGAT10N
ANNUALLY
CROP
COMBINATIONS (pounds) (acres)
(pounds)
• TOBACCO & RYE 130 50
6,500
• SWEET CORN & RYE 150 is
2,250
FIELD CORN & RYE 185 16
2,960
+ SWEET POTATO & RYE 125 25
3,125
+ WATER MELONS & RYE 125 20
2,500
+ CANTALOUPES & RYE 125 15
1,875
BERMUDAGRASS & RYE 291 18
5,238
TOTALS 159
24,448
AMOUNT OF PA.N. GENERATED BY ANIMAL WASTE AT THIS FARM
24,475
EXCESS (DEFECT) PA.N. AVAILABLE FROM ANIMAL WASTE IS =
27
THE TOTAL CROP ACREAGE INSIDE OF REGULATORY SET -BACKS IS (FOR REF.)
. 165 ACRES
+ THESE VALUES ONLY ACCOUNT FOR NITROGEN PROVIDED BY ANIMAL WASTE.
IT DOES NOT INCLUDE POST EMERGENCE
NITROGEN APPLICATIONS FROM COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR FORAGE CROPS IS BASED ON R.Y.E. FROM OTHER TABLES SINCE SUCH CROPS WILL BE ANIMAL FEED.
++ THIS IS A BEST GUESS FOR THE TOTAL ACRES RECEIVING "SIGNIFICANT" IRRIGATION.
THIS TOTAL IS SLIGHTLY LESS
THAN THE TOTAL WETTED ACRES AND SLIGHTLY MORE THAN THE EFFECTIVE WETTABLE ACRES. FIELD FRINGES
AND ALL OF FIELD 8 ARE NOT FIGURED INTO THE TOTAL P.A.N- REMOVAL ESTIMATES OF THIS TABLE.
PAGE 52

m = m m m = m m m = = m m m m m � m m
FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE Zk
ANIMAL WASTE APPI-19MION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR EIELDa
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
I %Jom%.A.*u
ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 - ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTALANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF PAN.
PAX TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTEDIN
FROMWASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP +
(LBWAC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GALIACRE)
(INJACRE)
APRIL OR MAY (PREPLANT)
50.0
65
3,250
1,181.818
23,636
0.87 ++
TOTAL
65
3,250
1,181,818
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 53

m m � m m m m m m = m m m = = m m m m
FARM NAME: WILSON'SSWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER I ODD GALLONS OF EFFLUENT 2.75 POUNDS
P�F_j
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW - %;Ivvr--Q 1 ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 - ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
APPLICATION
WINDOWS
ON THIS
CROP +
MARCH OR APRIL (PREPLANT)
TOTAL
TOTALANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDSOF
ESTIMATED
RATE OF PAN.
PAX TO
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
PLANTEDIN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
THIS CROP +
"S/AC)+
(LBS)
15.0
85
1,275
463,636
85
1,275
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
(GALLONS)
(GAIJACRE)
(INIACRE)
463,636
30,909
1.14 ++
463,636
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCE�ED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE PA.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS To AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 54

m � m = . m m m m m � m m m m m � m m m
FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE 2fL
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW FIELD CORN ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 - ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE TOTALANNUAL SUGGESTED POUNDSOF GALLONS GALLONS INCHES OF
APPLICATION ESTIMATED RATE OF PAX PAK TO OF EFFLUENT OF EFFLUENT WASTE FOR
WINDOWS ACRES APPLICATION APPLY TO APPLY TO APPLY A SINGLE
ON THIS PLANTEDIN FROM WASTE ANNUALLY ANNUALLY PER ACRE EVENT
CROP+ THIS CROP + (LBS/AC)++ (LBS) (GALLONS) (GAUACRE) (IWACRE)
APRIL 16.0 30 480 174,545 10,909 0.40
MAY 16.0 35 557 202,473 12,655 0.47
JUNE 16.0 35 557 202,473 12,655 0.47
JULY 16.0 20 326 118,691 7,418 0.27
TOTAL 120 1,920 698,182
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROPS MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P-A.N- APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
PAGE 55

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
ovvr_r_i rluimiur_o
ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 - Al -L PULJ_S
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF PAX
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTEDIN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP+
THIS CROP +
(LBSfAC)*+
(1_13s)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IWACRE)
APRIL, MAY, OR JUNE (PREPLANT)
25.0
60
1,500
*d
545,455
21,818
0.80 ++
TOTAL
60
1,500
545,455
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP. I
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 56

m m m m = m m m m = m m = = = = m = m
FARM NAME:
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S):
BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION:
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT
OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT
2.75
POUNDS
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION
TABLE
GUIDELINU
m
ON SIMILAR EIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW WATERMELONS
ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, FG, F7 - ALL PULLS
ANIMALWASTE
TOTALANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF PAX
PAX TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THS
PLANTEDIN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP +
(LOSIAC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GALIACRE)
(INZACRE)
MARCH, APRIL, OR MAY (PREPLANT) 20.0
60
1,200
436,364
21,818
0,80 ++
TOTAL
60
1,200
436,364
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO -A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 57

m = m m m m m m m m m = m m m = m = m
FARM NAME. WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNERP: BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT 2.75 POUNDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
%OAR I J6%L_%j U V Mo
ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, FS, F7 - AlJL PULI-S
ANIMALWASTE
TOTALANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDSOF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A-N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTEDIN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP+
THIS CROP +
(LBSIAC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAIJACRE)
(INIACRE)
MARCH OR APRIL (PREPLANT)
15.0
60
900
327,273
21,818
0-80 ++
TOTAL
60
900
327,273
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE PAN. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF. ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 58

= m m m m m m m m = = m = = = m = = =
FARM NAME:
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S):
BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION:
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF
NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT
2.75
POUNDS
TABLE -
30
ANIMAL WMTE APFLICATION QUIDELINES
ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIEWS THAT CAN GROW RYE (as a winter cover crop
ARE: Fl, F2,
F3, F4. FG, F7 - ALL PULLS
and grazed)
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTALANNUAL SUGGESTED
POUNDSOF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED RATE OF PAN.
PAN. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTEDIN FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP+
THIS CROP + (LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAIJACRE)
(INJACRE)
SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, (NOV.?) 141.0 20
2,841
1,033,145
7,327
0.27
FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL
141.0 45
6,324
2,299,582
16,309
0.60
TOTAL
65
9,165
3,332,727
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P-A.N- APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
PAGE 59

= m m m m m m m m = = m m = m m m m m
FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER I DOO GALLONS OF EFFLUENT 2-75 POUNDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
ANIMALWASTE
APPLICATION
WINDOWS
ON THIS
CROP +
SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, (NOV.?)
FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL
TOTAL
TABLE 3j-
-E APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMI
RYE (overseeded on
berm uda and grazed)
TOTALANNUAL SUGGESTED POUNDS OF
ESTIMATED RATE OF PAX P-A.N. TO
ACRES APPLICATION APPLY
PLANTED IN FROM WASTE ANNUALLY
THIS CROP + (LBSIAC)++ (LBS)
18.0 23 419
18.0 52 932
75 1,350
ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 - ALL PULLS
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
152,182
8,455
0.31
338,727
18,818
0.69
490,909
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
PAGE 60

= m = m m m m m m = = m m m m = m m =
FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE- .3z
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIEIMS
FIELDS THAT CM GROW BERMUDAGRASS ARE: Fl, F2, F3, F4, F6, IFT - ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTALANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDSOF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF PAX
PAX TO
OF.EFFLUENT
OFEFFLUENT
WASTEFOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTEDIN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP+
THIS CROP +
(LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAL)ACRE)
ONZACRE)
MAY
18.0
43
778
282,764
15,709
0.58
JUNE
18.0
86
1,555
565,527
31,418
1.16 ++
JULY
18.0
65
1,166
424,145
23,564
0.87 ++
AUGUST
18.0
22
389
*0
141,382
7,855
0.29
TOTAL
216
3,888
1,413,818
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE PA.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN, CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THiS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF.
PAGE 61

m m = m m = m m m m = m m m = = = m =
FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER($): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE
GENERAL LONG TERM WATER BALANCES ONCE CROPS ARE ESTABLISHED
WHAT IS THE MINIMUM DESIGN VOLUME FOR THIS THE LAGOON? 10,50D.000 GALLONS (APPROXIMATELY)
EST. AVG. ALLOWABLE WASTEWATER ESTIMATED VOLUME
EXCESS ESTIMATED ACCUMULATION
OF LIQUID IN
PERIOD OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION OR REDUCTION
THE LAGOON
THE YEAR (GAL 12 MO) (GAL 12 MO) (GAL 12 MO)
(CUMULATIVE)
JANUARY, FEBRUARY 1,481AM 1,319,155 161.895
13,161,885 ++
MARCH, APRIL 1,481.040 3-CIOZ791 (Z421,751)
10,74D,135
MAY, JUNE 1,401,040 1,798,691 (317,651)
lQ42Z4B4
JULY, AUGUST 1,481,04D 684,218 796,M
11219.31)5
SEPTEMBER,OCTOBER 1,481.040 1,185,327 295,713
11,515,018
NOVEMBER, DECEMBER 1,481,04D .0 1,481,040
12,996,058
TOTAL 8,886,24D 8,890,182 (3-q42) +
= THE AVERAGE WASTEWATER EXCESSES DO NOT ACCOUNT FOR WIDE MONTHLY RAINFALL VARIATIONS OR MONTHLY
EVAPOTRANSPORATION VARIATIONS. SUCH VARIATIONS COULD BE SIGNIFICANT AND CHANGE THE WATER BALANCE TABLE FROM
WHAT IS SHOWN ABOVE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY AN APPROXIMATION, NOT A DETAILED WATER BALANCE-
= A MINIMUM VOLUME OF AROUND 10,500.000 GALLONS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED IN THE
LAGOON. DO NOT PUMP MUCH BELOW THIS LEVEL. THIS ALLOWS FOR LIQUID AND SLUDGE BUILD-UP.
+ = A LARGE POSITIVE VALUE HERE INDICATES MORE ACRES MAY BE NEEDED IN ORDER TO APPLY WASTE.
A LARGE NEGATIVE VALUE INDICATES MORE THAN ENOUGH LAND IS BEING
IRRIGATED.TO UTILIZE ALL OF THE EXPECTED WASTEWATER GENERATION.
++ = THIS IS AN ASSUMED VOLUME FOR THIS TABLE OR EXAMPLE. EACH YEAR WILL BE DIFFERENT.
PAGE 62

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Below is an example of how to use the tabular information discussed above.
EXAMPLE; The farmer wants to grow sweet potatoes in field 3 in the summer and grow cereal rye in
the cool months as an overseeded crop. The following is one "process" the farmer would use to
estimate the amount of P.A.N. to land apply.
I. The farmer is interested in determining the use of animal waste on field 3. At this time he is not
concerned with commercial fertilizer needs so those will not be discussed. Table 27 shows that the
preplant window for sweet potatoes is April, May, or possibly June if the farmer is late in planting.
Timing will be according to the farmer's opportunity, weather, cereal rye growth, etc. Table 30
shows the effluent application window for cereal rye on cultivated land in the fall and the spring.
' 2. Table 13 shows that there is a total of 13.3 acres in field 3 that could receive animal waste, but not
100 percent of field 3 can be effectively irrigated. From Table 18 he sees the total effective wetted
area due to irrigation is 10.1 acres. That information also appears in Table 22 by adding the pulls
t in field 3. Table 23 shows that an estimated 125 pounds of P.A.N. can be applied to each acre of
this field annually with this combination of crops.
' 3. Table 27 tells the farmer he can apply roughly 21,818 gallons of animal waste per acre as a
preplant for sweet potatoes (not including cereal rye) and get the needed P.A.N. As Table 27 says
this is about 0.80 inches of effluent per acre. This may be too much effluent to apply at one time,
especially if the land has been cultivated, and may require split applications. The farmer must
decide.
' 4. Table 30 tells the farmer he can apply roughly 7,327 gallons of animal waste per acre in the fall and
16,309 gallons per acre in the spring on his cereal rye. As Table 30 says this is about 0.27 inches
of effluent per acre in the fall and about 0.6 inches in the spring. The farmer may wish to equally
' split the effluent applications between the fall and spring if this better fits his growing schedule.
The farmer must decide.
' S. If the farmer only uses this crop combination for pulls 1 and 2 in field 3, then he would have to
only total pulls 1 and 2 using the above numbers. The per acre application amounts would be the
same no matter which pulls he uses for the sweet potatoes and cereal rye combination. All of the
actual irrigation and crop growing combinations must be recorded on the appropriate forms.
' This waste utilization document does not specifically address nitrogen application on germinating or
very young crops. Thus the farmer must use good judgment when planting and applying waste to
young crops. Young crops can not remove large quantities of nitrogen thus possibly requiring split
' applications. _. Remember, do not applY__animal waste directly to crops scheduled for human
consumption,
Monthly waste application amounts will vary according to many factors. The engineer has assumed
that animal waste will be available to deliver these nitrogen quantities, If the animal waste is lacking
the needed nutrients, or lacking sufficient liquid quantities the operator could occasionally need to
' supplement nutrients in greater quantities than shown in this document. However, use caution when
63

1
WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
C�
1
applying commercial fertilizers. Annually look at nutrients like 'phosphorous and metals to make sure
you are not over applying these or other nutrients. The farmer may need to contact a qualified
technical specialist in order to help estimate these values.
Some residual nitrogen carry-over from the organic fraction in animal waste and crop residue will be
left in the fields from year to year. You might say there is a carry over of nitrogen so you may need to
apply less as the years go by. In sandy soils nitrogen carry over this tends to be less of a factor. Be
aware of this aspect and do not over apply nitrogen.
Long term sludge removal methods (Le, irrigation, pump and haul, etc.) are not specifically addressed
in this plan as a separate issue. The Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon has sludge storage built into its
design (see Table 4). Sludge removal and land applications will need a certified plan approved by
DWQ.
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
The right animal waste application equipment is extremely important in terms of the farmer's ability to
accurately measure and control the application of animal waste. However, when it comes to properly
operating irrigation equipment (or broadcast equipment) the farmer must be familiar with his/her
equipment and have a good understanding of pump curves, pumping rates, basic math, and possess the
willingness to keep good records. This animal waste utilization plan is not intended to be a.
comprehensive irrigation teaching manual. The engineer must assume the farmer can take the
presented information and apply it to his or her farm.
General
Gold Leaf Farm currently has two irrigation pumps with stand alone power units, some existing below
ground PVC force mains, many permanent hydrants, some above ground aluminum piping (which is
movable), and two older model hard hose travelers. The farmer uses the irrigation system to pump
lagoon effluent and fresh water to all fields. However, the existing system needs some modification in
order to be more useful to the farmer. Therefore the engineer has developed plans and specifications
for this CAWMP that shows the irrigation system as it will be modified. The .engineer is considering
this entire system as a new or expanded system for the effective wettable acres determination. Only
factors surrounding lagoon effluent irrigation are being considered for this CAWW. Fresh water
irrigation will also occur but the engineer is not specifying how the fresh water irrigation is to be used.
Irrigation equipment data is shown below in Table 34 as well as on Exhibits 21 and 22.
At this time, the farmer plans to install an additional 4,000 feet of below grade permanent PVC pipe to
replace the need for above ground aluminum piping. He will also be installing several new hydrants.
He plans to purchase two new hard hose traveler reels (both will be of the same make and model) and
' retire his older reels. All information presented herein will discuss the proposed modifications and
new equipment. Exhibit 7 shows this general irrigation setup with the dotted lines showing the
approximate center of normal irrigation lanes. The semi -circles on Exhibit 7 show approximate net
wetted areas covered by gun cart nozzles (net wetted areas will overlap). The semi -circles shown
are not effective wetted areas used to calculate CAWMP effective wetted acres.
1
64

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
1
1
1
TABLE 34 Gold Leaf Farm Irrigation Equipment Descriptions
Power su 1 e +
CaterpiMar Diesel Engine ne - Model 1674.
Pump a and size for Cat. 1674
Berkeley Model B4EY BH 17.87 in. impeller
Power su l e +
Caterpillar Diesel Engine - Model D333,
a and size for Cat. D333
Berkeley Model B4EY BM full impeller
.Pump
Traveler type proposed
Amadas Reel Rain - Model 1030
Hose I.D. and length each reel
3.0 inch I.D, @ 965 feet
Gun and nozzle a all fields
Nelson Model SR150 wl 1.26 in, ring nozzle
Nelson Sprinkler diameter wetted diameter)_320
feet 50 psi mf , ublished info.
Expected flow and pressure with selected
nozzle (farmer tries to keep nozzle pressure
more or less constant
255 gpm @ 50 psi (Nelson gun, mfg. published
info.)
Selected lane spacing
200 ft +/- (most all pull lanes are uniform at this
farm
Friction losses:
See Exhibit 28 fora complete listing
Flow veloci in 6 inch pipe @ 255 gpm
2.78 feet/second (approximately)
Gun cart retrieval mechanism
On board gasoline engine or a pelton wheel slurry
turbine
Anticipated wetted pn arc all fields
270 degrees
Maximum Horsepower required @ 255 gpm
maximum head considerin allpulls)
50 hp (approximately)
+ Power unit horsepower curves were unavailable for this package. Either pump could be used to pump effluent but the
Cat Model # 1674 and Pump Model B4EYQBH are most often used to pump effluent.
hrigation System Layout And Operation
An irrigation layout is shown as Exhibit 7. The reader should notice that Exhibit 7 shows where the
new pipe is to be installed and where the new above ground hydrants will be placed. The grower plans
to use most of the existing system as is with only a few modifications. The new portions of the
system will be tied into the existing piping. Minor pipe and hydrant placement variations due to on
site conditions is allowable.
The operator should always try and keep the gun nozzle at the same pressure and thus deliver the
same amount of water (i.e, gpm) on each pull for ease in record keeping. Each time the traveling gun
is set up it will need to be checked for the proper pressure and delivery. It is beyond the scope of this
document to predict all pumping rates and traveler retrieval rate combinations to achieve a variety of
application rates. The engineer must however rely on the farmer's record keeping ability to accurately
track gallons pumped and nutrient amounts delivered. Adjustments can also be made in engine speeds
(i.e. rpm) to increase or lower irrigation rates but use caution since this will also change application
coverage. The farmer will find it most convenient to adjust gun cart retrieval speed when changing
application volumes. Table 19 shows gun cart speeds for a specific application volume, Cart speed
will not change the effective coverage, nozzle output or precipitation rates, but it will change
application volumes.
As a general comment, more water will be applied at the bottom of hills than at the tops if slopes are
significant. This will be mainly due to the higher nozzle pressures at lower elevations, The farmer
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WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
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1
may find it more convenient to set applications to be correct at low points and thereby apply less on
hill tops as the cart is being retrieved. Otherwise he will need to adjust the delivery rate throughout
the pull on hills. Averages can also be used if over applications do not occur in low areas. Exhibit
28 shows detailed head loss calculations.
Critical elements of the irrigation process are listed on an example record keeping form attached as
Exhibit 11. The operator shall also keep records on equipment repairs, maintenance, and irrigation
calibrations. The engineer recommends irrigation calibration be done at least one time per year but
semi-annual calibration would-be better. Information on calibration can be seen as Exhibit 16. The
farmer should consult with his or her irrigation dealer to obtain more information on calibration or
contact a qualified irrigation specialist.
Wastewater shall not be allowed to run off any field at any time. Application rates should be as
low as needed to avoid surface run-off or water ponding. When using traveling guns the
instantaneous application rate is often above continuous application rates however the duration is
minimal so run-off should not occur. Most soils at this site could accept a short duration loading rate
of about 0.4 in./hr to 0.6 in/hr but caution should be used if irrigating close to the upper value. Strong
slopes or wet conditions may cause irrigation rates to be less or require pull rates to be fast. If
irrigation selections are causing run-off, the operator should change nozzles, increase travel speed,
reduce application or pump rates, etc. Changing gun cart speed is probably the easiest adjustment, but
it will not change the application rate. The farmer should avoid irrigating low areas in the fields or
spots which tend to stay wet.. Keep good vegetative buffers between irrigated fields and the creek.
The engineer would recommend very limited irrigation or no irrigation in grass water ways,
stormwater channels, and near down -slope grass buffers.
The operator of an agricultural irrigation system for wastewater must be certified. Certification details
are not discussed within this document but more information on the irrigation operators certification
program can be obtained by calling the N.C. Division of Soil and Water Conservation at (919) 733-
2302.
Grading And Clearing For Travel Lanes (use if needed)
For smooth irrigation, the operator will need to predetermined gun cart paths' and travel lanes,
especially in recently cleared fields. This will be most important between hills and where hills would
tilt the gun cart to the side. A tilted gun cart is more easily turned over and will also alter the effective
coverage of the spray. Exhibit 7 shows these travel lanes at Gold Leaf Farm, The engineer does not
expect any clearing necessary for travel lanes at this farm. If needed to smooth out cart paths, remove
all stumps and large rocks, and place soil in gullies and valleys.
Recently cleared or disturbed soil areas (if applicable) shall be seeded for soil stabilization. Irrigation
shall be limited on these areas until grass is well established. Traveler pulls across these disturbed soil
areas will be allowed if a cover crop is planted. Filling valleys can block natural drainage ways. If
earthen bridges are constructed between hills a stormwater culvert may need to be installed. Sizing
stormwater culverts is beyond the scope of this plan.
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Trenches And Pipe Installation
Care in installing pipes or force mains will greatly reduce long term problems and potential leaks.
Exhibit 23 goes into detail about trench construction, pipe fitting, thrust block installation, trench
cover up, etc. For brevity the engineer will not repeat these details here. Some new pipe installation
is planned at the farm.
The existing and new underground pipe at Gold Leaf Farm is and will be 6 inch PVC, SDR26, class
160, gasketed joint pipe. New pipe shall be installed a minimum of 36 inches deep. Trench depths
between 40 inches and 48 inches would be better. Cut trenches and back -fill according to Exhibit 23.
Concrete thrust blocks are necessary on irrigation system piping in order to prevent pipe movement
and failure. Very often air in the pipe fines -will cause water hammer to occur. Sudden shocks due to
water hammer or water rushes can loosen joints or break pipe. Thrust blocks are especially needed for
pipes 4 inches in diameter or larger and for gasketed joint pipe. Reaction blocks should be installed at
bends greater than 10 degrees. Figure I of Exhibit 23 shows several examples of reaction block
configuration.
Tables 35 and 36 show suggested reaction areas for thrust blocking. These are guidelines only.
Concrete should be well mixed and be at least a 2500 pound consistency. Thrust blocks are usually
between 4 and 12 inches thick and back up against the undisturbed soil of a trench wall. These are
given for future guidance. Suggested (new) thrust block locations are shown on Exhibit 7.
TABLE 35
Minimum Concrete Thrust Block Areas For PVC Pipe
Maximum Test Pressure Assumed = 160 psi
Thrust Block Areas (sq. ft.) *
Location
Sandy
Loams +
Medium Firm Clays ++
4 inch RjRe
6 inch 2ive
4 inch pipe
6 inch pipe
90 degree elbows
1.6
3.4
1.2
2.4
60 degree elbows
1.2
2.4
0.8
1.7
45 degree elbows
0.9
1.8
0.6
1.3
30 deStree elbows
0.6
1.2
OA
0.9
22.5 degree elbows
0.5
0.9
0.3
0.7
Dead ends
1.2
2,4
0.8
1.7
Tees
0.8
1.7
0.6
1.2
Hydrants
L6
3,4
1.2
2.4
Drains
1.2
2.4
0,8
13
Ground entry pipe
0.9
L9
0.7
1.4
Valves
1.3
2.6
0.9
1.9
* Calculated using formula and tables on pages 6 and 7 of Exhibit 23 , More firm soils will reduce
thrust block surface areas. Less firm soils will increase thrust block areas.
• Sandy Loams assumed at 2,500 lb/sq. ft.
• Medium Firm Clay assumed at 3,500 lb/sq. ft.
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TABLE 36
Minimum Concrete Thrust Block Areas For PVC Pipe
Maximum Test Pressure Assumed = 200 psi
Thrust Block Areas (sq. ft.) *
Location
Sandy
Loams +
medium Fi Clays ++
1 4 inch pipe
6 inch pipe
4 inch pipe
6 inch R�pe
90 degree elbows
2
4.2
1.5
3.0
60 ftree elkwy
vs
1.5
3.0
1.0
2. 1
45 degree elbows
Li
2.3
0.8
1.6
30 degree elbows
0.8
1.6
0.5
1.1
22.5 degree elbows
0.6
1,2
0.4
0.8
Dead ends
1.5
3.0
1.0
2,1
Tees
1.0
2.1
0.7
1.5
Hydrants
2.0
4.2
1.5
3.0
Drains
L5
3.0
1.0
2.1
Ground entry pipe
1.2
2.4
1.7
Valves
1.6
3.3
1 1.1
2.3
* Calculated using formula and tables on pages 6 and 7 of Exhibit 23. More firm soils will reduce
thrust block surface areas. Less firm soils will increase thrust block areas.
• Sandy Loams assumed at 2,500 lb/sq. ft.
• Medium Firm Clay assumed at 3,500 lb/sq. ft.
Valves And System Safety
When irrigation is underway the entire underground -pipe system'may be pressurized. Special valve
caps at each hydrant prevent water ftom flowing except where the irrigation reel is connected. Exhibit
23 shows a typical plumbing arrangement from the irrigation pump to underground piping. This is an
illustration only but does show needed components, A flange type butterfly type valve installed at
each hydrant will afford much control of irrigation seepage while connecting reels to hydrants,
however the standard cap type valve (i.e. bonnet) on each hydrant is acceptable. The installer shall
place concrete collars around hydrants as needed to prevent pipe movement. Also see Exhibit 7 for a
typical hydrant illustration,
The engineer is requiring a high/low pressure cut-off switch be installed on the power unit used to
pump lagoon effluent at Wilson's Swine Farm. Should a pipe break or a pipe blockage occur the
power unit (and irrigation) will automatically shut down. Both power units mentioned above have
such switches already installed. This switch would take the place of a pressure relief valve however a
pressure relief valve is a low cost safety device that is recommended on every system. Most brands
for said purpose would be acceptable. The fanner shall test this emergency cut-off switch routinely to
make sure it works. The engineer would recommend a monthly test as a minimum. DO NOT LEAVE
HWGATION SYSTEM OPERATING jaATTENDED.
Valves to control flow should be of a size and type that is consistent with the volume and material type
being pumped. Swine effluent is corrosive, Ball and butterfly type valves tend to be more durable than
gate valves but either is acceptable.
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Never shut off valves quickly or open them quickly under fuH flow conditions. Be careful when
filling empty pipes in order to avoid water hammer and their possible rupture when water rushes
through the system. Table 37 is. a general guide for filling irrigation type piping.
TABLE37
SAFE FELLING RATES FOR MAINLINE HMGATION PIPE +
Nominal Pipe Diameter Cinche�
Maximum Fill Rate (gallons per minute)_++
2
11
2.5
15
3
24
4
40
6
80
8
150
10
250
12
350
14
475
16
620
18
780
20
980
24
1400
+ This table was obtained from infbrmation given in a NCSU training class on irrigation. It appears to have
originated ftom David D, Davis and Associates.
++ Slowly increase flow rates. Generally speaking increase flow rates about 30 gpm per minute. Use caution to
fill pipes according to this table every time the mainline has drained down by 10 percent of its volume capacity.
A Tri -Action irrigation valve is being specified for this system, to be installed at the pump location
beside the swine lagoon, These valves will allow air to escape, prevent pipe vacuum, and act as a
pressure relief point. An� example of such a valve is shown as Exhibit 26. Valve placements are shown
on Exhibit 7, Ordinary air relief valves shall be placed at the hydrants shown on Exhibit 7 and on the
force mains which cross high points of all hills (not applicable to Gold Leaf Farm).
Exhibit 7 does not propose any drain port locations. However if used, install drain ports at low points
of the irrigation system. These ports are to be used to winterize the system and in some cases can
drain out hundreds or even thousands of gallons of effluent if opened. Due to environmental concerns
the engineer is requiring that any effluent which is drained be contained either in a small pit or tank and
land applied or put back into the lagoon system. Effluent from. pipes can not be emptied onto the soil
and allowed to drain off-site.
When in operation, an irrigation system is under high pressure and can be dangerous. A sudden
release of pressure in the face can easily blind or even kill an operator. Also if elbows, tees, valves, or
other parts suddenly break off, they will be projected through the air at high velocity. This can be a
deadly missile for the operator. AlwV—s use caution around irrigation systems, PTO shafts, tractors
and power units. Be sure to follow the equipment manufactures recommendation for operation and
safety and never disconnect safety devices. Think before you act!
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Always observe sanitary principals around animal waste. Keep y our dirty hands away ftom your
mouth, nose, and eyes when working with manure. Also see earlier precautions about lagoon safety.
System Operation And Maintenance
Exhibit 25 is a general irrigation systems operation and maintenance guide. This document is adequate
for said purpose. In addition the fanner shall adhere to equipment manufactures recommendations for
equipment operation and maintenance.
Irrigation Examples
Perhaps the best way to summarize irrigation m ethodology is with examples, There are examples only
but contain many of the critical irrigation elements the fanner will need to figure his or her own
irrigation parameters, The reader can also refer to numerous other examples (e.g. NC Cooperative
Extension Training Man" AG -538-A, etc.),
Example 1.
Conditions
* Source of irrigation water: Wilson's Swine Farm anerobic lagoon effluent,
9 Assumed nitrogen levels in effluent: 2.75 lbs P.A.N./1000 gallons (for example only),
Month of application: Late February
Type of cover crop: Cerea. I Rye - well established on Candor Soils, All of Field 1.
Desired nitrogen loading rate: Follow the CAWW guidelines.
Type of irrigation equipment: AMADAS Reel Rain Model 1030 with a Nelson SRI 50, 1,26 inch
ring nozzle. From CAVVMP lane spacings are at 200 feet.
Application Conditions: Apply at no more than agronomic rates and avoid run-off.
Calculationsand considgrations:
1. From the soils data presented earlier we know that the safe hydraulic loading at any one
application is estimated to be between 0.3 and L0 inches (see Table 17). One inch of total
application assumes very dry soil conditions and is usually in warm or hot weather. Now compare
the desired loading rates with your waste utilization plan for the applicable month, You may or
may not be able to apply the maximum amount of water due to nutrient limitations, poor crop
health, or wet conditions. Do not allow run off and do not over apply nutrients. You know the
soil is relatively dry but February is usually not warm. Looking at Table 30 (use Table 30 because
field I is a cultivated field) it shows that the recommended spring application of animal waste is
about 0.60 inches of effluent, You may want to choose 0.3 inches first to be on the safe side and
apply more waste next month. Experience may temper this value later. This is the farmer's call.
2. From enclosed literature and Table 34 the reel hose length is 965 feet. The 1.26 inch ring nozzle
is being used. You plan to apply waste on allyour fields the same (for example) and desire to
maintain about 50 psi at the nozzle. The operator verifies this with a pressure gauge on the gun
cart. At 50 psi the nozzle will deliver 255 gpm (Exhibit 21). From calibration data the fanner can
and should verify this value since the tables can sometimes be wrong. The effective wetted
coverage of the nozzle is around 200 feet (taken from Table 19) assuming no wind and more or
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less ideal conditions. (Note: effective coverage values should be verified with on site
measurements).
3. Estimate the precipitation rate for the above system. Assume we use a rotation arc (w) for our
gun of 270 degrees. The rotation are is adjustable.
Precipitation Rate (in/hr) = 96.3 x sprinkler flow (gpm) 360
3.16 x [0.9 x sprinkler radius (ft)]2 x w
PR (in/hr) = 96.3 x 255 — 360
3.16 x (0.9 x 320/2]2, x 270
PR = 0.50 inthr (This is within the acceptable precipitation rate range for crop/soil conditions, see
Table 17 and the soils data. However it might be a little high for February so keep a close eye out for
run-off).
4. Remember that precipitation rate and application values are not the same thing. We have decided
to apply 0.3 inches of water to be put out and safeguard against run off. How fast do you need to
pull the gun cart to only apply 0.3 inches of water?
Travel Speed (in/min) = —[19.3 x sprinkler-ftw rate (gpm) 1
1 line spacing (ft) x appfication volume (inches)
where: gpm = 255
lane spacing = 200 feet
application volume = 03 in (first try)
Travel Speed = 19.3 x 255 82.03 in/min (6.84 ft/min)
200 x 0.3
The reader can also look at Table 19 for already calculated values for these particular settings.
5. For this example assume you have pulled out 965 feet of hose and wish to know how long it will
take to retrieve.
Time of pull: 965 feet/6.84 ft/n�iin = 141 minutes (2,35 hours)
Discussion: Please note that 03 inches is the target loading volume to try for this type soil/crop
combination at this particular time. If these were "what if' type calculations and the farmer was happy
with the calculated results, the farmer would now compare these values with equipment capabilities
and make sure all parameters are within the capabilities of the machine, The owner will likely have to
calculate his or her own values based on nutrient analyses and application rates. For instance, the
fanner may wish to pull the gun cart faster to apply less water per acre, This is why it is extremely
important to calibrate equipment and keep good records. The owner/operator must use common
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sense to evaluate all parameters and apply them to the task at hand. The above calculation is only an
example and is not intended to take the place of equipment manufactures recommendations. Also if
irrigation occurs on "non-uniform" land, the operator must account for irrigation variations, Do not
over apply near hydrants or in areas that tend to stay wet. Carefully watch the system over an entire
pull to see if run-off is occurring. The irrigation amounts will vary between the top and bottom of
slopes. If pull lanes are not side by side you may not get uniform coverage to keep all crops in good
condition. A good water meter on your system may save you time and make recording water usage
much easier,
Example 2
Lets assume that no run-off occurred in the above example. So the farmer thinks he/she could irrigate
more volume. So he/she wishes to increase the loading to 0.5 inches and try that. How much should
the irrigation gun cart speed be changed in order to achieve this result?
1. Use the formula shown in item 4 of Example I or use the ratio:
(0. 3 in/0, 5. in) x 82 in/min = 49.2 in/min (or about 4. 1 ft/minute)
Discussion: Reduce the gun can speed to 49 or 50 in/rr�n in order to increase the application volume
of effluent to 0.5 in. The precipitation rate would stay the same as calculated in Example 1, part 3
above assuming the operating pressures and pumping rates remain the same. But again, carefully
watch for effluent run-off.
Example 3
Assume an application of 0.5 inches does not result in run-off and the farmer is happy with the
retrieval rate of 49 in/min. He/she wishes to irrigate pull Fl -P3 in this field. He/she will need to Jay
some above ground pipe to get this entire pull since the pull length is about 1085 feet and his hose
length is only 965 feet. He/she will take up the surface laid pipe when the reel gets close to the pipe.
How many hours of irrigation time will be required? How many gallons of effluent will be pumped?
How much RAN will be applied total and per acre?
From Table 18 the total effective wetted area of F I -P3 is 5.767 acres.
1085 ft / 4.1 ft/min = 265 minutes or 4.41 hours
4.41 hours = 0.76 hr/acre or 1.31 acres per hour
5.767 acres
This does not include set up time, moving the traveler, hose deployment, pipe connections, etc.
2. Total volume pumped = 255 gal/min x 60 rnin/hr 15,300 galft
1V00 gph x 4,41 hours = 67,473 gallons.
The operator should not always rely on "average values" since nozzle pressures and application rates
are can change across a field and between fields, Fill out Exhibit 11 for each field irrigated and
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IWELSON'S SWINE FARM CAVAV
calculate individual applications per field, Again a water meter can make keeping track of gallons
pumped easy, but make sure it stays calibrated.
3. RAN Application
2.75 lbs P.A.N./1000 gallons x 67,473 gal = 185.6 pounds RAN
185.6 lbs RAN / 5.767 acres = 32.2 lbs RAX/acre
Discussion: The reader can compare this value with the allowable nitrogen application in that month
from the waste utilization plans (Table 30). By doing this the operator will note that 32.2 pounds of
RAN is not over the target maximum of 45 pounds in the spring. Therefore the operator may wish
to apply another application of waste in a few weeks. Slight over or under values are to be expected.
Use test data from waste analyses to accurately calculate RAN To decrease RAN application in
this example, increase the pull speed gun cart, Be careful to keep track of your yearly accumulation of
RAN
Example 4
Lets assume (for example only) the operator pulls out the gun cart to a point considerably down hill
from a hydrant. For this example lets assume this is FI -P3. After starting up the irrigation pump
he/she checks the pressure gauge on the gun cart nozzle and find it reads 60 psi. The operator thinks
this pressure may cause him/her to over apply water and risk run-off because the soil is not extremely
dry. What is the speed the operator will need to pull the cart in order to apply a volume to 0.4 inches
(a value you feet is safe to avoid run-off)?
1. From Exhibit 21 the approximate flow from the nozzle at 60 psi is 275 gpm. Our desired flow
from earlier calculations was 255 gpm. Now use the Travel Speed Equation (Example 1, part 4) to
find the needed retrieve speed,
Travel Speed (in/min) = r 19.26 x sprinkler flow rate (gpm)_j
line spacing (ft) x application volume (inches)
where: gpm = 275
lane spacing = 200 feet
application volume = 0A in (to avoid possible run-off)
Travel Speed = 19.3 x 275 = 66.34 in/min (5.53 ft/min)
200 x .4
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Discussion: If the hill is steep, the cart comes back up the hill the nozzle pressure will be reduced (i.e.
not as much elevation difference) and the application volume will be reduced below 0.4 inches. You
may wish to closely watch the application event to see if run-off occurs at the lower portions of the
hill, If it does not occur go ahead and let the retrieval speed remain at the pre-set rate or slow it down
as it comes up the hill to keep the application amount the same. Use good judgment. Remember, all of
the above examples are close approximations. Try to stay within sound and safe operating ranges.
Example 5
Suppose you want to use an average for irrigated volume when pulling the gun cart up hill. How do
you do this? Lets assume you pull out your gun cart on a particular field and set the pressure at the
nozzle at 60 psi. Then you puff the gun cart back up the hill. Just before the gun cart finishes its pull
you record the nozzle pressure to be 50 psi, Assume it took 5 hours and 15 minutes to make this pull
(5,25 hours). What has been the average gallons applied during this pull?
Lets assume the hill is relatively uniform, First determine the calculated gallons per minute at the start
and stop of the pull, The change in pressure between the bottom and top of the hill is 10 psi.
Look at Exhibit 21 to see the nozzle data output and calculate the beginning and end nozzle output,
At 60 psi the output of the nozzle is 275 gpm,
At 50 psi the output of the nozzle is 255 gpm.
IFor the uniform hill:
275 gpm + 255 gpm = 265 gpm (avg)
2
265 gpm x 5.25 hours x 60 min/hour = 83,475 gallons
Discussion: Note that the gun cart retrieval should be more or less constant. Here is when the output
changes and an average is appropriate. The 265 gpm was the average between the 275 gpm and the
255 gpm,
In practical terms, you can make these determinations one time for each of your pulls and as
long as the operational parameters are the same (i.e. motor rpm, pressures, pull track, etc.) you should
not have to recalculate the output every time. However, do use some common sense and check the
calibration on your equipment regularly. A few hundred gallons of effluent will not make or break
your irrigation routine. Be as careful as possible but do not get too detailed unless you have a very
good and accurate way to measure each and every parameter. A top quality water meter is also a very
helpful tool for the irrigator but it must be suitable for animal waste, Be careful about using nozzle
pressure greater than those mentioned in the CAWMP since your effective irrigation coverage changes
when you change nozzle pressures. Slight changes in nozzle pressure is an operational reality.
GENERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
Animal wastes can not impact the surlhce waters of North Carolina. In the event of an
emergency or accidental discharge, Bryan Wilson and/or the farm manager at that time shall.take -the
necessary measures to eliminate or at least minimize the impact of the discharge and if possible keep it
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out of nearby creeks. An emergency may be effluent overflow from a lagoon, a dam failure, severe
run-off of soil and nutrients due to a storm, a broken effluent pipe, etc. The owners are required to
' develop a customized Emergency Response Plan for this farm. As a minimum the following shall be
done (do as applicable):
' 1. Take the necessary measures to safeguard lives.
2. Stop the discharge source and then any off -site discharges ASAP. Temporary measures are
acceptable in an emergency. Cut off the irrigation pump (or other pumps) if necessary: Keep the
effluent out of surface waters. See Exhibit 20 for plan ideas
3. Get a contractor or equipment to the site to contain the discharge on a more permanent basis if this
' is necessary. Do not wait for the contractor to arrive before getting more help if needed.
4. Notify all of these persons listed below (as needed).
5. In the event of a lagoon problem, develop an agreement with a local earth moving contractor who
' has equipment that can be on -site within hours in the event of an emergency. This shall be a standing
agreement between the farm owners and the contractor. In an emergency notify the contractor of the
situation and specify the type of equipment needed. Use on -farm tractors, back -hoes, etc. to contain
' the discharge.
6. Evaluate the situation quickly and reduce the impact of the problem if at all possible. This can be
done by turning off valves, stopping water flows, stop flush tanks, diverting problem flows, adding soil
' to dams, making small dams in drainage ditches, installing temporary earthen dams or ditches with
farm equipment, pump excess water to other holding areas etc. Not all measures are applicable to all
situations. Irrigating during rainfall events may be better than allowing a dam to fail in an emergency,
' but notify DWQ first and discuss options.
7. Notify DWQ officials ASAP but always within 24 hours of the problem (sooner is better).
8. Notify local authorities if lives or property are threatened.
1
CONTACT PERSONS IN AN EMERGENCY
1. Bryan Wilson - Wilson's Swine Farm Owner ................ Home - [phone].
' Mobile - [phone]
2. Paul Wilson, Jr................................................................ Home - [phone]
3. Richmond County NRCS................................................ Office - [phone]
' 4. Regional Office of DWQ, Fayetteville, N.0.................... Office - (910) 486-I541
5. Larry F. Graham, P.E. - EES -........................................ Office - [phone]
' 6. DWQ emergency phone for after hours (in Raleigh) ......... Office - [phone]
7. Local emergency management personnel in Richmond County Office - [phone]
8. Richmond County Environmental Health Department ....... Office [phone]
' 9. Richmond County Sheriffs Department -Phone ................ 9-1-1.
10. EMS - Richmond County ............................................... 9-1-1.
11. Others:
' 12, Others:
' The farm owners should develop their own detailed Emergency Response Plan and review this
plan with all appropriate persons and employees. Exhibit 20 shows more information related to
such plans. Emergency contacts and phone numbers should be posted in visible locations, like inside
' the managers shack or office and near every telephone. This Emergency Response Plan should have
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considerable well thought out detail on what to do in each type emergency. The plan should address
environmental, medical, fire, and storm related emergencies. Update this plan annually and have
regular employee refresher training sessions on emergency preparedness.
Discharge emergencies can happen very quickly and every minute counts. Discharges will probably
flow off-site rapidly giving the farm manager only a short time to react. Therefore making plans in
advance is a good investment and is much less expensive than lawyers or fines. The farmer should
take some time to walk around the site with farm employees and think about possible discharge
emergencies. Ask yourself. which way would a discharge flow?, is there a creek nearby?, is there a
natural diversion that could be diked to stop the flow?, is there any emergency spill containment
equipment on site?, can you drive to the nearby creek to stop a flow before it gets away?, what
equipment would you use to stop a small or large discharge?
Go over these things in your mind and with farm managers and plan out your actions. Perhaps have a
few emergency drills to see how well your people are prepared. Discharges to nearby creeks are
serious and'could cause you to loose your operating permit. Do not neglect this plan, It could save
you a g1eat deal of trouble in the future,
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND NOTICES
The farm operator may wish to contact the following people and/or agencies for detailed assistance
with crop selections, irrigation, soil analyses, etc.
Richmond County NRCS office
Richmond County Cooperative Extension Service
N.C. Irrigation Society
NCDA
Also the reader should thoroughly review all the attached exhibits for helpful information and
precautions,
Any person or company owning or controlling the property upon which an animal waste disposal
system is in operation shall be responsible for all aspects of the disposal system. The system must be
maintained at all times to prevent direct seepage and/or discharge of effluent to the surface of ponds,
rivers, streams, or to any type of surface or ground waters.
Significant changes in operations, or problems should be duly noted and docurn ented by the farmer,
The owner is hereby notified that he/she must operate this system in accordance with state and local
laws and regulations, Problems should be reported to the N.C, Division of Water Quality (DWQ)
ASAP. DWQ phone numbers are listed under the emergency action plan section of this report.
Changes in animal steady state five weight, operations, ownership, and/or waste management must
first be discussed with DW`Q before proceeding. This is not an option for the farmer but a
requirement. Increases in SSLW will require plan modifications and a new permit.
76
I

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAVRVIP
All vegetation under irrigation shall be kept in peak condition at all times. This means the proper
fertilization, mowing, cutting, and liming. Overly wet or overly dry conditions can cause vegetative
stress or death, therefore the operator shall be careful to monitor vegetative performance. Baled hay
can not be left to rot next to spray fields. Harvested crops must be removed from the site.
The project engineer can not take responsibility for the accuracy of all information or conclusions
made by others and referenced herein. Much of the information presented above is based on estimated
conditions, estimated operational capabilities, etc. that are subject to change. When dealing with so
many variables and natural elements it is impossible to predict in advance all operational conditions,
however the concepts and methodology presented above are reliable. The information above is
presented in a detailed fashion so that system operators can recalculate and adjust certain parameters
from year to year.
The engineer takes no responsibility for changes made to the above plan before, during, or after
construction without his knowledge. Nor does the engineer take any responsibility for human losses
or property damages which should occur due to poor workmanship, improper use of machinery,
unknown conditions above or below ground level, legal problems with boundary lines or easements,
acts of nature, "short-cuts" the owner may take in system construction, legislative rule changes during
or after plan development, or improper system operation. Information given to the engineer by the
owner or others and used in these specifications shall be taken as truth if it can not be verified
otherwise.
DWQ officials and local health officials are authorized to inspect the system at any time.
It is of the utmost importance that all activities with regards to waste utilization and irrigation
be recorded and kept in a safe place on the farm. Exhibit 11 forms may be altered to include
more data if needed. 'Good records are essential to good waste utilization practices. The farmer
must provide documentation for harvested products (e.g. weigh tickets for hay bales or sales
tickets for bushels of corn).
The farm owner must keep a copy of'this certified report on the farm at all times. He or she
must adhere to these plans as much as is possible. Alterations in waste management practices
shall at no time violate the intent of this plan.
This document does not contain all specifications, rules, and laws associated with the land
application and management of animal waste. Copies of such guidelines and documentation
can be obtained at the local NRCS office, the regional office of DWQ, or from the Cooperative
Extension Service.
END OF ANWAL WASTE UTILIZATION PLAN SPECIFICATIONS
I
77

EXHIBITS SECTION

Exhibit 1
Vicinity map for Gold Leaf Farm.
^� Owner: Bryan Wilson
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: ;F 4.^.y. • , AE 111E • 11}L 1
I, UPI NORTH CAROLINA
►alllrg
_ •.• ', ! ���� �� � _, _ .. " NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
ROCKINGH� t ~ ` 61VISION OF HIGHWAYS —PLANNING AND RESEARCH BRANCH
'ly C) it 11' \ .1 C36IIMIIOM wlln tq
lo�! .,A '%y ; U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
1119L :1 .1 FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
101
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SCALE FOR ENLARGEMENTS

TOM
WEST END QUADRANGLE
NORTH CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPH-14
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HOFFMAN QUADRANGLE -
NORTH,CAROLJNA-
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOORAPHIC)
"SE/4 JACKSON SPRINGS 11P QUADRANGLE
10 feet contour intervals
SCALE 1:24000
0 1 MILE
1000 z0o0 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER

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A

-�.-.- rs:�e,a�: ,�
i1 CDA: onamic Ihr s>ipn 4300.;Reed Creel Road Ralei C 6.0,7�G4 5 11 733 655 Grower: Wilson"
-
• rw.�w C•"' . �.". -
Sam le=lufo�. `
.'r"arc-r.. -'.as' .per• ;yasoxxi ae
.I'=aboto aResults arts"�"�mi1L n ttnfe5sotlterwtse noted:"
Sample ID:
N
p g Ca M-9
S
Fe Mn Zn
Cu S
MO Cl
C
5W
Total 924 N
86.2 907 116 27.0
19.5
3.61 0.39 0.67
0.70 0.57
IN -N
M H M M
M
M M M
M M
Waste Code:
-NH4
ALS
-NO3
Na Ni Cd A
Al
Se Li PH
SS ON
DM% CCE%
ALE a
Description:
OR N
-%
7.68
Swine n Li -
Urea
VH
Recommendations:
,jr Gro
IbsII.000� allons
0[her cements
r s .. .._
a�Io
r �:
pluaon M3
G'a Mg Fe.
o
Nt
Pb

. 1♦ i♦
-�� �—a::�.:fr,� spa' ._ ,,. _
CDA onomrc DivWbn• 4 0© Ree Creek Road 9 = 1 733`=- --S Re =t No WO 28.
.. . Ra1ei Gx 7607 b465V 9..9 _ j _ 55.
. 3 ,.
~ Grower.• Wilson, Paul Copies To: County Extension Director
1180 Jones Springs Church Rd USDA-NRCS-Richmond
Ellerbe, NC 28338
-,a
Wa.4il
te A nalysis Re Parer End Exhibit 5
s
6/17/98 Richmond County
Sa � �1e liUVI .' :aborato�,Resulfs RS rmillion un ess_otlie ise oted
Sample ID: N P K Ca M9 S Fe Mn Zn Cu B Mo CI C
OOo rota[ 833 H 80.6 887 107 23.4 17.6 2.95 o.3o o.43 0.48 0.49
INN M H M M M M M M M M
Waste Code: -AW4
AIS NO3 Na Ni Cd Pb At Se Li pH SS C.•N DAM CM ALE
[Description: OR-N 343 7.75
Sine Lagoon Lia. Urea VN

1
1
1
1
1
When you submit soil samples for laboratory analysis, you
need and expect reliable results. Because the test report is
used in making decisions about liming and fertilization,
its accuracy can affect your costs and yields. In other
words, getting accurate results can make a difference in
dollars and cents.
The rcliability•of the soil test, however,, can be no better
than the sample you submit. For results you can depend
on, It is vitally important that you take samples in away
that accurately represents the soil on your farm.
This publication tells how to obtain truly representative
soil samples and to submit them for analysis.
Where to'Takc Samples
You can obtain an aerial photograph of your farm from.
the county ASCS office. Outline your, farm; or field.boun-
darles directly do the photo or make'a larger`and "more-,
detailed map using the photo as a guide. Thcri assign, a
permanent number to each field or management area..
[`lumbering the areas will enable you to keep records of
the soil treatments applied and the crop yields obtained
from each area, For your convenience in submitting soil
samples, assign each area an identifier consisting -of -no
more than three characters — numbers,. letters, or both.
Vcry soil'sample you.submit for testing should consist of
about 15 to 20 cores taken at random locations, . i, '
throughout one field or area. A sample should include
cores from; no more than about 20 acres even if the soil
appears to be uniform over a larger area. -
Keep in mind that each sample should represent only one
general soil type or condition. If the field you arc sam-
pling contains areas that arc obviously different in slope,
color, drainage, and texture and if those areas can be'fer•
tilized separately, submit a separate sampii (consisting of
15 to 20 cores) for each area. (Sec Figtirc.:l.)
When collecting samples, avoid small areas whcrc.the soil
conditions are obviously quite different frcrn'thost in -(he "
rest of the field -- for example ,•wet spotsolaccs;where
.,,nn't nilnc h,vr horn burned. severely eroded areas,'old
aLive LXLQttL;iuu
Careful Soil``­-:�
Sampling'—
The 'Key:•.L-6'. 61iab1e
Soil Test Information.
Eroded Area
Light Colored'Soil
A
B
Ma IS
:tI
Figure 1. Within each field. collect a scparatc sample from each
area that has a diffcrcnt type of soil.
building sites, fence rows, spoil banks, and burn -row
areas. Also avoid the fertilizer bands in fields where row
crops have been grown. Because samples taken from
these locations would not be typical of the soil in.thc rest
of the•field,including them could produce misleading results.
Areas within a field where different crops have been
grown in the past should be sampled separately, even if
you now plan to grow the same crop in the whoa`• field.
Areas that have been limed and fertilized diffcrendy from
the rest of the field should also be sampled separately;
Sampling Problem Areas
In fields or areas where fertility -problems appear to be the
cause ofabnormal crop growth, samples should be col•
Iccted in a somcwhat'diffcrcnt way from samples used for
routine testing. At the same time you collect topsoil
samples, collect subsoil samples at a depth from 8 to 16
Inches. but keep the two types of samples separate.
Follow the guidelines for collecting a good, representative
sample, taking cores at random locations throughout the
problcm•area even though it may be relatively small. At
the same time, collect a representativc sample:from•nor-
•mat areas of the same field.
More detailed information on collecting samples from pro-
blem areas Is•'given in form AD2, "Problem Area Soil
,Sample Information." Copies can be obtained from your
county Extension Service office, NCDA regional
agronomists, local agfibusinesses, or the NCDA Agronomic

1
1
n
1
1
iJ
When to Take Samples
Collect samples three to six manths before planting
time. You will then have the test report in Lima to plan
your liming and fcr►ilization program before -the busy
planting season. It you submit sampics immediately after
harvest In the fall, you are likely to receive lhe,results
promptly because the laboratory work load is lig)ltcr at
that time than in the spring.
Do not collect samples when the soil is too wet because it
will be difficult to mix the cores. As a rule, if•thc soil is
too wet to plow, it is too wet to sample.
Sample the soil from percnnfal or sod -crop areas three to
four months before establishing the crop or appling lime
or fertilizer.
How Often to Sample
If your farm is in the coastal plain region, it Is best to test
the soil every 2 or 3 years, The sandy soils in that region
do not hold nutrients as long as soils in other parLs•of the
slate and arc more apt to become acid through the add!•
tion of nitrogen. The nutrient levels in the silt and clay
loam $oils of Lila piedmont and mountain regions change
less rapidly with lime and fertilizer applications.'1n these
areas, soil testing once every 4 years is usually sufficient.
A good plan is to sample one-third of your fields each
year if your farm is in the coastal plains region and one.
fourth of your fields each year if you arc in the piedmont
or mountain regions.
How to Collect a Good Sample
Tools. Collect your samples with stainless steel or
chromc•plated sampling tools and plastic buckets to avoid
contaminating the samples with traces of chemical
elements (micronutricnts) from the sampling tools. Avoid
brass, bronze, or galvanized tools. A suitable soil probe is
shown on the front cover or this folder.
Make sure that the buckets and sampling tools are clean
and free of lime and fertilizer residues. Even•a small
amount of lime or fertilizer translerred-from'the;sampling
tools to the soil can seriously contaminate the sample and
,produce inaccurate results.
Sampling Depth. For areas in which field crops are
grown, collect samples to the some depth LI1at-the,ficld is
plowed (usually about S inches) since thi: Is the zone in ,
which lime and fertilizer have been incorporated fIgurc2).
For fields wlicrc perennial crops such as
and turf arq'being maintained, samples taken to a depth
of 4 inches•will best represent the crop's lime and for.
tilizcr needs. Where these perennial crops arg to be
established, however, sample to the regular plow depth.
Submitting the Sample '
Soil samples arc analyzed by the Agronomic Division of
the Borth Carolina Department of Agriculture. Each sam-
ple must be submitted in a standard soil sample box and
accompanied by a completed copy of form AD•1, "Soil
Sample Information." The boxes and forms are available
from your county Extension Service office, NCDA regional
-,..agronomists. local argribuslncsscs, or the NCDA Agronomic
lsiBlue Ridge Road Center, Raleigh, NC, 27611.
jSub
mlt your samples only in the standard boxes provid-
ed, as shown In Figure 3. Samples sent in bans or other
containc4.will not be compatible with the processing
system used in the laboratory. Do not put a plastic bag in-
side the sample box. Scat the shipping box if the soil
sampics arc from a quarantined area. _
Figure 3. Thoroughly mix the soil sample
and fill Lim standard NCDA samplt box
two-thirds full.
The entire sample consisting of the 15 to 20 cores you
have collected will most likely be more soil than the box
will hold. Before filling the box, therefore, pulverize the
cores and mix them thoroughly in the bucket. Then fill
the sample box about two-thirds full with this mixture.
Label the box with the identifying number you have
assigned to the area from which you took the sanrplc.
Remember that the identification can consist of no more
than three numbers, letters, or a combination of the two.
Directions for filling ouL form AD-), Lila soil infarfnation
sheet, are printed on the back of the fofm. To flat the
most value from your soil test, take the time to fi11 iri the
-blanks completely and be sure to list the crop'o� crops
ito be grown: Also check to make sure that the sample
number you put on the form corresponds to the number
on the sample box and the farm map. Mail the completed
form with the sample box, keeping a copy for your future
reference.
If you need assistance in interpreting the soil test resulls
or developing a soil treatment plan, consult your local
agricultural advisors.
pacpand by
Jack V. naird, Calcnsion. M. Ray Tucku,Agronomist
Apronomltl •— Soil Fertility rioala coolina Departinenl'of
Morth Carolina ArgrICU ltural Agrituiture'
eAWSIDA scrricc Pv*Mca el
Tl1C N0lltll WOUNA AGIUCUL1Vrl tt CxLEN610N SEAVICC.
NW CUQ6%1 iraef UriavAr al Ra4:agNet' C+rw+rw suw r Lea 7.erwerswe O*wk al Orn'rewti
•04Y*1AS.D.Pa,Ymrd#IMkWn8.C"10600 54616W404441S100%116wilk04-C»G+YMD.Drsu,
pwftw. G1YibNw} H kowsnca d iM Ku ar Carvers d Liar a MW jwy X, is to.7ho WM cNYwu
johAl oCal""SwkuaRwr4poVsaaaasftq1.VFawnrinMotuoruu.ov.a'avowofm
and la an pull OPPO VAY andorrr.
Figure 2. Sample to a depth of 8 Inches In fields plowed for row
,,. i-,rr'i-rons arc drown.

)rmAO1
SOIL SAMPLE INFORMATION
Fill out.and attach to miffing carton in first class envelope and mail to: AGRONOMIC DIVISION—Soil Testing Laboratory. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE. RALEIGH. NORTH CAROLINA 27611. Instructions aind examples are giv6n on the ba.ck of this sheet
;ROWER*S NAME—Pleasa Print I A copy of yoursoil test report willbe sent to y6ur County E�rtension Director. 11you desire others to feeeive a copy. print their
nam is arnd addremej balow.
Ldst) (First)
A,ddress)
City)
County)
(State) -
Total No.
Samples
Submitted
arnel
(Zip Code) I(Address)
ity) (St ate) (Zip Code)
ress)
(State) - (Zip Code)
Revised 6/1 5/S0
2
3 --- ____
4
5 1
— 6
LAB
NUMBER
. (Leave -
_'-_i7B la nk)
YOUR
SAMPLIE
NUMBER
1ASTCROP
(Crop &own last year
or other use)
LIMEAP?UED
WITHIN PAST YEAR
CROP CROP
CODE T/A YR.. MO. CODE
NEXT CROP
(S ee discussion No. 5
reverse side of form)
SECOND CROP
CROP jFollowing year—See
CODE reverse side)
N
Revised 6/1 5/S0

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING QUT INFORMATION SHET
(Soo Sample Information Shoot Bclow)
1.
'REQUIRED 2.
INFORMATION
(blocked areas)
We must have this 5.
information before we
analyze the samples
1
DESIRABLE
INFORMATION
We can make better
suggestions if we
have this information
NAME. MAILING ADDRESS, ZIP CODE AND COUNTY. County listed sliould be where farm is located,
Incompicte or illegible address may rusu11 in non-dolivcry of the mailed report.
YOUR SAMPLE NUMBER - Record the identification (ano information) for each sample on a.soporato line.
Our computer will accept gnly 3 digits for sample identification. CAUTIONI Do not use tho same number for
moro than one sample even if thoy aro from different farms, Be sure the name, and sample numbers on the.
information shoot are the samo as Ilioso on Ilia sail sarriplo boxes.
NEXT CROP TO BE GROWN - List NAME and .Q CODE of the next crop for which you want Lima and
fertilizer recommendations. EXAMPLE: Bermuda hay, or pasture establishment (E), 043. Bermuda hay or
pasture for maintenance (M), 044: Bermuda for dehydration, establishment (E}, 045.
A. Use LAWN (026) for all lawn grasses excopl CENTIPEDE. Use 1RF codes for golf and athletic field turf.
B. Usc SH-RUB@gRY (029) for all shrubs except AZALEA. CAMELLIA, RHODODENORON, and MT LAUREL.
3. LAST CROP - List NAQE:and CBQP 012E of crop grown prior to sampling, If space is loft blank,
we will assume no previous crop was grown.
4, ,LAST LIMED - Tons per acre, year and month of last, limo application, it made in the last year. .
6, SECOND CROP TO BE GROWN -List NAl7Mf, and CROP CQOE of the crop which will follow 5 above. This will
enable us to make suggestions for this crop assuming that the field is treated as suggested the first year.
List second crop here even though it is to be grown the some year as 5 above,
EXAMPLE
2
3
4
5
G
LAB
NUMBER
(Loavo
Blank) _
YOUR
SAMPLE
INUMBERI
LAST CROP
(Crop grown lost year
at othor uso)
CROP
I CODE.
Limo Appliod
Within Ptiot Yoor
CROP
CODE
NEXT CROP
Soo discussion No. 5
rovorso sido of form}
SECOND CROP
CROP (Fallowing yoar—Soo
CODE ravorso side)
T/A YR.
M0.
I I 1
Corn Silage
002'
1- 84
9
004
Oats
010 Soybeans
1121
L/Wh! Cl-grass E
049 .
2 84
9
050
L/Whr Cl-grass M
050 1 L/Wht Cl-grass M
CROP CODE
CROP CODE
CROP CODE
CHOP CODE
COOP CODE
000 No crop
093 Potato, Irish
X-M_as Trans/Nursny
Commarclal dor( 2r;s
099 Potato, Swcai
Orchards/Fruit & Nut
Flold Crirnr
036 Ln-out/Scud Oads
Use 024 lot Garden Vegetables 100 Radish
130 Apple E
001 Corn, Grain
037 Fu/N Spruce, H*ntiock
070Asparagus, E
to% nape. cote cops
131 Apple M
002 Corn, Silage
030 Tina/Whito, Virginia
071 Asparagus, M
102 Ilasp•otackborry C
130 Peach E
003 Cotton
030 Blue Spruce/Rod Cedar
072 Doan/flush Poo
103 Rasp-Olackbotry M
139 Poach M
004 Small Grain (WhaaL,
073 Doan, polo
104 Rhubarb
140 Pecan, E
oats. rya. barley)
Forage/ Pasltrra
074 0e04s
105 Rutabaga
141 Pecan, M
005 Millet, Poarl
04 A13 lalla, [
075 0luaborry, E
I OG Spinach
000 Milo (Grain Sorgituml
041 Allalla. M
076 Oluabarry, M
107 Squash -Pumpkin
FornsI Trans/Sand
007 P*anul
042 Oehiapr iss
077 Oraeeoli
t00 Suawbmry, E
13d Hardwoo ,
000 Rica
043 Barmuda hay/pasture, E
070 0russal Splows
109 Strawberry, M
134 Hardwood. M
009 Sotghum. Syrup
044 Bermuda hay/pastwo, M
070 Cabbage
1 10 Tomato, liald
137 Nursery. Pine
010 Soybeans
045 Bermuda, dohydralad. E
000 Cantaloupe
I I 1 Tornalo, groonhouso
142 Pine, E
011 Sunflowar
046 Dermuda, dehydrated, M
031 Carrots
1 12 Tomato, trellis, CP
143 Pine, M
012 Tobacco, burley
047 Dluograss pasture
062 Caulillower
113 Tomato, 1rallis. M1
144 Hardwood, Seed
013 Tobacco, iluo-eurod
040 Bluegrass-Whilo clover
003 Collards
114 T(uckVegetables
145 Fir/Spruce. Seed
014 Tobacco, plant bad
040 L/wht clover-gtass, E
004 Corn, Shoot
1 15 Turnip
146 Pine, Seed
050 L/Wh1 clover -gross. M
005 Cucumbors
116 Watcrmolon
Lawn, Gordon. Ornamentals
051.11, Clover grass. E
00a Cucumbar, Irollis
117 Deans, lima
020 Aial*a
052 R, Clovor-grass. M
007 Eggplant
021 Camellia
053 Pura clovcrf
003 Grapo, E
Comm Nurs/Flowar
ina T rl
022 Centipede
1
054 Fescue-Orch grass/Timothy E ' 009 Grapo, M
120 Dahlia
150 Fairy.•ay/Athlodc Turf
023 Garden. Flower
055 Fcscuo•Orch grass/Timothy M • 090 Kate
121 Gladiolus
IS Too, Tud
024 Gatdon. Vegetable
056 Legumes. Miscellaneous
001 Lotluco
122 Groonhouso
152 Groom Turl
025 Laurel, Mountain.'
057 Laspodosa
092 Mustard
123 Gysophila
026 Lawn
050 Sudangross
093 Okra
124 Flower. bulbs
027 Rhododendron
059 Sudan -sorghum pasture
004 Onion
125 Flower. roots
020 Rasa
000 Sudan -sorghum silago
006 Pea, Southern,
126 Nurs, container
029 Shrubbery
096 Pepper
132 Rhodo/Nalyorn
030 Barrios, fruit & nuts
097 Plant Bad, Vag
130 Nu(s/Troas
'
031 Tree, shad*
E :+ establishment
CP a Coastal Plain
M e maintenance
Ml • Mountain
' ABOUT YOUR SOIL SAMPLES
Are they reprosentaliyc7
A soil TEST is only as 0000 as Iho soi).SAMPLESI Area of 10 acres or less —No major
soil dillefenCH—Same
"O"n"enl hi:tart'-Use good tools (iron or stainless stool)-Tako'om
dry -Right
depth 10-13' for plowed soils, 0.4" lot sods -No fortilizor
bands -No corners or end turn areas-20 or moro'coros
(colloctod and mixed
in a clean plastic buckot)--Subsomplod
and numbered-
Sullieiont information supplied,

Plant Analysis Information Sheet
Circle the iylic or %amptc, sui)mi tted Plant Advisory Section
Dft"110511C see Insit Agronomic Division
N.C. Dept. of Agriculture
GltO%VF.R INFORMATION 43DO Reedv Creck Rd.
Raleigh, NC 276D7-6465
Telephone No.
MAST MAME)
(3 laft) (XI ri
X1 oucy Order
PAYMENM S4.00ptrsaniple
Make Clietki payable to NCDA
Cash
Ragnples, � Pk%-mrnl:
F-scmvw
NDDITIONAL COPIES
.1 Opp
j! afthi.T tritart it -ill hvxestr tti dir Coppentfive Lirlenjim, Please isulicare ockliticnial cripicu w(ptex(ed.
FAMI 11): ___ _ _ Saniplzd 11V: Date:
1 -21 -NUM Sample G -t -n -lb plasit Plaal Ctirresponding Sample ID
f-.1... pj�"%n --- Phinj Awi.%^oro�ro I A, I 1w
j U Slatr Vart I'l-silion Sell 0 1. IM
I r—L, I—
PROBLEM SAMPLE
COMMENTS
GizowLN(; Co-.\i)rj-ioNs
P1.1111ill,- Date:
I Iwo 10sq, have st itiplonts. bvit present'.1
Are plants it&cIed uidt diww%V? Yes No
Are plants infestud vith invects? Yes No
I k1ViF0ILIUL1It2I cnnditians 4-41. Lbrec xweks:
Ita;111'alL MIOn nonnal Nwitial Atxwe nonnal
'I'em lwnaturc: lk-low tturmal Nonnal Above nonnal
Date
Prcptant:
Postplant:
Micronutrients:
Others:
FERTILIZER RISTORY
Material Rate Comments

Sf kuc 16i49
T,
The informition in the shaded areas is required before analysis.
Sample T�vpc - Predictive is for n routine check 617 HiLttiti011al status plus interpretation and general rcconi rilendat ions.
- Diagnostic is for assistance in diagnosing suspected nutritional problems, Specific interpretation and recommendations arc provided.
- Matching soil samples should be submitted for diagnostic samples along widi additional information on growing cond.itions. and cultural practices.
Grower information - Print telephone. ninic. mailing address. county (simple origination) and fee information. Make checks payable to NCDA.
- Tclephone nunibcr must he included for electronic dita access.
Farm ID - Farm identification or location (no morc than 16 letters).
Sample ID - Sample idcutification (no more than 4 digits or letters),
Crop Narne - Name of crop samplcd (Use names as indicated inside Information Sheet. if your crop is not listed. indicatc the common and/or botanical nainc).
Growth Stage - Identify stage of growilt using thc appropriate letter code below.
Plant Part - ldcritil�v the part of the plant that wis sampled using the letter code below.
- For most plants the Most Recently Mature Lear (M) is the proper plant pirt to Slillplc.
Plant Pti.sition - Identify the position on the plant where thc simple wis taken using the letter code below.
- For most plants the Upper (U) position is lite proper place [a sainpic.
Correspondisi.g Sample I D - List the ID's or matching soil. solution. and waste samples submitted.
Plant Appearance - Describe the symptoms of the plant at sampling. If left blank, we assume growth is normal.
Problem Sample Comments - Provide additional information needed to help diagnose specific problems.
GRoNYTH STAGE CODES PLANT PART CODES PLANT POSITION CODES
Seedling E = Earlygrowth W = Whole -plant M = Most Recent Mature Leaf U - Upper
B = Bloom F — Fruiting T = Top 3" (includer Petiole where appropriate) M = Middle
M = Mature H = HarvestedLeaf E = Eat Leaf L = Lower
PLEASE Do NOT PLACE SAMPLES IN PLASTIC BAGS.
LEAVE AmPLE AIR SPACE IN PAPER CONTAINFRS TO PROMOTE DRYING AND Avow SAnPLE DETERIORATION.
SAMPLE FEE: A S-1111PIC FCC Of S4.00 per swuple is charged for plant annlysis.

FORM ADi
Complete Information shoot and return with sample(s). SOIL SAMPLE INFORMATION, J00%6�
GROWER'S NAMF —Please Print
Coples of &oil lost reports are s ant 10 County
Extension DIrectGra.
It you went othory to receive a copy. print
FARM 1130 name and address below.
(Lost) (First)
Phone- I I
INamal
(Address)
Send To:
Agronomic Division -Soil Test Lab
(City) (State) (Zip Code)
(Address)
Total No.
N.C. Dept. of Agriculture
samples
4300 Reedy Creek Road
Submitted
Raleigh, N.C. 27607-6465
lCounty
(city) (State) (Zip Code)
1 1 1919) 733-2656
Phone- t I
2
3
4
5
6
LAB
YOUR
LAST CROP
LIME APPLIED
NEXT CROP
SECOND CROP
NUMBER
SAMPLE
W"LN PAST YEJEAR
(Leave
lCrop grown last ye or
I I
CROP
(So$ discussion No. S
CROP
Votlowing Veer--Sto
CROP
Blank)
NUMBER
or other usel
TIA
YR
MO
reverse side of farm)
CODE
reverse side)
CODE
_CODE
I -T
17
L!
4�d 14
P""! I -j
Revised 211195 INSTRUCTIONS AND CROP CODES ARE SHOWN ON BACK

End Exhibit 8
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING OUT INFORMATION SHEET *
(See Example Below)
1. Print Name, Address, Zip Code and County. Show county where farm is located. An incomplete address may
result in failure to deliver your report. Include your phone number.
REOU.IRED
2. SAMPLE ID • Print sampio 10 luso numbers and/or lallursl and crop code fur onch snmplo an soparato linos.
INFORMATION
Samplos from other farms should be labeled dlfforontly (Ex.J01, $01). Make sure sample ID on boxes and
(blocked areas)
Information shoat are the same. Use pencil or waterproof markers.
We must have this
5. NEXT CROP TO BE GROWN • List NAhg and CROP CODE of the next crop for which you want lime and
information bofore we
fertilizer recommendations. EXAMPLE Bermuda hay or pasture establishment (E), 045.
analyze the samples.
A. Use LAWN (026) for all lawn grasses except CENTIPEDE. Use TURF codas for golf and athlolic
field turf.
B. Use SHRUBBERY (0291 for all shrubs except AZALEA, CAMELLIA, RHODODENDRON, and MT. LAUREL.
C. For all Home garden vogetsblos use crop coda 024.
DESIRABLE 3. LAST CROP - List NAME and CROP CODE of crop grown prior to sampling. If space is left blank, we will
INFORMATION assume no previous crop was grown.
We can make better 4. MST LIMED - Tons par acro, year and month of last lime application, if made in the last your,
suggestions if we 6. SECOND CROP TO BE GROWN - List IyAME and CROP CODE of the crop which will follow 5 above, This will
have this information, enable us to make suggestions for this crop assuming that the field is treated as suggested the first year. List
second crop here even though It Is to be grown the soma year as 5 above.
EXAMPLE
2
3
4
5
1&
LAB
NUMBER
(Leave
Blankl
YOUR
SAMPLE
NUMBER
LAST CROP
(Crop grown last year
or other use)
CROP
CODE
Limed Applied
Within Past Year
NEXT CROP
(Son discussion No. 5
reverse side of form)
CROP
CODE
SECOND CROP
(Following your.-.Soe
I reverse side)
CROP
CODE
T/A
I YR.
I MO.
Z
Corn silage
001
1
84
9
Oats
004
Soybeans
010
Z
L/Wht CI -grass E 1
049
134
9
L/Wht cl-grass M
050
L/Wht Cf-grass M 1050
CROP CODE
CROP CODE
CROP CODE
CROP CODE
CROP CODE
000 No Crop
098 Potato, Irish
X•Mas Troes/Nursory
QMmofelill HoEt CrqRs
099 Potato, Sweet
Orchoob/Fruh & Nut
Field Cron
036 Ln-ouNSeed Beds
Use 024 tot Garden Vegetables
100 Radish
130 Apple E^
001 Corn. Grain
037 FlrlN Spruce, Hemlock
070 Asparagus, E
101 Rope, cola crops
131 Apple M
002 Corn, Silage
038 PlnetWhila, Virginia
071 Asparagus, M
102 Rasp-Blackborry E
138 Peach E
003 Cotton
039 Blue Spruce/Red Cedar
072 Goon/Bush Pan
103 Rasp-Blackborry M
139 Peach M
004 Small Grain (Wheat,
073 Bean, pole
104 Rhubarb
140 Pecan, E
oats, rye, barley)
FaraaelP_astuze
074 Beats
105 Rutabaga
141 Paean, M
005 Millet, Pearl
040 Alfalfa, E
075 Blueberry, E
106 Spinach
006 Milo (Grain Sorghum)
041 Alfalfa, M
076 Blueberry, M
107 Squash -Pumpkin
Foresla TreeslSeed
007 Peanut
042 Bahtagrass
077 Broccoli
108 Strawberry, E
133 Hardwood, E
008 RICO
043 Bermuda hay/pasture, E
078 Brussel Sprouts
109 Strawberry, M
134 Hardwood, M
009 Sorghum, Syrup
044 Bermuda hay/pasture, M
079 Cabbage
110 Tomato, field
137 Nursery, Fine
010 Soybeans
047 Bluegrass pasture
080 Cantaloupe
111 Tomato, greenhouse
142 Pine. E
011 Sunflower
048 Bluegrass -White clover
081 Carrots
112 Tomato, trellis, CP
143 Pine, M
012 Tobacco, burloy
049 L/Wht clover -gross, E
082 Cauliflower
113 Tomato, trellis. Mt
144 Hardwood, Seed
013 Tobacco, flue -cured
050 L/Whl clover -grass, M
083 Collards
114 Truck Vegetables
145 Flr/Spruce, Seed
D14 Tobacco, plant bad
051 R, Clover -grass, E
084 Corn, Sweet
115 Turnip
146 Pine, Seed
062 R. Clover -grass, M
085 Cucumbers
116 Watermelon
Lawn, Gard on, OrIjjMjnj
053 Pura clovers
086 Cucumber, trellis
117 Bean&, time
020 Azalea
064 Foscue-Orch grasslnmothy E
087 Eggplant
021 Camellia
055 Fescue-Orch grasOlmothy M
088 Grape, E
Comm NurgLEfowar
Fine Tura
022 Centipede
056 Legumes, Miscellaneous
089 Grape, M
12D Dahlia
150 Fairway/Athletic
023 Gordon, Flower
057 Lespedeza
090 Kai@
121 Gladiolus
Turf
024 Gordon, Vegetable
05B Sudangrass
091 Lettuce
122 Greenhouse
151 Tao, Turf
025 Lourol, Mountain
059 Sudan -sorghum posture
092 Mustard
123 Gysophlla
152 Groan, Turf
026 Lawn
060 Sudan sorghum silago
093 Okra
124 Flower, bulbs
027 Rhododendron
094 Onion
125 Flower, roots
028 Rose
095 Pea, Southern
126 Nuts. container
029 Shrubbery
096 Popper
132 Rhado/Nety. orrl
03D Berries, fruit & nuts
097 Plant Bad, Vag.
136 Nurarees
031 Treo,shade
E - establishment
CP - Coastal Plain
M - maintenance Mt - Mountain
' ABOUT YOUR SOIL SAMPLES
Are they representative? A sail TEST is only as GOOD as The soil SAMPLESI Area of 10 acres or less —No major soil difforencas--Same
treatment history —Use good tools (iron ar stainless stool). -Take 'am dry —Right depth (0-8' for plowed soils, 0.4' for sod)
—No fertilizer
bands —No corners or end turn areas-20 or more cores (collected and mixed in a clean plastic
bucket)—Subsampled
and numbered ---
Sufficient information supplied. PLEASE DO NOT PUT SOIL IN PLASTIC BAGS

I
I
I
I
I
I OE
N�� r
EXhibit 9
S
ite
-agement,
Biolqgical and ASricultural Enyine'Ciins".
North Carolina State Linjuersity
LIVES70CY. VASTZ SA"LINC,' ANALTSIS &ND CLLCULATIoN
LL" -AYFU"TIOU &ATES
3Arkarw
1. SAIQLE: COLLECTION 1 '.' ;' .. I....
A. S6mi-Solid Loc h4nurd
1. Scraped dircccly from.-loc inco spreadar
A. From loadad:'sprcader, collacc abouc 2 lbs of manurc from—
differanr.�J��adions- uiLng. normccallic -C'ollaccorz.
U. From scorage
a. Colltcc abour.',2 .1bs'-,of..,=Anura from under chcL surfaca crusc
avoiding baddLng.maca.riaLs and uzin6rnorlmiacallLc C0114ccors.
B. Uquid Kanurn Slurry
a. Excand a. 1/2'�,norvqq�C4�lic'�(,;.or�duLc. Gp!�n an boch diids Lnco
manurc cc, pic':f
b. Sail u1pp4r an�'-a"C.canduic S. by placing a chumb over and
of conduic) crapping mAnure 'char. has sncored lower and, r4move
and 4mpq slurry.inco, pl"cic buckac or norimacalltc cancaInar.
c. Take iubsazq�41 f:qm;,5 �.qp,..mora jocarjons -or ac 14asc I quarc.
d. dix and add abouc 3 Concainar.
U. Excarior scorag�,bazin or-cank'
a UquLd manure
pump or,propaller agizacor.
b. Tak4 subsimpLes Erom abouc 5 pLC locacLons. from ag�cazoc pump
or frorm maru.-a spc�aaddr and P.14CCI PLISCiC bUCkQC.
Frofezzo; And Excenston SqecLalisr, Btolqgical and.. Agr' Cul curl I EOS'-'-Ic4CLn9
Deparcz4nc, Nocth CArolLna C n ersicy,' Rate L'&h, NX.
0

ATTACHMENT B
Z of 3
c. HIx and add 3/4 pint to a nonmacal.lLc sample concainar.
Ugoon
C, Uquid.
L. Collacc abo"c 3/4 PLnC of rac ycl 4d*lxSoon 11quLd fiom tnfLov pLpa
co flush canks In a noruziacallLc.-jamplc conrainer.
1%
ii. From lagoon
a. Plact '46CC16.
A Small (1/2 Pinc Or less) on end of LO -15' pole',—
b. Zxcend borcla 10-15 avay from bank edge.
c, Brush avay floAcLng 1 cum cc debris.
d. Submerge bor-cla vichin V of liquLd zurface.
c. F-mpty inco a ylascic buck cc;. rlipear' about 5 times around
lagoon, mL%,.,.and add 3/4-pinc to norunctallLe sample concaLner.
0. Bro'Llar or Turkey U��c�— -
L. House ltccrr
a. Visually Lnspecc licrcr,for areas of -varying qu alicy, c.g..
arais acound,'Zeidais-'artd,wacerers. and 4srimare. percent of
floor 5urface in each
b. Taka abouc 5 liccar subsamplas ar. locations proporcionace zo
E.S.,*Lf 201 of ltttar 0 f '31milar 'visual quality L5
around feeders and.watcrers.-cake 1-subsample chcre and the
other 4 subsamp ram ; eq.'�:A inde r.- of 'f l'oor surface.
c. Ac ejLch locaclon, coll*cr. liccar from a 60 by 6" area down co
carth floor and' p Lac a:,..In Las cic 'bucke c.
d. Aff:4r -5. 3Ub3AMP143 � have_b4ow-add4d. to. the burkac, mix, and.,ado,..
about -2.3 lbs jLccar-co a nonmecallic 3Ample conCainer. such as_
i -I 6 1,
From-scockpil,
a. Take subsamplas from Abouc',5, locations at Icasr. 18" Inco p1le.
b. hLx, a4d 2 -3 -:lbs co nonmecaLlic sample, concainer and seal.

I
I
I
I
jVf1:At.H1MLtVL-
of 3
11. SA12LE MPAlUTIOU AND MWSFEX
X. ?lace sample Into an dxp4nd.&blo conrainer that can be scaled. Rinso
residues from concAincr.wlch cleAn'-wacer but do nor u-sc disInfeccancs.-
soAp3, or crcac.in any ocher wAy.
B. PAck i"ple Ln ice . rcfrLS4raca, fro a zo, o . r crAnsfar co Lab quIckly.
C. H&.nd-dslLvcr-f 1i most reliable way�-of sample rrarL3fer.
D. IZ m41lad, prococc sample container wich packing macarial such as
newspaper, boX or packA&c w1ch'wrapping paper, And cap6.
E. Commercial sample containers and m,&Ucrj Arc also available. Concaccs:
I. AAL taicern AgrLculcurai L4b, Inc. ILL. Polyfoam Facirari Corp.
7621 VhLccpino Xcad 2320 S. Foster Avenue
Richmond, VA 23237 Uhtcling, IL 60090
Fh: [phone] Fh:-' [phone]
0
11,
Flihtr 1cloncIlIc Co, iv. HASCO
3315 Vinton ?,cad 901 Janesville Avenue
RAlaigh. NC 27604 Fort AckLnson, WI 53538
Ph: [phone] Ph: [phone]
F. f1rivace analycical labs Are avallable. buc sample analyses are coscly.
G. The
NCDA provides, this s.arvica for North Carolina r4sLdencs.
I. Address:
NCDA _kV,";
Plant, Waste, & Tissue -Lab oy�t'(�
/'5A
4300 Reedy Creek Road
Raleigh, N.C. 27607
Ph. (919) 7j3-2655
U.
Forvard �4 along wich the sample,
III.
Include the' -following. Idancification jrLformAcion. with sampI4.
a. Uvescock spoackes (dairy,' swine, curk4y. are.)
b, Livescock usap. (svine-nurs'ary, ftnishing; curksy-br44ders.
broodachouse... grower, number flocks Srovn on ILCC4C; 6CC-).
c. Wasce VP4 (dai.,v-joc sc-.aptd manure, liquid slurry: swine-pic
slu:rj. la5oor, .51�;dZt; broiler -house liz:-:cr, scockpile
iv.
4
Rouctne analys a:% all sanplcs. N' F, X, C -L . Ms
S. Fe, ��n' Zn. Cu. B
v.
Addicional analyses perforned upon request: Dh, ho, Cd. H L. ?b
0

1
1
1
1
1
u
U
7
tuCC
hU)
>. Z
m Q r)
to
CIA a N
0 7-
C> Z
rG ILI ,.v.
immix .�
ca•w�i
�c
Dtstrilmlod In furthoranco
of the Acts of Congress
of May 9 and Juno 30, 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities are offorod to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sox, ago, or disability. North
Carolina State University,
North Carolina Ad,T Stato
University, U.S. Doportmont
of Agdcuiture, and local
govarnmonts cooperating.
SoijFacts
Waste Analysis
Agricultural, industrial, municipal, and yard wastes can be valuable to farmers
---provided they are properly managed. Waste analysis is an inaporlatnt key to
proper managcmeut. Jay determining the amount of nutrients and potentially
harmful elements fn the waste, and by determining the product's liming
characteristics, growers and other potential users of these materials can make
informed decisions about their application. From both an economic and an
environmental standpoint, this information benefits all North Carolinians.
This fact sheet will clarify the importance of waste analysis and describe the
procedures for taking reliable samples and submitting their to the Waste Advisory
Section at theAgroriomic Division of the North Carolina Department of
Agricullure (NCDA).
Why Waste Analysis?
Waste products must be used or disposed of
with environmentally sound management
practices in order to prevent damage to our
natural resources. Farms, food-proccssing
plants, textile manufacturers, pharmaceutical
companies, wood and paper producers, and
municipa lilies all generate a variety of waste
products--thc disposal of which must be
managed somewhat differently depending
upon the source and the intended use. Most
waste must undergo some form of processing
before it can be applied to the land.
As landfill space becomes increasingly
limited, waste producers arc being forced to
sock alternative disposal silos or potential
recycling opportunities. Land application is
one of the safest and most common altcrua-
tives-•—provided that best management
practices (BMPs) are followed. Waste
products are generally applied to the land
because they contain nutrients or liming
materials beneficial to plant growth. Waste
analysis is the most accurate and efficient
way to measure the nutrient or limo value of
different waste products. Because the amount
of these beneficial components can vary
among waste products, laboratory analysis
lots the producer know the proper amount of
the waste material to apply to meet the
specific plant needs for cash site. Wlicn
111a11a6Gueut decisions are made without
waste -analysis information, even well-
intcationed users can reduce plant growth and
yields or endanger the environment.
Composting call reduce volume, improve
uniformity, and sometimes alter the nutrient
availability of waste products. Because of
this, samples from the final material that will
be applied must be analyzed.
Nutrient concentrations vary in most
organic waste products. Table 1, for example,
depicts the wide range in nutrients from
animal wastes analyzed by the NCDA
Agronomic Division. Note that the maximum
and minimum values for nitrogen, phosphate,
and potash differ by more than 100-fold.
These numbers should send a clear massage
-;'
Marti Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
r" �,�� •�.•
Col.[.tME OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES ,

1
SoilFads
'J
Table 1. Variations in poultry and swine manure nutrient levels.
Mlnlmum Maximum Avorago
Poultry, broiler house pounds per ton
Nitrogen 4 137 72
Phosphate 21 146 78
' Potash 12 78 46
Swine, liquid lagoon pounds per 1,000 gallons
Nitrogen 2 345 136.
' Phosphate 1 197 -�53 ,
Potash 5 369. 133
to waste users and environmental . A good analytical scrvicc should
policymakcrs: average nutrient always dctermtinc the concentrations
estimates are not adequate guides for of essential plant nutrients, including
the safe and efficient use of waste nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
materials. potassium (IC), calcium (Ca),
Waste users who fail to test each magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron
waste material are faced with a (Fc), manganese (Mil), tine (Zit),
number of questions they simply copper (Cu), and boron (B). Annly-
cannot answer. Are they supplying scs of certain municipal and indus-
plants with adcquatc nutrients? Arc trial wastes should also include tests
they building up excess nutrients that for heavy metals like nickel (M),
may ultimately move to streams or cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), as well
groundwater? Arc they changing the as elements such as sodium (Na) and
soil pH to levels that will not support chlorine (CI). The neutralizing value
plant production? Arc they applying; (calcium carbonate equivalent, CCG)
heavy metals at levels that may be of linic-stabilized products or
toxic to plants and permancntly alter materials suspected of having liming
soil productivity? characteristics should also be
Because environmental damage determined. '
and losses in plant yield and quality
often happen before visible plant Saxnpling Procedures
symptoms, growers and other users
should always have their wastes Proper sampling is tits key to reliable
analyzed by a competent laboratory waste analysis. Although laboratory
and their application rates determined procedures arc extremely accurate,
by a knowledgeable agronomist. they have little value if the samples
fail to rcprescnl the waste product.
The importance of careful sampling
becomes clear when one recognizes
that laboratory determinations arc
made on a portion of the sample
submitted that's as little as 0.02
pounds (1 grant) for solid materials
or less than a tablespoon (10
milliliters) for liquid materials.
Waste samples submitted to a
laboratory should rcprescnl the
average composition of (lie material
Waste Analysis Services
The Waste Advisory Section of the
NCDA Agronomic Division ana-
lyzes wastes, interprets analytical
results, and provides management
recommendations for citizens of
.North Carolina, The fee is $4.00 per
sample. Private laboratories also
offer sonic of these services and their
fees vary.
that will be applied to the field. r
Rcliablc samples typically consist of
Material collccted front a number of
10=6011s. Precise sampling methods
vary according to the type of waste.
Ideally, growers should not base
application rates on laboratory lest
results from previous years because
nutrient concentrations can change
significaiilly, particularly when the
waste has been exposed to tltc
environment. For cxaniplc, nutrient
levels in an anaerobic lagoon can be
influenced by rainfall. Stockpiled
Mier or other wastes ntay also
change significantly if left unpro-
tected. Municipal and industrial
wastes also vary as production
demands alter inputs and processing.
Liquid Wasles
Liquid waste samples submitted for
analysis should nice( (lie following
requirements.
X Place samtplc in a scaled plastic
container with about a onC-quart
volume. Glass is not suitable because
it is breakable and may contain
contaminants.
■ Leave one inch of air space in
the plastic container to allow for
expansion caused by the release of
gas from the waste material.
■ Refrigerate samples that cannot
be shipped on the day they arc
collected; this will tttinimizc
chemical reactions and pressure
buildup from gases.
Ideally, some liquid wastes
should be sampled after they arc
thoroughly mixed. Because this is
sornctitttcs impractical, samplcs call
also be. taken in accordance with the
suggestions that follow.
LAGOON LIQUID: Premixing the
surface liquid in the lagoon is not
needed, provided it is the only
component that is being pumped.
Growers Willi two -stage systems
should draw samples from the
lagoon they intend to pump.

Samples should be collected ,
using a plastic container similar to 1he
one showii iii Figure 1. One pint of'
matcrial should be taken fruni;Ll l(NINE
eight sitcsaround the Lagoon and then
mixed in a plastic container. Waste
should be collected at leasi six fact
from the edge or ilia lagoon at a dcp1h
of about a foot. Shallower samples
from anaerobic Jagouns may be less
reprcsentatiYe than deep samples
because oxygen transfer near 1he
surface someLinics alters [lie chemis-
try of the soluiion. Floating debris
and scum should be ;tvoidcd.
otic quart or mixed material
should be sent to the laboratory.
Galvanized containcTs should never
be used for collection, mixing, or
storage due to Ilic risk of coulamina-
(ion from nictals like z1ac in dir,
container.
LIQUID SLUIUM Wasic materials
applied �s a slurry from a pit or
storagu basin should be mixed prior
to sampling. Waste shou ld be
collected from upproximately eight
areas around ffic pit or basin and
mixed thoroughly in a plastic
container. Figure 2 shows a useful
collecting device. An 8- to 10-fout
SCCL1011 of 0.5- to 0.75 -inch pfa5tic
pipe can also be used: the pipe
should be extended into the pit, and
the thumb pressed over the end to
form -,in air lock; ilia pipe is thcn
MITIOVed fr0n) file WaSLe, and the air
lock is released to deposii the waste
in a container.
For analysis, the laboratory
requires one cluart of material in a
plastic coniainer. The sample shoulcr
not be rinsed into the container
because doing so dilutes [lie mixture
and distorts nutrient evaluations,
However, if water is typically added
to ilic waste prior to land application,
a proportionate quanlity of water
should be added to ilia sailiple.
Solid Wastes
Solid waste samp lQs s liou ld reprcsco t
the average nioi5turc content of the
waste.
Wooden pole (10 few)
Plastic containor (5
gallons)
-Plastic cup
Figure 1. Liquid waste sampling device.
PVC pipe ,
(2 inchois diameter,
6 feet long)
Rubber ball
(2Y2 inces diameter)
Figure 2. Slurry sampling device.
A one -quart sample is required
for analysis. Samples z;hould be
taken from approximately eight
different areas W 1110 waste, placed iii
a plastic container, and thoroughly
mixod, Approximately one quart of
Clean-cut dowal
(1 inch diameter
PVC pipe)
Plastic container
(5 gallons)
E
ilia mixed sample should be placed
in a plastic bag, scaled, and shipped
directly to Elie laboratory, Samples
stored for morc thaii two days sliould
be refrigerated. Figure 3 shows a
devict; for sampliog solid wa5te.

1
1
1
1
1
POULTRY IN-HOUSE MANURE
SAMPLING: Nutrient conccntratiou
varies widely in poultry litter --both
from house to house and wilhin cacti
house. If wasic is to be applied by
house, each one should be santplcd
separately.
Waste samples should be
collected from G to 12 locations in
the house. Each sample should
extend from the top to the bottom of
the accumulatcd waste. Samples
taken around waterers, feeders, and
brooders should be proportionate to
the space these areas occupy in the
house. The collected material should
be combined in a plastic container
and mixed thoroughly. The one -
quart laboratory sample should be
taken from this mixture.
POULTRY BELOW -HOUSE
MANURE SAMPLING: In a high-
rise system, manure is deposited
below the poultry house. If the
system is properly managCd, the
manure should be fairly uniform in
moisture and appcaranev.
Approximately eight satuplcs
should be collected throughout the
storage arcs. If manure ill ecrtaiu
areas differs in appearance, take
samples proporiionatc to the size and
number of Ili= areas. For example,
if 10 percent of the manure differs
from the. bulk pile, llicti 10 percent
of the total sample should be taken
from this area. The collected
material should be combined in a
plastic container and mixed thor-
oughly. Tltc one -quart laboratory
sample should be taken from this
mixture, placed in a plastic bag,
sealed, and shipped to the laboratory
for analysis. If Il►c sample can not be
shipped within one day of sampling,
it should -be refrigerated.
STOCIVILED LITTER: Ideally,
stockpiled waste should be stored
tinder cover on an impervious
surface. The weathered exterior of
uncovered waste may not accurately
represent the majority of the matc-
rial. Rainfall generally moves walcr-
Waste Analysis
Dowel
Metal rod Clean -out dowel
(broomstick)
/ 3 feet
Plastic'container
(5 gallons)
Thin -walled metal
tubing
(I inch diameter)
Figure 3. Solid waste sampling device
soluble nutrients down into (lie pile.
If an unprotected stockpile is used
over all extended period, it should be
sampled before cacti application.
Stockpiled waste should be
sampled at a dcptlt;of at least 18
inches at- six or more locations.,111e
collected material should be com-
bincd in a plastic container and
mixed thoroughly. The onc-quart
laboratory sample should be taken
from this mixture; placed in a plastic
bag, scaled, nad-shippcd to the
laboratory.for analysis. If the samplc
cannot be shipped wilhiu two days of
sampling, it should be refrigerated.
SURFAC&SCItAPED WASTE:
Surface -scraped and piled materials
should,bo trcatcd`llkc stockpiled
waste. Follow the satnc procedures
for taking samples. Ideally, surface -
scraped materials should be pro-
tcelcd from (lie weather unless they
are used immediately.
COMPOSTED WMTE: Ideally,
composted.4wasto'shouid-be stored -
undcr cover oil an:impervious
surfacc.'Although'nutrients are
somewhat stabilixed'in those
materials, sonic nutrients can leach
out during rains. When compostcd
waste is left unprotected, samples
should be submitted to the laboratory
each time the material is applied.
Sampling procedures Iltc same as
those described for stockpiled waste.
Understanding the Waste
Analysis Report
Samples submitted to the NCDA
A8ronouiic Division will be ana-
lyzcd and the sender will receive a
report that lists the concentration of
cacti plant nutrient and several
potentially harmftiI elements.
Specific concentrations of nutricnts
and other elements are reported on a
dry -weight basis for solid wastes;
results for liquid wastes arc reported
of a volume basis.
The most useful information is
nutrients available for the first crop.
'nccsc-lcvcls arc predicted oil an as -is
or wct:basis. Nutrient availability is
predicted by'ostimaling the nutrient
release rate from the waste and a
nuirictit loss -for a specific applica-
lion•mclllod.

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Nutricnis listed in [lie report as
,.available for (hr. first crop" should
be used in determining Elio actual
application rate to meet a specific
plant nuIricnt requirement. For the
availability prcdiction to be reliable,
growers must have properJy idcnii-
ficd the type of waste and Ilic
application method on (lie informa-
tion shect submitted to the laboratory.
For waste materials suspected of
containing liming materials, such as,
stack dust or lime -stabilized waste, a
calcium-carbonair- equivalent (CCE)
determination should be requested.
These materials arc reported on a dry -
weight basis for solid and scmi-solid
materials and on a volume basis for
I iqu ids. Mic CCL can be used to
compare Waste materials to agricul-
tural lime for effectiveness in
neutralizing soil acidity. 'no agricul-
iural lime equivalent (ALE) is also
calculated on a wot basis. 'niis
iadkatcs [lie anioU111 Of the Waste
product that must be applied to have
the same liming potential as one from
agricultural lime with 90170 CCE.
Monitoring and Record
Keeping,
Growers who use waste materials as
fertilizer or a source of lime should
maintain records of the analytical
results, application rates, and soil
tests for each application site.
Growers are also advised to take
Waste Analysis
plant samples to evaluate their
nutrient management program,
identify corrcc(ive actions for current
crops, and plan improvements for
future crops.
Owncrs of waste application sites
may also wish to sample surface and
groundwater supplies once a year to
confirm that nutrient-managcment
programs are not adversely affecting
the environment. Where waste
products have been applied regularly
for 4 number of years, growers
should also monitor the buildup of
metals [ha[ can affect long-term soil
productivity, particularly zinc and
copper. For municipal and industrial
waste SitC5, nickel, c:admium, lead,
and sodium should also be monitored.

SoilFads
Prepared by
J. J� zuble/ju,
Associate Slate I-Irograln Leader AMRICRD, North Carolina Cooperative &lcnsion Service, NCSU
C ftay Campkil,
Section Chief, 111untlWasiclSolution Advisory, Agmionsic Division, NCDA
JO,000 copies ofthisp4iblic documentwereprinted at a cosi of $1,350, or SJ35per copy.
Publishod by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
6/95�-10M—JMG-250372 AG -439-33

I
Circle the type of samples submitted
GROWER INFORHA-1710N
..JMil r
!:7
j n
ATU
7
Y., 5K
k -4
-p
PATMEKr' -0
--rX, �ii�
A a�
Farm M. Sampled BT-, _
Lab Nam Sample Waste
ItAu-) ID Code
Date;
Sample Description
Waste Amalysis Information Sheet
Waste Advisory Section
Agronomic Division
N.C. Dept. of Agriculture
4300 Reedy Creek Rd.
Raleigh, NC 27607-6465
UDMONAL CMES
MOft., a V,
e
A ropy of this report will bcsenr to Lhe Cooperative Extension Office. Please indica:e additional copies requested.
Application Corresponding Sample ID
Methods soil Plant Solution
Comments Lab Use
L 4
'Ak-
hicAmbs ME
Sample T)rpe - Predictive is for a routine check of nutrient content plus interpretation and general rccornmendations.
ER
Waste broadcast on soil surfaccand left
- Diapmflc Is for special aulstance in solving suspected nutritional problems. Specific interpretation and recommendations are provided.
uncovered for one week at loager.
Grower Information - Print telephone (mufl be Included for electronic data aoccss� came, mailin g address. county (sample origination) and (cc Information.
SI
Waste broadcast on soil surface and
Form W - Farm indtatification or location (Tko more than 16 Icuers).
plowed or diskcd into soil within
Samplit ID - Sample identification (no more than 4 digits or lcttcrs� T'he same ID shovid appear an sample containers.
two days.
Waste Code - ldcaffy type of waste using codes (see back of information sbcct�
IN
Waste injected directly into the soil and
Sample Mscriptlon - Additional descriptive Information sbould be provided It a specific waste code i3 not identificd.
covered immediately.
Application Methods - select one or two application methods for estimation of nutrient availability.
IR
Wage applied through irrigation system
Cormponding Sample ID - Lilt the Ilys of matching 3oil. plant, and solution samples submitted.
and left UnCOVCFcd for one week
Comments - Additional informatiocL Brief statement of problem or purpose in sampling (mustibc provided for diagnostic samples).
or lotiger.
-TY z
ffzfli
�F:
a —11. 1,
-1
*---L�
�;TN
�7-
a
ITPR
tia-,
VV
W7.3 4;
t
­M'A
—1,
u.
3'p—H
V.
nalt
7L.:
r
I
A
. t L.
I .! r
L 4
'Ak-
hicAmbs ME
Sample T)rpe - Predictive is for a routine check of nutrient content plus interpretation and general rccornmendations.
ER
Waste broadcast on soil surfaccand left
- Diapmflc Is for special aulstance in solving suspected nutritional problems. Specific interpretation and recommendations are provided.
uncovered for one week at loager.
Grower Information - Print telephone (mufl be Included for electronic data aoccss� came, mailin g address. county (sample origination) and (cc Information.
SI
Waste broadcast on soil surface and
Form W - Farm indtatification or location (Tko more than 16 Icuers).
plowed or diskcd into soil within
Samplit ID - Sample identification (no more than 4 digits or lcttcrs� T'he same ID shovid appear an sample containers.
two days.
Waste Code - ldcaffy type of waste using codes (see back of information sbcct�
IN
Waste injected directly into the soil and
Sample Mscriptlon - Additional descriptive Information sbould be provided It a specific waste code i3 not identificd.
covered immediately.
Application Methods - select one or two application methods for estimation of nutrient availability.
IR
Wage applied through irrigation system
Cormponding Sample ID - Lilt the Ilys of matching 3oil. plant, and solution samples submitted.
and left UnCOVCFcd for one week
Comments - Additional informatiocL Brief statement of problem or purpose in sampling (mustibc provided for diagnostic samples).
or lotiger.

End Exhibit 9
ulloo. As with so' testing; the anaiy&at resalts from waste materi0i axe no 16etic " r ihan,
I�Vesy effort shou d be ma c to ensure sampics &r limsentati4e of the'
waitcmateriaibci�
SURFACE SCRAPED MANURES
After manure has. beta pilid. collict a rep!escatative sample from several locations. Place In
a plastic bucket and mix thoroughly. Place approximately I quart of material in a clean bag
and mail in a suitable container to the laboratory.
POULTRY LrrI`ER
Stockpifed. Collcct representative Core samples At least 18 inches deep from several
locations an the pile. Mix samples thoroughly In a plastic bucket. Place approximately I
quart of matcii2l in a clean plastic bag and mail in a suitable container to the laboratory,
in -House. inspect house and estimate percentage of noor space utilized in different
actilvhles (fecding. watering. etc.). Take cafe sections of litter in these areas to represent the
proportionate make-up of the house. Mix samples thoroughly in a plastic bucket. Place
approximately I quart of material In a clean plastic big and mail in a suitable container to
the laboratory-
Z—
We'a lingth of 1/2'.conduit or similar device to colle��t'lh-c samplc�
Vvii't6& C�� oi t1je j�ondUjt'op;Cjj.r- extend ij ji�t6
�r , ­,, l;. i ' — 'I,".--,-,,
ove the care sample. Do t is at no less tha"n' 5 locations
0�
M stely I oft6jki�r,&, In "irClean
Aftcimkingthesa picsmixtharoug y&ndscndspptoxiz6 pint
ptastle container to the laboratory.
Exterior Sloroge Basin: After the slurry has been well mixed. take samples from
approxvisately five locations in the pit. Place material in a plastic bucket and mix thatoughly.
Send approximately I pint of slurry to the laboratory in a clean plastic container.
LIQUID LAGOON
Construct a 10-15 foot pole with a 112 pint container attached to one end. Use this to collcct
liquid from at least five representative locations in the lagoon. Always take the sample
approximately 10 ft. from the edge of the lagoon and one foot under surface. Do not include
floating scum or debris. Mix thoroughly and send approximately I pint of liquid in a clean
plastic container to the laboratory.
SAmPLE FEE: A sample fee of $4.00 per sample is cbarged for waste analysis
20,0W wp�a of Oa pArk d�==gxt — pifta .1 a to d -M .9 3497," � SO -03 5
LIM JXICIPAL ASTE.. ODIES��-
Surfati Senisedt..
Liquid Maiure Slurry
Aerobic Liquid,
M . ucicipal.'
Industrial Pharimic e utical
SSD D
LSD
Dairy
AES Swhic
MWR
Ra -W
P"i -
Ri",
SSH
LS8
Ikef
Alro oib�r
MAE
Aerobic
ORA
Aiobii-
SSS Swim
LSV
VC31
MAN
A"era6i,
Pfik
SSF, Piiul�y
�
Lss
si�iw
Aerobic Sludge.
MLS�
uttleSU6,
ilized
ikl-
'il rn�-CS�6bih�d
SSE Sh'-
a7- -
LSP
Poultry
MOX
C�i;� ib'x'- "'
(Ct)�
M X
SSG
SSH Hoiii
ISO
Other-
ASW SwEc'
Nicy
Id Yard Wist
PHC.
6�P`0'31C'd
SSO Othir6
�Mcs
6jji�j;-
Ansterabic I.Agoors Uquld
Composted Fariss. Waste
MWO
other -
Poultry House 1.1t ter.
ALD
E? . siry
FCD Datry
Industrial -� Textile
Industrial Stack Dust/Ash
HLB. Bioflii7..
ALE
Beef.
FCB Beef
TXk
Raw
SAR
I
HB3 Br*ilcr Breeder
ALV
ALS
VtaJ
Swine
FCH Higic
TAE
Aerobic
SAC
C omposted
ELT Tiirkiy
HLD biit
ALP
Poialtry
FCS Swine
FS.M Swine mom
TAN
A'a'aiibic
SAO
CpLhir�
HLO OihW
ALO
Other-
VC? Nlullify
TLS
Li Stabilixed
'r
Industrlal.m
Other
FPM Pc�u!iry Mort-
4bi
diem bi (6)
FCE Sh- I ,
P.
r
4
IOR
w
Poultry Stockpiled Litte"r
Anaerobic Lagoon Sludge
.
FCG Goat-:-
TXO
0,
i6k
;k"Ic
5LB Br6aci
ASD
Miry'
FCC 04 Residue
SLT Turkii,
A.SB
Beef
FCV Vegiiable
Industrial - Poultry.
jj�itl'i�iix"C-d
S= Dick
ASS
Swim
FCW Othir,
PLk
Raw
l6X
cwim� 6i'(dj
SLO Otber*
ASP
P&t:16y
Mi
Atiobic
fdC
6;;j6�6d-
ASO
otber,
Nov.-Composted Waste
PAN -
Acmbi�
too
C otji;ie,
NCR Cro'lkaidiic
p
I�Ls
Liii� Stabilized
.
NVR Wg�ubli Residue
PDX
C:hjCm' 0j
NBS Bark/Uwdiist
PCW
Indicate of waste under Comments
NCW Other* ,
PLO
otbil.
ulloo. As with so' testing; the anaiy&at resalts from waste materi0i axe no 16etic " r ihan,
I�Vesy effort shou d be ma c to ensure sampics &r limsentati4e of the'
waitcmateriaibci�
SURFACE SCRAPED MANURES
After manure has. beta pilid. collict a rep!escatative sample from several locations. Place In
a plastic bucket and mix thoroughly. Place approximately I quart of material in a clean bag
and mail in a suitable container to the laboratory.
POULTRY LrrI`ER
Stockpifed. Collcct representative Core samples At least 18 inches deep from several
locations an the pile. Mix samples thoroughly In a plastic bucket. Place approximately I
quart of matcii2l in a clean plastic bag and mail in a suitable container to the laboratory,
in -House. inspect house and estimate percentage of noor space utilized in different
actilvhles (fecding. watering. etc.). Take cafe sections of litter in these areas to represent the
proportionate make-up of the house. Mix samples thoroughly in a plastic bucket. Place
approximately I quart of material In a clean plastic big and mail in a suitable container to
the laboratory-
Z—
We'a lingth of 1/2'.conduit or similar device to colle��t'lh-c samplc�
Vvii't6& C�� oi t1je j�ondUjt'op;Cjj.r- extend ij ji�t6
�r , ­,, l;. i ' — 'I,".--,-,,
ove the care sample. Do t is at no less tha"n' 5 locations
0�
M stely I oft6jki�r,&, In "irClean
Aftcimkingthesa picsmixtharoug y&ndscndspptoxiz6 pint
ptastle container to the laboratory.
Exterior Sloroge Basin: After the slurry has been well mixed. take samples from
approxvisately five locations in the pit. Place material in a plastic bucket and mix thatoughly.
Send approximately I pint of slurry to the laboratory in a clean plastic container.
LIQUID LAGOON
Construct a 10-15 foot pole with a 112 pint container attached to one end. Use this to collcct
liquid from at least five representative locations in the lagoon. Always take the sample
approximately 10 ft. from the edge of the lagoon and one foot under surface. Do not include
floating scum or debris. Mix thoroughly and send approximately I pint of liquid in a clean
plastic container to the laboratory.
SAmPLE FEE: A sample fee of $4.00 per sample is cbarged for waste analysis
20,0W wp�a of Oa pArk d�==gxt — pifta .1 a to d -M .9 3497," � SO -03 5

Exhibit 10
Mortality Management Methods
(check which �nethod(s) are being implemented)
Burial three feet beneath the surface of the around within 24 hours after
a
knowledge of the death. - The burial must be at least 300 feet from any flowing
stream or public body of water.
Renderin- at a renderina plant licensed under G.S. 106-16S.7
Complete incineration
In the case of dead poultry only', placing in a disposal pit of a size and design
approved by the Department of Agriculture
Any method which in the professional opinion of the State Veterinarian would
make possible the salvage of 'art of a dead animal's value without endangering
p
human or animal health. (Written approval of the State Veterinarian must be
attached)
Rendering Company is:
Enterprixe Rendering Company
28821 Bethlehem Church Road
Oakboro, N.C. 28129
Ph 0 [phone]
IDecember 18, 1996

Farm Owner:
Exhibit 11
Lagoon Liquid Irrigation Field Records
Irrigafion Operator:
Field
No.
Date
Crop Field Irrigation Time Number of Sprinkler Nozzle
Type Size. Sprinklers
Start End Total Operating Diameter Pressure Flow Spacing.ft
acres mins Inch psi gpM width length
JCB/BAE/NCSU/7-93/2

Farm Owner
lame,
,ddress
'hone:
Lagoon Liquid Irrigation Records
Custom Applicator (if used)
:ield
No.
Date
Irrigation
Soo
Type
Crop
Type
Realistic
Yield, I
1b,bujon
per acre
Nutrient
Recommendations.
lbs/acre
N P 205 K20
Liquid Analysis
Plant Available Nutrients,
lbs/i000 gallons
N P205 K20 Zn Cu
Liquid NLArients Applied
Plant Available,
. lbs/acre
N P205 K20 Zn Cu
NLnrient Balance.
+ /-.
lbs/acre
N P205 K2 0 Zn Cu
volume
gals
area
acres
Totals
JCB/BAE/NCSU/7-93/1

sprinkler flow rate, gpm from manufacturers data sheet based on sprinkler operating pressure and nozzle diameter
irrigation volume, gallons no. of sprinklers operating x sprinkler flow.rate, gpm x irrigation time, mins
irrigation area, acres no. of sprinklers operating x sprinkler spacing width, ft x length, ft - 43560
liquid nutrients applied, lbs/ac liquid nutrient analysis, lbs/1000 gallons + 1000 x irrigation volume, gallons
irrigation area, acres
% x 83.5 lbs/1000 gallons
pprn x .00835 lbs/1000 gallons
lbs/1000 gallons x 27.154 lbs/acre-inch

EXAMPLE RECORD KEEPING FORM
FARM NAME:
OPERATOR IN CHARGE OR MANAGER:
TELEPHONE NUMBER OF FARM MANAGER:
CROP MAINTENANCE RECORDS
CROP BEING HARVESTED m' -PLANTING
GROWN CROPS -UNIT RATES, MS
PERACRE PERACRE
Q NEW -.4 117 a 4 a I [a go] I,

EXHIBIT D-2
TABLE 2 - Traveling Irrigation Gun Settings
0
Make, Nlodel and Type of Equipment:
Field Not Travel Application TPAVFLLANE
r rkd Speed Rate Errective EfTeclive
Hydrant No" ay.;.) Wid-,h (a) Lcng,.h (R)
EQUIPMENT SETTINGS
Wetted NOZZIC Operating Operating
Diameter Diameter Pressure Prtisure Arc
06:1) (inches) Gun (psi) Reel (psi) PznCM3 Comments
I See attached map.
2Show separate enUies for cach hydrant location in each field.
3Use the rollowing abbreviations for vafious arc paitcms: F (full circle), TQ (three quarters). TT (two Uiitds). H (half circle), T (one third), Q (one quarter).
May also use degrees of arc.
NRCS, NC
RJNE.1996

:orm SLUR -I Slurry and Sludge Application Field Record
For Recording Slurry Application Events on Different Fields
Farm Owner Facility Number
Spreader Operator
Tract 4 �Jrj Date Field Size Application # of Loads Volume of Loads 2
(mrniddtyr) Crop Type (acres) Method Per Field
I I I L (gallons)
I SI = soil incorporated (disked); BR = broadcast (surface applied)
2 Can be found in operatoes manual for the spreader. Contact a local dealer if you do not have your ownees manual

Form SLUR -2
Slurry and Sludge Application Field Record
One Form for Each Field Per Crop Cycle
End Exhibit 11
Tract #
Field Size (acres) = (A)
Farm Owner
Owners Address
Owners Phone #
Field #
Facility Number
Spreader Operator
Spreader Operators
Address
Operator's Phone #
Total Volume
(gallons)
'(2) x (3)
Volume Per Acre
(gal/ac)
(4) + (A)
Waste Analysis 2
PAN Ob/1000 gal)
PAN Applied
(lblac)
[(5) X �6)1 1.000
(11
j I
From Animal Waste Management Plan
Crop Type Recommended PAN
Loading (lb/acre) = (B)
(2) W (61 (61 (7) (81
Date
(mm/dd/yr)
# of Loads Per Field
I
Volume of Loads
Total Volume
(gallons)
'(2) x (3)
Volume Per Acre
(gal/ac)
(4) + (A)
Waste Analysis 2
PAN Ob/1000 gal)
PAN Applied
(lblac)
[(5) X �6)1 1.000
Nitr . ogen Balance 3
(lb/ac)
(13) - (7)
Owners Signature
Certified Operator (Print)
Crop Cycle Totals I
Operators Signature
Operator Certification #
Can be found in operator's manual for the Spreader. Contact a local dealer if you do not have your owner's manual.
See your animal waste management plan for sampling frequency. At a minimum. waste analysis Is required within 60 days of land application events.
Enter the value received by subtracting column (7) from (B). Continue subtracting column (7) from column (8) following each application event

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a dftu man
LU CC
ul
co
in
in
0 7-- Ir
;,-
0
UJ LLJ
Lu 0 CC (0
U14 I_Icl�
i5 �f -5 i E
LF rX
120
DIsUibuted In furtherance
at the Acts of Congress
of May 8 and June 30,1914.
Employment and program
opportuNflos are offered to
ail people fogardless of
raca. color, nallonal odgin,
&ex. age, or d1satfily, North
CaroUna State UnIvorsity.
North Caiclina A&T State
Unlyer3ity, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, and lorA
governments cooperating.
0
SoilFacts
Swine Manure as a
Fertilizer Source
Swine manure can be an excellent source of nuirients for crop production. The key
to proper management is determining the nutrient content of the manure, the
percentages of those nutrients that arc available to the plant, and the nutrient
requirements of 1he plant. Considered together, diese three factors will help you
apply the proper amount.
Nutrient Content of the Manure
Because the nutrient content of swine ma-
nurc varies among operations and over time,
the manure must be analyzed before you
apply it to the land. Waste samples can be
analyzed for $4.00 by contacting the North
Carolina Department of Agriculture
(NCDA), Agroaornic Division, Plant and
Waste Analysis Lab, P.O. Box 27647, Blue
Ridge Road Center, Raleigh, NC 27611.
Other qualified private laboratories are also
available (f�cs vary).
S.LMPICS collected for analysis should be
ruprcscni.Llivc of the pit or lagoon. If the
waste is to be applied as a slurry, the storagc
pit or basin should be agitated before sam-
pling. Collect approximately 3/4 of a pint of
material in an expandable container, being
sure to leave air space.
If you cannot have a sample analyzed,
determine the application rate by using the
average nutrient values for differ ent swine
manure systems shown in Table 1. Table 2
shows the average amounts of secondary and
Table 1. Nutrient Composition of Swine Manure
Manure Total Ammonium Phosphorus Potassium
Type N NH,- N P206 ­.' �0
IbAon
Fresh 12 7 9 :9
Scraped' 13 7 12 :,.9
lb/1.000 gallons
Liquid slurry' 31 19 22 17
Anaerobic
lagoon sludge 22 6 49 7
Anaerobic
lagoon liquid 136
lb/acre-inch
ill 53 .133
Source: Abridged from North Carolinaftricultural Chemicals Manual.
Collected within I week.
2Slx-1 2 monft accumulaflon of manure, urine, and excess water usage, does not include fresh. walerfor�',
flushlng or lot runoff.'
1A 'Alr -�, &T - V .0,
. F.P.;

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micronutdcnts present in swine Table..3. First -Year Availability Coefficients for Swine Manure
manures. These values can be used ry
as planning guidelines, as long as Manure Soil
you realize that they arc not as Type Injection' Incorporation' Broadcast' lrrigation4
accurate as a sample analysis.
P,O6 and IC,O availability coefficients
Nutrient Availabilities All manure types 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
The total nutrient content reported
on a manure analysis report (or the
levels shown in Tables 1 and 2) is
not immediately available to the
crops when the manure is applied.
Some elements are released when
the organic matter is decomposed by
soil microorganisms. Other elements
can combine with soil constituents
and be made unavailable. Nitrogen
may also be lost to the atmosphere
through volatilization or dcnitrifica-
tion, depending on the application
method and soil moisture levels.
Table 3 lists the proportion of
nutrients available for crop use
during the first year of application
for given application methods.
When determining the application
rate, refer to the availability coeffi-
cicnt for the appropriate application
method, and then multiply that
number by the corresponding nutri-
cnt value on the waste analysis
report (or by the values shown in
Tables 1 and 2). Waste analysis
reports from the NCDA's Agro-
nomic Division show the nutrient
availabilitics for the first crop.
The most recently applied waste
is not the only source of nutrients;
they are also available from previ-
ous applications of manures or from
N availability coefficient
Scraped
paved surface - 0.6 0.4. -
L squid
manure slurry 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3
Anaerobic
lagoon liquid 0.9 0.8 O.S. 0.5
Anaerobic
lagoon sludge 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
'Manure injected directly into soil and immediately covered.
'Surface -spread manure plowed or disked into soil within two days.
'Surface -spread manure uncovered for one month or longer.
'Sprinkler -irrigated liquid uncovered for one month or longer.
legumes crops. With the exception '
of nitrogen, updated soil tests are
the best means of determining
nutrient reserves from manure
applications. Table 4 can be used to
estimate available nitrogen carry-
over from legumes.
Application Rates
Land application rates of manure are
generally determined by matching
the available nitrogen or phosphorus
content of the wastes to the nutrient
requirements of the crops. in most
cases, nitrogen determines the
application rate unless the area is
designated "nutrient sensitive" and
indicates that phosphorus movement
r=:.Table,2. Secondary and Micronutrient Content of Swine Manures
off -site could contaminate surface
wafers. In areas not designated as
nutrient sensitive, phosphorus
movement can be adequately con-
trolled with conservation methods
that minimize soil and nutrient
runoff. The conservation methods
include grass field borders, grassed
waterways, contour planting, and
reduced tillage. Leaching of phos-
phorus is extremely limited on
mineral soils and should not contrib-
utc to groundwater contamination.
Nitrogen recommendations for
various crops are listed in Table 5.
Use these rates as guidelines with
the realistic yield capabilities for
each crop and Geld. With feed and
forage crops, excessive manure
,.ManureType Ca Mg S Na Fe Mn B Mo Zn Cu
lb/ton
'', Fresh 7.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 0.39 0.04 0.074 0.00066 Oat 0.029
Paved lot scraped 1.2.0 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.03 0.19 0,015 0.00007 0.35 0.15
lb11,000 gallons
Liquid slurry 8.6 2.9 4.7 3.7 0.69 0.15 0.069 0.0011 0.39 0.11
Lagoon sludge 15.8 4.5 6.3 2.9 1.8 0.28 0.023 0.0095 0.67 0.23
' lb/acre-Inch
;V Lagoon liquid 25.5 8.3 :' 10.0 :57.7 ' . 2.4 34 0.18 . 0.0045 :. 1.5 0.3 :
' """Source: Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, HCSU.

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Table 4. Estimated Residual Nitrogen Provided by a Good
Stand of Legumes Grown In Rotation
Legume Residual Nitrogen Available
(lb/dcre)
Affalfal 80-100
Harry vatchl 80-100
Crimson clover' 60-75
Austrian winter peal 50-60
SoybeLans' 15-30
Peanuts' 20-40
Wiled before Planting current spring crop.
'Legume planted In previous year or season, More nitrogenwill be availablo It the
'fall
-planted crop Immediately follows the legume. On sandy soils and In years with
normally high precipitation, less nitrogen will be available to spring-plantod crops.
.'Table 5. Nitrogen Fertilization Guidelines
I - ,
Commodity lb NIRYE1
Corn (grain) i.0 - 1.25 lb N/bu
Corn (silage) 10 - 20 ib N/ton
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...,.Cotton
Sorghum (grain)
Wheat (grain)
Rye (grain)
Barley (grain)
Triticale (grain)
Oats
Bermudagrass (hay'.3)
Tall fescue (hay*A)
Orchardgrass (hayu)
Small grain(hay2-3)
Sorghum-sudangrass (hay2,3)
0.06 - 0.12 lb NAb lint
2.0 - 2.'5 lb N/cwt
1.7 - 2.4 lb N/bu
1.7 - 2.4 lb Ntbu
1.4 - 1.6 lb N/bu
1.4 - 1.6 lb N/bu
1.0 - 1.3 lb N/bu
40 - 50 lb Nldry ton
40 - 50 lb N/dry ton
40 - 50 lb N/dry ton
50 - 60 lb N/dry ton
45 - 55 lb N/dry ton
45 - 55 lb N/dry ton
.:."Pine and hardwood treos4 40 lb'N/acrelyear
'RYE a Realistic Yleld Expectation
%nnual maintenance uld.ellnes
IReduce N rate by 25 percent when grazing
40n trees less than 5 fact tall, N will stimulate undergrowth competition
application can produce high nitrate
concentrations, which can harm
livestock (through nitrate poisoning)
and promote nutrient imbalances
that may lead to grass letany. If
loading rates arc based on phospho-
rus, apply the. amount suggested by
soil test recommendations. Other
nutrients such as potassium, magne.
sium, and the micronuLricnts manga-
nese, zinc, and copper may not be
supplied in sufficient quantities for
normal crop production. Tn such
cases, apply the supplemental
nutrients with a commercial ferti.
lizer as recommended by a current
soil test.
In addition to the supply of
nutrients, proper soil pH is required
to promote organic matter dccompo-
silion, inipro've crop yi . elds, and
ensure nutrient availability. 711C
biological conversion of organic
matter to nitrate is an acid-forming
process that will continue to reduce
soil pl-I unless you follow an adc-
quatc sampling and liming program.
To help you determine land
application rates, a workshect is
provided at the end of this publica-
tion.
Timing of Manure
Applications
In addition to carefully calculating
the application rate, you must also
minimize the delay between apply-
ing the manure and planting the
crop. Prccisc timing increases the
amount of nitrogen used by the crop
and ibus reduces leaching. The risk
or surface water and groundwater
contamination is greater in areas of
high rainfall and where manures arc
applied in the fall or winter for
spring crops. On sandy -textured
soils, apply manures at low rates
throughout the growing season,
wherever possible, to reduce nitro -
gel) Icaciling Caused by the soil's
low nutrient -holding capacity.
Excrcisc caulion when applying
lagoon liquid through irrigation onto
standing crops that are undergoing
stresses.
Acreage Requirements
for New Facilities
Whenever samples of manure or
lagoon liquid are available for
analysis, the specific results should
be used to determine application
rates and acr ' cage requirements.
However, when you arc planning
'new facilities, average values can
help determine the approximate
acreage requirements for a given
size swine operation. Table 6 can be
used to determine the minimum
acreage a new unit will need for
manure use,
An example will make these
methods clear. A producer is inter-
csted in starling a 500 -sow farrow-

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to -finish operation using an anacro-
bic: lagoon collection system. The
producer is considering -,praying the
lagoon liquid effluent on bcrmu-
dagrass being grown for hay. The
realistic yield cxpccled for this ficid
is 6 dry tons per acre. How many
acres of bermudagrass would be
needed?
. Using Table 5, the maximum
nitrogen (N) rate required is 300 lb
per acre (6 tons x 50 lb N/lon). Go
now to Table 6 under surface broad-
cast column 300, and you will find
Swinc Manure as a Fertilizer Source
that each sow would require 0.0867
acres to utilize its waste. A 500 -sow
operation would thus require 43.4
acres (0.0867 x 500 = 43.4).
Value of Manure
To compare the value of manure to
commercial fertilizer, convert the
manure nutrients to available nutri-
ents by using their availability
coefficients. In the example that
follows, the amount of available
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (PA), and
Potassium (KO) in cach inch of
lagoon liquid is approximately 68,
37, and 93 pounds per acre, respec-
lively. At $0,22.5 per pound of
nilrogen, $0.22 per pound of phos-
phatc, and $0.12 per pound of
potash, the manure's gross worth is
(68 x $.225) + (37 x S.22) +
(93 x S.12)
or
$15.30 + $8.14 + $11.16 = $34.60
per acre for each inch of lagoon
liquid.
Table 6. Minimum Amount of Land Needed to Apply Swine Manure as a Nitrogen Fertilizer
Based on the Nitrogen Rate Required by the Crop.
Soil Incorporated' Surface Broadcast2
Liquid Manure Slurry
Weanling -to -feeder per head
Feeder -to -finish per head
4 �, " IT -
:�k"Farrow -to -weanling per sow
­,­_
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
Farrow -to -finish per -saw.
Anaerobic Lagoon Sludge
Weanling-to4eeder per head
Feeder -to -finish per head
Firrow-to-weanling per sow
.,Farrow -to -feeder per sow
-''Farrow-to-finIsh per sow
'Ana'aroble Lagoon Liquid
Weanling -lo -feeder per head
Feeder -to -finish per head
Farrow -to -weanling per saw
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
Fatrow-to-finish per sow
0.031
0.015
0.010
0.0077
lb N/acretyeaO
0.0095
0.0063
0.0047
0.15
0.076
100
200
300
400
100
200
300
400
.'Manuro'Handflng
0.089
0.22
0.11
0.073
0.055
0.43
0.21
0.14
and Production Unit
0.26
0.13
Acres/animal unit
capacity
1.7
0.87
0.58
Paved Lot Scraped Manure
1.1
0.54
0.36
0.27
0.0019
0.0010
0.0006
0.0005
Weanling -to -feeder per head
0.025
0.012
0.0082
0.0062
0.0158
0.0074
0.0049
0.0037
Feeder -to -finish per head
0.12
0.061
0.041
0.030
0.073
0.036
0.024
0.018
Farrow -to -weanling per sow
0.29
0.14
0.095
0.071
0.17
0.085
0,057
0.043
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.34
0.17
0.11
0.086
0.21
0.10
0.069
0.051
Farrow -to -finish per sow
1.4
0.70
0.47
0.35
0.84
0.42
0.28
0.21
Liquid Manure Slurry
Weanling -to -feeder per head
Feeder -to -finish per head
4 �, " IT -
:�k"Farrow -to -weanling per sow
­,­_
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
Farrow -to -finish per -saw.
Anaerobic Lagoon Sludge
Weanling-to4eeder per head
Feeder -to -finish per head
Firrow-to-weanling per sow
.,Farrow -to -feeder per sow
-''Farrow-to-finIsh per sow
'Ana'aroble Lagoon Liquid
Weanling -lo -feeder per head
Feeder -to -finish per head
Farrow -to -weanling per saw
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
Fatrow-to-finish per sow
0.031
0.015
0.010
0.0077
0.019�
0.0095
0.0063
0.0047
0.15
0.076
0.051
0.038
0.094
-0.0470
0.031
0.023
0.36
0.18 ,
0.12
0.089
0.22
0.11
0.073
0.055
0.43
0.21
0.14
0.11
0.26
0.13
0.088
0.066
1.7
0.87
0.58
0.44
1.1
0.54
0.36
0.27
0.0019
0.0010
0.0006
0.0005
0.0016
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0094
0.0047
O.OD31
0.0024
0.0078
0,0039
0.0026
0.0019
0.015
0.007.4
0.0049
0.0037
0.018
0.0091
0.0061
0.0046
0.018
0.0089
0.0059
0.0044
0.022
0.011
0.0073
0.0055
0.11
0.054
0.036
0.027
0.089
0.045
0.030
0.022
0.0075
0.0038
0.0025
0.0019
0.0048
0.0024
0.0016
0.0012
0.037
0.016
0.012
0.0092
0.023
0.012
0.0078
0.0058
0.084
0.042
0.028
0.021
0.054
0.027
'0.018
0.013
0.10
0.051
0.034
0.025
0.065
0.032
0.022
0.016
0.41
0.21
0.14
0.10
0.26
0.13
0.088
0.066
'incorporated within 2 days
I . ..!
2Not Incorporated for 1 month or longer; lagoon Ilquid Irrigated.

ISwine Manure as a Fertilizer Source
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This value does not include
labor or irrigalion equipment costs,
nor does it include the witue or any
secondary or micronuirients avail-
able in the manure. In addition, it
assumes that the soil test has indi-
caLed a need for each nutrient,
when, in fact, many nutrients may
not be needed. Nutrients not needed
should not be considered in assess-
ing (fie financial value of the ma-
nurc.
Land Application
Worksheet
Furmer Jones has a swine operation
J11 WhiCh lagoon liquid is applied
through a travel gun lo fertigatc a
field for corn. His yield goal is
about 120 bushels per acre, and lie
decides to apply the equivalent of
120 pounds of nitrogen per acre
(Table 5). His land is not subject to
erosion, nor is it in a nutrient scnsi-
Worksheet: Determining the Nutrient Needs of Your Crop
live walershed. The corn crop will
tic planted in tile same field that had
soybeins Iasi year. He has grass
borders on his field to further reduce
[lie potential of nutrient or pesticide
ruiloff.
Farmer Jones uses a starter
fertilizer on his corn crop at a rate to
supply 10 pounds or nitrogen per
acre and 34 pounds of P 305 per acre.
He intends to supply the remainder
of nitrogen from liquid swine lagoon
RATE OF MANURE TO APPLY
6. Nutrient totals in manure (from Table 1 or waste samples). If analysis
report already gives available nutrients, skip this Item.
a. Total N (lb/acre-inch) 136
b. P 20, (lblacre-inch) 53
c. K20 (lb/acre-inch) 133
Example Your Farm
1. Crop to be grown
corn
2. Total nutrients required
a. N (Table 5) (lb/acre)
120
b. P A, (soii test) (lb/acre)
50
c. KO (soil test) (lb/acre)
50
3. Pounds of starter or preplant fertilizer used
a. N (lb/acre)
10
b. PA (lb/acre)
34
c. KO.(Ib/acre)
0
4.13esidual N credit from legumes (Table 4) qb/acre)
20
5. Not nutrient needs of crop (lb/acre)
Nitrogen. Total need (item 2a) minus additional N from
starter (item 3a), minus legume (item 4)
a. N; 120 —10 — 20 (lb/acre)
90
Phosphorus and potassium: Total need (items 2b and 2c)
minus additional nutrients from starter (items 3b and 3c)
b. P,O,: 50 — 34 (lb/acre)
16
c. KO: 50 — 0 (lb/acre)
50
RATE OF MANURE TO APPLY
6. Nutrient totals in manure (from Table 1 or waste samples). If analysis
report already gives available nutrients, skip this Item.
a. Total N (lb/acre-inch) 136
b. P 20, (lblacre-inch) 53
c. K20 (lb/acre-inch) 133

Soffacts end Exhibit 12
1111111111111211111
effluent. How much effluent does he will be needed tosupplcirricril the of 50 pounds of each nutrient per
need to ipply to meet [lie nilrogen crop with addifiunal K,O or 1110 to acre? The ajiswcrN are given in (lie
needs of his corn crop? I low much satisfy his soil test reconiniendatiolis workslicet.
Worksheet (con(inued)
Example Your Farm
7. Nutrients available to crop (items 6a, 6b, and 6c) times availability
coefficients (Table 3)
a. Available N: 136 x 0.5 -(Ib/acre-inch) 68
b. Available PA: 53 x 0.7 (lb/acre-inch) 37
c. Available K%,O: 133 x 0.7 (lb/acre-1 rich) 93
B.Appilcadon rate to supply priority nutrient
a. Priority nutrient nitrogen
b. Amount of priority nutrient needed (lb/acre from item 5a) 90
c. Rate of manure needed to supply priority nutrient
(item 8b)/(Item 7a): 90/68 (acre -inch) 1.32
9. Pounds per acre of all nutrients supplied at the application rate
required to meet the needs for the priority nutrient. For each nutrient,
multiply the available nutrients (items 7a, 7b, and 7c) by manure rate (item 8c).
a. N supplied: 68 x 1.32 (lb/acre) 90
b. P 2 0. supplied: 37 x 1.32 (lb/acre) 49
c. K20 supplied: 93 x 1.32 Oblacre) 123
10. Nutrient Balance. Not nutrient need H or excess (+) after application
of manure at calculated rate. Subtract the net nutrient needs of the crop
(items 5a, 5b, and 5c) from the nutrient rate.applied (items 9a, 9b, and 9c).
a. N balance: 90 — 90 (lb/acre) 0
b. P20, balance: 49 — 16 (Iblacre) +33
c. K%,O balance: 123 — 50 (lb/acre) +73
Source: Calculation format modified from Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Field Application of Manure,
October 1986.
Prepared by
J. P. Zublena, Extension Soil Science Specialist
J. C. Barher, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist
J. W. Parker, Uxtension Area Swinc Sixcialist (retired)
C. M. Stanislaw, Extension Swine Specialist
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of the North Carolina Deparlinem of Agriculture's
A granomic Division in the analysis of sainples and the development of the data base 14rad in this publication.
10, 000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,422.00, or $34 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
6/93-1 DM—MOC—Woodard (Revised) AG -439-4
0 WQWM-39

Exhibi t 13
633-.6
Table I EPA Regulations on Land Application of Sewage Sludge:
Metal LoadinS Rates
(503 Regulations)
Ceiling Monthlv aycra§c
Maxim= cumulative Maximum annual
Metal concentration concc;tration
loading rate loading
, rate
rng/kg mg/kg
kg/ha kg/ha
Arsenic (As) 75 41
41 2.0
Cadniiurn (Cd) 85 39
39 1.9
Chromium (Cr) 3000 1200
3000 150
Copper (Cu) 4300 1500
1500 75
Lead (Pb) 840 300
300 15
Mercury ft) 57 17
17 0.85
Molvbdcrnurn (Mo) 75 18
18 0.90
Nic�cl (Ni) 420 420
420 21
selcaiurn (Se) 100 36
100 5.0
Zinc (ZO) 7500 2800
2800 140
I'All sludges applied to land must have concentrations less than the ceiling concentration.
"Sludges with this concentration or less and wWch Meet Class A vector And'PaLhogcn
reduction rcquUcmcnU are classified as clean biosoUds. Do
not require land application site penrnits.
TABLE 2 Soil Test Values Indicating
Potential Ph)qotoxic Problerns'
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (mcq1J00cn;3)
Metal 1-5 6-10
11-15 15+
lbs/ac Index lbs/ac Index
lbs/ac Index lbs/ac Index
Zinc 50 704 75 1056
125 1761 250 3321
Copper 25 694 45 1250
65 1805 125 3472
Any field office receiving a request for assistance involying municipal or industrial sludge should contact a resource gxcialist at the State Mcc by
lbllowLng Lhc proper protocol.
North Carolina Dcpaiuncric orAgriculturc Agronomic Division
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
A vaitten W=c Utilization Plan shall bo a part of
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
each waste M=gcmcat system design. Exhibit A is
Operation and maintenance requircatents shall be
an example of the rrdt�rnurn acccptablc Waste
par L t of the waste utilization plan.
Utilization Plan and includes the minimum
spccificat�ioas.
Plans and specifications are to be prepared for
specific field sites, based on the standard. Plans and
specifications include construction plans, drwmss
job sheets, co=ruction specificadons, narrative
statemea Ls, or other sirnilar documents. These
documents axe to specif� the requirements for
insWUS the practice, such as the kir4 amount, or
quality of rnatcrials to be used, or the timing or
scquence of 4uWlation activities,
NRCS, NC
SEFrEbMER, 1996
Rev. 2

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' Distributed In furtherance
of the Acts of Congress
or May 8 and Juno 30. 19K
Employment and program
oppertunKlos aro ollared to
aA poople ragardloss at
raco, color, mllonal origln,
sax, ago, or disability.
North Carolina Stale University,
Nonh Carolina A&T state
' University, U.S. Doponmont or
AgrWIwo, and local
governments cooperating.
EXHIBIT 14
Planting Guide for Forage
Jn North Carolina
This planting guide provides the best available information about planting rates, depths,
and stand evaluation for forage crops commonly grown in North Carolina. The process of
establishing a forage crop is very important because:
p It is expensive—$100 to $250 per acre;
❑ Perennial crops can remain productive for several years without replanting, and thus
poor stands can result in long-term low yields and increased production costs;
❑ Soil and water conservation and animal feeding depend upon rapid establishment
of persistently good stands.
Variety Selection
Variety selection can influence the produc-
tivity and persistence of a crop, but most -
of the information provided here applies to
all varieties of the same species. Informa-
tion on variety performance can be
obtained from Extension Service publica-
tion AG-49, Forage Crops Variety Testing,
or from Forage Memos, available from the
Department of Crop Science. Remember,
however, that poor stands can nullify the
influence of even the best varieties.
Planting Region
The climate and soils of North Carolina
vary considerably across the state. This
variation makes it necessary to plant at
different times in each area. The state can
be divided Into three major regions: moun-
tains, pledmont, and coastal plain. The
planting dates in this guide are listed for
the major regions and are based on
normal growing conditions.
A review of the average freezing dates
in the spring (Figure i) and fall (Figure 2)
indicates significant differences in weather
within and between the three major
regions. Therefore, the planting dates
suggested may be adjusted a few days on
the basis of local experience and weather
records. For example, the optimum
planting dates for the mountains are 15 to
30 days earlier In the fall than those for
the piedmont, but a review of the tempera-
ture records indicates that the best
planting dates in the southern mountains
may be similar to those in the piedmont.
Planting Time
Establishing a successful forage crop
depends partly on weather conditions
shortly before and after planting. Years of
field research and experience under North
Carolina's varied growing conditions have
made it possible for researchers to
recommend planting dates that will most
likely lead to success or minimize risk.
Delaying planting until the last possible
dates indicated in the table may reduce
the chance of a good stand by 30 to 50
percent.
Time of planting is important because
the survival rate of developing seedlings is
related to the time at which stress occurs
from drought, freezing, or competition for
light and nutrients. If no such stress
North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFT: SCIENCES

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occurs, or if it occurs after seedlings are
well established, survival and produc-
tion losses can be minimized.
Fall Plantings. In general, the Mountains
perennial cool -season forages —,
can best be established by
planting in the fall in a disked
or plowed seedbed that is firm
bnd smooth. Seedbeds can
best be prepared during favor-
able autumn weather when weeds are not as
competitive. Furthermore, seedling root systems can
become well established before hot, dry weather the
following season. However, late fall plantings can
result lh winter injury from freezing and heaving.
A disadvantage to autumn planting is that there is
often not enough moisture for good germination and
seedling development. Planting in a hot,
dry seedbed is a gamble because a
light rain followed,by continued o
drought can cause germination, nl
then death of the seedlings. If Mountains
planting is delayed beyond the '
Ocr
possible seeding dates listed 2
here, it is best to wait until the �
1.1 1 IW
following spring or fail. Estab-
lishment costs are too high to Z� o
risk winterkill unnecessarily. Off`
Here are some points to remem-
ber about fall planting:
■ Cool -season grass seedlings are more tolerant
of freezing temperatures and heaving than legumes.
■ In prepared seedbeds, alfalfa and ladino clover
should have five to seven true leaves present before
frequent freezing weather occurs,
■ In prepared seedbeds, grasses should have three
to four leaves before freezing weather occurs,
Spring Plantings. Spring plantings in the pledmont
and mountains may be justified (1) if land or sod is
prepared in the fall or winter, and plantings can be
made early enough for the crop to become established
before summer stress; (2) If seedling diseases on
legumes have usually been a problem for fall plant-
Ings; and (3) if summer weeds can be controlled while
the seedlings develop.
Sod Seeding
Fall plantings can be made later in sod than in pre-
pared seedbeds because the existing sod provides
protection for the developing seedlings during the
winter.
May i 1 �'�� Q`ry� Piedmont S. Coastal Plain
Y P Q Apr 1 lip'
•rw •"" .RNI MI• r.. ,� � t -w.1 �IFr-a «�I ��` Y
NN IMu .�_ IN•,rIM , •-•� .al.r M • MN ^
Apr 1
Sandhills
1�
Mae 22
Figure 1. Average date of last freezing temperature
(32'F) in spring.
ry Piedmont Plaintal48
hh
141 • t� 'ak � """ ti � ZQ ary
wN ^wry.
F�
Sandhills'« Oro
140Y 9 "a`y9
Noy �9
Figure 2. Average date of first freezing temperature
(32T) In fall.
When planting ladino clover in an established sod
of tall fescue or other cool -season grass, late winter or
early spring (February to March) plantings are often as
effective as fall plantings. However, fall sod plantings
of alfalfa.in fescue have been more successful than
late winter plantings in the pledmont and coastal plain,
except for late winter plantings made in sod killed the
previous fall. When planting low-endophyle fescue or
orchardgrass in existing sod, it is best to plant in the
fall. (See Forage Memo 16 for details.)
Seeding Rates
Seeding rates vary because of seed size, purity,
germination percentage, and seedling vigor. Under
adverse conditions, only 10 to 50 percent of the seeds
planted will establish successfully. Therefore, many
seeds are needed to obtain a satisfactory stand.
(2)

1 FORAGE PLANTING GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINA
Seeding Role
ptlfaue)
B: broadcast
D: drill (4• to'J•
Mountains
inch rows)
Planting
(above 2.500 It elevation)'
R: row (30+ inches)
Depth
Sao footnote for below 2,50011
Piedmont and Tidewater'
Coastal Plain"
Best Dales
Possible Dales
Best Dates
Possible Dates
Crop PLS: pure live seeds (inches) Best Dates Possible Dales
PERENNIAL GRASSES
Bahlagrass
8:15.25; D:10.20
% - K
Not adapted
Not wall adapted
Feb 15-Mar 15
Fab 1•Mar 31
Bermudagrass (Hybrid)
8:25.40;
1-3
Not adapted
Mar 1-Mar 31
Feb 15-May 1 or
Mar 1-Mar 31
Fob IS -Apr 15 or
Sprigs - bu. a 1.25 41
R:5.15 bushels
thru Jul It irrigated
tiuu Jul 9 Irrigated
Bermudagrass
B."; 0:5.7
'/4 • 14
Not adapted
Apr IS -May 15
Apr 1-Jun 15
Apr 1-May 15
Mar 15Jun 7
(Common —seed only)
Big elueslem
D:8.10 PLS;
'h • Y.
May 15Jun 15 May 1Jun 30
May 10-Jun t
May 1-Jun 30
Apr 20-May 15
Apr 10-Jun 30
8:10.12 PLS
Bluegrass
0:10.15; D:8 12 ^
'/.
Jul 25-Aug 10 Ju115 Aag 25
Nol welladapled
_.
Not wag adapted
Caucasian Bluoslem
D.2 PLS; BA PLS
'A - 'A
May 15Jun l5 May 1-Jun 30
May Wun I
May 1-Jun 30
Apr 20-May 15
Apr 10-Jun 30
paths rats
8:20.3tr D•15.20
'h - %
Nol adapted I
Not we0 adapted
Mar t-Mar 30
Fob 15•Apr 15
'
g
Eastern Gammagrass
0:10.16 PLS;
U. Do not broadcast
3'+ -I
May 15Jun 15
May 1-Jun 30
May 10-Jun I
May 1-Jun 30
Apr 20-May 15
Apr 10Jun 30
'
Flaccidgrass
D24; PrecWon
plant: 1.2,
Sprig: 3.411 in 18'
rows; Tigers: 2-Ot
'/+ - yi
2.3
rool cove
Jun 1-Jun 15
Mar 1-Apr 7
May 15-Jun 15
May 15JW t
Fob 15-Apr 15
May 1Jul 15
May *Jun 7
Fob 20 Mar 20
Apr 254un 1
Apr 15-Jul t
Feb 1-Mar 30
Apr 15-Jul 15
May 7-Jun 1
Feb 15-Mar 15
Apr 25-May 20
Apr 15-Jun 15
Feb 1-Mar 30
Apr 15JW 10
Indiangrass
D:8.10 PLS;
a:10.12 PL.S
%
May 15-Jun 15
May I -Jun 30
May 11Wun 1
W
May faun 30
Apr 20-May 15
Apr 10Jun 30
'
Orchardgrass
0:12.15; 0:8.12�
y+ - K
Jul 25-Aug 10
Mar &Apr 20
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar I•May 15
Aug 25•Sep 15
Aug 25.0cl 25
Fob 15-Mar 31
Not wog adapted
Reed Canarygrass
8.5-10; DA-8
1/4- A
Jul 25-Aug 10
20-Apr 20
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1•May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Aug 25-Oct 25
Mar 1-Mar 31
Not woll adapted
'Mar
Rescuegrass
D:20.25; 8 25-35
1h -'A
Aug 20-Sep 7
Mar 15-Mar 30
Aug 15.Oci 1
Mar 1•Apr 30
Sep 1-Sep 15
Mar I -Mar 30
Aug 25-Oct 15
Feb 15-Apr 30
Sop I•Sep 30
Aug 25-Oct 15
'
Smooth Bromegrass
13:10.20; D.8.15
A • W
Jul 25-Aug 10
Mar 20-Apr 20
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar I -May 15
Not wall adapted
Not adapted
Switchgrasa
D:8.12 PLS
% • °I+
May 15Jun 15
May 1-Jun 30
May 1Wun 1
Apr 1Jun 30
Apr 10-May 15
Apr IW=30
Tall Fescue
Timothy
1115.20; D:10.15
8:10.12; 6:8.10
'A - %
'/+ - 'h
Jul 25-Aug 10
Mar 20-Apr 20
Jul 25-Aug 10
Mar 20-Apr 20
Jul 15-Aug 20
_ Mar I -May 15 _
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1-May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Not wc8 adapted
Aug 25.0cl 25
Feb 15-Mar 31
Sep I -Sep 30
Not adapted
Sep 1.0ct 31
Feb 15-Mar 20
MIXTURES
'
Orchardgrass + Allalla
B:5 + 20; D:3 + 15
'h
Jul 25-Aug 10
Mar 20-Apr 20
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1-May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Aug 25-Oct 15
Not woe adapted
'Clover
0rchardgrass + Ladino
8:12 + 4; D:9 + 3
'ti,
Jul 25•Aug 10
Mar 26•Apr 20
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar i-May 15
Aug 25•1ep 15
Aug 25.0,111
Feb 15-Mar 31
Not well adapted
Orchardgrass + Red
Clover
8:12 + 10, 0:9 + 8
'/+
Jul 25-Aug 10
Mar 20•Apr 20
Jul •1$-Aug 20
Mar I•May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Aug 25.0cl 15
Fab 15-Mar 31
Not adapted
'Tall
Fescue + Ladino
Clover
6:10 + 4; D:8 + 3
k
Jul 25•Atig 10
Mar 20-Apr 20
Jul I Aug 20
Mar 1•May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Aug 25-Oct 15
Feb 15-Mar 31
Sep 1-Sep 30
(heavy sobs only)
Sep I.Oct 25
Feb 15•Mar 20
Tall Fescue + Red
Clover
8:10 + 8; 0:8 + 6
—
V,
Jul 25-Aug. 10
Mar 20•Apr 20
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1-May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Aug 25.0c115
Fab 15-Mar 31
_Sop I -Sep 30
(heavy sods only)
Sep I.Oct 25
Fob 15-Mar 20
'
ANNUAL GRASSES
Barley
B:140; D:100
1.2
Aug I -Aug 20
Aug I -Oct t0
Aug 25-Sep 15
Aug 20.0cl 31
Not wall adapted
'R:6.10
Millet, Pearl (Cattalo
820.25; D;15.20;
Ya • 1'k
May 15-May 31
May I -Jun 30
May t•May 31
Apr 25-Jun 30
May 1-May 15
Apr 204un 30
Millet, Fortall, and
Japanese (Not as
productive as Poarq
D:10-15; R:5.7
yZ • 1 h
May 15-May 31
May 1Jun 30
May 1•May 31
May IJun 30
May 1 -May 15
Apr 20-Jun 30
'
:Oats
Vail; 0:100
1-2
Noll well adapted
Aug 25-Sep 15
Aug 20.Ocl 31
Sep 5-Sop 30
Sep 1-Nov 15
Rye
B:120; D.,100 _
1. 2
Aug 1-Aug 20
Aug 1-Oct 10
Aug 25-Sop 15
Aug 2(1•Oct 31
Sep 5•Sep 30
Sep t- Nov 15
Ryegrass
8:30.40; D:20.30
A - yi
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul 15-Aug 31
(3)
Aug 25-Sop 15
Aug 20-Oct 31
Sap 1-Sep 30
Sep 1.Od 31

PLANTING
GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINA
FORAGE (continued)
Seeding Raio
(Iblacre)
3: broadcast
D: dria (4• to 9•
Mountains
Inch rows)
Planting
(above Z500 0 elovallon)'
'R:
raw (30+ Inches)
Depth
Spa loolnete for below 2,500 It Piedmont and Tidewater" I Coastal Plaln-
Crop
M: pure We seeds
(inch as)
Beal Dates Possible Dales Best Dates Possible Dates 8031 Dates Possible Dates
Ryegrass
Reduce ryogiass
See
Sao small grain or clever Sao small grain or dovor Soo small grain or clover
'
(Willi small grain or
rate by 50%
rycgrass,
clover mWura)
grain, or
clover
Sorghum (Sudan)
B:35.40; 0:20.30;
R:15.20
Sorghum, Farago (Skgo)
R:4.6
Sudangrass
0:3040; 0:20.25
Wheat
8:120; D:100
SmsA Grain Mix
Reduce each
(2 Grains)
selection by 50%
Grain
Reduce each
'Small
--Ryewass Mix +_
selection by 25%
A -1 J May 15•May 31 May 1,lun 30 1 May 1-May 31 Apr 25Jun 30 f May 1-May 15 Apr 2Wun 30
I • ;A I May IS -May 31 May 1-Jun 30
1 •2 May 15•1hy 31 May 14un 30
1 •2 Aug 1-Aug 20 Aug i •Oct 10
1-2 Sod dales for grains
'A -1 I See dales for grains and ryegtass
May 1•May 31 Apr 25-Jun 30
May 1-May 31 Apr 25-Jun 30
Aug 25-Sop 15 Aug 20-Oct 31
Sao dales for grains
See dales for grains and ryagrass
May t-May 15 Apr 20-Jun 30
May 1-May 15 Apr 20-Jun 30
Sop 5-Sep 30 Sop i-Nov i5
Soo dates for grains
Soo dales for grains and ryograss
' Aifatfa
8:20.25; D:15.20
A.
1 Jul 25-Aug 10
Mar 1-Apr 7
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar i•A rE 5
1 Aug 25-Sop 15
Aug 25.Od 15
Mar 1-Mar 31
i Sep !-Sep 30
Sep 1.Oct 31
Alfalfa (For sod seeding
D:15.20
Y, - K
Jul 25-Aug 10'
Aug 25-Sap 151
Oct 15-Oct 25
Sep I.Oct 31
Into grass)
Sep 1S•Ocl It
Jul 25-Oct 15
Oct 10-Oct 209
Aug 25-W 20
81ydsloot TreloU
0:8.10; D:6.9
Yi
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul 15-Aug 30
Not wolf adapted
Not wall adaplod
Crownvelch
0:15.20; D:10.15
'k • 'A
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul 15-Aug 20
Aug 25-Sop 15
Aug 15-Oct 25
Not well adapted
(For erosion control)
Mar 20-Apr 20
Mar I %* 15
Mar I -Mar 30
Mar 1 -Apr 15
Ladino or White Clover
BS; D:3.5
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul 15-Aug 20
Aug 25.Od 15
Sep 1-Oct 25
'
Mar 20-Ap( 20
Mar 1-May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Mar I•Mar 31
Sep 1-Sep 30
Feb 15-Mar 20
Ladino (For sod seadmg
B:S: 0:3•5
^%
'/, • %
Jul 25-Aug 101
Aug 25-Sep ti'
Sep 1-Sop 30t
we grass)
Aug 1-Sop 1t
Aug 1•Sop IS
Oct 7.Oct 15t
Aug 25-Oct 25
Oct 7-Oct 15,
Sop 1-Oct 31
Mar 1-Mar 20
Mar I -May 15
Fob 20-Mar 10
Fob IS -Mar 20
Feb 15-Fab 2e
Feb 10•Mw 15
Red Clover
B.10.15; D:8-10
'h - A
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul 15-Aug 20
Aug 25-Sep 30
Sep 1.Ocl 15
Mar 1 -May 15
Aug 25-Sop 15
Feb 15-Mar 30
Sep 1•Sep 30
Feb 15-Mar 20
Red Clover (For sod
0.10.15; Q6.10
'A - %
Jul 25-Aug 10'
Aug 25-Sep 151
Sep 1Sep 30,
'
seeding Into grass)
Aug I -Sop It
Aug 1-Sop 15
Oct 7-Oct 151
Aug 25.Oci 25
Oct 7.Od 1St
Sop 1.Oct 31
t•Mar 20
Mar 1-Ma _ty 5
Fob 20-Mar 10
Fob 15-Mar 20
Feb IS -Feb 20
Feb *Mar 15
Serlcoa Lespedoza
8.2"0. D:15.30
A • Y,
_Mar
Mar IS -Apr 15
Mar 1-Apr 30
Mar 1-Mar 20
Fob 15-Apr 30
Mar 1-Mar 20
Fob IS -Apr 30
'(Dehulledi
Sweelclover
070.31% 0.10.15
% • K
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul I5•Aug 20
Aug 6-Oct IS
Sep 1-Sep 30
Sep 1.6d 31
(DehuQed)
Mar 1-Apr 7
Mar 1-Apr 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Mar 1-Mar 31
LEGUMES
'ANNUAL
Crimson Clover
8:20.25, D:15.20
_ r
1A • Yr
Jul 25•Auq 10
Jul 15-Aug 20
Au�25•Sop l5 Au25.2,125
_Sop1_5op 30 sea! -Oct- 30
Crimson Clover U&od
8:20; D.15
'A • Yr
Same as Crimson dove(
Same as Crimson
clover
Same as Crimson
clever
with Ryegrass or
Reduce grain by 113
Grain)
'Smog
Lespedoza, Kobe
0:30.40
% • A
Mar 15•Maf 31
Mar 1-Apr 15
Fob 10-Fab 28
Feb 1-Mar 30
Feb I -Feb 20
Feb 1-Mar 20
Korean
8:20-30
Sublerranean Clover
8:10.20; D:e-15
Y, • A
May not be adapted
Aug 25-Sap 15
Aug 15-Oct 25
Sep 1 -Sop 30
So 1.Ocl 31
'fetch (Common, Hairy)
825-40; D:20.30
% • t ,
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul 1 S-Aug 30
Aug 25-Sep 30
Aug 25-Oct 25
Sep t-Sep 30
Sop 1.Oct 25
8:20.30; D:15.20
OTHER SPECIES
'
Rape and Turnips
8:6.8; D:3.4
A - >h
Mar 1•Apr 30
Feb 15-May 10
Feb 15-Mat IS
Feb 1-Apr 15
Feb 15-Mar 1
Feb 1-Apr 1
Jul 15-Sop 1
Jul 1-Sap 15
Aug IS -Sop 15
Aug I.Ocl 1
Sep 1.Od 1
Aug 15.Oe! 30
May extend the fall darns by 20 days, whore clovalion is below 2,500 fact, and seed is days earlier in spring.
For the black, heavy -lowed solls Irl Me 11dowalerregian, use dales for the pledmont.
To best dmo to Clod seed depends on the prevalence of insects In late August and oarly Septeramber and k drought Fromm Ior September.11 insects are not Men! and Moisture 4
adequate, plans on the early dates.
Nlalia can be successfully sooded into a sod in mid• to late wintor (same as ladino) provldod 01a1 Iho grass sod is killed the previous tall (in Odobcr or November).
(4)

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Seed Size
Small seeds are not as vigorous as large ones.
Therefore, emergence rates may vary with planting
depth. The number of seeds per pound varies as
follows: ladino'clover, 800,000; orchardgrass, 650,000;
fescue, 227,000; alfalfa, 200,000; and pearl millet,
88,000.
Germination Rate
The percentage of seeds that will germinate generally
declines with age, but if seeds are stored In a cool, dry
place, germination should not decline more than 10
percent the first year. In general, seeds that have low
germination levels also produce seedlings with poor
vigor.
Drill vs. Broadcast
Planting rates for drilling are 20 to 50 percent less than
for broadcasting. Since drilling concentrates the seeds
within a furrow, they occupy a smaller area of the
ground and are better able to break through the soil
crust. Seed placement, soil contact, and uniformity of
Table 1. Planting Depth Affects Grass
and Legume Establishment
Plantlng Depth (inches)
60ps 1/4 1/2 1 21.
Established Plants (sq ft)
Alfalfa, ladino 47 22 9 0
Tall fescue, orchardgrass 48 39 31
"J. ,
Soeding rales per acre were 20 lb alfalfa. 5 16 la&6.10 16
fescue. and 6 lb o(charcigrass.
stands are usually better with drilling than with broad-
casting, especially when planting conditions are not
optimum.
Planting -Depth
Generally, small -seeded crops can be planted slightly
deeper In sandy soils than in clay soils.'Grasses can
usually be planted deeper than legumes in similar
soils. However, ills important to prepare a firm seed -
Table 2. Characteristics of Good Grass and Clover Stands
Plant Species Seedlings (sq ft)
,jiMixtures'
Ladinofiescue 20 to 35 of each living In November IV , frA,4
'Ladino/orcharcfgrass
20 to 36 ladino,and'35 to 55 orchardgrass living in November
.Cool Season Grasses,
Fescue 40 to 60 living In November
Orchardgrass
Warm Season Grasses
Pearlmillet
P?rOum-sudan
Alfalfa
70 to 100 living in November
15 to 25 living after I month
15 to 25 living after 1 month
Age of Stand Minimum Number of Desirable Number of
(rkinths) Plants to Keep Stand Plants for Good Production
Plants (sq ft)
3 to 6
12
24
1 Ob
10,
10
50 or more
25 or more
15 or more
36 5 to 8 10 or more
48 or more 3 to 5
'Assumes an autumn plariUng date.
6These figures will eventually result In salisfaciory stands; however, yields will below during the first season as woods encroach.
(5)

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bed before planting to conserve moistureand avoid
variation in planting depth. Precision planting equip-
ment i� usually required to get proper depth control for
small forage seeds. Table 1 shows how planting depth
affects grass and legume stands.
What is a Good Stand?
Since plant characteristics change depending upon
their density, age, grazing or cutting'height, and other
factors, it is difficult to say exactly how many plants it
takes to make a good stand. In general, a good stand
is one that provides 90 to 100 percent ground cover
and will produce high yields when managed properly,
The clover part of mixtures should make up at least 30
percent of the stand (on a weight basis) in order for it
to significantly contribute to the mixture. One should
END OF EXHIBIT 14
walk fields several times each growing season in order
to make a fair evaluation of stands. Table 2 presents
some general characteristics of good stands for
several forage crops.
When Using This Guide Remember:
The fact that information about a particular crop is
given in this publication does not mean that the
species is recommended for N ' orth Carolina. In fact,
several crops have not performed satisfactorily in this
state. Information about these varieties is included to
increase the chance of success if the decision to plant
them has already been made. Additional information
on various forage varieties can be obtained by con-
tacting your county Cooperative Extension Service
agent.
Prepared by
J. T Green and J. P. Mueller, Crop Science Extension Specialisis—Forages
D. S. Chamblee, Professor Emeritus, Crop Science
2, 000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $520.00, or $.26 per copy,
TO YOU 13Y THE
NORTH CAROLINA COOPC-RATIVC EXTENSION SERVICC-
ROBCSON COUNTY CENTER
LUMSCRTON, NORTH CAROLINA 20358
[phone]
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
5/93-2M—MOC-230262 (Ravisod) ' AG -266

-1 1 Exhibit 1 5
NCDA Agroemk Division 4300 Reedy Creek Rd RaWgLIM 2' 601-6465 (91.9) '1733-2655
Understanding the Soil Test Report
E-)-
FORAGERASTURE CROMCn* codes 040 - 660)
Soil pH 2nd the amount of limc required for optimum yiel& are crucial parts of the soil icst
rcpom Low soil pM a -ad low phosphorus cause more yield losses than any other iactors in
forage pradMion. Excessivc s(A) acidity (low pH') reduces the cap2cin- of foratge crops to
uilizeapplied fertilizer nutrietirs. Ume recommendations are based on ph, amount of acidity,
and desired pH fOT ibedesignated crop. Establishment and maintenanct Of legeumes depend
var hcaAy on maimainin the proper pH.
For best rmults, recommendei lime and fertilizer shoutd be mixed Into'Ehe Lop 6 to 8
in�les of the soil before mablishmenE. Although most J'Oragc crops show no responsc to
-?hosphorus and potassium above an index of 5C, some icnil".zation will be 7-ccom.-ncnc'-CJ for
certain crops.
Recommendations for nitrogen, pl3osphorus and potassium are for annual 2p?:1cation.
Depending on the crop, climate and soils, spiit applicatiow, of nitrogen and potassium may be
rates and t�
.equired- Past experience. management le -ml and economics will influence me of
ipplic3tion. For additional infor=60211, see Note 12 'Fnrige and P2.xturc C70PS" that
accompanies your soil test report. Ile table below shows the retationship between soil test
level and response toapplied nutrients.
Soil Ttss Index
MkM215W
Cxop RespMe to Nuaicat Applicfffio a
Mbeaparputicsoil
RIM91
"ing
ftophoms
ftaWltm
Matipmew
Zfrc
Copper
0-10
VIM, LOW
Vayffigi
Vffv Hip
Vcr� High
lery HO
Ko
I i -2i
Lon.
High
Hio
IfiTA
Higin
Hir),
Mrw
Me&M
Medim
MC&UM
None
Noce
Name
U-100
High
N'We
LVW-�Woe
Now
Kurt
how
IOD-
L-
Wry HiFh
-
kAw
NOTIV
None
Kone
Norle
I
4 ReqKnise decrtw;eq zi qitii im indeT
Abbrev&tlons
Mr.4
MkM215W
M-0
Mbeaparputicsoil
0
orp:dcmg
EM%
perceiii humic umeir
'WA-
we*Wwhune of sd
CEC
cadmetc C"dtY
BS%
pe. cei of CBC ocnipied by b2ses
Ar
addit! (decreases, a% pH increases)
P-1
phospbomindex
X-1
pomm indin
ca
calcium
M9
InvIesium
Mw1
mangmse index
MD -M
mzquwe 2%2"bifitF index
&I-1
zinc dmin
2a -Al
iinc index
CU -1
copper i9dex
S'I
sidfur JDdex
S-1
soltilik- sib dAlft-
name nbogeo (ppm)
NH4-N
ammomiuni uiu� Of= I
Ilia
sodium
�O
poiash
P'0'
Phosphiiie
i
borm
1 OM CUPWNU 11M% PUhk decuni en n-cre prwle-J 21 a CrN of W1 I-? of i per r -w- -

m m � m m = � = m m m m m m m m m = m
gr.-f-ist "a&* m I xyj py ("or - -.- Msw N I
apft la ommty Lima
DFM OrM
Fa
Exhibit 15
50-70 0 0 0 .5 0 6
8D-1 00 0 0 0 0 1
2) ZU-1 YA;-Af U" 54 JS -1 MbWAWN AW
301 301 196 S8 01
ro 03 106=DkK 19 (A%: C=4SWael 0 14D-180 0 0 0 0 0 6
I 2nd Opp: TdMODOYC 0 50M 0 110-130 0 0 0 0 1
Test Rtswb
&dC&m MM WIV aC M% Ac pff P-1 K -f Ca% J4% Kwl AwAr(I)AW-M(2) hP4 ZwAt (UJ XI S94 ~M*.N AW
SOMP&NO.
LdWOV Yr r1A
ChparYear
N I
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r;e Id
Id5a"Dx *W37
la ow. pbwa, Swed
AT M -10D 0
Lfmv
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RsxA f0j�,(5
0,,4,,,
X
go!,*
is[ *op. T&Mmx
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*a 0
Sag aen MO
W/V C&C BS%
At PH J%4 K I
CaX A" Awl AfW-AfO
Ifed
WN 0.36
1.45 4.4 6CO
1.6 5,6 197 51
46-0 110 226 153
gr.-f-ist "a&* m I xyj py ("or - -.- Msw N I
apft la ommty Lima
DFM OrM
Fa
Exhibit 15
50-70 0 0 0 .5 0 6
8D-1 00 0 0 0 0 1
2) ZU-1 YA;-Af U" 54 JS -1 MbWAWN AW
301 301 196 S8 01
ro 03 106=DkK 19 (A%: C=4SWael 0 14D-180 0 0 0 0 0 6
I 2nd Opp: TdMODOYC 0 50M 0 110-130 0 0 0 0 1
Test Rtswb
&dC&m MM WIV aC M% Ac pff P-1 K -f Ca% J4% Kwl AwAr(I)AW-M(2) hP4 ZwAt (UJ XI S94 ~M*.N AW
A
2) br-I Zm-Ar Ca -I S4 %I ~ Mll-N Ka
4M 4m M 46 0.0
10-30 0 0 0 0 12
Do -I Zx-A[ Clu-I S-1 XF-I NWNAR&N Na
417 417 248 24 oz
mm &41 1-48
4.2 67.0
IA 5.9 251
1.0 12.0
E28MMOM
r;e Id
Sampk Na Lmt
ft I rr V M
&*OrYOW
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P7
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go!,*
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0
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M W%
pff 11-1 XI
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MOI M; -Al (I
M 0.41 1.43
4.3 65.0
1.5 5.7 295 54
1 1 IlIffi—milm
47.0 12.0
236 1 2
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AbL Lost Cr*
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OV or Year
Line
AF
06 Bam HRM"
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0
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2ndCAW:
Test Residu
SW Gkn WX WIV
(MC M
Av PE P4 K4
Ca% A%%
AW4 A& -A[ (I,
BSN D.32 1-41
5.5 82.0
1.0 6.5 N7 103
5&0 110
152 101
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417 417 248 24 oz

m m m � m m m m m m m m m m m = m = =
at
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w
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r M
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line
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1
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321
199
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mu
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0 0 50-70
0 0
0
0
3
Ted Resdb
Sag C[m 01% WIV
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BM
Ac PH P4 K4 Ca%
ft%
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321
199
75
0.0
at

= m m = = m m m m m m = m = m = m m m
NkL Last&* Yr Z/A Or* or Yow Lime N MY no Afg Og Zz B A& 3" IF"C
#1A M Td=MDYC is ew Pob^ qwd 0 W100 0 6M 0 0 0 .5 0 6
1 1 2nd 2M TdwmFC 50-80 0 90-110 a 0 0 0 1
Tea Reswb -
Sad am= AM WIV CM BS% Ac pff P4 K-1 OW Aft% Afiv-1 Afiw-M(I)Ahp-AI(2) Zu-I Z*41 C*4 S4 J3.1 AUWAWN Ma
KW 032 1.44 710 12 6.0 227 52-0 150 67 351 1 74 OA
laa&* W Yr XIA CNp or Yew N Buy MO A(C Cm Zu B Aft im AIWM
21 S� Ckwas Lst Crup: Smdl Gndw 0 W100 0 50-70 0 0 a a 3
1 0 0 50-70 0 0 0 0 3
4.5
ft "T
Test ResudIft
" am BOX WIV CK M% Ac )M M K4 CaS Ak% Mu -I Mi*-Af O)Ms-M (2) &4 Z,* -At Co -I S4 SS -1 M7j.,VAWN
mm- AN 10 - -8 68-0 12 - 6-0 112 40 j-0 15-0 14 11 IN 28 0-0
3111.1 MEMO
smspk N& Last Yr TIA Chp or Year Lbw Box No Afg cu zu B Aw swl�
22 Tabi=.FC ist cew sman GMM -3T 8D-100 0 60-80 0 0 0 0 3
3ad QW-Tob!M& 0 5w 0 13(�140 G 0 0 0 1
Tea Resulb
SOM am HA% WIV UE WS Ac pff P4 K4 Ca% ft% MU -IF Rm-Al (Z)Bhi-.9 (2) Zu-I Zv� Cit -I S4 St -I M3 -N AMA Na
MIN 0.18 lAg 4.2 71.0 1-2 5.8 11 35 52-0 15-0 66 50 50 2D6 206 68 0.0
MON
AMpft NIX f4W &V He Yr TIA &V or Year Lim N 00.5 mo of as 3 Ift— SmAWU
PIA 28 301belms I�dpvw& Isi Cmp: Soybeans AT 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
2md Ctop: Smd Grains 0 WIOO 0 20-40 0 0 0 0 3
TeN ResWU
som chm mm w1v cuc m Ac po K-ir rA% mgx A*-lmu-Al(z)mmw(2) zwz DvAt *a S -i *54 AU4 AWN Aw
AN 1-29 3s 63-o 1.4 5S 85 6D 39.0 18.0 114 78 'X 104 104 1% 0.0
WIN mil -l"
Fr;eld smp&N& Md 0* Yr Z/A &* or Yaw Lime N AO, so at DI ff A& Smj%&
29 TDbRMNK 131 crop: oowmipe .5T 60M 0 IWIZO 0 0 1.0 0 6
It r�eu pq.4- k��%A w Cw Tob=OK 0 5m 0 RD -100 0 0 D I
Tea Resuft
Sad am HH% WIV MC W% Ac )ff K-1 COX ft% U4 IN -At cu -Ir S-1 -w Mw -N AM5-M Na
AUN Q31 L42 5-6 73.0 1.5 5.7 357 51 60.0 9A 201 t3i 131 4U7 4Or7 145 64 0.0
�Y/
Is

m m m = m m m m = = m m = = m m m = =
C-F,O,.L 2rtd CrW.
ITeaReadb
Sog Cku M% WIV M B$% Ac Pff P-1 KI Ca% ft% Afu4 Mm-Af (I)Jfn-Al (2) Bpi L* -Al Cu4 $4 SS -1 Mpff AWN Na
RUN 0.41 1.42 3.9 66.0 1.3 5.8 275 37 51.0 11.0 243 156 443 Md 218 25 0-1
Sa=PkAfa Last&*
YT
'r
Or YOW I.Aw
N BOOS FOO
ca za B AW S,
r,
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rol--
ISI QW. TObamOFC -5T
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0 0 0 0 1
JNU
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-k-
p('le
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Test R"alm
140-180
0
50-70
0
0
"am EAR RIF
aC W%
Ac Pff PLf KI Ca% ft%
"IJftA1(I)Afiv-AI(2) &I
Yrg-Al cmf S-1 &,I ffljb.N
40
69N 0.41 1.41
4.2 64.0
1.5 5J 45.0 14.0
316 200 321
321
Z�' a
C-F,O,.L 2rtd CrW.
ITeaReadb
Sog Cku M% WIV M B$% Ac Pff P-1 KI Ca% ft% Afu4 Mm-Af (I)Jfn-Al (2) Bpi L* -Al Cu4 $4 SS -1 Mpff AWN Na
RUN 0.41 1.42 3.9 66.0 1.3 5.8 275 37 51.0 11.0 243 156 443 Md 218 25 0-1
SwWa AkL
Me Yr
or Yaw
N
hos
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ca
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2
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50-70
0
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0
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2 2nd —Czm-
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3.7 62.0
1.4 5.7 307
45.0 ti -o
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347
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8
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0
0
110-130
0
0
0
0
1
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OC- i �--ep
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1
2ad Cmp:
Test Reaft
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WIV
CfiC BS%
Ac pff P-1
K-1 Ca% J4%
Mb-[Mja-Af(I)Mm-AF(2) 2kr-I
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DUN 0.46 1.44
4.2 67.0
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233 151
0.1
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MW
N
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neld
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r
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0
130-150
0
0
0
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0
6
C-F,O,.L 2rtd CrW.
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Sog Cku M% WIV M B$% Ac Pff P-1 KI Ca% ft% Afu4 Mm-Af (I)Jfn-Al (2) Bpi L* -Al Cu4 $4 SS -1 Mpff AWN Na
RUN 0.41 1.42 3.9 66.0 1.3 5.8 275 37 51.0 11.0 243 156 443 Md 218 25 0-1

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m = m = m
neld
&"%No T&6.
"a &V
ma
ov or raw
mw
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Ca
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0
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1.42
ti 68.0
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170 112
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258
25
0-1
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mm a4l 1 -2
89.0
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69-0
15.0
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a
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IT
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12md Ct%:
pAd(f
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TCSI Reswis
sea aam an w1v
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00% ft%
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ft cm
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0 0
0
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It
rest Resuft
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mm a4l 1 -2
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UN 0.27 1.21
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1.4 6.3 1g, 70-,,
66.0
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1"1
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Test Resofts
Sag Cla RUX WIV
(SC BS%
Ar. pff P-1 K-1
Ca%
A%%
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MW 0.46 1.42
4-9 59.0
2.0 5.2 3" 53
49.0
" 6JO
338 213 453
453
217
39
0.1
Mi
.6

= m m � m m = m = m m = m m m m m m m
m PA -
a.

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m = m m m m

End -Exhibit 15
Allocidl
ft Lae &*
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FM 027 - 1.422
3.5 65.0
1.3 5.8 290
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M 0.71 1.50
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11.0 94�a
0.7 6.7 30
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26.2 164 2286
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Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
' HARD HOSE
AND CABLE
1
1
L 1
1
1
1
TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEM
General Guidelines
Land application equipment used on animal production farms must be field
calibrated or evaluated in accordance with existing design charts and tables
according to state rules that went into effect September 1, 1996. Technical
Specialist certifying waste management plans after September 1, 1996, must
also certify that operators have been provided calibration and adjustment
guidance for all land application equipment. The rules apply to irrigation sys-
tems as well as all other types of liquid, slurry, or solid application equipment.
Information presented in manufacturers' charts are based on average op-
erating conditions for relatively new equipment. Discharge rates and applica-
tion rates change over time as equipment ages and components wear. As a
result, equipment should be field calibrated regularly to ensure that applica-
tion rates and uniformity are consistent with values used during the system
design and given in manufacturers' specifications. Field calibration involves
collection and measurement of the material being applied at several locations
in the application area. This publication contains step-by-step guidelines for
field calibration of hard hose and cable tow traveler irrigation systems.
Operating an irrigation system differently than
assumed in the design will alter the application rate,
uniformity of coverage, and subsequently the applica-
tion uniformity. Operating with excessive pressure
results in smaller droplets, greater potential for drift,
and accelerates wear of the sprinkler nozzle. Pump
wear tends to reduce operating pressure and flow.
With continued use, nozzle wear results in an increase
in the nozzle opening, which will increase the
discharge rate while decreasing the wetted diameter.
Clogging of nozzles or crystallization of main lines
can result In increased pump pressure but reduced
flow at the gun. Plugged Intakes will reduce operating
pressure. An operating pressure below design pressure
greatly reduces the coverage diameter and application
uniformity. Field calibration helps ensure that nutri-
ents from animal waste are applied uniformly and at
proper rates.
The calibration of a hard hose or cable tow system
involves setting out collection containers, operating
the system, measuring the amount of wastewater
collected In each container, and then computing the
average application volume and application unifor-
mity.
. An in -line flow meter installed in the main
irrigation line provides a good estimate of the total
volume pumped from the lagoon during each irriga=
tion cycle. The average application depth can be
determined by dividing the pumped volume by the
application area. The average application depth is
computed from the formula:
Average application depth (inches) =
Volume pumped (gallons)
27,154 (gal/ac-in) X Application area (acres)
The average application depth is the average
amount applied throughout the field. Unfortunately,
sprinklers do not apply the same depth of water
throughout their wetted diameter. Under normal
operating conditions, application depth decreases
towards the outer perimeter of the wetted diameter.
Big gun sprinkler systems typically have overlap
based on a design sprinkler spacing of 70 to 80
percent of the wetted sprinkler diameter to compen-

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
1
i
1
1
sate for the declining application along the outer
perimeter. When operated at the design pressure, this
overlap results in acceptable application uniformity.
When operated improperly, well -designed systems
will not provide acceptable application uniformity.
For example, If the pressure is too low, the appilca-
tion depth will be several times higher near the
center of sprinkler and water will not be thrown as
far from the sprinkler as indicated in manufacturers'
charts. Even through the average application depth
may be acceptable, some areas receive excessively
high application while others receive no application
at all.
When applying wastewater high in nutrients, it is
Important to determine the application uniformity.
Collection containers distributed throughout the
application area must be used to evaluate application
uniformity.
Many types of containers can be used to collect
flow and determine the application uniformity.
Standard rain gauges work best and are recom-
mended because they already have a graduated scale
from which to read the application depth.
Pans, plastic buckets, jars, or anything with a
uniform opening and cross section can be used
provided the container is deep enough (at least 4
Inches deep) to prevent splash and excessive evapora-
tion, and the liquid collected can be easily trans-
ferred to a scaled container for measuring. All con-
tainers should be the same size and shape to simplify
application depth computations.
All collection containers should be set up at the
same height relative to the height of the sprinkler
nozzle (discharge elevation). Normally, the top of
each container should be no more than 36'inches
above the ground. Collectors should be located so
that there is no interference from the crop. The crop
canopy should be trimmed to preclude Interference
or splash into the collection container.
Calibration should be performed during periods
of low evaporation. Best times are before 10 a.m. or
after 4 p.m. on days with light wind (less than 5
miles per hour). On cool, cloudy days the calibration
can be performed anytime when wind velocity is less
than 5 mph.
The volume (depth) collected during calibration
should be read soon after the sprinkler gun cart has
moved one wetted radius past the collection gauges
to minimize evaporation from the rain gauge. Where
a procedure must be performed more than once,
containers should be read and values recorded
immediately after each setup.
Calibration Setup for Hard Hose and
Cable Tow Traveling Guns
Hard hose and cable tow traveling guns are calibrated
by placing a row (transect) of collection containers or
gauges perpendicular to the direction of travel, Figure
1. The outer gauge on each end of the row should
extend past the furthest distance the gun will throw
wastewater to ensure that the calibration is performed
on the "full" wetted diameter of the gun sprinkler.
Multiple rows increase the accuracy of the calibration.
Containers should be spaced no further apart than
1116 of the wetted diameter of the gun sprinkler not
to exceed 25 feet. At least 16 gauges should be used in
the calibration. Sixteen gauges will be adequate
except for large guns where the wetted diameter
exceeds 400 feet.
(Maximum recommended spacing between
gauges, 25 feet X 16 = 400 feet.) Gauges should be set
at least one full wetted diameter of throw from either
end of the travel lane, as shown in Figure 1.
The system should be operated such that the
minimum travel distance of the gun cart exceeds the
wetted diameter of throw. Application volumes
should be read as soon as the last gauges stop being
wetted.
0

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- F_ I
Row of
collection
gauges
Direction of travel
HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Reel cart >
Lef t I Right
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gun
cart
NI
A
Wetted diameter
(320 feet)
At least one wetted
diameter end of field
Figure 1. General layout and orientation
of collection gauges for calibration of a hard hose and cable tow traveler irrigation systems.
CAUBRATION PROCEDURES
1. Determine the wetted diameter of the gun.
2. Determine the number of collection gaugesand spacing b . etween Ouges. For a wetted diameter of.320
feet� the rain gauge spacing should not exceed , 20',feet.',(320 ft./ 16 ='2Q.ft).
3. Label gauges outward from the gun cart as either left or right (LI, L2, L3. etq; R1, R2, R3, etc.)
4. Set out gauges along a row as. labeled and shpwn.,ir) Figurel ..equally spaced at the distance determined in
item 2 (20 feet). The row shou ld� he. at.!�ast'.o' d di 0�6d-..bf I ihe--ppll. The
gauge on each'side of the travel lane should be. 1/2 the, gau. e-.sp4�19g'from.Xhe center of the lane.'1`6r'a�
gauge spacing of 20 feet� Ll and 111"should b`e­19.feet from- the,cen't.er of.the lane.
5. Operate the system for the time required fo�.the'gun'to completely pass all collection containers. Record
the "starting' time that wastewater be gins to be.appl ' ied alongthe row of,gauges and the "ending" t1me' .
when wastewater no longer is being applied �.Anywhere along the rQw.,Nso record the distance traveled'in
feet for the time of operation.
6. Immediately record the amounts collected in'each gauge. (Refer to Table l.for'an example.).
7. Identify those gauges that fall outside the effectivelaine spacing, Figure 2. This volume is the overlap'.
volume that would be collected when -operating -the syst�Mlon�the�icljacent lane.::
8. Superimpose (leftto rightand'vice versa), the`gaug­­6it��.6tsia� the -effective , width with'the g'auges'just
inside the effective widft Add the'volumes tog6�er,:.
For the layout 5hown in Figure 2,,a.dd collec'ted.in.'gauge RB ctive
(outside the'effe
lane spacing) to volume (depth)collected in'gauge 1_5(inside theeffective lane'spacing). Similarly R7 is"
added to L6; L8 is added to 115; pnd L7-is'adde­dto`R';6.- is is -now the, application volume'(depth)withi'n
the effective lane- spacin' adjus�ed f r'o rl:
9 o . ve ap.''

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
Lane I Lane 2
Reel cart
Left Right
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Left Right Gun
8 7 16 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 can
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Direction of traveJ Gun
Can
Effective lane s Cing
(224 feetr
Effective lane spacing
(224 feet)
Figure 2. Accounting for overlap
when calibrating a hard hose traveler system.
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES (conUnued)
9. Add the amounts collected in all gauges and divide by the number of gauges within the effective area. This
is the average application depth Cinches) within the effective lane spacing.
Sum of amounts collected in all gauges
Average application depth = Number of gauges within effective width
10. Calculate the deviation depth for each gauge. The deviation depth is the difference between each
individual gauge value and the average value of all gauges (#7). Record the absolute value of each
deviation depth. Absolute value means the sign of the number (negative sign) is dropped and all values are
treated as positive. The symbol for absolute value is a straight thin line. For example, 121 means treat the
number 2 as an absolute value. It -does not mean the number 121. Because this symbol can lead to
misunderstandings, it is not used with numbers in the worksheets at the end of this publication. The
symbol is used in formulas in the text.
Deviation depth IDepth collected in gauge i — average application depthl
Y refers to the gauge number
11. Add amounts in #10 to get "sum of the deviations' from the average depth and divide by the number of
gauges to get the average deviation.
Average deviation depth = Sum of deviations (add amounts computed in #10)
Number of gauges within effective lane spacing
12- The precipitation rate (inches/hour) is computed by dividing the average application depth (inch) (#9) by
the application time (hours) (#5) Average application depth (inch)
Precipitation rate
Application time (hours)
n6

HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES (continued)
13- Compute the average travel speed
Distance traveled (feet)
Average travel speed = Time (minutes)
14. Determine the application uniformity. The application uniformity is often computed using the
mathematical formula referred to as the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient.
it is computed as follows:
. Average depth (#9) - Average deviation (#11)
UC = — X 100
Average depth (#9)
15. Interpret the calibration results. The higher the index value, the more uniform the application. An index of
100 would mean that the uniformity is perfect — the exact same amount was collected in every gauge.
For travelers with proper overlap and operated in light wind, an application uniformity greater than 85 is
common,
Application uniformity between 70 to 85 is in the "good" range and is acceptable for wastewater
application.
Generally, an application uniformity below 70 is considered unacceptable for wastewater -irrigation using
travelers. If the computed Uc is less than 70, system adjustments are required. Contact your irrigation
dealer or Certified Technical Specialist for assistance.
Table 1. Example calibration data for a traveling gun system operated in parallel lanes. Lane
spacing 70 percent of sprinkler wetted diameter.
a.
Manufacturers' Specifications: Gun Model_UQ Type Ta= 0 -are
Nozzle Dia. 0.9 ingb Pressure (Gun) ZQ-pg Reel 105 psi
Wetted diameter 320 Effective Spacing 22Aft Flow 127 GPM
Hose Size: Length J= Diameter_Lin
b.
Spacing between collection containers (spacing 32&(ft) 16) =J�Lft
c.
Number of gauges = 16
d.
Start of irrigation event 7PI 5 a.m.
e.
End of irrigation event 9:QO a.M.
f.
Duration (e-d)_JDJ_minutes
9.
Travel distance_32-0-feet
h.
Operate the system and collect data.

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Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
Table 1. Calibration Data (continued)
Gauge
Distance
Volume
Overlap
Corrected
Deviation
No.
from Center
Collected
Adjustment
Volume
from Average*
(feet)
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
LI
10
.94
.94
.235 (1 - D
L2
30
.80
.80
.095 (2 - j)
L3
50
.59
.59
.115 (etc)
L4
70
.61
.61
.095
L5
90
.50
.13
.63
.075
L6
110
'.42
.20
.62
.085
L7
130
.33
LB
150
.07
R1
10
.73
.73
.02-5
R2
30
.81
.81
.105
R3
50
.92
.92
.21S
R4
79.
.64
.64
.065
R5
90
.50
.07
.57
.135
R6
110
.27
.33
.60
.105
R7
130
.20
R8
ISO
.13
'Absolute value; treat all values as positive.
i. Sum of all volumes collected in #h 8.46 inche
J. A�erage catch (i/number of gauges within effective width (12) 0.705inches
Distance traveled (ft) 320 ft
k- Compute the average travel speed = . = - = 3.04 ftlmia
Time (min) 105 min
average depth Cinches) 0.705 in
1. Precipitation rate = = - = Q.JO inlbr
application time (hour) 1.75 hr
m. Sum of deviations from the average catch-j,35fz
n. Average deviation from average catch (m/12) 0,113
o. Uniformity coefficient
0.705 - 0.113
U, = 0.705 1 X100=M
p. Interpret results. Uniformity coefficient of 84 is in the good range for a traveler system. No adjustment
is necessary.

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HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Irrigation System Calibration Data Sheet for Hard Hose Traveler Irrigation System
DATE: Land Owner Farm No.
a. Manufacturers' Specifications: Gun Model Type
Nozzle Dia. n Pressure (Gun)_ (Reel)
Wetted diameter ft Effective Spacing ft Flow GPM
Hose Size: Length I t Diameter in
b. Spacing between. collection containers (diameter 16) —ft
C. wetted diameter (ft)
Number of gauges = gauge spacing (ft)
d. Start of Irrigation event
e. End of Irrigation event
f. Duration (e -d) — min
g. Travel distance feet
h. Operate the system, collect data,
and record on the worksheet on page 8,
i. Sum of all catches — inches
Average catch (i/number of gauges) — inches
Distance traveled (ft)
k. Average travel speed =
Time (min)
1. Sum of all deviations from the average catch
m. Average deviation from average catch
n. Uniformity coefficient
Uc� X 100
I un
8 716 5 4 1 1 1
00 0 a 0 G
I /\ --
1 1 6 � 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 11
.00.0. .0 ... 0.
mom I I
2 3 4 3 017 C-
00 0 0
OKI- t
W 1.7*q
IC
Interpret the calibration data and make necessary adjustments.
For travelers with proper overlap and operated in light wind, an application uniformity Coefficient greater than
85 is common.
App lication uniformity between 70 to 85 is in the "good" range and is acceptable for wastewater application.
Generally, an application uniformity below 70 is considered unacceptable for wastewater irrigation using
travelers. If the computed U, is less than 70, system adjustments are required. Contact your irrigation dealer or
Certified Technical Specialist for assistance.
0

Field Calibration Procedures
for Anitnal Wastewater Application Equipment
Calibration Data (continued)
Gauge Distance Volume overlap Corrected Deviation
No. from Center Collected Adjustment Volume from Average*
(feet) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
Ll
L2
L3
L4
LS
L6
U
LB
L9
Ll 0
RI
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
RIO
*Ab5olute value;
treat oll values as positive.
Red Un
Ldt
Row d S 7 6 5 4 3 2
CoLkaign -------- b, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G4X
MKUan of Ltav-J \ )
Rk�K
2 J 4 5 6 7 9
sew At It" 0�9 ftled
dbnxW aW ci fidd
7)
0

End Exhibit 16
Prepared by
R.O. Evans, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Extension Specialist
1. C. Barker, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Extension Specialist
J.'r Smith, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Assistant Extension 5pecialist
R.E, Sheffield, Biological and Agricultijral Engineering Extension Specialist
5,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of 17, 962, or S.39 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Employment and program opporLunities are offered to all
people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.
4/97-5M—JMG/KEL-270201 AG -553-2
E97-30399

= = = = = = = M = = = = = = = = = = =
Relative Nitrogen Fertilization Rate
of Forage Species by Month (Piedmont & Coastal Plain)'
Crop
Janu�ry
I Fabnmry
-Match I
A�l
My
June
J ly
u
U9 ml.
October
November
Decemb6r
%
Tag Fescue
Ht
111 1
Ht
M1
Ls
M,
M
L
N
100
Orchard9rass
N
H
H
H
M
L
L
M
M
M
N
L
100
Kentucky' bluegrass
N
H
H
H
M
L
L
M
M
M
N
N
65
Rescuegrass
N
H
H
H
M
M
L
L
L
M
M
L
Hybrid Bermudagrass
I N
N
J L
M
H
H
H
M
M
L
N
N
oo
100
SvAtchgrass
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
N
N
70
0
Flacidgrass
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
L
N
as
875
Gamagrass
N
N
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
N
N
100
Caucasian Bluestern
N
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
N
N
70
Bahlagrass'
-----
Pearl milet
N
-------------------
N
N
N
L
M
H
H
H
M
L
L
N
N
W ----
70
----
Sorghurn/suclan Hybrid N
N
N
N
H
H
H
M
M
L
U
N
100
Crabgrass
N
N
N
N
M
14
H
H
M
L
N
N
Italian Flyegrass
L
M
H
H
M
N
N
N
L
L
Lj
L
7100
Smal rain
(YAnter rye)
L
M
H
H
L
N
N
N
L
M
_.
L
iDo
N = Do not apply nitrogew, L = low rate; M = medium rate; H = high rate.
Approximate rates for bermudagrass ut L <15 lbs/ac, M < 25 lbs/ac and H 50+ lbs/ac.
Not adapted except in piedmont and mountains.
Not adapted In most of pledmont or mountains.
While some forage growth may still continue, fertilization at this time may weaken the plants ability to overwinter,
Between May 15 and August 7 (pledmonL) September I (coastal plain) no more than a IoUd of 50 lbs PA.N/ac should be applied.
�9
E

11
ii
~,,`'`.�?.:a.`�:,-,�-;-Y::�.��«`r"=:���'.._.....____..-_-�--__.._. ... -: •---- r.t:',::,t "TI JSPFiOV1D !t '' !�
:L'c N [iI3 TQ J Ii
n.,�,
i}i
Studying nutrient removal by
plants is one of the methods
used to develop fertility
reconvnendations Tests are
designed to examine pattenrs
of nutrient uptake in response
to differdnt levels offertilizer
application. 1r1forniation on
nutrient removal alone is not
adequate for making fertility
reconunendations because it
does not take into accowzt the
ability of the soils to retain
and supply nutrients. It can,
however, show variations in
nutrient needs among different
crops. In addition, it can
indicate the rates at which
reserves of soil nutrients will
be depleted
SUN CQt1MY Cy►TI Ptiii?Jl1 ,^'LO-POWGPS E!YR1t?1t I:hjr
LidB=1{`tfJ
,i1Fr{}11Ai
'qs!t!:jir
Nutrient R`9i,,;--t..ovaN'9Y
Crops in .-Tot &t. Carolina
Plant growth and development
depends on many factors, including
adequate nutrition. The exact
amount of fertilizer necessary varies
with the potential yield, growth, and
the concentration of nutrients that
arc available from soil reserves and .
decaying organic matter. These
interacting factors make it difficult
to develop reliable recommenda-
tions for fertility. Sound recommen-
dations require wcll planned, long-
term experiments that can show
responses for a wide range of cnvi-
ronmental, soil, and growth condi-
tions.
Nutrients in plants that are left
in the field will partially resupply
nutrient reserves in the soil as they
decompose. Estimates of nutrient
depiction, therefore, should take
into account only the nutrients
removed with the harvested portion
of the plant. The table on page 2
shows the mean concentration of
various nutrients that are removal
by each crop for the ycild level indi-
cated. Values are not reported for
boron, molybdenum, iron, or chlo-
rine because they were omitted from
the references used. This does not
mean they arc not removed nor that
they are unimportant. A brief dis-
cussion of each nutrient precedes
the table.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (N) is a part of all plant
and animal proteins and a compo-
ncnt of DNA and RNA. Crop uptake
of nitrogen is relatively inefficient
and often results in average nitrogen
losses of 50 percent because of
leaching, volatilization, or denitrifi-
cation. Consequently, crop removal
values reflect a minimum amount of
nitrogen required because they do
not account for nitrogen losses.
Legumes produce most of their
own nitrogen through a symbiotic,
or beneficial, relationship with
bacteria (Rlzizobiu)n species) that
infect their roots. These bacteria
have the ability to convert atmos-
pheric nitrogen into forms that can
be used by plants. Therefore, leg-
unics with active nitrogen -fixing
bacteria do not need additional
sources of nitrogen. If fertilizer
nitrogen is added to a legume, bac-
terial production of nitrogen de-
creases. Current research suggests
that legumes may be less efficient
than nonlegunic crops in recovering
nitrogen applied as fertilizers.
Nitrogen can accumulate under
some conditions in North Carolina
soils. However, the rate of accumu-
lation and the length of availability
is extremely unpredictable and as
such is not included in standard soil
analysis. Sources of soil nitrogen
include commercial fertilizers,
animal manures, legume residues,
and other forms of decaying organic
matter. For more information on
nitrogen refer to Extension publica-
tion AG-439-2 Nitrogen and Water
Quality.

Table 1. Estimated Nutrient Removal Rates of Crops
Crop Yield N Pp. K..'o Ca Mg S CU Mn Zn
lbs
Grains
Wev forain) 40 bu 35 15 10 1 2 3 003 A CU n nn
(straw)
1 ton
is
5
30
8
2
4
0.01
0.32
0.05
Corn (grain)
150 bu
135
53
40
2
a
10
0.06
0.09
0.15
(siover)
4.5 tons
100
37
145
26
20
14
0.05
1.50
0.30
(grain)
80 bu
50
20
.15
2
3
5
0.03
0.12
0.05
...-..:-Oats
(straw)
2 tons
25
15
80
8
a
9
0.03
-
0.29
Rye (grain)
*30 bu
35
10
10
2
3
7
0.02
0.22
0.03
(straw)
1.5 tons
15
a
25
a
2
3
0.01
0.14
0.07-
Strghurn (grain)
60 bu
so
25
15
4
5
5
0.01
0.04
0.04
(stover)
3 tons
65
20
95
29
18
-
-
-
-
Wheat (grain)
40 bu
50
25
is
1
6
3
0.03
0.09
0.14
(straw)
1.5 tons
20
5
35
6
3
5
0.01
0.16
0.05
Hay
Allaga
4 tons
180
40
160
112
21
19
0.06
0.44
0.42
aunrass
2 tons
so
20
60
16
7
5
0.02
0.30
0.08
Coastal Bermda
-8 tons
400
92
345
48
32
32
0.02
0.64
0.48
Cowpea
2 tons
120
25
80
55
15
13
-
0.65
-
Fescue
3.5 tons
135
65
165
-
13
20
-
-
-
Ordwdgrass
6 tons
3W
100
375
-
25
35
-
-
-
Rod Clover
2.5 tons
100
25
100
69
17
7
0.04
0.54
0.36
Ryegrass
5 tons
215
85
240
-
40
-
-
-
-
Sorghum�Sudan
8 tons
319
122
467
-
47
-
-
-
-
.§qybear�
2 torts
90
20
so
40
is
10
0.04
0.46.
0.15
T'knothy
2-5 tons
60
2.5
18
6
5
0.03
0.31
0'.20,
Fruits and Vegetables.
Apples
500 bu
30
10.
45
a
5
10
0.03
0.03
0.03
.Bean. Dry
30 bu
75
25
25
2
2
5
0.02
0.03
0.06
Ben Peppers
-Cabbage
180 cWt
137
52
217
-
43
-
-
-
-
20tons
130
35
130
20
a
44
0.04
0.10
0.08
-Ordons
7.5 tons
45
20
40
11
2
18
0.03
0.08
0.31
Peaches
600 bu
35
20
65
4
a
2
-
-
0.01
Peas
..25 cwt
164
35
105
-
18
10
-
-
-
Potatoes (Whig) ao.000 ft
90
48
158
5
7
7
0.06
0.14
0.08
(vines)
61
20
54
-
12
7
-
-
-
Potatoes (sweet)
300 bu
40
18
96
4
4
6
0.02
0.06
0.03
(vines)
30
4
24
-
5
-
-
-
-
Snap Beans
4 tons
138
33
163
-
'17
5 tons
so
15
30
12
5
4
0.02
0.10
0.10
sweet COM
90 cwt
140
47
136
-
20
11
-
-
-
To6toes
20 Ions
120
40-
1W
7
11
14
0.07
0.13
0.16
,Turwps
10 tons
45
20
-90-
12
6
-
-

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Nuhient Removal Lnj Crops in North Carolina
Table 1(conitnued)
Crop Yield
N
PO,
KO
Ca
Mg S
Cu
Mn
Zn
lbs —
Crther"Crops
Cotton (seed&lint) 2.600lbs
63
25
31
4
7 5
0.18
0.33
0.96
Cotton (stalks, leaves.
& burs) 3.000 lbs
57
16
72
56
16 15
0.05
0.06
0.75
Peanuts (nuts) 4,000 lbs
140
22
35
6
5 10
0.04
0.3
0.25
(vines) 5,000 lbs
100
17
150
88
20 11
0.12
0.15
—
mr,
(boans) 50 bu 188 41 74 19 10 23
(loaves,sterns,
& pods) 6.100 lbs 89 16 74 30 9 12
Tobacco, flue -cured
peaves)
(stalks)
Tobacco, burley
(leaves)
0.05 0.06 0.05
3,DDO lbs 85 15 155 75 is 12 0.03 0.55 0.07
3,600 lbs 41 11 102 — 9 7 — — —
4,000 lbs 145 14 150 — Is 24
(—) wflrod nwans ft inbmtion was not avabUe in 0* rofwenm o3d.
Palorenm swrces kxkxje. The Fertilizer Insutute. Poiash am Phosphato Insumo, Alabarna CES arcular ANPr449 Tmdale and
Nelson s sai Fwmy andFwaz= mwvadz, Gwdano and undsays mamutnaws in Apwaru and imcs Efrx;rw Fwwaw
Use — FaM*V Jbr ftft
IPliospliorus
Phosphorus (P) is involved in the
energy dynamics of plants. Without
it, plants could not convert solar cn-
ergy into the chemical energy
needed for the synthesis of sugars,
starches, and proteins. Phosphorus
moves very slowly in mineral soils
and thus tends to build up over Ume
when the amount of phosphorus
added in feaflizer and organic
matter exceeds the arhount. removed
in the harvested portions of crops.
Because phosphorus is relatively
immobile in soil, it. is important that
plant roots have a close and adc-
quate supply. Factors that inhibit
root growth therefore can affect
uptake of phosphorus.
. Much of &phosphorus added
to soil is "fixed" by chemical rcac-
Lions with iron, aluminum, and
calcium and becomcs unavailable
for uptake by crops. The quantity of
phosphorus available to plants is .
much smaller than the total quantity
of phosphorus in the soil. 'Mis
amount can be dctcnWncd ojJy
through soil tests. The quantity of
available phosphorus in soils is thG
fraction that is affected by plant
removal.
Potassium
Potassium (K) is involved in.photo-
synthesis, sugar Lranspar� water and
nutrient movement, protein syntlic-
sis. and sLarch formation. Potassium
helps to improve disease resistance,
LQICMCC 10 water stress, winter
hardiness, tolcrancc to plant pcsLs,
mid uptake efficiency of other nutzi-
ents.
Potassium removal by crops un-
der good growing conditions is usu-
ally high, and is often three to four
times that of phosphorus and equal
to that of nitrogen. In many cases
where levels of soluble potassium in
the soil arc high, plants tend to take
up more potassium than they
need. Ibis is called luxwy con-
Sumplion bccausc the excess potas-
siurn does not, increase yields.
Potassium is also mobile in
soils, depending on soil texture.
Movement is greatest in course -
textured sands, followed by fine
sands and then clay soils. Accumu-
lation of poWsium also depends
upon soil texture- Tle greatest
accumulation generally occurs in
clay soils, followed by loam and
coarsc-textured sands.
Calcium and Magricsium
Calcium (Ca) is a cons Li tuent of the
cell wa and kccps; the cell mcm-
brancs stable. Visual evidence of
calcium deficiencies gcnaally
occurs in growing points of Lhc; plant
at the fruit, stem, leaf, and root Ups.
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential
part of the chlorophyll molecule
whem photosynthesis occurs. Mag-
ncsium is also involved in energy
metabolism in the plant and is
required for protein formation.

SojlFads
J
I
Depletion of calcium and mag-
ncsium reserves in the soil by crop
removal is rarely a problem in limed
soils because of the largo quantity of
these nutrients that are present in
liming materials. However, sonic
crops, such as peanuts, may require
more calcium than the crops can
rclnove.
Sulfur
Sulfur (5) is a component of some
amino acids that arc important in
building proteins. Sulfur is required
by plants in about the same quantity
as phosphorus.
Sulfur, just as nitrogen, is mo-
bile in soils and can be lost by
leaching. Leaching is greatest in
coarse -textured soils under high
rainfall conditions and least in limed
clay soils that are low in aluminum
and iron. In North Carolina, most of
the sulfur in surface soils is associ-
ated with organic matter. About 10
pounds of sulfur per acre arc,depos-
ited annually by rainfall in North
Carolina. Values for crop removal
may be useful guides for sulfur fcr-
tilization on coarse -textured, sandy
soils with clay subsoils at depths
gr'catcr than 15 inches.
Micronutrients
bUcroautrients arc called "micro"
only because they are needed in
very small quantities by plants.
Without them, however, no plant
could survive and function normal-
ly. The micronutrients are involved
in different plant processes and can
react differently in the soil.
Copper. Copper (Cu) is involved in
plant enzyme systems, protein
synthesis, seed formation; chloro-
phyll formation and nitrogen me-
tabolism. Copper moves very little
in soils and thus can accumulate
when application rates exceed
utilization. Copper is also held
Lightly by organic matter.
Zinc. Zinc (Z,n) is involved in starch
formation, protein synthesis, root
development, growth hormones, and
enzyme systems. As with copper,
zinc is relatively immobile in soils
and tends to accumulate.
Manganese. Manganese (Mn) is
involved in chlorophyll formation,
nitrate assimilation, enzynlc sys-
tems, and iron metabolism. Manga-
nese deficiency is generally caused
by a high soil pH but can also be
induced by an imbalance with other
elements such as calcium, magnc-
sium, and ferrous iron. Manganese
availability in limed soils is de-
creased with increasing levels of
organic matter.
Boron. Boron (B) is involved in
sugar and starch balance and
translocation, pollination and seed
production, cell division, nitrogen
and phosphorus metabolism, and
protein formation. Boron, just as
nitrogen and sulfur, is highly mobile
and is not readily retained by sandy
surface soils. Because of this mobil-
ity, boron must be added annually
for crops sensitive to boron dcficicn-
cics. Removal of boron by crops is a
reasonable estimate of need, but
practicality and leaching dictate
using several times this much.
Boron fertilizer is required for
cotton, peanuts, reseeding clovers,
and alfalfa, and vegetable crops
often require boron fertilization on
sandy soils.
Molybdenum. Molybdenum (Mo) is
involved in protein synthesis, lcg-
Prepared by
J P. Zubla-4 Extensron Sal Sdar>ce Spedarst
i'utbrted by
umc nitrogen fixation, enzyme, sys-
tems, and nitrogen metabolism. Dc-
ficiencics of molybdcnurn generally
occur on acidic soils that contain
high levels of iron and aluminum
oxides. Estimates of molybdenum
removal by crops may serve as a
general fertilization guide. How-
ever, availability of soil reserves of
molybdenum to the plant arc largely
regulated by soil pl-
Iron. Iron (Fe) is important in
chlorophyll and protein formation,
enzyme systems, respiration, photo-
synthesis, and energy transfer. Iron
deficiency, which is not very com-
mon in North Carolina, is believed
to be caused by an imbalance of
metallic ions, such as copper and
manganese, excessive amounts of
phosphorus in soils, and a combina-
tion of high pH, high lime, cool
ternptratures and high levels of
carbonate in the root zone.
Chlorine. Chlorine (CI) is involved
in photosynthesis, water-usc effi-
ciency, crop maturity, disease
control and sugar translocation.
While chloride leaches quite readily
in coarse -textured soils, deficiencies
arc not very common.
Summary
Estimates of crop nutrient removal
rates are useful in comparing the
nutrient demands of different crops.
These values, however, do not take
into account the quality and availa-
bility of nutrient reserves already in
the soil. Because of this limitation,
soil testing should still be the cor-
ncrstone of all fertility programs.
Removal rates can be used in con-
junction with soil testing to estimate
the depletion of nutrient reserves.
THE NORTH CAPOUNA COOPERATIVE >l7CrMON SEANCE
Nona Carolina State Urrvorsity at Raleigtl, t+foalh Carogm AgriaArral and Todrical State t m at Grcansbm. "rho U.S. Department of Agdartt m co-
oporating. swo ikYvorsr'ty 5lation, Paw9k N.C., R.C. WA Duoda. Dist h*)d In h4war1ce of rho Acts of congress of May a andJuno 30, Z914. The North
Carolina Cooperatim E4ms orl S&,Aw Is an equal opportmtylaffurnz "action emptoyw Its progra=, actmi es, and w ployriw pradK= are available to
d p0008 m9ardo= of raco, a*x, m9gim sox. ago. national engirt, twxfiicap, or p9tical aftum
AG-439-16

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DisUbuted In ka0wance
of the Aas of ColVass
of May 8 and Juno 30. 1914.
EmplaymeM and program
opportwifties arc offered to
an pecoo r*gwdww of
IWA OWN. riallorw oriqk%
SM agO. OF (55atX1 ty. NOM
CaFOILM state Urthmensi:y.
North Carolm A&T State
UnNerr&y. U�s. DeparMicM
of AgrioAtve. arW local
govern-mUscooWaft.
,%..flFacN
SoiZ Acidity and Proper Lime Use
Situation in North Carolina
Nearly all soils in North Carolina that pro-
ducc grain and oil crops, tobacco, Colton,
vegetables, fruits, some forest species, turf,
many ornamentals-, and forages need lime for
opLimum plant growth unless linic has been
added recently. Soil test summaries compiled
by the Agronomic Division, North Carolina
Department of Agriculture, vcrify this need.
Nearly 21,000 soybean and 13,000 cotton
soil tests (July 1, 1989, through June 30,
1990) show that about 6 out of 10 fields will
benefit from liming. Also, NCDA agrono-
mists emphasize that a high percentage of [he
"problem samples" they receive have very
low pH and therefore need lime.
Proper liming, in combination with other
sound agronomic and pest control practices,
will increase crop income in North Carolina.
Using conservative estimates of yield in-
crease from proper lime usc,.the return ftom
cotton, soybeans, and peanuts (crops that are
quite sensitive to low pH) could be increased
by about $25 million. In addition, returns
ftorn tobacco, corn, commercial ' vegetables,
forages (especially legumes), and turf could
probably be incEcascd another $10 million.
Although response to lime is frequently
rather subtle in contras( to a nitrogen applica-
Lion to corn, ignoring its regular use limits
crop yicl&-.
Nature and Cause
of Soil Acidity
Soil acidity is the term used to express the
quantity of hydrogen (H) and aluminum (A])
in soils. On the other hand, soil pH is an
indirect indicator of "soil acidity." Soil pH,
which is the negative logarithm of the soil
hydrogen concentration, is expressed on a
scale from I to 14. Because the pH scale is
logarithmic, soil with a pH of 6 is 10 times
more acidic and soil with a pH of 5 is 100
times more acidic than soil with a pH of 7.
Remember that the lower the pH number, the
more acid the soil and therefore the greater
the need for linic. This relationship is shown
in Figure 1.
North Carolina soils are
highly weathered (leached)
because of excessive rainfall
and therefore are naturally
acidic. 'Mis process has dc-
plcicd the nutrient elements
calcium (Ca) and magnesium
(Mg) from naturally occurring
mincrals as well as those Of
previously applied agricultural
linicsLonc. Plants also remove
calcium and magnesium.
Decay of crop residue or the
r : 1 1. Ar
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 ELO au0suon o an nia was
Soil pH other organic matter increases
soil acidity. Widcsprcad use of
Figure 1. General relationship between soil pH fertilizer nitrogen also in -
and acidity. creases soil acidity.
North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLLGL OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES

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Soffacts
- __ - 0 M
Soil Testing
and Target pHs
Because aluminum and hydrogen
arc the principal components of Soil
arjOiLy in inincral soils (hydrogen i�;
the principal component in organic
soils) the North Carolina soil test
report contains a incasurcinent
called the A c value. This is the coin-
bination of aluminum and hydrogen
in soils and is used to predict lime
needs. Lime recommendations must
take into account differences in
acidity between soils and differ-
cnccs among various crops' tolcr-
ance to acidity. 'niis explains why
soils differ in (lie recommendcd or
target PH. For most commonly
grown crops, mincral (MIN) soils
have a target pH of 6.0. For mincral-
organic (M-0) soils the target is a
PH of 5-5, and for organic (ORG)
soils it is 5.0. 711C reason for the
difference is that soils high in
organic matter generally contain
less aluminum and are thus less
toxic to plant roots at a relatively
low PH.
Furthermore, crops differ in their
ability to LOIcratc a low pli. Plants
such as blucbcrrics and aulcas arc
known to be especially tolerant,
whereas others such as alfalfa,
cotton, and tomatoes grow better at
a higber PH. Because of the differ-
ences in crops and soils, the Nortli
Carolina soil test report rccom-
mends varying raics of lime to
achieve the best PH for the particu-
lar soil class and crop combination
under consideration.
Lime Reactions in Soil
11c most commonly used lime for
North Carolina agriculture is the
dolomitic type (CaMgCO�; calcitic
lime (CaCO) is less trcqucntly
used. A liming material must have
more than a high calcium content; it
must also be capable of neutralizing
acid (H). 'nc chemical reaction of
dolomilic limc withsoils is as
follows:
Equation 1:
Calcium Magnesium Carbonate + Water
'.Calcium +�Magnesium + Bicarbonate +_ Hydroxide
CaM9CO, + HO Cal* + Mg- + 2HCO�- + 20K -
it dolomitic limestone is used. the calcium or inagnesium helps displace
ft hydroger) and alumioum.on-the soil:exchange site% and the hydroxyl
ions react-lp.qpu
. k(aNzQ;Ihesp acidic components as shom in equations
2 and 3. 'The Pjq"".anion. reacts YA1h hydrogen to form a verf
weak acid.
gquaUon'2:
AJuminum +-Hydroxide Insoluble Aluminum Hydroxide
N13 + 30H--�- PP AJ(OH),,
ECjuatJq0..3.1: -
..'�yd�pqen + �ydroXide 1P Water
H*+ OW HO
Aluminum hydroxide is insol-
uble; therefore the aluminum is
effectively inactivated. Also, when
hydrogen and hydroxide ions com-
binc, water is formed and the
hydrogen is therefore neutralized.
Because lime dissolves very slowly,
it must be ground finely before it
can effectively neutWizc soil,
acidity (Figure 2). Note that 40- to
%mesh material raised the PH to
a higher level than 8- to 20 -mesh
material did during an 18 -month
5tudy.
Benefits of Proper
Lime Use
711ic solubility of many essential
plant nutrients is irdlucnccd by soil
PH (Figure 3). For most nutricnEs
the optimum PH range is bctwccn 6
and 7. In addition, proper liming
will provide the following benefits:
N A reduction in aluminum (and
manganese in most piedmont and
mountain soils), witich may be toxic
and restrict root and associatod top
7.0
6.0
PH
5.0
NO 4-8
Inc
4.6 4- 1.
0 6 12 is
Months Atter Uming
Figure 2. Ume screen size and
soil PH.
growth. Restricted root growth also
reduces drought tolcrance.
X More efficient use of fertilizer -
supplied phosphorus (P). Aluminum,
particularly at a low PH, is chcmi-
cally active and combines with fcr-
tilizer phosphorus, causing it to

1
1
PH 4 pH 5 pH 6 pH 7 pH 8 pH 9
•.j}LF�,;.rlT"i•L.'��.f�r «a1
... iy rs`- � a..-... • � �v.�i J •4.FMfr�►�'�i �.: -� �.4'•_�ra5
C
•IfiQN„ALUMINUM;AND`-M,A GANESi
pH PH PH pH7 pH pH
Figure 3. Effect of soil pH on nutrient availability.
become insoluble. This tying up of
fertilizer phosphorus means that less
is available to the next crop. In
some instances, fertilizer phospho-
rus has inadvertently served as a
liming material, in that it has immo-
bilized aluminum.
■ Economical provision of csscn-
tial magnesium if dolomitic lime-
stone is used. Furthermore, the
magnesium supplied in dolomitic
limestone is released slowly over a
period of three to four years and is
therefore better protected from
lcaching than that supplied by
fertilizer magnesium.
■ Improved nodulation of leb-
umcs. The rhizobia in nodules on
legume roots -- those of soybeans,
peanuts, alfalfa, and clover --
synthesize greater amounts of
nitrogen from the soil atmosphere
for use by [he Icgumc where soil pH
is not low. Such inoculation leads to
an economical source of nitrogen
and may supply the succeeding crop
with substantial residual nitrogen.
In addition, molybdenum (Mo), an
essential clement in a lcgumc's
nitrogen -Fixing processes, is incrcas-
ingly tied up as soil pH gradually
declines below 5.5 and thus
becomes unusable to the rhizobia
bacteria. Therefore, a lass -than -
optimum molybdenum means
nitrogen -deficient legumes.
■ Reduced leaching of potassium.
On the soil's exchange complex
there are a limited number of sites
that can hold nutrients such as po-
tassium. When these sites arc occu-
pied by strongly attached aluminum
(low pH), any potassium added in
fcrtilizcr is more susceptible to
lcaching. Proper liming will not
completely prevent lcaching of po-
tassium but will tend to minimize it,
particularly on soils with deep sandy
surfaces.
■ Improved performance of some
herbicide*. Triazincs -- atrazine
and simazine --- do not perform
effectively below the optimum pH.
Furthermore, there is increasing
evidence that optimum pH also im-
proves the performance of sonic
ncmalicitics.
Determining the
Lime Requirement
It is important to remember that
soils in different parts of the United
Statcx have difrcrcnt optimum pHs.
For example, most midwcstcra soils
produce best crops at a pH of 6.5 to
7.0, but these values would cause
micronutrient deficiencies in parts
of North Carolina. Another problem
is that laboratories use testing
methods developed for their particu-
lar conditions. Many laboratories
use a weighed soil sample and
assume that the weight -to -volume
ratio remains the same from one soil
to another. The North Carolina
laboratory uses a soil volume in its
test because the soils of this state
vary a great deal in weight -to -
volume ratio.
According to the North Carolina
Department of Agriculture's Agro-
nomic Division, the amount of lime
required depends on the pH desired
for the intended crop, the present
soil pH, the amount of acidity (Ac),
and an adjustment for residual credit
(RC)' from recent time applica-
tions. Each sample is classified as
mineral (MIN), mineral -organic (M-
0), or organic (ORO) because the
desired pH differs for each of these
three groups. With computer assis-
tance, NCDA agronomists offer
lime suggestions calculated by the
following equation:
Tons of lime per acre =
Ac x pH desired — present pH ^ RC
6.6 — present pH
Example:
If soil pH = 5.0;
desired pH = 6.0; Ac = 1.2; RC = 0
then lime requirements are:
1.2 x 6.0 — 5.0 _ 0 = 0.76 ton/acre
(6.6 — 5.0
*Residual credit is reduced by 8 percent
per month from time of application to time
of soil test for mineral soils and 16 perccnl
per month for mineral -organic soils.

I SoilFacts
1
1
1
1
When the results of the calcula-
tion indicate that no lime is needed
and the soil pH is 0.3 unit or less
below the level desired, an applica-
tions of 0.3 toll per acre or 15
pounds per thousand square feCt is
recommended. When lime rates arc
calculated for a first and second
crop, the highest of the two lime
rates is suggested for the First crop
and no lime is suggested for the sec-
ond crop. Umc rates arc reported in
tenths of a ton; no lime application
is recommended when calculations
indicate less than 0.3 ton.
Calcitic Versus Dolomitic
Lfine5tone
rNorth Carolina has few good natural
lime sources. Calcitic marl liming
materials (soft marine shell depos-
its) are available in the coastal plain,
but thcre arc no dolomitic lime
deposits in the cast. Dolomitic lime
must be obtained from the Virginia
or Tennessee mountains and is thus
relatively expansive. Occasionally,
by-product liming materials become
available. If the neutralizing value
is known and the lime is ground
finely enough to rcact in the soil,
these can be economical substitutes.
Liming; materials containing cal-
cium carbonate (CaCO) atone are
called calcitic limes, and those with
significant amounts of magnesium
carbonate (MgCO) (t percent mag-
nesium or greater) are called dolo-
mitic limes. Pure calcium carbonate
is used as the standard for liming
materials and is assigned a rating of
100 perccnt. This rating is also
known as lie "calcium carbonate
equivalent." All otlicr liming;
materials are rated in relationship to
it. Dolomitic limes are slightly
more efficient in neutralizing soil
acidity and may have values slightly
greater than 100.
Calcitic limes can be used on
any soil high in magnesium. On the
other hand, dolomitic limes should
mont soils arc naturally high in
magnesium, whereas most sandy
soils in the coastal plain arc low.
The soil test report will indicate
which Iimc should be used. It is
pussibic to. use a tnatpicsium fcrtil-
izcr instead of dolomitic lime, but
the costs of this source of magnc-
sium arc almost always considerably
higher.
Liming Product Standards
for North Carolina
Size standards and other criteria
have been established for the sale of
agricultural materials to ensure a
quality product. They arc as follows:
■ Agricultural liming materials
must be crushed so that 90 percent
passes through a U.S. standard 20-
mesh screen (with a'tolerancc of ± 5
perccut). •
■ For dolomitic limestone, 35
percent mustpass through a U.S.
standard 100-mesh screen; for
calcitic limestone, 25 percent must
pass through a U.S. standard 100-
mesh screen (with a tolerance of # 5
percent).'
■ A product must contain a mini-
mum of G percent magnesium to be
classified as a dolomitic limestone.
■ There is no minimum calcium
carbonate equivalent requirement
for limestone, sold in North Caro-
lina. However, the product must be
labeled to show the amount neces-
sary to equal that provided by a
liming material having a 90 percent
calcium carbonate equivalent. Lime
recommendations in North Carolina
are based on 90 percent calcium
carbonate equivalency. For cx-
amplc, a product having a calcium
carbonate equivalent of 80 percent
would be labeled "2,250 pounds of
this material equals 1 ton of stan-
dard agricultural liming; material."
N Pcllctcd lime must slake down
when it comes in contact with mois-
be used on soils low in magnesium. lure.
Many organic soils and sonic pied- 'Also applies to pcllctcd lime.
Lime form
Most agricultural lime is sold as a
damp powder because dry lime is
very dusty and difficult to handle.
However, lime is occasionally
cxccssivcly wet. Lime is sold by the
pound; thus be aware that you may
be purchasing a substantial amount
of water and should adjust Iimc rates
accordingly.
Lime is sometimes sold in pellet
form. The pellets are formed from
lime that has been finely ground; it
is not large grains of solid lime-
stone. The pcilcted product is Icss
dusty and easier to spread but is
more expensive. Pcllctcd lime is
slower to act than powdered lime.
Soil reaction will be enhanced if the
soil can be retillcd thoroughly
several days after the pcilcts have
been mixed into the soil and have
become soft. Pellcted lime is not an
economical source for most Feld
crops. Lime is also sometimes sold
as a suspension, often called "liquid
lime." It consists of fine lime par-
ticics mixed with water and a sus-
pecting clay. All the lime particles
must be 100 mesh or finer. Up to
1,000 pounds of lime ran be sus-
pended in a ton of product. The
main advantages arc case of hand-
ling and precise application. This
material, although a fluid, does not
react any faster than dry lime of the
same particle size. Once it has been
placed on the soil it is the same as
dry lime. All of the lime in a sus-
pension is fast acting, and a ton of
product (1,000 pounds of fine lime
particles plus clay and water) will.
raise the pH as fast as a ton of dry
lime. However, the effectiveness of
suspensions is short lived compared
to regular agricultural limestone,
and therefore the liming will proba-
bly have to be repeated every year.
Also, suspensions arc a considerably
more cxpen5tve way to correct soil
acidity.

Soil Acidity and Proper Lime Use
1
fl
1
Application and
Incorporation
Lime stoves little in the soil and
neutralizes acidify only in the zone
where it is applied. To be effective,
therefore, it must be uniformly
spread and thoroughly incorporated.
The poorest and most common
method of application is by spinner
spreader. Double spinners are better
than single spinners; however, all
normally apply more lime immedi-
ately behind the spreader than to the
sides. In practice, rates arc adjusted
by checking the spreader pattern,
overlapping the pattern, and double
spreading, staking the second pass
at right angles to the first. If done
properly, this is an acceptable way
to apply lime. In many cases,
however, these precautions arc not
followed and lime is applied un-
evenly. The soil can suffer from
both undcrliming and ovcrliming.
Reduced yields may result.
Special situations.may occur in
the coastal plain that ]cad to over -
liming. First, if excessive lime falls
along a relatively narrow path at the
center line of the spreader truck, the
soil pH may increase somewhat
above the desired level. Second, the
delivered rate may be too high for
sandy ridges that occur in certain
fields. Third, there simply may
have been too much lime applied
uniformly across the field. These
three circumstances may elevate the
pH to the extent that within a year
or two an "induced" manganese
deficiency has been created, and the
crop may exhibit a manganese defi-
ciency.
Lime can be more evenly ap-
plied using full -width or boons
sprcaders. Full -width spreaders
allow lime to fall to the ground by
gravity. The rate is determined by
the size of the openings in the box
and by ground speed. Boom spread-
crs use drag chains, augers, or
pneumatic pressure to move lime
out the booms and drop it on the
ground. If adjusted properly, both
types of spreaders are vastly super-
ior to the spinner type. The main
limitations to their use are the high
initial cost and more complex
operation. Most growers will likely
continue to spread lime using
spinner spreaders, but if you choose
that method you should be aware of
the limitations and take every
precaution to sce that the lime is
evenly spread.
The most commonly used lime
incorporation tool is the disk. Its
main limitation is that it incorpo-
rates lime only about half as deep as
the disk blades penetrate. Even with
repeated passes it will not incorpo-
rate lima well. Offset disks that
throw the soil do better. The best
incorporation implement is a heavy-
duty rotary tiller that mixes the soil
as deep as the roots need to go. If
the land is to be bottom plowed, do
not bury the lime too deep. If
plowing, the best approach is to
apply half the lime, then disk and
bottom plow, and then apply the
other half and disk again; however,
this process is costly and is not
generally used. Certain other tillage
practices, such as bedding or middle
busting, will help with lime incorpo-
ration in the long run. Chisel
plowing is very ineffective in lime
incorporation. Although lime is
applied on the surface to estab-
lished pastures and lawns, it should
be incorporated at establishment to
reduce soil acidity.
A proper soil pH can increase
your crop income. However, vary-
ing rates of lime arc recommended
depending on the best pH for the
particular soil class and crop combi-
nation. To test your soil's pH, send
a soil sample to Agronomic Divi-
sion, North Carolina Department of
Agriculture, Blue Ridge Road
Ccnter, Raleigh, NC 27611.

' SoilFacts.
rj
' THIS oULLET'tN IS PROVIDED TO YOU BY THE
NORTH CAROUNA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
ROBESON COUNTY CENTER
LUMBERTON. NORTH CAROLINA 24358
[phone]
' Prepared by
Paul Lilly, Extension Soil Science Specialist
and
Jack Baird! Professor Emeritus, Soil Science
1
1 7,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,055; or $.15 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROUNA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
4/93-7M—TWK-230226 (Revi3ed) AG-439-17

Exhibit 18
Wf LSoN 'S SWIP6
Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist 1 `'ctt l c`vD C "'vTLI
Source Cause BMPs to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Flush alleys • Agitation during wastewater p Underfloor flush with underfloor ventilation ��^
conveyance
Pit recharge points Agitation of recycled lagoon Extend recharge lines to near bottom of pits with
liquid while pits are filling anti -siphon vents
Lift stations a Agitation during sump tank O Sump tank covers N�
filling and drawdown
Outside drain • Agitation during wastewater Box covers
collection or conveyance
junction boxes
End of drainpipes • Agitation during wastewater Extend discharge point of pipes underneath Ftec�lc b�k �rrcau,�vCi�ijtF .
at lagoon conveyance lagoon liquid level
Lagoon surfaces • Volatile gas emissions Proper lagoon liquid capacity
• Biological mixing M/Correct lagoon startup procedures 1­46cx,J luAS 0E6I6-wip Ai<
• Agitation L"Minimum surface area -to -volume ratio /VIi?CS G u �aFUws /}T T�fE Tip,
Minimum agitation when pumping
C] Mechanical aeration
i�Proven biological additives on 0ccA6ioo-.1
Irrigation sprinkler • High pressure agitation
nozzles . Wind drift
Q' Irrigate on dry days with little or no wind
Minimum recommended operating pressure
11 4ump intake near lagoon liquid surface
0 Pump from second -stage lagoon —N/i

End Exhibit 18
Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist
Source Cause BMPs to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Storage tank or • Partial microbial ❑ Bottom or midlevel loading
basin surface decomposition ❑ Tank covers
• Mixing while filling
• Agitation when emptying
❑
❑
Basin surface mats of solids
Proven biological additives or oxidants
Settling basin
• Partial microbial
❑
Extend drainpipe outlets underneath liquid level
surface
decomposition
❑
Remove settled solids regularly
• Mixing while filling
• Agitation when emptying
Manure, slurry, or
• Agitation when spreading
D
Soil injection of slurry/sludges
sludge spreader
• Volatile gas emissions
❑
Wash residual manure from spreader after use �i
outlets
❑ Proven biological additives or oxidants
Uncovered manure,
• Volatile gas emissions while
❑
Soil injection of slurry/sludges / ,¢5
NOT -
slurry, or sludge on
drying
O
Soil incorporation within 48 hours
field surfaces
CO
Spread in thin uniform layers for rapid drying
❑
Proven biological additives or oxidants
Dead animals
• Carcass decomposition
Proper disposition of carcasses Af 5 &*amIOU 6.
cc,
Dead animal
Carcass decomposition
❑
Complete covering of carcasses in burial pits �,
�J
uSt-s Aw. doX
disposal pits
❑
Proper location construction of disposal pits
Incinerators
• Incomplete combustion
❑
Secondary stack burners N
Standing water
• improper drainage
Grade and Ian dscape such that water drains away /W,
4omoij
around facilities
. Microbial decomposition of
from facilities
/Mocc.v'o
organic matter

M M M M = = M = = = M M = M =
Exhibit 19
yli it.�u�.(5 5 �►� � F/�o2.w�
IgV—k�rA0N0. Cv
Insect Control Checklist for Animal Operations
Source Cause BMPs to Control Insects Site Specific Practices
Liquid Systems
Flush gutters * Accumulation of solids O Flush system is designed and operated
sufficiently to remove accumulated solids from
gutters as designed
O Remove bridging of accumulated solids at
discharge
Lagoons and pits Crusted solids Maintain lagoons, settling basins and pits where 6-491W aftivs /ka-- 5 Etif
pest breeding is apparent to minimize the crusting Z ��rs A�
ADD WRs�S r ou�'�4�d
of solids to a depth of no more than b to 8 inches SojrQ.5 ,. G/46C�Ow is ivoTcOeastfo,
over more than 30 percent of surface
Excessive vegetative • Decaying vegetation Maintain vegetative control along banks of
growth lagoons and other impoundments to prevent
accumulation of decaying vegetative matter along
water's edge on impoundment's perimeter.
Dry Systems
Feeders Feed spillage QY Design, operate, and maintain feed systems
(e.g., bunkers and troughs) to minimize theS �"` �"`
accumulation
✓ of decaying wastage
® Clean up spillage on a routine basis (e.g., 7- to 10-
day interval during summer; 15- to 30-day interval
during winter)

End Exhibit 19
Insect Control Checklist for Animal Operations
Source Cause BMPs to Control Insects Site Specific Practices
Feed storage Accumulations of feed Reduce moisture accumulation within and around
residues immediate perimeter of feed storage areas by,�
ensuring drainage is away from site and/or
providing adequate containment (e.g., covered bin
for brewer's grain and similar high moisture grain
�roducts)
WInspect for and remove or break up accumulated
solids in filter strips around feed storage as needed
Animal holding • Accumulations of animal I/ Eliminate low areas that trap moisture along fences
areas wastes and feed wastage and other locations where waste accumulates and
disturbance by animals is minimal Fermi//n�s�i�r•/ o�
(Pr Maintain fence rows and filter strips around animal 5/a/ cl %rz5 �n5tc `k�l�-•
holding areas to minimize accumulations of wastes
(i.e., inspect for and remove or break up
accumulated solids as needed)
Dry manure Accumulations of animal 0
handling systems wastes
0
Remove spillage on a routine basis (e.g.,
7- to 10-day interval during summer; 15- to 30-day
interval during winter) where manure is loaded for
land application or disposal
Provide for adequate drainage around manure
stockpiles
O Inspect for and remove or break up accumulated
wastes in filter strips around stockpiles and manure
handling areas as needed
For more information contact:
Cooperative Extension Service, Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613.

Exhibit 20
EM J GENCY ACTION PLAN
c
PHONE NUMBERS
DWQ
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
SWCD
MRCS
This plan will be implemented in the event that wastes from your operation are leaking,
overflowing. or running off site. You should not wait until wastes reach surface waters or
leave your property to consider that you have a problem. You should make every effort to
ensure that this does not happen. This plan should be posted in an accessible location for
all employees at the facility. The following are some action items you should take.
1. Stop the release of wastes. Depending on the situation, this may or may not be
possible. Suggested responses to some possible problems are listed below.
'A. Lagoon overflow -possible solutions are:
a Add soil to berm to increase elevation of dam.
b. Pump wastes to fields at an acceptable rate.
c. Stop all flows to the lagoon immediately.
d. Call a pumping contractor.
e. Make sure no surface water is entering lagoon.
B: Runoff from waste application field -actions include:
j
a. Immediately stop waste application.
b. Create a temporary diversion to contain waste.
c. Incorporate waste to. reduce runoff.
d. Evaluate and eliminate the reason(s) that caused the runoff.
e. Evaluate the application rates for the fields where runoff occurred.
IC: Leakage from the waste pipes and sprinklers -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Close valves to eliminate further discharge.
d. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
D: Leakage from flush systems, houses, solid separators -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Make sure no siphon occurs.
d. Stop all flows in the house, flush systems, or solid separators.
December 18, 1996

e. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
E: Leakas,e from base or sidewall of lagoon. Often this is seepage as opposed to
flowing leaks- possible action:
a. Dig a small sump or ditch away from the embankment to catch all seepage,
put in a submersible pump, and pump back to lagoon.
b. If holes are caused by burrowing animals, trap or remove animals and fill
holes and compact with a clay type soil.
c. Have a professional evaluate the condition of the side was and lagoon
bottom as soon as possible.
i
2. Assess the extent of the spill and note any obvious damages.
a. Did the waste reach any surface waters?
b. Approximately how much was released and for what duration?
c. Any damage noted, such as employee injury, fish kills, or property damage?
d. Did the spill leave the property?
e. Does the spill have the potential to reach surface waters?
f. Could a future rain event cause the spill to reach surface waters?
g. Are potable water wells in danger (either on or off of the property)?
h. How much reached surface waters?
3: Contact appropriate agencies.
a. During normal business hours, call your DWQ (Division of Water Quality)
regional office; Phone - - . After hours, emergency number: 919-733-3942.
Your phone call should include: your name; facility, telephone number, the details
of the incident from item 2 above, the exact location of the facility, the location or
direction of movement of the spill, weather and wind conditions. The corrective
measures that have been under taken, and the seriousness of the situation.
b. If spill leaves property or enters surface waters, call local EMS Phone number -
c. Instruct EMS to contact local Health Department.
d. Contact CES, phone number - - , local SWCD office phone number
and local NRCS office for adviceltechnical assistance phone number - -
4: If none of the above works call 911 or the Sheriffs Department and explain your
' problem to them and ask that person to contact the proper agencies for you.
5: Contact the contractor of your choice to begin repair of problem to minimize off -site
damage.
a. Contractors Name:
b. Contractors Address:
c. Contractors Phone:
2 Dccember 18, 1996

end Exhibit 20
6: Contact the technical specialist who certified the lagoon (NRCS,�Consulting
Engincer, etc.)
a. Name: I
b. Phone:
7: Implement procedures as advised by DWQ and technical assistance agencies to
rectify the damage, repair the system, and reassess the waste management plan to
keep problems with release of wastes from happening again.
3 December 18, 1996

Exhibit 21
NELSON NOZZLES
P.S.I.
Nozzle
.7"
GPM DIA.
Nozzle
.8"
GPM DIA.
Nozzle
.9"
GPM DIA.
Nozzle
1.0"
GPM DIA.
Nozzle
1.1"
GPM DIA.
Nozzle
1.2"
GPM DIA.
Nozzle
1.3"
GPM DIA,
50
100
250'
130
270'
165
290'
205
310'
255
330'
300
345'
350
360'
60
110
265'
143
285'
182
305'
225
325'
275
345'
330
365'
385
380'
70 1
120
280'
155
300'
197
320'
245
340'
295
360'
355
360'
415
395'
80
128
290'
165
310'
210
335'
260
355'
315
375'
380
395'
445
410'
90
135
300'
175
320'
223
345'
275
365'
335
390'
405
410'
475
425'
100
143
310'
185
330'
235
355'
290
375'
355
400'
425
420'
500
440'
110
150
320'
195
340'
247
365'
305
385'
370
410'
445
430'
525
450'
120
157
330'
204
350'
258
375'
320
395'
385
420'
465
"0'
545
460'
P'S.I.
Ring
.86"
GPM DIA.
Ring
.97-
GPM DIA.
Ring
1.08-
GPM DIA.
Ring
1.18"
GPM DIA.
Ring
1.26-
GPM DIA.-
Ring
1.34"
GPM DIA.
Ring
1.41"
GPM DIA.
50
100
245'
130
265'
165
285'
205
300'
255
320'
300
335'
350
350'
60
110
260'
143
280'
182
300'
225
315'
275
335' 1
330
350'
385
365'
70
120
270'
155
290'
197
310'
245
330'
295
35W
355
365'
415
380'
80
128
280'
165
-300'
210
320'
260
340'
315
360'
380
380'
445
395'
90
135
290'
175
310'
223
330'
275
350'
335
370'
.405
390'
475
405'
100
143
300'
185
320'
235
340'
290
360'
355
380'
425
400'
500
415'
110
150
310'
195
330'
247
350'
305
370'
370
390'
445
410'
525
425'
120
157
315'
204
335'
258
360'
320
380'
385
400'
465
420'
545
435'
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
M
Nozzle
Nozzle
1.05-
,.,-
t.2"
1.3-
1.4"
1.5-
1.v
1.75"
, 9-
P.S.I.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA,
GPM
01A.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA
GPM DIA.
60
250
345'
285
355'
330
375'
385
390'
445
410'
515
430'
585
445'
695
470'
825 495'
70
270
360'
310
380'
355
395'
415
410'
480
430'
555
450"
630
465'
755
495'
890 515'
80
290
375'
330
395'
380
410'
445
430'
515
450'
590
470'
675
485'
805
515'
a
950 535'
90
310
390'
350
410'
405
425'
475
445'
'545
465'
625
485'
715
505'
855
535'
1005 555'
100
325
400'
370
420'
425
440'
500
460'
575
480'
660
500'
755
520'
900
550'
1060 575'
' 110
340
410'
-390
430'
445
450'
525
470'
605
495'
695
515'
790
535'
945
565'
1110 590'
120
355
420'
405
440-
465
460'
545
480'
630
505'
725
530'
825
550'
985
580'
1160 605- i1
130
370
425'
425
445'
485
465' 1,565
485'
655
515'
755
860
560'
1025
590'
1210 620'
.540'

End Exhibit 21 BERKELEY PUMP COMPANY
CURVE 4117
DATE 8-17-81
TYPE
BERKELEYSUPERSEDES
>0)
"B" RATING CURVES
PAGE 4.01
-
ENGINE DRIVE
Curve4117 ?one 4.01
Dated 5-1-79
Ic...: Mob" C.I. r u k.. L-1536 way, UmL-15;6 VAR I oua FLPAL - caw.
1 ra.o.r: M.wrm C.I. PwLhi. L-1698 r.c0.Na L-26M Ww 17-7/8" FULL T.DA4iwkam at I
su Mw F K pys,
500
450
400
350
z_
1300
300
x
8
250
200
0
f 150
Iloo
j
0
0
—m Lip HER SAN 9 Wo 1113
STAN
30
0 ;
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
CAPACITY IN U.& GALLONS PER YINUM
C-7551 —T-3194 a ..a. C-7551 r» 3-30-81 ay 6-11-81 M00f.6 4 E YQ B H

Reel Rain Traveler Irrigation,�v,
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iS
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'Y ' • � r:4 IIR, xF� �� y� r i x•:. -.., zf •� �� T .t!' P
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k.� 'r•��`-� r�fi'_li�" P `,� �;;� e•E.r 4'•-�'-�� ! �� f
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•, ',L J` � � -- `�k f:,.-. n6'Y.'421'W-••:..�+F 4"an:.--w'_7: = anGowss:-.uutis. -
1.

Improved Design Provides Greater Operator Control
Greater control... more accurate application of both clean and
wastewater. Simpler to operate ... the smooth operation of the six
speed gearbox eliminates
the need for multiple belts
and pulleys while provid-
ing a full range of operat-
ing speeds. Within a high
and low range there are
'three speeds for increased
precision and accuracy in
controlling application
rates. Knowing and con-
trolling your application
rates have become crucial Six speed gearbox
wastewater management
tools when trying to adhere to ever increasing regulations. Both
the Model 1030 and 1033 are available with the standard 5.5 HP
1
Pelton Wheel slurry turbine
' design only starts with the drive system.
include:
Honda engine or the
efficlent 'Pelton
Wheel slurry tur-
bine, the Pelton
Wheel turbine is the
ideal drive system
when connected to
the Irrigation com-
puter. This combi-
nation provides pin-
point accuracy for
applying wastewater
or slurry from holding
areas such as tanks
and/or lagoons.
This improved
Other enhancements
• A constant pressure automatic braking system which
increases tension when the hose is being pulled out but reverts to
lighter tension as the hose is being retrieved.
I• A positive action lock down. When engaged, this simple one
way ratchet will lock the reel in place when shifting the gearbox to
neutral, as well as secure the reel for transport when desired.
1
- A miswlnd sensor. Should a miswind irregularity ever occur,
this sensor will automatically disengage the drive, protecting the
Reel Rain from damage.
- Fixed frame and turntable models. In an effort to offer Reel
Rain customers the widest range of options, both the 1030 and
1033 are available
with or without a
turntable.
- Increased
speed range. From
.5 feet per minute to
12.5 feet per
minute, you have
the ability to control
the application rate.
With Reel Rain
Irrigation equipment
from AMADAS
INDL1STRlFS, you
and your Dealer
receive special atten-
tion from our fully equipped Service Department Each Service
Technician is trained by the AN ADAS staff engineer who
The Reel Rafn Models 1030 and 1033 are also
available in a fired frame design.
designed your
Reel Rain. The
1030 and 1033 are
only two of many
dependable mod-
els of Reel Rain
Travelers. Ask
your Dealer to
show you other
models that might
meet your needs.
Reel Rain
Travelers are
available in mod-
els which will efft-
ciently irrigate from
35 to 400 acres
per week.
A AID
iw•„nnu�
1100 Holland Rd. • P.O. Box 1833 • Suffolk, VA 23439-1833 • USA 1701 South Slappsy Blvd. • P.O. Box 3687 • Abany, GA 3i706 • USA
Phone (804) W9-0231 • Fax [phone] Phone [phone] - Fax [phone]
AMADAS INDUSTRIES' pocky is one of continuous m pmwmen4 and we reserve the right to dwfW *oda atlons, design or p *w without lnanrtng obAgabon.

Exhibit 23
PIPE FOR IRRIGATION
Ronald E. Sneed*
R.-E. Marshburn**
' There -are two categories of irrigation pipe: metallic and non-
metallic. Metallic pipe consists of aluminum alloys and black iron,
galvanized steel and coated steel pipe. The non-metallic materials are
plastic and cement asbestos.
Aluminum irrigation pipe or tubing is available in the form of
j extruded (alloy 6063) and -roll formed seam welded (bare alclad alloys
3004 and 5050) tubing. These materials are lightweight, with high
strength and have been used for irrigation piping for more than 30
years. ?Maximum reconmended working pressure is approximately 150 psi
and is -'one-third to one-half the burst pressure. Minimum standards for
aluminum irrigation tubino are covered in American Society of Agricultural
Engineers standard ASAE S263.1. Bare aluminum tubing is damaged by
' extremely corrosive waters, therefore, alclad tubing was developed.
However, for most naturally occurring water, bare aluminum tubing has
adequate corrosive resistance.
For portable aluminur� and solid -set aluminum irrigation systems,
standard wall thickness aluminum tubing is used. For side roll wheel
move systems, heavy wall thickness aluminum tubing is used. This heavy
wall tubing must be capable of withstanding the torque placed on the
tubing as it serves as the axle for the wheels. Standard wall -tubing
is available in nominal 20, 30, and 40-foot lengths and in diameters from
2 to 10 inches. Much of the standard wall tubing is available as heavy
end to give additional protection against denting. Most of the heavy
wall tubing is available only in 40-foot lengths. A small amount of
' polyethylene plastic wrapped and vinyl coated aluminum tubing has been
installed underground, but the higher cost and problems with connectors
has limited this practice.
Connectors or couplings for aluminum tubing include both aluminum
and steel fitting's: Female couplers are bolted, welded, pressed onto
or pressed into the tubing. Types'of female couplers include latch,
bell, ringlock, and lug. All couplers utilize a rubber ring or gasket
that expands against the tubing when the system is pressurized. The
bell type coupler also uses a steel spring that fits adjacent to the
rubber gasket. The male couplers are bolted or welded onto the.tubing.
*Extension Specialist irrigation), Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University
**Rawls Pump and Supply Company, Cary, North Carolina

Two types of steel pipe: schedule wall thickness and thin wall seam
' welded can be used for irrigation. However, except -for well casings,
very little steel pipe is used for irrigation. The schedule wall thickness
pipe is used for well casings and some permanent main and .lateral lines.
When portable pipe sprinkler systems 'were first introduced, thin wall
' seam welded pipe was used for portable systems, but aluminum tubing has
eliminated this usage.
' Plastic pipe include a large and varied group of materials of high
molecular weight. In the finished state, the pipe is a solid; however,
at some point in the manufacturing Process, 'the material is fluid and can
' be formed into the desired shape by heat or pressure or both. Plastics are
either thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastic materials can be
softened by heating. At normal temperatures thermoplastic pipe has good
tensile strength, impact strength and excellent ductility, and good
' temperature resistance. Thermosetting pipe consists mainly of epoxies,
polyesters, and pherolics. Some resins Ore reinforced with glass or
asbestos fiber to improve the physical properties.
' Most plastic piping materials are resistant to deterioration by
natural waters, dilute chemical solutions that may be encountered in
the irrigation industry and. most types of wastewater. The major dis-
advantages of plastic pipe are expansion and contraction due to
temperature changes and low mechanical strength. There are no quick
coupling devices for plastic pipe -so it is not readily adapted for
portable irrigation systems but is very satisfactory for permanent
systems.
' Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe is available in a variety of
-pressure ratings from 0 to 160 psi working pressure. Sixes range
from 1/2-inch to 3-inch. Depending upon pipe diameter, it is available
in lengths from 100 to 400 feet. Both nSf(National Sanitation Foundation)
approved pipe for potable water conveyance (drinking water) and non nSf
pipe are available. Polyethylene pipe should meet the requirements of CS-
256-63 and should be labeled with the maximum allowable working pressure.
' A major disadvantage of PE pipe is the`method of connection. All fittings
are internal to the pipe. and clamps are used to secure the pipe to the
fitting. These fittings reduce the -effective diameter of the pipe. Only
a limited amount'of PE pipe .is used for sprinkler irrigation systems. Poly-
ethylene pipe and tubing are the primary piping medium for drip .and trickle
irrigation systems, 'especially for lateral lines. Most of the PE pipe for
drip systems will be low pressure. Generally it will be high carbon, low
' density pipe that will be more flexible and l ess damaged by sunlight than
conventional PE plastic pipe.
' Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) lastic•pipe is available in pressure ratings
from 50 feet of head (21.6 psi to 1130 psi depending upon size, type and
manufacturer. Diameters range from 1/2-inch to 12.inches. Lengths are
' either 20 feet or 40 feet. These are basically three types of PVC plastic
pipe: to -head, class pipe and schedule pipe. The to -head pipe is thin
wall pipe used mainly for surface irrigation systems and drain lines for
' livestock confinement facilities. Class pipe is available in five pressure
ratings: Class 100, Clas 125, Class 160, Class 200 and Class 315.
The numbers denote working pressure rating. There are two
1 2

'
schedule pipes: Schedule 40 and Schedule 80. Schedule 40 PVC plastic
pipe can be compared to lightweight steel pipe and Schedule 80 be
can
compared to regular weight steel pipe. Schedule 80 pipe can be threaded.
The wall -thickness of the Schedule pipe will be fairly constant regard-
less of pipe diameter. This means that as it increases in diameter the
pressure rating will decrease. The wall thickness of the Class pipe
will increase as pipe diameter increases, so that all sizes will have
'
equivalent pressure ratings.
Polyvinyl chloride plastic pipe is connected either with solvent
weld (glue) fittings or bell and; gasket fittings. All fittings are
'
external to the pipe. Solvent weld pipe may be plain end on each end
with a separate fitting (coupling, tee, ell) being used, or the female
end may be belled to accept the male'end of another piece of pipe. The
bell and gasket pipe may be plain end,.on both ends with a separate
'
Coupler being used that -has trio rubber gaskets that seal against the
pipe under pressure or the female end may be belled and have a rubber
gasket that accepts the scale end -of another piece of pipe. For gasket
pipe, concrete thrust blocks are required at the end of a line of
pipe and 'at changes in direction in the line. These thrust blocks
prevent the pipe from pulling -apart. Gasket pipe must be buried for
'
satisfactory performance. In fact, it is recommended that all PVC
plastic pipe be buried, with the depth depending upon pipe diameter
and the depth of the frost line. Normal depth is 24 inches for small
diameter pipe and 36 to 42 inches for 6 inch or' larger diameter. However,
'
some growers are having satisfactory results with solvent weld PVC pipe
on the surface provided it is drained during freezing weather. The most
common PVC pipe for sprinkler irrigation systems will be PR-200 (PVC
'
.1120, ASTMO-2241-67, SDR 21) and PR-160 (PVC 1120, ASTND72241-67, SDR 26).
Cement asbestos.(CA) pipe is a rigid, heavy pipe which has been used
'
by the water distribution and irrigation industries for many years.
However, for irrigation usage it has essentially been replaced by PVC
'plastic pipe. The product is a concrete pipe with asbestos fibers added
to provide strength. It is chemically resistant to most waters, however
water containing strong acids may damage the cement and result in pipe
failure. Connections for CA pipe are bell and rubber gasket. This pipe
requires thrust blocks at the -ends of lines and at changes in pipe
'
direction. Cement asbestos pipe is available in diameters from 3 to 36
inches and 10 and 13 foot lengths with shorter lengths being available
as required. Pressure ratings vary from 25 to 250 psi. The pipe.should
'
meet the requirements of ASTM C 296-63T and subsequent revisions and
should be labeled accordingly. There will be only a minimum amount of
CA pipe used for irrigation. Most that is used will be 6 inches in
'
diameter or larger and should have a`pressure rating of at least
150 psi.
Although there are a variety of piping materials for irrigation,
'
aluminum tubing and PVC plastic are the two materials most used.
Normally aluminum tubing will be used for portable and solid -set systems
and PVC plastic pipe will be used for permanent systems that are installed
below the ground surface.
_3_

1
Handling and Installation of PVC Plastic Pipe
' Temperature has a major effect on PVC plastic pipe. As temperatures
approach freezing, the flexibility and impact resistance of PVC plastic
' pipe is greatly reduced. At low temperatures when joining solvent weld
pipe, a longer time is required for the glue to set. Generally solvent
weld pipe should not be joined at temperatures below 400F. At high
temperatures pipe becomes more flexible and set-up time for the glue is
greatly reduced.
When pipe is stacked, it should not be placed in piles more than
five feet high. Occasionally out -of -round pipe will result from stacking.
In warm weather, once the weight is removed, it -will rapidly assume a
round shape. In cold weather, several hours may be required for the pipe
to return to the original shape.
Sunlight can have an effect on the pipe, especially in colors other
' than white. It may warp and exhibit a snaking effect. When left in the
sunlight for long periods, the color may fade and the pipe will harden
at the surface causing a loss of impact. strength. Discolored pipe should
be handled carefully during installation.' If pipe is to be stored out-
' ' side for long periods of time, -it should be covered with a cover of
opaque material, not plastic, and air should. be able to circulate under
the cover.
Gaskets should be stored away from excessive heat and solvents:
Some pipe comes from the manufacturer with the gaskets installed. If the
' pipe is not to be installed immediately, the.gaskets should be removed
and stored.
' When installing gasket pipe there are several simple steps to follow
that will ensure leak -free joints. The gasket or ring groove should be
cleaned of foreign materials. The gasket should be properly installed.
Ample lubricant should be placed on the male pipe end, the pipe aligned and
' the male end inserted into the female end. Some pressure will be required
to force the -male end to the correct depth. there will be a reference
point to indicate the required penetration depth. If penetration is not
deep enough the joint may leak; and if penetration is too deep, there is
not adequate room for pipe expansion.- Once the joint is made, the pipe
being installed should be rotated to ensure that the gasket is not pinched.
Gasket pipe may be connected in the trench or on the ground beside the
trench and then lowered into the trench. If the latter is done, check
each joint to ensure that penetration is correct. If it is necessary to
cut pipe, either a PVC pipe cutter or a miter box with.a carpenter's
' fine-toothed handsaw should be used. For gasket pipe, it will be necessary
to bevel the pipe, usually at an do angle, accomplished with a special
rasp or file. For solvent weld pipe, -burrs, chips and filings should be
' removed from the outside and inside of the pipe and it is preferable to
slightly bevel the outside circumference.
Fittings for gasket pipe may be plastic or steel. The trend in
the industry today is to use epoxy coated steel fittings. These are
manufactured by several companies (McDowell, Pierce, Davis, etc.) and can
-4-

F
1
be fabricated in almost any configuration. Some epoxy coated fittings
include stacks and hydrants as an integral part of the. fitting.
Occasionally it may be necessary to connect PVC plastic pipe to steel
or CA pipe:. This connection can be made with a coupling called a.
transition or repair coupling. In -line valves can be supplied with
connections to gasket pipe.
Thrust blocking.is required for gasket pipe. Most thrust blocks
will be concrete. Manufacturers recommended thrust blocks at any
change in direction greater than 10o. Figure 1 gives an example of
different arrangements for thrust blocks.
r
I
'�. :!•�-- FIF
Ni I
Figure 1. Example of different arrangements for thrust blocks.
-5-

Figure 2. Anchorage blocks for in -line valves.
Table 1 is the forces encountered at end plugs. to calculate
forces encountered at bends, tees and'wyes, multiply the figure in
Table 1 by the factors given in Table 2.
Table 1. Thrust W at End Plugs
InrusL In IDS. Tor Lest pressure
Pipe Diameter 100 PSI 150 PSI 200 PSI
7n psi
250 PSI
inches
1h
295
440
590
740
2
455
680
910
1140
21�
660
990
1320
1650
3
985
1480
1970
2460
4
1820
2720
3630
4540
6
3740
5600
7460
9350
8
6490
9740
13,000
1'6,200
10
10,650
16,000
21,300
26,600
12
15,150
22,700
30,200
37,800
14
20,000
30,800
41,100
51,400
16
26,600
39,800
53,100
66,400
- 6-

Table 2. Factors for Calculating Thrust w for
Elbows and Tees.
Elbows: 400 = 1.41 Tees = 0.70
' 600 = 1.00
450 = 0.76.
30° = 6.52
22.50 w 0.39
1
J
Table.3 gives the safe bearing load for different soil types.
Table 3. Safe Bearing Load
Soil
Mulch, peat and similar
Soft Clay
Sand
Sand and gravel
' Sand and -gravel cemented
with clay
Hard shale
lb/ft2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
10,000
' Thrust block area (ft2� -_ 11 _ Thrust (Table 1 & Table 2)
it Soil bearing strength a e 3)
In placing concrete thrust blocks, check with the manufacturer of the
' pipe being used to ensure that the correct size thrust blocks are
being used.
' There are a number of machines that can be used to prepare the
tre
nch for PVC plastic pipe. Soil types, moisture content, depth of
trench required and type and diameter of pipe must be considered.
Generally chain trenches, wheel trenches, backhoes, or vibrating plows
will be used for trench preparation. The vibrating plow can only be
used for solvent weld PVC pipe'and generally is limited to the smaller
diameter of pipe. Under most conditions the chain trencher or wheel
' trencher will be faster than the backhoe. where wide trenches for large
pipe are required, the backhoe will be most satisfactory. if soil
conditions permit, long stretches of open trench will expedite pipe
' installation. However, if rain is forecast the pipe should be installed
and the trench backfilled. To avoid sharp turns in the'line at obstructions,
trenches should be curved within limits of curvature of the pipe.
-7-

Most manufacturers have charts showing the radius and offsets per 20-
' foot length of pipe. When laying out pipe, place it as close to the
trench or proposed trench as possible. This will eliminate unnecessary
handling. Place the pipe on the side of the trench opposite the soil
deposit and out of the way of trenchers, backhoes, and other heavy.
' traffic.
The trench should be kept as narrow as possible. Trenches with
' four inches of clearance on each side of -the pipe will allow proper
backfill to be placed around the pipe. When pipe is coupled in the
trench, a wider trench will be required than when pipe -is coupled on the
' surface. A trench that is too wide may result in excess soil loading
on the pipe and.possibly pipe deformation or pipe bending. Trench depth
will depend on surface loads, need for freeze protection and earth loads.
If the pipe will be used.to convey water during freezing weather, the
' .pipe shouldhbe at least six inches below the freeze depth. In cultivated
land, pipe should be buriedto a depth of at least 36 inches to facilitate
cultural operations. In non -cultivated areas,.a depth of 24 inches should
be adequate for pipe diameters of four inches or less and for.larger
diameters the depth should be 30 to 48 inches. Trench bottoms should be
smooth and free of stones*or clods larger than one-half inch in diameter.
Loose material should be left for bedding support. Where rocky areas
are encountered, a four inch layer of select backfill should be placed
in the trench bottom. In backfilling the pipe, the backfill should be
placed in six inch to 12 inch layers and tamped. Backfill adjacent to
' the pipe should be free of stones of one-half inch diameter or larger.
Tamping should be done carefully so the pipe is not damaged. Coupling,
fittings (tees, ells, etc.) and valves should be left uncovered so that
' a pressure test can be run for visual inspection of. leaks.
Most of the larger PVC plastic pipe -that is installed is gasket
pipe, most of the smaller pipe will be solvent weld. The solvent weld
' pipe is easy to couple and install provided a few basic rules are
followed. These include using the correct cement and primer,
joining pipe at the correct temperature, having clean pipe
' and allowing cement to dry before moving pipe or testing pipe. Details
of joining solvent weld pipe are listed below.
Details of Solvent Weld Pipin
The solvent welding procedure detailed herein applies to PVC and
•CPVC pressure piping systems including molded fittings, belled end pipe
,. and fittings and socket type pump and valve connections.
' A. Joining !Materials Needed
cutting tool
rags (nonsynthetic, i.e., cotton)
deburring tool
cement and primer applicators
applicator can or bucket
' pipe primer
pipe solvent cement
tool tray
' notched boards
-g-

B. TVDes of Cement
1. Light duty industrial grade is for use with all
40 and Class (SDR rated) pipe up to 6 inches in
2. Heavy duty industrial grade is for use with all.
80 pipe up to 6 inches in size and may be used
(SDR rated) pipe up to 6 inches in size.
3. Extra heavy duty industrial grade is for
PVC pipe 6 inch and larger.
4. CPVC solvent cement industrial grade
sizes of Schedule 40 and -Schedule 8
C. . Pipe Preparation
Schedule
size.
Schedule
for Class
use with all
0
1. Cuttin . Plastic pipe can be.easily cut with a power or
Fa—nTTacksaw, circular or band saw. For best results, use
a fine-toothed blade (16-18 teeth per inch). To ensure
square -end cuts, a mitre box, hold-down or jig should be
used. Pipe or tubing cutters can be used for smaller
diameter pipe when the cutting wheel is specifically
designed for plastic pipe.
2. Deburring and Beveling. All. burrs, chips, filings, etc.,.
should a removed from both the pipe I.D. and O.D. before
joining. Use a knife, deburring tool or a half -round,
coarse file to remove all burrs. A slight bevel is
preferable around the circumferences of the pipe end to
minimize the chances'of wiping the solvent cement from
the I.D. of the fitting as the pipe is socketed.
D. Fittinq Preparation
Prior to solvent weldinn, all fittings and couplings should
be removed from their cartons and exposed for at least
one hour to the same temperature conditions as the pipe in
order to assure that they are thermally balanced before
joining.
E. Cleaning
Using a clean, dry cotton rag, wipe array all loose dirt
and moisture from the I.D. and O.D. of the pipe end and
the I.D. of the fitting. DO HOT ATTEMPT TO SOLVENT
WELD WET SURFACES.
■ F. Primin
' Pipe primer is used to penetrate and soften the bonding
surfaces'of PVC and CPVC pipe and fittings. It is a high
strength product that penetrates rapidly. It is very
' effective on the hard -finished, high -gloss products now
being produced.
-9-

Use a dauber or paint brush to apply the primer to the pipe. A
rag is not recommended as repeated contact with skin may cause
irritation or blistering.
Apply primer freely in the socket keeping surface wet and
' applicator wet and in motion for 5 to 15 seconds. Redip applicator
as necessary. Avoid puddling in the socket.
Apply again to the fitting socket. The second application is
especially recommended for belled end pipe and fittings fabricated
from 'pipe stock for many of them'. have especially hard inside
surfaces.
For checking penetration, you should be able to scratch or scrape
a few thousandths of the primed surfaces away. Repeated applica-
tions to either or both surfaces may be necessary. Weather
conditions do affect priming action. In cold weather more time
is required for proper penetration.
NOTE: The pipe ends can be rested on notched boards to keep them
clean and for ease of solvent cement application.
Solvent Cement Application
Using the proper applicator, (see Table 4 for specific recommendations)
proceed as follows:
1. Apply a full even layer of cement on the pipe O.D. for a distance
slightly greater than the depth of the socket of the fitting.
2. Goat the fitting with a medium layer, avoiding puddling. On
belled end pipe, do not coat beyond the socket depth or allow
cement to run beyond the bell.
3. Put a second full even layer on the pipe O.D.. Cement layers
must be without voids and sufficient to fill any gap in the joints.
Table 4. Size Applicator Required
Pipe Size
Dauber
Roller
Recommenaed
(Inches)
Size
Size
Brush Width*
Inches
Inches
Inches
1/4
1/2
3/3
1/2
1/2
3/4
NOT
1/2
3/4
RECO-4-
1/2
1�
MENDED
1/2
a
12
1}
1
2
1
231
1
3
1}f
4
2
S
NOT
3
3
10
RECOM-
MENDED
4 or 6
12
7
8, 4 or 6
-10-

*Natural bristle brushes should always be the alternative
to daubers or rollers. It is recognized that the recom-
mended brush width may not always be readily available.
' However, the selection should come as close as possible
to the recommended width in order to ensure complete
' coverage with a minimum of brush strokes.
H., Joining
'
1. Immediately upon finishing cement application and before- it
starts to set, insert the -pipe to the full socket depth while
rotating the pipe or fitting a 1/4 turn to ensure complete. and
'
even distribution of the cement. Hold joint together for a
minimum of 10 to 15 seconds -to make sure that pipe does not
move or back out. of the socket.
'
2. For pipe sizes 5 inch and larger, a joining crew consisting of
two men is recommended and the following steps are necessary:
a. Rotation of the pipe in the fitting may be Omitted.
b. Hold joint together for 1 to 3 minutes depending on pipe
'
size.
c. As an aid for joining, in these larger sizes, it is recom-
mended that a comeal.ong or pipe joining tool similar to
'
that manufactured by Reed Manufacturing Company be used.
I. Excess Cement
Immediately after joining and before joint is gently set back
onto a level surface, wipe off all excess cement from the
'
circumference of the pipe and fitting.
J. Handling
During the initial setting of the cement, which begins about
'
two minutes after application, {on small sizes} be careful not
to move or disturb the joint.
Table 5. PVC and CPVC Joint Movement Times
1
HotCold
Weother*
Weathe
We$ther
Nominal
90 -150OF
500 -90 F
10 -50 F
Pipe Sizes
Surface
Surface
Surface
Temperature
Temperature
Tem erature
k"-I4"
12 min.
20 min.
30 min.
131"-21s"
30 min..
45 min.
1 hr.
3"-4"
45 min.
1 hr.
1 hr. & 30 m"in.
6"-3"
1 hr.
1 hr. & 30 min. '
2 hrs. & 30 min.
10"-121:
2 hrs.
3 hrs.
5 hrs.
*These temperatures above are drying. temperatures and should not be
confused with atmospheric, joining temperature recommendations and
limitations.
-11-

K. Pressure Testing
u
Air or compressed gas is not recommended as a media for pressure
testing of plastic piping systems.
I. Initial Joint Testing. Initial joint testing of PVC and CPVC
pipe could possibly be accomplished to 10% of its hydrostatic
pressure rating after drying times (listed in Table 6).'
Table 6. PVC and CPVC Joint.Drying Times at 10% Pressure
Nominal
Pipe Size
2V
3"-4"
691 _811
1031_12
Hot
Weather*
900-15&F
Surface
emperature
1 hr.
1 hr. & 30 min.
2 hrs. & 45 min.
3 hrs. & 30 min.
6 hrs.
Nea then*
50 -90 F
Surface
TemQera ture
1 hr. & 15 min.
1 hr. & 45 min.
3 hrs..&30 min.
4 hrs.
8 hrs.
+lea they*
10 -50 F
Surface
Temperature
1 hr. & 45 min.
3 hrs.
6 hrs.
12 hrs.
32 hrs.
*These temperatures shown are drying. temperatures and
should not be confused with atmospheric, joining tem-
perature recommendations and limitations.
2. High Pressure Testing. The PVC and CPVC pipe could possibly be
pressure tested up to 100% of its hydrostatic pressure rating
after the drying times given in Table 7.
Table 7. PVC and CPVC Joint Drying Times for 100'e-Pressure
Hot
Mild
- Cold
We$thera
Weather*
Weather*
Nominal
90 -150 F
50 -90 F
10 -500F
Pipe Size
Surface.
Surface
Surface
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
h"-11a"
4 hrs.
5 hrs.
7 hrs.
1il" -2?1"
6 hrs.
8 hrs.
10 hrs.
3"-4"
8 hrs.
•18 hrs.
24 hrs.
6°-8"
12 hrs.
24 hrs.
48 hrs.
10"-12"
18 hrs.
36 hrs.
72 hrs.
* These temperatures shown -are drying temperatures and
' should not be confused with atmospheric joining tem-
perature -recommendations and limitations.
' L. Do's and Don'ts
Do
1. Use the proper applicator (see Table 4 for specific recommendations)
1 -12-

2. Use proper type of solvent cement for the job.
'
3. Follow the instructions completely.
Don't
'
1. Attempt to solvent weld under the following conditions:
a. if it is raining
b. if atmospheric temperature is below 40OF
c. if under direct exposure to sun at atmospheric
temperatures above 90 F
d. discard empty cans of solvent, primer or rags in
trench or near piping. Concentrated*fumes or dripping
cement or primer can cause pipe failure.
M. Hot Water Cementing
1. Since cement contains a solvent certain precautions or steps
should be taken when the atmospheric temperature is above
90 F to avoid excessive evaporation of the solvent from the
cement just prior to joining. Such evaporation will cause
the cement to prematurely set before joining, thus,
adversely affecting the joint integrity. Use one or a
combination of the below'to reduce the chances of this
condition occuring.
a. Shade or shelter the joints surfaces from direct
'
exposure to the sun's rays for at least one hour
prior to joining and during the joining process.
b. bake cement joints during early morning hours.
c. Apply cement quickly. On 6 inch and larger pipe,
it is recommended that two men apply cement to the
pipe surface while the third applies it to the
fitting socket.
d. Join pipe to fitting as quickly as possible after
applying cement.
'
N. Cold Weather Cementing
1. Because the solvents in the cement will got evaporate as
'
readily when the temperature is below 40 F, the pipe joints
will not set up as rapidly in cold weather. If solvent
cementing must be done when the temperature is below 40oF,
the following suggestions are offered:
a. Store pipe, fittings, cement and primer in a heated
area.
b. Pre-fab as much of the system as possible in a heated
work area.
c. Joints that must be made outside should be protected
with a portable shelter and heated with indirect heat
to raise temperatures above 40 F prior to joining
The shelter and heat should remain in place for at
least two hours after joint assembly.
'
d. Pipe and fittings must dry prior to joining and the
joints should be kept dry until the cement has had
sufficient time to set. CAUTION: DO NOT ATTEMPT TO
-13-

SPEED THE SETTING OR DRYING OF THE CEMENT BY APPLYING DIRECT
' HEAT TO THE SOLVENT WELDED JOINT. Forced rapid drying by
heating will cause the cement solvents to boil off, forming
porosity, bubbles and blisters in the cement film.
' 0. Handling of Primer and Cement
Note: Observe the "use prior to" date. Cement has a limited shelf
life. Do not permit solvent cement can to stand open. Do not
use cement that has dried to the point where it becomes lumpy
and stringy. Throw it away.' Do not attempt to thin out
' sluggish cement with thinner or primer. The solvents in the
primer and cement are highly flammable, like a fast drying
lacquer, and should not be used near an open flame. use
' them in a well ventilated area and avoid prolonged breathing
of the fumes. Prolonged contact with the skin could cause
a minor irritation.
P.
1
Estimated Solvent Cement Requirements
Cement requirements given in Table 8 should only be considered as a
guideline for usage and could vary according to a wide variety of
installation conditions. Further, these estimates should in no way
be used to restrict the liberal cement application instructions
recommended for the pipe.
Table 6. Estimate of Number of Joints That Can Be Made
Per Volume of Cement*
Pipe Sizes
Pint
(Quart
Gallons
li"
130
260
1,040
3/4"
80
160
640
1"
70
140
560
1;"
50
100
400
IV
35
70
280
2"
20
40
160
2�"
17
34
136
3"
15
30
•120
4"
10
20
80
6"
N/R
8
24
8"
N/R
3
12
10"
N/R
N/R
10
12"
N/R
E
N/R
6
*Each joint represents one socket in
a fitting.
' Pipe for irrigation, especially: underground irrigation, has changed
rapidly in the past few years. Pipe that is availalbe today is high
quality, long-lasting material. When properly utilized, aluminum
tubing should last 25 years and PVC plastic pipe installed under-
ground has a life of 40 years or more.
-14-

POWER UNIT
m
""x= -PUMP
GATE VALVE
BLACK IRON
AIR RELIEF (PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE.., J VALVE
ALUMINUM CHECK VALVE
FLANGE
ELESCOPING
ASSEMBLY
TELESCOPING ASSEMBLY
PUMP STARTER
G„
Li
to'- 20'.
PUMPDISCH
3S„
r%
9" PVC PIPE

End Exhibit 23
AIR RELIEF VALVE

Water & Energy Exhibit 24
Efficiency
in Irrigation
1
• Irrigation Scheduling to Improve
' Water- and Energy -Use Efficiencies
' Much of the irrigation in the
U.S is practiced in and regions
where little or no rainfall oc-
curs during the growing season.
Under and conditions, irriga-
tion water can be applied at
' fairly routine intervals and in
routine amounts
However, North Carolina is
located in a humid region
where irrigation must be
planned in conjunction with
prei,Wling rainfall conditions.
In humid regions such as ours,.
applying routine amounts of
irrigation water at regular
intervals will almost always.
result in overirrigation and the
needless waste of water and
energy.
You can make most efficient
use of water and energy by ap-
plying the right amount of water
to cropland at the right time.
Irrigation scheduling is the use of
water management strategies to
prevent overapplication of water
while minimizing yield loss due to
water shortage or drought stress.
Many different crops are irrigated in
North Carolina. 'These crops are
grown under a wide range of soil con-
ditions and production practices.
Therefore, irrigation scheduling is an
extremely important management
practice for irrigators in North
Carolina.
Importance of Irrigation
Scheduling
Some irrigation water is stored in the
soil to be removed by crops and some
is lost by evaporation, runoff, or
seepage. The amount of water lost
through these processes is affected by
irrigation system design and irrigation
management. Prudent scheduling min-
imizes runoff and percolation losses,
which in turn usually maximizes ir-
rigation efficiency by reducing energy
and water use. (Of course, in situa-
tions where not enough water was
being applied, proper irrigation
scheduling will increase energy and
water use.)
You can save energy by no
longer pumping water that was pro-
viously being wasted. When water
supplies and irrigation equipment are
adequate, irrigators tend to overir-
rigate, believing that applying more
water will increase crop yields. In-
stead, overinigation can reduce yields
bocause the excess soil moisture often
results in plant disease, nutrient leach-
ing, and reduced pesticide effective-
ness. In addition, water and energy are
wasted.
The quantity of water pumped
can often be reduced without reducing
yield. Studies have shown that irriga-
tion scheduling using water balance
methods (to be discussed later) can
save 15 to 35 percent of the water nor-
mally pumped without reducing yield.
Maximum yield usually does not
equate to maximum profit. The op-
timum economic yield is less than the
maximum potential yield. Irrigation
scheduling tips presented in popular
farm magazines too often aim at
achieving maximum yield with too lit-
tle emphasis on water and energy use
efficiencies. An optimum irrigation
schedule maxdmizes profit and op-
timizes water and energy use.
Irrigation scheduling requires
knowledge of
• the soil
• the soil -water status
• the crops
• the status of crop stress
• the potential yield reduction if
the crop retrains in a stressed
condition.
In this publication, it is assumed
that the reader understands these basic
relationships. Their importance to ir-
rigation scheduling is briefly sum-
marized below. The germs that are
normally used in irrigation scheduling
are summarized in the box on the
back cover. For more information on
these subjects refer to Extension Publi-
cation A0452-1, Soil Water and
Cooperative Extension Service • North Carolina State Univei*

u
Crop Characteristics Important to Ir-
rigation Scheduling.
Relating Soil -Water to
Plant Stress -
The amount of water that should be
applied with each irrigation depends
primarily on the soil and the amount
of water it can retain for plant use,
refowd to asplant-available water
(PA n The amount of water
removed from the soil by the plant
since the last irrigation or rainfall is
referraed to as the depletion volume
Irrigation should begin when the
crop comes under water stress severe
enough to reduce crop yield or
quality. The level of stress that will
cause a seduction in crop, yield or
quality depends on the kind of crop
and its stage of development; the level
varies during the growing season as
the crop matures. For example, corn
will tolerate more stress without caus-
ing a yield reduction when the stress
occurs during the vegetative stage as
opposed to the pollination stage.
Thus, determining when to irrigate is
a scheduling decision that should take
into account the crop's sensitivity to
Recently, scheduling tcdWiiques
have been developed that are based on
the moisture status or stress condition
of the crop. For example, to predict
crop straws by infrared thcsmmetry,
the temperature of the crop's leaves is
related to transpiration rate. Remote
sensing of crop stress using infrared
satellite imagery is another method
being evaluated. Although these
methods hold promise for the future,
most of the worst on them has been
conducted in and regions. Guidelines
have not been developed for humid
regions such as North Carolina.
In humid regions, the most reli-
able method currently available for es
timating when to irrigate is based on
allowable depletion of PAW. The
basic assumption is that crop yield or
quality will not be reduced if crop
water use is less than the allowable
depiction level. In North Carolina, 50
percent depletion of PAW is rCCom-
mended for most soils (Figure 1).
However, allowable depletion may
range from 40 percent or less in some
coarse, sandy soils to as high as 60 to
70 percent in sorry clayey soils.
Drought -sensitive crops (such as
vegetable crops) tolerate less deple-
tion than drought -tolerant crops (like
soybeans or cotton).
Influence of Rainfall
In humid regions, the irrigation fre-
quency and the arrxx= of water to
apply are strongly influenced by
seasonal rainfall. Efficiently and effec-
tively supplementing rainfallis one of
the gteamst challenges to ,irrigation
scheduling in North Carolina. During
periods when no rainfall occurs, I
inch of irrigation water may be re-
quired every three to four days.
During a season when rainfall occurs
iroqu=dy► irrigation may be aided
only once or twice a month. In MM
years, the need for and frequency of ir-
rigation falls betwoen these ex.
Frguna 2 illustrates the annual
variation in rainfall at the RaWgh-
Durham airport during the corn -
growing season for the 30-year period
from 1956 to 1985. Notice that the
average rainfall duz* the growing
season was nearly equal to the cumula-
tive consumptive use for a corn crop.
r
ALLOWABLE
DEPLETIO
t
r" F
VOLAJUE
POINTSOPERCENT
FIELD CAPAC.M DEPLVED WILTING
Flare C me rel lea ttlP between weer dlstrllwllon in ltte soli and ltta MOW of hdgatlon
sdre"M whets 50 Percent d the PAW has beers depleted.

Oa the average, then, enough rain-
wata was received to satisfy crop
needs, suggesting that irrigation was
uruaecessary. But in some years more
than enough rainfall was received,
wha=. in other years rainfall was not
adequate and irrigation was needed.
11=e data illustrate that the timing of
rains is more impmtant to irrigation
decisions than the total amount of rain-
fall.
Corn planted between April 10
and 15 consumes the most water and
is most susceptible to water deficits
ti= June 5 to July 5. During that 30-
day period, corn requires about 0.25
inches of water per day, or a total of
7.5 inches. Figure 3, shows that in only
three years between I956 and 1985
was rainfall adequate to satisfy the
water needs of corn throughout this
critical growth stage. The average 30-
day rainfall was Approximately 4 in-
ches, indicating that the average
amount of irrigation water required
was 3.5 inches during the 3 I'day
period. But routinely applying that
average amount would have been
suitable in only 10 out of the 30 years.
In 10 of the years, -applying 3.5 inches
30CORN CONSUMPTIVE
27 WATER USE TO BLACK
LAYER FORMATION
m 24
21
C 18------- - - -- --- - -
J 15
Q 12
Z 9
30 YEAR AYERAG
p� 6 RAINFALL DURING
3 GROWING SEASON
0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980. 1985
YEAR
Fours 2. Rainfall duttnp the grovdng season V4410 to August 31) eat Me Rdelgu-
Dtstuam dkporl from 1956 to 19M Car>sumpave use b the told amotad of wetter
extcaded by a com crop duing the grovft season
1�0
1955
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
YEAR
Flare 3. Yearly rainfal ftuctua Ilan at the Welgh-Durtuc>rt1 airport dur1rV the 30-
day aft at moisture period for corn (,tune 5 - July 5) from 1956 to 99a5. C on-
attripifm h the amourd d wader a corn crop.woWd exh d tram the ow dttilrlg
the arWool 30•day period it uuil-wader Is not kn&K .
would have been inadequate, and in
the 10 remaining years it would have
been excessive. The annual irrigation
roquiremmts ranged from none to 7
inches.
Most irrigation systems have the
capacity to satisfy crop needs in the
driest year or at least in 9 out of every
10 years. In this caample, the amount
of irrigation water needed to satisfy
crop demand during the critical
growth phase in 9 out of 10 years was
63 inches, or more than 1.5 inches
per week. Yet if this amount were ap-
plied every week, ovairrigation
would result 90 percent of the time.
This example clearly shows that the
weekly, monthly, and annual
variability in rainfall must be taken
into account when making irrigation
decisions.
Irrigation Scheduling
Irrigation scheduling is the process of
answering two basic questions:
Do I need to irrigate?
How much water shoWd I apply?
Deferrntntng When to Wga to
There are three ways to decide when
to irrigate:
• measure soil -water
• estimate soil -water using an
ac counting approach (the check
book method)
• measure crop stress
Measuring Soil -Water. There
are many different methods or devices
for meal mg soil water. These in-
clude thefeel method gravitational
method tensiometers, electrical resis-
tmrce blocks, neutron probe, Phene
cell, and time domain reflectometer.
These methods differ in reliability,
cost, and labor intensity. For move in-
formation on the operation, reliability,
and cost of these methods, refer to Ex-
tension Publication AG-452-2,
Measuring Soil-Waterfor Irrigation
Scheduling: Monitoring Methods and
Devices
Tensiometers and electrical resis-
tance blocks are the most cost-
efficient and reliable devices for
measuring soil -water for the irrigation
of North Carolina soils. Tensiometer
3

1
1
are best suited for sandy, sandy loam,
and loamy soil textures, while electri-
cal resistance blocks work best in silty
or clayey soils. You should be aware
that the calibration curves and recom
mendations supplied by the manufac-
turcr for these devices were developed
for general conditions and are not ade-
quate for specific soil conditions and
fields. For best results, all soil -water
measuring devices should be
calibrated'for the major soils in each
field being irrigated. Calibration pro-
cedures for soil -water measuring
devices are outlined in Extension Pub-
lication AG-452-3, Calibrating Soil -
Water Measuring Devices.
Checkbook Method. The check-
book method is an accounting ap-
proach for estimating how much
soil -water remains in the effective
root zone based on water inputs and
outputs (like a daily balance on a bank
account based on deposits and
withdrawals). Irrigation is scheduled
when the soil -water content in the ef-
fective root zone is near the allowable
depletion volume. Some of the
simpler checkbook methods keep
track of rainfall, evapotranspiration,
and irrigation amounts. More sophisti-
cated methods require periodic meas-
ureamats of the soil -water status and
moisture -use rates of the crop: Some
methods may even require inputs of.
daily temperawre, wind speed, and
solar radiation amounts.
Checkbook methods require
detailed daily record keeping, which
can become time consuming for the
more complex methods. One of the ad-
vantages of the checkbook approach
is that it can be programmed on a com-
puter. Computer prograrhrs have been
developed to handle the accounting
and provide timely and sometimes
precise scheduling recommendations.
Some of the more advanced programs
can predict the effect of an irrigation
or irrigation delay at a given growth
stage on crop yield and maturity date.
Computer programs can be very reli-
able tools for scheduling irrigation;
however, it is very important to
remember that the computer recom-
mendations are only as good as the
data you supply.
Regardless of the method used to
estimate or measure soil -water, there
will be occasions when the soil will
have reached the "turn on" level of
dryness, yet your judgment suggests
that irrigation should be delayed. For
example, if the crop has not reached
the most critical stage and the water
supply is in danger of being exhausted
before the end of the irrigation season,
then irrigation should be delayed. This
delay may cause some reduction in
yield or quality, but the reduction .
would be greater if the water supply
became depleted before the crop
reaches a more. critical stage of
growth. If a high probability of rain-
fall has been predicted during the next
one or two days, it may be ad-
vantageous to wait and see before
starting to irrigate.
. This decision must also take into
account the capacity of the irrigation
system. If the system is already being
used to full capacity and water sup-
plies are sufficient, then irrigate on
schedule. If predicted rainfall does not
occur, it is impossible to get back on
schedule when the irrigation equip-
ment is already being used to full
capacity. A wait and set approach is
practical only when the irrigation sys-
tem is not being used at full capacity.
DehwWning HOW Much to
Irrigate
Enough irrigation water should be ap-
plied to replace the depleted PAW
within the root zone and to allow for
irrigation inefficiencies. Root depth
and root distribution are important be-
cause they determine the depth of the
soil reservoir from which the plant
can extract available water. About 70
percent of the root mass is found in
the upper half of the maximum root
depth. Under adequate moisture condi-
tions, water uptake by the crop is
about the same as its root distribution.
Thus, about 70 percent of the water
used by a crop is obtained from the
upper half of the root zone. This zone
is referred to as the effective root.
depth This depth should be used to
compute the volume of PAW. Irriga-
tion amounts should be computed to
replace only the depleted PAW within
the effective root zone.
The depleted volume is referred
to as the net amount of water to be
replaced. Additional water must be ap-
plied to account for irrigation inef
Monitor
Soil
Moisture
Does Solt
M.nhtoring Indicate
It's Time To Irrigate
YES NO
DELAY
Will Crop Yield or
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATE Quality Be Seriously
Reduced If Irrigation
Is Delayed
YES NO
Will Water Supply
NO
Be Adequate For
Remainder Of
Growing Season
is This the
YES NO
Most Critical Crop
Stage to Irrigate
NO I Is Rainfall Predicted
YES
Within Y or 2 Da s
YES
ffgure 4. Doily decision process required to scthedide ir4gWon effectively.
4

I
ficiencies so that the desired (net)
amount reaches the root zone. Inef-
ficiencies might include leakage at
couplings, surface runoff, or percola-
tion below the effective root depth.
Irrigation efficiency is typically 70 to
80 percent of the total water applied.
Thus, if the net irrigation amount re-
quired to replace the depletion volume
is 1 inch and the irrigation efficiency
is 75 percent, the total amount of ir-
rigation water needed to apply .l inch
of net water is approximately 1.3 in-
ches (the net amount, 1 inch, divided
by the irrigation efficiency of 0.75).
This amount (13 inches) is referred to
as the gross water application. For a
discussion on strategies to maximize
irrigation efficiency, refer to Exten-
sion Publication AG-452-5, Irrigation
Management Strategies to Improve
Water and Energy Efficiencies
There may be occasions when
only part of the depletion volume
should be replaced by irrigation. For
example, if irrigation replaces all the
depletion volume, there is little or no
PAW storage remaining within the ef-
fective root zone should a rainfall
occur soon after the irrigation. In this
situation, most of an ensuing rainfall
amount could be lost through runoff
or percolation. Applying only part of
the scheduled amount of irrigation
water in anticipation of rainfall will
result in more efficient use of water
and energy, although this approach
may require more frequent irrigation.
The above discussion has shown
that determining when and how much
to irrigate is a complex decision -
making process. Critical elements of
this process are summarized in Figure
4. Every irrigator must evaluate these
critical elements daily to utilize water
and energy efficiently and effectively.
The following examples demonstrate
two irrigation scheduling procedures
recommended for North Carolina.
IrrigalJon Scheduling:
Examples
Calibrating soil -water measuring
equipment and measuring soil -water
am-ft fast steps in developing an ef:
festive irrigation schedule. The infor-
mation obtained allows you to deter-
mine when the soil -water content has
reached the normal irrigation range.
The calibration data are used to deter-
mine the readings of the soil -water
measuring device at the allowable
depletion volume, usually 50 percent
depletion of PAW. Using a ten-
siometer for irrigation scheduling is
demonstrated in the following ex-
ample. A similar pq codure is fol-
lowed if electrical resistance blocks or
one of the other soil -water measuring
devices is used.
Inigafion Scheduling Using
Tensfomefws
A calibration curve showing soil -
water tension (tensiometer reading,)
versus water content for a sandy soil
is plotted in Figure 5. From this graph,
field capacity is estimated to occur
where the steeper portion of the carve
begins to flatten out, at about 10 cen-
tibars (cb). Field capacity occurs in a
sandy soil about one day after a soak-
ing rain. The water content at 10 cb is
020 wrin (020 ukAm means each inch
of soil depth contains 0.20 inches of
� 0.3
r FtELD CAPACITY
0
c
O,z �50% DEPLETION OF PAW
La Z WILTING POINT
---------------
z
0 o. t
(...........................
w START IRRIGATION
0
0 10 9 30 40 50 60 70 �15pp
TENSION (centibors)
Rgure 5. Cdibroiion curve of water content versus tenslorneter reocMV (ternWO.
Field capacity [s rrorrridl k t gxeted to be the poW cd which the rate of
decroze d wrier conWnt versus terWw flattens out. In ihts cwo. abaci 40 cb.
TdWe 1. Determirilrtg When nand How Much to Wgate
Calcuk ding When to Irrigate Calcafiattn0 Mow Much to 1rr10ade
Plant -available water
PAW - field capacity- wilting point
- 0.20 in.fln.- 0.08 indln.
- 0.12 in. fin.
50 percent deptetion of PAW
- 0.42 In./in. x 0.50
- 0.06 in./in.
Water content at 50 percent depletion
water content (field capacity) minus
allowable depletion
- 0.20 In. /in. - 0.06 In. /in.
- 0.14 In./in.
Not irrigation amount (la w&hk oh stage)
- depletion volume times effective
root depth
- 0.06 In./in. x 8 in.
- 0.48 In./hWIon
Gross water appicaion
- net amount divided by krfgation.
efficiency
- 0A8 (n.10.75
= 0.64 in./Irrigation
Not irrigation a aunt (tasseQnp stage)
- 0.06In./in. x 12In.
- 0.72 in./Vdgat[on
Tension when water content is a 14 In M. Gross water opplI atlon
read from plot (Fig. 5) at a 14 In.1in. - 0.72 h 10.75
30 cb _ - 0.96 inArrigation
5

LI
E
water). The PAW of this soil as calcu-
lated in Table 1 is 0.12 in./in.; there-
fore, the allowable depletion (one-half
of PAW) is 0.06 inlet. The water con-
tent of the soil when irrigation should
begin is 0.14 initn. The correspond-
ing tension at this water content is 30
cb. Therefore, irrigation water should
be applied to this soil when the ten-
siometer reading reaches 30 cb.
At the time of irrigation, the effec-
tive root depth must be known in
order to detamnine the total amount of
irrigation water to apply and to install
tensiometers or electrical resistance
blocks at the appropriate depth. As dis-
cussed earlier, the effective root depth
represents the depth of soil from
which the plant extracts most of its
water. Met effective root depth in-
creases during the growing season as
the crop develops. It begins at zero at
planting and increases to its maximum
depth by the time the crop reaches its
reproductive stage of growth, which
o=us about midseason for most
craps. In North Carolina, soil condi-
tions usually Limit the maximum effec-
tive root depth to about 12 inches.
When irrigation is scheduled during
early growth stages before maximum
root development, assume that the
rate of root elongation increases
linearly from planting time up to the
maximum effective depth of 12 inches
at midseason. For example, corn
reaches its maximum effective root
depth of 12 inches at the tasseling
growth stage, 60 to 65 days after plant-
ing. Before tasseling, the rate of effec-
tive root growth is about 0.2 inches
per day (12 inches/60 days). Thus, at
the knee-high growth stage, 40 days
after planting, the effective root depth
is about 8 inches (0.2 inch/day x 40
days)
The amount of water to be added
at each irrigation is determined by
Table 2. Example of k6gaflon Scher uUM Ustng a Skrq eie Checkbook Approach'
PAW in son at start Qor=Mff + Not PAIN in scoff end
We of day use for day Rainfall Irrigation of doy Convrmxo
' (inches) (%of PAM (inches) (Inches) (Inches) (Inches) (%of PAV4
5-31 1.00 C44 100 Soaking rain, FC assumed
6-1
1.44
100
0.14
4.30
90
,
2
1.30
90
0.15
IA5
80
3
1.15
80
0.16
0.99
69
4
Q99
69
0.17
0.68-
47
5
Q82
57
0.18
0.04
Q68
47
Time to irrigate
6
0.68
47
0.19
0.04
0.72
1.25
87
7
1.25
87
020
0.15
1.20
83
8
4.20
83
0.21
0.01
1.0D
69
9
1.00
69
Q 22
Q88
61
10
0.88.
61
0.22
0.66
46
Titre to irrigate
11
0.66
46
0.23
0.72
1.15
80
12
1.15
80
0.23
0.20
i A 2
78
13
1.12
78
0.23
0.89
62
14
0.89
62
0.24
Q65
45
Time to irrigate
15
Q65
45
0.24
0.08
0.72
4.21
84
16
1.24
84
0.24
0.19
1.16
81
47
1.16
81
0.24
Q92
64
18
Q92
64
'0.25
1.26
1.44
100
0.491r1. resin above FC
19
1 A
100
Q25
Q31
1.44
100
0.06 in. rain above FC
20
1.44
100
0.25
4.19
83
21
iA9
83
0.25
0.94
65
22
0.94
65
0.26
0.68
47
Time to Irrigate
23
0.68
47
0.26
Q72
1.44
79
24
1.14
79
0.26
0.88
61
25
Q88
61
0.26
0.62
43
Time to kdgate
26
0.62
43
0.25
Q72
1.08
75
27
C08
75
025
Q83
58
()itW stage, com slWM)
28
0.83
58
0.25
0.72
1.30
90
frdgate sooner than WX
29
1.30
90
0.25
0.21
1.26
88
30.
1.26
88
0.24
0.38
1.40
97
'Sandy loan U A of ooftxutton a =r0e. Effective tool none owned to to 12 kx *m Totd PAW. o.12 x 12 tn. = i A4In. Impale at 5M of PAW. bloo-
tlan CnXK nJ based on 50% depleifon of I A4 inches wti Ch b a net Mount of 0.72 finches. volues shown do not tck4a hWk)n k*Mderxy. .
2Consunnve use for com from Rgure 7. Plon&Q osw ri)d to be Apri 14 so June 1 oarto 45 dot's offer plonWO
-'Ro rdl from RcWghd?Lrham airport 19M
0

multiplying the allowable depletion
by the effective root depth. For ex-
ample, if irrigation is scheduled when
corn has reached the knee-high stage,
and the effective root depth is, 8 in-
ches, the irrigation amount is. then
0,48 inches, as shown in Table 2. This
represents the net (desired) irrigation
amount. Assuming an irrigation ef-
ficiency of 75 percent, the gross water
application amount is 0.64 inches.
Once corn reaches the tasseling stage,
the effective root depth has increased
to 12 inches. The net irrigation
amount at.this stage is 0.72 inches and
the gross water application is 0.96 in-
ches.
Frequently, irrigation systems in
North Carolina have been sized to
apply approximately 1 inch of water
every throe to four days, which is a
general rule of thumb to satisfy ex-
pected peak -use demands. This
amount would be appropriate in the
above example when corn has reached
the tasseling stage. But notice that this
amount of water is 50 percent more
than should be applied at the knee-
high stage. Few irrigators adjust their
application amount during the grow-
ing season, which often results in over -
irrigation early in the season. Apply-
ing the design system capacity of 1
inch at the knee-high stage in the
above example would result in apply-
ing 024 inches per irrigation that
would percolate below the effective
root zone. Thus, the irrigation efficien-
cy would be reduced from 75 percent
to about 50 percent. This wastes water
and energy.
Locating Sofl Woter Measuring
Devices
In general, soil -water should be
measured at the center of the effective
root zone. If the effective root depth is
12 inches, the soil -water measuring
device should be installed at a depth
of about 6 inches. When an irrigated
field contains more than one soil type,
at least one device should be installed
within each major soil type in the
field. The above calculations should
also be made -for each different soil.
When stationary sprinklers are used
(such as solid -set or permanent irriga-
tion systems), the system should be
managed such that an irrigation zone
encompasses only soils with similar
soil -water properties. In this manner,
irrigation amounts can be adjusted ac-
cording to the soil -water retention
properties within a particular zone.
To check the computed irrigation
amount, a second soil -water measur-
ing device can be used at the bottom.
of the root zone to indicate when ir-
rigation should stop. The two soil -
water measuring devices are used as
an on -off switch, as shown in Figure
6.One device (the shallow one) is in-
stalled in the center of the effective
root zone and indicates when irriga-
tion should start. The second device,
installed at the bottom of the root
zone, indicates when irrigation should
stop. As soon as the root zone is
rewetted to field capacity, water
begins to percolate below the effec-
tive root zone. The percolation is indi-
cated by a decrease in soil -water
tension of the lower tensiometer. As
soon as the tension trading on the
deep tensiometer starts to decrease, ir-
rigation should be stopped.
Scheduling irrigation is more dif-
ficult for mechanical -move type irriga-
tion systems (center pivots or hard
hose travelers) because the irrigator
must anticipate the time required for
the system to [Hove across the field. In
this situation, irrigation must be

started sooner, typically after 30 to 40
percent depletion of PAW so that the
last section irrigated will not be drier
than 60 to 70 percent depleted. The
situation is further complicated by
rainfall events occurring during this
period. The PAW content may be
uniform following a rainfall, but
depending on the time required for the
system to make a complete cycle,
PAW may vary across the field by 50
percent following irrigation.
Shallow tensiometers can still be
used to determine when to irrigate,
but irrigation must be started sooner
so that the last portion to be irrigated
does not become too dry. Deeper ten-
siometers should be loci near the
midpoint of the travel cycle. They
should be monitored as the system
passes to determine whether the
proper amount of water is being ap-
plied. If no change in the tensiometer
reading is observed as the system pas-
ses, too little water is being applied
and the travel speed should be
reduced. likewise, if the tensionneter
reading decreases before the system is
90 percent past the tensiometer, too
munch water is being applied and the
travel speed should be increased.
With mechanical -move systems, soil -
water measurements are used in con-
junction with the checkbook approach
to schedule irrigation properly and ac-
count for the additional soil -water
depletion that will occur while the sys-
tem travels across the field. -
Wgafion Scheduling Using the
Checkbook APProach
The checkbook approach to irrigation
scheduling involves a daily account-
ing of water withdrawals and addi-
tions to the effective root zone. The
additions include rainfall and irriga-
tion amounts and the withdrawals in-
clude crop water use, runoff, and
percolation.
Rainfall and irrigation can be
measured with rain gauges installed
above the crop canopy in the irrigated
field. Plant withdrawals can be es-
timated from crop soil -water use
curves or by measuring pan evapora-
tion. Moisture use curves such as
those shown in Figure 7 indicate the
amount of water (consumptive use)
that a crop would remove from the
soil if the atmospheric evaporative
demand was high; that is, on a clear,
warm day if the amount of water
stored in the effective root zone is suf-
ficicnt. When these conditions arc not
pi,esent, actual consumptive use will
be less than the consumptive use
values shown -in Figure 7. For'ex-
ample, on a cool, rainy, or very over-
cast day, consumptive use may be
near zero. Consumptive use rates
should be adjusted to reflect prevail-
ing weather conditions.
Daily pan evaporation measure-
ments reflect the effects of prevailing
weather conditions. Pan evaporation
is approximately equal to potential
evapotranspiration (PM.
Evapotranspiration is the process by
which water is lost from the soil sur-
face by evaporation and by the
transpiration process of plants grow-
ing on the soil. Potential evapo-
transpiration (PET) is rite maximum
amount of water that could be lost
through this process under a given set
of atmospheric conditions, assuming
that the crop covers the entire soil sur-
face and that the amount of water
present in the soil does not limit the
process. However, when pan evapora-
tion is used to estimate PET, a crop
coefficient is required to adjust the
pan evaporation value to actual
evapotranspiration (AM). AET is the
actual amount of water removed from
the soil and can be limited by the crop
or by the water content of the soil.
Actual evapotranspiration equals
PEr (pan evaporation) for an actively
growing crop that'eompletely shades
the soil surface (full crop spy) and
is growing in a soil near field
capacity. But a young seedling does
not transpire at the same rate as a crop
with full canopy: In fact, during mach
of the growing season, AET is less
than PET because the crop canopy is
small or the crop is approaching senes-
ccnce and not transpiring at its peak
rate. The crop coefficient corrects for
the difference between AET (as
limited by the crop) and PET (a func-
tion of atmospheric conditions).
Crop coefficients for many plants
have been developed. An example
crop -coefficient curve for corn is
shown in Figure S. AET can also be
limited when the soil becomes too dry
to supply water to plant roots so that
the plant can transpire at PET. The
plant undergoes temporary wilting
when this occurs. The checkbook ap-
proach includes no corrective
measures to account for soil limita-
tions. It is assumed that the soil does
not limit water supply to the crop as
long as PAW is not depleted below 50
percent.
The National Weather Service
records pan evaporation at several
weather stations across the state. This
information can be obtained from the
local Extension Service office through
the CAROU NE network. Pan
evaporation can also be measured on
site with a fairly large pan, such as a
washtub. The pan should be covered
with some type of screen or netting
(with openings approximately 1 inch
wide) to keep birds and animals from
drinking the water. The most common
source of error using the checkbook
approach occurs in estimating water
losses due to runoff and percolation
losses; that is, estimating the effective
rainfall or irrigation that remains in
the effective root zone. These carers
accumulate as the season progresses.
For best results, it is necessary to
measure soil -water several times
during the growing season (preferably
every two to three weeks) to make pe-
riodic corrections of the checkbook
balance of soil -water.
To use the checkbook method,
you mast begin computations when
the soil is at a known water contenL
Held capacity is the usual starting
point and should be assumed to occur
soon after a rainfall or irrigation of an
amount large enough to wet the effec-
tive root zone. For many of the loamy
soil textures found in North Carolina
(root zone textures consisting of
loamy sand. sandy loam, loarn, or
sandy clay loam), field capacity can
be assumed to occur one day after
rainfall or irrigation.
A simple checkbook approach for
scheduling irrigation is shown in
11

Table 2. Migation amounts are com-
puted as shown in Table 2. Notice that
many of the adjustments discussed
above, which are needed to correct for
potential errors, have been omitted.
The checkbook method becomes time
consuming and tedious but more reli-
able when these corrections are in-
auded. When data needed to make
corrections are available, the use of a
computer program is recommended.
Technical Assistance IS
Available
While simple in concept, irriga-
tion scheduling is rather complex in
practice. As costs of energy and water
continue to increase, irrigation
scheduling will become increasingly
important. By making more efficient
use of both energy and water, irriga-
tion scheduling can save you money.
Your county Cooperative Extension
TASSELING SILKING
0.3
.o
0.2 KNEE HIGH EARLY DENT
N
m
BLACK LAYER
w
Q 0.1-MERGENCE
D
0 20 4D 60 so 100 120 140
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
� sche�ng d�eciskm sshouse by � be �u::ed to efuarr�W by � wderof .con-
aw ptlon by the crop during the growing season
TASSELING SIL KING
1.1
. 1
= 0.9
!q 0.8 EARLY DENT
0.7
LL. 0.6 KNEE HIGH BLACK LAYER
O 0.5
O 0.3EMERGENCE
U 0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 so 100 120 140
- DAYS AFTER PLANTING
Rome 8. Crop coetiidetlt ctrve for corm for acilusting Pan evaporctlon to adud
evapolransptra8or► of the crop. For mast crops growing In sills wtlh non matting
sill malOe, $1e OD%Mckx t wW be 1 curing the peck molslue-use pedoc% h-
dlcaft W AET Is equal to evapatadlon I m a screened Class A ow porcom
Service and Soil Conservation Service
can help with irrigation decisions.
Their staff members know how to
apply irrigation scheduling techni-
ques. Irrigation consulting and
scheduling services are also available
in some areas.
`I
J
0

End Exhibit 24
1
u
Soil, Water, and Plant Terms Used in Irrigation Scheduling
Term
Defini3lon
Reid Capacity (FC)
The sail -water content after the force of gravity has drained or removed all the
water It can, usuolty 1 to 3 days after rainfall..
Per7Ttm nt Wiffing Point (PIMP)
The sail -water content of which hedlhy plants can no longer extract water from
the soil at a rate fast enough to recover from wilting. permanent willing point Is
considered the lower omit of plant- available water.
Pidnt-AVaiiab(e Wafer (PAM
The amount of water held in the soil that Is available to plants; the difference be-
tween field capacity and the permanent wilting point.
Depteiion Volume
The arnount of plant-ovalicrbre water removed from the soar by plants and
evaporatlon from the soil surface.
Allowable Depiefian Volume
The amount of plant-ovdfable water that can be removed from the sail without
seriously affecting plant growth and development.
Effective Root Depth
The upper portion of the root zone where plants gel most of their water. Effective
root depth Is estlrrated as one-half the maximum rooting depth.
North Carotins
COOPERATIVE
F.lCiTMION
'
SERVICE
Prepared by
R. O. Evans, Extension Agrictrltwal Engineering Specialist
R. E. Sneed, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist
D. K Cassel, Professor of Sol Science
C w ■w� .
9W
NC Department of Economic
mV and Community Development
This publrcadon was produced by the North Carolina Cooperative F-xWnsion Service with support provided by the Energy Division, North Carolhta
Department of Economic and Community Development; from petroleum violation escrow funds. The opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Energy Division, North Carolina
Department of Economic and Community Development
' Published by
THE NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
' North Carolina State Unlorsity at Raleigh, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State Universityal Greensboro, and the U.S. Departmentol Agriculture,
cooperating. State University Station, Raleigh, N.C.. A.C. Wells, Director. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May Band June 30.1914. The
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Is an equal opportunitylafflrmative action employer. Its programs, activities, and employment practices are
available to all people regardless of race, color, religion, sex, age, nagonal origin, handicap, or political affiliation.
BAl — 2M — T'AH — 210308 AG-452-4
2.000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1.007.00, or $.50 per copy.

1 Exhibit 25
' Systems Operations Guide
'
System Start -Up
1.
Attach traveler to hydrant and open hydrant valve fully.
'
2.
Pull out traveler hose slowly. (make sure to observe buffer areas)
3.
Move engine to lagoon and then prime punp.
4.
Make sure ground entry gate valve is open fully.
'
5.
Start engine and leave engine at idle speed until all air is purged
from the system lines.
'
6.
Raise engine speed until proper pump pressure is met.
7.
Start traveler engine and allow engine to warm.
'
8.
Engage traveler drive and set travel speed to designed speed.
9.
Make sure the gun is set on the designed arc (270) and that no buffer
areas are being violated.
'
System Shut
Dorm
1.
The traveler is designed to shut down automatically when the gun cart
'
reaches the traveler.
2.
After the traveler stops, lower the engine speed to idle.
'
3.
Shut down the engine.
4.
'Shut the hydrant valve completely and move the traveler to the next
hydrant location. .
1
5.
Repeat system start-up.
6.
If at the last hydrant location, move pump and traveler to storage area.
'
Winterization
'
1.
Open all drains in the system. (pipeline, pump, traveler, etc.)
2.
After all water has drained from the system lanes, close the pipeline
drain valves.

End
Exhibit 25
1
Systems Operations Guide
1
Pa 2
Winterization
Cont.
3.
Open ground entry gate valve and pour in a small amount of anti, -freeze.
This will help to prevent the valve from freezing.
4.
Leave the ground entry gate valve slightly open.
Maintenance
I.
Follow all maintenance manuals supplied with the system.
2.
Replace any worn or damaged parts as soon as possible. (gaskets, hoses,etc.)
'
3.
Coat the inside of the impeller housing with lubricant to help prevent
corrosion.
4.
Grease hydrant stems at least annually.
General
'
1.
Be sure to follow the waste plan as it is designed.
2.
Observe all buffer zone areas.
3.
Make sure all equipment is in good working condition before pumping.
'
4.
Always start the engine slow and stop the engine slow. If the system
is brought up to full speed before all of the air is out of the lines,
or is stopped without slowing to idle speed, severe damage may
'
result.

s► ENGINEERING, INC.
� BOX 98, YOUNG AMERICA, MN 55397
1
TRI-ACTION
IRRIGATION
VALVE
Vs. 'Patent
Na 3766942
FIELD PROVED - THOUSANDS IN USE
UNIQUE DESIGN allows installer to set
Pressure Relief feature in the field to
match PSI rating of PVC or Asbestos Cement
Line - Eliminates inventory problems.
INSTALLED ON ONE THREE-INCH NIPPLE
IN ANY POSITION - Saves installation costs.
Exhibit 26
[phone]
THE IRRIGATION INDUSTRY'S ONLY
LOW COST COMBINATION ACTION
VALVE WITH THESE FEATURES
BODY IS AIRCRAFT -TYPE HIGH TENSILE
ALUMINUM AND STEEL PARTS ARE PLATED -
Provides long, trouble -free service.
CENTERLESS GROUND STEEL SPRING.
allows Instant free flow when PSI setting is
exceeded - To protect against costly pipeline
repairs.
STOCK. NO. DESCRIPTION
• PRESSURE RELIEF
• VACUUM RELIEF
• AIR RELIEF-
TAV 100 HI -PRESSURE TRI-ACTION VALVE - calibrated from
50 to 130 PSI (can be used for pressures to 160 PSI).
Shipping Wt. 24 lbs.
TAV 101 LO-PRESSURE TRI-ACTION VALVE - calibrated from
0 - 50 PSI. Shipping Wt. 24 lbs.

Exhibit 27
' Calibration Procedures for Wastewater Application Equipment
LOAD AREA METHOD
1
J.C. Barker, R.O. Evans, and D.A. Crouse
1
Information presented in manufacturers charts are based on average operating conditions for
relatively new equipment. Discharge rates and application rates change over time as
equipment gets older and components wear. For pump and haul application equipment,
' application rates and patterns may vary depending on forward travel and/or PTO speed, gear
box settings, gate openings, operating pressures, spread widths and overlaps.
' Equipment should be calibrated on a regular basis to ensure proper application rates and
uniformity. Calibration is a simple procedure involving collecting and measuring the material
being applied at several locations in the application area. Calibration helps ensure that
nutrients from animal waste are applied efficiently and at proper rates..
Pump and Haul Application Systems:
Liquid applicators and tank spreaders are an alternative to irrigation systems for transporting
and applying liquid lagoon effluent, liquid manure slurries, and lagoon sludges. Proper
' location and design of pumping and loading pads are necessary to protect equipment and
operators and avoid damaging the lagoon dike or embankment. Care should be taken to
minimize spills during loading and transport.
' Semi -solid i PP (slurry)'
slu applicators can be calibrated by one of two methods:Load Area Method
and Weight Area Method. Liquid applicators are best calibrated by the Load Area Method.
' Load Area Method
To use the load area method, you must know the spreader capacity. Spreader capacity is
' normally rated by the manufacturer and often is indicated on the application equipment.
Liquid spreaders are normally rated in gallons while semi -solid spreaders are rated in either
bushels or cubic feet.
' As the name implies, the Load Area method involves applying a full load to a measured
area. For ease of measurement, it is best to use a rectangular field pattern. For PTO driven
' spreaders, application rate is dependent on ground speed so a uniform speed must be
maintained throughout the swath length. Ground driven applicators apply reasonably uniform
rates independent of ground speed.
' Load Area Method Calibration Procedure

1. Spread at least one full load of manure in a rectangular field pattern.
2. Measure the length and width of coverage. Do not include the outer fringe areas of
the coverage which receive much lighter applications than the overlapped areas.
3. Multiply the length (feet) by the width (feet) and divide by.43,560 to determine the
coverage area in acres.
4. Divide the weight of load of manure in the spreader by the acres covered to determine
the application rate in tons per acre.
5. If the application rate is not acceptable, repeat the procedure at different spreader
settings and/or speeds until the desired application rate [gallons per acre] is achieved.

End Exhibit 27
CALIBRATING LIQUID MANURE SPREADERS
USING THE LOAD -AREA METHOD
1. Determine the capacity of the manure spreader. a. gallons
2. Spread at least one full load using the regular spreading patterns of the applicator.
Trial .1 Trial Trial
b. forward speed, gear, or
throttle setting
c. pto speed or setting
d. spreader gate setting
3. Measure the. area of spread
e. spread area width
f. spread area length
g. spread area (e X f)
h. spread area (g 143,560)
4. Compute the manure application rate:
i. number of.loads spread
j . capacity per load (a)
k. total manure spread (i X j)
1. application rate (k / h)
5. Compute the nutrient application rate:
ft
ft
ft2
acre
gallons
gallons
gal/ame
m. manure analysis N
lbs/ 1000
gallons
P205
lbs/ 1000
gallons
K20
lbs/ 1000
gallons
n. application rate N
lbs/acre
0 X m / 1000)
P205 lbs/acre
K20 lbs/acre
6. If the application rate is not acceptable, repeat the procedure at different spreader settings
and/or speeds (item 2) until the desired application rate is achieved.

' EXHIBIT 28
' This Exhibit shows estimated maximum Total Dynamic Heads (TDH) and maximum pressures on the
discharge side of the irrigation pump for a proposed set of pumping parameters. These values are
shown for each- pull. The pump pressures shown are not reel pressures but are being estimated at just
' a few feet downstream from the irrigation pump. If the farmer would change these parameters (i.e.
gallons per minute, piping layout, or irrigation nozzle pressure) the TDH and pump pressures would
change from those shown in this Exhibit. In addition, if the gun cart elevation changes within the
' same pull the nozzle pressure will change. This means you will be putting out more or less water as
the elevation changes. Keep a close eye on this if your elevation changes are over 5 feet in the same
pull.
' The engineer is providing these calculations to give the reader some dance on how to calculate
P g � �
' their own pressure settings. One word of caution, the only way to know for sure what your pump
pressures should be for each pull is to calibrate your irrigation equipment. This means to set the
nozzle outputs, record the nozzle pressures by a gauge and have someone record the pump pressures
at that nozzle pressure. This way you can set your pump pressures properly each time you pull out
your gun cart and be assured you are close to the target irrigation amounts. Do some spot checking
of your nozzle pressures each time you set up irrigation in a particular field so you know things are
still in calibration. If nozzle pressures do not look right, go back over your system to make sure you
are still in calibration. Please refer to the body of the CAWMP and many of the other exhibits for
additional details about irrigation.

EXHIBIT 28
FIELD 1 PULL 1 (F1-PI)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT
INPUT
VALUES
VALUES
FEET
PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"*"'
50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
130
*`
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
5820
"**
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-40
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF
THE PUMP
EXHIBIT
28
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
PAGE 1
50.00
0.00
0.38
0.32
0.00
10.83
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-17.32
4.33
6.49
114.73
110.40
3.7 FT./100 FT,
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.87
0.74
0.00
25.03
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-40.00
10.00
15.00
8 2
255.03

ww� w w ■w ww >.w w■ w ww ww w ■w w wry w w ww ■■■ w
FIELD 1 PULL 2 (F1-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
•rw,rnw
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*"' 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 *'*
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
130 *'*
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6020
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965 "*
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-45
SUCTION HEAD
10 '^`•
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 2
50.00
0.00
0.38
0.32
0.00
11.21
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-19.48
4.33
6.49
112.94
108.61
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT,
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FTA 00 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.87
0.74
0.00
25.89
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-45.00
10.00
15.00
260.89
250.89

W w = w = w = = m m = = ' = = = = w
FIELD I PULL 3 (F1-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*"' 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
240
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6220 '•"
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-50
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 3
50.00
0.00
0.69
0.32
0.00
11.58
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-21.65
4.33
6.49
111.47
107.14
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
1.60
0.74
0.00
26.75
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-50.00
10.00
15.00
257.49
247.49

m m m m m m m m = m m m m m = m
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD -LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 1 PULL 4 (F1-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FTJ100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
�r+frsiM+t� w,►rr,ewwww
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"*" 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 ="
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
130
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20 *"*
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR28
6420
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-54
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 4
50.00
0.00
0.38
0.32
0.00
11.95
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-23.38
4.33
6.49
109.79
105.46
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
0 FTJ100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.87
0.74
0.00
27.61
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-54.00
10.00
15.00
253.61
243.61

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEA12 LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 'I PULL 5 (F1-P5)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FTJ100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
w«w�wrw,►�w
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*"* 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6620
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-55 **'"
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15 **'
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 5
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
12.32
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-23.81
4.33
6.49
109.35
105.02
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
,er�reeararr
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
28.47
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-55.00
10.00
15.00
252.60
242.60

m
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAR -LOSSES FOR WILSON'
FIELD 2 PULL 1 (F2-P1)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FTJ100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
,ewr�errrrrr�r art,rrraf*
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'*i' 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
690
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-10
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 6
50.00
0.00
2.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-4.33
4.33
6.49
118.51
114.18
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FTJ100 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
14.29 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
4.61
0.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-10.00
10.00
15.00
273.75
263.75

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
v
FIELD 2 PULL 2 (F2-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT
INPUT
VALUES
VALUES
FEET
,r.�,rf
PSI
rrkr,r
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"""'
50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
"*
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
950
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE'SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
50.00
0.00
2.75
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-2.16
4.33
6.49
12�,�
117.09
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 7,
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
6.35
0.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-5.00
10.00
15.00
280.48
270.48

r
FIELD 3 PULL 1 -(F3-P1)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET . PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'"' 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
200
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20 '**
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1250
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 *'•
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 '**
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965 "*
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
5 "**
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15 "**
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
EXHIBIT28
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
PAGE 8
50.00
0.00
0.58
0.32
0.00
2.33
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
2.16
4.33
6.49
125.91
121.58
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
o FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
1.34
0.74
0.00
5.38
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
,t•*•0.8• 290.85
280.85

FIELD 3 PULL 2 (F3-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE_ STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./l00 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET . PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'*' 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
200
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20 "*
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
D
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1450
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
7
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 9
50.00
0.00
0.58
0.32
0.00
2.70
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
3.03
4.33
6.49
127.15
•122.82
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
1.34
0.74
0.00
6.24
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
7.00
10.00
15.00
293.71
283.71

FIELD 3 PULL 3 (F3-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FTJ100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
k
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*"* 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1650
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
0
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 10
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
3.07
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
0.00
4.33
6.49
123.91
119.58
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115,50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
7.10
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
0.00
10.00
15.00
286.23
276.23

FIELD 3 PULL 4 (F3-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
ewwww�w�ewr r*rr�r,r,.r
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
'^`*
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
'^'*
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1650
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
"**
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
"*
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
0
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 11
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
3.07
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
0.00
4.33
6.49
123.91
119.58
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
7.10
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
0.00
10.00
15.00
286.23
276.23

m
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FQR WILSON'
FIELD 4 PULL 1 (F4-PI)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
""* 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 ''•
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
400
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20 "**
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1050 "
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965 "*
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
2 **
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD .
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 12
50.00
0.00
1.16
0.32
0.00
1.95
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
0.87
4.33
6.49
124.82
120.49
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
2.67
0.74
0.00
4.52
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
2.00
10.00
15.00
288.33
278.33

w = m = m = = m
CALCULATING _PRESSURES -AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWiNE_FARM
FIELD 4 PULL 2 (F4-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT.1100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT
INPUT
VALUES
VALUES
FEET
PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
250
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
*`*
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
900
="*
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
4
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 13
50.00
0.00
0.72
0.32
0.00
1.68
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
1.73
4.33
6.49
124.97
120.84
3.7 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.l100 FT.
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
14.29 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.J100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
1.67
0.74
0.00
3.87
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
4.00
10.00
15.00
..t..a.....
288.68
278.68

m S M I.= M M M m M M M M 'I, m m m M M m
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WIC,
FIELD 4 PULL 3 (F4-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"*" 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE .
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
200
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
780 "**
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
6
SUCTION HEAD
10 **"
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 14
50.00
0.00
0.58
0.32
0.00
1.45
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
2.60
4.33
6.49
125.47
121.14
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FTA 00 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
1.34
0.74
0.00
3.35
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
6.00
10.00
15.00
289.83
279.83

FIELD 4 PULL 4 (F4-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
w*wwmt
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'"'* 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 '*•
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0 *'^"
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
980
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
8
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
EXHIBIT28
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
1.82
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
3.46
4.33
6.49
126.13
121.80
PAGE 15
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
4.21
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
8.00
10.00
15.00
291.35
281.35

m �. m m m m m m m m m m = m m Irk mA
FIELD 4 PULL 5 (F4-PS)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
""" 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1180
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
10
SUCTION HEAD
10 "*#
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 16
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
2.20
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
4.33
4.33
6.49
127.36
123.04
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
5.07
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
10.00
10.00
15.00
294.21
284.21

m m = = = m = = r= m w ICI m III = m m m
FIELD 5 PULL 1 (F5-Pl)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 41NCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE' 0.668 FT.1100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"" 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0 "*
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1850
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 17
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
3.44
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-2.16
4.33
6.49
122.12
117.79
3.7 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
14.29 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
7.96
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-5.00
10.00
15.00
282.09
272.09

FIELD 5 PULL 2 (F5.P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF. 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FTJ100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE,.SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"' 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20 **`
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1850
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5 "*
SUCTION HEAD
10 *"*
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 18
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
3.44
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-2.16
4.33
6.49
122.12
117.79
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100, FT.
0 FTJ100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./i 00 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
7.96
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-5.00
10.00
15.00
�.�...
282.09
272.09

w = = = = w ■I■ Imo■ m = m Imo■ = = = m = =
FIELD 5 PULL 3 (F5-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT,
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'* 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
2050
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965 "**
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-10
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
3.82
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-4.33
4.33
6.49
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 19
120.33
116.00
3.7 FT.1100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT,
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
0 FTJ100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT.1100 FT,
0 FT.1100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
8.82
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-10.00
10.00
15.00
277.95
267.95

m= m m m m= m m m m m = = = = m w r
Pf 1-1 Kell] 51-711 ► ^►ill" _• • •: �I •► �I► _:��
FIELD 5 PULL 4 (F5-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"*'
S0
50.00
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
i'`
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
"'
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
"•
0.32
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
*'"
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
2050
"*
3.82
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"""'
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"*'
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
"`
59.70
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
'"'
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5
"*
-2.16
SUCTION HEAD
10
"`*
4.33
MISC. LOSSES
15
"""
6.49
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
122.49
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
118.16
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 20
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FTJ100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT,
0 FT./100 FT,
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
8.82
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-5.00
10.00
15.00
282.95
272.95

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR_WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 5 PULL 5 (F5-PS)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT.l100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
..w.«w.w.rw r�rwwk,►
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"""
50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
**'
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
"*
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
2250
"*
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-20
*'*
SUCTION'HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
4.19
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-8.66
4.33
6.49
116.37
112.04
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 21
3.7 FT.l100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT,
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
9.68
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-20.00
10.00
15.00
268.81
258.81

m m m w
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND -HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'
FIELD 6 PULLS 1 AND 2, (F6-P1) AND (F6-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FTA00 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT1100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT.1100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT.1100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT.1100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT.1100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT.1100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
FEET
�eww�rwwr
PSI
���e,►
PSI
w.ra.,►.*,►w.
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"'
50
50.00
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
"'
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
*"*
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
'""
0.32
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
'""`
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4370
*"'
8.13
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"""
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"^`
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
'"*
59.70
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
*"*
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
""'
-15.15
SUCTION HEAD
10
"""
4.33
MISC. LOSSES
15
'**
6.49
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
113.82
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF
THE PUMP
109.49
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 22
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
18.79
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
•355.00
10.00
15.00
26....
2.93
252.93

m m m = = = = = = m =
FIELD 6 PULLS 3 AND 4, (F6-P3) AND (F6-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT.f100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT.1100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT.l100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT.l100 FT,
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR21
0 FT.1100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT.1100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT.1100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REtL)
0 FT.I100 FT,
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'"* 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4590
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
41NCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
SUCTION HEAD
10 *"
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE PRESSURE
IN IN
PSI FEET
50.00
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.74
0.00
0.00
8.54
19.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
59.70
137.90
0.00
0.00
-15.15
•35.00
4.33
10.00
6.49
15.00
114.23
263.88
109.90
253.88
EXHIEIT28 PAGE 23

CALCU AIIN-G PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'
FIELD 6 PULLS 5 AND 6, (F6-PS) AND (F6-P6)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT.1100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 F-T./100 FT,
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT,
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'**
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
""*
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
"`
0.00
0.00
41N. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
"'
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
""''
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4790
"`
8.92
20.60
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
'*'
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"*''
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
"""
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
""*
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-37
""
-16.02
-37.OD
SUCTION HEAD
10
"*"
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
"'*
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
113.74
262.74
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF
THE PUMP
109.41
252.74
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 24

m ' m m m m m
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR_WILSON'
FIELD 6 PULLS 7 AND 8, (F6-P7) AND (F6-P8)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT.1100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT.1100 FT,
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT.1100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT.1100 FT.
4 iNCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT.1100 FT.
INPUT
VALUES
FEET
INPUT PRESSURE
VALUES IN
PSI PSI
50
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
9.29
**"
0.00
"*
0.00
59.70
0.00
.16.02
4.33
6.49
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
**'
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4990
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-37
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL. DYNAMIC HEAD 114.11
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP 109.78
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 25
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
21.46
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-37.00
10.00
15.00
263.60
253.60

FIELD 6 PULL 9 (F6-P9)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE 0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH AI_UNIMUM PIPE 0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
•�+.+e++++. �wer�w
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"*' 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0 "**
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
5190
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4. INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
.42
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
EXHISIT28
PRESSURE
IN
PSI
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
9.66
0.00
0.00
59.70
0.00
-18.18
4.33
6.49
11��
107.99
PAGE 28
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
22.32
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-42.00
10.00
15.00
259.46
249.46

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON!
FIELD 7 PULLS 'I AND 2, (F7-P1) AND (F7-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT,
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT,
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT,
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*'*
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
i'°'
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
"*"
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
"*
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
i'^`
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4160
""*
7.74
17.89
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"*
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"'
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
#*"
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
"'*
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
-15.15
-35.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
`"`
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
"*
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
113.43
262.03
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF
THE PUMP
109.10
252.03
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 27

i m m m m m m = = = = = = = m = = m m
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES EQR WILSON'
FIELD 7 PULLS 3 AND 4, (F7-P3) AND (F7-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 " GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./1OO FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FTAOO FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./1 DO FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
VALUES
FEET
INPUT PRESSURE
VALUES IN
PSI PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"'* 50
50.00
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 "*
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0 *'*
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20 '""'
0.32
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*"
0,00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
3960 "*"
7.37
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*"
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 '*'
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
96S ""
59.70
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 "'"`
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35 "*
-15.15
SUCTION HEAD
10 "**
4.33
MISC. LOSSES
15 ""*
6.49
��
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
113.06
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
108.73
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 28
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
17.03
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
.35.00
10.00
15.00
261.17
251.17

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON
FIELD 7 PULLS 5 AND S, (F7-PS) AND (F7-P6)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT.1100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT INPUT
VALUES VALUES
FEET PSI
rriew�w�wrnw
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
""" 50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 "*
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
3760
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
SUCTION HEAD
10
MISC. LOSSES
15
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
PRESSURE PRESSURE
IN IN
PSI FEET
50.00
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.74
0.00
0.00
7.00
16.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
59.70
137.90
0.00
0.00
-15.15
-35.00
4.33
10.00
6.49
15.00
11 89
260.31
108.38
250.31
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 29

willill m m m m m m m m m m = m m m = m
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'
FIELD 7 PULLS 7 AND 8, (F7-P7) AND (F7-P8)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT,
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FTA 00 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
*"*
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
"*
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
'*`
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
3770
"*
7.02
16.21
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"'4
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"""
0.00
0.00.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
""'
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
"*"
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
`*'
-15.15
-35.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
"'
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
'""'
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
112.71
260.35
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
108.38
250.35
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 30

1
Exhibit 29
WILSON'S SWINE FARM LAGOON -AS BUILT
:. VOLUME vs _DEPTH
15,500,000
pK +�17W `' ( ... ... ... �.........................•
15,000,000
= .........; = = = =
m 25 "Y'�;R....r ...Z4... t.`S'.. ...� ..B :............
14,500,000
_ .................... ....... ....... ....... ........ ........ .......
14,000,000
: ............................................. ........ ........ ....... ...................- ........ ..._.... .......
13,500,000
..................:............................................................. ....... ....... ....._.. _ ....... ... .......
13,aDo,000
........................................................... ...................... ....... ...... ...... ........
12,500,000
............................................. ` ..6 S .......
..L+�1SS..C�.�EXC1�f.S....f�iA�`-$R....S�`OItAO'&......�...
12, 000, D00
....
................................. ................. .... ........ ...... ...... ...
11,500,000
........................................... ......................
.. .. �... .,... ..4.. ..4.. .. i...
11,000.000
.........
............ ........ ..s'............. ......................... _ ........ ................................................._ .......................... ........
10,500,000
....
................................. _ €
i.. ..............iONi`HS....QF...S'�...CA A ITY... BEGINS
1 0,000,000
.......�............. ..............
.. _ ....... ( ?F..OF..MES GN..Y4LVOLUME
AND SIAMG19 STORAGE) .
9,5D0,000
.
...........................
.. ....
w
9,000.000
----
----- ............ ;............ ........... ...:...................
............ ..._................... ...._.............
8.500,000
:.............:....
........ .............. .:........................... ...._............ .............. .._............
w
8,000,000
............ ........ .......
O7,500
000
....
... ................................................
................... ........ ......................... ....... ........ ......
Z
O
7,000,(m
s....._...... ............ ............ i---.
....... ............ ........ ....... ........ ........ ........ ....... ;........�... �... ;...
�... �...
6,50D,000
.................................................
... ....... _............- ........ _ ............ -
6,000,000
...............................................s..........
........ ................. ....... ........ ........ .---... .....
5,000,000
..........................................................
........ ........ a.
4.5nn.000
y............? ............:.............:....
...................�............:..........;...-.........�.............;............ .......... ..;...........................
4,000,ow
_ ........ .......
3''000
...._
.....?........-.-.o ............:.............i....
....... ............ d........... .p............i............. i•-...........i•---...._...;.. .. .....o............i.............i...........-
3,00D,000
.........?
....................................
..... ........ ........
Sly
2,500.000
........... .:............. ....
........................... ..;............. �......... ..;.. .. �..... •�17W HERE
� (� � 9 FT. BM
2,000,000
.................
OVEW11OW)
1,000,000
.........................................
... Si[� PfII� QOSS ZO .._..... _.....
....... :.....
TBIS POEIT (4.4 Fr.
I5
500,000
.....................................
SF3)
EMPTY AEUWW
0
15 FT.
2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 �m
t
START
PIPINGS
. _ LEVEL OF WATER BELOW OVERFLOW (FEEL) .
B�
(0.7 FT. BELOW
Oi/S.dMM

North Carolina
Beverly Eaves Perdue
Governor
Paul B. Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
3208 Gibson Mills Rd.
Ellerbe, NC 28338
Dear Mr. Wilson:
NMENR,
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
Coleen H. Sullins
Director
August 21, 2009
Dee Freeman
Secretary
RECEIVED
ON - FATIMILLE REGIONAL OFRCE
Subject: Additional Information Request
Application No. AWS770017
Wilson's Swine Farm
Richmond County
The Animal Feeding Operation Unit of Division of Water Quality's Aquifer Protection Section has
completed a preliminary review of your renewal permit application package. Additional information is
required before we may continue our review. Please address the following items within 30 (thirty) days
of receipt of this letter:
Missine Waste Utilization Plan:
You were requested to submit two copies of your facility's Waste Utilization Plan (WUP) or,
Nutrient Management Plan (NMP). Our records show both copies of the waste plan are incomplete
in your permit application we received. Please submit missing copies of your current WUP or NMP
to my attention at the Mail Service Center address given on at the bottom of the first page of this
letter.
A blank copy of the Animal Waste Management Plan Certification can be downloaded from the following
web link:
http:llh2o.enr.state.nc.uslgpslafouldocumentslAnimal WasteManaizementSystemCertificationForm09l 8O6.doc
Please be aware that you are responsible for meeting all requirements set forth in North Carolina rules and
regulations. Any oversights that occurred in the review of the subject application package are still the
responsibility of the applicant. In addition, any omissions made in responding to the above items shall
result in future requests for additional information.
Please reference the subject application number when providing the requested information. All revised
and/or additional documentation shall be signed, sealed and dated, with two (2) copies submitted to my
attention at the address below. Please note that failure to provide this additional information on or before
the above requested date may result in your application being returned as incomplete.
Aquifer Protection Section 1636 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1636
Internet: www.ncwater ualitv.orLocation: 2728 Capital Boulevard Raleigh, NC 27604
An Equal opportunitylAffirmatNe Action Employer— 50% Recycled110% Post Consumer Paper
N Carolina
Ntundl�
Telephone: [phone]
Fax 1: [phone]
Fax 2: [phone]
Customer Service: [phone]

Failure to request renewal of your coverage under a general permit within the time period specified may
result in a civil penalty. Operation of your facility without coverage under a valid general permit would
constitute a violation of NCGS 143-215.1 and could result in assessments of civil penalties of up to
$25,000 per day.
If you have any questions regarding this letter, please feel free to contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
Larry W. Wade PE
Environmental Engineer I
Animal Feeding Operations Unit
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office, Aquifer Protection Section
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
APS Files- AWS770017

�IFA
M
NCDENR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
Bever{ Eaves Perdue Coleen H. Sullins Dee Freeman
Governor
Paul B. Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
3208 Gibson Mills Rd.
Ellerbe, NC 28338
Dear Mr. Wilson:
Director
August 21, 2009
Secretary
RECEIVED
AUG 24 2009
DENR-FAYETTEMLLE REGIONAL i)FRCF
Subject: Additional Information Request
Application No. AWS770017
Wilson's Swine Farm
Richmond County
The Animal Feeding Operation Unit of Division of Water Quality's Aquifer Protection Section has
completed a preliminary review of your renewal permit application package. Additional information is
required before we may continue our review. Please address the following items within 30 (thirty) days
of receipt of this letter:
Missing Waste Utilization Plan:
You were requested to submit two copies of your facility's Waste Utilization Plan (WUP) or,
Nutrient Management Plan (NMP). Our records show both copies of the waste plan are incomplete
in your permit application we received. Please submit missing copies of your current WUP or NIVIP
to my attention at the Mail Service Center address given on at the bottom of the first page of this
letter.
A blank copy of the Animal Waste Management Plan Certification can be downloaded from the following
web link:
btry.Ilh2o,enr.state.nc.usigpslafouldocumentslAnima]WasteManap,ementSystemCettificationFormO9l8O6.doc
Please be aware that you are responsible for meeting all requirements set forth in North Carolina rules and
regulations. Any oversights that occurred in the review of the subject application package are still the
responsibility of the applicant. In addition, any omissions made in responding to the above items shall
result in future requests for additional information.
Please reference the subject application number when providing the requested information. All revised
and/or additional documentation shall be signed, sealed and dated, with two (2) copies submitted to my
attention at the address below. Please note that failure to provide this additional information on or before
the above requested date may result in your application being returned as incomplete.
Aquifer Protection Section 1636 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1636
Intemet: www,ncwate[qualitv.org location: 2728 Capital Boulevard Raleigh, NC 27604
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PZbC.aroli,a
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Failure to request renewal of your coverage under a general permit within the time period specified may
result in a civil penalty. Operation of your facility without coverage under a valid general permit would
constitute a violation of NCGS 143-215.1 and could result in assessments of civil penalties of up to
$25,000 per day.
1f you have any questions regarding this letter, please feel free to contact me at [phone].
MIS
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office, Aquifer Protection Section
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
APS Files- AWS770017
Sincerely,
Larry W. Wade PE
Environmental Engineer I
Animal Feeding Operations Unit

�41 .-
Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
APR 8 8 200
DENR - EAY FF L' r-^' IAL MMI
CERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Paul B. Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
3208 Gibson Mill Rd
Ellerbe, NC 28338
Re:
Dear Paul B. Wilson:
Apri14, 2008
Notice of Violation/Notice of Intent
Animal Facility Annual Certification Form
Wilson's Swine Farm
NPDES Permit No. NCA277017
Richmond County
Coleen H. Sullins Director
Division of Water Quality
You are hereby notified that, having been permitted to have an animal waste management system
NPDES permit pursuant to NCGS 143-215.1 and Section 402 of the Clean Water Act, you have
been found to be in violation of your permit.
The General NPDES Permit, Condition I11.19 states:
"An annual certification report form, provided by the Division, shall be filed with the
Division's Central Office by March 1 of each year for the previous year's activities. If
the facility was not in compliance, the annual certification must be used to summarize all
noncompliance during the previous year, actions taken or actions proposed to be taken to
resolve noncompliance, and current compliance status of the facility."
As of today, DWQ has still not received the Annual Certification Form for this farm.
Required Corrective Action:
Please respond to this request by filling out the attached Annual Certification Form for the year
2007 as required by your NPDES permit. To avoid possible enforcement action for a violation
of your permit, return by April 18, 2008 to the following address:
Miressa D. Garoma
Division of Water Quality
1636 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1636
P Carolina
oNaturally
Aquifer Protection Section 1636 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1636 Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.ncwater uali .o Location: 2728 Capital Boulevard Raleigh, NC 27604 Fax 1: [phone]
Fax 2: [phone]
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer— 50% Recycled110% Post Consumer Paper Customer Service: [phone]

April 4, 2008
Page 2
Paul Wilson
Be advised that this office is considering recommending assessment of civil penalties to the
Director of the Division of Water Quality if the Annual Certification Form is not completed and
returned by April 18, 2008, The Division of Water Quality has the authority to levy a civil
penalty of not more than $25,000 per day per violation. Information submitted will be reviewed
and, if enforcement is still deemed appropriate, will be forwarded to the Director with the
enforcement package for his consideration.
Please be advised that nothing in this letter should be taken as removing from you the
responsibility or liability for failure to comply with any State Rule, State Statue or permitting
requirement.
If you have any questions regarding this letter, please do not hesitate to contact either our
Fayetteville Regional Office at [phone] or Miressa D. Garoma at [phone].
Sincerely,
Iv'
Keith Larick, Interim Supervisor
Animal Feeding Operations Unit
cc: Palmetto Farms LLC
Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Washington Regional Office
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
Fayetteville Regional Office, Aquifer Protection Section
APS Central Files

Cl�OF W A DE Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Ervirnnment and Natural Resoruves
Q ^t Coleen H. Sullins, Director
_.,,nirosion Ater Quality
August 1, 2007 ; AUG 03
Paul Bryan Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm 1
�)Elvk-�AY�t4tI,EREGIONAL OFFiCE
3208 Gibson Mill Road
Ellerbe, NC 28338-8426
Subject: Certificate of Coverage No. NCA277017
Wilson's Swine Farm
Animal Waste Management System
Richmond County
Dear Paul Bryan Wilson:
In accordance with your application received on January 9, 2607 we are hereby forwarding to you this
Certificate of Coverage (COC) issued to Paul Bryan Wilson, authorizing the operation of the subject
animal waste management system in accordance with NPDES General Permit NCA200000.
This approval shall consist of the operation of this system including, but not limited to, the management
and land application of animal waste as specified in the facility's Certified Animal Waste Management
Plan (CAWMP) for the Wilson's Swine Farm, located in Richmond County, with an animal capacity of
no greater than the following swine annual averages:
Wean to Finish: 0 Feeder to Finish: 8800 Boar/Stud: 0
Wean to Feeder: 0 Farrow to Wean: 0 Gilts: 0
Farrow to Finish: 0 Farrow to Feeder: 0
If this is a Farrow to Wean or Farrow to Feeder operation, there may also be one boar for each 15 sows.
Where boars are unneccessary, they may be replaced by an equivalent number of sows. Any of the sows
may be replaced by gilts at a rate of 4 gilts for every 3 sows
The COC shall be effective from the date of issuance until June 30, 2012 and replaces the NPDES COC
issued to this facility with an expiration date of July 1, 2007. Pursuant to this COC, you are authorized
and required to operate the system in conformity with the conditions and limitations as specified in the
General Permit, the facility's CAWMP, and this COC. An adequate system for collecting and
maintaining the required monitoring data and operational information must be established for this facility.
Any increase in waste production greater than the certified design capacity or increase in number of
animals authorized by this COC (as provided above) will require a modification to the CAWMP and this
COC and must be completed prior to actual increase in either wastewater flow or number of animals.
Please carefully read this COC and the enclosed General Permit. This General Permit contains
many new requirements than the previous NPDES General Permit. Enclosed for your convenience
is a package containing the new and revised forms used for record keeping and reporting. Please
Pav careful attention to the record keevin2 and monitorine conditions in this uermit. The Animal
Facilitv Annual Certification Form must be completed and returned to the Division of Water
Quality by no later than March 1st of each year.
If your Waste Utilization Plan has been developed based on site -specific information, careful evaluation
of future samples is necessary. Should your records show that the current Waste Utilization Plan is
inaccurate you will need to have a new Waste Utilization Plan developed.
Aquifer Protection Section 1636 Mail Service Center
Internet: www.ncwat69ualitv.orn Location: 2728 Capital Boulevard
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NZe Carolina
Raleigh, NC 27699-1636 'telephone: [phone]
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Customer Service: [phone]

The issuance of this COC does not excuse the Pemnittee from the obligation to comply with all applicable
laws, rules, standards, and ordinances (local, state, and federal), nor does issuance of a COC to operate
under this permit convey any property rights in either real or personal property.
Upon abandonment - or depopulation for a period of four years or more, the Permittee must submit
documentationrto the,Division demonstrating that all current MRCS standards are met prior to restocking
of the facility.
Per 15A NCAC 02T .0111(c), a compliance boundary is provided for the facility and no new water
supply wells shall be constructed within the compliance boundary. Per MRCS standards a 100-foot
separation shall be maintained between water supply wells and any lagoon or any wetted area of a spray
field.
Per -15A NCAC 02T .1306, any containment basin, such as a lagoon or waste storage structure, shall
continue to be subject to the conditions and requirements of the facility's permit until closed to NRCS
standards and the permit is rescinded by the Division.
Please be advised that any violation of the terms and conditions specified in this COC, the General Permit
or the CAWMP may result in the revocation of this COC, or penalties in accordance with NCGS 143-
215.6A through 143-215.6C, the Clean Water Act and 40 CFR 122.41 including civil penalties, criminal
penalties, and injunctive relief.
If you wish to continue the activity permitted under the General Permit after the expiration date of the
General Permit, an application for renewal must be filed at least 180 days prior to expiration.
This COC is not automatically transferable. A name/ownership change application must be submitted to
the Division prior to a name change or change in ownership.
If any parts, requirements, or limitations contained in this COC are unacceptable, you have the right to
apply for an individual NPDES Permit by contacting the staff member listed below for information on
this process. Unless such a request is made within 30 days, this COC shall be final and binding.
This facility is located in a county covered by our Fayetteville Regional Office. The Regional Office
Aquifer Protection Staff may be reached at [phone]. If you need additional information
concerning this COC or the General Permit, please contact the Animal Feeding Operations Unit staff at
[phone].
Sincerely,
for Coleen H. Sullins, Director
Enclosures (General Permit NCA200000, Record Keeping and Reporting Package)
cc: (Certificate of Coverage only for all cc's)
Richmond County Health Department
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
Fayetteville Regional Office, Aquifer Protection Section
AFO Unit Central Files
Permit File NCA277017

February 27, 2008
Paul Bryan Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
3208 Gibson Mill Rd
Ellerbe, NC 28338
Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environmcm and Natural Resources
Coleen H. Sullins Dircctor
Division of Water Quality
RECEIVED
MAR 01 M
DENR-FAYEMNILLE REGIONALOFRCE
Subject: Sludge Survey Testing Dates
Certificate of Coverage No. NCA277017
Wilson's Swine Farm
Animal Waste Management System
Richmond County
Dear Paul Bryan Wilson:
The Division of Water Quality (Division) received your sludge survey information on February
20, 2008. With the survey results, you requested an extension of the sludge survey requirement
for the lagoon at the Wilson's Swine Farm facility not to be required for the life of your current
permit. Due to the amounts of treatment volume available, the Division agrees that a sludge
survey is not needed until 2012. The results of the 2012 sludge survey are to be submitted by
March 1, 2013.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. If you have any questions, please call me at (919)
715-6937.
Sincerely,
Miressa D. Garoma
Soil Scientist
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office, Aquifer Protection Section
Central Files
14o Carolina
)Vairrra!!il
Aquifer Protection Section 1636 Mail Service Center
Internet: "w.ncwaterquality ora Location: 2728 Capital Boulevard
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Raleigh, NC 27699-1636 Telephone: [phone]
Raleigh, NC 27604 Fax 1: [phone] y�
Fax 2: [phone] !
Customer Service: [phone]

Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E. Director
Division of Water Quality
December 1, 2006 '
CERTIFIED MAIL - t
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Paul Bryan Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
3208 Gibson Mill Rd
Ellerbe, NC 283388426
Subject: Application for Renewal of Coverage for Expiring NPDES General Permit
Dear Permittee:
Your facility is currently approved for operation under one of the Animal Waste Operation NPDES General Permits, which expire on
July 1, 2007. Due to changes in federal rules, facilities that do not discharge nor propose to discharge may choose whether or not to
retain coverage under an NPDES General Permit. Copies of the draft animal waste operation NPDES general permits and the State
Non -Discharge General Permits are available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/Ms/afou/downloads.htm or by writing or calling:
NCDENR — DWQ Animal Feeding Operations Unit
1636 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1636
Telephone number: [phone]
In order to assure your continued coverage under one of these two types of general permits, you must submit an application for Rermit
coverage to the Division. Enclosed you will find a `Request for Certificate of Coverage Facility Currents Covered by an ExRiring
NPDES General Permit.' The application form must be completed and returned by January 2, 2007. Please note, you must include
two (2) copies of your most recent Waste Utilization Plan with the application form.
Failure to request renewal of your coverage under a general permit within the time period specified may result in a civil penalty.
Operation of your facility without coverage under a valid general permit would constitute a violation of NCGS 143-215.1 and could
result in assessments of civil penalties of up to $25,000 per day.
If you have any questions about the draft general permits, the enclosed application, or any related matter please feel free to contact the
Animal Feeding Operations Unit staff at 919-733-3221.
Sincerely,
Ted L. Bush, Jr., Chief
Aquifer Protection Section
Enclosures
cc (w/o enclosures): Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
Fayetteville Regional Office, Aquifer Protection Section
AFO Unit Central Files - 770017
N G Purvis Farms Inc
Aquifer Protection Section 1636 Mail Service Center
Internet: Www.ncwateraualitY,= Location: 2728 Capital Boulevard
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Raleigh, NC 27699-1636 Telephone:
Raleigh. NC 27604 Fax 1:
Fax 2:
Customer Service:
IMo Carolina
(919)? aturldlY
[phone]
[phone]
[phone]

O�OF W AT f"r,
May 2, 2007
Paul Bryan Wilson
3208 Gibson Mill Road
Ellerbe, NC 28338
Re: Request for Information
Sludge Survey Report
Wilson's Swine Farm
NCA277017
Richmond County
Dear Paul Bryan Wilson:
Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E. Director
Division of Water Quality
Your Animal Waste Management General NPDES Permit contains a condition that
addresses the sludge survey requirement for the lagoon(s) at your animal feeding
operation.
Your NPDES Permit Number NCA277017 Condition 111.16, on page 10 states:
"All facilities, which are issued a COC to operate under this permit, shall
conduct a survey of the sludge accumulation in all lagoons within one (1)
year of receiving the COC and every year thereafter. This survey shall
include but not be limited to a sketch showing the depth of sludge in the
various locations within each lagoon. This survey shall be submitted as part
of the facility's annual report in the year it was conducted..."
Our records indicate that the Division has not received the sludge survey results for
the year 2006 from your facility and your facility had not previously exempted based
on prior surveys. The form was due March 1, 2007. To avoid possible enforcement
action for a violation of your permit, please submit the results by Friday, May 18,
2007, to the following address:
Miressa D. Garoma
Division of Water Quality
1636 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1636
Nbne
r Carolina
)Vatura!!y
Aquifer Protection Section 1636 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1636
Internet: www.ncwalerquality-orz Location: 2728 Capital Boulevard Raleigh, NC 27604
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Telephone: [phone]
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Paul Bryan Wilson
Page 2
Please be advised that nothing in this letter should be taken as removing from you
the responsibility or liability for failure to comply with any State Rule, State Statue
or permitting requirement.
If you have any questions regarding this letter, please do not hesitate to contact me at
910-433-3333.
Sincerely,
�� "V��
Joan Schneier
Hydra Technician
cc: File: Richmond 770017
APS Central Files

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Bill Holman, Secretary
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
CERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Bryan Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
1 180 Jones Springs Ch. Rd.
Ellerbe NC 28338
Dear Bryan Wilson:
4 •
NCDENR
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
November 6, 2000 _
NEC"WED
NOV O 8 2000
PI -xi C: Tlrtlfi.Li~
PSG. �r=(�-
Subject: Notification for Wettable Acre Determination
Animal Waste Management System
Wilson's Swine Farm
Facility Number 77-17
Richmond County
A letter dated January 15, 1999 was sent to advise you about concerns associated with Certified Animal
Waste Management Plans and the method by which the irrigated acres within the plans were calculated. Only
the acres that are wetted can be credited in the waste management plan as receiving waste application. Any
acreage within the plan that can not be reached by waste application equipment can not be used as part of your
plan -
An evaluation by Jeffery Brown on 5/1 1 /99 was made to review the actual number of acres at your facility
that receive animal waste during land application. The evaluation of your facility has yielded one of the
following two results as indicated by the box marked with an "X".
Category 1:
�{ The evaluation of your facility could not be completed due to a lack of information. Please
contact your Technical Specialist to assist in providing John Hasty the necessary
information to potentially exempt your facility from undergoing a complete wettable acre
determination. Please submit this information to John Hasty, at 225 Green Street, Suite
714, Fayetteville, NC 28301, within in 90 days of the receipt of this letter. If you have any
questions please contact John Hasty at [phone]. If within 90 days you are unable
to provide John Hasty with the information you are automatically required to complete
a Wettable Acre Determination as described by Category 2 below, within 180 days
of receipt of this letter.
1617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, Forth Carolina 27699-1617 Telephone [phone] Fax [phone]
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Notification for Wettable Acre Determination
Animal Waste Management System
Page 2
Category 2:
❑ Your facility has been identified by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
as a facility that may have overestimated the number of acres actually receiving animal
waste. Therefore, some or all of your fields may be exceeding the allowable loading rates
set in your Certified Animal Waste Management Plan.
In order to resolve this issue, please contact a designated Technical Specialist to have him
or her conduct a Wettable Acre Determination for your facility. The Technical Specialist must
be one that has been approved by the Soil and Water Conservation Commission to conduct
Wettable Acre Determinations. Many Technical Specialist with the N.C. Cooperative Extension
Service, the Soil and Water Conservation Districts, the Natural Resources Conservation
Service, and the Division of Soil and Water Conservation have received this special
designation. You may also contact a private Technical Specialist who has received this
designation, or a Professional Engineer.
All needed modifications to your Animal Waste Management System must be made and
the Wettable Acres Determination Certification must be returned to DWO within the next
180 days. If the needed modifications are not made and if the form is not retumed within the
required time, DWQ will be forced to take appropriate enforcement actions to bring this facility
into compliance. These actions may include civil penalty assessments, permit revocation,
and/or injunctive relief.
Once a Wettable Acre Determination has been completed, a copy of the attached Wettable
Acre Determination Certification must be submitted to the address listed on the form. Please
note that both the owner and the Technical Specialist must sign the certification. A copy of all
the Wettable Acre Determination documentation that applies to your Waste Utilization Plan
must be kept at your facility. DWQ and the Division of Soil & Water Conservation Staff will
review all documentation during their annual visit of your facility. An additional copy must by
kept on file at the local Soil & Water Conservation District Office. Please note that if you install
or modify your irrigation system, a designated Irrigation Specialist or a Professional Engineer
must also sign the Wettable Acre Determination Certification.
Please be advised that nothing in this letter should be taken as removing from you the responsibility or
liability for failure to comply with any State Rule, State Statute, Local County Ordinance, or permitting
requirement.
If you have any questions regarding this letter, please do not hesitate to contact Sonya Avant of our
Central Office staff at [phone] ext. 571.
Sincerely,
Kerr T. Stevens
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
Facility File
N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water • Wastewater • Hydrology * Agricultural • Industrial • Civil
NCDENR - Non -Discharge Compliance Unit ,Feb ua 6,3001
Division Of Water Quality
1617 Mail Service Center ffiB 8 2001
Raleigh, 99- O ale gh, N.C. 276 1617 O
Attn: Sonya Avant PAY' # i E KL E
Re: Wettable Acres Determination Certification for Wilson's Swine Farm, State Road # 1465
(Sycamore Lane Road), Richmond County. Facility I.D. # 77 - 17.
Dear Ms. Avant,
Please find enclosed the Wettable Acres Determination Certification form for the above referenced
farm. This wettable acre determination was actually performed for Mr. Wilson in May of 1999.
Mr. Wilson sent me this form a few weeks ago and asked me to sign it and send it in to DWQ. I had a
question I wanted to ask you about this form but we have been unable to make telephone connection
since my first call. Thus I hope this form is signed per your needs.
I am sending Mr. John Hasty (Fayetteville Regional Office Of DWQ) a copy of this letter for his
records. If I need to send the Richmond County NRCS a copy please let me know.
Feel free to call my office if you have questions.
S
enclosures
cc: Bryan Wilson
John -Hasty, Fayetteville Regional Office, DWQ
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 • PHONE [phone] • FAX [phone]

Wettable Acres Determination Certification.
Name o1Facility: Wj'). o�jS Sh),.de AAV�&, Facility Nuxr_beT_
Own4r(S) -Name:-2r!e"w ^ J ,J Phone No: 1014101
Mailing Address: /'[gfO �, Zt are' G� . _
By signing `.b;s form, the facility owner and Tecbaical Specialist ackmawle4r. toe =mpletion of the
Wettable Airs Determination. All necessary Wottable A,= Determination Field Data Sheets and
calculations were completed to conduct a Wettable Acre Determination. The facility's Waste
Utilization Play. has boon amtnded as necessary to reflect actual wetted acreage, A copy of all
worksheets, calculations, and othcS Wettable Acre$ Determination documents, along with the
applicable W a= Utilization Naa and Wettable Acre Nterminativn Certification will be tailed with
(rt: local Soil and Water Conservation District. A copy will also be kept on sits with the Certified
Animal Waste Management Pla:-. Any future modifications must be approved by a technical
specialist and filed with ;he Soil and Water Conservation District prior tv implementation. li any
modifications'io the existing irrigation system or any new irrigations equipment Was regturcd to
adequately a.ddness the waste management needs of this facility, art Irrigation Specialist or
Pirfessional Engineer ;gas Certified the design and in. Wlation below.
Owner Nar .tr TA}' J &)Vf SD rJ
."IIIIII. 11el SiP
��`•�Q���•,CARp� 4
Z .•'•OE i SSr,,�
,
S EAQ'Gh
v
NCIS�;,�
Specialist Name:
ecialist Sign
b} an Irrigation Specialist or Ymfmional En&crr please read and si&-a below:
writ-t applicario-A egtriperent bas been designed or modified to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan and according to MRCS Standards. Animal w asLe
application equipment has been installed accordmg to NRCS Standards acid is T�3y for use.
kngation Sp:.cWlst/PE Name:
Irrigation Sg:cialist/FE Signature: Date:
Submit this form to:
Attn: Sonya Avant
Non -Discharge Compliance Unit
Division of Water Quality
1617 Mail Service Cepter
Raleigh, INC 27699-1617
«ADC -- 7l99

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Bill Holman, Secretary
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
CERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
BRYAN WILSON
1 180 JONES SPRINGS CH. RD.
ELLERBE NC 28338
Dear Bryan Wilson:
R----JC ! E� NCDENR
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
OCT 2 12000
FAYETTEV'L LE
R-EG. QrFiCE
October 17, 2000
Subject: Notice of Violation and Revocation for Nonpayment
Wilson's Swine Farm
Permit Number: AWS770017
Richmond County
1n accordance with North Carolina General Statute 143-215.10G, all animal operations who receive an animal
waste management system permit will be charged in each year of the term an annual permit fee. Annual permit fees are
billed following the issuance of the permit and then annually thereafter on the anniversary of that date. Your animal waste
management system permit was issued on 7/21/1997.
Your annual permit fee for the period of 7/21/2000 - 7/20/2001 is $300.00. Your payment was due 9/8/2000.
Because this fee was not fully paid within 30 days after being billed, this letter initiates action to revoke the subject permit,
pursuant to 15 NCAC 2H .0205 (c) (4). and G.S. 143-215.1 (b) (3).
Effective 60 days from receipt of this notice, the subject permit is hereby revoked unless the required Annual
Animal Waste Management System Permit fee for your animal operation is received within that time. Operation of an
animal waste management system without a valid permit is a violation of North Carolina General Statute 143-215.1 and is
subject to the assessment of a civil penalty of up to S 10,000 per day. Your payment should be sent to:
N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
Budget Office
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617
If you have any questions, please contact Fran McPherson at [phone] ext. 210.
Sincerely,
Kerr *S�tevens
cc: Non -Discharge Branch Compliance/Enforcement Unit
C--Fayette! ille-Regzonal-Officei- J
Richmond County Health Department
Permit File
1617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
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State of North Carolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Bill Holman, Secretary
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
Bryan Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
1180 Jones Springs Ch. Rd.
Ellerbe NC 28338
Dear Bryan Wilson:
LT,?W,A
NCDENR
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
December 30, 1999
Elft
' °l \1 5 2000
P',.YET 1 EV1LLE
O-FICE
Subject: Fertilizer Application Recordkeeping
Animal Waste Management System
Facility Number 77-17
Richmond County
This letter is being sent to clarify the recordkeeping requirement for Plant Available Nitrogen (PAN)
application on fields that are part of your Certified Animal Waste Management Plan.
In order to show that the agronomic loading rates for the crops being grown are not being exceeded, you
must keep records of all sources of nitrogen that are being added to these sites. This would include nitrogen
from all types of animal waste as well as municipal and industrial sludges/residuals, and commercial fertilizers.
Beginning January 1, 2000, all nitrogen sources applied to land receiving animal waste are required to
be kept on the appropriate recordkeeping forms (i.e. IRR1, IRR2, DRY], DRY2, DRYS, SLUR1, SLUR2,
SLD1, and SLD2) and maintained in the facility records for review. The Division of Water Quality (DWQ)
compliance inspectors and Division of Soil and Water operation reviewers will review all recordkeeping during
routine inspections. Facilities not documenting all sources of nitrogen application will be subject to an
appropriate enforcement action.
Please be advised that nothing in this letter should be taken as removing from you the responsibility or
liability for failure to comply with any State Rule, State Statute, Local County Ordinance, or permitting
requirement.
If you have any questions regarding this letter, please do not hesitate to contact Ms. Sonya Avant of the
DWQ staff at [phone] ext. 571.
Sincerely
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
Division of Water Quality
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
Facility File
1617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 Telephone [phone] Fax [phone]
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2
r-
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water - Wastewater - Sludge - Agricultural - Industrial - Civil
NCDENR
Division Of Water Quality
Non -Discharge Branch - Compliance Unit
P.O_ Box 29535
Raleigh, N.C. 27626-0535
Attn: Sue Homewood
Chap
August 13, 1999
RECEIVED
AUG 16 1999
FAYETTEVILLE
REG. OFFICE
Re: Certified Animal Waste Management Plans for Wilson's Swine Farm, State Road # 1465
(Sycamore Lane Road), Richmond County. Facility I.D. # 77 - 17.
Dear Ms. Homewood,
Enclosed you will find the following:
1. The signed Animal Waste Management Certification forms for the above referenced farm.
2. Vicinity maps of the farm.
3. An acknowledgment form stating that Mr. Wilson received his new CAWMP.
Please note that this plan was certified by me on May 18, 1999. However, since that time I have been
waiting on Mr. Wilson to send me a written acknowledgment of having received this plan so I could
send DWQ a "complete" set of paperwork - all at one time. I finally received this acknowledgment
yesterday. Mr. Wilson has been working with his crops day and night this summer and simply forgot to
sign the acknowledgment form until now.
I am sending Ms. Vilma Mendez Colombani with the Richmond County NRCS a complete copy of the
plans and correspondence for her files. I am sending the Fayetteville regional office of DWQ a copy of
correspondence and maps. Please call if you have questions.
enclosures
cc: Bryan Wilson
Vilma Mendez-Colombani, Richmond County NRCS
Fayetteville Regional Office, DWQ
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 PHONE [phone]

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water - Wastewater - Sludge - Agricultural - Industrial - Civil
NCDENR
Division Of Water Quality
Non -Discharge Branch - Compliance Unit
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, N.C. 27626-0535
Attn: Sue Homewood
May M 1 8, 19 9
9
Re: Certified Animal Waste Management Plans. Technical Specialist certifications for the
Wilson's Swine Farm, State Road # 1465 (Sycamore Lane Road), Richmond County.
Facility I. D. # 77 - 17.
Dear Ms. Homewood,
Please find enclosed one or more signed certification forms for the above referenced
farm. The attached Technical Specialist forms are being sent in accordance with 15A NCAC
2H. 0200 rules and regulations for animal waste storage, treatment, and utilization on
existing, new or expanding facilities. The signed forms attached to this letter are indicated
below:
Section li. Certification Of Design.
A) Collection, storage, treatment system ........................................
B) Land application site ................................ ........ I ........ I ...... I..........
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ............................................
D) Application and handling equipment ..........................................
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan .............................................................
F) Written notice of new or expanding swine farm .........................
Section 111. Certification Of Installation.
A) Collection, storage, treatment installation ..................
B) Land application site ......................... I .......... I...........................
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ..........................................
D) Application and handling equipment installation ......................
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan..............................................................
yes (recertified here but original
certification clone on May 4, 1995)
yes
yes
yes
yes
not applicable
not app., no expansion.
yes
not applicable
yes
yes
General Comlments
Any and all attached certification forms are being signed by the Technical Specialist in an
effort to comply with the requirements stated in the 15A NCAC 2H 0.200 rules for animal
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 PHONE [phone]

waste management. The Technical Specialist is stating that the plans being; certified are
complete to the best of his ability to comply with the intent of the rules. However the
enclosed certification(s) reflect the plans being complete at the time of development and
within the scope of work ordered. If plans were done at an earlier date, the plans being
certified herein may not comply with recent rule changes or the most recent specification
revisions published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS), DWQ,
legislative actions, etc. Some of the rules and standards developed for animal waste systems
are not well defined as of this certification date. In addition some of the rules and guidelines
needed for such certifications are still under interpretation. The Technical Specialist has
made every effort to comply with the intent of the 0.200 rules.
The Technical Specialist is certifying that the above referenced farm has a certifiable plan for
the system or systems being discussed in this letter. The details of certified plans can differ
between farms and can vary depending on whether the farm is existing or if the farm is new.
The certification form(s) indicate that the plans being discussed should work for that farm
given the on -site level of management required is provided. No certification can be all
inconclusive and be certified to contain each and every aspect of all possible outcomes
associated with high intensity animal growing operations. The reader must review the plans
to see what is being certified.
Specific Comments
Wilson's Swine Farm is an existing swine production operation and is not expanding its
number of animals. Wilson's Swine Farm is owned by Mr. Bryan Wilson. Technical
Specialist Larry F. Graham, P.E. with Environmental Engineering Services (EES) signed
the original Animal Waste Management Plan Certification form for this farm on 5-4-95.
Back then this was a one page form. EES did the original lagoon design and lagoon
certification only. Be it known that Gold Leaf Farm has been using a CAWMP since
March of 1995. This CAWMP was developed by the Richmond County NRCS.
2. A new or revised waste utilization plan has recently been developed by EES for Wilson's
Swine Farm and dated May 18, 1999. This new plan replaces the old NRCS plan. EES is
certifying that this new plan is a "workable" plan for the farm and is being certified as
such. It is much more comprehensive than the original plan.
3. Wilson's Swine Farm has one animal waste lagoon. This lagoon was designed in 1995
by the Technical Specialist (i.e. the engineer in this case) and met or exceeded the NRCS
design criteria of that time. The existing lagoon has not been altered from its original
design. The Technical Specialist is certifying the existing waste treatment system is
suitable for the herd size. Mr. Wilson needs to perform some minor maintenance tasks on
this lagoon but it is functioning as designed. This is mentioned here only for reference.

4. Wilson's Swine Farm does not contain exterior lots where animals are kept (e.g. feed lots,
lounging areas, etc.).
5. A working irrigation system has been in place at Wilson's Swine Farm for many years.
This system is used for fresh water irrigation and wastewater irrigation. The Technical
Specialist has evaluated the system and found it to be satisfactory in size and capability to
deliver the irrigated effluent to the available crop acreage. However, the new irrigation
plans submitted to the farmer and to the NRCS show a proposed piping scheme and some
new equipment that is not yet in place. The existing system can be managed in such a
way as to serve the needs of the waste utilization plan, but the new piping scheme and
equipment would make irrigation much easier and less time consuming for the operator. It
will be up to the irrigation operator to follow the proposed irrigation plans and travel lanes
to the best of his ability in order to irrigate all shown acreage.
6. The new waste utilization and irrigation plans were developed looking at the farm as a
whole. The irrigation plan and waste utilization plan calls for flexibility, to be adjusted
as the farmer needs. The row crops grown at this farm vary from year to year and from
field to field in placement. This makes it difficult to describe a generic waste application
routine. The farmer will need to make yearly adjustments as shown in the new plan.
7. A few items still need to be done with regards to the waste management plan. Some of
these items are:
• Install some subsurface irrigation pipe, purchase new irrigation equipment, install a few
new irrigation hydrants, etc. The details can be seen in the written plan.
• While a general Emergency Action Plan has been developed for this farm, a more site
specific Emergency Action Plan should be developed for more specific emergencies.
• Any other small items mentioned in the plans and in the process of installation.
A copy of all design information and the certification forms will be or has been sent to
the farm owner and the local NRCS. Should you have questions please call my office.
I
ices
enclosures
cc: Bryan Wilson
Vilma Mendez-Colombani, Richmond County NRCS
Fayetteville Regional Office, DWQ

CERTIFIED ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN RECEIPT
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I. The undersigned person(s) hereby acknowledges that he/she has received a copy of the
Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) developed by Larry F. Graham, P.E.
(certified technical specialist) with Environmental Engineering Services for Wilson's Swine
Farm operation, which is located on State Road # 1465 (Sycamore Lane Road), Richmond
County. Facility I.D_ # 77-17. This CAWMP was dated May 18, 1999. He or she also
acknowledges that he/she has read the CAWMP, understands the information provided, and
knows he/she must adhere to the intent of the CAWMP.
2. The undersigned person hereby acknowledges that he/she was involved with the
development of the CAWMP and gave input to the engineer about historical fanning practices,
historical yields of crops, desired crop planting schedules, existing and new irrigation
equipment, property lines, future farming plans, etc.
Farm owner(s) or their representative(s):
Signature: Z Clcct
Title. Farm Qi tna„r --
Date: l;� - /12, 11
Signature:
Title:
Date:
Signature:
Title:
Date:
1. The undersigned engineer hereby certifies that he has provided Mr. Bryan Wilson with at
least one copy of the Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) referenced above.
���»tirrrrrR04
Engui - -- '
Camp
Date:

Farm Location: County Farm is located in: Richmond
Latitude and Longitude: 35 7 26 / 79 36 20 Integrator: N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.
Please attach a copy of a county road map with location identified and describe below (Be specific: road
narnes, directions, milepost, etc.): Entrance to farm is on sR# 1465 (Sycamore_Lan& &Mdd)
^about 1000 feet north of the intersect-ionnf Sg# 14Ci5 .ar1ri siR# 1471 _ ARnroXimateLy
2.5 miles south east of Derb N.C.
ODeration Description:
Type of Swine No. of Animals
❑ Wean to Feeder
1$Feeder to Finish 81800
❑ Farrow to Wean
❑ Farrow to Feeder
❑ Farrow to Finish
0 Gilts
❑ Boars
Type of Poultry No. of Animals Type of Cattle No. of Animals
❑ Layer ❑ Dairy
❑ Pullets O Beef
Other Type of Livestock: Number of Animals:
Acreage Available for Application: 165 +/— _ Required Acreage: 159 +/—
Number o Lagoons Storage Ponds : 1 Total Capacity:2 , 075, 000 Cubic Feet (ft3)
Are subsurface drains present on the farm: YES or <ED(please circle one)
If YES: are subsurface drains present in the area of the LAGOON or SPRAY FIELD (please circle one)
Owner / Manager Agreement
I (we) verify that ail the above information is correct and will be updated upon changing. I (we) understand the operation
and maintenance procedures established in the approved animal waste management plan for the farm named above and will
implement these procedures. I (we) know that any expansion to the existing design capacity of the waste treatment and
storage system or construction of new facilities will require a new certification to be submitted to the Division of
Environmental Management before the new animals are stocked. I (we) understand that there must be no discharge of
animal waste from the storage or application system to surface waters of the state either directly through a man-made
conveyance or from a storm event less severe tban the 25-year, 24-hour storm and there must not be run-off from the
application of animal waste. I (we) understand that run-off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas must be
minimized using technical standards developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service_ The approved plan will be
filed at the farm and at the office of the local Soil and Water Conservation District. I (we) know that any modification
must be approved by a technical specialist and submitted to the Soil and Water Conservation District prior to
implementation. A change in land ownership requires written notification to DEM or a new certification (if the approved
plan is changed) within 60 days of a tide transfer.
Name of Land weer : Bryan Wilson
Signature:
Name of Manager(if di
Signature:
Date:_ May 18, 1999
from owner):_
Date:
ANVC -- August 1, 1997

Technical Specialist Certification
L As a technical specialist designated by the North Carolina Soil and 'Water Conservation Commission pursuant to 15A
NCAC 6F .0005. 1 certify that the animal waste management system for the farm named above has an animal waste
management plan that meets or exceeds standards and specifications of the Division of Environmental ivlanaaement
(DEM) as specified in 15A NCAC 2H.0217 and the USDA -Natural Resources Conservation Service (ARCS) and/or the
North Carolina Soil and Water Conservation Commission pursuant to 15A NCAC 2H.0217 and 15A NCAC 6F .0001-
.0005.,The following elements are included in the plan as applicable. While each category designates a technical specialist
who may sign each certification (SD, S1, WUP, RC, 1), the technical specialist should only certify parts for which they are
technically competent.
H. Certification of Design
A) Collection. Storage. Treatment System
Check the appropriate box _)� Original Lagoon Certification Done May 4, 1995
S Existing facility without retrofit (SD or WUP)
Storage volume is adequate for operation capacity; storage capability consistent with waste utilization
requirements. rrrr,rrrr; rrar,
:.l New, expanded or retrofitted facility (SD) tz�,•��ZO�����s5•r�r'
Animal waste storage and treattent structures, such a5 but not limited to collection sl�teu;vla;oons nds,
have been designed to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications. $ E A L
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry E 11602 ti
..�p .,• p/,l t...`
Affiliation Environtn ate Work Completer:yllay 6 _1 999
Address(Aa y O AJ49een NC 28315 -phone No.:{fl'1+(�rliati295-3252
Sig
B)
ate:
CAR
The
The plan pp6vides for mi4rfimum separations (buffers); adequate amount of land for waste
suitable for waste management; hydraulic and nutrient loading rates.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):_ kar y F. Graham, PE _
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services Date Work Com
Check the appropriate box
T2 Facility without exterior lot.5 (SD or WUP or RC)
This facility does not contain any exterior lots.
Phone No.:(
SEAL
11602
Date: may 18, 1999
Facility with exterior lots (RC)
Methods to minimize the run off of pollutants from Iounging and heavy use areas have
accordance with technical standards developed by NRCS.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation_ _ Environment al Engineerijw,
Address (Aaerc
Signatur
ANVC -- August 1.
,rrtirtrrrrrriri
C,aRo��°,.
..` ;floe
�Ly'y�
S E A L
X!!�*sign1d V
'�-
ate Work Completed: May 18, 1999
No.: [phone]
Date: My_ 18, 1999

D)fApplication and Handling EQuipment
Check the appropriate box
91 Existing 4r ecpandinc, facility with exi�tin2 waste application equipment (WUP or I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been either field calibrated or evaluated in
accordance with existing design charts and tables and is able to apply waste as necessary to accommodate the
waste management plan: (existing application equipment can cover the area required by the plan at rates not to
exceed eitber the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates, a schedule for timing of applications has been
established; required buffers can be maintained and calibration and adjustment guidance are contained as part of
the plan).
M New. expanded, r existing, facility without existing waste application equipment for s r. v i tQa i n. (I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been designed to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan; (proposed application equipment can cover the area required by the
plan at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates; a schedule for timing of
applications has been established; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and adjustment guidance are
contained as part of the plan).
Q New, extended, or existing facility without existij]sz waste application equipment for land spreading not uSins
spray irrigation. (WUP or 1)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been selected to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan; (proposed application equipment can cover the area required by the
plan at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates; a schedule for timina of
applications has been established; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and adjustment guidance are
contained as part of the plan).
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print).- F. Graham, Phi``-N „'�.
: w
Affiliation Environmental Engineer' g Services Date�`VG®�k�� • �4�i�y 18, 1999
Q
Address (Ar N.C. 28315 = Ptewvo..9) 295-3252
• y
Signature: lldaotlay ;'l 8t.1999
E) Odor Contr 1: Insect Vntrol. V /Ortality Management and NitevoiWk'A ir Ian D.
SI. Wl_TP. RC or I)
The waste management plan for this facility includes a Waste Management Odor Control Checklist, an Insect
Control Checklist, a Mortality Management Checklist and an Emergency Action Plan. Sources of both odors and
insects have been evaluated with respect to this site and Best Management Practi o Minimize Odors and Best
it��i�l�rjr
Management Practices to Control Insects have been selected and included ' vattth cement plan. Both the
Mortality Management Plan and the Emergency Action Plan are comple • •be.' t�t�Oted by this facility.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):_ Lary F. GrahadPILL 55f
Affiliation Environtttental En ineeri Services DatjWt$k C&�Ated: Maj 18, 1999
Address (A cmNle-' . $o4 42 y en, N.C. 28315 PhOM 0.1 0 295-3252
Signature: ✓ % �' * `1 ' 1999
VA NCIS
F) Written Noti of New or andinQ S ne Farm N/A `,'•f�"""""���,`
The following sig ture block is only to be used f r new or expanding swine fauns that begin construction after ,Tune
21, 1996. If the facility was built before June 21, 1996, when was it constructed or last
expanded
I (we) certify that I (we) have attempted to contact by certified mail all adjoining property owners and ail property owners
who own property located across a public road. street, or highway from this new or expanding swine farm. The notice was
in compliance with the requirements of NCGS 106-805. A copy of the notice and a list of the property owners notified is
attached.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature:_ _ - _ Date:
Name of'VCanager (if different from owner):
Signature: _ _ _ „ _ Date:
WC -- August 1, 1997 3

III. Certification oj*histallation
A) Collection. Stora,*e. Treatment Installation *
New. expanded or retrofitted facility (SI) Original Lagoon Certification done on May 4, 1 995
Animal waste storage and treatment structures, such as but not limited to lagoons and ponds, have been installed
in accordance with the approved plan to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications.
For existing facilities without retrofits, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Date Work Completed:
Address (Agency): Phone No.:
Signature: Date:
B) Land Application Site (WUP)
Check the appropriate box
El The cropping system is in place on all land as specified in the animal waste management plan.
U Conditional Approval: all required land as specified in the plan is cleared for planting; the cropping system
as specified in the waste utilization plan has not been established and the owner has committed to establish the
vegetation as specified in the plan by {month day/rear}; the proposed cover crop is
appropriate for compliance with the wasteutiiizaLion plan.
G Also check this box if appropriate C'AR'�►,,,�
if the cropping system as specified in the plan can not be established on n�. �vr$�30 days
of this certification, the owner has committed to establish an interim croo ;�co�i 4
SEAL i
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F. Graham, PE
Affiliation Environmental
Address
Siunatut
This following sib ature bl* is only to
above has been checked.
Services Date Work
. --
ate: DIRS 1401"T999
used when the box for conditional approval in III. B
I (we) certify that I (we) have committed to establish the cropping system as specified in my (our) waste utilization plan,
and if appropriate to establish the interim crop for erosion control, and will submit to DELI a verification of completion
from a Technical Specialist within 15 calendar days following the date specified in the conditional certification. I (we)
realize that failure to submit this verification is a violation of the waste management plan and will subject me (us) to an
enforcement action from DELI.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature: _ _ _ _ Date:
Name of Nlanager (if different from owner):
Signature:
Date:
AWC -- .august 1. 1997 4

' C) Runoff Controls from Exterior_Lots_ (RC) N/A
facility with exterior lots
NIetltods to minimize the run off of pollutants -from lounging and heavy use areas have been installed as specified
in the plan.
For facilities wilhout exterior lots, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Date Work Completed:
Address (Agency): Phone No.:
Signature:
Date:
D) Application and HandlingEquipmentInstallation (WUP or I)
Check cite appropriate bloc,- -
i� Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan is on site and ready for use;
calibration and adjustment materials have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan.
jJ animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan has not been installed but the owner
has proposed, leasing or third party application and has provided a signed contract; equipment specified in
the contract agrees with the requirements of the plan; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and
adjustment guidance have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan.
a Conditional approval: Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan has
Improvements been purchased and will be on site and installed by (monLh/day/year); there is adequate
planned but not storage to hold the waste until the equipment is installed and until the waste can be land applied in
mandatory- accordance with the cropping system contained in the plan; and calibrat ialag �djusun guidance have
been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan. � CAROOr
���
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F. Graham,.M ;��SES_s_'i�4 �iy'�_.
Address (
Signature
ices DateSVork CoffLP11ed: *Ma�180 1999
N.C. 28315 PhImmNo.: f910 295--3252
The following sig tore bloc
is only to be used when the box for co ""rt'f�Fap3`roval in III D
above has been ecked.
1 (we) certify that I (we) have committed to purchase the animal waste application and handling equipment as
specified in my (our) waste management plan and will submit to DEM a verification of delivery and installation
from a Technical Specialist within 15 calendar days following the date specified in the conditional certification. 1
(we) realize that failure to submit this verification is a violation of the waste management plan and will subject me
(us) to an enforcement action from DEM.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature:
Date:
Date:
E) Odor Control. Insect Control and iv[ortality. ivlanaeerr:ent (SD, SI. WUP. RC or I)
yx rr�
itilethods to control odors and insects as specified in the Plan have been JoAV H, re operational
mortality management system as specified in the Plan has also been install�a ' (,scApe/�l
a SEVSS55 wr s ✓
Name of Technical Specialist (PIease Print): Tarim F. Grahams �E: a��p
Affiliation Environtnen Engineer' ervices Date Wt1rk Cd�rt ted:� 1Ka�2.18, _1
�� o�-
Address ( ten ? r 16Y/4 n. N.C. 28315 - , - Phone I o.'-*Mi) 295-
Si
1999
The
NC 1S V
A%VC -- August 1/097 ,✓ 5

Please return the completed form to the Division of Water Quality at the following address:
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
Division Of Water Quality
Non -Discharge Branch, Compliance Unit
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
Please also remember to submit a copy of this form along with the complete Animal Waste
Management Plan to the local Soil and Water Conservation District Office and to keep a copy
in your files with your Animal Waste Management Plan.
ANVC -- August 1, 1997 6

ze,
5 Exhibit 2
`
USGS Topographic map for
the Gold Leaf Farm.
Owner. Bryan Wilson
n
ti
'�
ll
WEST END QUADRANGLE
NORTH CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
h_
14e5
HOFFMAN QUADRANGLE -
NORTH, CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
SE/4 JACKSON SPRINGS 15' ouAARANGLE
10 feet contour intervals
SCALE 1:24 0M
! 0 1 MILE
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
1 ,5 0 1 KILOMETER

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water - Wastewater - Sludge - Agricultural • Industrial • Civil
Wilson's Swine Farm
c/o Bryan Wilson
1180 Jones Springs Church Road
Ellerbe, N.C.28338
Phone [phone]
May 18, 1999
CS[PV
Re: Certified Animal Waste Management Plans and Documentation for Wilson's Swine Farm,
Richmond County. DWQ Facility I.D. # 77;17.
Dear Mr. Wilson,
The Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) for the above referenced farm is
now complete according to the task given Environmental Engineering Services. The following persons
will get the following documentation:
• You are receiving two complete animal waste management packages enclosed with this letter. I
trust you will keep one of these on the farm site and share this information to those in
management. I would ask you to review this plan ASAP to make sure it fits your needs and
reasonably represents your farming plans.
• Ms. Vilma Mendez-Colombani with the Richmond County NRCS will get one copy of this new
and revised CAWMP package to be kept on file.
• The Fayetteville regional office of DWQ will get a copy of this letter and maps of the site. DWQ
will not get a complete specifications package. I was told they do not need a full copy of the
revisions since your farm is already certified.
• I will also send the Raleigh Office of DWQ a copy of this letter for their files.
Please keep in mind that this set of specifications relates to the utilization of animal waste on Gold
Leaf Farm Land. The following items are of particular importance. However do not fail to read the
entire document to know its content.
I. This new waste utilization plan is as comprehensive as any plan I have seen to date. However it is
a best estimate on what will happen. Future waste application amounts will depend on the quantity
of crops harvested, waste analyses, and soil testing. If crop yields were to drop off you will have
to cut back on waste applications. On the other hand, if crop yields increase, you may be able to
apply more waste, but do not make any drastic changes unless you first discuss the matter with me.
Keep your crops in tip top shape and Kepp Good Records!
2. The limited number of lagoon effluent samples I have seen show that you may have more nitrogen
per thousand gallons of lagoon effluent than is average. Please keep track of this by sampling at
least 3 times per year (late winter, summer, and fall). Four samples per year is actually better.
3. Nutrients in anaerobic lagoon sludge are much more concentrated than lagoon liquids. If you wait
to remove sludge every 5 years, you will need to find an off -site location because you do not have
enough land to accept all of the nutrients. The off -site hauling of sludge is not part of the attached
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 PHONE [phone]

waste utilization plan since I do not know where you would haul. If you decide to haul the sludge
off -site, you will need to get a plan amendment first. Let me know when you are ready to remove
sludge and I will develop the specifications.
4. If you ever decide to use 100% of your crop land you will need to obtain a broadcast type wagon
to apply nutrients to the field fringes and where irrigation can not go. I personally think this is an
essential tool for most swine operations. However, for now you do not need a broadcast wagon.
5. Gold Leaf Farm has enough cleared land to accept the generated nutrients in the animal waste
according to my best estimates. However there are many combinations of crops and fields you
could choose which can complicate the predicted nitrogen removal. You must keep track of what
you grow, how much you grow, where you apply the waste, how much waste is applied, etc. in
order to keep track of how much nitrogen you are using. This plan is realistic but it is not fool
proof. I have enclosed some examples of how to calculate the application of waste but please feel
free to ask questions if it is unclear.
6. Your lagoon needs to be staked so you can record water levels weekly. Make sure you match this
with the level of your emergency overflow. Let me know if you want me to help you with this
effort. A graph of your lagoon volume vs. depth is included in the CAWMP exhibits.
7. There is a large amount of information in this package so please read it and notice all of the
precautions. Be especially careful to avoid all off -site waste run-off or drift.
After reviewing the enclosed information let me know if you have questions. I can come to the farm
and spend some time with you if you ever need some hands-on guidance, help with irrigation
calibrations, calculations on nutrient loadings, waste analyses, or any other part of the overall effort.
However, to keep your expenses down I will wait until you request such service.
Thank -you for your time in this matter.
enclosures
cc: Vilma Mendez-Colombani, Richmond County MRCS
Fayetteville Regional Office, DWQ
Raleigh Office, DWQ

Exhibit 1
Vicinity map for Gold Leaf Farm.
6 Owner: Bryan Wilson
'0
037
Par. IS7 1 0*) 0
I r 1­5
0
0
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NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRAN5PORTATION
ROCKINGHAM PtANNNG AND RESEARCH BRANCH
DIV"ON Of HIGHWAYS
*17W 'I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADAUNISTRATION
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45 Exhibit 2
USGS Topographic trap for
the Gold Leaf Farm.
Owner: Bryan Wilson
Soo
Q __ =c=_.
.-}—aw - -..
\ Sp�� /• �s�\�.---may s95
w
W
sy
G
+
WEST END QUADRANGLE
NORTH CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (]"OPOORAPHIC)
HOFFMAN QUADRANGLE -
NORTH-CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
S£/4 JACKSON SPRINGS 15, QUADRANGLE
10 feet contour intervals
SCALE 1:24 000
1 0 I MILE
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
1 .5 0 f KILOMETER

Cp
� 3
Revised April 20, 1999
4410 A
JUSTIFICATION & DOCUMENTATION FOR MANDATORY WA DETERMINATION
Facility Number -?? - ► 7 Operation is flagged for a wettable
Farm Name: Wil `s Cy : acre determination due to failure of
On -Site Representative: Part 11 eligibility item(q) F1 F2 F3 F4
Inspector/Reviewer's Name: &Wn Operation not required to secure WA
determination at this time based on
Date of site visit: ,!/_ E2
Date of most recent WUP: 3 �� ;5�
Annual farm PAN deficit: pounds
exe t' n E1 E2 E3 E4
Operation pended for wettable acre
determination based on P1 P2 P3
Irrigation System(s) - circle #: 1. hard -hose traveler, 2. center -pivot system; 3. linear -move system;
4. stationary sprinkler system w/permanent pipe; 5. stationary sprinkler system w/portable pipe; "
6. stationary gun system w/permanent pipe; 7. stationary gun system w/portable pipe
PART I. WA Determination Exemptions (Eligibility failure, Part 11, overrides Part I exemption.)
E1 Adequate irrigation design, including map depicting wettable acres, is complete
and signed by an 1 or PE.
E2 Adequate D, and D21D3 irrigation operating parameter sheets, including map
depicting wettable acres, is complete and signed by an I or PE.
E3 Adequate D, irrigation operating parameter sheet, including map depicting
wettable acres, is complete and signed by a WUP.
E4 75% rule exemption as verified in Part Ill. (NOTE: 75 % exemption cannot be
applied to farms that fail the eligibility checklist in Part 11. Complete eligibility
checklist, Part II - F1 F2 F3, before completing computational table in Part 111).
PART 11. 75% Rule Eligibility Checklist and Documentation of WA Determination
Requirements. WA Determination required because operation fails one of the eligibility
requirements listed below: .
F1 Lack of acreage which -resulted in over application of wastewater (PAN) on -spray
field(s) according to farm's last two years ,of irrigation -records.
F2 Unclear, illegible, or lack of information/map.
F3 Obvious field limitations (numerous.ditches, failure to deduct required
buffer/setback acreage; or.25% of total acreage -identified in CAWMP includes _-:-,-
small,-irregulady shaped fields -fields less than 5-acres-for travelers -or_less-than
2 acres for stationary sprinklers).
F4 WA determination required because CAWMP credits field(s)'s acreage in excess
of 75% of the respective field's total acreage as noted in table in Part Ill.

Revised April 20, 1999
Facility Number 79 -17
Part ltl. Field by Field Determination of 75% Exemption Rule for WA Determination
TRACT
NUMBER
FIELD
NUMBEW-2
TYPE OF
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
TOTAL
ACRES
CAWMP
ACRES
FIELD
%
COMMENTS3
FIELD NUMBER'
- hvdrant. oull. zone. or Mint numbers may be used in niace of field numbers
deoendino on CAWMP
and type of irrigation system. If pulls, etc. cross more than one field, inspector/reviewer will have to combine fields to
calculate 75% field by field determination for exemption; otherwise operation will be subject to WA determination.
FIELD NUMBiER2 - must be clearly delineated on map.
COMMENTS' - back-up fields with CAWMP acreage exceeding 75% of its total acres and having received less -.than 50%
of its annual PAN as documented in the far m's previous.two years' (1997 & 1998) of irrigation records, -cannot. serve as the
sole basis for requiring a WA Deterrnination. _Back-up.fields-must:be noted in -the comment section and must be -accessible
by irrigation system. -
Part IV. Pending A Determinations
1 Plan lacks foliowing.infommation:
P2 Plan revision may satisfy75% rule based:on adequate overall PAN deficit:and by
adjusting all field acreage.to_below'75% usexate--
P3 Other (ie/in process of installing -new irrigation system):

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
Bryan Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
303 Gold Leaf Farm Rd
Ellerbe NC 28338
Dear Bryan Wilson:
A4A
IT�VW
41001i �
r �
C)EH N F�
July 21, 1997
M if C 5 lyg/
REG. #0
Subject: Certificate of Coverage No. AWS770017
Wilson's Swine Farm
Swine Waste Collection, Treatment, Storage
and Application System
Richmond County .
In accordance with your application received on July 10, 1997, we are forwarding this Certificate
of Coverage (COC) to Farm No. 77-17, authorizing the operation of an animal waste collection, treatment,
storage and land application system in accordance with the State's General Permit (attached). This
approval shall consist of the operation of this system including, but not limited to, the management .of
animal waste from the Wilson's Swine Farm, located in Richmond County, with an animal capacity of no
greater than 8800 Feeder to Finish and the application to a minimum of 177 acres of land as specified in
the Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP)_
The COC shall be effective from the date of issuance until December 31, 2001. Pursuant to this
COC, you are authorized and required to operate the system in conformity with the conditions and
limitations as specified in the General Permit, the facility's CAWMP, and this COC, with no discharge of
wastes to surface waters. An adequate system for collecting and maintaining the required monitoring data
and operational information must be established for this farm. Any increase in waste production greater
than the certified design capacity or increase in number of stocked animals above the number authorized by
this COC will require a modification to the CAWMP and this COC and shall be completed prior to actual
increase in either wastewater flow or number of animals.
In accordance with General Statue 143-215.10C, Animal Waste Management Plans shall include
the following components:
- A checklist of odor sources and best management practices to minimize these sources.
- A checklist of insect sources and best management practices to minimize these sources.
- Provisions set forth for acceptable methods of disposing of mortalities.
- Provisions regarding emergency action plans.
Your existing Certified Animal Waste Management Plan must include the above elements, by
December 31, 1998. Documentation of the certification must be available to inspectors onsite. Submittal
of the amended certification statement shall be required upon renewal of your permit coverage in 2001.
Please be advised that any violation of the terms and conditions specified in this COC, the General
Permit or the CAWMP may result in the revocation of this COC.
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post -consumer paper

Upon notification by the Division of this COC's expiration, you shall apply for its renewal. This
request shall be made within 30 days of notification by the Division.
This COC is not automatically transferable. A name/ownership change application must be
submitted to the DWQ prior to a name change or change in ownership.
If any parts, requirements, or limitations contained in this COC are unacceptable, you have the
right to apply for an individual non -discharge permit by contacting the engineer listed below for
information on this process. Unless such a request is made within 30 days, this COC shall be final and
binding.
The subject farm is located in the Fayetteville Regional Office. The Regional Office Water Quality
Staff may be reached at [phone]. If you need additional information concerning this COC or the
General Permit, please contact Andy Oakley at [phone] ext.(533).
Sincerely,
z
tz A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E.
cc: (Certificate of Coverage only for all cc's)
Richmond County Health Department
Fayetteville:Regional=0ffice,-Water-Quality_Section
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
Permit File

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources A74 JO i
Division of Water Quality r
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor dft
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary E3 G H N
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
May 14, 1997
CERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Bryan Wilson
Gold Leaf Farm
303 Gold Leaf Farm Rd
Ellerbe NC 28338
Farm Number: 77-17
Dear Bryan Wilson:
You are hereby notified that Gold Leaf Farm, in accordance with G.S. 143-215.1 OC, must apply
for coverage under an Animal Waste Operation General Permit. Upon receipt of this letter, your farm has
thirty (34) days to submit the attached application and all supporting documentation. In accordance
with Chapter 626 of 1995 Session Laws (Regular Session 1996), Section 19(c)(2), any
owner or operator who fails to submit an application by the date specified by the
Department SHALL NOT OPERATE the animal waste system after the specified date.
Your application must be returned within thirty (30) days of receipt of this letter. Failure to submit the
application as required may also subject your facility to a civil penalty and other enforcement actions for
each day the facility is operated following the due date of the application.
The attached application has been partially completed using information listed in your Animal
Waste Management Plan Certification Form. If any of the general or operation information listed is
incorrect please make corrections as noted on the application before returning the application package. The
signed original application, one copy of the signed application, two copies of a general location map,'and
two copies of the Certified Animal Waste Management Plan must be returned to complete the application
package. The completed package should be sent to the following address:
North Carolina Division of Water Quality
Water Quality Section
Permits and Engineering Unit
Post Office Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
If you have any question concerning this letter, please call J R Joshi at [phone] extension
363 or Ed Buchan with the Fayetteville Regional Office at [phone].
Sincerely,
-ror A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E.
cc: Permit File (w/o encl.)
Fayetteville Regional Office (w/o encl.)
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post -consumer paper

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources 4 •
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary ED E N F1
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
May 14, 1997
ERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Bryan Wilson .
Gold Leaf Farm
303 Gold Leaf Farm Rd
Ellerbe NC 28338
Farm Number: 77-17
Dear Bryan Wilson:
You are hereby notified that Gold Leaf Farm, in accordance with G.S. 143-215.1OC, must apply
for coverage under an Animal Waste Operation General Permit. Upon receipt of this letter, your farm has
thirty (30) days. to submit the attached application and all supporting documentation. In accordance
with Chapter 626 of 1995 Session Laws (Regular Session 1996), Section 19(c)(2), any
owner or operator who fails to submit an application by the date specified by the
Department SHALL NOT OPERATE the animal waste system after the specified date.
Your application must be returned within thirty (30) days of receipt of this letter. Failure to submit the
application as required may also subject your facility to a civil penalty and other enforcement actions for
each day the facility is operated following the due date of the application.
The attached application has been partially completed using information listed in your Animal
Waste Management Plan Certification Form. If any of the general or operation information listed is
incorrect please make corrections as noted on the application before returning the application package. The
signed original application, one copy of the signed application, two copies of a general location map,'and
two copies of the Certified Animal Waste Management Plan must be returned to complete the application
package. The completed package should be sent to the following address:
North Carolina Division of Water Quality
Water Quality Section
Permits and Engineering Unit
Post Office Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
If you have any question concerning this letter, please call J R Joshi at [phone] extension
363 or Ed Buchan with the Fayetteville Regional Office at [phone].
Sincerely,
fog A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E.
cc: Permit File (w/o encl.)
Fayetteville Regional Office (w/o encl.)
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post -consumer paper

w
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Fayetteville Regional Office
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan S. Howes, Secretary
Mr. Bryan Wilson
303 Gold Leaf Rd.
Ellerbe, NC 28338
Dear Mr. Wilson:
�FHHNFZ
DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY
April 15, 1997
SUBJECT: Annual Compliance Inspection
Gold Leaf Farm
Registration No. 77-17
Richmond County
On April 15, 1997, staff from the Fayetteville Regional Office of the Division of Water
Quality inspected the subject swine facility. Please find enclosed a copy of our Compliance
Inspection Report for your information. It is the opinion of this office based on the
information provided and observations made during the inspection that the facility was in
compliance with 15A NCAC 2H, Part.0217 at the time of the inspection. Please refer to the
comments section on the rear of the inspection form for information regarding your facility.
Please be aware that all swine facilities with a liquid waste collection system designed for
a minimum of 250 hogs must have a certified waste management plan on or before December
31, 1997. The district NRCS office, Agriculture Extension office, or the Division of Soil and
Water have specialist available to assist you with upgrading of existing facilities and
certification.
If You have any questions concerning this matter, please call John Hasty at (910) 486-
1541.
Sincerely,
C�
ohn C. Hasty, Jr.
Environmental Specialist
cc: Operations Branch
Central Files
Audry Oxendine - FRO DSW
Wendy Rudd - Richmond Co. NRCS
Wachovia Building, Suite 714, Fayetteville FAX [phone]
North Carolina 28301-5043 NOC An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer
Voice 910-485-1541 50% recycled/ 10% post -consumer paper

I
Farm Statue: CdcLckj
Farm Name: _ 90
Owner Names Rr W aj, L e Phone Na: Lq� o-) G52 -5b o�
Mamng Address:, D a L rex/Ierlr�ll�,,,,
Certified Operaw-. 4 Operator Cartificatioa Nmaber: 17 5 (¢ C,
Location of Farm:
Latitude �•C�• �� Longitude • 0«
113 No! Qperational
Type of Operation and I
Wears to Feeder
Feeder to Finish
F w to Wean
arsaw to
to Finish
Date Lost Operated:
Other Znx of livestock
QLeral
1. Am there any buffer: that need maiE3 Yes Pivo
Z h any discharge observed 5nm any part of the operation? 13 Yes gNo
L If discharge is observed, was the oanveyw=c man-made? 13 Yes U[No
b. If discharge is observed, did it reach Surface Water? (If yes, notify DWQ) ❑ Yes KNo
c. If discharge is observed, what is the estimated flow in gallmin?
d Does discharge bypass a lagoon system? (if yes, aodfy DWQ) ❑ Yea A No
I Is time evidence of pass discharge from any part of the operation? E) Yes C,Na
4. Was them any adverse impacts to the waters ofthe State other than from a discharge? Q Yes KNo
S. Does may part of the waste management system (other than lagoowAwlding ponds) require MNo
zaaintetmn�t?
C-cmd med on back

�. Is be ty scoot in cittmpliance with nay amble aatback citeria?
7. Did the iaciliry M to have a cmiW operator in nq=sWe dwv Cif imspet:r;on aver 1/1/97)?
8. Are these lagoons or swrage ponds on site which noaod to be psopaly cloned?
ctu �eooas �n�f�LQ�ia! p
9. Is sm=UW heebaw lea d= adotgatte?
Freeboard (# 3.a,�oon 1 lagoon 2 Lagoon 3
.. _P7
A L seepage obaavW from any of the struck?
11. Is roman, or nay other threats to the integrity of any of the sbuctives. obserral't
12. Do any of the strum need mainfen
(if any of questions 9-12 was answered yies, and the situation poses an
immediate public health or environmental throe!, notify DWQ)
_13. Do arty oftbe strumm lack adquate rmarkas to identify start and stop ptmrM levais?
Waste Avollcat3on
14. Is these physical rvide= of over application?
.(Nis access of QWMP, or runoff enU=V waMs of the State, notify DWQ)
1S. Crop type r,Beri,n a_ ZCerh l %� ... ..
16. Do the active cops differ with those designated in the Animal waste Management Pin?
17. Does tbe fwIty have a lack of adequate acrup for Ind applies?
18. Does the cover crop need improvezftt?
19. Is there a lack of available irrigation equipuat?
Far Certified Faepitits Only
20. Don the fecihty fora to have a copy of the Animal Waste Management Plan Tommy Svai3able?
21. Does the iaeiliry fad to comply with the Anima l Waste Mamgpu mt Plan in any way?
22. Does record beeping need improvement?
23. Does facility require a foliow-np visit by me:
24. Did Reviewes/Inspector fail to discmas seviewTmspec ion with owner or operator in charge7
_ n Yes IgWo
13 Yes 10,No
Yes %LNo
Lagoon 4
13 Yes fo No
13 Yes 7$,No
.Yes ❑ No
I, Yes ❑ No
13 Yea 4( No
p Yes ®,No
E3 Yes MNo
E3 Yes %No
E3 Yes J•No
E3 Yes P[No
E3 Yes JINo
0 Yea MNo
E3 Yes 0No
E3 Yes Mwo
Carrimcats (r efer to qucstior!: E=plain str►yS answers sndfoi sajr rsramurneadatrorn os any bthcr COMM
:Use disiags<of facOitY-to better tmo�nsc addrdopsgesas seer)
10 13- S —54v? fw•.p 0•--rkerS nevi 40 be r'•,a-j+a��ea.
ReviewerRaspector Name
Reviwevfinspector Signature:
> ems_--7'
ac Dlvlslon of Water Quality, Wafer Quality Secdo% Facility Assmmeat Unk 11/14J96

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Wayne McDevitt, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
Bryan Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
1180 Jones Springs Ch. Rd.
Ellerbe NC 28338
Dear Bryan Wilson:
1179�AA
IT 0 0
A&4;1
.NCDIENR
o H Ck ,�c
June 26, 1998
0;&
J i n 2 3 1998
FAYETTEVILLE
REG. OFFICE
Subject: Reissuance of Certificate of Coverage
No.AWS770017
Wilson's Swine Farm
Swine Waste Collection, Treatment, Storage and
Application System
Richmond County
The Division of Water Quality modified the Swine Waste Operation General Permit originally issued to
this facility on July 21, 1997. In accordance with the issuance of the revised General Permit, we are
forwarding this Certificate of Coverage (COC) to Bryan Wilson, authorizing the operation of the subject
animal waste collection, treatment, storage and land application system in accordance with General
Permit AWG100000. This approval shall consist of the operation of this system including, but not
limited to, the management of animal waste from the Wilson's Swine Farm, located in Richmond
County, with an animal capacity of no greater than 8800 Feeder to Finish and the application to land as
specified in the Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP).
The COC shall be effective from the date of issuance until April 30, 2003, and shall hereby void
COC No AWS770017 dated July 21, 1997. The COC shall hereby incorporate by reference any specific
conditions of the previous COC issued to this facility. The purpose of this COC is to allow coverage
under the revised General Permit. Please review the revised General Permit (enclosed) and pay
particular attention to Condition I1.10 regarding tree removal from lagoon embankments, Condition III.1
regarding inspection frequency of the waste treatment, storage and collection system and Condition III.6
regarding notification requirements for system failures, spills and emergencies. Pursuant to this COC,
you are authorized and required to operate the system in conformity with the conditions and limitations
as specified in the General Permit, the facility's CAWMP, and this COC, with no discharge of wastes to
surface waters. An adequate system for collecting and maintaining the required monitoring data and
operational information must be established for this. farm. Any increase in waste production greater than
the certified design capacity or increase in number of stocked animals above the number authorized by
this COC will require a modification to the CAWMP and this COC and shall be completed prior to
actual increase in either wastewater flow or number of animals.
Please be advised that any violation of the terns and conditions specified in this COC, the
General Permit or the CAWMP may result in the revocation of this COC, or penalties in accordance
with NCGS 143-215.6A through 143-215.6C including civil penalties, criminal penalties, and injunctive
relief.
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled110% post -consumer paper

Certificate of Coverage AWS770017
Wilson's Swine Farm
Page 2
Upon notification by the Division of this COC's expiration, you shall apply for its renewal. This
request shall be made within 30 days of notification by the Division.
This COC is not automatically transferable. A name/ownership change application must be
submitted to the DWQ prior to a name change or change in ownership.
If any parts, requirements, or limitations contained in this COC are unacceptable, you have the
right to apply for an individual non -discharge permit by contacting the engineer listed below for
information on this process. Unless such a request is made within 30 days, this COC shall be final and
binding.
The subject farm is located in the Fayetteville Regional Office. The Regional Office Water
Quality Staff may be reached at [phone]. If you need additional information concerning this
COC or the General Permit, please contact Katharine Keaton at [phone] ext. 533.
Sincerely,
for A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E.
cc: (Certificate of Coverage only for all cc's)
Richmond County Health Department
Fayetteville Regional Office, Water Quality Section
Richmond County Soil and Water Conservation District
Permit File

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
November 13, 1996
Bryan Wilson
Gold Leaf Farm
303 Gold Leaf Farm Rd
Ellerbe NC 28338
SUBJECT: Operator In Charge Designation
Facility: Gold Leaf Farm
Facility ID#: 77-17
Richmond County
Dear W. Wilson:
®L-HNF;Z
FI)i 9-
NOV 19 19G0
ENV - MANAGEMENT
FAYETTEVILLE REG. OFFiGE.
Senate Bill 1217, An Act to Implement Recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Study
Commission on Agricultural Waste, enacted by the 1996 North Carolina General Assembly,
requires a certified operator for each animal waste management system that serves 250 or more
swine by January 1, 1997. The owner of each animal waste management system must submit a
designation form to the Technical Assistance and Certification Group which designates an
Operator in Charge and is countersigned by the certified operator. The enclosed form must be
submitted by January 1, 1997 for all facilities in operation as of that date. Failure to designate a
certified operator for your animal waste management system is a violation of 15A NCAC 2H
.0224 and may result in the assessment of a civil penalty.
If you have questions concerning operator training or examinations for certification, please
contact your local North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service agent or our office.
Examinations have been offered on an on -going basis in many counties throughout the.state for
the past several months and will continue to be offered through December 31, 1996.
Thank you for your cooperation. If you have any questions concerning this requirement please
call Beth Buffington or Barry Huneycutt of our staff at 919n33-0026.
Sincerely,
stop Howard, Jr—F. ., Director
Division of Water Quality
Enclosure
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office
Water Quality Files
P.O. Box 27687, Nf
VOW0CRaleigh, North Carolina 27611 7687 An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
Voice 919-715-4100 50% recycled/10% post -consumer paper