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Home My WebLink AboutNC0000272_Color Report_20140601COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF COLOR IN THE PIGEON RIVER HAYWOOD COUNTY, NOW-H CAROLINA 2 1 ice= TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................ ii LISTOF TABLES.......................................................................................................................... v LISTOF FIGURES....................................................................................................................... vi LISTOF APPENDICES.............................................................................................................. xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................... xv SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................1-1 1.1 BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................1-1 1.2 PIGEON RIVER........................................................................................................... 1-2 1.2.1 Sampling Locations............................................................................................... 1-3 1.2.2 Drainage Basins..................................................................................................... 1-8 1.2.3 Designated Uses................................................................................................... 1-10 1.3 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY.................................................................. 1-10 1.3.1 Monthly Rainfall Statistics.................................................................................. 1-11 1.3.2 30Q2 Flow Analyses............................................................................................1-11 1.3.3 Justification for the Use of the Monthly 30Q2....................................................1-12 1.3.4 Hydrologic Analysis of Tributary Drainage Basins.............................................1-14 1.4 COLOR.......................................................................................................................1-14 1.4.1 Definition of Color...............................................................................................1-15 1.4.2 Sources of Color..................................................................................................1-15 1.5 TURBIDITY...............................................................................................................1-16 SECTION 2.0 COLOR ANALYSES OF THE PIGEON RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES ... 2-1 2.1 DATA COLLECTION AND SOURCES.....................................................................2-1 2.1.1 Types of Sampling Methods..................................................................................2-1 2.1.2 AquAeTer Sampling Events.................................................................................. 2-2 2.1.3 Evergreen Routine Sampling................................................................................. 2-3 2.1.4 USGS Data.............................................................................................................2-3 2.2 TRUE COLOR ANALYSES........................................................................................ 2-3 2.2.1 True Color in the Pigeon River.............................................................................. 2-4 2.2.2 True Color Loading versus True Color Concentration .......................................... 2-5 2.2.3 Variability of True Color in the Pigeon River ....................................................... 2-6 ii 2.2.4 True Color in the Tributaries................................................................................. 2-7 2.3 APPARENT COLOR ANALYSES.............................................................................. 2-8 2.3.1 Apparent Color in the Pigeon River....................................................................... 2-8 2.3.2 Apparent Color Loading versus Apparent Color Concentration ........................... 2-9 2.3.3 Variability of Apparent Color in the Pigeon River .............................................. 2-10 2.3.4 Apparent Color in the Tributaries........................................................................ 2-10 2.4 IMPACTS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES ON TRUE COLOR IN THE PIGEON RIVER......................................................................................................2-11 SECTION 3.0 COLOR LOADING MODEL.............................................................................. 3-1 3.1 PREDICTING MASS LOADINGS AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW ............................ 3-1 3.2 TRUE COLOR AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW............................................................ 3-2 3.3 APPARENT COLOR AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW .................................................. 3-2 3.4 MONTHLY COLOR PROJECTIONS IN THE PIGEON RIVER .............................. 3-3 3.4.1 True Color Loading Model.................................................................................... 3-3 3.4.2 Apparent Color Loading Model............................................................................. 3-4 3.5 MODEL VERIFICATION............................................................................................ 3-4 SECTION 4.0 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................4-1 4.1 PRIMARY GOAL — COLOR LOADING MODEL ..................................................... 4-1 4.2 MAJOR FINDINGS...................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2.1 Primary Source of Color in the Pigeon River ........................................................ 4-2 4.2.2 Effects of Smaller Tributaries................................................................................ 4-2 4.2.3 Components of the Downstream Color Concentrations ........................................ 4-3 4.3 ADDITIONAL FINDINGS.......................................................................................... 4-4 4.3.1 Mill......................................................................................................................... 4-4 4.3.2 Statistical Hydrologic Events................................................................................. 4-4 4.3.3 Storm Events.......................................................................................................... 4-4 4.3.4 Dataset....................................................................................................................4-5 4.3.5 Use of Concentration Data..................................................................................... 4-5 4.3.6 Variability in Concentration.................................................................................. 4-5 4.3.7 Apparent Color....................................................................................................... 4-6 4.3.8 Turbidity................................................................................................................ 4-6 iii 4.3.9 Designated Uses for the Pigeon River................................................................... 4-6 Bibliography................................................................................................................................ 4-1 1v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - 1 — List of Tributaries to the Pigeon River................................................................. 1-18 Table 1 - 2 — Elevation Changes through the Pigeon River.......................................................1-23 Table 1 - 3 Average, Minimum, and Maximum Monthly Rainfalls.......................................1-24 Table 1 - 4 — Flow Analyses for the Pigeon River.....................................................................1-25 Table 1 - 5 Comparison of Statistical Flow Events................................................................1-26 Table 1 - 6 USGS and AquAeTer Gaged Flows during AquAeTer Study Events .................1-27 Table 1 - 7 — Flow Yields for Measured Tributaries................................................................. 1-28 Table 2 - 1 — Water Quality Parameters Monitored by AquAeTer............................................ 2-13 Table 2 - 2 — List of AquAeTer Sample Stations....................................................................... 2-14 Table 2 - 3 — Comparison of Flows during AquAeTer Field Events to the Statistical Flows ... 2-15 Table 2 - 4 — Comparison of True Color Measurements Upstream from the Canton Mill........ 2-16 Table 2 - 5 — True Color Mass Loadings during Storm Event on December 1, 2010............... 2-17 Table 2 - 6 — True Color Mass Loadings from the Tributaries .................................................. 2-18 Table 2 - 7 — True Color Concentrations Measured in the Tributaries ...................................... 2-19 Table 2 - 8 — Comparison of Apparent Color Measurements Upstream from the Canton Mill 2-20 Table 2 - 9 — Apparent Color Mass Loadings during Storm Event on December 1, 2010........ 2-21 Table 3 - 1 — True Color Loading Model Variables for the Pigeon River ................................... 3-5 Table 3 - 2 - True Color Loading Model Variables for Tributaries to the Pigeon River ............. 3-6 Table 3 - 3 — Apparent Color Loading Model Variables for the Pigeon River ........................... 3-7 Table 3 - 4 — Apparent Color Loading Model Variables for Tributaries to the Pigeon River..... 3-8 Table 3 - 5 — Comparison of Model Predictions to Actual Annual True Color Loadings........... 3-9 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure ES - 1 — AquAeTer Study Area........................................................................................ xix Figure ES - 2 — Pigeon River Tributaries Sampled by AquAeTer............................................... xx Figure ES - 3 — Schematic of Locations of Interest on the Pigeon River .................................... xxi Figure ES - 4 — True Color Loading Per Square Mile Per CFS for Pigeon River Tributaries ... xxii Figure ES - 5 — Pigeon River Restoration Project Contributing Stakeholders .......................... xxiii Figure ES - 6 — Duke Energy Walters Powerhouse................................................................... xxiv Figure ES - 7 — Pigeon River Clarity at Hartford....................................................................... xxv Figure1 - 1 — Location Map......................................................................................................1-29 Figure1 - 2 — Area Map.............................................................................................................1-30 Figure 1 - 3 — Tributaries Monitored in Haywood County........................................................ 1-31 Figure 1 - 4 — Schematic of Locations of Interest on the Pigeon River ..................................... 1-32 Figure 1 - 5 — Pigeon River Basin..............................................................................................1-33 Figure 1 - 6 — Photographs of the East Fork Pigeon River........................................................1-34 Figure 1 - 7 — Photographs of the West Fork Pigeon River.......................................................1-35 Figure 1 - 8 — Photograph of Walters Powerhouse During Release..........................................1-36 Figure 1 - 9 — Photographs of Pigeon River at Wells Road Bridge Upstream from Canton ..... 1-37 Figure 1 - 10 — Photographs of the Pigeon River at the Highway 215 Bridge Upstream from Canton................................................................................................................ 1-38 Figure 1 - 11 — Photographs of the Pigeon River at the Canton Recreation Park......................1-39 Figure 1 - 12 — Stormwater Discharge near the Park Street Bridge in Canton ..........................1-40 Figure 1 - 13 — Photographs of the Pigeon River from the Park Street Bridge in Canton ......... 1-41 Figure 1 - 14 — Photographs of Beaverdam Creek.....................................................................1-42 Figure 1 - 15 — Photographs of the Pigeon River from Fibreville Bridge.................................1-43 Figure 1 - 16 — Photographs of Murray Branch.........................................................................1-44 Figure 1 - 17 — Photographs of the Pigeon River near the Thickety 02 Station Downstream fromCanton....................................................................................................... 1-45 Figure 1 - 18 — Photographs of Bowen Branch upstream from Interstate 40............................1-46 Figure 1 - 19 — Photographs of Bowen Branch near its confluence with the Pigeon River ......1-47 Figure 1 - 20 — Photographs of the Pigeon River near Bowen Branch......................................1-48 Figure 1 - 21— Photographs of the Pigeon River at Charles St. Bridge in Clyde......................1-49 Figure 1 - 22 — Photographs of Unnamed Tributary Draining Poison Cove in Clyde ..............1-50 Figure 1 - 23 — Photographs of the Pigeon River at Scotts Drive Bridge..................................1-51 Figure 1 - 24 — Photographs of Richland Creek........................................................................1-52 Figure 1 - 25 — Photographs of the Pigeon River at North Carolina State Route 1625 Bridge .1-53 Figure 1 - 26 — Photographs of Big Branch...............................................................................1-54 Figure 1 - 27 — Photographs of Crabtree Creek.........................................................................1-55 Figure 1 - 28 — Photographs of Agricultural Practices in Crabtree Creek Basin .......................1-56 Figure 1 - 29 — Photographs of Ferguson Cove Tributary.........................................................1-57 Figure 1 - 30 — Photograph of Agricultural Practices near Ferguson Cove...............................1-58 vi Figure I - 31 — Photograph of Agricultural Practices near Ferguson Cove...............................1-59 Figure I - 32 — Photographs of the Pigeon River at Iron Duff Bridge.......................................1-60 Figure I - 33 — Photographs of Jonathan Creek.........................................................................1-61 Figure I - 34 — Photographs of Fines Creek..............................................................................1-62 Figure I - 35 — Photograph of Agricultural Practices in Panther Creek Basin ..........................1-63 Figure I - 36 — Photographs of the Pigeon River at Hepco Bridge...........................................1-64 Figure I - 37 — Photographs of Cataloochee Creek...................................................................1-65 Figure 1 - 38 — Photograph of Walters Powerhouse Intake in Cataloochee Creek Embayment 1-66 Figure 1 - 39 — Photographs of the Pigeon River from Browns Bridge .................................... 1-67 Figure I - 40 — Photographs of Big Creek.................................................................................1-68 Figure I - 41 — Photograph of Agricultural Practices in the Big Creek Basin ...........................1-69 Figure I - 42 — Major Tributary Basins within the Pigeon River Watershed............................1-70 Figure I - 43 — Elevation Change on the Pigeon River.............................................................1-71 Figure I - 44 — Land Use within the Pigeon River Basin in North Carolina.............................1-72 Figure I - 45 — January 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton.........................................1-73 Figure I - 46 — February 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton.......................................1-74 Figure I - 47 — March 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton...........................................1-75 Figure I - 48 — April 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton.............................................1-76 Figure I - 49 — May 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton..............................................1-77 Figure I - 50 — June 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton..............................................1-78 Figure 1 - 51 — July 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton...............................................1-79 Figure 1 - 52 — August 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton..........................................1-80 Figure 1 - 53 — September 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton.....................................1-81 Figure 1 - 54 — October 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton.........................................1-82 Figure I - 55 — November 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton.....................................1-83 Figure I - 56 — December 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Canton.....................................1-84 Figure I - 57 — January 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco..........................................1-85 Figure I - 58 — February 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco........................................1-86 Figure I - 59 — March 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco............................................1-87 Figure I - 60 — April 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco..............................................1-88 Figure I - 61 — May 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco...............................................1-89 Figure I - 62 — June 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco...............................................1-90 Figure 1 - 63 — July 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco................................................1-91 Figure 1 - 64 — August 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco...........................................1-92 Figure 1 - 65 — September 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco......................................1-93 Figure 1 - 66 — October 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco..........................................1-94 Figure I - 67 — November 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco......................................1-95 Figure I - 68 — December 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Hepco......................................1-96 Figure I - 69 — January 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville....................................1-97 Figure I - 70 — February 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville..................................1-98 vii Figure 1 - 71 — March 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville......................................1-99 Figure 1 - 72 — April 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville ...................................... 1-100 Figure 1 - 73 — May 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville ....................................... 1-101 Figure 1 - 74 — June 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville.......................................1-102 Figure 1 - 75 — July 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville........................................1-103 Figure 1 - 76 — August 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville...................................1-104 Figure 1 - 77 — September 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville.............................1-105 Figure 1 - 78 — October 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville.................................1-106 Figure 1 - 79 — November 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville ............................. 1-107 Figure 1 - 80 — December 30Q2 Flow for the Pigeon River at Waterville .............................. 1-108 Figure 1 - 81 — Annual Average Flow for the Pigeon River .................................................... 1-109 Figure 1 - 82 — Example of Stream Gaging.............................................................................1-110 Figure 1 - 83 — Example of Flow Determinations within the Pigeon River Basin ..................1-111 Figure 1 - 84 — Example of Natural Sources of Color.............................................................1-112 Figure 1 - 85 — Photograph of Apparent Color within the Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark...................................................................................................1-113 Figure 1 - 86 — Photograph of Color Generated in the Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark...................................................................................................1-114 Figure 1 - 87 — Photograph of Color Generated in the Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark...................................................................................................1-115 Figure 1 - 88 — Photograph of Color Generated in the Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark...................................................................................................1-116 Figure 1 - 89 — Photograph of Color Generated in the Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark...................................................................................................1-117 Figure 1 - 90 — Turbidity versus True Color in the Pigeon River and its Tributaries..............1-118 Figure 1 - 91 — Turbidity versus Apparent Color in the Pigeon River and its Tributaries ......1-119 Figure 2 - 1 — AquAeTer Sample Locations.............................................................................. 2-22 Figure 2 - 2 — True Color Concentration Measured at Park Street in Canton ........................... 2-23 Figure 2 - 3 — True Color Concentration Measured in January at Park Street in Canton.......... 2-24 Figure 2 - 4 — True Color Concentration Measured in February at Park Street in Canton........ 2-25 Figure 2 - 5 — True Color Concentration Measured in March at Park Street in Canton ............ 2-26 Figure 2 - 6 — True Color Concentration Measured in April at Park Street in Canton .............. 2-27 Figure 2 - 7 — True Color Concentration Measured in May at Park Street in Canton ............... 2-28 Figure 2 - 8 — True Color Concentration Measured in June at Park Street in Canton ............... 2-29 Figure 2 - 9 — True Color Concentration Measured in July at Park Street in Canton ................ 2-30 Figure 2 - 10 — True Color Concentration Measured in August at Park Street in Canton......... 2-31 Figure 2 - 11 — True Color Concentration Measured in September at Park Street in Canton ... 2-32 Figure 2 - 12 — True Color Concentration Measured in October at Park Street in Canton ....... 2-33 Figure 2 - 13 — True Color Concentration Measured in November at Park Street in Canton ... 2-34 Figure 2 - 14 — True Color Concentration Measured in December at Park Street in Canton.... 2-35 viii Figure 2 - 15 — True Color Concentration at Park Street in Canton by Month .......................... 2-36 Figure 2 - 16 — Comparison of True Color Concentration between Park Street in Canton and Hepco................................................................................................................. 2-37 Figure 2 - 17 — Comparison of True Color Concentration between Park Street in Canton and Waterville........................................................................................................... 2-3 8 Figure 2 - 18 — Comparison of True Color Concentration between All Three Stations............ 2-39 Figure 2 - 19 — True Color Concentration Measured at Hepco................................................. 2-40 Figure 2 - 20 — True Color Concentration Measured in January at Hepco................................ 2-41 Figure 2 - 21 — True Color Concentration Measured in February at Hepco .............................. 2-42 Figure 2 - 22 — True Color Concentration Measured in March at Hepco.................................. 2-43 Figure 2 - 23 — True Color Concentration Measured in April at Hepco.................................... 2-44 Figure 2 - 24 — True Color Concentration Measured in May at Hepco..................................... 2-45 Figure 2 - 25 — True Color Concentration Measured in June at Hepco..................................... 2-46 Figure 2 - 26 — True Color Concentration Measured in July at Hepco...................................... 2-47 Figure 2 - 27 — True Color Concentration Measured in August at Hepco................................. 2-48 Figure 2 - 28 — True Color Concentration Measured in September at Hepco ........................... 2-49 Figure 2 - 29 — True Color Concentration Measured in October at Hepco ............................... 2-50 Figure 2 - 30 — True Color Concentration Measured in November at Hepco ........................... 2-51 Figure 2 - 31 — True Color Concentration Measured in December at Hepco ............................ 2-52 Figure 2 - 32 — True Color Concentration at Hepco by Month ................................................. 2-53 Figure 2 - 33 — True Color Concentration Measured at Browns Bridge ................................... 2-54 Figure 2 - 34 — True Color Concentration Measured in January at Browns Bridge .................. 2-55 Figure 2 - 35 — True Color Concentration Measured in February at Browns Bridge ................ 2-56 Figure 2 - 36 — True Color Concentration Measured in March at Browns Bridge .................... 2-57 Figure 2 - 37 — True Color Concentration Measured in April at Browns Bridge ...................... 2-58 Figure 2 - 38 — True Color Concentration Measured in May at Browns Bridge ....................... 2-59 Figure 2 - 39 — True Color Concentration Measured in June at Browns Bridge ....................... 2-60 Figure 2 - 40 — True Color Concentration Measured in July at Browns Bridge ........................ 2-61 Figure 2 - 41 — True Color Concentration Measured in August at Browns Bridge ................... 2-62 Figure 2 - 42 — True Color Concentration Measured in September at Browns Bridge ............. 2-63 Figure 2 - 43 — True Color Concentration Measured in October at Browns Bridge ................. 2-64 Figure 2 - 44 — True Color Concentration Measured in November at Browns Bridge ............. 2-65 Figure 2 - 45 — True Color Concentration Measured in December at Browns Bridge .............. 2-66 Figure 2 - 46 — True Color Concentration at Browns Bridge by Month .................................... 2-67 Figure 2 - 47 — True Color Loading at Park Street in Canton .................................................... 2-68 Figure 2 - 48 — True Color Loading by Month at Park Street in Canton ................................... 2-69 Figure 2 - 49 — True Color Loading at Hepco........................................................................... 2-70 Figure 2 - 50 — True Color Loading by Month at Hepco........................................................... 2-71 Figure 2 - 51 — True Color Loading at Browns Bridge.............................................................. 2-72 Figure 2 - 52 — True Color Loading by Month at Browns Bridge ............................................. 2-73 ix Figure 2 - 53 — True Color Concentrations Measured During December 1, 2010 Storm Event2-74 Figure 2 - 54 — True Color Loadings During December 1, 2010 Storm Event ......................... 2-75 Figure 2 - 55 — True Color Concentrations Measured in the Tributaries ................................... 2-76 Figure 2 - 56 — True Color Loadings Measured in the Tributaries ............................................ 2-77 Figure 2 - 57 — Tributary True Color Loading per cfs per square mile ..................................... 2-78 Figure 2 - 58 — Example of Apparent Color in the Pigeon River due to Sedimentation ........... 2-79 Figure 2 - 59 — True Color versus Apparent Color in the Pigeon River at the State Line......... 2-80 Figure 2 - 60 — Pigeon River near Walters Powerhouse During Non -Generation Period ......... 2-81 Figure 2 - 61 — Pigeon River at Hartford, TN during Non -Generation Period .......................... 2-82 Figure 2 - 62 - Apparent Color Concentration Measured at Park Street in Canton ................... 2-83 Figure 2 - 63 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in January at Park Street in Canton. 2-84 Figure 2 - 64 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in February at Park Street in Canton................................................................................................................ 2-85 Figure 2 - 65 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in March at Park Street in Canton... 2-86 Figure 2 - 66 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in April at Park Street in Canton..... 2-87 Figure 2 - 67 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in May at Park Street in Canton...... 2-88 Figure 2 - 68 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in June at Park Street in Canton...... 2-89 Figure 2 - 69 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in July at Park Street in Canton ...... 2-90 Figure 2 - 70 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in August at Park Street in Canton. 2-91 Figure 2 - 71 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in September at Park Street in Canton................................................................................................................ 2-92 Figure 2 - 72 Apparent Color Concentration Measured in October at Park Street in Canton 2-93 Figure 2 - 73 Apparent Color Concentration Measured in November at Park Street in Canton................................................................................................................ 2-94 Figure 2 - 74 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in December at Park Street in Canton................................................................................................................ 2-95 Figure 2 - 75 — Apparent Color Concentration at Park Street by Month ................................... 2-96 Figure 2 - 76 - Comparison of Apparent Color Concentration between Park Street in Canton and Hepco................................................................................................................. 2-97 Figure 2 - 77 — Comparison of Apparent Color Concentration between Park Street in Canton and Waterville........................................................................................................... 2-98 Figure 2 - 78 — Comparison of Apparent Color Concentration between All Three Stations..... 2-99 Figure 2 - 79 - Apparent Color Concentration Measured at Hepco......................................... 2-100 Figure 2 - 80 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in January at Hepco ...................... 2-101 Figure 2 - 81 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in February at Hepco .................... 2-102 Figure 2 - 82 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in March at Hepco ........................ 2-103 Figure 2 - 83 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in April at Hepco .......................... 2-104 Figure 2 - 84 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in May at Hepco ............................ 2-105 Figure 2 - 85 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in June at Hepco ............................ 2-106 Figure 2 - 86 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in July at Hepco ............................ 2-107 x Figure 2 - 87 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in August at Hepco ....................... 2-108 Figure 2 - 88 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in September at Hepco.................. 2-109 Figure 2 - 89 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in October at Hepco...................... 2-110 Figure 2 - 90 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in November at Hepco .................. 2-111 Figure 2 - 91 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in December at Hepco .................. 2-112 Figure 2 - 92 — Apparent Color Concentration at Hepco by Month ........................................ 2-113 Figure 2 - 93 - Apparent Color Concentration Measured at Browns Bridge...........................2-114 Figure 2 - 94 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in January at Browns Bridge......... 2-115 Figure 2 - 95 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in February at Browns Bridge....... 2-116 Figure 2 - 96 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in March at Browns Bridge........... 2-117 Figure 2 - 97 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in April at Browns Bridge ............. 2-118 Figure 2 - 98 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in May at Browns Bridge .............. 2-119 Figure 2 - 99 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in June at Browns Bridge .............. 2-120 Figure 2 - 100 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in July at Browns Bridge ............ 2-121 Figure 2 - 101 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in August at Browns Bridge ....... 2-122 Figure 2 - 102 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in September at Browns Bridge.. 2-123 Figure 2 - 103 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in October at Browns Bridge ...... 2-124 Figure 2 - 104 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in November at Browns Bridge.. 2-125 Figure 2 - 105 — Apparent Color Concentration Measured in December at Browns Bridge... 2-126 Figure 2 - 106 — Apparent Color Concentration at Browns Bridge by Month ........................ 2-127 Figure 2 - 107 — Apparent Color Loading at Park Street in Canton ........................................ 2-128 Figure 2 - 108 — Apparent Color Loading by Month at Park Street in Canton ........................ 2-129 Figure 2 - 109 — Apparent Color Loading at Hepco................................................................ 2-130 Figure 2 - 110 — Apparent Color Loading by Month at Hepco............................................... 2-131 Figure 2 - 111 — Apparent Color Loading at Browns Bridge .................................................. 2-132 Figure 2 - 112 — Apparent Color Loading by Month at Browns Bridge ................................. 2-133 Figure 2 - 113 — Apparent Color Concentrations Measured During December 1, 2010 Storm Event................................................................................................................ 2-134 Figure 2 - 114 — Apparent Color Loadings During December 1, 2010 Storm Event .............. 2-135 Figure 3 - 1 — True Color Loading Model for January at Park Street in Canton ....................... 3-10 Figure 3 - 2 — True Color Loading Model for February at Park Street in Canton ..................... 3-11 Figure 3 - 3 — True Color Loading Model for March at Park Street in Canton ......................... 3-12 Figure 3 - 4 — True Color Loading Model for April at Park Street in Canton ........................... 3-13 Figure 3 - 5 — True Color Loading Model for May at Park Street in Canton ............................ 3-14 Figure 3 - 6 — True Color Loading Model for June at Park Street in Canton ............................ 3-15 Figure 3 - 7 — True Color Loading Model for July at Park Street in Canton ............................. 3-16 Figure 3 - 8 — True Color Loading Model for August at Park Street in Canton ........................ 3-17 Figure 3 - 9 — True Color Loading Model for September at Park Street in Canton .................. 3-18 Figure 3 - 10 — True Color Loading Model for October at Park Street in Canton ..................... 3-19 Figure 3 - 11 — True Color Loading Model for November at Park Street in Canton ................. 3-20 xi Figure 3 - 12 — True Color Loading Model for December at Park Street in Canton ................. 3-21 Figure 3 - 13 — True Color Loading Model for January at Hepco............................................. 3-22 Figure 3 - 14 — True Color Loading Model for February at Hepco........................................... 3-23 Figure 3 - 15 — True Color Loading Model for March at Hepco............................................... 3-24 Figure 3 - 16 — True Color Loading Model for April at Hepco................................................. 3-25 Figure 3 - 17 — True Color Loading Model for May at Hepco.................................................. 3-26 Figure 3 - 18 — True Color Loading Model for June at Hepco.................................................. 3-27 Figure 3 - 19 — True Color Loading Model for July at Hepco................................................... 3-28 Figure 3 - 20 — True Color Loading Model for August at Hepco.............................................. 3-29 Figure 3 - 21 — True Color Loading Model for September at Hepco........................................ 3-30 Figure 3 - 22— True Color Loading Model for October at Hepco............................................. 3-31 Figure 3 - 23— True Color Loading Model for November at Hepco......................................... 3-32 Figure 3 - 24— True Color Loading Model for December at Hepco.......................................... 3-33 Figure 3 - 25 — True Color Loading Model for January at Browns Bridge ............................... 3-34 Figure 3 - 26— True Color Loading Model for February at Browns Bridge .............................. 3-35 Figure 3 - 27— True Color Loading Model for March at Browns Bridge .................................. 3-36 Figure 3 - 28— True Color Loading Model for April at Browns Bridge .................................... 3-37 Figure 3 - 29— True Color Loading Model for May at Browns Bridge ..................................... 3-38 Figure 3 - 30 — True Color Loading Model for June at Browns Bridge .................................... 3-39 Figure 3 - 31— True Color Loading Model for July at Browns Bridge ...................................... 3-40 Figure 3 - 32 — True Color Loading Model for August at Browns Bridge ................................ 3-41 Figure 3 - 33— True Color Loading Model for September at Browns Bridge ........................... 3-42 Figure 3 - 34— True Color Loading Model for October at Browns Bridge ................................ 3-43 Figure 3 - 35— True Color Loading Model for November at Browns Bridge ............................ 3-44 Figure 3 - 36— True Color Loading Model for December at Browns Bridge ............................ 3-45 Figure 3 - 37 — True Color Loading Model for East Fork Pigeon River ................................... 3-46 Figure 3 - 38 — True Color Loading Model for West Fork Pigeon River .................................. 3-47 Figure 3 - 39 - True Color Loading Model for Beaverdam Creek ............................................. 3-48 Figure 3 - 40 - True Color Loading Model for Murray Branch ................................................. 3-49 Figure 3 - 41 - True Color Loading Model for the Unnamed Tributary from Poison Cove in Clyde.................................................................................................................. 3-50 Figure 3 - 42 - True Color Loading Model for Richland Creek ................................................ 3-51 Figure 3 - 43 - True Color Loading Model for Big Branch ....................................................... 3-52 Figure 3 - 44 - True Color Loading Model for Crabtree Creek ................................................. 3-53 Figure 3 - 45 - True Color Loading Model for the Unnamed Tributary in Ferguson Cove ...... 3-54 Figure 3 - 46 - True Color Loading Model for Jonathan Creek ................................................. 3-55 Figure 3 - 47 - True Color Loading Model for Fines Creek ...................................................... 3-56 Figure 3 - 48 — Apparent Color Loading Model for January at Park Street in Canton .............. 3-57 Figure 3 - 49— Apparent Color Loading Model for February at Park Street in Canton ............. 3-58 Figure 3 - 50 — Apparent Color Loading Model for March at Park Street in Canton ................ 3-59 xii Figure 3 - 51— Apparent Color Loading Model for April at Park Street in Canton ................... 3-6o Figure 3 - 52— Apparent Color Loading Model for May at Park Street in Canton .................... 3-61 Figure 3 - 53— Apparent Color Loading Model for June at Park Street in Canton .................... 3-62 Figure 3 - 54 — Apparent Color Loading Model for July at Park Street in Canton ................... 3-63 Figure 3 - 55— Apparent Color Loading Model for August at Park Street in Canton ................ 3-64 Figure 3 - 56— Apparent Color Loading Model for September at Park Street in Canton .......... 3-65 Figure 3 - 57— Apparent Color Loading Model for October at Park Street in Canton .............. 3-66 Figure 3 - 58 — Apparent Color Loading Model for November at Park Street in Canton ......... 3-67 Figure 3 - 59— Apparent Color Loading Model for December at Park Street in Canton ........... 3-68 Figure 3 - 60— Apparent Color Loading Model for January at Hepco....................................... 3-69 Figure 3 - 61— Apparent Color Loading Model for February at Hepco..................................... 3-70 Figure 3 - 62 — Apparent Color Loading Model for March at Hepco........................................ 3-71 Figure 3 - 63— Apparent Color Loading Model for April at Hepco........................................... 3-72 Figure 3 - 64— Apparent Color Loading Model for May at Hepco............................................ 3-73 Figure 3 - 65— Apparent Color Loading Model for June at Hepco............................................ 3-74 Figure 3 - 66— Apparent Color Loading Model for July at Hepco............................................ 3-75 Figure 3 - 67— Apparent Color Loading Model for August at Hepco....................................... 3-76 Figure 3 - 68— Apparent Color Loading Model for September at Hepco.................................. 3-77 Figure 3 - 69— Apparent Color Loading Model for October at Hepco...................................... 3-78 Figure 3 - 70— Apparent Color Loading Model for November at Hepco.................................. 3-79 Figure 3 - 71— Apparent Color Loading Model for December at Hepco................................... 3-80 Figure 3 - 72— Apparent Color Loading Model for January at Browns Bridge ......................... 3-81 Figure 3 - 73 — Apparent Color Loading Model for February at Browns Bridge ...................... 3-82 Figure 3 - 74— Apparent Color Loading Model for March at Browns Bridge ........................... 3-83 Figure 3 - 75— Apparent Color Loading Model for April at Browns Bridge ............................. 3-84 Figure 3 - 76 — Apparent Color Loading Model for May at Browns Bridge ............................. 3-85 Figure 3 - 77 — Apparent Color Loading Model for June at Browns Bridge ............................. 3-86 Figure 3 - 78— Apparent Color Loading Model for July at Browns Bridge .............................. 3-87 Figure 3 - 79— Apparent Color Loading Model for August at Browns Bridge .......................... 3-88 Figure 3 - 80 — Apparent Color Loading Model for September at Browns Bridge ................... 3-89 Figure 3 - 8 1 — Apparent Color Loading Model for October at Browns Bridge ........................ 3-90 Figure 3 - 82— Apparent Color Loading Model for November at Browns Bridge .................... 3-91 Figure 3 - 83— Apparent Color Loading Model for December at Browns Bridge ..................... 3-92 Figure 3 - 84 — Apparent Color Loading Model for East Fork Pigeon River ............................ 3-93 Figure 3 - 85 — Apparent Color Loading Model for West Fork Pigeon River ........................... 3-94 Figure 3 - 86 - Apparent Color Loading Model for Beaverdam Creek ..................................... 3-95 Figure 3 - 87 - Apparent Color Loading Model for Murray Branch ......................................... 3-96 Figure 3 - 88 - Apparent Color Loading Model for the Unnamed Tributary from Poison Cove in Clyde.................................................................................................................. 3-97 Figure 3 - 89 - Apparent Color Loading Model for Richland Creek ......................................... 3-98 Figure 3 - 90 - Apparent Color Loading Model for Big Branch ................................................ 3-99 Figure 3 - 91 - Apparent Color Loading Model for Crabtree Creek ........................................ 3-100 Figure 3 - 92 - Apparent Color Loading Model for the Unnamed Tributary in Ferguson Cove................................................................................................................. 3-101 Figure 3 - 93 - Apparent Color Loading Model for Jonathan Creek ....................................... 3-102 Figure 3 - 94 - Apparent Color Loading Model for Fines Creek ............................................. 3-103 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 — Photographs of the Pigeon River Basin and Similar Basins Appendix 2 — Color Database Appendix 3 — Canton Mill Color Reduction Report xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of Evergreen Packaging ("Evergreen"), AquAeTer conducted a comprehensive assessment and analysis of color for the Pigeon River in North Carolina. AquAeTer developed a model based on True and Apparent Color measurements taken by Evergreen's Canton Mill and on data collected by AquAeTer from 2009 through 2012 in the Pigeon River and its tributaries. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS The Pigeon River begins in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Haywood County, North Carolina and winds its way north through the Great Smoky Mountains and the Pisgah National Forest where it flows into Tennessee at Waterville, North Carolina. The True Color and the Apparent Color data collected indicate that the Pigeon River naturally gains color as it flows through North Carolina into Tennessee. On average, the True Color concentrations and mass naturally increase from the headwaters of the Pigeon River near Bethel, North Carolina to the North Carolina -Tennessee stateline, just as in most rivers. On average, most of the True Color in the Pigeon River at Hepco and the Stateline is the result of natural and anthropogenic sources in the basin other than the Evergreen Mill in Canton. This is not unexpected since the natural sources of color in this river comes from the forested areas which over the year also release tannins and lignin's, the glue that holds the cellulose together in a tree. Another important finding from this study is the fact that the smaller basins of less than 2 square miles contribute a disproportionately large share of both the True Color and Apparent Color loadings, and subsequently, the concentrations, to the Pigeon River. These small basins make up a large portion of the basin The hydroelectric discharges at Waterville are light tan in color and are the result of the fine silt stirred up from the Cataloochee Creek embayment of Walters Lake during generation periods. This light brown turbidity masks True Color. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE PIGEON RIVER SYSTEM The Pigeon River system from its origins along the Blue Ridge Parkway to the Tennessee state line at Waterville, North Carolina is shown in Figure ES - 1, Figure ES - 2, and Figure ES - 3. All of the Pigeon River in North Carolina is in Haywood County. The Pigeon River begins at the confluence of the East Fork and West Fork Pigeon River near Bethel at Pigeon River mile (PRM) 69.32. Evergreen Packaging's Canton Mill (the "Canton Mill") is located in the upper part of the basin at about Pigeon River mile (PRM) 63.6 to PRM 62.9. The Pigeon River leaves Haywood County, North Carolina and enters Cocke County, Tennessee at about PRM 25.8. At approximately river mile 42, the Pigeon River is impounded in Duke Energy's (formerly Progress Energy) Walters Lake, sometimes called Waterville Lake. The water is periodically released from the lake and travels through an approximate 6.2 mile tunnel to the power plant xv near the North Carolina -Tennessee border at Waterville, North Carolina. The original channel that is bypassed by the tunnel is approximately 12 river miles long. TRUE COLOR DATA COLLECTIONS The Canton Mill has been collecting True Color and Apparent Color measurements at stations on the Pigeon River since 2001. AquAeTer has measured True Color and Apparent Color in the River and its tributaries since 2009. AquAeTer believes this represents the single largest color dataset for analysis of any river system in the country. The dataset represents the full range of hydrologic conditions from low to average to high flows, seasonal changes in True Color and Apparent Color, and the relationship of flow, basin size and generation of True Color and Apparent Color from both anthropogenic and natural systems. The dataset has more than 6,200 individual measurements for True Color and additional measurements for Apparent Color. At all flow conditions in the Pigeon River, the mass loading of True Color increases with distance downstream. The majority of True Color loadings in the Pigeon River in North Carolina, on an annual basis, at both the Hepco and the state line monitoring locations, come from sources other than the Canton Mill. This conclusion is based on USGS flow measurements and color measurements collected since 2001 covering the majority of flow conditions occurring in the Pigeon River. The dataset represents a non -biased dataset that includes multiple flow conditions across all seasons in accordance with the United States Environmental Protection Agency's sampling guidance (EPA, 2002). Since 2001, the peak concentration of True Color measured at 30Q2 flows or higher at the monitoring station downstream from the Mill at Hepco (approximately 20 river miles downstream from the Canton Mill discharge) has been 106 mg/L1 and at Waterville at the Stateline has been 65 mg/L. Based on the more recent data and the average Mill flow rates, the Mill represented less than 3% of the flow at Hepco when this measurement was made. Based on the minimal flow contribution from the Mill at that time to the overall flow in the River at Hepco, the Mill would likely represent less than 3% of the color concentration when the 106 mg/L measurement was made. The peak concentration at the monitoring station upstream from the Mill at Park Street has been 59 mg/L2. In the more recent past, a concentration of 65 mg/L was measured at Hepco by the Mill on November 11, 2009. On that day, the Canton Mill represented approximately 1.3 mg/L, or 2%, of the True Color in the River. On that day, November 11, 2009, the Pigeon River at Canton contributed more than 600,000 pounds of True Color, representing 21.7 mg/L of the True Color at Hepco. More than 1.1 million pounds of True Color or about 42 mg/L of True Color were ' Measured by the Canton Mill on July 20, 2005 2 Measured by the Canton Mill on July 7, 2005 xvi added to the Pigeon River downstream from Canton by non -Mill sources. More than 63 mg/L of the True Color measured at Hepco on that day came from non -Mill sources. Maximum True Color concentrations increase with distance downstream and they occur both upstream from and downstream from the Mill at higher flows. During these high flow periods, the Canton Mill is only a small percentage of the River flow and True Color mass. True Color mass loadings in the Pigeon River can be more than 1,000,000 lbs/day during storm events and these events represent an equivalent True Color loading from the Mill of more than 31 days. These events have occurred in all seasons of the year. OTHER SOURCES OF TRUE COLOR IN THE BASIN There are 153 tributaries in Haywood County that contribute runoff directly to the Pigeon River. The smaller basins (tributaries) contribute more True Color to the Pigeon River on a proportional basis than do the larger basins. The results for each of the tributaries are presented in Figure ES - 4. During a storm monitoring event on December 1, 2010, True Color in the Pigeon River at Hepco was about 1,600,000 pounds per day (lbs/day). Of this loading, approximately 360,000 lbs/day were contributed upstream from Canton and about 630,000 lbs/day could be accounted for from the 9 tributaries routinely monitored downstream. On that day, the Mill's True Color Loading was 33,426 lbs/day. This means that approximately 543,300 lbs/day of True Color were added to the River from the other 67 named and unnamed tributaries, which are all small stream basins with an average drainage basin less than 2 square miles in surface area, that discharge directly to the Pigeon River in Haywood County between Park Street in Canton and the USGS gage at Hepco. PIGEON RIVER RESTORATION PROJECT The award -winning Pigeon River Restoration Project is a cooperative project which is restoring extirpated species to the Pigeon River in Tennessee and North Carolina. The Project is sponsored by numerous agencies including the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission and the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Quality, as shown in Figure ES - 5. The Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill is a major sponsor for this project, and the University of Tennessee School of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries has provided much of the people -power for the reintroduction of aquatic species. OTHER USES OF THE PIGEON RIVER Duke Energy's Progress hydroelectric station generates electricity through the release of water from Walters Lake through the turbines at the Walters Powerhouse. Due to the releases and the water quality in the Pigeon River, the rafting industry has been thriving since 1995. For example, in 2011, there were more than 200,000 individual rafters on the Pigeon River downstream from Walters Powerhouse. xvii Water is released from about a 60-ft depth near the bottom of the lake in the Cataloochee embayment in Walters Lake. The releases from the bottom of the lake through the turbines are then discharged at the Walters Powerhouse. These releases are turbid and light brown from naturally deposited and suspended solids carried in the releases, as depicted in Figure ES - 6. The releases are visible as Apparent Color consisting primarily of naturally deposited light brown solids from the lake bottom. TRUE COLOR AT THE STATELINE True Color averages about 19 mg/L at the state line3. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) also measures the True Color at the state line. The average True Color measured by TDEC is 18.5 mg/L4. Park Street, upstream from the Mill, averages about 13 mg/L. The difference between these average True Color concentrations, 6 mg/L, is not distinguishable to the human eye. Over a year's time, the majority of True Color added to the Pigeon River downstream from the Mill is not Mill related. Rather it comes from natural and other anthropogenic sources. Most of the True Color added is believed to be from the natural tannins and lignins from the forested areas in Haywood County. The higher concentrations and loadings at the Stateline are expected. In fact, measurements by AquAeTer on the French Broad River upstream from Newport, Tennessee ranged from 18 to 235 mg/L. This increase in True Color with distance downstream is expected for all surface River systems. The Pigeon River at Hartford, Tennessee, during non -generation periods when only minimal flows are released from the powerhouse, is shown in Figure ES - 7. During electrical generation periods, the light brown sediment is turbid, which masks the actual True Color in the River. When the Walters Powerhouse is not generating and only releasing the minimum required flow of water6, the turbidity caused by the light brown sediments is reduced, the Pigeon River is clear (non -turbid) so that the actual True Color of the water can be observed. At the sampling station at Browns Bridge, the average difference in Color measurements for Apparent Color and True Color is 31 mg/L, with a maximum difference of 602 mg/L. 3 This is based on 974 samples collected by the Canton Mill. (January 1, 2001 — October 31, 2013) 4 This is based on 218 samples collected by TDEC. (March 15, 2006 — March 8, 2012) 5 Measured by AquAeTer on August 20 and 21, 2011 6 The Walters Powerhouse is required to maintain a minimum flow to the Pigeon River of 50 to 100 cfs. xviii J r kk .'0 W+E S, ram; J. fy Legend French Broad River Sites Cifies vy QT1 Stationl, ocations Maggie vallev Pigeon River ayn,4,e,-s,v-ille A Tributary USGS Gage VValtersLake Pigeon River Pigeon River Watershed Mile States 5 2.5 0 5 10 CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill — FIGURE ES-1 LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/]FILE: 122157 AQUAETER STUDY AREA AquAeTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth xix 4 ,r, ~J# FINES CREEK 26 sq mi Waterville Po'%verhouse t Z � It Big Creek 36.35 Sq. Mi. Cataloochee Creek 43.06 Sq. Mi. � 7t+ I 6 if JONATHAN CREEK 66.6 sq mi " RICHLAND CREEK 68.5 sq mi POISON COVE TRIBUTARY 1.7 sq mi WEST FORK PIGEON RIVER 65.5 sq mi CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 4A:eTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth ■ F TH BAR FERGUSON COVE TRIBUTARY 0.6 sq mi CRABTREE CREEK 26 sq mi BIG BRANCH 2sgmi Cant' n BEAVERDAM CREEK 11 sq mi MURRAY i}: `.- s;k,. BRANCH Isgmi -' f EAST FORK �. PIGEON RIVER 52.9 sq mi FIGURE ES-2 PIGEON RIVER TRIBUTARIES SAMPLED BY AQUAETER xx HARTFORD (PRM 20,87) 25 BROWN'S BRIDGE (PRM 24.7) TENNESSEE BIG CREEK (PRM 25.84) --- (PRM 25.85) WALTERS PLANT (PRM 25.87) NORTH CAROLINA 30 NOTfi: USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS MICATE THAT RIVER MILE 0 FOR BIG CREEK IS CENTERED IN THE PIGEON RIVER CHANNEL OF THE NORTH CA.ROLINAlrENNESSEE BORDER. 3S WALTERS DAM (PRM 37.87) CATA.LOOCHEE CREEK (PRM 38.00) 40 0 w a HEPCO BRIDGE (PRM 42.58) FINES CREEK (PRM 42.68+0.26) 50 65 JONATHAN CREEK (PRM 45.96+0.64) FERGUSON BRIDGE (PRM 48.3) NCSR 1625 BRIDGE (PRM 53.56) RICHLAND CREEK (PRM 54.91+0.21) (MAGGIE VALLEY) POISON COVE TRIBUTARY (PRM 57.45+0.04) FIBERVILLE BRIDGE (PRM 62.85) PARK ST BRIDGE (PRM 63.61) FERGUSON COVE TRIBUTARY (PRM 48.3+0.01) CRABTREE CREEK (PRM 49.73+0.01) BIG BRANCH (PRM 51.7440.02) CLYDE (PRM 57.60) — MURRAY BRANCH (PRM 61.66+0.36) BEAVERDAM CREEK (PRM 62.85+0.01) CANTON RECREATION PARK (PRM 64.5) WELLS ROAD BRIDGE [PRM 67.5) BEGIN PIGEON RIVER (PRM 69.32) W FORK PR (PRM 69,32+0,28) E FORK PR (PRM 69.32+0.21) LEW PIGEON RIVER (PR) REW Note: Fibreville Bridge is also spelled Fiberville Bridge. CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina FIGURE ES-3 PROJECT/FILE: 122157 LOCATIONS OF INTEREST AquAeTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth XX1 SMALLER TRIBUTARIES HAVE HIGHER COLOR YIELDS 1,000.0 .................. ........................................ ...................................... .................................... ...................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... .................. ............ ..... ............... ............ ...... ...... ............... ............ ...... ............... ............ ...... . ............... ............ . ....... . ...... . ..... ..... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... . ...................... ................ ............ . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ......... ..... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... 4 100.0 ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... . ............... . ............ ...... ..... .... ............... ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ........... ................................... . ...................... ................ ............ . >< ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ......... ..... ..... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ...................... ............... ............ ..... ............... ............ ...... . 4 . ................... ................ ............ ..................... ................ ............ ..... ..... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... ............... ............ ...... . ..... ............... ............ ............ . ................... ............. ............ ............ ................ ............ ..... ..... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ........................................ ...................... ............... ............ ......................... ............ ..... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ........................................ ...................... .................................... ...................... . ............... . ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... .... . ............... . ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... ..... ................................. .......................... f ........ ..... ..... ................... ....................................... ....................... .... 94 7 x Y�: ........................................ ...................... ............... ............ ..... ....................................... ............... ..... ....................................... ...................... 2 ................ 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A ............... .. ......... .......... ............ ......... .......... .................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................ . ............... ............ ...... .................... ............... ............ ...... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ............ ............... ............ .......... ................ ............ .......... O ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... . ............... . ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... ...... . ............... . ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... ...... ....................................... . ...................... ................ ............ . ....................................... . ...................... ................ ............ . ......... ............................. ......... ..... ................................. ................ ........................................ ........ ........... ................ ............ .......... ................ ............ .......... ........................................ ...................... ............... ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ..... ........................................ ....................... ...... ....... ............ .......... .... ....... + N 1.0 x ...................... ...................... ............... ............ ..... ............... . ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ..... ..... ....................................... ................... ....................................... ................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... ............... ............ ..... ............... : : : ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... ...................... ................ t: ............ ..... ..... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ ..... ...... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ ...... .. ...... * ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................ ...................... ............... ............ ..... . ............... . ............ ......... . ....... . ...... ..... . ............... . ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... ..... ............... ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ....................................... . ...................... ................ ............ . ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ . ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ..... ......... ..... ......... ..... ..... ....................................... ....................... ............ .......... .......... x ....................................... ....................... ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ....................................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... ............ 0.1 0.1 1 10 100 DRAINAGE AREA (sq mi.) * East Fork Pigeon River E West Fork Pigeon River A Beaverdarn Creek X Murray Branch * Pigeon Cove Tributary 0 Richland Creek + Big Branch - Crabtree Creek — Ferguson Cove Tributary * Jonathan Creek 0 Fines Creek A Cataloochee Creek X Big Creek ----- Power (All) CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE ES-4. TRUE COLOR LOADING PER PROJECT/FILE: 122157 SQUARE MILE PER CFS /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER RESTORATION PROJECT MEMBERS 7 - !9r- 9 ?-L I HP aOOD r4 r.`a�=�. 0r M L S -;;I ' #J b, rms.zm• 5cc IVA W A dt WA.rj -- -- Aidwl r� B LU E R1 DGF PAPE R S/ Cdop—.evergreen' Conservation A - 1 1).. 111. 11 -1 Progiress bergy 1 CLIE;N'P: laver een Packa in Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE ES-5 PROJECT/FILE: 122157 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth PRRP MEMBER AGENCIES X X C POWERHOUSE DURING HYDROELECTRIC RELEASE Old Pigeon RiverUhannf ! q " Big Creek enters from LEW A �A'��5 �•.: �hr III COCAT : Ever ntnce. , North ;zr Canton Mill FIGURE ES-6. DUKE ENERGY WALTERS LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 POWERHOUSE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth RAFTING TAKE-OUT POINT AT LOW TURBIDITY he Pigeon River goes from a flow of about 150 cfs during low -flow periods to over 1,300 cfs during releases . Releases occur normally from about 11:45 to 18:30 CLIEN 1: Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill FIGURE ES-7. PIGEON RIVER CLARITY AT LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 HARTFORD /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth SECTION 4.0 INTRODUCTION Evergreen Packaging (Evergreen) owns and operates an integrated kraft pulp and paper mill, the "Canton Mill", located in Haywood County in the Town of Canton, North Carolina, as shown in Figure 1 - 1 and Figure 1 - 2. The Mill began operations in 1908. Evergreen acquired the Canton Mill in 2007. In 2009, Evergreen's Canton Mill asked AquAeTer, Inc., located in Brentwood, Tennessee, to conduct a comprehensive assessment and analysis of color in the Pigeon River and its tributaries in Haywood County, North Carolina. The tributaries monitored in Haywood County are shown in Figure 1 - 3 and Figure 1 - 4. AquAeTer also collected color data during the Color Perception Study performed in 2012 by Drs. Albert Prestrude and Donald Cherry. 1.1 BACKGROUND The Canton Mill processes hardwood and pine chips to make paper and paperboard. Color is produced when wood chips are cooked causing the lignins or glue that holds the wood fibers together to dissolve. The current manufacturing process at the Canton Mill captures, recycles and treats more than ninety-nine percent of the lignins produced in the pulping process. The Canton Mill produces uncoated free sheet paper and paper board for use in the liquid packaging industry. In addition to the Canton Mill, Evergreen operates a facility in Waynesville where paperboard is coated. Evergreen also operates converting facilities, including one in Wake County, North Carolina. Evergreen employs 1,100 people at its facilities in Canton and Waynesville and another 300 at its facility in Wake County. The Canton Mill operates an on -site wastewater treatment facility that discharges treated effluent to the Pigeon River at about Pigeon River mile (PRM) 62.27. The Canton Mill has a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit that includes stringent effluent limits for conventional pollutants and also effluent mass limits for True Color. Since 1988, the Canton Mill has reduced its color loading by more than 90%. The Canton Mill is one of the leading Mills in the U.S. in terms of effluent color concentrations (EKONO, August 2005; NCASI, August 2006). The average effluent True Color concentration from October 2009 through March 2014 was 164 mg/L. The average effluent True Color concentration in 2012 was 156 mg/L and in 2013 was 163 mg/L. The Canton Mill effluent True 7 The Canton Mill also treats 1 mgd of wastewater collected by the Town of Canton. 1-1 Color concentration is one of the lowest concentrations of any mill in USEPA, Region 4 which includes North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. 1.2 PIGEON RIVER The Pigeon River basin begins in North Carolina along the Blue Ridge Parkway and flows north into Tennessee where the River enters the French Broad River at the backwaters of Douglas Lake near Newport, Tennessee, as shown in Figure 1 - 5. The Pigeon River is formed by the confluence of the East Fork Pigeon River and the West Fork Pigeon River near the community of Bethel, North Carolina. This confluence represents the beginning of the Pigeon River and is at Pigeon River mile (PRM) 69.32. Photographs of the East Fork Pigeon River and West Fork Pigeon River are presented in Figure 1 - 6 and Figure 1 - 7, respectively. The East Fork Pigeon River and West Fork Pigeon River tributaries begin along the Blue Ridge Parkway at an elevation greater than 5,000 ft WGS84.8 The Blue Ridge Parkway separates the Pigeon River basin from the French Broad basin to the east and south and from the Little Tennessee River basin to the west and south. The East Fork and West Fork flow north and converge near the community of Bethel, North Carolina at State Road 110 where the elevation has dropped to around 2,700 ft WGS84. The Pigeon River then flows north through farmland and urban areas until it reaches the backwaters of Walters Lake at the Hepco Bridge at PRM 42.58. The River is impounded at this point in Walters Lake. What remains of the original River channel downstream from Walters Dam runs through a gorge through the Appalachian Mountains between the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Pisgah National Forest. Interstate-40 runs along the Pigeon River in this gorge. The Pigeon River entering Walters Lake is routed through a 12-mi pipeline through the mountain beginning in the Cataloochee Creek embayment in Walters Lake on the south side of the Lake at about PRM 38.00. Walters Dam is at about PRM 37.87 and was originally about 180 feet deep. The flow from this underground pipeline is discharged at the Duke Energy's Progress Walters (Walters) Powerhouse at about PRM 25.87. The Powerhouse is in North Carolina, but the North Carolina -Tennessee border is just downstream from the Powerhouse at PRM 25.85. A photograph of the Powerhouse during a hydroelectric release is shown in Figure 1 - 8. All photographs of the Pigeon River and its tributaries are presented in Appendix 1. 8 A quick note regarding elevations utilized in this Report. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) gaging stations which will be discussed are given elevations according to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29) or National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1988 (NGVD88). Because exact elevations were unknown for the majority of sampling locations in the basin, elevations for the sampling locations described were taken from GoogleTM Earth, which uses the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) Geoid model. These elevations are projected from the model and will be referred to as ft WGS84. The elevations at the gage locations provided by GoogleTM Earth are within reasonable agreement with the elevations provided by the USGS for their gage locations for the purposes of this report. 1-2 1.2.1 Sampling Locations Most Pigeon River samples were taken from bridges crossing the River. Water samples collected at two stations were taken from the River bank. Tributary samples were taken from either bridges or wading/stream bank sampling. All tributary samples were collected upstream from any embayment areas at their confluences with the Pigeon River. All River surface elevations were taken from GoogleTM Earth. The River locations and the tributaries sampled included the following: 1. A sampling point for the East Fork Pigeon River is located at PRM 69.32+0.21. The East Fork Pigeon River has a drainage area of 52.9 sq mi and begins along the Blue Ridge Parkway and the Pisgah National Forest before merging with the West Fork Pigeon River in the low -density housing/farm community of Bethel. There is a USGS gage located 1.62 miles upstream from the confluence with the West Fork Pigeon River where the East Fork Pigeon River flow data were obtained. The elevation at the sampling point is approximately 2,646 ft WGS84 and the location has been shown previously in Figure 1 - 6; 2. A sampling point for the West Fork Pigeon River is located at PRM 69.32+0.28. The West Fork Pigeon River has a drainage area of 65.5 sq mi and begins along the Blue Ridge Parkway and the Pisgah National Forest before merging with the East Fork Pigeon River in the low -density housing/farm community of Bethel. There is a USGS gage located approximately 1.56 miles upstream from the confluence with the East Fork Pigeon River where the West Fork Pigeon River flow data were obtained. The elevation at the sampling point is approximately 2,645 ft WGS84 and the location has been shown previously in Figure 1 - 7; 3. There were three sampling locations that were sampled infrequently on the Pigeon River upstream from the Park Street Bridge in Canton. The first of these three sampling points was on the Pigeon River at approximately PRM 67.48 at an approximate elevation of 2,620 ft NAVD88. The second of these three sampling points was located at PRM 64.77 at an approximate elevation of 2,587 ft NAVD88. The third of these three sampling points was located at approximately PRM 63.57 at an approximate elevation of 2,580 ft WGS84. The drainage area at this second point is approximately 130 sq mi. The sample results from these three stations confirmed that the Park Street Bridge sampling station was representative of background conditions existing from the East Fork Pigeon River, West Fork Pigeon River and the Pigeon River from the confluence of these two tributaries to the Park Street Bridge. Photographs at each station in order moving downstream are presented in Figure 1 - 9, Figure 1 - 10, and Figure 1 - 11, respectively; 1-3 4. The USGS flow monitoring gage is located at PRM 64.09. The drainage area at this gage is 130 sq mi and the elevation is at 2,587 ft WGS84. Flow data were obtained for this gage site; 5. A sampling point on the Pigeon River was located at Park Street Bridge in Canton at PRM 63.61. The approximate drainage area at this point is about 130+ sq mi. and the elevation is 2,576 ft WGS84. The stormwater collected in Canton is discharged from the left edge of water (LEW), when facing downstream, just downstream from the Bridge, as shown in Figure 1 - 12. Photographs taken from this station are shown in Figure 1 - 13; 6. A sampling point for Beaverdam Creek is located at PRM 62.85+0.01 and is just downstream from a dam that impounds Beaverdam Creek. Beaverdam Creek has a drainage area of about 11 sq mi and the elevation is 2,570 ft WGS84. The creek primarily drains North Canton. Beaverdam Creek enters the Pigeon River along the right edge of water (REW), when facing downstream. Photographs at this station are shown in Figure 1 - 14; 7. A sampling point on the Pigeon River is located at Fibreville Bridge at PRM 62.85. This site is downstream from the Mill. The approximate drainage area is about 147 sq mi and the elevation is approximately 2,565 ft WGS84. The data collected from this Bridge does not represent the flow from Beaver Dam Creek, which is located along the REW immediately upstream from and adjacent to the Fibreville Bridge. The water sample is taken from the Bridge in between the LEW and the center of the Pigeon River in order to monitor the mixing zone of the effluent from the Mill. Beaverdam Creek at this sampling point has not reached the middle or LEW. Photographs at this station are shown in Figure 1 - 15; 8. A sampling point for Murray Branch was located at PRM 61.66+0.28. Murray Branch has a drainage area of 1 sq mi and the elevation at the sampling location is approximately 2,603 ft WGS84. Murray Branch drains northwest Canton including the commercial and industrial areas around NC 215 at the Canton Exit 31 off Interstate 40 (I-40). Murray Branch had very poor water quality at all times that AquAeTer sampled this stream including elevated mercury concentrations during a rain event. Photographs of Murray Branch are presented in Figure 1 - 16. This tributary enters the Pigeon River from the REW; 9. A sampling point on the Pigeon River was located near the Thickety OZ Station at PRM 61.2. The elevation at this location was approximately 2,544 ft WGS84. This station was sampled infrequently. Photographs of this station are presented in Figure 1-17; 1-4 10. Two sampling locations were made on Bowen Branch. The first was 0.74 mile upstream from its confluence with the Pigeon River. The second was less than 50 feet from the confluence. The confluence is located at PRM 60.63. No color samples were collected from these locations, only turbidity. Photographs of these locations are presented in Figure 1 - 18 and Figure 1 - 19; 11. A sampling location on the Pigeon River was located downstream from the confluence with Bowen Branch at PRM 60.63. Only turbidity was measured from this station. Photographs of the Pigeon River at this location are presented in Figure 1 - 20; 12. A sampling point on the Pigeon River was located at the Charles St. Bridge in Clyde at PRM 57.60. The drainage area at this location is approximately 162 sq mi and the approximate elevation is 2,514 ft WGS84. This station frequently had higher concentrations of constituents including True Color and Apparent Color than at the Fibreville Bridge. Photographs of this station are presented in Figure 1 - 21; 13. A sampling point was located at an unnamed tributary coming in from Poison Cove in Clyde at PRM 57.45+0.04. The unnamed tributary in the Poison Cove basin has a drainage area of 1.7 sq mi and an elevation at the sampling location of approximately 2,525 ft WGS84. The creek drains low -density residential areas to the south of Clyde. This tributary in the Poison Cove drainage was sampled upstream from the Broad Street Bridge across the creek as shown in Figure 1 - 22. This tributary enters the Pigeon River from the LEW; 14. A sampling point was located on the Pigeon River at Scotts Drive Bridge at PRM 55.42. The drainage area at this location is approximately 168 sq mi and the approximate elevation is 2,495 ft NAVD88. This station was removed from the sampling program due to its close vicinity to Clyde and to North Carolina State Route (NCSR) 1625 sampling points on the Pigeon River. Photographs of the Pigeon River at this location are shown in Figure 1 - 23. Note the proximity of cattle farming to the Pigeon River; 15. A sampling point was located on Richland Creek at PRM 54.91+0.21. Richland Creek has a drainage area of 68.5 sq mi and an elevation at the sampling location of approximately 2,494 ft WGS84. This creek is the single largest tributary in the Pigeon River basin based on drainage area. Richland Creek drains the Waynesville and Maggie Valley residential and tourist areas and enters the River from the LEW. Photographs of Richland Creek are presented in Figure 1 - 24. The Waynesville POTW effluent is discharged into the Pigeon River just downstream from this confluence; 1-5 16. A sampling point was located on the Pigeon River at the NCSR 1625 Bridge at PRM 53.56. The drainage area at this location is approximately 243 sq mi and the approximate elevation is 2,478 ft WGS84. This sampling point is downstream from Richland Creek and the effluent discharge to the Pigeon River from the Waynesville Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTW). Photographs of the Pigeon River at this point are presented in Figure 1 - 25; 17. A sampling point was located on Big Branch at PRM 51.74+0.02. Big Branch has a drainage area of 2 sq mi and an approximate elevation at the sampling location of 2,466 ft WGS84. The creek drains primarily farmlands and low density housing situated in ridges and valleys to the north of the Pigeon River. Photographs of Big Branch are presented in Figure 1 - 26. Big Branch enters the Pigeon River from the REW; 18. A sampling point was located on Crabtree Creek at PRM 49.73+0.01. Crabtree Creek has a drainage area of 26 sq mi and an approximate elevation at the sampling location of 2,445 ft WGS84. This creek also drains farmland and some low- density housing to the north of the Pigeon River. Photographs of Crabtree Creek are presented in Figure 1 - 27. Photographs of some of the nonpoint sources for pollutants in the basin are presented in Figure 1 - 28. Crabtree Creek enters the Pigeon River from the REW; 19. A sampling point was located on an unnamed tributary in Ferguson Cove at PRM 48.30+0.01. This unnamed tributary in Ferguson Cove has a drainage area of 0.6 sq mi and an approximate elevation at the sampling location of 2,424 ft WGS84. This creek drains a small farming area to the north of the Pigeon River. This tributary along with Murray Branch in Canton and English Creek in Tennessee has the poorest water quality of any of the sampled tributaries of the Pigeon River in the basin. As will be discussed, this basin has the highest contribution of True Color to the Pigeon River based on lbs/(daycfs•sq mi). Photographs of the unnamed tributary in Ferguson Cove are presented in Figure 1 - 29 and additional agricultural practices along the Pigeon River on the REW and LEW downstream from where the unnamed tributary in Ferguson Cove enters the Pigeon River are shown in Figure 1 - 30 and Figure 1 - 31. This unnamed tributary enters the Pigeon River from the REW; 20. A sampling point was located on the Pigeon River at the Iron Duff Bridge near Ferguson Cove at PRM 48.28. The elevation at this location was approximately 2,423 ft WGS84. This station was sampled infrequently. Photograph of this station is presented in Figure 1 - 32; 21. A sampling point was located on Jonathan Creek at PRM 45.96+0.64. Jonathan Creek has a drainage area of 66.6 sq mi and an approximate elevation at the sampling 1-6 location of 2,396 ft WGS84. The basin drains primarily the Maggie Valley and the northeastern ridges of the Great Smoky Mountains adjacent and east of the Cataloochee Creek drainage basin. The Creek enters the Pigeon River from the LEW and is designated by NCDENR as a trout stream. Photographs of Jonathan Creek are presented in Figure 1 - 33; 22. A sampling point was located on Fines Creek at PRM 42.68+0.26. Fines Creek has a total drainage area of 26 sq mi and an approximate elevation at the sampling point of 2,306 ft WGS84. This creek drains primarily farmland and forested areas including the Pisgah National Forest to the north of the River. Fines Creek enters the River from the REW and is upstream from Hepco. Photographs of Fines Creek are presented in Figure 1 - 34 and agricultural nonpoint sources in the nearby Panther Creek basin are shown in Figure 1 - 35; 23. A sampling point was located at the Hepco Bridge on the Pigeon River at PRM 42.58. The total drainage area at this point is 350 sq mi and the elevation is at 2,261 ft WGS84. The Hepco Bridge is normally the end of the free -flowing Pigeon River (upstream) and the headwaters of Walters Lake, which is also known as Waterville Lake, (downstream). Photographs of the Pigeon River at Hepco are presented in Figure 1 - 36; 24. A sampling point was located on Cataloochee Creek at PRM 38.00+3.48 in the Cataloochee valley of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The USGS gage is also located at this point. The elevation at this point is 2,467 ft WGS84. Cataloochee Creek flows into the Cataloochee Embayment of Walters Lake at PRM 38.00, slightly upstream from the Walters Dam. The intake for the tunnel that runs from Walters Lake to the Walters powerhouse begins in the Cataloochee embayment and the intake is believed to be around 60 feet deep at this point. The dam is located slightly downstream at PRM 37.87 and is believed to originally have had a total depth of around 180 ft. The Cataloochee Creek drainage area is 61.28 sq mi and is all within either the Great Smoky Mountains National Park or in the Pisgah National Forest. The normal elevation of Walters Lake is 2,258 ft WGS84. A photograph of the sampling point is presented in Figure 1 - 37. A photograph of the intake in the Cataloochee Creek Embayment of Walters Lake is presented in Figure 1-27. It is noted that the tunnel that begins in the Cataloochee Embayment of Walters Lake is estimated to be near the bottom of the embayment, which allows sediment deposits within the lake to be entrained when water is pulled into the tunnel. This is one of the reasons the discharge at the Waterville Powerhouse is always turbid light brown; 25. The Walters Powerhouse is located at PRM 25.87. The Canton Mill collects True and Apparent Color data at this location and at Browns Bridge in Tennessee at PRM 1-7 24.70, which is located just downstream from the state line at PRM 25.85. Elevation at the discharge is approximately 1,399 ft WGS84. A photograph of the Walters Plant is presented previously in Figure 1 - 8. Photographs of the Pigeon River at Browns Bridge are presented in Figure 1 - 39; 26. Big Creek is located in North Carolina at PRM 25.84 and according to the USGS in their National Hydrography Dataset, Big Creek enters the Pigeon River from the LEW at the North Carolina -Tennessee state line at PRM 25.85 just downstream from the discharge from the Walters Powerhouse. Big Creek has a drainage area of 36.35 sq mi and an approximate elevation at the sampling location of 1,412 ft WGS84. This creek is the last tributary entering the Pigeon River in North Carolina. Big Creek flows out of the Great Smoky Mountains and has a small portion outside the Park before it enters the Pigeon River adjacent to the Walters Plant, as shown previously in Figure 1 - 8. A photograph of Big Creek is presented in Figure 1 - 40. Agricultural practices within the Big Creek Basin are presented in Figure 1 - 41, 27. The USGS gage downstream from the powerhouse is located in Tennessee at PRM 24.89. Flow data from this gage were used in calculating the monthly 30Q2's for this location. The elevation at the gage location is 1,360 ft WGS84. The drainage basins shown in Figure 1 - 3 will be described in the following section. 1.2.2 Drainage Basins Drainage areas were obtained from their respective USGS gages site information or from the USGS National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). The major drainage basins of the Pigeon River are presented in Figure 1 - 42. The basins of tributaries sampled by AquAeTer in North Carolina were previously presented in Figure 1 - 3. There are over 237 named and unnamed tributaries that flow directly into the Pigeon River from the confluence of the East Fork Pigeon River and the West Fork Pigeon River. Of these tributaries, 152 enter the Pigeon River in North Carolina and an additional 84 enter the Pigeon River in Tennessee, as presented in Table 1 - 1. 1.2.2.1 Drainage Basin Areas The Pigeon River at its headwaters at PRM 69.32 has a total drainage area of 118.4 square miles (sq mi). At the Canton USGS stream monitoring gage, the total drainage area is 130 sq mi. At Hepco at the USGS stream flow monitoring gage, the total drainage area is 350 sq mi. The drainage area at the USGS gage downstream from the Waterville Powerhouse near the state line between North Carolina and Tennessee is 538 sq mi. The drainage area at Newport at the USGS gage upstream from the confluence of the Pigeon River with the French Broad River is about 666 sq mi. The single largest tributary to the Pigeon River in terms of drainage area is Richland Creek, followed by Jonathan Creek, the West Fork Pigeon River, Cataloochee Creek, and the East Fork Pigeon River. The Pigeon River at Hepco is more than two and one-half times larger in drainage area and average flow than the River at Canton. At the state line, the Pigeon River is more than four times larger in drainage area and flow than the River at Canton. There are five drainage basins in the Pigeon River in North Carolina that account for more than half of the total drainage area in North Carolina. These five large tributaries account for 315 square miles of the 538 square miles within the basin in North Carolina. 1.2.2.2 Elevation Change in Drainage Basin The elevation changes in the Pigeon River from its headwaters at the confluence of the East Fork Pigeon River and West Fork Pigeon River are presented in Figure 1 - 43 and Table 1 - 2. These basins drain a range of land uses from mountainous terrain with headwaters beginning at elevations above 5,000 ft WGS84 down to the Canton/Clyde and Waynesville/Maggie Valley corridors of around 2,500 to 2,600 ft WGS84 at stream water surface elevations. The elevation at the backwaters of Walters Lake at Hepco Bridge is normally around 2,258 ft WGS84, as listed on the USGS topographic map (1997). The elevation at the Walters powerhouse is about 1,400 ft WGS84 and the elevation at Newport at the gage is about 1,039 ft WGS84. 1.2.2.3 Land Use of Drainage Basins The land use for the Pigeon River basin in North Carolina (Raquet, 2005) is presented in Figure 1 - 44. The land use is diverse, ranging from mountainous uninhabited areas to highly urbanized areas in the Canton/Clyde and the Waynesville/Maggie Valley corridors to farming areas. From all of the data collected, from general observations obtained from sampling the Pigeon River and its tributaries, and from calculations of True Color entering the River from the tributaries, the primary contributor to True Color in the Pigeon River is from natural and anthropogenic sources other than the Mill. The majority of the basin, approximately 84%, upstream from Walters Dam, is forested. From observations of tributaries in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the leaf litter and other rotting plant material on the forest floor result in a significant generation of True Color during rain events and snow melt periods. There is approximately 14% of the basin that is either pasture or managed herbaceous land use which adds color from runoff from cultivated fields, cow manure stacks used for fertilizer, and direct urine/manure addition from cows in and beside the tributaries and the Pigeon River. There is approximately 1% of the land use that is urban. There is less than 1% of the basin that is open surface water. There is less than 1% of the basin that is cultivated crop. 1-9 1.2.3 Designated Uses The Pigeon River upstream from the headwaters to Garden Creek at PRM 65.32 is classified as Water Supply -III and a Trout stream. The Pigeon River from Garden Creek to the Town of Canton's water intake is classified as Water Supply -III, as a Critical Area, and a Trout stream. The Pigeon River from the Town of Canton's water intake to the North Carolina — Tennessee state line is classified as Class C. North Carolina defines all surface waters with one of the primary classifications. There are also supplemental classifications to selected water bodies. The Class C designation is intended for waters protected for uses such as secondary recreation, fishing, wildlife, fish consumption, aquatic life including propagation, survival and maintenance of biological integrity, and agriculture. Secondary recreation includes wading, boating, and other uses involving human body contact with water where such activities take place in an infrequent, unorganized, or incidental manner. The Water Supply III designation is intended for waters used as sources of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing purposes where a more protective WS-I or II classification is not feasible. These waters are also protected for Class C uses. WS-III waters are generally in low to moderately developed watersheds. The Trout designation is a supplemental classification intended to protect freshwaters which have conditions which shall sustain and allow for trout propagation and survival of stocked trout on a year-round basis. This classification is not the same as the NC Wildlife Resources Commission's Designated Public Mountain Trout Waters designation. The Pigeon River is meeting its designated uses. A thriving rafting industry exists downstream from the Walters Powerhouse with over 200,000 rafters using the River in 2011 and over $300,000 of tax revenue to Cocke County. A multi -stakeholder project, called the Pigeon River Restoration Project (PRRP), has successfully re -introduced fish and aquatic mussel species to the Pigeon River, both upstream and downstream from the Walters Dam. Walters Dam is an impediment to natural migration of fish upstream. Since 2004, more than 25,000 individual fish covering 9 species and more than 1,300 mussels have been successfully re -introduced in the Pigeon River in North Carolina. The PRRP won the 2006 USEPA Award for the Most Environmentally Beneficial Best Practice. 1.3 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY The Pigeon River basin in North Carolina can have rapid increases and decreases in flow. This is due to variations in the basin, including slopes, land use, and soil type. Additionally, responses to rain events are generally more rapid in the headwaters than in downstream areas. 1-10 Flows can vary from tributary to tributary when different areas within the basin get more rain than others. 1.3.1 Monthly Rainfall Statistics The average, maximum and minimum monthly rainfalls for each month of the year are presented in Table 1 - 3. The rainfall statistics are based on the following rainfall gages: 1. USGS rainfall gage at East Fork Pigeon River near Canton; 2. USGS rainfall gage at Canton gage; 3. Evergreen Packaging rainfall gage at the Canton Mill; and 4. Rainfall gage at Waynesville. The maximum rainfall occurred during 2004 when Hurricanes Frances and Ivan came through the area, stalled, and released 18 inches of rainfall in 72 hours and 11 inches in 72 hours, respectively. Average rainfall is about 33 to 44 inches per year and the minimum rainfall is around 9 to 26 in/yr. The rainfall data from the USGS gage at Lake Logan at Hazelwood, North Carolina were reviewed, but were not used for this analysis. 1.3.2 3002 Flow Analyses The 30-day average flow with a 2-year return interval (30Q2) is a statistical calculation for an average flow in a 30-day period that can be expected to occur with a 50% chance in any given year. A hydrologic analysis of the Pigeon River USGS stream gaging stations has been completed for the 30Q2 monthly flows. True Color is a non -conventional pollutant that occurs due to anthropogenic and natural causes. The North Carolina Water Quality Standard (NCWQS) for color is a narrative standard. The NCWQS requires that standards for aesthetic quality, such as color, be met at the 30-day 2-year stream flow events (30Q2's) or higherlo There are eight flow -monitoring stream gages in the Pigeon River basin evaluated by AquAeTer that include: 1. West Fork Pigeon River above [upstream from] Lake Logan at Hazelwood, North Carolina, USGS Station ID: 03455500; 2. West Fork Pigeon River at Bethel, North Carolina, USGS Station ID: 03456100; 3. East Fork Pigeon River near Canton, North Carolina, USGS Station ID: 03456500; 4. Pigeon River near Canton, North Carolina, USGS Station ID: 03456991; 9 Title 15A NCAC 213 .0211(fl 'o Title 15A NCAC 213 .0206(a)(4) 5. Pigeon River near Hepco, North Carolina, USGS Station ID: 03459500; 6. Cataloochee Creek near Cataloochee, North Carolina, USGS Station ID: 0346000 7. Pigeon River below [downstream from] Power Plant near Waterville, North Carolina, USGS Station ID: 03460795; and 8. Pigeon River at Newport, Tennessee, USGS Station ID: 03461500. Flow analyses for each of these gaged stations are presented in Table 1 - 4. The monthly 30Q2 analyses for the Pigeon River at Canton are presented in Figure 1 - 45 through Figure 1 - 56. The monthly 30Q2 analyses for the Pigeon River at Hepco are presented in Figure 1 - 57 through Figure 1 - 68. The monthly 30Q2 analyses for the Pigeon River at Waterville are presented in Figure 1 - 69 through Figure 1 - 80. For each of these graphs, the recurrence interval of the annual 30Q2 for the respective station is also presented where possible. 1.3.3 Justification for the Use of the Monthly 3002 The monthly 30Q2 analysis allows a comparison of the expected low flows based on similar hydrologic periods so that the 30Q2 flow for August is truly reflective of the rainfall and runoff that occurs in August. The monthly 30Q2 flow is a statistical event that is more representative of the actual occurrence of the flows during each month versus an annual 30Q2 flow event. Since the annual event pulls from at least 10 months that represent widely variable flows that are unrelated in hydrologic time, it is not representative of the average flow conditions that can occur in any given month. This technique was first used by the old Public Health Service (predecessor to USEPA) in the 1960's. The technique was perfected by Dyar and Alhadeff from the Georgia USGS, Greenfield from the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GA EPD and now retired Region 4, USEPA TMDL coordinator), and Neal and Corn from Law Engineering (Corn March 1979). The annual 30Q2 event is based on the lowest 30-day flow from any time of the year regardless of whether December is meteorologically or hydrologically similar to September, April or February. Each of these months, which can all have 30-day low flow periods that are the lowest period for that year, but which are not comparable in what is expected to be a flow that has a recurrence interval of once every 2 years for similar hydrological and meteorological periods. That is, a 30-day low flow in February would be expected to be much higher than the equivalent 30-day low flow for September. USEPA (EPA-823-B-97-002, March 1997) in its "Technical Guidance Manual for Performing Wasteload Allocations, Book Il: Streams and Rivers — Part 1: Biochemical Oxygen Demand/Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients/Eutrophication" recognizes the use of monthly statistical analyses as a more precise analysis for water quality determinations in streams. "In areas where it can be shown that the 7Q10 will occur in a month with lower temperature, then the appropriate combination should be used rather than each of the extreme values. For example, critical low flows frequently occur during 1-12 October in the northeast. An appropriate approach in such cases would be to define the Q10 and temperature conditions for each of the critical months (e.g. June -October), determine which month is most critical, and use that month in allocation calculations. " This approach holds true for other statistical flow events when one is comparing considerably different hydrological and meteorological events from season to season. Comparing a flow that occurs in March when average rainfall is 4 inches against a flow that occurs in September when average rainfall is less than 1 inch and evapotranspiration rates are considerably different should not be done in the same database. Calculating a flow event using all March data to determine a statistical event and calculating a flow event using all September data to determine the same statistical recurrence interval produces two numbers that can be compared representing the same recurrence interval. The flow numbers may be vastly different; however, they have the same statistical frequency. The comparison of the August 30Q2 to the January 30Q2 is truly a comparison of equivalent statistical events. The yearly 30Q2 at Canton is 90.8 cfs, as shown in Table 1 - 4. The monthly 30Q2s are compared with the annual value as presented in Table 1 - 5. The annual 30Q2 was calculated from 30Q2 hydrologic events that occurred in 9 different months. When compared to the monthly 30Q2 values, the annual 30Q2 has a return interval from greater than 83 years to 4.5 years and does not represent a realistic 2-year return interval for the flows that actually occur in the Pigeon River at Canton during any month of the year. The annual 30Q2 has no statistical reality to actual flows in the River for any given month, nor does it portray the natural hydrologic cycle where higher flows occur in winter to early spring and lower flows occur in late summer to early fall, Both the adjusted Weibull and the Log Pearson Type III statistical analyses were used to predict the monthly 30Q2's. The Log Pearson Type III statistical analysis for low -flow predictions is a curve -fitting equation whereas the adjusted Weibull statistical analysis allows the analyst to fit the data to the best line of fit. For flow analyses downstream from hydroelectric facilities where the flows are altered by man rather than natural events, the Log Pearson Type III analysis typically does a poor fit of predicting the true trend of the data at the extreme events such as a 7Q10 event. The Weibull analysis still gives a better interpretation of the 30Q2 flows at Waterville than the Log Pearson curve fitting equation. The USGS primarily uses the Log Pearson Type III analysis since it gives a flow value without having to do the assessment of the data from the Weibull plot. The USGS utilize a software package that calculates the Log Pearson Type III. In doing this, the actual data are not analyzed to view discrepancies or problems with the analysis. The adjusted Weibull plots have been used to project the 30Q2 flow events as shown in Table 1 - 4. The actual plots of these data are presented in Figure 1 - 45 through Figure 1 - 80. The lowest flows in the Pigeon River occur from about July through November when monthly 30Q2 flows range from lows of 129 cfs in August to 208 cfs in 1-13 November. Again, each monthly 30Q2 has the same recurrence interval and all are equivalent flows that are expected to occur in any given year or have a return interval of 50%. The drainage area increases from 130 square miles at Canton to 350 square miles at Hepco to 538 square miles at the USGS gage near the Stateline to 666 square miles at Newport, Tennessee. Based on average flows in the River, the Pigeon River flow at Hepco is approximately twice the flow at Canton, about three times the flow at the Stateline at Waterville, and about 4 times the flow at Newport as at Canton, as shown in Figure 1 - 81. As one might expect, the Log Pearson Type III analysis is a poor predictor of statistical flow events downstream from Waterville, as presented in Table 1 - 4. 1.3.4 Hydrologic Analysis of Tributary Drainage Basins AquAeTer has gaged the tributaries to the Pigeon River on 4 occasions for most tributaries in the sampling program using standard USGS gaging procedures (Buchanan and Somers, 1969), as depicted in Figure 1 - 82. The USGS gaged flows during AquAeTer sampling activities are presented in Table 1 - 6. AquAeTer and USGS measured and estimated flows are presented in Table 1 - 6. The flows from these tributaries vary for each of the streams based on month of the year, but they can be used to estimate flows based on season of the year. It is expected that during winter months these tributaries will have higher flow yields than during drier summer and early fall months and this is exactly what occurs. Flow yields for the various tributaries range from lows of 0.07 (Ferguson Cove) to 0.7 (Jonathan Creek) cfs/sq mi during dry periods to 0.8 (Ferguson Cove) to 10.15 (East Fork Pigeon River) during wet periods, as presented in Table 1 - 7. The flows can be estimated based on a cfs/sq mi relationship as shown in Figure 1 - 83. These data are used in the True Color loading calculations for times when flows have not been monitored, but the gaged flows can be used to estimate the relative yield of the ungaged tributaries. 1.4 COLOR True Color is a non -conventional pollutant that occurs due to anthropogenic and natural causes. The same factors that cause True Color in the effluent from the Canton Mill, the tannins and lignins, are the factors causing the naturally produced True Color in the tributaries. Leaf litter and dying trees produce tannins and lignins that enter the tributaries during rain storms, as depicted in Figure 1 - 84. Both True Color and Apparent Color are measured as platinum cobalt units (PCUs).11 The Canton Mill has a NPDES Permit limit for True Color which is in pounds per day. In order to convert the concentration and effluent flow rate measured to a pounds per day mass rate, the flow in mgd is multiplied by the concentration in mg/L and is multiplied by a conversion factor, 8.34. " As noted previously, 1 PCU is equivalent to 1 mg/L. 1-14 A color concentration reported in PCUs can be compared directly to another color concentration at another location. One cannot distinguish the type of color by comparing PCUs. As shown in the findings of this report, however, the concentrations should not be compared without also looking at the flows. Within the database, the True Color at Hepco (downstream) has been less than the True Color at Canton (upstream) on 29 separate occasions. For 28 of these 29 events, the total mass of True Color has been greater at Hepco, even though the concentration was less than that at Canton. True and Apparent Color are analyzed by the Canton Mill using the method specified by North Carolina. The method is the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) Method 253. This method was developed to measured color specifically for the pulp and paper industry where the dissolved color is almost all due to tannins and lignins. The method was developed to allow filtration of the sample without removing True Color. In basins dominated by forests, such as the Pigeon River in Haywood County, a large portion of the True Color found in the streams is expected to have been generated by the tannins and lignins naturally present due to the decay of leaf litter and other forest debris. 1.4.1 Definition of Color Color is defined as either True Color or Apparent Color. True Color consists of dissolved color. The analytical method for True Color involves filtering the sample through a 0.45 micron glass fiber filter. Apparent Color includes True Color, as well as solids reflecting light in the water column, commonly called turbidity. Streams carry both dissolved color and suspended matter that reflects light and causes the stream to look turbid, or limit visibility through the water column. True Color as it exists in the Pigeon River and its tributaries has very little turbidity ranging from 1 to about 3 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs). 1.4.2 Sources of Color True color in rivers comes from anthropogenic and natural sources. Forests make up approximately 84% of the land use within the Pigeon River Basin. Photographs of True and Apparent Color that are produced in the Smoky Mountains and other forested areas are presented in Figure 1 - 85 through Figure 1 - 89. Leaf litter and other decaying forest matter generate natural tannins and lignin's which impart a dissolved True Color to the water body. The Canton Evergreen Packaging Mill removes tannins and lignins from the wood cellulose and then makes paper from the cellulose. Tannins and lignins are the glue that holds trees together. The tannins and lignins are separated from the wood cellulose (the pulp) in the pulping process. A portion of these tannins and lignins are recovered directly from the pulping process for their BTU value. When concentrated, the tannins and lignin's have a significant BTU value and thus they are sent to a recovery boiler where they are burned to produce electricity and steam for the Mill. Some lignins and tannins are carried through to the next stage in the paper 1-15 making process. Additional color is removed in the 02 Delignification unit, as well as, individual process units where color is physically -chemically removed. Some color contained in some of the process streams makes it to the on -site advanced wastewater treatment facility. The Mill has numerous in -process controls to reduce True Color loadings to the wastewater treatment system from its processes. The Canton Mill has very low True Color content compared to all other integrated kraft pulp and paper mills and has spent considerable capital and operating dollars for removal of color. The NPDES Permit for the Canton Mill allows the Mill to discharge 38,020 pounds per day (lbs/day) (annual average), which is to be reduced to 32,000 to 36,000 lbs/day in 2014. The Mill collects water samples on a periodic basis, and analyzes the samples for True and Apparent Color. Sampling results are submitted to the North Carolina Division of Water Quality in monthly Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMRs). At an effluent flow of 40.49 cubic feet per second (cfs) or 26.18 million gallons per day (mgd), the permitted annual average True Color concentration is 174 mg/L at the 38,020 lbs/day effluent limit. In 2011, the annual average True Color concentration was 165 mg/L or about 35,254 lbs/day. In 2012, the annual average True Color concentration was 156 mg/L or about 34,800 lbs/day. These annual numbers represent True Color concentrations 5 to 10 times lower than almost all integrated pulp and paper mills in the U.S. Several Mills in the southeast (including the Canton Mill) have installed oxygen delignification (02 delig) units. These Mills can achieve effluent True Color concentrations in the range from 500 to 1,000 platinum cobalt units (PCUs) or mg/L with an average True Color concentration of around 800 mg/L. The Canton Mill, as discussed previously has gone much further in their color reduction efforts by doing additional in -plant color reduction steps at individual process units. As a result, based on the Evergreen data, data collected by AquAeTer, and data presented by EKONO (EKONO, August 2005) and NCASI (NCASI, August 2006), True Color concentrations being discharged by the Canton Mill are believed to be the lowest True Color in a pulp and paper mill effluent in the U.S. 1.5 TURBIDITY Turbidity measurements made by AquAeTer and Evergreen Packaging indicate that turbidity in the Pigeon River is less than 3 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs) during non - storm events. Turbidity levels in the Pigeon River during low flow events range from 1 to 3 NTUs compared to the Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards of 1 to 5 NTUs. During greater than normal flow events, stream velocities increase, which can lead to increased suspended sediments in the water column. The increased suspended sediments reduce visibility and obscure the stream bottom, which is measured in the Apparent Color analysis. There are also periods in the "unimpacted" or "pristine" mountain streams following rain events when True and/or Apparent Color concentrations are sufficient to prevent any substantial visibility in the 1-16 stream, as shown in Figure 1 - 85. There are also "unimpacted" creeks that exhibit greater amounts of suspended sediments during and after rain events as shown in Figure 1 - 87. True Color can be observed when total suspended solids are low and the turbidity of the river water remains low with low suspended solids. The maximum turbidity associated with True Color ranges from about 1 to 3 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs). For drinking water plants and depending on filtration methods, turbidity can be between 0.3 and 5 NTUs with 1 NTU suggested for conventional treatment techniques (EPA, 2009). There is no relationship between turbidity in the Pigeon River or its tributaries and True Color, as presented in Figure 1 - 90. There is a linear relationship between turbidity and Apparent Color in the Pigeon River and its tributaries as presented in Figure 1 - 91. 1-17 TABLE 1-1. TRIBUTARIES TO THE PIGEON RIVER IN TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA. TRIBUTARY NAME OR STATION DISTANCE BETWEEN TRIBUTARIES PIGEON RIVER MILE RUNNING COUNT OF TRIBUTATIES TRIBUTARY ENTERS PIGEON RIVER FROM (mi) (PRM) (#) (LEW OR REW) Tennessee Tributaries and Stations Unnamed Tributary near confluence with French Broad 0.758 0.758 1 LEW Unnamed Tributary 1.053 1.811 2 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.879 2.690 3 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.034 2.723 4 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.739 3.462 5 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.679 4.141 6 REW Unnamed Tributary 1.207 5.348 7 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.325 5.673 8 REW PR-8 0.022 5.695 NA Unnamed Tributary 0.922 6.617 9 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.326 6.943 10 REW Morell Springs Branch 0.648 7.591 11 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.944 8.536 12 REW English Creek / SW-29 0.090 8.626 13 LEW SW-35 0.544 9.170 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.113 9.283 14 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.151 9.434 15 REW PR-7 0.162 9.596 NA Unnamed Tributary 0.180 9.776 16 REW SW-36 0.407 10.183 REW Unnamed Tributary/ SW-25 0.156 10.339 17 LEW Sweetwater Creek 0.507 10.846 18 REW Ike Wright Branch 0.623 11.469 19 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.935 12.403 20 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.057 12.460 21 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.582 13.042 22 REW Cosby Creek / SW-21 0.641 13.683 23 LEW PR-9 0.171 13.854 NA Unnamed Tributary 0.121 13.975 24 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.079 14.053 25 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.303 14.356 26 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.304 14.661 27 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.481 15.142 28 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.125 15.266 29 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.414 15.680 30 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.466 16.146 31 REW Weaver Branch / SW-16 0.421 16.567 32 LEW PR-6 0.062 16.629 NA Pi eonroost Branch 0.282 16.911 33 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.416 17.327 34 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.109 17.435 35 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.068 17.504 36 LEW Polecat Branch 0.112 17.616 37 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.348 17.964 38 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.309 18.274 39 REW Dry Branch 0.051 18.325 40 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.234 18.559 41 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.217 18.776 42 LEW Groundhog Creek / SW-13 0.557 19.333 43 LEW PR-5 0.042 19.375 NA Miller Branch 0.159 19.534 44 LEW SW-14 0.054 19.588 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.226 19.814 45 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.094 19.908 46 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.158 20.066 47 LEW NOTES: LEW is left edge of water when looking downsteam REW is right edge of water when looking downsteam 1-18 TABLE 1-1. TRIBUTARIES TO THE PIGEON RIVER IN TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA. TRIBUTARY NAME OR STATION DISTANCE BETWEEN TRIBUTARIES PIGEON RIVER MILE RUNNING COUNT OF TRIBUTATIES TRIBUTARY ENTERS PIGEON RIVER FROM (mi) (PRM) 0) (LEW OR REW) Huskyeamp Branch 0.376 20.442 48 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.035 20.477 49 REW Richtop Branch 0.242 20.719 50 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.309 21.028 51 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.161 21.189 52 LEW Mill Creek 0.029 21.218 53 REW Cripple Creek / SW-10 0.054 21.272 54 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.252 21.524 55 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.019 21.543 56 LEW Trail Hollow Branch 0.123 21.666 57 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.444 22.110 58 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.079 22.189 59 LEW Barnes Branch 0.173 22.362 60 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.017 22.379 61 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.025 22.404 62 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.032 22.436 63 LEW Nailon Branch 0.222 22.658 64 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.125 22.783 65 REW Tinker Branch 0.332 23.115 66 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.263 23.378 67 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.187 23.565 68 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.065 23.630 69 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.007 23.637 70 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.116 23.753 71 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.086 23.839 72 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.107 23.946 73 REW Chute Branch 0.090 24.036 74 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.182 24.218 75 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.194 24.412 76 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.025 24.437 77 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.025 24.462 78 LEW PR-4 0.315 24.777 Unnamed Tributary 0.015 24.792 79 REW Tobes Creek 0.011 24.803 80 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.095 24.898 81 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.078 24.976 82 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.428 25.404 83 REW NOTES: LEW is left edge of water when looking downsteam REW is right edge of water when looking downsteam 1-19 TABLE 1-1. TRIBUTARIES TO THE PIGEON RIVER IN TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA. TRIBUTARY NAME OR STATION DISTANCE BETWEEN TRIBUTARIES PIGEON RIVER MILE RUNNING COUNT OF TRIBUTATIES TRIBUTARY ENTERS PIGEON RIVER FROM (mi) (PRM) (#) (LEW OR REW) Unnamed Tributary 0.103 25.507 84 LEW NC/TN BORDER 0.011 25.518 NA North Carolina Tributaries and Stations Big Creek / PR-3 0.328 25.846 85 LEW PR-1 0.022 25.868 NA PR-2 0.101 25.969 NA Unnamed Tributary 0.062 26.031 86 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.144 26.175 87 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.121 26.296 88 LEW Painter Branch 0.083 26.379 89 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.110 26.489 90 LEW Snowbird Creek 0.101 26.590 91 REW Flat Branch 0.074 26.664 92 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.376 27.040 93 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.315 27.355 94 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.102 27.457 95 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.037 27.494 96 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.112 27.606 97 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.180 27.786 98 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.017 27.803 99 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.108 27.911 100 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.032 27.943 101 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.044 27.987 102 REW Mt. Sterling Creek 0.152 28.139 103 LEW Runyon Creek 0.129 28.268 104 REW Counterfeit Branch 0.260 28.528 105 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.272 28.800 106 REW Puncheon Camp Branch 0.557 29.357 107 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.025 29.382 108 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.230 29.612 109 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.194 29.806 110 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.074 29.880 ill LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.548 30.428 112 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.146 30.574 113 LEW Skiffley Creek 0.060 30.634 114 LEW Groundhog Creek 0.104 30.738 115 REW Rube Rock Branch 0.131 30.869 116 REW Tom Hall 0.143 31.012 117 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.034 31.046 118 REW White Oak Flats BranchL 0.233 31.279 119 Unnamed Tributary 0.588 31.867 120 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.183 32.050 121 LEW Hicks Branch 0.370 32.420 122 LEW Cold Springs Creek 0.344 32.764 123 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.310 33.074 124 REW Hurricane Creek 0.739 33.813 125 REW Slickrock Branch 0.668 34.481 126 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.104 34.585 127 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.181 34.766 128 LEW Dicks Branch 0.316 35.082 129 LEW Unnamed Tributary 2.272 37.354 130 LEW Dam 0.515 37.869 131 NA Cataloochee Creek 0.136 38.005 132 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.560 38.565 133 REW Wilkins Creek 0.394 38.959 134 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.300 39.259 135 LEW Laurel Branch 0.227 39.486 136 LEW NOTES: LEW is left edge of water when looking downsteam REW is right edge of water when looking downsteam 1-20 TABLE 1-1. TRIBUTARIES TO THE PIGEON RIVER IN TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA. TRIBUTARY NAME OR STATION DISTANCE BETWEEN TRIBUTARIES PIGEON RIVER MILE RUNNING COUNT OF TRIBUTATIES TRIBUTARY ENTERS PIGEON RIVER FROM (mi) (PRM) 0) (LEW OR REW) White Oak Creek 0.418 39.904 137 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.255 40.159 138 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.010 40.169 139 LEW Stevens Creek 0.393 40.562 140 LEW Laurel Branch 0.533 41.095 141 REW Messer Branch 0.011 41.106 142 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.379 41.485 143 LEW Camp Branch 0.150 41.635 144 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.217 41.852 145 LEW AAT PR-16 0.598 42.450 Leatherwood Branch 0.050 42.500 146 LEW Fines Creek / AAT PR-15 0.047 42.547 147 REW Arrington Branch 0.278 42.825 148 REW Rathbone Branch 0.415 43.240 149 REW Rocky Branch 0.158 43.398 150 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.334 43.732 151 LEW Panther Creek 0.839 44.571 152 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.180 44.751 153 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.238 44.989 154 REW Laurel Branch 0.498 45.487 155 LEW Jonathans Creek / AAT PR-14 0.386 45.873 156 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.327 46.200 157 LEW Rabbitskin Branch 0.454 46.654 158 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.226 46.880 159 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.083 46.963 160 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.122 47.085 161 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.336 47.421 162 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.474 47.895 163 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.112 48.007 164 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.121 48.128 165 REW Unnamed Tributary of Furguson Cove/AAT PR-13 0.091 48.219 166 REW Dotson Branch 0.048 48.267 167 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.224 48.491 168 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.256 48.747 169 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.692 49.439 170 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.071 49.510 171 LEW Crabtree Creek/AAT PR-12 0.159 49.669 172 REW Dawn Branch 0.889 50.558 173 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.166 50.724 174 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.032 50.756 175 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.495 51.251 176 REW Big Branch / AAT PR-11 0.360 51.611 177 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.203 51.814 178 REW Stingy Branch 0.590 52.404 179 Long Branch 0.102 52.506 180 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.530 53.036 181 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.254 53.290 182 LEW AAT PR-10 0.147 53.437 Unnamed Tributary 0.329 53.766 183 REW Medford Branch 0.178 53.944 184 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.552 54.496 185 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.459 54.955 186 LEW Richland Creek/AAT PR-9 0.447 55.402 187 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.480 55.882 188 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.010 55.892 189 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.219 56.111 190 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.116 56.227 191 REW NOTES: LEW is left edge of water when looking downsteam REW is right edge of water when looking downsteam 1-21 TABLE 1-1. TRIBUTARIES TO THE PIGEON RIVER IN TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA. TRIBUTARY NAME OR STATION DISTANCE BETWEEN TRIBUTARIES PIGEON RIVER MILE RUNNING COUNT OF TRIBUTATIES TRIBUTARY ENTERS PIGEON RIVER FROM (mi) (PRM) (#) (LEW OR REW) Unnamed Tributary 0.846 57.073 192 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.086 57.159 193 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.337 57.496 194 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.121 57.617 195 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.078 57.695 196 REW Unnamed Tributary/AAT PR-7 0.181 57.876 197 LEW AAT PR-6 0.131 58.007 Chambers Branch 0.242 58.249 198 REW Conner Mill Branch 0.013 58.262 199 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.118 58.380 200 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.357 58.737 201 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.106 58.843 202 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.246 59.089 203 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.205 59.294 204 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.104 59.398 205 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.048 59.446 206 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.226 59.672 207 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.103 59.775 208 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.178 59.953 209 REW Sally Hatnes Branch 0.354 60.307 210 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.052 60.359 211 REW Pollon Branch 0.128 60.487 212 LEW bowen Branch 0.524 61.011 213 REW Thickety Creek 0.153 61.164 214 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.449 61.613 215 LEW Murray Bamch/AAT PR-5 0.306 61.919 216 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.428 62.347 217 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.401 62.748 218 REW AAT PR-4 0.327 63.075 Beaverdam Creek/AAT PR-17 0.025 63.100 219 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.242 63.342 220 REW Mingus Branch 0.071 63.413 221 LEW Dam at Mill Site 0.260 63.673 NA AAT PR-3 0.152 63.825 NA Unnamed Tributary near USGS gaging station 0.318 64.143 222 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.185 64.328 223 REW AAT PR-18 0.720 65.048 Unnamed Tributary 0.060 65.108 224 LEW Garden Creek 0.415 65.523 225 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.310 65.833 226 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.324 66.157 227 LEW Stamey Cove Branch 0.560 66.717 228 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.283 67.000 229 LEW Poison Cove Branch 0.707 67.707 230 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.507 68.214 231 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.186 68.400 232 REW Unnamed Tributary 0.368 68.768 233 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.605 69.373 234 LEW Unnamed Tributary 0.231 69.604 235 REW East Fork Pigeon River/AAT PR-1 0.092 69.696 236 REW West Fork Pigeon River/AAT PR-2 69.696 237 LEW NOTES: LEW is left edge of water when looking downsteam REW is right edge of water when looking downsteam 1-22 N w TABLE 1-2. ELEVATIONS IN THE PIGEON RIVER BASIN LOCATION PRM ELEVATION (ft) West Fork Pigeon River @ Blue Ridge Parkway 1 87.8 5,920 East Fork Pigeon River @ Blue Ridge Parkway 2 87.40 5,500 East Fork Pigeon River near Bethel 69.53 2,674 Pigeon River at Confluence 69.32 2,641 USGS Canton Gage 64.09 2,582 Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.82 2,577 Pigeon River at Fibreville Bridge in Canton 63.07 2,568 Pigeon River at Charles St. Bridge in Clyde 58.01 2,514 Pigeon River at confluence with Richland Creek 55.40 2,492 Pigeon River at NCSR 1625 Bridge 53.44 2,478 Pigeon River at Iron Duff Rd Bridge 48.22 2,423 Pigeon River at confluence with Jonathan Creek 45.87 2,362 Pigeon River @ USGS Hepco Gage 42.58 2,260 Pigeon River @ Walters Dam 37.87 2,258 Pigeon River @ Progress Energy Powerhouse 25.87 1,400 Pigeon River @ USGS Waterville Gage 24.89 1,360 Pigeon River @ Newport Gage 6.81 1,039 Pigeon River @ Confluence with French Broad River 0.00 983 Notes: Elevations provided are based on the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) Geoid Model 1 West Fork Pigeon River is 18.57 mi long and this distance is added to the Pigeon River at the confluence of PRM 69.32 2 East Fork Pigeon River is 18.08 mi long and this distance is added to the Pigeon River at the confluence of PRM 69.32 N TABLE 1-3. AVERAGE, MINIMUM, AND MAXIMUM MONTHLY RAINFALLS. East Fork - Canton 3456500 Pigeon River - Canton 3456991 Pigeon River - Waynesville 3456991 Evergreen Packaging - Mill Average (in) Minimum (in) Maximum (in) Average (in) Minimum (in) Maximum (in) Average (in) Minimum (in) Maximum (in) Average (in) Minimum (in) Maximum (in) January 2.44 0.00 4.75 2.07 1.34 3.28 3.87 0.00 12.11 1.98 0.99 2.87 February 2.12 0.00 5.05 1.59 1.20 2.48 3.90 0.00 10.74 1.32 0.83 1.98 March 3.15 0.00 4.71 3.01 1.34 5.10 4.73 0.00 13.02 3.25 2.21 3.90 April 2.80 0.00 5.41 3.46 1.99 5.92 3.46 0.00 8.64 4.20 2.02 6.62 May 3.29 0.04 8.67 4.10 1.98 6.46 3.78 0.00 11.46 2.98 1.72 4.47 June 2.84 0.40 5.61 2.98 1.38 5.17 3.67 0.00 8.78 2.94 1.45 5.43 July 3.64 0.92 8.99 4.22 2.47 8.47 4.25 0.00 12.09 4.35 2.68 5.68 August 3.06 0.04 7.34 1.88 0.36 2.58 3.94 0.00 11.43 3.34 1.73 4.96 September 3.80 0.57 9.07 4.35 3.30 5.54 2.95 0.00 15.34 3.57 3.43 3.74 October 1.80 0.02 4.77 1.84 0.57 3.55 2.59 0.00 8.26 1.48 1.34 1.62 November 3.29 0.90 5.31 3.17 1.51 4.39 2.87 0.00 8.73 3.82 2.28 5.36 December 2.55 0.18 5.70 2.66 0.23 4.59 3.85 0.00 11.07 2.35 0.52 4.17 Annual Average 34.56 34.09 43.91 32.77 Annual Minimum 13.83 26.04 9.02 27.23 Periods of Record: Waynesville: May 3, 1894 - April 16, 2011 USGS Canton: October 1, 2008 - August 6, 2012 East Fork Pigeon River: October 1, 1999 - August 6, 2012 Evergreen Packaging: January 1, 2010 - September 30, 2012 N Ch TABLE 1-4. FLOW ANALYSES FOR THE PIGEON RIVER. PARAMETER METHOD PIGEON RIVER EAST FORK PIGEON RIVER (cfs) WEST FORK PIGEON RIVER (cfs) CATALOOCHEE CREEK (cfs) NEAR CANTON (cfs) AT HEPCO (cfs) AT WATERVILLE (cfs) AT NEWPORT (cfs) Period of Record October 1, 1928 - December 15, 2013 August 1, 1927 - December 15, 2013 February 1, 1997 - December 15, 2013 December 1, 1900 - September 30, 2012 March 1, 1954 - December 15, 2013 March 1, 1954 - December 15, 2013 April 1, 1934 - December 15, 2013 Average Flow Complete Period of Record 321 671 1,027 1,217 141 100 111 Minimum Flow Complete Period of Record 27 64 74 48 11 10 12 Maximum Flow Complete Period of Record 19,800 23,900 22,500 31,000 6,200 4,500 2,690 Median Flow Complete Period of Record 228 502 782 925 99 70 82 Standard Deviation Complete Period of Record 410 707 1,033 1,232 185 131 119 95% Percentile Complete Period of Record 830 1,670 2,550 2,960 372 265 279 Average Flow From Annual Mean Flow 321 672 1030 1,204 142 101 111 Minimum Flow From Annual Mean Flow 162 341 554 627 69 53 54 Maximum Flow From Annual Mean Flow 624 1,100 1671 1,702 260 173 182 Median Flow From Annual Mean Flow 301 649 959 1,169 137 101 106 Standard Deviation From Annual Mean Flow 93 170 308 266 41 26 27 95% Percentile From Annual Mean Flow 493 961 - 1,661 212 143 156 Annual 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 89 214 286 357 37 27 35 Adj. Weibull 91 214 299 376 38 28 36 January 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 378 802 1,270 1,517 154 116 147 Adj. Weibull 402 819 1,259 1,574 153 126 147 February 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 413 919 1,266 1,638 175 133 161 Adj. Weibull 431 941 1,253 1,684 175 134 148 March 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 482 1033 1,441 1,897 204 146 178 Adj. Weibull 475 1022 1,400 1,852 193 138 174 April 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 419 898 1,370 1,637 181 126 144 Adj. Weibull 419 908 1,315 1,648 166 125 146 May 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 305 666 1,059 1,220 134 95 105 Adj. Weibull 292 666 977 1,204 133 93 99 June 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 219 481 753 972 94 70 77 Adj. Weibull 219 471 771 1,010 94 70 77 July 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 161 313 659 794 63 49 66 Adj. Weibull 161 372 611 797 60 49 61 August 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 142 336 499 678 59 46 60 Adj. Weibull 129 335 421 656 52 40 57 September 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 145 313 465 521 60 45 48 Adj. Weibull 133 300 476 545 53 46 47 October 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 166 335 413 536 76 56 46 Adj. Weibull 167 344 472 565 73 57 44 November 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 216 432 613 662 105 76 64 Adj. Weibull 208 439 609 665 110 80 61 December 30Q2 Log Pearson Type III 287 595 953 1,121 131 101 101 Adj. Weibull 289 629 940 1,142 136 105 105 TABLE 1-5. COMPARISON OF ANNUAL 30Q2 TO MONTHLY 30Q2 MONTH 30Q2 (cfs) ANNUAL 30Q2 (cfs) RECURRENCE (years) January 402 91 56.3 February 431 91 >84 years March 475 91 >84 years April 419 91 >84 years May 292 91 >84 years June 219 91 55.2 July 161 91 14.3 August 129 91 4.9 September 133 91 4.5 October 167 91 4.5 November 208 91 10.3 December 289 91 42.9 Note: Exceeds available recurrence interval 1-26 TABLE 1-6. GAGED STREAM FLOWS DURING WATER QUALITY SAMPLING EVENTS LOCATION FLOW (cfs) Aug/Sep 2010 Nov/Dec 2010 March 2011 April 2011 August 2011 June 2012 Sep 2012 Nov 2012 West Fork PR 16 892 428 310 75 60 45 58 East Fork PR 23 1,082 537 299 48 44 34 52 PR near Canton 60 2,092 1,070 751 136 114 83 107 PR near Hepco 153 3,903 1,960 1,200 244 256 181 270 Cataloochee Creek 35 519 436 - 43 32 15 43 PR at Walters Dam - 4,058 - - PR near Power Plant/STATELINE - - - - 337 177 137 243 Newport - - - - 258 - 175 341 French Broad at Marshall, NC - - - - 903 - - - Italicized Flows indicate that no gaged flow data were available and these flows have been estimated based on cfs/sq mi for other gaged sites. N J TABLE 1-7. SUMMARY OF TRIBUTARY FLOW DELIVERY AS A FUNCTION OF CFS/SQ MI STREAM PIGEON RIVER MILE DRAINAGE AREAS USGS GAGED OR AAT MEASURED Q FLOW DELIVERY PER BASIN AREA PERCENTAGE OF FLOW PER BASIN (PRM) (sq mi) Aug 30-31, 2012 29-Jun-12 15-Sep-12 10-Nov-12 Aug 30-31, 2012 29-Jun-12 15-Sep-12 10-Nov-12 Aug 30-31, 2012 29-Jun-12 15-Sep-12 10-Nov-12 (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs/sq mi) (cfs/sq mi) (cfs/sq mi) (cfs/sq mi) East Fork Pigeon River 69.32 + 0.21 51.5 22.6 47.0 35.0 53.0 0.4380 0.9126 0.6796 1.0291 12.13% 16.97% 19.23% 19.63% West Fork Pigeon River 69.32 + 0.28 58.4 27.0 56.0 45.0 58.0 0.4630 0.9589 0.7705 0.9932 14.54% 20.22% 24.73% 21.48% Pigeon River at Headwaters 69.32 109.9 49.6 103.0 80.0 111.0 0.4513 0.9372 0.7279 1.0100 26.67% 37.18% 43.96% 41.11% Pigeon River at Canton 64.85 130.00 59.8 111.0 83.0 106.0 0.4599 0.8538 0.6385 0.8154 32.14% 40.07% 45.60% 39.26% Beaverdam Creek 62.85 + 0.01 11.02 4.3 3.49 5.27 4.75 0.3902 0.3167 0.4782 0.4310 2.31% 1.26% 2.90% 1.76% Murray Branch 61.66 + 0.36 1.03 0.2 0.31 0.32 0.42 0.1936 0.3000 0.3097 0.4065 0.11 % 0.11 % 0.18% 0.16% Poison Cove 57.45 + 0.04 1.66 0.6 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.3612 0.3251 0.3311 0.3311 0.32% 0.19% 0.30% 0.20% Richland Creek 54.91 + 0.21 68.49 30.5 57.29 47.17 52.12 0.4453 0.8365 0.6887 0.7610 16.40% 20.68% 25.92% 19.30% Big Branch 51.74 + 0.01 2.04 0.4 0.27 0.62 0.63 0.1964 0.1325 0.3044 0.3093 0.22% 0.10% 0.34% 0.23% Crabtree Creek 49.73 + 0.01 19.09 3.2 9.95 10.6 11.1 0.1677 0.5213 0.5559 0.5816 1.72% 3.59% 5.83% 4.11% Ferguson Cove 48.30 + 0.01 0.55 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.3 0.0727 0.1090 0.1817 0.5452 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.11% Jonathan Creek 45.96 + 0.64 66.61 43.8 55.97 48.89 63.14 0.6575 0.8402 0.7339 0.9479 23.55% 20.21% 26.86% 23.39% Fines Creek 42.68 + 0.26 25.78 9 26.12 10.15 23.02 0.3491 1.0131 0.3937 0.8928 4.84% 9.43% 5.58% 8.53% Pigeon River at Hepco 42.58 350.00 186 277 182 270 0.5314 0.7914 0.5200 0.7714 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Cataloochee Creek 38.19 + 0.00 49.20 34.6 15.7 14 44 0.7033 0.3191 0.2846 0.8943 13.54% 5.01% 5.83% 9.80% Big Creek 36.35 35 20.75 20.56 73.99 0.9629 0.5708 0.5656 2.0355 13.69% 6.62% 8.57% 16.48% Cosby Creek 58.47 21.29 57.43 0.3641 0.9822 8.87% 12.79% English Creek 14.97 2.16 3.58 0.1443 0.2391 0.90% 0.80% Total @ English Creek 256 313 240 449 N N lantsf+. s �i�i~ >�"w • - � • - - 'y- .' l � � .q:1ah1�1+�y I �I , {+ f f - ty •.a a t .Y • - reenj �- I fro V,,> 5�,r �} f��7 . M1 8%N l 4 Chapel k ev�lf r T x,'AG� 5 mar�ri, A 0. L I N . A —Sharb 1n�,}}}� iiAd V. y �' f WE Ike d - , Evergreen Packaging" Canton Mill - - r f- ri�r�'-mil burnt i t Canton, North Carolina 4SN Cape ink NW j SOY1VItI tY Cape1"kour 0''�' l i 13� } " Cape Fear CLIENT: laver een Packa in Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-1 PROJECT/FILE: 122157 �quAeTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth LOCATION MAP HAYWOOD COUNTY IN NORTH CAROLINA V P Y .. z •. ., _ , ��crvilla 4 t M+A HdL -YS' ,.xe� YR�ti� f ;.. Tenn sseeIF r fr �'' -�.n ,.r. .I �•::£.� YOB. niAIH 'yll ran n•!- -i - '6] Fi Y' •H+ - pk . .]4} Zs i � . J r• North Carolin Haywood Fwj r'F�i�hnare � t .. _ GlFefotcc ,Ha:.eLurood ESr}•sW,�i R' ,Mi�enH.,ir� Ho,n+• v. H6rlH' J`l. :iliB.i.A� Eae .,RR.r .53'law F'u5d,4fsj is4:F �. .Y:n�'. fii?' .tC .F.f•ndrfmrxill• 10 U 10 20 H :P'. East Flak Ro FFa. Rodk Packa in Co oration Canton Mill7�7�L�n FIGURE 1-2. AREA MAP North Carolina =2157 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth FIR, N TAENNEcSSEE Big Creek-- .. � �- Cataloochee Creek i Jonathan Creek Pigeon River at Ferguson Bridge Big Branch Richland Creek r ,-< Pigeon River at Clyde Poison Cove Tributary Pigeon River at 1�• �� E f Browns Bridge - r Pigeon River at Hepco F .r Fines Creek Ferguson Cove Tributary Crabtree Creek r Pigeon River at ThicketY 02 Station 71, Murray Branch M� Beaverdam ti Creek Pigeon River at Fibreville Upstream Pigeon River Upstream Pigeon River , r NORTH CAROLINA Miles CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill FIGURE 1-3 LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AquAeTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth TRIBUTARIES SAMPLED BYAQUAETER 1-31 HARTFORD (PRM 20,87) 25 BROWN'S BRIDGE (PRM 24.7) TENNESSEE BIG CREEK (PRM 25.84) --- (PRM 25.85) WALTERS PLANT (PRM 25.87) NORTH CAROLINA 30 NOTfi: USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS MICATE THAT RIVER MILE 0 FOR BIG CREEK IS CENTERED IN THE PIGEON RIVER CHANNEL OF THE NORTH CA.ROLINAlrENNESSEE BORDER. 3S WALTERS DAM (PRM 37.87) CATA.LOOCHEE CREEK (PRM 38.00) 40 0 w a HEPCO BRIDGE (PRM 42.58) FINES CREEK (PRM 42.68+0.26) 50 65 JONATHAN CREEK (PRM 45.96+0.64) FERGUSON BRIDGE (PRM 48.3) NCSR 1625 BRIDGE (PRM 53.56) RICHLAND CREEK (PRM 54.91+0.21) (MAGGIE VALLEY) POISON COVE TRIBUTARY (PRM 57.45+0.04) FIBERVILLE BRIDGE (PRM 62.85) PARK ST BRIDGE (PRM 63.61) FERGUSON COVE TRIBUTARY (PRM 48.3+0.01) CRABTREE CREEK (PRM 49.73+0.01) BIG BRANCH (PRM 51.7440.02) CLYDE (PRM 57.60) — MURRAY BRANCH (PRM 61.66+0.36) BEAVERDAM CREEK (PRM 62.85+0.01) CANTON RECREATION PARK (PRM 64.5) WELLS ROAD BRIDGE [PRM 67.5) BEGIN PIGEON RIVER (PRM 69.32) W FORK PR (PRM 69,32+0,28) E FORK PR (PRM 69.32+0.21) LEW PIGEON RIVER (PR) REW Note: Fibreville Bridge is also spelled Fiberville Bridge. CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina FIGURE 1-4 PROJECT/FILE: 122157 LOCATIONS OF INTEREST AquAeTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth 1-32 w W PIGEON RIVER BASIN CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina FIGURE 1-5. AREA MAP PROJECT/FILE: 122157 ACIl1Ae1�r optimizing resources I water, air, earth EAST FORK PIGEON RIVER NEAR PIGEON RIVER FORMATION The photographs on the left were t, when the flow was more than doul flow. The photographs on the right were when the flow was less than half of 1 The photographs on top both she upstream. The photographs on bottom both s: downstream. CLIEN1': Ever een Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-6. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE EAST LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FORK PIGEON RIVER A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth WEST FORK PIGEON RIVER NEAR PIGEON RIVER FORMATION The photographs on the left were taken in March 2011 when the flow was nearly double the monthly 30Q2 flow. The photographs on the right were taken in April 2010 when the flow was less than half of the monthly 30Q2 flow. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-7. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WEST LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FORK PIGEON RIVER /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER AT WALTERS POWERHOUSE, LOOKING UPSTREAM 7F t r' r' Asti:AL CLIENT: Eger ntn , North in Corporation canton IvIIlI FIGURE 1-8. PHOTOGRAPH OF WALTERS LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 POWERHOUSE DURING RELEASE A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth w PIGEON RIVER AT WELLS ROAD BRIDGE The photographs on the left were taken in September 2012 The photographs on the right were taken in November 2012. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-9. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WELLS ROAD BRIDGE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER NEAR USGS GAGE AT CANTON The photographs on this page were taken in March 2011. The photograph to the left shows the view looking The photograph below shows the view looking CLIENT: laver een Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-10. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HIGHWAY 215 AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth w PIGEON RIVER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON The photographs on the left were taken in March 2011. The photographs on the right were taken in April 2010. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-11. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON RECREATION AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth PARK STORMWATER OUTFALL INTO THE PIGEON RIVER IN CANTON CLIENT: EverjZreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-12. STORMWATER DISCHARGE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FROM THE TOWN OF CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth I PIGEON RIVER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON photographs on the were taken in April 2010. photographs on the t were taken in April 2011. photographs on top oth show the view ooking upstream. he photographs on ttom both show the looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-13. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER FROM PARK STREET AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth tv BEAVERDAM CREEK AT THE PIGEON RIVER The photographs on the left were taken in March 2011. The photographs on the right were taken in April 2010. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton,North Carolina FIGURE 1-14. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 BEAVERDAM CREEK ACIl1Ae1�r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER AT FIBREVILLE BRIDGE IN CANTON The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in March 2011. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-15. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER FROM FIBREVILLE BRIDGE AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth MURRAY BRANCH NEAR THICKETY ROAD IN CANTON The photographs on the left were taken in November 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in April 2010. In the photographs on the left, the creek is flowing from left to right. In the photographs on right, the view looking upstream is on top and looking downstream is on bottom. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-16. PHOTOGRAPHS OF MURRAY LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 BRANCH /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 4. PIGEON RIVER NEAR THICKETY 02 STATION The photographs on the left were taken in September 2012. The photographs on the right were taken in November 2012. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-17. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER NEAR THICKETY OZ AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth STATION BOWEN BRANCH AT THICKETY ROAD The photographs on this page were taken in March 2011. The photograph to the left shows the view looking upstream. The photograph to the right shows the view looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-18. PHOTOGRAPHS OF BOWEN LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 BRANCH UPSTREAM FROM INTERSTATE 40 AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth BOWEN BRANCH NEAR THE PIGEON RIVER The photographs on this page were taken in March 2011. The photograph to the left shows the view looking upstream. The photograph below shows Bowen Branch entering the Pigeon River. Bowen Branch is to the bottom left within the picture and is a light, turbid brown. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-19. PHOTOGRAPHS OF BOWEN LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 BRANCH NEAR THE PIGEON RIVER /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER AT BOWEN BRANCH CONFLUENCE The photographs on this page were taken in March 2011. The photograph to the left shows the view looking upstream. Bowen Branch is seen entering the River on the left side of the The photograph below shows the view looking CLIENT: hverjzreen Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-20. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER NEAR BOWEN BRANCH AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER AT CHARLES STREET IN CLYDE photographs on the were taken in April 2010. photographs on the ight were taken in December 2009. photographs on top oth show the view ooking upstream. he photographs on ttom both show the looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-21. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER FROM CHARLES STREET IN AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth CLYDE 0 UNNAMED TRIBUTARY FROM POISON COVE IN CLYDE The photographs on the page were taken in April 2010. The photograph on the left shows the view looking upstream. The photograph on the right shows the view looking downstream. CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-22. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 UNNAMED TRIBUTARY DRAINING POISON AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth COVE IN CLYDE PIGEON RIVER AT SCOTTS DRIVE BRIDGE The photographs on this page were taken in December 2009. The photograph to the left shows the view looking The photograph below shows the view looking CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-23. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT SCOTTS DRIVE BRIDGE AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth tv RICHLAND CREEK FROM RICHLAND CREEK ROAD The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in Marc] 2011. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-24. PHOTOGRAPHS OF RICHLAND LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CREEK /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER AT NORTH CAROLINA STATE ROUTE 1625 BRIDGE The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in August 2010. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream. CLIENT: EverjZreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-25. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PIGEON LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 RIVER AT NCSR 1625 BRIDGE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth BIG BRANCH NEAR CONFLUENCE WITH PIGEON RIVER The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in March 2011. The photographs on top both show the view looking upstream. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream at the confluence with the Pigeon River. In both, Big Branch is entering the Pigeon River from the bottom of the picture. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-26. PHOTOGRAPHS OF BIG LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 BRANCH /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth CRABTREE CREEK NEAR CONFLUENCE WITH THE PIGEON RIVER The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in November 2012. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on Crabtree Creek. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream at the confluence with the Pigeon River. In both, Crabtree Creek is entering the Pigeon River from the bottom of the picture. The Pigeon River flows towards the right in both pictures. CLIENT: hverjzreen PackaginjZ Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-27. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CRABTREE CREEK /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN CRABTREE CREEK BASIN In the photograph on the left, manure piles are spread around a field adjacent to Crabtree Creek. In the photograph on the right, runoff from the barn and other animal pens is allowed to enter directly into Crabtree Creek. CLIENT: laver een Packa in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton,Noun Carolina FIGURE 1-28. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN CRABTREE �CIL1Ae�r optimizing resources I water, air, earth CREEK BASIN UNNAMED TRIBUTARY FROM FERGUSON COVE AT PIGEON RIVER The photographs on the left were taken in November 2012. The photograph on top right was taken in April 2011. The photograph on the bottom right was taken in March 2011. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on the unnamed tributary. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream at the confluence with the Pigeon River. In both, the unnamed tributary is entering the Pigeon River from the bottom of the picture. The Pigeon River flows towards the right in both pictures. CLIENT: hverjzreen PackaginjZ Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-29. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FERGUSON COVE TRIBUTARY /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER AT IRON DUFF BRIDGE The photographs on the left were taken in June 2012. The photographs on the right were taken in November 2012. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on the Pigeon River. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream on the Pigeon River. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-32. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PIGEON LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 RIVER AT IRON DUFF BRIDGE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth JONATHAN CREEK AT LIBERTY CHURCH ROAD BRIDGE The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in June 2012. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on Jonathan Creek. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream on Jonathan Creek. CLIENT: hverjzreen acka in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-33. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 JONATHAN CREEK ACIl1Ae1�r optimizing resources I water, air, earth FINES CREEK AT PANTHER CREEK ROAD The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photographs on the right were taken in June 2012. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on Fines Creek. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream on Fines Creek. LOCATION: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-34. PHOTOGRAPHS OF FINES LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CREEK /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth LIVESTOCK FEEDING AREA IN SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton,Noun Carolina FIGURE 1-35. PHOTOGRAPH OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN PANTHER �CIL1Ae�r optimizing resources I water, air, earth CREEK BASIN PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO BRIDGE The photographs on the left were taken in April 2010. The photograph on the top right was taken in March 2011. The photograph on the bottom right was taken in August 2010. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on the Pigeon River. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream on the Pigeon River, which is the beginning of Walters Lake. LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-36. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PIGEON LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 RIVER AT HEPCO BRIDGE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth CATALOOCHEE CREEK AT USGS GAGING STATION The photographs on the left were taken in June 2012. The photographs on the right were taken in November 2012. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on Cataloochee Creek. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream on Cataloochee Creek. CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-37. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CATALOOCHEE CREEK /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth WALTERS POWERHOUSE INTAKE STRUCTURE LOCATED IN THE CATALOOCHEE EMBAYMENT OF WALTERS LAKE CLIENT: EverjZreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-38. PHOTOGRAPH OF WALTERS LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 POWERHOUSE INTAKE STRUCTURE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth PIGEON RIVER AT BROWNS BRIDGE IN TENNESSEE The photographs on the left were taken in September 2012. The photograph on the top right was taken in June 2012. The photograph on the bottom right was taken in November 2012. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on the Pigeon River. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream on the Pigeon River. The Walters Powerhouse was not releasing for generation during any of the times these pictures were taken. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-39. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT BROWNS BRIDGE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth BIG CREEK UPSTREAM FROM THE PIGEON RIVER The photographs on the left were taken in June 2012. The photographs on the right were taken in November 2012. The photographs on the top show the view looking upstream on Big Creek. The photographs on bottom both show the view looking downstream on Big Creek. The Walters Powerhouse is visible on the right downstream from the bridge. LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-40. PHOTOGRAPHS OF BIG LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CREEK /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth LIVESTOCK FEEDING AREA CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton,Noun Carolina FIGURE 1-41. PHOTOGRAPH OF PROJECT/FILE: 122157 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN BIG CREEK �CIL1Ae�r optimizing resources I water, air, earth BASIN r: T' 7r t' fr��Ir' �, iT- i I I �j t+,+X,rl ' 'i• lid ? r ' k *w 1'. %, t� irti • ry ' K . i r I r r,' f English Creek 14.97 Square Miles + ' 7. ,. � •,' � .P � r. � "- Pam' w ` � '�i+-•,{ � � ��•.��M '�` . F'' Cosby Creek Ok 58.47 Square Miles IAw N Fines Creek 25.79 Square Miles fy Big Creek .rr s Creek f _g+ r 1 + V r7 Crabtree rP� 'x�• r� i� ' �r [ '• III. Catal •61.29 1 rl�rf'•r o/ �� s• 5y 1. 2 ��jjJ A • )y Jonathan Creek Legend Richl/ Creek Square68.51 1 ' • 1 t� Pigeon River Watershed .. r r • States f Pigeon River Mainstrearn Ir i1� �M� l R • r on - �� . .'. • ' 1 ' ' �'� %irn••'y French Broad Mainstream CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging oCantn Mill ELEVATION CHANGE FROM THE HEADWATERS TO THE FRENCH BROAD RIVER 5,000 1-1 Z 4,000 O W 3,000 W 2,000 11000 0 -----v-----------------------------------------0 a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ U U ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- o------------- a° 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PIGEON RIVER MILE ♦ Pigeon River ■ East Fork Pigeon River ♦ West Fork Pigeon River CLIENT: Everjzreen in co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-43. ELEVATION CHANGE ON THE LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth N Legend North Carolina Tennessee 0.048% Open Water 0% Perennial Ice/Snow 6,36% Developed, Open Space i 1.14% Developed, Low Intensity 0.29% - Developed, Medium Intensity 0.095% - Developed, High Intensity 007 0.048% - Barren Land ram... Pgeon 75.45% Deciduous Forest a. 3.57 /o - Evergreen Forest r 1.71% 0 Mixed Forest 1. a 0.99% 0 Shrub/Scrub 0.52% Gras sland/Herbaceous f _ 9.21 % Pasture Hay 0 W. 0.36% - Cultivated Crops N t2.r Il 0.058% 0 Woody Wetlands W E 0% - Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands ', �. ,er - Miles 10 5 0 10 20 CL1l;NP: fiver een Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-44. LAND USE WITHIN THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER BASIN IN NORTH A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth CAROLINA 10,000 10 4- 1.01 402 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) January - Adjusted Weibull ❑ January - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ January 30Q2 LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-45. JANUARY 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 431 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.31.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ February - Adjusted Weibull ❑ February - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ February 30Q2 CLIENT: OCAT : fiver ntn Pao North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-46. FEBRUARY 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 475 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.31.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ March - Adjusted Weibull ❑ March - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 ♦ March 30Q2 100 LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-47. MARCH 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 10 4- 1.01 419 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ April - Adjusted Weibull ❑ April - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ April 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-48. APRIL 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 292 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ May - Adjusted Weibull ❑ May - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ May 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-49. MAY 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 10 4- 1.01 219 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ June - Adjusted Weibull ❑ June - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ June 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-50. JUNE 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 1,000 w O w 100 161 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ July - Adjusted Weibull ❑ July - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ July 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-51. JULY 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 129 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ August - Adjusted Weibull ❑ August - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ August 30Q2 LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-52. AUGUST 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 133 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ September - Adjusted Weibull ❑ September - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ September 30Q2 LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-53. SEPTEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 10 4- 1.01 167 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ October - Adjusted Weibull ❑ October - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ October 30Q2 CLIENT: Eger Canton, North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-54. OCTOBER 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Cton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 208 10 i i i 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ November - Adjusted Weibull ❑ November - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ November 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-55. NOVEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR PROJECT FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 289 to 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ December - Adjusted Weibull ❑ December - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ December 30Q2 *4,\ 1 CLIENT: hverjzreen PackaginjZ Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-56. DECEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON AZe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 819 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) January - Adjusted Weibull ❑ January - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ January 30Q2 LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-57. JANUARY 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 941 100 100 ..................... .............. ... .. ............ ..... ... ... ......... .... ... ......... .. 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.31.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ February - Adjusted Weibull 0 February - Log Pearson Type III M Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 A February 30Q2 1 CLIENT., hverjzree Packaginiz Co oration Canton Mill LOCATFIGURE -58. FEBRUARY 30Q FLOW FOR ION. 4 Canton, North Carolina RE I I PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 1,022 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ March - Adjusted Weibull ❑ March - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ March 30Q2 LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-59. MARCH 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 908 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ April - Adjusted Weibull ❑ April - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ April 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever Canton, North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-60. APRIL 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Cton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 1,000 w u C a w 100 666 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ May - Adjusted Weibull ❑ May - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ May 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-61. MAY 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 1,000 w u a w O 100 471 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ June - Adjusted Weibull ❑ June - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ June 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-62. JUNE 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 10 4- 1.01 372 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ July - Adjusted Weibull ❑ July - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ July 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-63. JULY 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 335 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ August - Adjusted Weibull ❑ August - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ August 30Q2 LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-64. AUGUST 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 300 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ September - Adjusted Weibull ❑ September - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ September 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever ntn Pao North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-65. SEPTEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 344 10 I 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ October - Adjusted Weibull ❑ October - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ October 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever Canton, North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-66. OCTOBER 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Cton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 439 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) November - Adjusted Weibull ❑ November - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ November30Q2 CLIENT: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-67. NOVEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 629 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ December - Adjusted Weibull ❑ December - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ December 30Q2 *4,\ 1 CLIENT: hverjzreen PackaginjZ Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-68. DECEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO AZe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 10 4- 1.01 1,259 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) January - Adjusted Weibull ❑ January - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ January 30Q2 LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-69. JANUARY 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 1,253 1,000 100 1 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ February - Adjusted Weibull ❑ February - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ February 30Q2 I CLIENT: hverjzreen PackaginjZ Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina FIGURE 1-70. FEBRUARY 30Q FLOW FOR PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth I 10,000 1,400 1,000 w e� 3 0 a w 100 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ March - Adjusted Weibull ❑ March - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ March 30Q2 LOCATION: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-71. MARCH 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 1,315 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ April - Adjusted Weibull ❑ April - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ April30Q2 LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-72. APRIL 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 977 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ May - Adjusted Weibull ❑ May - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ May 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-73. MAY 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 771 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ June - Adjusted Weibull ❑ June - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ June 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-74. JUNE 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 10 4- 1.01 /AZeTe\r 611 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) July - Adjusted Weibull ❑ July - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ July 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever een Packa in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-75. JULY 30Q FLOW FOR THE PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 421 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ August - Adjusted Weibull ❑ August - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ August 30Q2 LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-76. AUGUST 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 476 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) September - Adjusted Weibull ❑ September - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ September 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever Canton, North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-77. SEPTEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Cton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 1,000 w c� C a w O 100 472 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ October - Adjusted Weibull ❑ October - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval ♦ October 30Q2 CLIENT: Eger Canton, North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-78. OCTOBER 30Q FLOW FOR THE LOCATION: Cton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 609 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ November - Adjusted Weibull ❑ November - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ November 30Q2 CLIENT: fiver ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-79. NOVEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 940 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) ♦ December - Adjusted Weibull ❑ December - Log Pearson Type III ■ Annual 30Q2 — — Actual Recurrence Interval 40 50 100 ♦ December 30Q2 CLIENT: Ever ntn Pao North in `° °ration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-80. DECEMBER 30Q FLOW FOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 THE PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000 10 1.01 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 RECURRENCE INTERVAL (yrs) *East Fork Pigeon River ■West Fork Pigeon River ♦Pigeon River at Canton XPigeon River at Hepco +Pigeon River at Waterville CLIENT: Ever Canton, North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 1-81. ANNUAL AVERAGE FLOWS LOCATION: Cton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR THE PIGEON RIVER /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth GAGING RICHLAND CREEK IN AUGUST 2010 4. " .sib' �,z *s: ..` �:. •.H. _ �. � '.A..,� J�,._ -�}, �.9 = 3 _ s. <- art'•- ��i=�'C.,r _; � � �-� ��- CLIENT: Ever m Evergreen Packa Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 1-82. EXAMPLE OF STREAM PROJECT/FILE: 122157 GAGING ACIl1AeTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth 1000 100 ,-. 10 O 0.1 0.01 L- 0.1 y = 0.1703x 1 2456 , R2 = 0.9709 ; y = 0.1944x1.307 -: R2 = 0.9713 .1 = 0.255x1.1695 i... ' R2 = 0' 9653 ' -------- --� :: y = 0.379x1.1863 ::: R2 = 0.9644 1 10 DRAINAGE AREA (sq mi) 100 ♦ Aug 2010 ■ June 2012 ♦ September 2012 x November 2012 - - - - - Power (Aug 2010) - . - . - . Power (June 2012) - - - - Power (September 2012) Power (November 2012) CLIENT: hverjzreen Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill LocnTloN: canton Noun Carolina FIGURE 1-83. EXAMPLE OF FLOW PROJECT/FTLE: 122157 DETERMINATION WITHIN THE PIGEON /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth RIVER BASIN COLOR IS GENERATED FROM THE NATURAL BREAKDOWN OF PLANT MATERIAL East Fork Pigeon River Basin from the Blue Ridge Parkway. The Pigeon River Basin contains hundreds of thousands of acres of forest land, which can contribute plant material year-round. r z pi r 7# 71 � _ s Leaf litter and rain water that have deposited in a cooler in Middle Tennessee. CLIENT: Everjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth Leaf litter and rain water that have deposited in a puddle in the Cane Creek watershed, a tributary to the Little River within the Great Smokey Mountains National Park. Picture taken on October 19, 2012. FIGURE 1-84. EXAMPLE OF NATURAL SOURCES OF COLOR LITTLE TENNESSEE RIVER AT HAZEL CREEK EMBAYMENT IN F ONTANA LAKE Fine layer of sediment deposited on lake bottom. The sediments in the picture above are stirred up when turbulence disturbs them. This is the same phenomenon that occurs on Walters Lake with the power generation by Walters Powerhouse. CLIENT: EverjZreen Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-85. PHOTOGRAPH OF APPARENT LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 COLOR WITHIN THE GREAT SMOKY A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK TWENTYMILE CREEK ON JANUARY 31, 2013 Twentymile Creek, which begins at Twentymile Ranger Station in North Carolina, flows into Cheoah Lake on the Little Tennessee River. These pictures were taken at NC Highway 28. True color visible in Twentymile creek within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. CLIENT: hverjzreen Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-86. PHOTOGRAPH OF COLOR LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: I22157 WITHIN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth NATIONAL PARK TRIBUTARY TO ABRAMS CREEK, JANUARY 31, 2013 CLIEN _� LOCATION: laver Canton n , North in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 ACIl1Ae1�r optimizing resources I water, air, earth EXAMPLES OF COLOR IN STREAMS NEAR THE PIGEON RIVER Little River @ Townsend February 3, 2013 (Little River begins near Goshen Pass on the AT and flows through Elkmont and Townsend) Little Tennessee River/Calderwood Reservoir January 31, 2013 CLIENT: laver een Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-88. PHOTOGRAPH OF COLOR LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 WITHIN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth NATIONAL PARK COLOR CONTRIBUTED FROM SNOWMELT November 11, 2012 on Walker Camp Prong, tributary to the Little Pigeon River CLIENT: Everj4reen Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-89. PHOTOGRAPH OF COLOR LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: I22157 WITHIN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth NATIONAL PARK 120 ■ 100 't IN 20 a1 A/ q7eTNer Results from the Pigeon River and its Tributaries ■ ■ Arm I j6 W ■ ME y = 0.1719x + 19.948 R2 = 0.0571 ■ 50 100 150 200 250 TURBIDITY (NTU) ■ TRUE Linear (TRUE) CLIENT: Everjzreen in co oration canton MillFIGURE 1-90. TRUE COLOR VERSUS LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 TURBIDITY ON THE PIGEON RIVER AND ITS optimizing resources I water, air, earth TRIBUTARIES 2,500 2,000 a 1,500 ago O a 1,000 500 I Results from the Pigeon River and its Tributaries --------- y = 7.8427x - 12.354 R2 = 0.9099 ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0 50 100 150 TURBIDITY (NTU) ♦ Apparent Linear (Apparent) 200 250 CLIENT: laver een Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 1-91. APPARENT COLOR VERSUS LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 TURBIDITY ON THE PIGEON RIVER AND ITS AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth TRIBUTARIES SECTION 2.0 COLOR ANALYSES OF THE PIGEON RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES In 2009, Evergreen Packaging's Canton Mill asked AquAeTer, Inc. to conduct a comprehensive assessment and analysis of color in the Pigeon River and its tributaries in Haywood County, North Carolina. AquAeTer also collected the color data during the Color Perception Study in 2012. The tributaries monitored in Haywood County were previously shown in Figure 1 - 3. The assessment included collection and analysis by AquAeTer of water samples for chemical analyses including True and Apparent Color, flow monitoring, in -situ water quality data including turbidity measurements. AquAeTer also conducted an analysis of color data collected by Evergreen Packaging's Canton Mill located in Canton, North Carolina and data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gaging locations in the basin. True Color data collected by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) at the state line, at Newport, and in the French Broad River upstream from Newport, Tennessee were also reviewed. The True Color dataset that has been collected on the Pigeon River and its tributaries represent the most comprehensive set of data on True Color for any waterbody in the U.S. The sources of True Color in the Pigeon River include the contributions from the major and minor tributaries of which some are mountain streams. Models were developed based on the data collected that allow the prediction of True Color for flow events that can occur in the Pigeon River and in its tributaries for a broad range of hydrologic events. 2.1 DATA COLLECTION AND SOURCES The Pigeon River has been sampled at several locations by the Canton Mill, by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), and by AquAeTer. 2.1.1 Types of Sampling Methods The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published a guidance document on sampling methods (EPA, 2002; Zhang, 2007). The main type of sampling utilized in sampling the Pigeon River is judgmental sampling. According to the USEPA, judgmental sampling involves the selection of sampling units based on knowledge of the feature or condition under investigation. For both TDEC and Evergreen, the method employed was based on a sampling schedule, which will be described in further detail below. For AquAeTer's samples, the method employed was based on flow in the Pigeon River and/or hydrologic conditions within the basin. One downside to the judgmental sampling (sometimes called systematic sampling) is that conclusions 2-1 about probability cannot be made. That is, the USEPA specifically states that "When using judgmental sampling, statistical analysis cannot be used to draw conclusions." These two datasets represent the range of both True and Apparent Color conditions in the Pigeon River and its tributaries. These datasets have been set up to provide a true representation of both anthropogenic and natural conditions that can occur in the Pigeon River during the full range of hydrological and meteorological conditions so that a good understanding can be obtained as to what would be expected to occur in the Pigeon River. Although the Evergreen sampling program was set up using a judgmental approach with respect to sample collection times, the amount of samples have generated a dataset that is random with respect to the hydrologic conditions within the Pigeon River Basin. That is, the Evergreen samplers have collected samples without regards to the weather. Data have been collected that are representative of all but the most extreme weather events (hurricane generated flows in September 2004). These data can therefore be utilized to make probabilistic determination of expected color within the Basin. 2.1.2 AquAeTer Sampling Events AquAeTer monitored water parameters, as presented in Table 2 - 1, in the Pigeon River during four water sampling events conducted in 2010 that included the following time periods: 1. April 21 through 23, 2010; 2. June 21 through 23, 2010; 3. August 30 through September 1, 2010; and 4. November 30 through December 1, 2010. During 2011 and 2012, AquAeTer also conducted additional data collections for turbidity, True Color and Apparent Color, as well as, flow and in -situ monitoring for Pigeon River and tributary sites. These sample dates included: 5. March 7, 2011; 6. April 19, 2011; 7. August 20 and 21, 2011; 8. June 29 and 30, 2012; 9. September 14 and 15, 2012; and 10. November 9 and 10, 2012. The list of stations sampled is presented in Table 2 - 2 and the station locations are shown in Figure 2 - 1. The flow conditions in the Pigeon River and its tributaries during the sampling periods were previously presented in Table 1 - 6. The full range of flow and seasonal conditions have been sampled including the 7Q 10, flows between the 7Q 10 and the 30Q2 flows, 30Q2, 2-2 flows higher than 30Q2, a snowmelt event, and storm rainfall events, as presented previously in Table 2 - 3. The sampling program was deliberately established as a judgmental program (EPA, 2002) to include the full range of conditions that can occur in the Pigeon River and on its tributaries and to mirror, albeit it in a shorter time frame, the range of conditions that Evergreen Packaging has sampled since 2001. 2.1.3 Evergreen Routine Sampling True Color is monitored by the Mill at the following locations and frequencies: • Twice per week at the Park Street Bridge at Pigeon River Mile (PRM) 63.61, upstream from the Mill discharge; • Twice per week at the Fiberville (Fibreville) Bridge at PRM 62.85, downstream from the Mill Discharge; • Once per week at the Hepco Bridge at PRM 42.58, which is located at the transition zone from the free -flowing Pigeon River to the headwaters of Walters Lake; • Once per week at the Pigeon River prior to mixing with Big Creek, at the Walters Powerhouse; • Once per week at the mouth of Big Creek above the confluence with the Pigeon River; and • Once per week at Browns Bridge at PRM 24.78, which is the closest bridge to the North Carolina -Tennessee State Line. 2.1.4 USGS Data There are eight USGS gages in the basin that were utilized as part of this study, presented previously in Section 1.3.2. The period of record for each gage was previously given in Table 1 - 4. All gage data utilized were taken after hydrologic modifications to the River. Notably, Lake Logan on the West Fork Pigeon River was impounded in the 1930's and the Pigeon River was impounded by Walters Dam in 1930. 2.2 TRUE COLOR ANALYSES On an annual basis, the primary source for True Color in the Pigeon River and its tributaries, except for Fibreville, is from the natural and anthropogenic sources other than the Mill. The True Color mass loadings and True Color concentrations used in the analyses are presented in Appendix 2. 2-3 2.2.1 True Color in the Pigeon River True Color is naturally found in the Pigeon River upstream from the Mill and this True Color varies by month and season. True Color concentrations at Park Street upstream from the Evergreen Packaging effluent discharge are presented in Figure 2 - 2, and for single months in Figure 2 - 3 through Figure 2 - 14. These figures show that there is no relationship between flow in the Pigeon River and True Color concentrations. As can be seen from Figure 2 - 9, the maximum recorded True Color upstream from the Mill discharge is 59 mg/L (as PCUs). A comparison of the True Color concentrations by month is presented in Figure 2 - 15. The True Color concentrations at Park Street in Canton resemble True Color concentrations measured on the East Fork Pigeon River, on the West Fork Pigeon River, and at locations between the confluence of the East Fork Pigeon River and West Fork Pigeon River downstream to the Park Street Bridge, as shown in Table 2 - 4. This station represents the background River that is coming to the Mill and is used as the proper Reference stream for comparison with all downstream stations. True Color concentrations are compared between the Park Street Bridge, Hepco, and at the Stateline downstream from the Walters Powerhouse in Figure 2 - 16 through Figure 2 - 17, respectively. Results from all three stations are presented in Figure 2 - 18. For all stations, the range between maximum to minimum concentrations are similar even though flows vary considerably. At higher flows, the contribution from the Mill is minimal, but it is also noted that the variability in True Color for the same flow ranges can vary by a wide range in the background station and at Hepco. True Color concentrations at Hepco downstream from the Evergreen Packaging effluent discharge are presented in Figure 2 - 19, and for single months in Figure 2 - 20 through Figure 2 - 31. These figures show that there is no relationship between flow in the Pigeon River and True Color concentrations. As can be seen from Figure 2 - 26, the maximum recorded True Color concentration downstream from the Mill discharge is 106 mg/L as PCUs, which occurred in 2005. For the 5-year period from 2009 to 2013, the maximum recorded True Color concentration was 65 mg/L. When this concentration occurred, the Mill represented less than 2 mg/L of the 65 mg/L measured at Hepco. A comparison of the True Color concentrations by month is presented in Figure 2 - 32. True Color concentrations at Browns Bridge downstream from the Walters Powerhouse are presented in Figure 2 - 33, and for single months in Figure 2 - 34 through Figure 2 - 45. These figures show that there is no relationship between flow in the Pigeon River and True Color concentrations. As can be seen from Figure 2 - 41, the maximum recorded True Color downstream from the Mill discharge is 65 mg/L as PCUs. A comparison of the True Color concentrations by month is presented in Figure 2 - 46. 2-4 2.2.2 True Color Loading versus True Color Concentration True Color is measured by collecting and analyzing a sample. The result of the analysis is reported as a concentration. In order to determine the True Color Loading, the concentration must be multiplied by the flow in the stream when the sample was taken. The reason to evaluate True Color Loading at a single station is that the loading can be correlated to flow, whereas the concentration appears to be independent of flow. This relationship can be utilized to generate a predictive model. The fact that concentration is not correlated with flow also means that comparing True Color between stations should also be evaluated using the True Color Loading. The volume of water increases moving downstream. The concentration may appear to vary, with downstream concentrations sometimes greater and sometimes less than the concentration upstream. In order to evaluate True Color between stations, the loading should be evaluated. By evaluating concentration, one ignores that the River is changing as it moves downstream and it becomes easy to hide the changing River conditions. True Color loadings at Park Street in Canton are presented in Figure 2 - 47. A comparison of the True Color loadings by month is presented in Figure 2 - 48. True Color loadings at Hepco are presented in Figure 2 - 49. A comparison of the True Color loadings by month is presented in Figure 2 - 50. The maximum True Color concentration at Hepco in the past 5 years has been measured at 65 mg/L. When the 65 mg/L peak concentration was measured at Hepco on November 11, 2009, the Canton Mill represented approximately 1.3 mg/L, or 2%, of the True Color concentration in the River at Hepco. On this day, more than 1,169,851 pounds of True Color loading were added to the Pigeon River downstream from Canton by non -Mill sources. This is equivalent to 41.4 mg/L out of the 65 mg/L of True Color measured at Hepco. On August 27, 2008, the True Color loading was 419,524 lbs/day at Park Street, 409,768 lbs/day at Fibreville, and 1,272,970 lbs/day at Hepco. This means that more than 863,202 mg/L of True Color was added to the River downstream from the Mill. The Mill represented less than 4% of the color loading at Hepco. For both of these examples, the loading to the Pigeon River downstream from the Mill is equivalent to more than 31 days of True Color loadings from the Canton Mill. True Color loadings at Browns Bridge are presented in Figure 2 - 51. A comparison of the True Color loadings by month is presented in Figure 2 - 52. As will be discussed in detail under a following section, the small tributaries contribute a disproportionate percentage of True Color, as well as Apparent Color, to the Pigeon River. This helps explain why True Color concentration can be higher at Hepco than at the Park Street Bridge upstream from the Mill and at Fibreville downstream from the Mill. In other words, if the mass color is greater at stations downstream from Fibreville, this indicates that other sources 2-5 within the basin contribute to the color in the River. In fact, the total mass of color continues to increase with distance downstream. An estimate of the True Color loadings determined during a rain event on December 1, 2010 demonstrates how much color is added by the tributaries. The True Color loading at Park Street in Canton on that day was 430,532 lbs/day. The Mill Loading on that day was 33,426 lbs/day. The 9 tributaries downstream from Park Street accounted for 626,821 lbs/day. The loading on the Pigeon River at Hepco was 1,634,036 lbs/day. This means that 543,257 lbs/day were unaccounted for at Hepco. The majority of this likely came from the 67 tributaries between Park Street and Hepco. These data are presented in Table 2 - 5 and Figure 2 - 53 and Figure 2 - 54. In Figure 2 - 54, the black lines represent the sum of the measured loadings moving downstream. The gaps between the loadings measured in the Pigeon River downstream from Park Street and the sum total of the measured loadings represent the unaccounted for loadings from the smaller tributaries. The highest True Color concentration of 56 mg/L monitored was from Murray Branch, a tributary with a drainage area of only about 1 sq mi. The contribution from the True Color loadings from the Mill on December 1, 2010 represented less than 2% of the True Color loadings at Hepco. If one only looks at the concentration, it appears as if the majority of True Color at Hepco is directly related to the True Color at Park Street in Canton. However, as discussed above, the True Color at Park Street was only 26% of the True Color. In other words, of the 35 mg/L at Hepco, 9 mg/L can be attributed to background and less than 1 mg/L can be attributed to the Mill. Therefore, the majority of the True Color, 25 mg/L is from sources other than the Mill and other than background True Color coming to the Mill. If someone analyzes the data only by looking at concentration, that analysis is flawed in that it ignores that the River is different between the two stations. You cannot determine the relative makeup of the downstream station by just looking at concentration data. 2.2.3 Variability of True Color in the Pigeon River True Color concentration varies according to the variability of the loading within the basin, which can vary in any given month. This can be influenced by variations in flows. The peak concentration at Park Street occurred in July, but concentrations greater than 26 mg/L, which is two standard deviations greater than the average of 13 mg/L, have occurred in every month, as previously presented in Figure 2 - 15. The monthly True Color concentrations can vary widely at the same flow range indicating that there is naturally occurring True Color being added to the River at all flows and which vary significantly in the background. True Color in the Pigeon River upstream from the Mill at Park Street can vary by 10 to 40 mg/L for very similar flow events (i.e., for different dates within similar hydrologic seasons). Park Street has equivalent True Color concentrations as those measured at the East Fork Pigeon River and the West Fork Pigeon River. As an example, at or near the August 30Q2 flow of 129 cfs at Park Street, concentration measurements 2-6 in August have varied from 6 to 19 mg/L. At flows between 60 and 70 cfs, lower than the 30Q2, the True Color has varied from 8 to 53 mg/L in August. This is because there is a wide variability from the contributing sources within the basin throughout the year. At Canton, the True Color can vary by around 25 mg/L for the same flow range, as depicted previously in Figure 2 - 3 through Figure 2 - 14. 2.2.4 True Color in the Tributaries As mentioned previously, AquAeTer conducted a judgmental sampling program for True Color in the Pigeon River and the tributaries to the Pigeon River. The purpose of the sampling program was to sample the tributaries during their full range of hydrologic and meteorological conditions so the sampling dates were deliberately selected to take in the full range of meteorological and hydrologic conditions in the basin. It is noted that 15 tributaries have been sampled for True Color concentrations with 13 of these tributaries being in North Carolina. An estimate was made of each tributary's flows based on the stream gaging work that was done on each tributary. There are a total of 237 tributaries that flow directly into the Pigeon River from its headwaters near Bethel, North Carolina at PRM 69.32 to its confluence with the French Broad River near Newport Tennessee at PRM 0.00. Of these, 152 tributaries enter the Pigeon River in North Carolina. One of the major findings that has come from the AquAeTer monitoring of the tributaries during the full range of hydrologic conditions is that the tributaries with the smaller drainage areas, that is, less than 1 to 2 sq mi, have proportionally higher delivery rates for True Color during storm events (of any kind) than the larger tributaries. True Color concentrations and loadings for the tributaries for varying flow events are presented in Figure 2 - 55 and Figure 2 - 56 and Table 2 - 6 and Table 2 - 7, respectively. As has been previously mentioned, the smaller drainage area basins have the highest True Color yield in lbs per day of True Color per sq mi of drainage area per cfs of flow. The calculation of True Color Loading per cfs per square mile for all tributary drainage basins is presented in Figure 2 - 57. At all stations, the variability of True Color is wide for the same flow range suggesting that the Pigeon River should not be expected to have low (less than 10 mg/L) True Color concentrations for any flow range at 30Q2 and above flows. The data also strongly suggest that the variability in True Color in the background station upstream from the Mill at the Park Street Bridge is not expected to be low and can vary (for the same flow) by as much as 10 to 40 mg/L. This also holds true for the tributary streams. As the dataset shows, the Pigeon River upstream and downstream from the Mill will naturally have variable color concentrations. 2-7 2.3 APPARENT COLOR ANALYSES Apparent Color samples were collected at the same times and locations as the True Color samples. The locations and times were previously described. Apparent Color is the color seen by an individual looking at a waterbody. Apparent Color includes True Color (which we have already defined), total suspended solids which are primarily eroded soils carried by the flow, and other naturally transported material, such as, algae, leaves, trash, or other anthropogenic sources. 2.3.1 Apparent Color in the Pigeon River Apparent Color in the Pigeon River is normally seen as a light brown (from soil particles), turbid color. During one site visit in December 2009, Richland Creek was very turbid and greatly changed the turbidity in the Pigeon River, as shown in Figure 2 - 58. In this figure, the Pigeon River upstream from the confluence with Richland Creek was not noticeably turbid, whereas downstream from Richland Creek, the River was noticeably turbid. The discharge from the Walters Powerhouse is turbid light brown, as shown previously in Figure 1 - 8 and this light - brown turbid water is primarily from suspended solids. It is believed that the light brown color is primarily from sediments. True Color cannot be perceived visually in these discharges. True Color versus Apparent Color at the State line location is shown in Figure 2 - 59. Also, the total suspended solids color contribution is shown in Figure 1 - 85 from the Hazel Creek embayment on Fontana Reservoir. As evidenced by these figures, True Color is masked by Apparent Color. The Apparent Color at Hazel Creek is literally from the settled solids from the bottom of the lake being re -suspended into the water column due to some type of turbulence, in this case a pontoon boat picking up Great Smoky Mountains National Park hikers. For the Hazel Creek embayment, a pontoon boat prop wash was sufficient to stir up the bottom sediments. In Walters Lake, the sudden release of hydroelectric waters is sufficient to re -suspend settled solids from the bottom waters of Walters Lake. During non -hydroelectric generation periods, a minimal flow of around 50 to 150 cfs is discharged from the powerhouse. The clarity of these waters is shown in Figure 2 - 60 in the Pigeon River near the powerhouse and at Hartford about 5 mi downstream in Figure 2 - 61 during a non -generation period but when some flow (typically less than 250 cfs) is being released from the Powerhouse. Apparent Color is typically highest during storm events. Apparent Color concentrations at Park Street upstream from the Evergreen Packaging effluent discharge are presented in Figure 2 - 62. A comparison of the Apparent Color concentrations by month is presented in Figure 2 - 75. The Apparent Color concentrations at Park Street in Canton resemble Apparent Color concentrations measured on the East Fork Pigeon River, on the West Fork Pigeon River, and at locations between the confluence of the East Fork Pigeon River and West Fork Pigeon River downstream to the Park Street Bridge, as shown in Table 2 - 8. This station represents the background River that is coming to the Mill. Apparent Color concentrations are compared between the Park Street Bridge, Hepco, and at the Stateline downstream from the Walters Powerhouse in Figure 2 - 76 through Figure 2 - 78. For all stations, the range between maximum to minimum concentrations are similar even though flows vary considerably. At higher flows, the contribution from the Mill is minimal, but it is also noted that the variability in True Color for the same flow ranges can vary by a wide range in the background station and at Hepco. Apparent Color concentrations at Hepco downstream from the Evergreen Packaging effluent discharge are presented in Figure 2 - 79. As can be seen from Figure 2 - 82, the maximum recorded Apparent Color downstream from the Mill discharge is 1,752 mg/L as PCUs. A comparison of the Apparent Color concentrations by month is presented in Figure 2 - 92. Apparent Color concentrations at Browns Bridge downstream from the Walters Powerhouse are presented in Figure 2 - 93. As can be seen from Figure 2 - 98, the maximum recorded Apparent Color downstream from the Mill discharge is 633 mg/L as PCUs. A comparison of the Apparent Color concentrations by month is presented in Figure 2 - 106. 2.3.2 Apparent Color Loading versus Apparent Color Concentration As with True Color, Apparent Color is measured by collecting and analyzing a sample. The result of the analysis is reported as a concentration. In order to determine the Apparent Color Loading, the concentration must be multiplied by the flow in the stream when the sample was taken. The reason to evaluate Apparent Color Loading at a single station is that the loading can be correlated to flow, whereas the concentration is independent of flow. This relationship can be utilized to generate a predictive model. The fact that concentration is not correlated with flow also means that comparing Apparent Color between stations should also be evaluated using the Apparent Color Loading. The volume of water increases moving downstream. The concentration may appear to vary, with downstream concentrations sometimes greater and sometimes less than the concentration upstream. In order to evaluate Apparent Color between stations, the loading should be evaluated. By evaluating concentration, one ignores that the River is changing as it moves downstream and it becomes easy to hide the changing River conditions. Apparent Color loadings at Park Street in Canton are presented in Figure 2 - 107. A comparison of the Apparent Color loadings by month is presented in Figure 2 - 108. Apparent Color loadings at Hepco are presented in Figure 2 - 109. A comparison of the Apparent Color loadings by month is presented in Figure 2 - 110. Apparent Color loadings at Browns Bridge are presented in Figure 2 - 111. A comparison of the Apparent Color loadings by month is presented in Figure 2 - 112. 2-9 The maximum Apparent Color concentration recorded upstream from the Mill has been 1,340 mg/L (as platinum cobalt units or PCUs) and at Hepco has been around 1,752 mg/L. These peak concentrations did not occur at the same time. At Hepco, this maximum measured Apparent Color concentration was about 1,328 mg/L greater than the Apparent Color concentration at Fibreville of 424 mg/L. This indicates additional color loadings coming from the tributaries uninfluenced by the Mill. This peak concentration measured at Hepco occurred when the Pigeon River flow at Hepco was 1,180 cfs, which gives a total mass loading of 11,145,302 lbs/day. The flow at Canton was 542 cfs on the same day, which gives a total mass loading of 1,238,913 lbs/day. This means that 9,906,389 pounds of Apparent Color were added to the Pigeon River downstream from Fibreville. 2.3.3 Variability of Apparent Color in the Pigeon River The monthly Apparent Color concentrations can vary widely at the same flow range indicating that there is naturally occurring Apparent Color being added to the River at all flows. The variability can also be attributed to the variability in loadings from all sources throughout the year. This also can be equated to direct runoff versus infiltration that can vary by month. The peak concentration at Park Street occurred in July, but concentrations greater than two standard deviations greater than the average have occurred in every month, previously presented in Figure 2 - 75. The monthly analyses presented in Figure 2 - 63 through Figure 2 - 74 show that Apparent Color varies by month but Apparent Color concentrations are similar for all flows, with the highest Apparent Color measurements occurring during higher flow events when the Evergreen Mill represents a minimal contribution to the Apparent Color concentrations and loadings in the Pigeon River. Apparent Color in the Pigeon River upstream from the Mill at Park Street has varied by 920 mg/L for the same flow event (i.e., for different dates within similar hydrologic seasons). Park Street has equivalent Apparent Color concentrations as those measured at the East Fork Pigeon River and the West Fork Pigeon River. As an example, at low flows around 150 cfs, Apparent Color concentration measurements in December have varied from 3 to 25 mg/L and at higher flows between 1,560 and 1,620 cfs the concentration has ranged from 84 mg/L to 1,004 mg/L. This is because there is a wide variability from the contributing sources within the basin throughout the year. At Canton, the Apparent Color variation is more dramatic than the variation in True Color, as depicted previously in Figure 2 - 63 through Figure 2 - 74. 2.3.4 Apparent Color in the Tributaries As mentioned previously, AquAeTer conducted a judgmental sampling program for Apparent Color in the Pigeon River and the tributaries to the Pigeon River. The purpose of the sampling program was to sample the tributaries during their full range of hydrologic and meteorological conditions so the sampling dates were deliberately selected to take in the full 2-10 range of meteorological and hydrologic conditions in the basin therefore not prejudicing the data to only high Apparent Color or low Apparent Color events. It is noted that 15 tributaries have been sampled for Apparent Color concentrations with 13 of these tributaries being in North Carolina. An estimate was made of each tributary's flows based on the stream gaging work that was done on each tributary. There are a total of 237 tributaries that flow into the Pigeon River from its headwaters near Bethel, North Carolina at PRM 69.32 to its confluence with the French Broad River near Newport Tennessee at PRM 0.00. Of these, 152 tributaries enter the Pigeon River in North Carolina. One of the major findings that has come from the AquAeTer monitoring of the tributaries during the full range of hydrologic conditions that occurs in the basin is that the tributaries with the smaller drainage areas, that is, less than 2 sq mi, have higher delivery rates for True Color during storm events (of any kind) than the larger tributaries and this is also true for Apparent Color. This helps explain in part the missing Apparent Color loading at Hepco that cannot be accounted for just from the major tributaries. The estimate of the Apparent Color loadings determined during a rain event on December 1, 2010 and based on the Apparent Color measurements made on 11 tributaries resulted in a calculated Apparent Color loading at Hepco of 4,310,030 lbs/day in the Pigeon River from these 11 tributaries. The actual Apparent Color loading at Hepco was on the order of 9,850,904 lbs/day. These data are presented in Table 2 - 9 and Figure 2 - 113 and Figure 2 - 114. The extra 5,540,874 pounds of Apparent Color can for the most part be attributed to these smaller tributaries with their higher Apparent Color yields. The Apparent Color concentrations ranged from 38 to 1,973 mg/L, as presented in Table 2 - 9. The highest Apparent Color concentration of 1,973 mg/L monitored was from Murray Branch, a tributary with a drainage area of only about 1 sq mi. The Mill represented about 0.7% of the Apparent Color loading in the River at Hepco during this storm event. Additionally, there was about 1,000,000 lbs/day of total suspended solids (TSS) at Hepco based on one sample taken during the storm event. TSS is a major contributor to the Apparent Color concentration and loading. 2.4 IMPACTS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES ON TRUE COLOR IN THE PIGEON RIVER True Color at the Park Street Bridge, which is upstream from the Mill and represents background, has been measured at 59 mg/L at Hepco at 65 mg/L, and at Waterville at 65 mg/L. When the 65 mg/L peak concentration was measured at Hepco on November 11, 2009 (late Fall), the Canton Mill represented approximately 1.3 mg/L, or 2%, of the True Color concentration in the River at Hepco. On this day, more than 1,169,851 pounds of True Color loading were added to the Pigeon River downstream from Canton by non -Mill sources. As another example, on August 27, 2008 (Summer event), the True Color at Park Street was 2-11 419,524 lbs/day, at Fibreville was 409,768 lbs/day, and at Hepco was 1,272,970 lbs/day. This means more than 863,202 mg/L of True Color entered the River between Fibreville and Hepco. It is important to note that the flow and loading from the Canton Mill on August 27, 2008 was 49,118 lbs/day, or less than 3.9% of the loading at Hepco. The increase in True Color loading downstream from the Mill on each of those days represented more than 31 days of True Color mass discharges from the Canton Mill. True Color in the Pigeon River upstream from the Mill at Park Street can vary by 10 to 40 mg/L for the same flow event (i.e., for different dates within similar hydrologic seasons). Park Street has equivalent True Color concentrations as those measured at the East Fork Pigeon River and the West Fork Pigeon River. As an example, at or near the August 30Q2 flow of 129 cfs at Park Street, concentration measurements in August have varied from 6 to 19 mg/L. This is because there is a wide variability from the contributing sources within the basin throughout the year. 2-12 TABLE 2-1. PARAMETERS MEASURED CONSTITUENT LOCATION STATION PIGEON RIVER MILE (PRM) SARA Chemicals Sulfite' DN 1 PRM 62.9 Sulfide' DN 1 PRM 62.9 Acetaldehyde DN 1 PRM 62.9 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene All Stations PRM 62.9 Cresol DN1 PRM 62.9 Formaldehyde All Stations Methanol DN1 PRM 62.9 Bromide DN1 PRM 62.9 Toxics Chloroform All Stations Total metals All Stations Nutrients Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) All Stations Ammonia -Nitrogen All Stations Nitrite + Nitrate All Stations Total Phosphorous All Stations Dissolved Ortho-phosphate All Stations Conventional Apparent Color All Stations True Color All Stations Hardness All Stations Oil & Grease All Stations PAHs All Stations Phenol All Stations Sulfate All Stations Surfactants All Stations Mercury All Stations Total Suspended Solids (TSS) All Stations Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) All Stations Biological Total Chlorophyll All Stations Fecal Coliforms All Stations E. Coli All Stations 2-13 TABLE 2-2. SUMMARY OF STATIONS SAMPLED BY AQUAETER STATION LOCATION PIGEON RIVER MILE SAMPLE DATES April 21-23, 2010 June 21-23, 2010 August 30 - September 1, 2010 November 30 - December 1, 2010 March 7, 2011 April 19, 2011 August 20, 2012 August 21, 2012 June 29- 30, 2012 September 14-15, 2012 November 9-10, 2012 PR-1 East Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd Bridge 69.32 + 0.21 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-2 West Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd. Bride 69.32 + 0.28 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Station 8, #12 Pigeon River at Wells Rd Bridge 67.48 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-18 Pigeon River at Hwy 215 Bridge upstream from Canton 64.77 Yes Station 7, #11 Pigeon River at Canton Recreation Park 63.57 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-3 Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-17 Beaverdam Creek 62.85 + 0.01 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-4, Station 6, #10 Pigeon River at Fibreville Bride 62.85 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-5 Murray Branch 61.66 + 0.36 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Station 5 Pigeon River near Thickety 02 Station 61.2 Yes Yes Yes - Bowen Branch 60.63 + 0.74 Yes - Bowen Branch 60.63 + 0.01 Yes - Pigeon River at Bowen Branch 60.63 Yes PR-6, Station 4, #9 Pigeon River at Charles St Bride in Clyde 57.6 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-7 Unnamed Tributary from Poison Cove at Broad St in Clyde 57.45 + 0.04 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-8 Pigeon River at Scotts Dr Bridge 55.42 Yes PR-9 Richland Creek at Curved Bridge 54.91 + 0.21 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-10 Pigeon River at NCSR 1625 53.56 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes #8 Pigeon River at Hwy 209 Bridge 52.68 Yes Yes PR-11 Big Branch 51.74 + 0.02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-12 Crabtree Creek 49.73 + 0.01 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-13 Unnamed Tributary from Ferguson Cove 48.3 + 0.01 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Station 3 Pigeon River at Iron Duff Rd Bridge 48.3 Yes Yes Yes PR-14 Jonathan Creek at Liberty Church Rd Bride 45.96 + 0.64 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Cove Creek at Cove Creek Rd 45.96 + 2.41 + 0.01 Yes PR-15 Fines Creek at Panther Creek Rd. Bride 42.68 + 0.26 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-16, Station 2 Pigeon River at Hepco 42.6 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PR-19 Cataloochee Creek at USGS Gage Site 38.01 + 4.42 Yes Yes Yes PR-20 Big Creek 25.84 + 0.09 Yes Yes Yes Station 1, #7 Pigeon River at Brown's Bridge 24.7 1 1 1 1 1 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes TABLE 2-3. GAGED TRIBUTARY FLOWS DURING AQUAETER SAMPLING VERSUS 30Q2 FLOWS SAMPLE DATE EAST FORK PIGEON RIVER WEST FORK PIGEON RIVER PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON PIGEON RIVER AT HEPCO CATALOOCHEE CREEK PIGEON RIVER AT WATERVILLE FLOW (cfs) 30Q2 FLOW (cfs) FLOW (cfs) 30Q2 FLOW (cfs) FLOW (cfs) 30Q2 FLOW (cfs) FLOW (cfs) 30Q2 FLOW (cfs) FLOW (cfs) 30Q2 FLOW (cfs) FLOW (cfs) 30Q2 FLOW (cfs) April 21-23, 2010 106-117 166 56 - 67 125 236 - 269 419 537 - 602 908 78 - 92 146 277 - 1540 1,315 June 21-23, 2010 51-53 94 31 - 39 70 104 - 113 219 269 - 281 471 41 - 45 77 277 - 558 771 August 30 - September 1, 2010 21-25 52 19 - 21 40 56 - 61 129 137 - 153 335 38 - 42 57 176 - 489 421 November 30 - December 1, 2010 967-978 110 432 - 802 80 1470 - 2050 208 1000 - 3890 439 232 - 555 61 2030 - 5190 609 March 7, 2011 520 193 244 138 1040 475 2130 1,022 426 174 3950 1,400 April 19, 2011 313 166 147 125 684 419 1190 908 241 146 2490 1,315 August 20, 2011 47 52 72 40 104 129 203 335 44 57 509 421 August 21, 2011 50 52 59 40 131 129 229 335 43 57 166 421 June 29-30, 2012 44-46 60 26 - 28 49 112 - 113 161 234 - 240 372 36 - 37 61 389 - 472 611 September 14-15, 2012 34 53 31 - 31 46 83 - 83 133 184 - 186 300 28 - 28 47 134 - 155 476 November 9-10, 2012 55-56 110 37 - 38 80 115 - 117 208 275 - 284 439 43 - 44 61 246 - 516 609 TABLE 2-4. COMPARISON OF TRUE COLOR AT UPSTREAM STATIONS STATION LOCATION PIGEON RIVER MILE SAMPLE DATE SAMPLE TIME FLOW (cfs) TRUE COLOR (mg/L PCU) TRUE COLOR (lbs/day) PR-1 East Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd Bridge 69.32 + 0.21 8/31/2010 9:07 23 9 1,116 PR-2 West Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd. Bridge 69.32 + 0.28 8/31/2010 9:42 32 13 2,243 PR-3, Calculated Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 8/31/2010 3,359 PR-3, Measured Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 8/31/2010 10:25 58 11 3,440 PR-1 East Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd Bridge 69.32 + 0.21 3/7/2011 8:00 520 8 22,427 PR-2 West Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd. Bridge 69.32 + 0.28 3/7/2011 8:20 443 18 42,988 PR-18, Calculated Pigeon River at Hwy 215 Bridge upstream from Canton 64.77 3/7/2011 65,415 PR-18, Measured Pigeon River at Hwy 215 Bridge upstream from Canton 64.77 3/7/2011 8:32 1,040 10 56,067 PR-3, Calculated Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 3/7/2011 65,415 PR-3, Measured Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 3/7/2011 9:13 1,040 10 56,067 PR-1 East Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd Bridge 69.32 + 0.21 4/19/2011 6:52 313 8 13,499 PR-2 West Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd. Bridge 69.32 + 0.28 4/19/2011 7:05 293 7 11,057 PR-3, Calculated Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 4/19/2011 24,556 PR-3, Measured 1 Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 4/19/2011 7:23 684 3 11,062 TABLE 2-5. TRUE COLOR LOADINGS ON DECEMBER 1, 2010 CONDITION LOCATION FLOW (cfs) TRUE COLOR CONCENTRATION AT HEPCO (mg/L) CONCENTRATION (mg/L) LOADING (lbs/day) Average Pigeon River at Park Street in Canton 2,050 33 364,707 17 Evergreen Packaging 38.273 162 33,426 1.6 Pigeon River at Fibreville Bridge in Canton 2,050 32 353,655 - Pigeon River at Hepco 3,890 35 733,995 - Peak Pigeon River at Park Street in Canton 2,420 33 430,532 9 Evergreen Packaging 38.273 162 33,426 0.7 Pigeon River at Fibreville Bridge in Canton 2,420 32 417,485 - Pigeon River at Hepco 8,660 35 1,634,036 - Note: The Concentration at Hepco column shows the influence the upstream station has on the concentration at Hepco. TABLE 2-6. TRUE COLOR MASS LOADINGS FROM THE TRIBUTARIES TRIBUTARY PRM August 30 - September 1, 2010 November 30 - December 1, 2010 March 7, 2011 April 19, 2011 June 29-30, 2012 September 14-15, 2012 November 9-10, 2012 FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) AVERAGE PEAK FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) FLOW (cfs) LOADING (lbs/day) East Fork Pigeon River 69.32 + 0.21 23 1,116 973 83,885 3,740 322,602 520 22,427 313 13,499 44 - 34 - 55 - West Fork Pigeon River 69.32 + 0.28 32 2,219 792 1 55,472 3,260 228,474 443 1 42,988 293 11,057 59 - 45 - 56 - Beaverdam Creek 62.85 + 0.01 4.3 371 88 5,693 196 12,673 48 5,715 27 1,016 3.49 282 5.27 426 4.75 717 Murray Branch 61.66 + 0.36 0.2 12 6 1,753 13 3,902 3 531 2 77 0.31 17 0.32 25 0.42 54 Unnamed Tributary from Poison Cove at Broad St in Clyde 57.45 + 0.04 0.6 32 11 2,038 25 4,538 6 722 3 147 0.54 29 0.55 27 0.55 80 Richland Creek at Curved Bridge 54.91 + 0.21 30.8 1,660 878 47,349 1,955 105,410 481 82,965 269 13,036 57.29 3,861 47.17 1,271 52.12 5,058 Big Branch 51.74 + 0.02 0.4 28 9 1,706 21 3,799 5 687 3 200 0.27 15 0.62 30 0.63 61 Crabtree Creek 49.73 + 0.01 3.2 224 158 34,955 352 77,819 87 9,570 48 2,087 9.95 697 10.61 686 11.1 1,496 Unnamed Tributary from Ferguson Cove 48.3 + 0.01 0.04 7 2 466 5 1,037 1 118 0.6 38 0.06 4 0.1 8 0.3 39 Jonathan Creek at Liberty Church Rd Bridge 45.96 + 0.64 44.3 2,388 1,011 136,315 2,252 303,467 554 20,899 309 11,676 55.97 4,224 48.89 5,535 63.14 6,127 Fines Creek at Panther Creek Rd. Bridge 42.68 + 0.26 9.1 589 272 51,287 605 114,176 149 13,640 83 4,931 18.22 1,080 10.15 1,587 23.02 2,978 Cataloochee Creek at USGS Gage Site 38.01 + 4.42 - - - - - - 35 2,453 29 2,345 43 2,782 Big Creek 25.84 + 0.09 - - - - - - 20.75 336 20.56 887 73.99 1,197 TABLE 2-7. TRUE COLOR CONCENTRATIONS FROM THE TRIBUTARIES TRIBUTARY CONCENTRATION August 30 - September 1, 2010 (mg/L) November 30 - December 1, 2010 (mg/L) March 7, 2011 (mg/L) April 19, 2011 (mg/L) June 29- 30, 2012 (mg/L) September 14-15, 2012 (mg/L) November 9-10, 2012 (mg/L) East Fork Pigeon River 9 16 8 8 - - - West Fork Pigeon River 13 13 18 7 - - - Beaverdam Creek 16 12 22 7 15 15 28 Murray Branch 11 56 31 8 10 14.5 24 Unnamed Tributary from Poisor 10 34 22 8 10 9 27 Richland Creek at Curved Bridg 10 10 32 9 12.5 5 18 Big Branch 13 34 25 13 10 9 18 Crabtree Creek 13 41 20.5 8 13 12 25 Unnamed Tributary from Fergu 32 41 19 11 12 14 24 Jonathan Creek at Liberty Churc 10 25 7 7 14 21 18 Fines Creek at Panther Creek R 12 35 17 11 11 29 24 Cataloochee Creek at USGS Ga - - - - 13 15 12 Big Creek - - - - 3 8 3 N N O TABLE 2-8. COMPARISON OF APPARENT COLOR AT UPSTREAM STATIONS STATION LOCATION PIGEON RIVER MILE SAMPLE DATE SAMPLE TIME FLOW (cfs) APPARENT COLOR (mg/L PCU) APPARENT COLOR (lbs/day) PR-1 East Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd Bridge 69.32 + 0.21 8/31/2010 9:07 23 22 2,728 PR-2 West Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd. Bridge 69.32 + 0.28 8/31/2010 9:42 32 20 3,450 PR-3, Calculated Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 8/31/2010 6,178 PR-3, Measured Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 8/31/2010 10:25 58 22 6,879 PR-1 East Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd Bridge 69.32 + 0.21 3/7/2011 8:00 520 22 61,674 PR-2 West Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd. Bridge 69.32 + 0.28 3/7/2011 8:20 443 33 78,812 PR-18, Calculated Pigeon River at Hwy 215 Bridge upstream from Canton 64.77 3/7/2011 140,486 PR-18, Measured Pigeon River at Hwy 215 Bridge upstream from Canton 64.77 3/7/2011 8:32 1,040 37 207,449 PR-3, Calculated Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 3/7/2011 140,486 PR-3, Measured Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 3/7/2011 9:13 1,040 36 201,842 PR-1 East Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd Bridge 69.32 + 0.21 4/19/2011 6:52 313 14 23,624 PR-2 West Fork Pigeon River at Sonoma Rd. Bridge 69.32 + 0.28 4/19/2011 7:05 293 27 42,649 PR-3, Calculated Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 4/19/2011 66,273 PR-3, Measured Pigeon River at Park St. in Canton 63.61 4/19/2011 7:23 684 12 44,250 N N TABLE 2-9. APPARENT COLOR LOADINGS ON DECEMBER 1, 2010 CONDITION LOCATION FLOW (cfs) APPARENT COLOR CONCENTRATION AT HEPCO (mg/L) CONCENTRATION (mg/L) LOADING (lbs/day) Average Pigeon River at Park Street in Canton 2,050 106 1,171,482 56 Evergreen Packaging 38.273 259 53,440 3 Pigeon River at Fibreville Bridge in Canton 2,050 105 1,160,430 - Pigeon River at Hepco 3,890 211 4,424,944 - Peak Pigeon River at Park Street in Canton 2,420 106 1,382,920 30 Evergreen Packaging 38.273 259 53,440 1 Pigeon River at Fibreville Bridge in Canton 2,420 105 1,369,873 - Pigeon River at Hepco 8,660 211 9,850,904 - Note: The Concentration at Hepco column shows the influence the upstream station has on the concentration at Hepco. I sum M Legend Sample Stations 0 Pigeon River Tributary r7r 7 z , t. x 4q, A - A nesi Miles 5 2.5 0 5 10 Wa ;yn e s,* Miles 10 CLIENT: Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 AquAefer optimizing resources I water, air, earth 2-22 N S I FIGURE, 2-1 AQUAETER SAMPLE LOCATIONS M N N w 70 E w 20 10 MI Z------------------------------------------------- -----♦---- +---------------------------------------------------- ♦ ♦N ♦ w -♦►-----------------------------�►-------------- •♦----------- ----- ♦�---------♦ w 0 .. 1,000 21000 3,000 FLOW (cfs) 4,000 500 600 CL1E;N'P: laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton Noun Carolina FIGURE 2-2. TRUE COLOR PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED AT PARK /ACI7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON January Concentration at Park Street 100 - ....................................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ ................... ............... ............. ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... . ............ ........... ......... . ....... ............ ........... ....... ............ ........... ....... ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ......................................................... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ............ ........... ....... ................................................. ............................................................ ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ................................. ...................... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ ............... ............ ........... ......... . ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... o ......................................................... ................................... ........................ ............... ♦ ............ ....... .................................. .................... ................................... . ...... ......... .................. ............... ............ ........... 10 .............. ........................ .................. ... .............. . ........ .. ........... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ................ .................. ............... .................... * 4*- .......... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... : . ............................. ............. . ................ . .................. ............... .......... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ......................................................... ........... .................. .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... 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Y 1.5638x 0:3161 ....................................... ......... . .................... ............... .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ............................................................ ............................... ............ ........... :"R2 ........... 01T36 ......................................................... ............................ ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ............................................................ ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................ ............ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ....... ... 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CLIENT:Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-3. TRUE COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth JANUARY AT PARK STREET IN CANTON N N March Concentration at Park Street 100 - ....................................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ........... ........ ............................................................ ................................... ........................ ................... ............... ............. ........... ........... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ........................ . .................. ............... ............ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............. ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ......................................................... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ........... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ............................................................ ................................... ! 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TRUE COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN MARCH optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT PARK STREET IN CANTON N N J N N N N N W O N N W N N W W October Concentration at Park Street 11111Z 10 100 1,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIE;N'P: laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton Noun Carolina FIGURE 2-12. TRUE COLOR PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN /ACI7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth OCTOBER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON November Concentration at Park Street 100 .................................... .................................... . ...... .... ........ ....................................... . ...................... . ............... . ........... . ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... . .... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... . ...................... . ............................. ...................... ............... ............ .... ....................................... .. . ........... .......... ....... ...................... ............... ........... .................................... .................................... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ...................... ............... ............ .... ...................... ............... ............ .... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... ...................... ............... ........... ...................... ............... ........... .... .... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... ..................................... ....................... ................ ............ .... ........................................ ...................... ............... ............ .... ............. + ....................................... ............... ............ .......... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ................................... ............... . ........... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ............ ........... . .. .......... ......... ..... . .... ................................... . ................. ............... ........... 10 .................................... ...................... ............... ............ ................................. ...................... ........... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ ..... ....................................... ............. ............... ........... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ . . ..... ..................... .................. ...................... ............... ...... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .................................... ...................... ............... ........... .... ................. ........... 7,00-72-x ........... 1171 y .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........... ... ........................... 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TRUE COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina =2157 /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 12 CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth NOVEMBER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON N W December Concentration at Park Street 100 ........................... :......:.....:. ..... ................ ......... ..... a .., ......................a...............a............................a...........F. ................................. ................ ......... ..... ................................. .............. ......... ..... z 0 ....................................................................................................................................................... ........ ... ................................. ......... ..... U 10 Z ....................... ................ ............ >................!.... .. ..a......F.....F.. ................ ......... ..... d.................................................>.........i.............s.... 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W ......................¢...............¢.....................¢.......¢. ♦ ....... ................ ......... ..... 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 2-14. TRUE COLOR n North Carolina =2157 /quAe'ner CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth DECEMBER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON N W 70 60 Z5 p ----------- ' ' ' -------------- ------------------------------------- O + z U o t Z U 30 y -------------------------- ------ O ♦ U20 -------------- ;--------------- '--------------- ------------------------------- ' ------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ F 10 ------------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------- ♦ 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 MONTH CLIENT: Ever een Packa in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 2-15. TRUE COLOR /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATIONS AT PARK STREET IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth CANTON BY MONTH N W 120 100 a,o E Z O 80 E� Z Z 60 O a0 40 O F 20 0 IL 0 /AZeTe\r ■ ■ V 11 200 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 FLOW (cfs) ♦ Park Street in Canton Hepco CLIENT: Everjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 2-16. COMPARISON OF TRUE PROJECT/FILE: 122157 COLOR CONCENTRATION BETWEEN PARK optimizing resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON AND HEPCO N W 120 W 100 wo E Z 80 F� Z W U 60 Z U a0 40 W F 20 [In ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- r-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A A -♦1- - - -fit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - ♦♦♦ Y♦ 0 200 400 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 FLOW (cfs) ♦ Park Street in Canton Waterville CLIENT: Ever een Packa in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 2-17. COMPARISON OF TRUE PROJECT FILE: 122157 COLOR CONCENTRATION BETWEEN PARK �Cl7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON AND WATERVILLE N W 120 W 100 en 8 Z 80 Z W Z 60 O a0 40 O x F' 20 N1 A/ q7eTNer ■ ■ Nim • • A�• • - - ----------------------�------------------------------------------------ ♦A• • • • • • • • 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 FLOW (cfs) ♦ Park Street in Canton Hepco Waterville CLIENT: Everjzreen Packaginjz Co oration Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 2-18. COMPARISON OF TRUE PROJECT/FILE: 122157 COLOR CONCENTRATION BETWEEN PARK optimizing resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON AND WATERVILLE 120 100 a,o E Z 80 F� Z Z60 O U O 40 w a H 20 0 IL 0 ---------------------------------- N , - ------ • •s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 FLOW (efs) 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 CLIE;N'P: laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton Noun Carolina FIGURE 2-19. TRUE COLOR PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT HEPCO ACIl1AeTer optimizing resources I water, air, earth January Concentration at Hepco 100 ....................................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ............. ........................ . .................. ............... . ............ ........... ......... . ....... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ............ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ............................................................ ................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........................ ....... ....... ............................................................ ................................... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ......................................................... .................... ........ .................. .......... .............. .................................. . ....... ............................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... c ♦41W 10i ......................................................... .................................... .. ................ ....... 10 4 ......................................................... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ....... ............................................................ ................................. ............................................................ ............. y ............ ........... ............ ...... ............... ............ ........... ......................................................... ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ....... ............................................................ ....................... 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P4 ........................................................ ................................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-20. TRUE COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina =2157 /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 12 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN JANUARY optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT HEPCO N N N W N N Ln 100 May Concentration at Hepco 100 1,000 1000 FLOW (cfs) CL1E;N'P: laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton Noun Carolina FIGURE 2-24. TRUE COLOR PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN MAY AT /ACI7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth HEPCO N 1,000 July Concentration at Hepco 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIE;N'P: laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton Noun Carolina FIGURE 2-26. TRUE COLOR PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN JULY AT /ACI7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth HEPCO N September Concentration 1,000 ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ........ ... ...................... ................ ............ ...................... ................ ............ ...................... ................ ............ ................................. ................................. ................................. ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ...................... ................ ............ ...................... ................ ............ ................ ..... ..... ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... .............................................................. . ............... ............ .......... ............................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ....................................... ...................... ................ ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... 100 ..... ..... ........................ ............... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ................................. ................................. ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... .............. .................. ...................................... ...................... ................. : ............ ...................... ............ ................................. ................................. ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ..... ... . ............................ .. . ............... .... . .......... ........... ............ ............ .......... * .................. 10 ........................ ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ................................. ................................. ...................... ............... ............ .......... ...................... . ............... ............ .......... ....... . ...... ..... ...... ........ ......... ........♦ ..... ............ ................ ............ ........... .......... .......... ............ ..... ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .......... ............................. ......... ....... . ............... ............ .......... ...... . ..... ................................. ...................... ............... ... .......... ..... ..... ......... ............. ..... . ...... ..... ......... ..... ......... ... ...................... ............... ............ .......... o . . ................................. ...................... ............................ .......... ..... ....................................... ...................... ........ . .... . . .. ... ..... ...................... ............... ............ .......... 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TRUE COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina =2157 /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 12 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth SEPTEMBER AT HEPCO N O November Concentration at Hepco 100 .................................... ...................... ............... ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... . .... ...................... ............... ............ ......... . ....... . ...... . ..... . ......................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... . ...... ..... ..... ....................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ...................... ............... ............ .... ...................... ............... ............ .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ..... + ............. ............... ............ ........................ .... .... .... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ ...................... ............... ............ ...................... ............... ............ .................................... ...................... ............... ............ . .... ................. ** .... ...... ............... ............ * ....................... . ..... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ a : ..................................... ....................... ................ ............ ..... . .... ....................................... . ............ .... ........................................ ....................... ................ ............ .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ................................... ... ...................... ....... ............ ... .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .................................... ...................... ............. ......... ...................................... . ... .............. ............... ............ . ....... 10 .................................... ...................... ............... ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ........o.... .................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .................................... ...................... ............... ............ ..... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ....................................... ...................... ............... ............ 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TRUE COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina =2157 /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 12 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth NOVEMBER AT HEPCO N N N W 120 i 100------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 a z ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- F+ W i ♦ i i v60---------------------- O i � ♦ i j O 40-------- --- -' v W i 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 MONTH CLIENT: Ever een Packa in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 2-32. TRUE COLOR PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION AT HEPCO BY MONTH �CI7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth 70 60 - I w 20 10 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ♦ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ►''♦ice 2----!*----------------� -----------.------------ -- ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- N ♦NON. •' • ' -� --*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ---~♦� ---------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 FLOW (cfs) 10000 12000 14000 16000 CLIE;N'P: laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton Noun Carolina FIGURE 2-33. TRUE COLOR PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT BROWNS /ACI7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth BRIDGE NEAR WATERVILLE N N N J N N N O N N N 100 September Concentration at Waterville 10 100 FLOW (efs) 1,000 10,000 LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-42. TRUE COLOR CONCENTRATION LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MEASURED IN SEPTEMBER AT BROWNS A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth BRIDGE NEAR WATERVILLE N N N 70 60 E Z5p--------------- ---------------------------------------------' ------------- '--------------- --------------- -------------- O E., 40-------- -----�------------- W * ♦ T U z o U30-------- -------------; * + ------------- +-------------$------------- --------------,-------------- ------------ ------------ ' a + 11 T o � U 20 W 10-------------- ------------------------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- ---------- ------------ -------------- -------------- i 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 MONTH CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: canton North Carolina FIGURE 2-46. TRUE COLOR /AZeTe\r PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION AT BROWNS BRIDGE optimizing resources I water, air, earth BY MONTH N 10,000,000 ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ....................... ............................ i ............................. ....................... t ............................ i ............................. ....................... I ............................ ...................... i .................... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING AT PARK LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 STREET IN CANTON BY MONTH optimizing resources I water, air, earth N J O a 10,000,000 1,000,000 10,000 1,000 10 100 FLOW (efs) 15,000 10,000 CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 2-49. TRUE COLOR LOADING AT LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 HEPCO AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth N J 10,000,000 : : ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................................... ..................... .............. ...........: : ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................................... ..................... .............. ........... ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................................... ..................... .............. ........... ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................................... ..................... .............. ........... : : : : : : ................. .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... .................... .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ....................... .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ............................. .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ............................. . .................... . .............. ........... ....... . ...... ..... ..................................... ............................. .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ............................. .................... .............. ........... c .......... ... .................................. ..................... .............. ........... . ........ . ....... ..... . .... ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................... .............. ........... . .... ..................................... ..................... .............. . ........... ..................................... ..................... .............. ........... ................ ............... ..................... .............. ........... ............................. .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ..................... .............. ........... ....... ...... ..... .... .........♦...................... ..................... .............. ........... 1,000,000 ............................... .................... .............. ............................. . .................. ..................................... .............. ........... ...... ................. . .... ..................................... ..................... .............. ................................................ ............................... .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ............................... . .................... . .............. ........... ....... . ...... ..... .................................................... ............................... . .................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ...................... .................... .............. ........... ..... .............. ...................... ..................... .............. . ....... .... ......................♦.. . ........ . ....... ..... . .... ........... ........ . ... + . .......... .... . . . .................................... ..................... .............. ........... .................................... ..................... .............. . ........... .................................... ..................... .............. ........... .................................... ..................... .............. ........... ............................... .................... . ♦............... .............. ........... ..... ..... ............................... .................... .............. ........... ..... ............................ . ....♦........... ... .... ... .....►........... .... .................................... ..................... .............. ........... .................................... ..................... .............. ........... ............................. .................... .............. ........... .......... ..... . .... .............. ................ . ............. ........... ................. .......................................... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING AT LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 BROWNS BRIDGE optimizing resources I water, air, earth 10,000,000 ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ....................... ............................ i ............................. ....................... t ............................ i ............................. ....................... I ............................ ...................... .................... T ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. i ............................ i ............................ ....................... ............................ . ............................ 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Bridge --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jonathan Creek -df Liberty ---------- Church Rd Bridge ■ East Fork Pigeon River q Beaverdam Creek Richland Creek at Curved West Fork Pigeon River ■ Bridge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 PIGEON RIVER MILE ♦ Pigeon River ■ Tributaries CLIENT: Ever n , North Carolina in Corporation canton MillFIGURE 2-53. TRUE COLOR CONCENTRATIONS LOCATION: Canton, North PROJECT/FILE: 122157 DURING DECEMBER 1, 2010 STORM EVENT /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth TRUE COLOR LOADING IN THE PIGEON RIVER 1,800,000 ..................................... ............................ .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Pigeon 1,600,000 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 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TRUE COLOR LOADINGS DURING ntn , North LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 DECEMBER 1, 2010 STORM EVENT A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth an 50 z O 40 E� z V 30 z 0 V 0 20 O V W 10 �I 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 FLOW (cfs) ♦ East Fork Pigeon River ■ West Fork Pigeon River ♦ Beaverdam Creek X Murray Branch * Unnamed Tributary from Poison Cove at Broad St in Clyde • Richland Creek at Curved Bridge +Big Branch -Crabtree Creek —Unnamed Tributary from Ferguson Cove ♦ Jonathan Creek at Liberty Church Rd Bridge ■ Fines Creek at Panther Creek Rd. Bridge ♦ Cataloochee Creek at USGS Gage Site X Big Creek 01111111 cL1EN1: Ever een Yacka in Corporation canton Mill LOCATION: Canton North Carolina FIGURE 2-55. TRUE COLOR CONCENTRATIONS PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MEASURED IN THE TRIBUTARIES AZe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth N J J 1000 :.......................:................:............:..........:........:.......:......:.............................................:.......................:.. ,—. ................................................................................................................................................. ...................................................-.................. ............ ......... ........ ...:.... ...:.... ay 100 ................................ ;....................... ;................ ;............ ;..........;........;.......;......;.....................................:............ ...............................:.......................:................:............:..........:........:.......:......:............ ............................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................:..............:......:......... :....................... :................ :............ :.......... :........:.......:......:.... :.......................:................:............:..........:........:.......:......:....................... .......... ............... ......... ..... ;................;............:..........::::::::::::::::::::::::: :... .............................................................: . ................................. ..... ... .................................-................-.........-.....-...- - - - :... :... - - - - - - - - ................................................................................................................................................ .......................:................:......................:.....................:.........................................:.. .......... ......................................................................... .... 14 _........._......._......_....._.... ...................._::::::...........x.7........_..............._........... ............................... ....................... ................ ............ .......... .......................... ........................................ :..................................... 2_ ...............................R.....—....... 2............................................ 1 0 ;......; :.......:.......,..:....... ...............................;.......................;................;............;..........;........,. .............................................:.............. :.......................:................:............:..........:........:.......:......:.............................................:.......................:................:............:..........:........:.......:......:... ....... ............ ..... ... ...:.......:.......:......:....... ...:......... ... ........................... ..... ...... ... _........... ........... .... ........ ......... ..... _........._....._...- - - - ......... ..... ... 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'............ '.......... ..... ..... ................................. ................ ..... ... 0.1 0.1 1 10 100 DRAINAGE AREA (sq mi) *East Fork Pigeon River ■West Fork Pigeon River ♦Beaverdam Creek XMurray Branch XUnnamed Tributary from Poison Cove at Broad St in Clyde *Richland Creek at Curved Bridge +Big Branch -Crabtree Creek —Unnamed Tributary from Ferguson Cove *Jonathan Creek at Liberty Church Rd Bridge ■Fines Creek at Panther Creek Rd. Bridge ♦Cataloochee Creek at USGS Gage Site XBig Creek CLIENT: Ever in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-57. TRIBUTARY TRUE COLOR North LOCATION: Cton North Carolina Canton, /AZeTe\r PROJECT FILE: 122157 LOADING PER CFS PER SQUARE MILE optimizing resources I water, air, earth A/ q7eTNer PROJECT/FILE: 122157 optimizing resources I water, air, earth Pigeon River upstream from Richland Creek Richland Creek - 6 E Pigeon River downstream from Richland Creek. Note the same light turbid color as seen in Richland Creek. FIGURE 2-58. EXAMPLE OF APPARENT COLOR IN THE PIGEON RIVER DUE TO SEDIMENTATION Z1Z1M o a 500 an 8 0400 O V H 300 200 11111M 0 /AZeTe\r TRUE COLOR VERSUS APPARENT COLOR NEAR THE STATELINE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ♦ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 ------------------- r 20 PROJECT/FILE: 122157 optimizing resources I water, air, earth ♦ 30 40 50 60 70 TRUE COLOR (mg/L) FIGURE 2-59. TRUE COLOR VERSUS APPARENT COLOR IN THE PIGEON RIVER AT THE STATE LINE PIGEON RIVER AT HARTFORD, TENNESSEE Noon on JULY 25, 2012 CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 2-61. PIGEON RIVR AT HARTFORD LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 DURING NON -GENERATION PERIOD AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth 1,600 1,400 E z 1,200 O 1,000 z w U p 800 U O O 600 U z g 400 a a 200 0 IL 0 ------------------------------------------ •------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------I -----------------------------0-------------------------------------------- --- ♦------------------ --------------------- 11000 2,000 3,000 4,000 500 6,000 FLOW (efs) CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-62. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT PARK A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON N N Ln 1,000 100 February Concentration at Park Street FLOW (efs) 1,000 LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-64. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN FEBRUARY A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT PARK STREET IN CANTON March Concentration at Park Street 1,000 1 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-65. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN MARCH AT A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth PARK STREET IN CANTON April Concentration at Park Street 1,000 ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..... ........ ....... . .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .............................. .................. ............. .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........... ........ .......................................................... . .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .................................. ..... ........ .......... ............ .................................. .......... ................... ............... ............ .................................. ........................ ................... ............... . . ........ ................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ........... ........ ........... ........ .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................... ....................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ................. * ................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN APRIL AT optimizing resources I water, air, earth PARK STREET IN CANTON N June Concentration at Park Street 1,000 ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... . : ........................ .................. ............... ............ . : .......... ......... . : ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... . ........................ .................. ............... ............ . .......... ......... . ....... ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... .................................. ........................ ... .............. ...... .................................. ........................ ................... .............. ............ ........... ........ . .................................. ........................ ................... .............. . ............ ........... ........ .................................. ........................ ................... .............. ............ ........... ........ .................................. .... ..................... . ............................................................ .................................. ............................................................ .................................. ................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... .............. ............ ........... ........ .................................. ........................ ................... .............. ............ ........... ........ .................................. ........................ ................... .............. ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ............................................................ .................................. ............................................................ .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... .............. ............ ........... ........ ............................................................ .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ 7 ........... 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN JUNE AT optimizing resources I water, air, earth PARK STREET IN CANTON N O N N N N W November Concentration at Park Street 10,000 . ...................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ....................... ...................... ............... ............ ........................... ...................... ............... ............ .... ...................................... ...................... ............... ............ ..... . .... ...................................... ...................... . ............... ............ ..... . .... : T ...................... .......... ...... ..... ...................... ..... ...................... ............... ............ ..... ...................... ............... ............ ......... . ....... ..... ..... ......... 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN NOVEMBER optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT PARK STREET IN CANTON N N 1,600 1,400 ---------------------•''--------------- ------------- '-----------------------------•'------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 an E 1,200 O i i i i i i i 1 NO ' - ------------- ♦ z w z �V ♦ O ---------------�--------------a---------------I------------------------------- U ; ♦ w 400 ____________a_______________a_______________�______________ ______________._ ' ' ' ' 2 0 0 i______________f______________y______ 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 MONTH CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-75. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION AT PARK STREET IN A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth CANTON BY MONTH 2,000 :11 W an E 1,600 Z O 1,400 Z 1,200 W U p 1,000 U 800 O U H 600 Z W a400 A� 200 CIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ■ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d 6 ♦----------------------------------------- #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ■ ■ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ■ ■---------------■---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 ■ ■ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - • 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 1600 FLOW (efs) ♦ Park Street in Canton ■ Hepco =optimizing Packa in Co oration Canton MIllFIGURE 2-76. COMPARISON OF APPARENT n North Carolina2157 COLOR CONCENTRATION BETWEEN PARK A e'ner resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON AND HEPCO 2,000 :11 W an 1,600 z 0 1,400 Z 1,200 W V p 1,000 U 94 0 800 0 H 600 z w a400 a 200 M 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- � M♦ 2,000 49000 6,000 8,000 10,000 1200 14,000 16,000 FLOW (cfs) ♦ Park Street in Canton Waterville CLIENT: Ever Canton, North in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 2-77. COMPARISON OF APPARENT LOCATION: Cton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 COLOR CONCENTRATION BETWEEN PARK /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON AND WATERVILLE 2,000 1,800 a,o A 1,600 z 0 1,400 z 1,200 w v p 1,000 v 0 800 0 [� 600 z 400 a 200 M ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ■ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - ♦ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 ■ ■ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ■ ■--------------- N------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- •----------------------------------------- ■ :------------------- A,- A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ftk--------------- 1111*------- Y ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AL - 0 2,000 49000 6,000 800 109000 12,000 14,000 16,000 FLOW (cfs) ♦ Park Street in Canton ■ Hepco A, Waterville CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 2-78. COMPARISON OF APPARENT LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 COLOR CONCENTRATION BETWEEN ALL A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth THREE STATIONS N 0 0 2,000 1,800 1,600 z 1,400 z 1,200 w v c 1,000 v x C 800 0 z 600 a 400 200 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------♦------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - tt-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- !� -- ----------♦---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ♦♦ ♦ ♦-- t * - ---------------------------------------- ♦------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 500 65000 7,000 8,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-79. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT HEPCO A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth January Concentration at Hepco 1,000 ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ............ ........... ........ ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........................................................... .................................. .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ...... 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN JANUARY AT optimizing resources I water, air, earth HEPCO February Concentration at Hepco 1,000 ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................. ....................... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ............ ........... ......... ........ .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ............ . ........... ........ .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .............................. ................................ ........................ ................... ............... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... . ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ............ ........... ........ ............ ........... ........ .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ........................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... o 100 ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ....... 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN FEBRUARY optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT HEPCO March Concentration at Hepco 1000 ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................ .................. .............. ............ .......... ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... 4 ........ ........................ .................. .............. ............ .......... ........................ .................. .............. . ............ .......... . ........ . ....... 4 ............................................ : r ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ............................................ ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ? ....... . ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... . ........ . ....... ................................................... .................................. ...................................................... .................................. .......................................................... .................................. .......................................................... .................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ....... ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ....... ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ....... .......................................................... .................................. .......................................................... .................................. .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ........ ........................ .................. .............. ............ .......... ........................ .................. .............. ............ .......... ........................................................ ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ................. .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. .............. ............ .......... 1,000 ........................ .................. .............. ............ .......... ........................................................ ................................. ........................ ............................................... .......... ..... ............................................ .................................. ........................................................ : ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ .......... ........ ............. .................................. ........................ .................. .............. ............ .......... 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN MARCH AT optimizing resources I water, air, earth HEPCO April Concentration at Hepco 1,000 ..................................................... ..................................................... ........... ............. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ........... ........ .......................................................... . .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .............................. .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ........ .... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ........... ........ .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .......................................................... ................... * .......... ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ ...................................................... ................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ........................ .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........ ........... ........ .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ........................ ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............... ............ ........... ........ .......................................................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... • 100 ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ .................................. ........................ # .............. ...... ..... ........................................ ...... ........... ....... ....... ...... ............... ............ ....... ...... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ........... ............ ...............•........................... .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................. ........................ ................... ............ 0.. .................................. ...................... .... ..... .................................. .............. ................... .... . ..... ........................................................ . .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... ...................... ............. .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .......................... . .................................. ........................ .................. ............... ............ ........... .................................................. 4# .................................. ........................ . ............ .. ... . . .......... ........... y .... . .... 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN APRIL AT optimizing resources I water, air, earth HEPCO N O to N O July Concentration at Hepco 101000 ........................... ..................................... ..................................... ...................... ............... ............ ...................... ............... ............ ...................... ............... ............ 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APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN DECEMBER optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT HEPCO N i W 2,000 1,800 ----- ! ! i---------------f---------------h--------------A--------------i--------------- 1--------------- F-------------- i--------------- t--------------- h---------------------------- 1,600 I----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- �..� 1,400----------------------------------------------------------------- '---------------t -----------------------------i --------------- --------------- I ---------------------------- 1 ---- 1,200 .---------------------------------------------------T--------------------------------------------f---------------------------T--------------- -------------- T-------------- 1----------- W O1,000 i--------------- t--------------- h-------------- -------------- i--------------- t--------------- F-------------i-------------- --------------- h-------------- � -------------- i------- V 0 V 6 00 •------------ -----------------------------+------------------------------------------------- Fil ♦ ---- `-------------- T-------------------------------------------- *------------- -r-------------T--------------;-- � t � i 200-----------------------`--------------------------------------'--------------------------------------- ------------- * -- F--------------i- T 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 MONTH CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-128. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION AT HEPCO BY MONTH A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth 700 ,600 ago Z O 500 W 400 U Z O U 0 300 I-� O U E� 200 a a 100 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 1600 FLOW (cfs) CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-93. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT BROWNS A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth BRIDGE N to February Concentration at Waterville 1,000 [Elm 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CL1E;N'1': laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-95 APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN FEBRUARY A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT BROWNS BRIDGE 1,000 10 '1 100 March Concentration at Waterville y = 2.0985X0.4242 R2 = 0.2552 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-96. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN MARCH AT A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth BROWNS BRIDGE N 1,000 10 May Concentration at Waterville 100 1,000 FLOW (cfs) 10,000 100,000 CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-98. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN MAY AT A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth BROWNS BRIDGE N N O 1,000 to July Concentration at Waterville 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-100. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN JULY AT A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth BROWNS BRIDGE N N N August Concentration at Waterville 1,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-101. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN AUGUST AT A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth BROWNS BRIDGE N N W 1,000 1 I� 100 September Concentration at Waterville .� D2 — Lj 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CL1E;N'1': laver een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-102. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN SEPTEMBER A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth AT BROWNS BRIDGE N N N N N N N N J 700 600 --- - ------------- - ------------- - ------------- - --------------'-------- a�ao W 400 ------------ r------------- r------------- r------------- '--------- Z O ------------ I-------------- I-------------- I-------------- I-------------- I-------------- I-------------- '--- I� O ♦ U Z 200----------------------------I---------------- -I ---------------- -I ---------------- -I ♦ 100 *----------- 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 MONTH CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 2-106. 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING BY LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 MONTH AT PARK STREET IN CANTON optimizing resources I water, air, earth 100,000,000 ................................ 1: : : : : : : ..................... ............... ........... .... ..................................... mm ................................. ..................... ............... ........... ........ . ....... ..... . .... ..................................... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... .... ..................................... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... : : : ...... . ..... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. . .......... . ........ . ....... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... .................... .............. ...........: .................... . .............. ........... .................... .............. ........... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... .... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... ........ . ....... ..... . .... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... .... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .................... .............. ........... .................... . .............. ........... .................... .............. ........... ..... ...... . ..... ..... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... .................................... ..................... .............. . .......... . ........ . .................................... ..................... .............. .......... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... ........................ ..... ...... .............. ........... .... .................................... ..................... .............. ................................... ..................... ............... ........... .............. ........... .... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... 10,000,000 . .................................... ..................... ............... ........... ........ . .................... . .... ..................................... .................... . .............. ........... ...... . ..... ..... .......... 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING AT LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT/FILE: 122157 HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth 1000000 ; ...................... ::::::: ................... ........... ................. ............................ ........... ................ ...................... ...........................I............................ A............................I............................I............................ ............................ ........... A............................I............................l.............................I............................I............................ 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING BY LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 MONTH AT BROWNS BRIDGE optimizing resources I water, air, earth N W 2,500 a,o E 2,000 z 0 a z 1,500 U 0 1,000 0 E� Z 500 a 0 � w ff0 O Conw W � U as w ■ Cd 0 a) o U7d o 0 "t� W 9 'C 5U -2 3 H -------------- U ■ U 70 65 60 55 PIGEON RIVER MILE ♦ Pigeon River ■ Tributaries -------------------------�-------------- ----------- � o ■ 50 45 IN CLIENT: laver een Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 2-113. APPARENT COLOR LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED DURING AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth DECEMBER 1, 2010 STORM EVENT N i w Uh 12,000,000 10,000,000 0 a z 8500000 A O a x 6,000,000 O z 4,000,000 a -� 2500000 1n APPARENT COLOR LOADING IN THE PIGEON RIVER .......... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 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F ................... .................................... ....................t. ............................................................................. ....................... .............................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... �.................... ....................................................... ............................... 70 65 60 55 50 PIGEON RIVER MILE Pigeon River Samples 11 CLIENT: laver een Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 2-114. APPARENT COLOR LOADINGS LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MEASURED DURING DECEMBER 1, 2010 STORM AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth EVENT SECTION 3.0 COLOR LOADING MODEL A model was developed for each month at the three stations on the Pigeon River. True Color mass loading predictions have been developed for three locations on the Pigeon River for flows equal to or greater than the 30Q2 monthly flows and these locations include: 1. Pigeon River at Park Street Bridge at PRM 63.61 and upstream from the Evergreen Packaging Canton Mill effluent discharge (represents background coming to the Mill); 2. Pigeon River at Hepco Bridge at PRM 42.58. The free -flowing Pigeon River enters the tail waters of Walters Lake essentially at this bridge; and 3. Pigeon River at Browns Bridge at PRM 24.78. This point is downstream from the discharges from the Walters Powerhouse at PRM 25.87 and downstream from the North Carolina -Tennessee Stateline at PRM 25.85. 3.1 PREDICTING MASS LOADINGS AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW The model was developed using mass loadings as a function of flow. Flow is a function of time. That is, a known volume of water moves past a cross -sectional area within a certain period of time. Flows are generally expressed by the USGS as cubic feet per second and by NPDES permittees as millions of gallons per day. Both of these descriptions give a volume per time. The mass loading is dependent upon the flow at the time of the measurement, which means that the mass loading is relatable to the flow which is a function of time. A similar model to predict concentration is not possible because the concentration is not dependent upon time or flow. A similar model structure was developed by Corn (Corn, Neal, & Wallace, 1979) for the Conasauga River located near Dalton, Georgia based on mass of ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD„) as function of river flow. The relationship follows a power function or a straight line on log -log paper. The relationship is as follows: Constituent (day) s= a * Qb 3-1 3.2 TRUE COLOR AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW As with all constituents discharged to a River, either from anthropogenic sources or natural sources, a mass of constituent is added to the River. From the combined mass of the River upstream plus the additional constituent mass, the resultant concentration of that constituent in the River downstream from the discharge can be determined. In stream allocations, this is the principle of "Conservation of Mass". Both True Color and Apparent Color follow this principle. The True Color mass loading in the River is highly dependent on flow in the River with True Color mass generally increasing with increasing flow. Flow predictions in streams follow a power -curve fit analysis or a straight line on log -log graph paper. The True Color concentrations in the River follow no logical predictive method. They are highly variable for the full range of flows from low flow to high flow, as shown previously in Figure 2 - 2. The True Color mass loadings can be predicted as a function of Pigeon River flow. True Color loadings have been plotted versus Pigeon River flow based on the entire database that has been collected from January 1, 2001 through October 31, 2013, as previously presented in Figure 2 - 47, Figure 2 - 49, and Figure 2 - 51 for the Pigeon River in Park Street in Canton, Hepco, and Waterville, respectively. The latter portion of this period represents the current state of True Color reductions that the Canton Mill has achieved from its continuing in -plant color reduction improvements, as documented in Appendix 3. 3.3 APPARENT COLOR AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW The Apparent Color mass loading in the River is highly dependent on flow in the River with Apparent Color mass generally increasing with increasing flow. Flow predictions in streams follow a power -curve fit analysis or a straight line on log -log graph paper. The Apparent Color mass loadings versus flow in the River can be predicted with a power curve fit of the data. The Apparent Color concentrations in the River follow no logical predictive method and thus cannot be used for concentrations. The Apparent Color concentrations are highly variable for the full range of flows from low flow to high flow, as shown previously in Figure 2 - 78. The Apparent Color mass loadings can be predicted as a function of Pigeon River flow. Apparent Color loadings have been plotted versus Pigeon River flow based on the entire database that has been collected from January 1, 2001 through October 31, 2013, as previously presented in Figure 2 - 107, Figure 2 - 109, and Figure 2 - I I I for the Pigeon River at Park Street in Canton, at Hepco, and at Waterville, respectively. The latter portion of this period represents the current state of Apparent Color reductions that the Canton Mill has achieved from its continuing in -plant color reduction improvements, as documented in Appendix 3. 3-2 3.4 MONTHLY COLOR PROJECTIONS IN THE PIGEON RIVER Color loading models were developed for both True and Apparent Color for each month of the year at each of the three stations of interest. The models are based on a power curve fit of the flow versus loading. Power curves appear as a straight line on log -log paper. The models follow the form: Color (day) s=a* Qb 3.4.1 True Color Loading Model 2 The True Color loading models for each month for the Pigeon River at Park Street are presented in Figure 3 - 1 through Figure 3 - 12. These graphs are based on the mass loading, which show a trend with increasing flow. The coefficient and exponent for each True Color model at Park Street is presented in Table 3 - 1. As previously discussed in 2.2.1, there is no discernible trend between concentration and flow. This in itself indicates that there is no way to compare a concentration at Park Street or for that matter any other "reference" stream with a concentration at Waterville. Any attempt to compare concentrations between vastly different stations is flawed. The True Color loading models for each month for the Pigeon River at Hepco are presented in Figure 3 - 13 through Figure 3 - 24. The True Color loading models for each month for the Pigeon River at Browns Bridge are presented in Figure 3 - 25 through Figure 3 - 36. The coefficient and exponent for each True Color model at Hepco is presented in Table 3 - 1. The power curve fits of the data indicate that there may be a break in True Color loadings from low -flow periods to high -flow periods. This break occurs as a result of the greater influence of True Color additions to the River during storm events and also points to the smaller tributaries having a much greater influence at higher flows. There are not enough data points at these higher flow conditions to provide a reasonable prediction for this condition for each month. It may be possible to separate these conditions in the future with the addition of more data from high flow events. A predictive equation for True Color versus tributary flow for each tributary monitored was prepared. The models are presented in Figure 3 - 37 through Figure 3 - 47. These predictive equations follow the same power curve fit as do the Pigeon River equations. The coefficient and exponent for each tributary True Color model is presented in Table 3 - 2. 3-3 3.4.2 Apparent Color Loading Model The Apparent Color loading models for each month for the Pigeon River at Park Street are presented in Figure 3 - 48 through Figure 3 - 59. These graphs are based on the mass loading, which show a trend with increasing flow. The coefficient and exponent for each Apparent Color model at Park Street are presented in Table 3 - 3. The Apparent Color loading models for each month for the Pigeon River at Hepco are presented in Figure 3 - 60 through Figure 3 - 24. The Apparent Color loading models for each month for the Pigeon River at Browns Bridge are presented in Figure 3 - 25 through Figure 3 - 36. The coefficient and exponent for each True Color model at Hepco is presented in Table 3 - 1. The power curve fits of the data indicate that there may be a break in Apparent Color loadings from low -flow periods to high -flow periods. This break occurs as a result of the greater influence of Apparent Color additions to the River during storm events and may also reflect the greater influence of the smaller tributaries on loadings during higher flow events. There are not enough data points at these higher flow conditions to provide a reasonable prediction for this condition for each month. It may be possible to separate these conditions in the future with the addition of more data from high flow events. A predictive equation for Apparent Color versus tributary flow for each tributary monitored was prepared. The models are presented in Figure 3 - 84 through Figure 3 - 94. These predictive equations follow the same power curve fit as do the Pigeon River equations. The coefficient and exponent for each tributary Apparent Color model are presented in Table 3 - 4. 3.5 MODEL VERIFICATION In order to verify the Model, AquAeTer compared loadings predicted from the model to actual data collected in 2011 and 2012. An analysis of this comparison is presented in Table 3 - 5. As can be seen from the table, the model tends to under predict the annual loadings. This is likely due to the effects of storm events. The equation for each month was generally less than the loadings at the higher flow events. These higher flow events tend to generate more color. By underpredicting these conditions, the model will tend to underpredict the total mass loading of color. 9M TABLE 3-1. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL VARIABLES FOR THE PIGEON RIVER MONTH PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON HEPCO WATERVILLE coefficient exponent R2 coefficient exponent R2 coefficient exponent R2 January 8.430 1.316 0.82 207.617 0.908 0.73 106.706 0.981 0.85 February 16.435 1.181 0.56 1429.960 0.578 0.26 94.953 0.969 0.54 March 51.081 0.991 0.56 182.796 0.893 0.57 58.354 1.037 0.76 April 12.910 1.229 0.55 118.308 0.974 0.53 64.141 1.023 0.82 May 28.546 1.126 0.75 300.163 0.857 0.60 58.268 1.041 0.73 June 45.432 1.080 0.78 1392.660 0.624 0.56 131.420 0.929 0.64 July 56.350 1.055 0.86 859.592 0.732 0.68 315.016 0.815 0.78 August 55.147 1.056 0.78 583.919 0.791 0.72 331.273 0.816 0.69 September 66.956 1.031 0.90 1536.250 0.626 0.68 229.559 0.891 0.85 October 47.017 1.104 0.81 2374.134 0.564 0.58 481.659 0.786 0.82 November 37.776 1.138 0.88 474.607 0.828 0.77 404.700 0.827 0.87 December 15.499 1.245 0.82 115.652 1.014 0.77 352.754 0.828 0.79 TABLE 3-2. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL VARIABLES FOR THE PIGEON RIVER TRIBUTARIES MONTH MODEL coefficient exponent R2 East Fork Pigeon River 33.402 1.083 0.97 West Fork Pigeon River 60.649 1.013 0.93 Beaverdam Creek 105.037 0.905 0.92 Murray Branch 97.285 1.320 0.94 Unnamed Tributary from Poison Cove at Broad St in Clyde 70.090 1.214 0.93 Richland Creek at Curved Bridge 39.999 1.094 0.90 Big Branch 76.960 1.258 0.98 Crabtree Creek 49.455 1.184 0.94 Unnamed Tributary from Ferguson Cove 118.358 1.096 0.94 Jonathan Creek 71.971 0.996 0.90 Fines Creek 64.896 1.106 0.93 Cataloochee Creek 421.032 0.504 1.00 Big Creek 85.785 0.612 0.46 TABLE 3-3. APPARENT COLOR LOADING MODEL VARIABLES FOR THE PIGEON RIVER MONTH PIGEON RIVER AT CANTON HEPCO WATERVILLE coefficient exponent RZ coefficient exponent RZ coefficient exponent RZ January 4.917 1.529 0.88 12.657 1.493 0.80 11.261 1.451 0.87 February 18.021 1.283 0.66 113.164 1.133 0.67 9.456 1.459 0.73 March 6.894 1.465 0.66 2.573 1.715 0.60 11.313 1.424 0.79 April 5.364 1.537 0.59 6.161 1.599 0.53 18.342 1.343 0.89 May 17.951 1.360 0.79 41.977 1.333 0.70 3.224 1.603 0.87 June 31.103 1.332 0.68 159.585 1.166 0.54 12.038 1.419 0.70 July 70.433 1.195 0.78 121.517 1.252 0.66 38.685 1.261 0.81 ugust 55.350 1.252 0.77 48.445 1.423 0.73 113.129 1.110 0.69 eptember 82.943 1.132 0.89 291.103 1.050 0.78 58.815 1.241 0.8ctober IN 50.744 1.197 0.87 582.830 0.907 0.56 229.919 1.017 0.87 ovember 9.173 1.528 0.88 26.324 1.416 0.79 62.918 1.224 0.87 December 2.999 1.645 0.83 2.858 1.723 0.82 37.819 1.274 0.88 I TABLE 3-4. APPARENT COLOR LOADING MODEL VARIABLES FOR THE PIGEON RIVER TRIBUTARIES MONTH MODEL coefficient exponent R2 East Fork Pigeon River 48.003 1.201 0.90 West Fork Pigeon River 21.124 1.412 0.94 Beaverdam Creek 224.658 1.062 0.88 Murray Branch 407.633 1.992 0.94 Unnamed Tributary from Poison Cove at Broad St in Clyde 340.610 1.362 0.94 Richland Creek at Curved Bridge 52.764 1.319 0.92 Big Branch 277.781 1.513 0.96 Crabtree Creek 68.009 1.446 0.96 Unnamed Tributary from Ferguson Cove 723.177 1.307 0.94 Jonathan Creek 39.008 1.324 0.97 ines Creek 65.637 1.407 0.97 ataloochee Creek [Big 575.233 0.563 0.34 Creek 63.885 1.038 0.70 TABLE 3-5. COMPARISON OF MODEL PREDICTIONS TO ACTUAL ANNUAL TRUE COLOR LOADINGS YEAR LOCATION DAYS SAMPLED ANNUAL LOADING MEASURED (lbs/day) PREDICTED (lbs/day) 2011 Park Street in Canton 106 8,579,234 6,938,059 Hepco 54 30,097,337 26,207,175 Waterville 52 42,716,014 32,166,374 2012 Park Street in Canton 104 9,992,563 6,417,057 Hepco 55 32,988,559 25,944,394 Waterville 55 37,178,386 30,057,614 Note: Annual loading for the measured days is based on the loading measured on sampling days multiplied by the ratio of days sampled to days in the year. 3-9 W O February Loading at Park Street 1,000,000 ............................. ........................ ..................... . ............ ................ ............................. ........................ ..................... ................... ................ ............................. . ........................ . ..................... ................... ................ ............................. ........................ ..................... ................... ................ ............................. ........................ ..................... ................... ................ .................... ............................................................... ..................................................................... ........... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina =2157 /quAe'ner PROJECT FILE: 12 MODEL FOR FEBRUARY AT PARK optimizing resources I water, air, earth STREET IN CANTON W N April Loading at Park Street 11000,000 .......... .................. ................................ . ...................... . ................. : .............. i : . ............ .......... ......................................................... ................................ ...................... . ........ .......................................................................................... . ...................... . ................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... . ........................................................ : ............................. ........... .............. ............ .......... ........................................................ ............................. ........... .............. ... ............ .......... ........................................................ ................................ . ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ....... ........ ......................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... .......................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ... ....................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... . . . ......... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ...... ................................ . ...................... . ................. .............. ............ .......... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR APRIL AT PARK STREET IN CANTON optimizing resources I water, air, earth W May Loading at Park Street 1,000,000 100,000 z A 0 a x 0 0 w 10,000 x H 1.000 10 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CLIENT: N: ntn , olca in co oration canton Mill FIGURE 3-5. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR MAY AT PARK STREET IN CANTON A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth June Loading at Park Street 11000,000 ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ....................... ................. .............. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ....................... ................. .............. ........... ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................. ........ ......................................................... ................................. ........... .................. .............. ............ .......... ................. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ....... ............................. ......................................................... ................................. ......................................................... ................................. ......................................................... ................................. ......................................................... ................................. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... . ............................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ...... .. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ......................................................... ................................. ....... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ... 100,000 ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ............... .......................................... ................................. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ..... ....... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ........................ ............ ........... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR JUNE AT PARK STREET IN CANTON optimizing resources I water, air, earth July Loading at Park Street 11000,000 _..................._............._........... _........................_..... ..................................... :............._....... ....................................r......................................................tr....._......tr..._....................................... ............................. .................. r........................................................r.............r............................................ ......... ........... ........................... ,... .............................................................................................................................................. . ..................... ............... ........... .. ............................... ........ ........ .... .. ,.., 100 000 ............................................................................ _..................... _.._. _ _............... ...._.._. _ .....................:...............:....................F.......;......F............................................................................... .................. ........ ..... .._. _ ..............................._............................._.._. ..�....;..._ ............... ........ ..............................._............... ........ ...._........ _. _ z ....................................................... ...... ...... ...... ......... *.........: ............................... ............... ........ .... r......................................................tr.. .......................... ............................... ............... ........ .... 0 ..................... ............... ........... .......... ...... ..........................................._............... ....._.._. _ _..................... _........ _. _ ai ......................................._........._......................................................... .. ..�._.............._. _ _ 7.0554 ............. - 0.. ....._.._. _ Z s R2 0.8594....,...... o 10,000 W: .....................:...............:............................................. ...........................................................................................#: ................_..................._............._.............................. ..................... ............... ........... ........ _....... ......_.................................................................... _ ............... ..................._............._..... .... ............................... _ ........................... _ .. _ . _ 94 .........................:._, .._ ......: .. .......................... ............................................. ...................:::::............................................................ ............... ........... .................................... ...................... ............... ....................:......: a ........................................... ..:............ ............................................................� _ ..............................._........................ _.._. _ :... ...:...... _............... _.._. _ 1,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIENT: Ever een Packaginjz Corporation canton Mill FIGURE 3-7. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR JULY AT PARK STREET IN CANTON A optimizing resources I water, air, earth W J W W October Loading at Park Street 1,000,000 ................. .............. . ........... .......... ................. .............. ........... .......... . ..... ............ .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ................. .............. ........... .......... ................. .............. ........... .......... . ................. ..................................... ................................. .......................... ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ...... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR OCTOBER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON optimizing resources I water, air, earth November Loading at Park Street 10,000,000 ............. ........... . ........ . ....... ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... .............. ........... .... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................... . .............. ........... . ........ . ....... ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... ..................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................... .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ............................. : ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... ..... ..... ............................ ..................... ............... ........... ..... ............................ ............................ ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... ..... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ..... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ..... ...... ........ ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ..... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... ..... ..... ..................................... ..................................... ..................... .............. ........... ..... ..................... . . .............. ........... . ........ . ....... .... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... 1,000,000 ............................. ...................... ............... ........... ..... ..................................... ..................... . .............. ........... ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... ................................................... ............... ........... ..... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ..... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ....... . ...... ..... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................... .............. ........... i ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................... . .............. ........... . ........ . ....... .... 4 ..................... i ............... i ........... ........................................................... ............... ........... ..................................... ............. ............... .......... ......... ... ... . ................. .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ? ....... 1 ...... .................................... ..................... . .............. ........... .... ................ ..................... ..................... ................ ....... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ..... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... ..... .................................... .................................... ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................... .............. ........... ..... ................. .......................................... ...... ...... ........... ..................................... .............. .... ............... .............................. 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR NOVEMBER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON optimizing resources I water, air, earth December Loading at Park Street 11000,000 ........ ............... ........... ......... . ....... ...... . ..... ..... .......... ...... . ..................... ............... ........... . ........ . ....... . . . ...... . ..... ..................................... 4: ...................... ............. ... . ....... ...... . ..... ..... .................... ..................................... ...................... .............. ... ..... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ......... . ....... ...... . ..... ..... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ..... .................... ..................................... ..................................... ............... ........... ..... ...................... ............... ........... ......... . ....... ...... . ..... ..... ...................... ............... ........... ..... ........... ........ . ................. ............. ..................................... . .................. ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ...................... . .............. ........... ..... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ..... ..................... .......... ..................................... ............ .......... ............... ........... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ...................... .............. ........... .......... ...................... ............... ........... ............... .......... ........... ............... ........... ................ ................... ........... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ......... . .... ...... . ..... ..... ...... ...................... ............... ........... ......... . ....... ...... . ..... ..... ........ ............... ........... . ........ . ....... ...... . ..... 100,000 ..................................... ...................... ............... ......... . ....... ...... . ..... ..... ..................................... ...................... ............... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ......... ....... ...... . ..... ..... ..................................... ............................................................ ...................... ............... ........... ......... . ....... ...... . ..... ............................ ........... ... . ............... ........... ..... .............................. ..................... ............... ........... . ........ . ....... ...... . ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... . ..................... ............... ........... . ........ . ....... ...... . ..... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ..... ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ......... . ........... . . ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... 9Z o ..................................... ...................... ............... ........... ..... ..................................... ...................... ..... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR DECEMBER AT PARK STREET IN CANTON optimizing resources I water, air, earth January Loading at Hepco 10,000,000 ....................... ................. .............. ........... ....................... ................. .............. ........... ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ............................. ........ mmm ................................................ ................................ .. . . . ...... ........ ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ .................. ................ ................................ .................... .................. ................................ ........................................................ ................................ ........................................................ ................................ ........................................................ ................................ ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ................................. ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ........................................................ ................................ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ....................... ................. .............. ........... 1,000,000 ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ....... .................................................. ................................ ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ................................................. ................................................. ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ........................................................ ................................ ........................................................ ................................ ........................................................ ................................ .................. ................. .......................... . ......... . ........ .................. ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ............. ................. ............. ........... . ........ ....................... .................... ....... ........... . ......... . ........ ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ..................................... * ............. ................................. : ........................ ............ ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ........................................................ ............................... ...... ................. .............. ........... ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .......................... ................. ............. ................................ ................................. .................. 100,000 ........................ ...... . ....... .......... : ............ -7 y 62x ! 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL =Packaginjz LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR JANUARY AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth W N w March Loading at Hepco 1,000,000 . ...................... . ................. .............. . ........... .......... .............................................. . ................................ .............. . .............................................. ................................ ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........................................... ............................. ..................... ................................ .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. . .............. ........... . .......... ........ . .. .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. . .............. ........... . .......... ........ . ....... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ..................... ................................ ......................................................... ................................ .................................... ..................... ................................ ......................................................... ................................ . ...................... . ................. .............. . ........... . . . ......... . ...................... . ................. .............. ........... .......... ......... ....... .............. ........ .............. ........... .......... ...................... ................................ ........... .......... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ....... ......... ........................................ .............................................. ................................. ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ ................. ........... ...................... ................. .............. ...................... 10000 ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ............................................... ................................ ....................... .................. .......... . .......... .......... ........ - - ----------------------......................... ................................. - - . ........... ................. ....... .... ........... .................. ....... .................. ......................................................... ................................ .............. ........... .......... ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... .............................................. ................................ .................... . ......... ... .............................................. . ................................ ....................... ................ .... . ................ ..... .................... ........................... ................................. ................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... .............................................. ................................ ........... ........................... . ........... .......... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ ................................ . ...................... ................. .................... .......... ... .. y 182.*XO.8527 O .......... . .............. .............. ........... .......... ....... ......................................................... .................... ........... .......... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL =Packaginjz LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR MARCH AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth W N May Loading at Hepco 10,000,000 ... ........ .............. ........... ........... . ......... . ........ ........ .............. . ........... . ......... . ........ ........ .............. ........... ........ ...... ................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ............ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ....... .................................... .................... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................................................. ........................................ ................................................. ................................. ................. ................. ................................................. ................................ ...................... . ................. ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. . ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. ................................................... ................................ ! 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL =Packaginjz LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR MAY AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth W N 1,000,000 1=111l1A 100 June Loading at Hepco 11000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-18. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR JUNE AT HEPCO A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W N W NW 10,000,000 1,000,000 10,000 10 August Loading at Hepco 100 FLOW (cfs) 1,000 10,000 CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 3-20. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR AUGUST AT HEPCO AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth w w O 1,000,000 10,000 'L 10 September Loading at Hepco 100 .................................... FLOW (cfs) 1,000 u y=:1536.:. 10,000 CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-21. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR SEPTEMBER AT HEPCO A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth wW October Loading 1,000,000 10 000 10 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-22. 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR NOVEMBER AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth December Loading Loading 10,000,000 ....................................................... ...................... . .. ............................. ........... . ......... . ........ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ....... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ................................................. ................................ ....................... ............................................................................ 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........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... 10,000 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIENT:Packaginjz Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-24. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR DECEMBER AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth W W W W W w 1,000,000 10 000 100 March Loading at Waterville 11000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-27. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR MARCH AT BROWNS BRIDGE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W w April Loading at Waterville 1,000,000 10,000 100 CL1EN'I : h,e,i4,een Packaging Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth ................................................................................................1 100 10,000 FLOW (cfs) FIGURE 3-28. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL FOR APRIL AT BROWNS BRIDGE W W W June Loading at Waterville 1,000,000 ....... . .. .................................... . ...................... . ................. .............. . ........... .......... .......... ..................... ................................ . .......... ........ . .. ..................... ................................ . ...................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ......................................................... ................................ . ...................... . ................. .............. ........... .......... ......... ....... .............................................. . ................................ .............................................. ................................ ....................... .................. .............. ............ .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. . .............. ........... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. . .............. ........... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ............ .......... ....... .......... ....... .......... ....... ......................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ............................................. .... ................. ......... ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... .............................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... .................................................... ............................... ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... 100,000 • ............................................... ................................ ....................... ................. ......... ............ ........... ................. ........... ........... .............. * .......... .......... ... .... ....... ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... .............................. : : .............................. ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... .............................. ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... . .............................................. .......... ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ ................................. ....................... .......... ....... .. ... ... ..... ...... .... ....... .............................. ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... .. ............ ............... .............................................. ................................ ......... .......... .................. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ ........... ............... ........... .......... y 113 t.42XOt9292 .................. ...... ...................... ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ ................ 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL =Packaginjz LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 FOR JUNE AT BROWNS BRIDGE optimizing resources I water, air, earth 100,000 0 100,000 10,000 !L-- 100 July Loading at Waterville ....... ..................... ................................. ........................ ....... ..................... 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) 1 CLIENT: Ever cc PackaginjZ Corporation Canton Mill LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina FIGURE 3-31. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL I PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR JULY AT BROWNS BRIDGE /A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth I W It 1,000,000 10,000 100 August Loading at Waterville 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) cL1EN1: Ever een Yacka in Corporation canton Mill FIGURE 3-32. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR AUGUST AT BROWNS BRIDGE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth 1,000,000 10,000 ''- 100 September Loading at Waterville ......................... R2=f 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn Pao North in Corporation canton Mill FIGURE 3-33. TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR SEPTEMBER AT BROWNS BRIDGE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W W W December Loading at Waterville 10,000,000 ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ....................... ......................... ....................... ................. .............. ........... ....................... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ....... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ....... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . .......................................... .............. . .................................................... ....................... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ .................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ............................ ........................................................ ........................................................ loll., .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .. ...... .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... 1000,000 .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .* ......... ........... ................................ ....................... ................. .... ........ ........... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ......... . ................ .................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 FOR BEAVERDAM CREEK /AZeTe\r optimizing resources I water, air, earth W Murray Branch 10,000 :: .................................................................................................r.......r..................................................... ..... ................ ,... .................................................................................................................... ................................ 1000 ....................... ............... ........... ......... _....... _...... ...._..... ....................................... ................ ......... ..... ................................................. ......... ..... ... ...... ..... ..... zA .......... _..�.9�................ _9-7:285_ Y ..........................................................r...... — 5 Oa :....................... :............... ........... ................- ....... ......... ..... ................................. ................ ......... ..... a O 100 W ............................................................_........................... ........................................................._......._.........._ ..... :::::::::::::::::::::::.........-:::::::::::::::: ......... ..... ::-:- ......¢... _................ - - - - - - ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: .........-.....-... _........._....._... _ F. ......................................_..........._........._......'.. ........................................................................ ................................_................ - - - - _........._....._... _ ................................. ................ ......... ..... 10 0.1 1 10 100 FLOW (efs) CLIENT: Evergreen in Corporation canton MillFIGURE 3-40. 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TRUE COLOR LOADING MODEL LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR THE UNNAMED TRIBUTARY FROM optimizing resources I water, air, earth POISON COVE IN CLYDE W 10 100 15000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-42. TRUE COLOR LOADING., MODEL LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 FOR RICHLAND CREEK A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W N Big Branch 10,000 .................................... :....................... ...............p........... p.........;........;.. ................................. ............... ......... ..... .......................... ............ ........ ..... ,-. ............................................................................. ............... ......... ..... ...... ................ ........ ..... ... 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR JUNE AT PARK STREET IN resources I water, air, earth CANTON July Loading at Park Street ..................... ........................ 100,000,000 - :. . ........................... : ..................... ............... ........... ........ . ....... ...... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... : . .... .................................... ................................... ............ ............... ........... ........ . ....... ..... . .... .................................... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... .... .................................... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... .... .................................... ...... ........................................ ..................... .............. .... . ..... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. . .......... . ........ . ....... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... . ..... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. . .......... . ........ . ....... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... .... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... ............... .... .............. ...... ....... ...... .................... .............. ........... .................... . .............. ........... ...... .................... .............. ........... .................... .............. ........... 10,000,000 ................................... ..................... ............... ........... .... ................................... ..................... ............... ........... ........ . ....... ..... . .... .................................... .................................... .................... .............. ........... .................... . .............. ........... ...... .... . ..... .... ..... .................................... ..................... .............. .......... .................................... ..................... .............. . .......... . ........ . ....... • .................................... ..................... .............. .......... ........................... ..................... ............... ........... : i .... ..................................... ................................... ........... ............... ........... ........ . ....... ..... . .... ........................... ............ : - 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton North Carolina /AZeA\x PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR JULY AT PARK STREET IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth CANTON W W 171-1 C;11 C71 October Loading at Park Street 1,000,000 . ................. .............. ........... ......... ................. .............. ........... ......... ............................................... ........................... ......... ... .. ....... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .......... . .............................. . ...................... ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. . .............. ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. . .............. ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ . ................................ . ...................... ........................................................ . ................................ . ...................... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. . ........... . . ........ . ........ . ....... . ................. .............. . ........ . ................. .............. ........... ............................................... ................................. ........................ ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ................................ ............................................... . ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................................................ ................. .............. ........... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ...... ................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... 100,000 ....... .......... 4* I ......... ....... . ........... .............. ........... ............................................... ................................. ..............................4.............. ............ .......... ....... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... . ................ .......... ....................... . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. .......... ...................... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................... ....... ............................................... ........................................................ ................ * *411111111111111 .......... ............... .. ............ 1 .............. ........... ..... .............. ........... .......... ozA ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ ........................ ...... .. .............. . ... ....... .... ............................................. ..... .... * ... ....... ........... ................. .............. ........... ... .......... 04 ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ........................................... ..... . .......... . ......... ................ ................. .............. ........... ............................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ........ ................ .................... ...................... y ................. .............. ........... .11967: 50.74-4xl. 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING =Packaginjz LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 MODEL FOR OCTOBER AT PARK STREET IN optimizing resources I water, air, earth CANTON W J W W W W 0 1,000,000 10,000 ''- 100 February Loading at Hepco y=113.16xi.i327 R2 = 0.6731 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 3-61. APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR FEBRUARY AT HEPCO A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W J W J N W J W June Loading at Hepco 10,000,000 ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........... ........ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ........... ........ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ......................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........ ........... ........ ........... ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ................................................... ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........ ........................................................ ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ....... 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING =Packaginjz LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 MODEL FOR JUNE AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth July Loading at Hepco 100,000,000 ......................................... : ............................... ................................ ................................ ...................................................... ................................ ...................................................... ................................ . ............................... . ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ........ . ....... ............................... ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ..................... ............................... ...................... ................. .............. ........... .......... . ............................... . ...................... ................. .............. ........... 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR JULY AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth W J September Loading at Hepeo 10,000,000 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ............ ..................... .............. ........... ................................ ..................... .............. ........... .... ................................ ..................... .............. ........... .... ................................ ..................... .............. . ........... ...... . ..... .... ................................ ..................... .............. ........... .... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ...... . ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ......................... ..................... .............. ........... .... ......................... ..................... .............. ........... .... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ................... ............... ........... ..... ..... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ..................................... ..................... ............... ........... ................................ ..................... .............. ........... .... .......................... ........... ..................... ............... ........... ..... ..................................... ..................... ........... ........... 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APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR SEPTEMBER AT HEPCO optimizing resources I water, air, earth W J W W J W W O W W W W N W W W W W W W w 10,000,000 z 1,000,000 A O a x O O H z 100,000 a a 10,000 100 June Loading at Waterville 11 y = 12.038x1.4191 R2= 0.7035........................................ 1,000 109000 FLOW (efs) CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 3-77. APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR JUNE AT BROWNS BRIDGE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W 10,000,000 z 1,000,000 A 0 a x 0 a 0 v z 100,000 w x a a io,000 100 July Loading at Waterville 1,000 10,000 FLOW (cfs) LOCATION: CLIENT: Ever ntn , North in Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-78. APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR JULY AT BROWNS BRIDGE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W 0C 0C August Loading at Waterville 10,000,000 .............................:...................... :................:.............:........... .......... ......... _....... :.................... ............... .............................................................................................. ...:.......:.............. _. _................ ................_........... _..._.._ ................................:....................._;.................;..............r........._;..... ..;.......;...... ................. ........................ ................................ ....................... ................. :.............. ........... ... ................................................. ......................... ................... ................. .............. ........... ... ........... .......... ........ U i 000 000 z ....... ....... ...... .......... .......................... ........................... ..........................................................................................................................:....... ......._..... ...:.......:............. ... _. ................................................._......................... _........... _......... _........ _ ...........................................:............ ........................ ... .. ............................................................................• .......................................................................................................... ...................._ •............ ....... .....,... ......................... 0 x.................................................................................. :. ....................•.................................................................._........... _......... _........ _ a ................................................* ......._........_.. :.� ...................._........................ _...........y...._....1`.1.3,_1..3k:ions........._..........._........._........ _ ••'� • • R2 = 0.6946 z 100 000s .......................................................... .................. -. ... ...... ....... -......................... ...................................................................... .... .........,,..._..._........_ ................................�................................ .................. �,......._................ .............................................................................. ...... :...................-........................-...-..- _........... _..._.._ ................ ........................ a..................... •...................................•.........................................._.............................................................._............................ :................................h...........;..........;..... a . .......................... ................................. ....................... ................. ................ .................... :................................ :....................... :................. • :.............. r.......... ..... :.............. :........... :.......... ............... ................................................. ......................... ................ ........................ ................................................. ....................................................... ......................... ................... ................. .............. ........... ... .. 10,000 100 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CLIENT: Ever in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 3-79. APPARENT COLOR LOADING ntn , North LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR AUGUST AT BROWNS BRIDGE A7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth September Loading at Waterville 10,000,000 ........... ................. ................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .............. ............ .......... ....... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .................................................. ...................... ......... .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. ......... ................................... ........................ .............. . ........... .......... ........ . ....... .............. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ . ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ......... ...................... ...... * .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... .............. ........... .......... ....... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ........................................................ ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ........................................ ................. ............................... ...... ....... ...... ...... ...... U 1,0001000 .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. . ........... .......... ........ . ... .............. ........... .......... ... ....................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ................... . ........... ................... ................... . ... .......................... ...................... ................. .............. ........... .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. .............. . ........... .......... ........ . ....... .............. ........... .......... ....... .............. ........... .......... ....... .......................... ................... ................... ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ ............ ..... .................. * .... ........... .............. ...................... ................. .............. ........... .... ................ ....................... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .................................................. ........................ ........ ................ ..................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... 04 .................................................. ................................ ....................... ................. . ..... ........... .......... .......•...................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ............................... ................................ .............. ................. .......... .......... ... .......... ..... L 1.2409 .................. ................................ : y 58.815x o R 2 0.8372 100,000 V Z". .................................................. ............................. ........... ..... ................................ ....... ....... ............................ ................................ ....... ...... ................. .......... ....... ..... ... ................... . ....... ........... .......... ....... ....................................................... . ................................ ...................... . ................. .............. ........... . ......... . ........ . ....... ....................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ....................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ............. ................................ ..................... ...... . ...................... ................. .................... .. ...... ......... ......•....................... ................. A . ............ .............. ........... .......... ....... .............. ........... .......... ....... ....................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ....................................................... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... ............. .......... ....................... . ........ .... . ..... ... ...... ................................ ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... .... ... ....................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... ....................................... ................................ .............. ................. .............. ........... .......... ....... ....................................................... ................................ ...................... ................. .............. ........... 1000 100 IM00 10,000 FLOW (efs) CLIENT: Ever gree Packaging Corporation Canton Mill FIGURE 3-80. APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR SEPTEMBER AT BROWNS BRIDGE optimizing resources I water, air, earth W 0 10,000,000 z 1,000,000 A 0 a x 0 0 z 100,000 a a [IrWITATIM 100 October Loading at Waterville 1,000 10,000 FLOW (efs) CL1EN1': Ever een Yacka in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 3-81. APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR OCTOBER AT BROWNS BRIDGE A 7eTNer optimizing resources I water, air, earth W W N East Fork Pigeon River W W West Fork Pigeon River 1,000,000 ......................................................... :: ................................. ................ .......... ..... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. .... ...... . ...... ........ ............ .......... ........ ...................... ................... ................................. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............................................... ................................. ............ ............ .......... ........ ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ..... .................................... ................................. ........... y.. =J: 1.4 V-21 ..T .......... 2 0.9 4 43�� ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ................................. ....................... . ................. ............... ..... ... . .......... ........ . ... U 100,000 ....................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ....................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ............ .......... ........ ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ................ .... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ......................................................... ........... ..... . ...... .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................. . ................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... .......................... .... ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... .............. ... ........O..... ....................... . ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ........................................................ .. ........................ ...................... ................. ........... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ .......................................... ........... ................................. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... O ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ .................. ................................... ................................. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... O 1000 ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ . ..... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... . . ......................................................... ................................. ....................... ................................. . . .......... ............... ................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ........ ....... ......................................................... ................................. ............. . .......... .................. .............. .......... .......... .................................. ........................ .............. . ........... . .......... ........ . ....... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. ..... ......................................................... ................................. ....................... ............. .............. ................................... ........ ............ .......... ........ ......................................................... ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ........................................................ ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ......................................................... ................................. ........................ : ............... .............. ......................................................... ................................. ........ ............. .................. .............. ......................................................... ................................. ....................... .................. .............. ............ .......... ........ ............ .......... ........ ............ .......... ........ ........................................................ ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ........................................................ ................................. ....................... ................. .............. ........... .......... ........................................................ ................................. ....................... . ................. .............. . ........... . ................... 1,000 10 100 1,000 FLOW (cfs) Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 3-85. APPARENT COLOR LOADING =Packaginjz LOCATION: Canton, North Carolina /A 7eTNer PROJECT FILE: 12 2157 MODEL FOR THE WEST FORK PIGEON RIVER optimizing resources I water, air, earth W W Unnamed Tributary from Poision Cove in Clyde W W 1.0 0C Richland Creek 10,000,000:.................................. .................. 10 FLOW (cfs) 1,000 10,000 CLIENT: hverjzreen Packa in Co oration Canton Mill FIGURE 3-89. APPARENT COLOR LOADING LOCATION: Canton, anton North Carolina PROJECT/FILE: 122157 MODEL FOR RICHLAND CREEK AquAe'ner optimizing resources I water, air, earth W W O O w 0 w 0 N w 0 w SECTION 4.0 CONCLUSIONS 4.1 PRIMARY GOAL — COLOR LOADING MODEL The focus of this study was to do a comprehensive analysis of the Color in the Pigeon River and to develop a predictive model for True Color in the Pigeon River. The True Color loading models presented in Section 3 are the result of the mathematical analyses of the data. These models can be used to predict True Color loadings for the Pigeon River at Park Street, at Hepco, and at Waterville. Based on the data collected, True and Apparent Color Loadings can be predicted for different locations on the Pigeon River and for its tributaries for a wide range of flow events, as previously presented in Section 3. True Color loadings in the Pigeon River and its tributaries follow power curve fits, which are represented by straight lines on log -log graph paper and are a function of flow. This model can be used to predict True Color loadings for any flow in the River. The True Color predictive equations have been developed to predict color at flows greater than or equal to the monthly 30Q2 flows. 4.2 MAJOR FINDINGS Aside from the development of the models, there were four significant findings from the work done for this project: 1. The primary source of color in the Pigeon River at Hepco and at Waterville is not from the Mill, on an annual basis; 2. The smaller tributaries contribute a disproportionately large mass of color to the Pigeon River; and, 3. At the Mill's current permit limits (38,020 lbs/day annual average), the Mill represents less than half of the annual average True Color concentration measured at Hepco and at Waterville. 4. The True Color concentrations measured at two different stations on the Pigeon River cannot be compared directly due to the differences between the locations on the River. 4-1 4.2.1 Primary Source of Color in the Pigeon River On an annual basis, the primary source for True Color in the Pigeon River and its tributaries, except for at Fibreville, is from the natural and anthropogenic sources other than the Mill. This is based on the mass loading calculated from the measured data. The Canton Mill contributes less than half of the annual average True Color loading at Hepco. One cannot determine the actual sources of color by relying only on concentration. It is important to compare loadings when stations with different hydrologic characteristics (flows) are being compared, such as the direct comparison of the Pigeon River at Waterville to the Pigeon River at Hepco, or the use of reference streams that are all smaller than the tributaries to the Pigeon River. The majority, 84%, of the basin is forested. It is likely that a large portion of the annual color loading at Hepco is provided by the natural processes found in the forest. These natural processes include the breakdown of leaf litter and other plant material. During storm events, a large source of color to the Pigeon River is from the smaller tributaries. These storm events are frequent enough to contribute a significant amount of color to the annual loading. 4.2.2 Effects of Smaller Tributaries Each of the tributaries monitored for water quality were also gaged for flow. An analysis of the True Color contributions of the tributaries to the True Color in the Pigeon River is shown in Figure 2 - 56. The smaller basins contribute more True Color to the Pigeon River on a proportional basis than do the larger basins, as presented in Figure 2 - 57. There are a total of 237 tributaries that flow directly into the Pigeon River from its headwaters near Bethel, North Carolina at PRM 69.32 to its confluence with the French Broad River near Newport Tennessee at PRM 0.00. The majority of these streams have basins with drainage areas less than two square miles. These smaller drainage basins have higher mass loadings of color per flow and drainage area than the major tributaries. For instance, the largest tributary, Richland Creek at 68.5 sq mi., is expected to generate 0.9 lbs per day per cfs per sq mi. Murray Branch at 1 sq mi., is expected to generate 95 lbs per day per cfs per sq mi. One of the reasons that the disproportionate loadings was discovered was that during AquAeTer's sampling event in December 2012, there was a substantial mass of color loading that was unaccounted for at Hepco. Every major basin was sampled, yet there was 543,257 lbs of True Color that could not be accounted for at Hepco. Looking at the individual loadings measured at the unnamed tributaries from Ferguson Cove and Poison Cove, Big Branch, and Murray Branch, one can see that the other 67 small tributaries are likely the source for this additional loading. 4-2 4.2.3 Components of the Downstream Color Concentrations The average True Color Concentration in the Pigeon River at Park Street is 13 mg/L, at Hepco is 29 mg/L, and at Waterville is 19 mg/L. The annual average flow for the Pigeon River at Park Street is 321 cfs, at Hepco is 671 cfs, and at Waterville is 1,027 cfs. In 2012, the average concentration from the Mill was 156 mg/L and the average loading was 34,800 lbs/day. If one only looks at the concentration, it is easy to come to the incorrect conclusion that the concentration at Park Street is more than half of the concentration at Waterville, or that the Mill's concentration is the majority of the color at the downstream stations. The annual average loading at Hepco is 104,905 lbs/day. Taking the Mill's loading, from this, the majority (70,105 lbs/day) of the annual average loading to the Pigeon River is from sources other than the Mill. Relating this to the concentration at Hepco of 29 mg/L, the following is the breakdown of the components of the concentration at Hepco: 1. 6.2 mg/L from non -Mill sources to the Pigeon River upstream from Park Street; 2. 9.6 mg/L from the Mill; and, 3. 13.2 mg/L from non -Mill sources to the Pigeon River downstream from Park Street. 4. This gives the total of 29 mg/L at Hepco. The annual average loading at Waterville is 105,196 mg/L. As with the Pigeon River at Hepco, the majority of this annual average loading (70,396 lbs/day) is from sources other than the Mill. Relating this to the average concentration at Waterville of 19 mg/L, the following is the breakdown of the components of the concentration at Waterville: 1. 4.06 mg/L from non -Mill sources to the Pigeon River upstream from Park Street; 2. 6.29 mg/L from the Mill; and, 3. 8.65 mg/L from non -Mill sources downstream from Park Street. If one only looks at the difference between 13 and 29 mg/L or 13 and 19 mg/L, one ignores the fact that the True Color concentration at Park Street, 13 mg/L, only represents about 6 mg/L at Hepco and 4 mg/L at Waterville. Similarly, the Mill represents a minor fraction of the annual average concentration at the downstream stations. The annual average concentrations at Hepco and at Waterville are dominated by sources other than the Mill. 4-3 4.3 ADDITIONAL FINDINGS 4.3.1 Mill The Mill is one of the industry leaders in color reduction technologies. Since 1988, the Canton Mill has reduced its color loading by more than 90%. The Canton Mill is one of the leading Mills in the U.S. in terms of effluent color concentrations (EKONO, August 2005; NCASI, August 2006). The average effluent True Color concentration from October 2009 through September 2013 was 166 mg/L. The average effluent True Color concentration in 2012 was 156 mg/L. The Canton Mill effluent True Color concentration is 5 to 10 times lower than any other mill in USEPA, Region 4 which includes Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. 4.3.2 Statistical Hydrologic Events The monthly 30Q2 analysis allows a comparison of the expected low flows based on similar hydrologic periods so that the 30Q2 flow for August is truly reflective of the rainfall and runoff that occurs in August. The monthly 30Q2 flow event represents a statistical event that is representative of the actual occurrence of these flows during each month versus an annual 30Q2 flow event that has no statistical validity since it represents widely variable flows that are unrelated in hydrologic time. 4.3.3 Storm Events One storm event can discharge more color loading to the Pigeon River than the Mill discharges in 31 days. When one looks at all of the loading data versus flow, there appears to be an inflection point where the trend line for the greater flow events is steeper than the trend line for the normal flow events. This also is reflective of the influence of the smaller basins input into the mass loadings in the River. There were not enough data in each month to provide a definitive curve for the higher flow events. In the future, it may be possible to amend the monthly models to provide a more accurate prediction for the higher flow events. During a storm monitoring event on December 1, 2010, True Color in the Pigeon River at Hepco was about 1,600,000 pounds per day (lbs/day). Of this loading, approximately 360,000 lbs/day were contributed upstream from Canton and about 630,000 lbs/day could be accounted for from the 9 tributaries routinely monitored downstream. On that day, the Mill's True Color Loading was 33,426 lbs/day. This means that approximately 543,300 lbs/day of True Color were added to the River from the other 67 named and unnamed tributaries that discharge directly to the Pigeon River in Haywood County between Park Street in Canton and the USGS gage at Hepco. 4.3.4 Dataset The dataset produced by the Mill for the Pigeon River represents a wide range of hydrological and seasonal events. The vast quantity of samples which have been taken at various conditions means that the dataset can be used to predict True Color loadings in the River. Other datasets for nearby streams have neither the quantity of samples nor the range of conditions as this dataset, and thus cannot be used in a similar manner. Additionally, few of these datasets simultaneously monitor flow, so that a color loading cannot be calculated. 4.3.5 Use of Concentration Data The fact that concentration is not correlated with flow also means that comparing True Color between stations should also be evaluated using the True Color Loadings. The volume of water increases moving downstream. The concentration may appear to vary, with downstream concentrations sometimes greater and sometimes less than the concentration upstream. In order to evaluate True Color between stations, the loading should be evaluated. By evaluating concentration, one ignores that the River is changing as it moves downstream and it becomes easy to hide the changing River conditions. The maximum measured True Color concentration at this point has been 59 mg/L. This is very similar in nature to the peak concentrations measured at Hepco and at Waterville of 65 mg/L. Although the difference in these concentrations is minimal, the mass loading for the concentration at Hepco is more than 3.5 times the mass loading at Park Street during its peak concentration event. Saying that these concentrations are the same magnitude is misleading, since the actual magnitude in the amount of color present is significantly different. 4.3.6 Variability in Concentration At Park Street, the same flow event can produce concentrations that vary by more than 40 mg/L. This is due to primarily to the variability of the natural sources of True Color to the Pigeon River. The variability is not related to one specific season and is found in every month of the year. Therefore, there is no functional relationship with which to predict concentrations. A plot of the True Color concentrations recorded at the Park Street Bridge upstream from the Canton Mill is presented in Figure 2 - 2. At all stations, the variability of True Color is wide for the same flow range suggesting that the Pigeon River should not be expected to have low (less than 10 mg/L) True Color concentrations for any flow range at 30Q2 and above flows. The data also strongly suggest that the variability in True Color in the background station upstream from the Mill at the Park Street Bridge is not expected to be low. This also holds true for the tributary streams. 4-5 4.3.7 Apparent Color The turbid light brown appearance of the water discharged from Walters Powerhouse is a result of sediments entrained from Walters Lake and is not associated with True Color discharged from the Mill. These sediments serve to mask the True Color at this location. It is therefore not possible to make a visual assessment of the Pigeon River with regards to True Color. True Color measurements at this Station are in line with measurements made at Park Street in Canton as well as the neighboring French Broad River. 4.3.8 Turbidity Turbidity is not related to True Color, i.e., there is very low turbidity associated with True Color concentration levels measured in the Pigeon River. There does appear to be a relationship between turbidity and Apparent Color. This makes sense, since both are affected by solids loadings. 4.3.9 Designated Uses for the Pigeon River The designated uses for the Pigeon River are being met. The Pigeon River has a thriving recreational industry downstream from Walters Dam which is an important tax base for Cocke County, Tennessee. The water quality of the Pigeon River is meeting the NCDNR criteria and regulations. The tributaries to the Pigeon River are of variable quality and some tributaries do not meet the NCDNR criteria or regulations. A multi -stakeholder project, called the PRRP, has successfully re -introduced fish and aquatic mussel species to the Pigeon River, both upstream and downstream from the Walters Dam. Walters Dam is an impediment to natural migration of fish upstream. Since 2004, more than 25,000 individual fish covering 9 species and more than 1,300 mussels have been successfully re -introduced into the Pigeon River in North Carolina. The PRRP won the 2006 USEPA Award for the Most Environmentally Beneficial Best Practice. .n BIBLIOGRAPHY Corn, M., Neal, L., & Wallace, J. (1979). Waste Assimilative Capacity Study of the Conasauga River for the City of Dalton, GA. Marietta, GA: Law Engineering Testing Company. EKONO. (August 2005). Environmental Performance, Regulations and Technologies for the Pulp and Paper Industry. EPA. (2002). EPA1240IR-021005 - Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection. Washington, DC: USEPA. EPA. (2009, May). National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Retrieved December 10, 2013, from http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/consumer/pdf/mcl.pdf NCASI. (August 2006). NCASI Technical Bulletin No. 919 - Review of Color Control Technologies and their Applicability to Modern Kraft Pulp Mill Wastewater. NCASI. Raquet, M. (2005). French Broad River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. Raleigh: NC Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Zhang, C. (2007). Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. In