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20010456 Ver 1_Complete File_20010328
o 6u WA T F9 pG Michael F. Easley Governor 7 William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary Department of Environment and Natural Resources Kerr T. Stevens Division of Water Quality May 22, 2001 Swain County DWQ Project No. 010456 SR 1112 (Hightower Road) APPROVAL of 401 Water Quality Certification Mr. C.R. Styles, P.E., District Engineer NCDOT P.O. Box 250 Bryson City, NC 28713 Dear Mr. Styles: You have our approval, in accordance with the attached conditions and those listed below, to impact 240 linear feet of unnamed tributaries to Wikle Branch, Wikle Branch and Licklog Creek in order to improve SR 1112 (Hightower Road) in Swain County. The project should be constructed in accordance with your application dated 14 March 2001 (received 28 March 2001). After reviewing your application, we have decided that this fill is covered by General Water Quality Certification No. 3289 corresponding to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nationwide Permit Number 14. In addition, you should acquire any other federal, state or local permits before you proceed with your project including (but not limited to) Sediment and Erosion Control, Non-Discharge and Water Supply Watershed regulations. This approval will expire with the accompanying 404 permit unless otherwise specified in the Water Quality Certification. This approval is valid solely for the purpose and design described in your application (unless modified below). Should your project change, you must notify the DWQ and submit a new application. If the property is sold, the new owner must be given a copy of this Certification and approval letter, and is thereby responsible for complying with all the conditions. If total wetland fills for this project (now or in the future) exceed one acre, or of total impacts to streams (now or in the future) exceed 150 linear feet, compensatory mitigation may be required as described in 15A NCAC 2H.0506 (h) (6) and (7). For this approval to be valid, you must follow the conditions listed in the attached certification. If you do not accept any of the conditions of this certification, you may ask for an adjudicatory hearing. You must act within 60 days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask for a hearing, send a written petition which conforms to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes to the Office of Administrative Hearings, 6714 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, N.C. 27699-6714. This certification and its conditions are final and binding unless you ask for a hearing. North Carolina Division of Water Quality, 401 Wetlands Certification Unit, 1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing Address) 2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 (Location) 919-733-1786 (phone), 919-733-6893 (fax), http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands/ Page 2 of 2 This letter completes the review of the Division of Water Quality under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. If you have any questions, please telephone John Dorney at 919-733-1786. Sincerely, . Attachment cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers Asheville Field Office NCDWQ Asheville Regional Office Central Files File Copy STArr 010456 ~._ STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MICHAEL F. EASLEY LYNDO TIPPETT GOVERNOR SECRETARY March 14, 2001 Swain County SR 1112 Mr. Steve Lund, NCDOT Coordinator U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory Branch 151 Patton Avenue, Room 208 Asheville, NC 28801-5006 Dear Mr. Lund: The North Carolina Department of Transportation is proposing to grade, drain, base and pave primarily along the existing roadway of SR 1112, Hightower Road in Swain County. In order to construct this project in accordance with our current secondary road standards, and due two the replacement/extension of one (1) pipe culvert in Licklog Creek (DEM Class C), the replacement/extension of one (1) pipe culvert in Wikle Branch (DEM Class C), and due to the rechannelization and the replacement /extension of three (3) pipe culverts in three unnamed tributaries to Wikle Branch, we are requesting authorization under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. I am sending a straight-line diagram with our proposed erosion control and construction limits at various sites along this project. In addition, a typical section of the road, drawings for pipe replacement/extensions in Licklog Creek, Wikle Branch and the channel change and pipe replacement/extensions in the unnamed tributaries of Wikle Branch, general notes and standards on erosion control measures, and a marked County Map are enclosed. We propose to install the new culverts slightly below the existing stream bed elevation where bedrock is not encountered to minimize impact to Wildlife habitat and allow the existing stream gradient to remain as unchanged as physically possible. The best management practices will be used to minimize and control sedimentation and erosion on this project. The construction foreman will review all erosion control measures daily to ensure sedimentation and erosion controls are being effectively controlled. If the planned devices are not functioning as intended, they will immediately be replaced with better devices. The silt fences and other erosion control devices will be in place prior to pipe construction and will remain in place until the project is stabilized. rn P.O. Box 250, Bryson City, NC 28713 Phone (828) 488-2131 C r-n rn o --1 Mr. Steve Lund Page 2 March 14, 2001 By copy of this letter I am asking Mr. Owen Anderson, Habitat Coordinator Western Mountain District, of the NCWRC to comment directly to you concerning the 404 Nationwide permit request. Also by copy of this letter, I am requesting authorization to proceed under Section 401 of the Clear Water Act from Division of Water Quality. In addition, I am asking Mr. Anderson and Mr. Ed Ingle, Area Roadside Environmental Engineer (NCDOT), to comment directly to me concerning this permit request. We would like to begin construction as soon as possible. If further information is required, please advise. Your early review and consideration will be appreciated. Your ruly, 0 C. tyles, P. E. District Engineer CRS:sd atta. cc: Mr. R. G. Watson, P. E., Division Engineer Mr. Mark Davis, Division Environmental Officer Mr. E. L. Ingle, Area Roadside Environmental Engineer Mr. Owen Anderson, Habitat Coordinator W. Mtn. Dist., NCWRC Mr. John Dorney, Water'Quality Certification Unit, DWQ P.O. Box 250, Bryson City, NC 28713 Phone (828) 488-2131 DWQ ID: CORPS ACTION ID: NATIONWIDE PERMIT REQUESTED (PROVIDE NATIONWIDE PERMIT #) I PRE-CONSTRUCTION NOTIFICATION APPLICATION FOR NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE: 1, NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS 2. APPLICATION FOR SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION 3. COORDINATION WITH THE NC DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT SEND THE ORIGINAL AND (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED FORM TO THE APPROPRIATE FIELD OFFICE OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS (SEE AGENCY ADDRESSES SHEET). SEVEN (7) COPIES MUST BE SENT TO THE NC DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY, ATTN: JOHN DORNEY, 4401 REEDY CREEK ROAD, RALEIGH, NC 27607. PLEASE PRINT. OWNER'S NAME: NC DOT - District Engineer: C R. Styles, P. E. 2. MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. Drawer 250 SUBDIVISION NAME: N/A Bryson City STATE: NC ZIP CODE: 28713 CITY: PROJECT LOCATION ADDRESS, INCLUDING SUBDIVISION NAME (IF DIFFERENT FROM MAILING ADDRESS ABOVE): 14; jn;'JPr kt +?? ny?? r? L_?._ 3. TELEPHONE NUMBER: (HOME) (WORK) (828) 488-2131 4. IF APPLICABLE: AGENT'S NAME OR RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICIAL, ADDRESS, PHONE NUMBER: Same as above # 1 LOCATION OF WORK (PROVIDE A MAP, PREFERABLY A COPY OF USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WITH SCALE): COUNTY: NEAREST TOWN OR CITY: F?njfnr' c SPECIFIC LOCATION (INCLUDE ROAD NUMBERS, LANDMARKS, ECT.) S ICI I I-? i CI 4o + r` +l i+ <<_r? 1 h (- +, r + 6. IMPACTED OR NEAREST STREAM/RIVER: tiJ {': l a- Fx ayNc I^ ( Dcm GIr.sS c- RIVERBASIN: {? ?? (E' ?CnneSS P? ?;?ri'{^ Coo _`.,h 7. (a) IS PROJECT LOCATED NEAR WATER CLASSIFIED AS TROUT, TIDAL SALTWATER, (SA), HIGH QUALITY WATERS (HQW), OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS (ORW), WATER SUPPLY (WS-I OR WS-II)? YES E] NO (X IF YES, EXPLAIN: (b) IS THE PROJECT LOCATED WITHIN A NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN (AEC)? YES E] NO? [c] IF THE PROJECT IS LOCATED WITHIN A COASTAL COUNTY (SEE PAGE 7 FOR LIST OF COASTAL COUNTIES), WHAT IS THE LAND USE PLAN (LUP) DESIGNATION? _ (a) HAVE ANY SECTION 404 PERMITS BEEN PREVIOUSLY REQUESTED FOR USE ON THIS PROJECT? YES E] NO 0 IF YES, PROVIDE ACTION I.D. NUMBER OF PREVIOUS PERMIT AND ANY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (INCLUDE PHOTOCOPY OF 401 CERTIFICATION): (b) ARE ADDITIONAL PERMIT REQUESTS EXPECTED FOR THIS PROPERTY IN THE FUTURE? YES E) NO IF YES, DESCRIBE ANTICIPATED WORK: 9. (a) ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBERS OF ACRES IN TRACT OF LAND: (b) ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLANDS LOCATED ON PROJECT SITE: &Jn/.r 10. (a) NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLANDS IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT BY: FILLING: EXCAVATION: FLOODING: OTHER : DRAINAGE : TOTAL ACRES TO BE IMPACTED: (b) (1) STREAM CHANNEL TO BE IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT (IF RELOCATED, PROVIDE DISTANCE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER RELOCATION: LENGTH BEFORE: _ I 60 FT AFTER: 160 FT WIDTH BEFORE (based on normal high water contours): L4 FT WIDTH AFTER: ' f FT AVERAGE DEPTH BEFORE: ?) -I.-) FT AFTER: C'• FT (b) (2) STREAM CHANNEL IMPACTS WILL RESULT FROM: (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY) OPEN CHANNEL RELOCATION: 6 0 PLACEMENT OF PIPE IN CHANNEL: 3 CHANNEL EXCAVATION: CONSTRUCTION OF A DAM/FLOODING: OTHER: 11. IF CONSTRUCTION OF A POND IS PROPOSED, WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE WATERSHED DRAINING TO THE POND? N/A WHAT IS THE EXPECTED POND SURFACE AREA? N/A 12. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORK INCLUDING DISCUSSION OF TYPE OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT TO BE USED? (ATTACH PLANS: 8 '/2" BY 11" DRAWINGS ONLY): To widen and pave SR it 17- to meet current NCDOT Standards by use of track hoes, bulldozers, dump trucks, back hoes, manual labor, etc. 13. PURPOSE OF PROPOSED WORK: Same as above in # 12 14. STATE REASONS WHY IT IS BELIEVED THAT THIS ACTIVITY MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN WETLANDS (INCLUDE ANY MEASURES TAKEN TO MINIMIZE WETLAND IMPACTS) To gain the needed width to build SR 111 2_ to NCDOT Standards. All Channel changes will be constructed in the dry. RRip-rap will only be used for bank stabilization. Alders, Red Maples Black Walnuts Willows SycaMres Dogwoods etc will be re-established on the banks. All pipe replacements will be placed slightly below the existing strearbed gradient so natural 15. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE US FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE AND/OR NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF ANY FEDERALLY LISTED OR PROPOSED FOR LISTING ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES OR CRITICAL HABITAT IN THE PERMIT AREA THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT. DATE CONTACTED: Handled by Corps 16. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER (SHPO) REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES IN THE PERMIT AREA WHICH MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT. DATE CONTACTED: Handled by Corps 17. DOES THE PROJEC VOLVE AN EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC FUNDS OT THE USE OF PUBLIC (STATE) LAND? YES V NO ? (IF NO, GO TO 18) (a) IF YES, DOES THE PROJECT REQUIRE PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENT PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT? YES [] NO EK' (b) IF YES, HAS THE DOCUMENT BEEN REVIEWED THROUGH THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION STATE CLEARINGHOUSE YES ? NO ? N/A IF ANSWER 17b IS YES, THEN SUBMIT APPROPRIATE DOCUMENTATION FROM THE STATE CLEARINGHOUSE WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT. QUESTIONS REGARDING THE STATE CLEARINGHOUSE REVIEW PROCESS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO MS. CHRYS BAGGETT, DIRECTOR STATE CLEARINGHOUSE, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION, 116 WEST JONES STREET, RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27603-8003, TELEPHONE (919) 733-6369. 18. THE FOLLOWING ITEMS SHOULD BE INCLUDED WITH THIS APPLICATION IF PROPOSED ACTIVITY INVOLVES THE DISCHARGE OF EXCAVATED OF FILL MATERIAL INTO WETLANDS: (a) WETLAND DELINEATION MAP SHOWING ALL WETLANDS, STREAMS, LAKES, AND PONDS ON THE PROPERTY (FOR NATIONWIDE PERMIT NUMBERS 14, 18, 21, 26, 29, AND 38). ALL STREAM (INTERMITTENT AND PERMANENT) ON THE PROPERTY MUST BE SHOWN ON THE MAP. MAP SCALES SHOULD BE I INCH EQUALS 50 FEET OF 1 INCH EQUALS 100 FEET OF THEIR EQUIVALENT. (b) IF AVAILABLE, REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPH OF WETLANDS TO BE IMPACTED BY PRODUCT. [c] IF DELINEATION WAS PERFORMED BY A CONSULTANT, INCLUDE ALL DATA SHEETS RELEVANT TO THE PLACEMENT OF THE DELINEATION LINE. (d) ATTACH A COPY OF THE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN IF REQUIRED. (e) WHAT IS LAND USE OF SURROUNDING PROPERTY? Ri oral koodl and Raci denti?31 (f) IF APPLICABLE, WHAT IS PROPOSED METHOD OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL? N/A (g) SIGNED AND DATED AGENT AUTHORIZATION LETTER, IF APPLICABLE. NOTE: WETLANDS OR WATERS OF THE US MAY NOT BE IMPACTED PRIOR TO: 1. ISSUANCE OF A SECTION 404 CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMIT, 2. EITHER THE ISSUANCE OR WAIVER OF A 401 DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY CERTIFICATION, AND 3. (IN THE TWENTY COASTAL COUNTIES ONLY), A LETTER FROM THE NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT STATING THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY IS CONSISTENT WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. f r ?C OWNER'S/A N 'S SIGNATURE (AGENT'S SIGNATURE VALID ONLY IF AUTHORIZATION LETTER FROM as-'e ?. . DATE DBALD ? . BALD M A C O N C N AT 1 O N A L Creek ? 1131 ? 1132 1133 33 0 ' N. 1 r 0 Y>y PINACLE KNOB C )fA.)V) \ Co, III?R dl?ower' 12rJ SV? f'1 ?2 J _,r` l i ?iJ f l 37 __.. r'- - r! ?- _ ``,--?\ '_ /'._ ?i `?'f, - rl `?\? ?J..? ,\\ ,? --' a .1~ 1?•?,•_ ?,`, rl Ifs i! ?? \ ; t - ?.\ _ :1? \? _ \ `, + ++ 111 // / • Need in LR, IN. -''• r 1 I ?\' `'' 1 1 ( ,i! ! ••, r ' i I '/j r ? ._` , r i - r, 1 r r ? ?,1' '? . I i 'lr1 I _ r , I s1_- h . , N, rlqL GaA Copyright (C) 1997, Maptech, Inc. SLo Co N?g?%fiowc- S? X112 SILT BASIN TEMP SLOPE DRAIN TEMP SILT DITCH -TSD- EARTH EMBAN ANT S I LT FENCE FIBERGLASS ROOTING •=-- EGTRIP RAP TEMPORARY SILT FENCE: A temporary silt fence is commonly used at the toe of a fill section to prevent off- site sedimentation. It is made of permeable filter fabric buried at the bottom, stretched and supported by steel posts. The silt fence reduces the water flow while retaining the sediment. They may also be used to divert water flow to protected outlets. Silt fences need to be checked after each significant rainfall to ensure there effectiveness. They must be maintained on a regular basis. Silt fences shall not be installed across streams, ditches, or waterways. AREAS OF USE: • At toe of fill sections where sediment runoff can be stored and contained inside the project limits. DESIGN CRITERIA: Material Fabric Steel posts length Post spacing With Wire Type 3 Class A 5 ft 10 ft. Without Wire Type 3 Class B 5 ft. 6 ft. maximum 17 March, 1992 z '- ' ? II I I p f•b - ? I I Imo- ?•' •-• C4 w I- ° ILL y I- ------ i _-- ?"O `? c• a, c 3 O F co ?z I ? r?" ww -{ X - w <w _ i I C w? E...< - C W ?i l i Z•l. EL3 Z _ -i G I' i ..-Z X? G © - U e I-- a?C W LG A-3 o CO: 01) LS Li v O- _ N= C w F?-- 0 .r,, C? f F-}- - Q y N y Q Z I I - <F < - - G- Q s. c- C W, CD < G ri Z ?-- p ? _. Z-`- <« V) <F --CLCi ¢Z C - <w<Oa. I L• ?- ©v?cn U-?-- c f/]w .C]? ppC F© ZQ copw jCW ¢ G<Lc. p0Zw O W F V ?_ ZOpGGF r::.0' Z C. w ? Z O? wG-jZw ZEWjF O?CI V) C.3 wC?coC?F?Fu r,^•Q ? C]p O3 <Cc.?¢C(nCi,Z E ¢ Z ? O cn O Cr. 0 C G ?` F V7 `^ ;Z Z C 18 March,1992 SILT BASIN TYPE-B: A silt basin type-B is a temporarybasin built to collect sediment flowing through a drainage way. The silt basin is built at the base of the ditch with its length being at least 2 times the width of the basin. The type-B silt basin is generally built in conjunction with temporary rock silt checks and other devices that control or slow down water flow. This device must be monitored closely and cleaned out on a regular basis until grass is established along the ditch line and sedimentation is no longer a problem. AREAS OF USE: • In conjunction with temporary rock silt checks and other devices used in drainage ditches. DESIGN CRITERIA: Width - variable Length - 2 times width Depth - 2 ft. minimum storage - 1800 cubic feet/acre (equals L x W x D) 23 March. 1992 pIN ? M IN a 0 0 -VA a h 7 m Hill ` _ iI?111i V; Nil _ = II ?- II .M I 'r '?'• ; (I I a r ; ? ? ,I I •) j a. J - a- I - lp I I I fi 1 W I ? ' - $ llli? VA • , . - N - 1 ` - • t"?1 --? W 70 mm O C w J w m W Z z C Q m rZ _1 C O (n Z Z C M v O I? Q F- ,z O, " O FNI E % N ;C 'Z 24 March,1992 ROCK PIPE INLET PROTECTION TYPE-A: Q a °tio•? withhe type lt-in A rock pipe inlet protection type-A is a horseshoe shaped structure sediment storage area around the outside perimeter of the rock pipe inlet protection shall be used at pipe inlets no larger than 36 inches in stone to rock pipe diameter where it is receiving flow from several directions. The drainage inlet protection utilizes class-B stone lined sediment before it enters. They have a sediment storage pipe structures by trapping pit which is designed by the same procedures as a silt basin. AREAS OF USE: • At inlets to pipes no larger than 36 inches in diameter where it receives flow from several directions. • In areas where it can be cleaned and maintained on a regular basis. DESIGN CRITERIA: • Structural stone - class-B stone • Sediment control stone - #5 or #57 stone • Sediment storage area - 1800 cubic ft./acre • Dam height - 3 ft. minimum 33 March, 1992 Q w n. G 3 r .J?1 e ? W > -1 I 1 1 I C F ..] W "] .' C Z A Z E- O < F W O ? ,¢ W ? NC]F°-O- aiO°"F% z W <<UO `G7 <Ca %?fn W C O C W© C W O C F W W ?+- FZC+-G E O.?Z C.? V ? A F O M/) O? ¢ OU Z W¢ O CL ? N < <ZCa. ¢UO f!I p? (n W 7 W W %- p C. O C4 U E- Z W 0 W N O .a W Z E- Cn W F O W W Z F W C/) © m U U C? U E- ] m < CL -j Z < < N p %? F O W F ?- O C- W C+7 C U ,3 F F CC4 Z U F O W W co F<ZZZ0 <O= GU O W= O O O F O W ZO ... W O F Z m C!) U F U to Cn Ca C. U < O F 0 j O O CD J O X w CL I LLJj JCL, Cl) Ir 1 w W 1 > 1 , w O ? ? r N J C Z U a ? J z ° CL N - I ? I ? Z w w O Z a r'4 O ?i7Jy w W N Y! v O O N N ' r ? r o Z O W J i LL. O W N Q O CD W , , o L LJ N c.n J T\ O O O r w 0 w N O l; O :w -- ,v Q W O Z l r^ .y cir m fp U W CD z 0- o W .z Z On LLI EL C O r? U 1 O Q <T- F- (.0 O h 34 March,1992 ROCK SILT SCREEN: A rock silt screen is a low-level dam structure to be used in streams below culvert sites. Rock silt screens shall be used to trap sediment transported by running water and shall be placed in the stream below the construction site within the right-of- way or easement boundary. The rock silt screen utilizes class B stone lined with #5 or #57 stone to produce a ripple-effect in the stream to settle the larger sediment particles transported in the stream from the construction site. The trapped sediment shall be cleaned out before the device is removed from the stream. AREAS OF USE: • In live streams below construction sites where construction occurs in or adjacent to the stream. • In live streams below a culvert construction site. • Where it can be cleaned before it is removed from stream. DESIGN CRITERIA: Structural stone - class B stone Sediment control stone - # 5 or # 57 stone Dam height - 1.5 ft. minimum and 3 ft. maximum ( shall not be higher than 1 ft. above normal flow of stream) 37 March, 1992 l =s C N 4 O W c _. O 0 W 7 CL. 0 r .Z W W C F. Z ?C Z .-ZF G ¢? G G F W Z p 0 G p Z C O C, O F G W F J En ZZF En O E-= L Ca. W O G G W p W Z W U O p U C © G J p0G7pCW CC r Co w 4. VF7 W C?.G C ZO CZ G?C GC G Gz UCV) F-p 0- -3 s CLO W E-•Z W Fi=W F=WU WF_.0GCWZF-U3 W 0 UZ-3r-u y0 GFG,O_? W CFp.-C ]C?V)p-7W GC,7FG?]GF W toE- WF W"Z U (- F < G C-Z,? G G N Ufn0FU0??j?p ?? Z CL3 0 38 i• . T I Y_ 4 cO O 3 L:1 Z > r ? p C LL 1 G N X C y..- ? W o ? N O 1 J r Z I '? C V ? N ?J1J? _ r ?. i r~?, N Lfl ?,L v Lf ?? 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