R-2610

W am' STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENTOF TRANSPORTATION
MICHAEL F. EASLEY
GOVERNOR
November 21, 2003
Mr. William D. Gilmore, P.E.
EEP Transition Manager
Ecosystem Enhancement Program
1652 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1652
Dear Sir:
WETLANDS/ 401 GROUP
DEC 1 5 2003
WATER QUALITY SECTION
LYNDO TIPPETT
SECRETARY
Subject: Chatham County. US 421 widening to a multi-lane facility from south of SR
1007 (Plank Road) to the Siler City Bypass. State Project No 6.529005T. TIP
No. R-2610A&B.
The purpose of this letter is to request that the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program
(EEP) provide confirmation that you are willing to provide compensatory mitigation for the
project in accordance with the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed July 22, 2003 by the
USACE, the NCDENR and the NCDOT.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation proposes to widen a 12.1 mi length of US 421
in Chatham County. A four-lane median divided roadway, with 10 ft outside grassed shoulders,
is proposed. The proposed right-of-way (ROW) width for the project is 300 to 400 ft.
RESOURCES UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF SECTION 404 AND 401 OF THE
CLEAN WATER ACT.
We have avoided and minimized the impacts to jurisdictional resources to the greatest extent
possible as described in the permit application. A copy of the permit application can be found at
http://www.ncdot.org/ lp anninWpe/naturalunit/Applications.html. The remaining impacts to
jurisdictional resources will be compensated for by mitigation provided by the EEP program.
We estimate that 2,257 linear feet of jurisdictional streams and 0.26 acres of wetlands will be
impacted.
The project is located in the Piedmont Physiographic Province in Chatham County in the
Cape Fear River basin in Hydrological Cataloguing Unit 03030003.
• The stream impacts will be to first, second and/OR third order perennial streams and first,
second, and/or third order intermittent stream that are tributaries to Deep River [DWQ# 17-
(36.5)], Cedar Creek [DWQ# 17-39], Bear Creek [DWQ# 17-43-16], Sandy Branch [DWQ#
17-43-16-1], Tick Creek [DWQ# 17-43-13], and Welch Branch [DWQ# 17-43-13-1]. We
propose to mitigate for the stream impacts by using the EEP for the 2,257 feet of impacts.
The wetland impacts total 0.11 acres of non-riverine wetlands and 0.15 acres of riverine
wetlands. We propose to provide compensatory mitigation for the wetland impacts by using
the EEP for the 0.26 acres of impacts.
Please send the letter of confirmation to Richard Spencer (USAGE Coordinator) at U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers Wilmington Regulatory Field Office (P.O. Box 1890 Wilmington, NC
28402-1890). Mr. Spencer's FAX number is [phone]. The current let date for the project
is September 21, 2004 for which the let review date is August 3, 2004.
In order to satisfy regulatory assurances that mitigation will be performed; the NCDWQ
requires a formal letter from EEP indicating their willingness and ability to provide the
mitigation work requested by NCDOT. The NCDOT requests such a letter of confirmation be
addressed to Mr. John Dorney of NCDWQ, with copies submitted to NCDOT.
If you have any questions or need additional information please call Matt Haney at (919)
715-1428
Sincerely, t I
Grego J. Thorpe, Ph.D.,
Environmental Management Director
Project Development & Environmental Analysis Branch
cc: Mr. John Dorney, Division of Water Quality
Mr. Gary Jordan, USFWS
Mr. Travis Wilson, NCWRC
Mr. Jay Bennett, P.E., Roadway Design
Mr. Omar Sultan, Programming and TIP
Ms. Debbie Barbour, P.E., Highway Design
Mr. David Chang, P.E., Hydraulics
Mr. Greg Perfetti, P.E., Structure Design
Mr. Mark Laugisch, Roadside Environmental
Mr. W.F. Rosser, P.E., Division 8 Engineer
Mr. Art King, Division 8 DEO
Mr. David Franklin, USACE, Wilmington
Mr. William D. Gilmore, P.E., EEP, Raleigh
Ms. Becky Fox, USEPA
Mr. John F. Sullivan, III, FHWA
M ANC o
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
MICHAEL F. EASLEY
GOVERNOR
November 21, 2003
Mr. William D. Gilmore, P.E.
EEP Transition Manager
Ecosystem Enhancement Program
1652 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1652
Dear Sir:
LYNDO TIPPETT
SECRETARY
Subject: Chatham County. US 421 widening to a multi-lane facility from south of SR
1007 (Plank Road) to the Siler City Bypass. State Project No 6.529005T. TIP
No. R-2610A&B.
The purpose of this letter is to request that the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program
(EEP) provide confirmation that you are willing to provide compensatory mitigation for the
project in accordance with the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed July 22, 2003 by the
USACE, the NCDENR and the NCDOT.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation proposes to widen a 12.1 mi length of US 421
in Chatham County. A four-lane median divided roadway, with 10 ft outside grassed shoulders,
is proposed. The proposed right-of-way (ROW) width for the project is 300 to 400 ft.
RESOURCES UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF SECTION 404 AND 401 OF THE
CLEAN WATER ACT.
We have avoided and minimized the impacts to jurisdictional resources to the greatest extent
possible as described in the permit application. A copy of the permit application can be found at
http//www.ncdot.org/ lap nninWpe/naturalunit/Applications.html. The remaining impacts to
jurisdictional resources will be compensated for by mitigation provided by the EEP program.
We estimate that 2,257 linear feet of jurisdictional streams and 0.26 acres of wetlands will be
impacted.
The project is located in the Piedmont Physiographic Province in Chatham County in the
Cape Fear River basin in Hydrological Cataloguing Unit 03030003.
• The stream impacts will be to first, second and/OR third order perennial streams and first,
second, and/or third order intermittent stream that are tributaries to Deep River [DWQ# 17-
(36.5)], Cedar Creek [DWQ# 17-39], Bear Creek [DWQ# 17-43-16], Sandy Branch [DWQ#
17-43-16-1], Tick Creek [DWQ# 17-43-13], and Welch Branch [DWQ# 17-43-13-1]. We
propose to mitigate for the stream impacts by using the EEP for the 2,257 feet of impacts.
• The wetland impacts total 0.11 acres of non-riverine wetlands and 0.15 acres of riverine
wetlands. We propose to provide compensatory mitigation for the wetland impacts by using
the EEP for the 0.26 acres of impacts.
Please send the letter of confirmation to Richard Spencer (USACE Coordinator) at U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers Wilmington Regulatory Field Office (P.O. Box 1890 Wilmington, NC
28402-1890). Mr. Spencer's FAX number is [phone]. The current let date for the project
is September 21, 2004 for which the let review date is August 3, 2004.
In order to satisfy regulatory assurances that mitigation will be performed; the NCDWQ
requires a formal letter from EEP indicating their willingness and ability to provide the
mitigation work requested by NCDOT. The NCDOT requests such a letter of confirmation be
addressed to Mr. John Domey of NCDWQ, with copies submitted to NCDOT.
If you have any questions or need additional information please call Matt Haney' at (919)
715-1428
Sincerely,
Grego J. Thorpe, Ph.D.,
Environmental Management Director
Project Development & Environmental Analysis Branch
cc: Mr. John Domey, Division of Water Quality
Mr. Gary Jordan, USFWS
Mr. Travis Wilson, NCWRC
Mr. Jay Bennett, P.E., Roadway Design
Mr. Omar Sultan, Programming and TIP
Ms. Debbie Barbour, P.E., Highway Design
Mr. David Chang, P.E., Hydraulics
Mr. Greg Perfetti, P.E., Structure Design
Mr. Mark Laugisch, Roadside Environmental
Mr. W.F. Rosser, P.E., Division 8 Engineer
Mr. Art King, Division 8 DEO
Mr. David Franklin, USACE, Wilmington
Mr. William D. Gilmore, P.E., EEP, Raleigh
Ms. Becky Fox, USEPA
Mr. John F. Sullivan, III, FHWA
t°
MICHAEL F. EASLEY
GI )VTkNO )R
Project No.:
TIP No.:
Contract No
County:
Description:
STATE' of NoR ri I CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
P.O. BOX 252(1. RALI-:IGH, N.C. 2761 1-5201
November 3, 2004
1, YND0 "rIPPE'I'T
SI:CRL1A12Y
34481.3.2 & 34481.3.3
R-2610 A & R-261 0B
C201282
Chatham
US-421 from south of SR-1007 (Plank Rd.) at Gulf to 4 lane bypass south
of Siler City.
W. C. English, Inc.
P. O. Box P-7000
Lynchburg, VA 24505
Subject
Gentlemen:
Preconstruction Conference
F9@@0T@1
NO V 1 0 2004
*1L o WATFR CITY
6 ,V0
This letter is to confirm that the Preconstruction Conference for the referenced project will be
held on Wednesday, November 10, 2004 at 9:30 a.m. at the Division 8 Office in Aberdeen, NC
located approximately 1.5 miles south of the intersection of US 1 and US 15-501 in Aberdeen.
Please advise if further information is needed.
Sincerely,
eo h n ?Rf Oli ger, PE
Division Construction Engineer
cc: E. C. Powell, Jr., PE
J. L. McDonald, PE
J. L. Picklesimer, PE
L.D. Caddell
A. C. King
Barry Harrington
D.W. Jernigan, PE
Billy Trivette, PE
Goldston-Gulf Sanitary District
PSNC
File
Aydren Flowers, attn: Ashley Reid
C. L. Jones, PE
Nate Sanders
Richard Spencer - USACOE
Gerald Lee - DENR (Land Quality)
`John Hennessy - DENR (DWQ)
Progress Energy - Andy Cook
Sprint
Central EMC - Eddie Oldham
W. C. Garner, PE
P O &o\ 1007, Ahodmi. NC 25315 I'hnnc [phone] Fax (')10) 944-5021
09-02-'04 09:37 FROM-DENR EEP 9197152001 T-109 P02 U-264
AJ
NCDENR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Ecosystem Enhancement
Michael F. Easley, Govemor William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
Mr. Richard Spencer
US Army Corps of Engineers
Wilmington Regulatory Field Office
Post Office Box 1890
Wilmington, North. Carolina. 28403
August 31, 2004
Dear Mr. Spencer:
Project: US 421 Widening, Chatham County, TIP R-2610"
References: Revised DOT Mitigation Request Letter Dated August 25, 2004
EEP Mitigation Acceptance Letter Dated July 30, 2004
The purpose of this letter is to notify you that the Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEP)
Proposes to provide preservation to compensate for the unavoidable 0.15 acre of riverine wetlands, 0.11
acre of non-riverine wetlands, and 2,137 feet of stream impacts of the subject project in the following
manner.
Wetland Preservation (10: 1) in same Eco-Region (2.60 acres)
Allen Site, Wake County
Stream Preservation (10.1) in same Eco-Region (21,370 feet)
Allen Site, Wake County (15,900 feet)
Eno River - Wilderness Site, Durham County (5,470 feet)
This letter replaces the acceptance letter Issued on July 30, 2004.
The subject project is listed in Exhibit 2 of the Memorandum of Agreement among the North
Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the North Carolina Department of
Transportation, and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District dated July 22, 2003. The
wetland and stream mitigation for the project will be provided in accordance with Section IX, EEP
Transition Period, of the Agreement.
If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact Ms. Beth Harmon at
[phone].
Sincerely,
William D. Gilmore, P.E.
Transition Manager
cc: Phil Harris, P.E., Office of Natural Environment, NCDOT
John Hennessy, Division of Water Quality, Wetlands/401 Unit
File: R-2610 (Revised)
1652 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1652
Phone: [phone] l FAX: [phone]
An Equal Opportunity \ A#Ermative Action Employer
SEP-2-2004 THU 09:11 TEL:[phone] NAME:DWQ-WETLANDS P. 2
N. C. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
TRANSMITTAL SLIP DATE
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Matt Maher REF. NO. OR ROOM, SLOG,
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-? RETURN WITH MORE DETAILS - ? FOR YOUR APPROVAL.
? NOTE AND SEE ME ABOUT THIS - '.? FOR YOUR INFORMATION
? PLEASE ANSWER ? FOR YOUR COMMENTS
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COMMENTS:
i
. STA Q
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
MICHAEL F. EASLEY
GOVERNOR
July 29, 2004
MEMORANDUM
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
LYNDO TIPPETT
SECRETARY
WETLANDS/ 401 GROUP
JUL 3 0 2004
WATER QUAiTjSE€,,T6QN
John Hennessy, Wetlands/401 Certification Unit, DWQ
Ed Lewis, P.E., Public Involvement and Community Studies
Final ICE Report for TIP No. R-2610, Chatham County
MESSAGE:
Attached is the final Indirect and Cumulative Effects report for TIP No. R-2610, Chatham
County, Improvements to U.S. 421 from Gulf to the Siler City Bypass.
Please let me know if we may be of further assistance.
Attachment
EL/RD
cc: (Matt Haney), Natural Systems Permit Specialist, PDEA
MAILING ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: [phone] LOCATION:
NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FAX: [phone] CENTURY CENTER COMPLEX
OFFICE OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT BUILDING A
1583 MAIL SERVICE CENTER WEBSITE: WWW.DOH.DOT.STATE.NC.US 1000 BIRCH RIDGE DRIVE
RALEIGH NC 27699-1583 RALEIGH NC
US 421 From Existing Four Lanes at Gulf
to the Siler City Bypass, Chatham County
State Project No. 6.529005T
TIP No. R-2610
INDIRECT AND CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
Prepared for:
North Carolina Department of Transportation
OF tyORTFi ?R
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hAZ1
ANS4O
OF TR
Prepared by:
URS Corporation - North Carolina
1600 Perimeter Park Drive
Morrisville, North Carolina 27613
July 2004
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ............................................................................................. iii
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................5
2. Project Description and Background ............................................................ ..6
2.1. Description ............................................................................................ ..6
2.2. Purpose and Need ................................................................................ ..6
3. Eight Step ICE Assessment Process ........................................................... ..8
3.1. Step 1 - Study Area Boundaries .......................................................... ..8
3.1.1. Overview/Background ................................................................... ..8
3.1.2. ICE Study Area Delineation ........................................................... ..9
3.2. Step 2 - Study Area Characteristics, Directions, and Goals ................. 10
3.2.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 10
3.2.2. Land Use and Zoning .................................................................... 12
3.2.3. River Basin Overview/Water Quality Plans and Programs ............ 15
3.2.4. Population, Development, and Employment .................................. 22
3.2.5. Existing Facility Characteristics ..................................................... 25
3.2.6. Benefits of the Proposed Project ................................................... 31
3.3. Step 3 - Notable Features Inventory .................................................... 31
3.3.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 31
3.3.2. Ecosystem Conditions ................................................................... 31
3.3.3. Socioeconomic Conditions ............................................................ 36
3.3.4. Notable Features Inventory Summary ........................................... 36
3.4. Step 4 - Impact-Causing Activities ....................................................... 36
3.5. Step 5 - Potential Indirect/Cumulative Impacts .................................... 37
3.5.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 37
3.5.2. Encroachment - Alteration Effects ................................................ 37
3.5.3. Induced Growth Effects ................................................................. 39
3.5.4. Project Evaluation Context ............................................................ 40
3.6. Step 6 - Indirect/Cumulative Effects Analysis ...................................... 44
3.6.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 44
3.6.2. Future Conditions / Induced Development Analysis ...................... 44
3.7. Step 7 - Analysis Results Evaluation ................................................... 46
3.7.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 46
3.7.2. GIS Land Use Analysis .................................................................. 46
3.7.3. Conclusions ................................................................................... 48
3.8. Step 8 - Assessing the Consequences/Mitigation Development .......... 49
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Subbasin 03-06-12 ................................................................................21
Table 2: Population Trends .................................................................................22
Table 3: 2000 Chatham County Workforce Characteristics ................................24
Table 4: Major Industries in Siler City .................................................................25
Table 5: Existing Bridge Structures .....................................................................26
Table 6: Existing Major Pipes/Culverts ...............................................................27
Table 7: Threatened and Endangered Species ..................................................35
Table 8: Vulnerable Elements of the Population .................................................36
US 421Siler City ICE
Table 9: Direct and Possible Indirect Effects of the US 421 Widening ................41
Table 10: Examples of Cumulative Effects .........................................................42
Table 11: Evaluation Matrix ................................................................................43
Table 12: Overview of Direct, Indirect, and Cumulative Effects ..........................44
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Geographic Location
Figure 2: Study Area
Figure 3: Rural Landscape
Figure 4: Commercial/Industrial Land Uses
Figure 5: Existing Land Use
Figure 6: Water Features
Figure 7: Population Growth
Figure 8: Study Area TIP Projects
Figure 9: Land Cover
Figure 10: Population Projections
Figure 11: Future Land Use
APPENDICES
Appendix A US 421 Widening, Indirect and Cumulative Effects Survey
Appendix B Checklists, Condition Inventories & Evaluation Matrices
Appendix C GIS Method for Determining Future Land Use
US 421Siler City ICE ii
Executive Summary
Introduction - The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes to
widen an existing two-lane section of US 421 between Gulf and Siler City to four lanes, a
distance of approximately 12.2 miles (19.6 Kilometers). The project extends from south
of the SR 1007 (Plank Road) intersection with US 421 at Gulf to north of the northern
SR 2210 (Carter-Brooks Road) intersection with US 421.
Encompassing the project, US 421 between Greensboro and Sanford is designated as
an Intrastate Corridor. The purpose of the Intrastate System is to provide high-speed,
safe travel service throughout the State. It is designed to support statewide growth and
development objectives and to connect to major highways of adjoining states. When
completed, the project corridor will have four travel lanes and will meet the requirements
of the Intrastate System.
The purpose of this document is to provide an assessment of the indirect effects of the
project and the combined or cumulative effects of the project and other past, present, or
reasonably foreseeable future development activities. The focus of the assessment is
on the potential for project-induced development to affect the social, natural, and
physical environment of the study area.
Past, present and likely future characteristics of the study area were identified to serve
as a basis from which to evaluate the project's potential to substantially induce growth
and change land use. 1980, 1990, and 2000 census tract population was used to
project future population growth in the study area. GIS analysis was then utilized to
evaluate the effects of past growth and development trends, future population growth,
zoning and development regulations, traffic patterns, and other factors on land use.
Conclusions - Conditions within the study area were found to be conducive to growth, as
the area has large amounts of developable land and is located in the path of advancing
development emanating from the more urbanized areas of the Triangle region. This
analysis showed substantial changes in land use over the next 20 years. Specifically,
the rural/agricultural nature of the area is likely to change to low-density residential uses.
In conjunction with increased residential development, increased highway oriented
commercial development is also likely. Examples of highway oriented commercial
development include: automobile service stations, carry-outs, car washes, fast food
businesses, hotels/motels, and billboards. Additional development compatible with the
overall character and business composition of the area includes agribusiness and
transportation/warehousing.
A detailed assessment of likely future conditions considered environmental and
socioeconomic indirect and cumulative effects of the project. A summary of these
conditions is presented below.
• Water Resources - Future development in the study area has the potential to
negatively effect water quality. However, the following federal, state, and local
regulations are in place in the study area to protect surface water quality and
accommodate future growth.
o EPA National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) - Phase II
Stormwater Rules
US 421Siler City ICE iii
o North Carolina - Water Supply Watershed Protection Act
o Chatham County - Land Use and Development Regulations
Adhering to these regulations for the protection of surface waters should limit
direct and indirect effects to this important resource.
• Land Use/Development - Due to past development trends and favorable growth
potential for the region, the study area would likely experience considerable
development regardless of the project. The project is not likely to substantially
induce growth in the study area, therefore, project induced development impacts
are expected to be minor.
• Neighborhood Cohesion and Pedestrian Mobility - The project will not require
any residential or commercial relocations. Also, due to the rural nature and large
distances between land uses within the project corridor, most travel is by
automobile. Therefore, neighborhood cohesion and pedestrian mobility are not
likely to be impacted by the project.
• Travel patterns of commuters and shoppers - The project will improve capacity
and safety within the corridor. These improvements are likely to marginally
decrease commute times and provide increased access to study area
commercial destinations.
• Statewide Growth - The project will complete the multilane Intrastate Corridor
between Greensboro and Sanford, improving high-speed, safe travel and
enhancing intrastate and regional commerce.
Mitigation Development - Only minor indirect and cumulative effects were identified
through this assessment; therefore, project specific mitigation strategies for indirect
and cumulative effects are not necessary. However, local officials did voice concern
about development in unzoned portions of Chatham County, which includes the
study area. Local zoning controls and comprehensive planning are outside the
jurisdiction of the NCDOT but are often the most effective tools at controlling
development. When combined with comprehensive planning, zoning allows
communities to shape patterns of growth and development within their boundaries.
US 421Siler City ICE iv
1. Introduction
The purpose of this document to the extent reasonable and practical is to assess the
potential indirect and cumulative effects (ICE) that may result from the incremental
effects of the Transportation Improvement Project (TIP) No. R-2610, proposed widening
of an existing two-lane section of US 421 between Gulf and Siler City to four lanes
(project), and other past, present, and future development activities in the same
geographic region. Indirect effects are those effects that may result from activities
induced by the proposed action. For example, providing improved access to rural areas
could induce residential and commercial development. This, in turn, could induce
changes in population, travel patterns, and economic conditions, which could
consequently have indirect and cumulative impacts on air quality, ecosystems, protected
species, water quality, quality of life, etc.
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) for Implementing the Procedural
Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) defines "indirect effects"
(also referred to as "secondary effects") as "impacts on the environment, which are
caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still
reasonably foreseeable" (40 CFR 3 1508.8). The CEQ regulations further state that
indirect effects "...may include growth-inducing effects and other effects related to
induced changes in the patterns of land use, population density or growth rate, and
related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems." The
CEQ defines "cumulative impacts" as those "...which result from the incremental impact
of the action when added to other past, present and reasonably foreseeable future
actions regardless of what agency (federal or nonfederal) or person undertakes such
other actions" (40 CFR 3 1508.7).
Much of the general background information for this document was obtained from the
US 421 from existing four lanes at Gulf to the Siler City Bypass State Environmental
Assessment, 1998. Knowledge of current study area characteristics was obtained
through a field visit, phone interviews with local officials, and the US 421 Widening
Indirect and Cumulative Effects Survey (Appendix A). The analysis of the indirect and
cumulative effects associated with this project was conducted using the latest guidance
available from federal and state regulatory agencies. These include:
NCDOT/NCDENR's Revised Draft "Indirect and Cumulative Impact Assessment
Guidance: Integrated NEPA/SEPA/401 Eight-Step ICE Assessment Process" (May
2003).
CEQ Guidance "Considering Cumulative Effects Under the National Environmental
Policy Act" (1997).
NCDOT's "Guidance for Assessing Indirect and Cumulative Impacts of Transportation
Projects in North Carolina" (November 2001).
North Carolina Wildlife Resource Commission's "Guidance Memorandum to Address
and Mitigate Secondary and Cumulative Impacts to Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife
Resources and Water Quality" (August 2002).
The following sections of this document include a description of the project and its
background, and the ICE assessment process. The NCDOT/NCDENR Guidance for
US 421 Siler City ICE 5
Assessing Indirect and Cumulative Impacts of Transportation Projects in North Carolina
entails a systematic approach to indirect and cumulative impacts that includes an eight-
step assessment process. This ICE assessment specifically incorporates procedures to
address impacts from a water quality perspective by evaluating the relationship between
transportation, land use, and the hydrology, channel stability, water quality, and
biodiversity of affected streams.
2. Project Description and Background
Much of the information presented in this section is summarized from the US 421 from
existing four lanes at Gulf to the Siler City Bypass State Environmental Assessment,
1998 (EA) completed by the Project Development and Environmental Analysis (PDEA)
Branch of the NCDOT.
2.1. Description
Included in the 2004-2010 North Carolina Transportation Improvement Program, the
project involves the widening of an existing two-lane section of US 421 to four lanes with
a 46-foot (14 meter) grassed median. Located in the westernmost part of the Triangle
region (Chatham, Durham, Johnston, Lee, Orange, and Wake Counties)(Figure 1), the
project extends from south of the SR 1007 (Plank Road) intersection with US 421 at Gulf
to north of the northern SR 2210 (Carter-Brooks Road) intersection with US 421. The
project length is approximately 12.2 miles (19.6 kilometers).
2.2. Purpose and Need
Purpose - The purpose of the project is to improve the capacity and safety of US 421
within the project limits.
Need - The need for the project derives from deficiencies of the existing facility as
described in Section 3.2.5 of this report.
US 421 Siler City ICE 6
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3. Eight Step ICE Assessment Process
The assessment of indirect and cumulative effects is identified as a requirement under
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, the North Carolina
Environmental Policy Act (SEPA), and under the Council on Environmental Quality
(CEQ) regulations implementing NEPA. The purpose of the NCDOT Eight Step ICE
Assessment Process is to provide a standardized procedure for implementing the rules
and legislation required for analysis and assessment of indirect and cumulative effects of
transportation projects as part of the NEPA/SEPA process. The eight steps in the
assessment process are:
1. Defining the Study Area Boundaries
2. Identify the Study Area's Directions and Goals
3. Inventory Notable Features
4. Identify Impact-Causing Activities
5. Identify Potential Indirect/Cumulative Impacts for Analysis
6. Analyze Indirect/Cumulative Effects
7. Evaluate Analysis Results
8. Assess the Consequences and Develop Appropriate Mitigation and
Enhancement Strategies
This document applies the eight-step assessment process to the US 421 Siler City ICE
project. Work products of each step are provided in the form of supporting text, tables,
figures, technical memorandums, and comprehensive checklists.
3.1. Step 1- Study Area Boundaries
3.1.1. Overview/Background
A study area was developed to serve as a basis from which to gather specific
demographic, socioeconomic, land use, and environmental data for identification of
potential indirect and cumulative effects. According to the "Guidance for Assessing
Indirect and Cumulative Impacts of Transportation Projects in North Carolina: Volume II:
Practitioner's Handbook". "study areas should encompass the project or plan
alternatives in their entirety and also include the surrounding physical, social, and natural
resources that could be expected to be impacted by the project or plan."' Because of
this, no one set distance is used to define the study area. Many factors are considered
when determining the study area. These factors fall into several general categories
including:
commuteshed
? political/geographic;
US 421 Siler City ICE 8
:? growth boundary/service area limits; and
watershed/habitat;
In addition, interviews conducted with local agency officials are also helpful in defining
the study area.
Political/Geographic
The geographic category by which to base the study area was determined to be Census
Tracts. Demographics and socioeconomic trend and projection data is readily available
at the Census Tract level. The Census Tracts should always be chosen to increase the
size of the study area, rather than decrease the size. This is done so that all potential
impacts are taken into account.
Commute Shed/Labor Shed
A commute shed measures the distance and time traveled by residents of a particular
area to work. To the contrary, a labor shed measures the distance and time traveled by
employees of an area from their residences. Therefore, this factor is important when
considering projects that encompass bedroom communities, employment centers, or
major thoroughfares that connect residential and employment areas.
There are no large residential areas or major employment centers within a practical
distance of the project to include as a part of the study area.
Growth Boundaries/Service Area Limits
There are no urban growth boundaries near the project. Chatham County provides
water service to the area around the project within its jurisdiction, but it does not provide
sewerage service. The area within Siler City's extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) currently
or is scheduled to receive city services once development occurs. Lee County and
Sanford do no provide urban services to the area near the project.
Watershed
The study area is laced with a network of stream channels all of which flow toward
Jordan Lake and the Cape Fear River. Intermittent streams form headwater collection
channels that feed into larger perennial streams. Intermittent streams experience
interrupted water flows during dry intervals and provide important fish-free breeding
areas for many amphibian species. Perennial streams are likely to support many fish
species including mosquitofish, highfin shiner, white shiner, bluegill sunfish, and
margined madtom.
3.1.2. ICE Study Area Delineation
Each of the abovementioned criteria was evaluated taking into account its relationship to
the project and impacts to the surrounding physical, social, and natural resources.
Boundary delineation resulted in a two-mile radius surrounding the project corridor and
spans a zone 4.0 miles (6.4 kilometers) wide by 12.2 miles (19.6 kilometers) long. This
study area encompasses the towns of Bear Creek, Bonlee, Goldston, Gulf and Mt.
Vernon Springs, and lies between the cities of Siler City to the north and Sanford to the
US 421 Siler City ICE 9
south, in Chatham County, North Carolina. Figure 2 shows the ICE assessment study
area.
3.2. Step 2 -Study Area Characteristics, Directions, and Goals
3.2.1. Overview
The purpose of this section is to describe the setting of the study area, which will serve
as a basis on which to evaluate potential indirect and cumulative effects associated with
the project. The information developed in this section will also support the future growth
assumptions used to assess the project's potential to induce growth and development.
To derive perspective and develop a comprehensive understanding of the issues in the
evaluation of indirect/cumulative effects, it is necessary to identify the growth and
development trends affecting the study area.
Understanding characteristics of the study area such as community, municipality, and
agency goals and directions and, demographic, economic, social, transportation and
ecological trends provides essential context for understanding project-induced growth.
Of particular interest to this assessment are water resource related needs, directions,
and goals as determined by local policies and planning processes of potentially affected
hydrologic units.
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3.2.2. Land Use and Zoning
The study area is mostly comprised of forestland, grassland, and agricultural fields
interspersed with scattered residential, small business, office/institutional and industrial
land uses (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Most residential development has occurred on
individual lots, rather than in subdivisions. The industrial and commercial uses are small
to moderate in size and are scattered along the entire project corridor. The North
Carolina Sports Arena is a major land use in the US 421 corridor. Located on the east
side of US 421 just north of Main Street in Goldston, the Arena is currently used as a
Hispanic food and entertainment venue featuring live music acts and dancing. Figure 5
shows existing study area land uses.

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3.2.2.1. Land Use Planning
Siler City and Chatham County - The majority of the project is located within the planning
and zoning jurisdiction of Chatham County. Chatham County adopted a sub-area plan
in 1989, the Land Development Plan: Southern Chatham County. This plan provides
policies regarding land use applicable to the study area. The County also enforces a
zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations. The portion of the study area within
Chatham County's jurisdiction is a rural area that does not have zoning. The County has
other regulations that limit development density. Public water is proposed in the general
area, although, lack of wastewater disposal is a limiting factor to development. "There
are no plans for a public sewerage system in the area" (Chatham County Planning
Director, US 421 Indirect and Cumulative Effects Survey, February 2004).
The northernmost portion of the ICE study area is located within Siler City's
Extraterritorial Jurisdictional (ETJ) boundary and is zoned agricultural - residential. The
ETJ is an area outside the town limits in which Siler City has zoning and land use
planning jurisdiction but not the authority to levy taxes. The importance of an ETJ is that
it provides the Town with a mechanism to manage and direct responsible growth in
surrounding areas that have the ability to directly impact the Town and its resources.
The Land Development Plan recommends agricultural - rural residential development
for the area of concern.
Sanford and Lee County - A Lee County Zoning Ordinance was adopted June 18, 1990
and amended through December 15, 2003. This ordinance establishes zoning
regulations in Lee County, North Carolina, and provides for the administration,
amendment, and enforcement of the ordinance and provides for and defines the duties
and powers of a Board of Adjustment in accordance with the provisions of North
Carolina General Statute Chapter 153A, Part 3, and for the repeal of all ordinances in
conflict herewith. This ordinance is designed to encourage the protection and
development of the various physical elements of the County in accordance with a
comprehensive plan of land use and population density and for the purpose of promoting
the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare; promoting the orderly
development of the County, preventing the overcrowding of land; and regulating the
location and use of structures and land for trade industry, residences, or other purposes,
except farming".
Currently a Draft Unified Development Ordinance (UDO) is under development. The
UDO will regulate zoning, land subdivision, and watershed protection for the City of
Sanford, Town of Broadway and Lee County. It establishes specific criteria for land
development throughout the County and implements the Sanford & Lee County 2020
Land Use Plan adopted in 1999. The LIDO updates regulations and consolidates them
into a single document in order to reflect change in North Carolina law, as well as an
overall change in the way urban planners approach city building and growth
management"'.
3.2.3. River Basin Overview/Water Quality Plans and Programs
Basinwide water quality planning is a nonregulatory watershed-based approach to
restoring and protecting the quality of North Carolina's surface waters prepared by the
NC Division of Water Quality (DWQ) for each of the 17 major river basins in the state.
The goals of basinwide planning are to:
US 421 Siler City ICE 15
• Identify water quality problems and restore full use to impaired waters.
• Identify and protect high value resource waters.
• Protect unimpaired waters yet allow for reasonable economic growth.
DWQ accomplishes these goals through the following objectives:
• Collaborate with other agencies to develop appropriate management strategies.
• Assure equitable distribution of waste assimilative capacity.
• Better evaluate cumulative effects of pollution.
• Improve public awareness and involvement.
Figure 6 shows study area water features.
US 421 Siler City ICE 16

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3.2.3.1. Existing Federal, State and Local Regulatory Mechanisms
related to Limiting Potential Cumulative Effects to Nutrient
Sensitive Waters of the Cape Fear River
EPA National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) - Phase 11 Stormwater
Rules
NPDES permits are required for municipal stormwater systems under the Phase II
Stormwater Rules published by the EPA in 1999. To obtain an NPDES permit each
municipality must provide a five-year plan that outlines the management practices and
measurable goals that will be implemented in the areas of:
Public education and outreach
• Public participation and involvement
• Illicit discharge detections and elimination
• Construction site runoff control
Post construction site runoff control
• Pollution prevention for municipal operations.
An annual report is required that lists the achievement of stormwater management goals
as included in the plan, additional goals achieved in that year and new measures to be
undertaken in the upcoming year.
North Carolina - Water Supply Watershed Protection Act
The North Carolina General Assembly adopted the Water Supply Watershed Protection
Act, in 1989'. The resulting Water Supply Watershed Protection Rules, adopted in
1992, required that all local governments having land use jurisdiction within water supply
watersheds adopt and implement water supply watershed protection ordinances, maps,
and a management plan. State water supply protection rules describe five protective
classifications for surface water supplies: WS-I, WS-II, WS-III, WS-IV, and WS-Vv. The
State uses these classifications to determine the type of point source discharges it will
permit in each water supply watershed. The classifications are also used to determine
what set of water supply watershed standards local governments must implement to
control non-point source pollution (mainly storm water runoff). Each water supply
watershed, however classified, has a "critical area," which is that part of the watershed
closest to the water supply source, where it is most important to minimize the discharge,
and maximize the filtration, of potential pollutants.
Chatham County - Land Use and Development Regulations
As previously mentioned, the state Water Supply Watershed Protection Act makes local
governments primarily responsible for controlling non-point source discharges within
water supply watersheds by requiring local governments to adopt land use regulations
that meet the state's minimum water supply watershed requirements. In response to the
state legislature, Chatham County enacted into law a Watershed Protection Ordinance
US 421 Siler City ICE 18
which was intended to meet all of the state's minimum requirements, and to exceed
those requirement as needed, based on past County practices and policies.
The County established "protections areas" and designated allowable uses within these
areas. Designated protection areas within the study area are described below.
WS IV Protected Area (WS-IV-PA): The uses allowed in this protection area
include agriculture, silviculture, residential development and non-residential
development. Density and build-out limits are one (1) dwelling unit per acre and
no residential tots less than 40,000 square feet. All other residential and non-
residential development shall not exceed twenty-four percent built upon area on
a project per project basis.
Prohibited uses are toxic and hazardous materials storage unless a spill
containment plan is approved and implemented.
2. WS IV Critical Area (WS-IV-CA): This area is the land within one mile and
draining to the water intake for the Towns of Goldston and Gulf on the Deep
River. Allowable uses include agriculture, silviculture, residential, and limited
non-residential development. There are density and build-out limits associated
with residential and non-residential development.
Prohibited uses are new sludge application sites, new landfills, toxic or
hazardous materials storage, and petroleum contaminated soil remediation.
3. River Corridor (RC): The river corridor consists of land within an approximate
5,000-foot corridor drawn a distance of 2,500 feet from the banks of river
systems including the Deep River and Rocky River in Chatham County.
Allowable uses include agriculture, silviculture, residential, and limited non-
residential development. There are density and build-out limits associated with
the residential and non-residential development.
In addition, some uses are strictly prohibited including new sludge application
sites, new landfills, petroleum contaminated soil remediation, storage of toxic or
hazardous materials, and development within the 100-year flood hazard area.
4. River Corridor Special Area (RCSA): This land is within the designated RC;
however, due to existing infrastructure, is given a special designation.
5. Local Watershed Area (LWA): This land is all the area of Chatham County not
contained within any other protection area, allowable uses are agriculture,
silviculture, residential development and non-residential development.
Chatham County - Stormwater Management
Chatham County is currently in the process of developing a stormwater management
ordinance.
US 421 Slier City ICE 19
General Water Quality in the Cape Fear River Basin
The Cape Fear River Basin in the state's largest river basin. The river basin is located
entirely within the state's boundaries and flows southeast from the north central
piedmont region near Greensboro to the Atlantic Ocean near Wilmington.
The most populated regions of the basin are in the Greensboro-Burlington-High Point
area (Triad), the Durham-Chapel Hill area, and the Fayetteville Area. The overall
population density is 160 persons per square mile compared to a statewide average of
139 persons per square mile. Estimated water usage in this basin is expected to
increase nearly 95 percent by the year 2020.
Aquatic ecosystems in the Cape Fear River basin include blackwater swamp systems,
estuaries, and rocky streams, which also support 30 percent of the basin's protected
species. While over one-half of the land in the river basin is forested, the basin also
contains 54 percent of the state's swine operations. Due to the conflicting natures of
these uses throughout the basin, implementation of water quality regulations has been
important to regulatory personnel, public officials and citizens alike.
NCDENR DWQ classifies waters according to their best-intended uses. Determining
how well a waterbody supports its designated uses is an important method of
interpreting water quality data and assessing water quality. The use support ratings refer
to whether the classified uses of the water are fully supported, partially supported, or not
supported. Streams rated as either partially or not supporting are considered impaired.
In 1999, twenty percent of the monitored waters in the Cape Fear River Basin were
considered impaired.
Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-12
This subbasin contains the entire Rocky River watershed and is mainly located in
Chatham County. Streams in this area are rocky streams characterized by very low
base flows during summer months. Smaller tributaries often dry up completely during
prolonged low flow periods.
Land use within the 03-06-12 subbasin is primarily forest, although pasture, cultivated
crops, and urban and built up land uses are also common. Chatham County has the
largest number of cattle operations in the Cape Fear River Basin and is second in the
number of poultry operations.
There are four (4) permitted NPDES dischargers, with the Town of Siler City WWTP
having a permitted flow of 1 MGD/day or greater. The Siler City WWTP is encouraging
the many small single-family dischargers to connect to these facilities in order to reduce
the number of dischargers to zero flow streams in the subbasin. Table 1 gives an
overview of Subbasin 03-06-12.
US 421 Siler City ICE 20
Table 1: Subbasin 03-06-12
Appendix B-1 provides a g a y rea goals checklist.
Appendix B-2 provides a study area directions and goals checklist.
Impaired Waters in Subbasin 03-06-12
Approximately 1 percent of the waters in this subbasin are impaired by nonpoint source
pollution. Specifically, portions of Loves Creek and Rocky River were identified as
impaired in the NCDENR's Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan (2000). See
Figure 6 for locations of the project study area in relation to Subbasin 03-06-12.
Loves Creek (2.8 miles from US 421 to Siler City WWTP) is partially supporting and the
0.5-mile segment below the Siler City WWTP is not supporting its intended usages.
Pollutants associated with Siler City urban nonpoint sources and the WWTP discharges
are possible causes of impairment. There are also indications of nutrient enrichment in
the lower segment. This stream is on the state's current 303(d) list.
Rocky River (10.6 miles from the source to the Rocky River Reservoir) is partially
supporting. Instream habitat degradation associated with agricultural nonpoint sources
is a possible cause of impairment. In general, the Rocky River has a narrow riparian
buffer and cattle have access to the stream in many areas. This stream is also on the
state's current 303(d) list. The water intake for the Town of Siler City is located on the
Rocky River just east of Siler City. All tributaries northwest of Siler City and draining into
the Rocky River have a WS - III classification meaning use as a source of water supply
Land and Water A rea
Total area: 244 mil
Land area: 243 mil
Water area: 1 miz
Population Statis tics
1990 Population: 16,015
Pop. Density: 66 persons/mil
Land Cover %
Forest/Wetland: 68.9
Surface Water: 0.6
Urban: 1.3
Cultivated Crop: 2.5
Pasture/Managed Herbaceous: 26.8
•
Chatham
Municipalities
Siler City, Silk Hope, Goldston
n or aniz tion and tabulation of stud a
US 421 Siler City ICE 21
for drinking, culinary, or food-processing purposes. All tributaries southeast of Siler City
and below the intake including the Rocky River itself have a classification of C meaning
use for aquatic life propagation and maintenance of biological integrity, wildlife,
secondary recreation, agriculture, and any other use except primary recreation or
drinking.
Bear Creek (14.9 miles in length) was listed in the 1996 plan as partially supporting;
however, this rating has been determined inappropriate due to the small size of the
stream. This stream is not on the state's current 303(d) list.
3.2.4. Population, Development, and Employment
3.2.4.1. Overview
The following sections illustrate characteristics of the study area and surrounding
municipalities.
3.2.4.2. Population
One-fifth of Chatham County's approximately 49,329 citizens reside within the County's
municipalities. Table 2 presents population trends from 1980 to 2000 for the State of
North Carolina, Chatham County, Lee County, and several municipalities within close
proximity to the study area.
Table 2: Population Trends
Source:

North Carolina 1980

5,880,415 1990

6,632,448 2000

8,049,313 Change(%)
•:0-2000
37%
Chatham County 33,415 38,979 49,329 48%
Lee County 36,718 41,370 49,040 34%
Siler City 4,446 4,808 6,966 57%
Goldston 353 299 319 -10%
Pittsboro 1,332 1,436 2,226 67%
Sanford 14,773 14,475 23,220 57%
U.S. Census. 2000 (Information suDDlie d by N.C. Depa rtment of Budo et & Manaaement.
2001).
2000 &
Figure 7 shows 1980-2000 study area population growth by census tract. The highest
growth rates occurred in the northern and southern portions of the study area. The
primary influence of growth in this area is likely due to proximity to the employment
centers of Siler City and Sanford.
US 421 Siler City ICE 22
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3.2.4.3. Development
Strong economic conditions in the Triangle region have spurred development in a
pattern that has radiated out from the major regional employment centers of Chapel Hill,
Durham, Research Triangle Park, and Raleigh. This pattern of growth is substantially
affecting development in the northern and eastern sections of Chatham County, and also
northern and central Lee County.
Located in the western most portion of the Triangle, the study area has yet to fully
experience these development impacts. The development that has recently occurred in
the study area is primarily scattered, low density residential and a few
industrial/commercial and retail establishments. The rural/agricultural character of the
study area has not been substantially impacted by this recent development.
An industrial park is proposed by Chatham County to be located just north of the study
area, near the US 64 and US 421 Bypass.
3.2.4.4. Employment
Chatham County - According to the N.C. Department of Commerce, at $30,380,
Chatham ranked fourth in per capita personal income and, at $42,851, ranked sixth in
median household income in the fourth quarter of 2003 out of 100 North Carolina
Counties'. With 40% of the County workforce, the manufacturing industry is the
dominant employment sector in Chatham County. Table 3 shows Chatham County
workforce characteristics.
Table 3: 2000 Chatham County Workforce Characteristics

Manufacturing 6,622 40% $47,844,804 44%
Services 2,557 15.5% $14,312,150 13%
Retail 2,472 15% $10,734,814 10%
Government 2,164 13% $15,621,735 14.5%
Construction 1,019 6% $7,357,532 7%
Agriculture 519 3% $3,325,169 3%
Transportation &
Utilities 445 3% $3,140,205 3%
Wholesale 422 2.5% $3,989,472 3.5%
Finance, Insurance &
Real Estate 232 2% $2,416,737 2%
Total 16,452 100% $108,742,618 100%
Source: Fourth Quarter 2000 - Employment Security Commission of North Carolina Issued March
2002
Siler City - Industries providing employment in Siler City include: manufacturing (47.5%),
educational, health and social services (11.6%), and Retail trade (11.0%). Major
industries in Siler City are shown in Table 4.
US 421 Siler City ICE 24
Table 4: Major Industries in Siler City
Company Name Company
Description Total
Employees
ownsends, Inc. Poultry Processing 1375
Gold Kist, Inc. Poultry Processing 750
Mastercraft
Fabrics Textiles 650
Charles Craft, Inc. Textiles 163
Source: Duke Endowment Immigrant Health Planning Survey, 1999
Sanford - Industries providing employment in Sanford include: manufacturing (35.0%),
educational, health and social services (17.2%)".
3.2.5. Existing Facility Characteristics
3.2.5.1. Description of the Existing Facility
Route Classification
US 421 within the project limits is classified as a Rural Principal Arterial-Other in the
North Carolina Functional Classification System. Encompassing the project, US 421
between Greensboro and Sanford is designated as an Intrastate Corridor. The purpose
of the state's Intrastate System is to "provide high-speed, safe travel service throughout
the State. It connects major population centers both inside and outside the State and
provides a safe, convenient, through-travel for motorists. It is designed to support
statewide growth and development objectives and to connect to major highways of
adjoining states. All segments of the routes in the Intrastate System shall have at least
four travel lanes and, when warranted, shall have vertical separation or interchanges at
crossings, more than four travel lanes, or bypasses." (General Statute 136-178)
Physical Description of Existing Facility
Roadway Cross-Section - Existing US 421 south of the project limits is a four-
lane divided roadway. A 30-foot (nine-meter) grassed median separates
opposing lanes of traffic. The roadway has 12-foot (3.6-meter) lanes and 10-foot
(three-meter) inside and outside shoulders, four feet (1.2 meters) of which are
paved.
Within the project limits, existing US 421 is a two-lane roadway with 12-foot (3.6-
meter) lanes. Shoulder widths vary between 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.6 meters). A
two-foot (0.6-meter) paved shoulder is provided on both sides of the roadway
except between SR 1007 and just south of the southern intersection of SR 2333.
A four-foot (1.2-meter) paved shoulder is provided on both sides of this portion of
US 421.
North of the project limits, existing US 421 is a four-lane, divided roadway with a
68-foot (20.7-meter) grassed median. The roadway has 12-foot (3.6-meter) lanes
with 14-foot (4.2-meter) inside and outside shoulders, two feet (0.6 meters) of
which are paved.
US 421 Siler City ICE 25
• Horizontal and Vertical Alignment - The horizontal and vertical alignment of
existing US 421 within the project limits meets a 60 MPH (100 km/h) design
speed.
• Right of Way and Access Control - Approximately 200 feet (61 meters) of right of
way exists along US 421 within the project limits. This right of way is offset to
allow for construction of a median and two additional lanes on the west side of
the existing roadway.
No control of access exists along US 421 from south of the project limits to
approximately 770 feet (235 meters) south of the southern intersection of SR
2333 (South Main Street) with US 421. Partial control of access exists along the
remainder of US 421 within the project limits, except for in the vicinity of the
existing SR 1010 (Pittsboro-Goldston Road) Interchange, where full control of
access exists. Full control of access extends approximately 3,850 feet (1,174
meters) south of SR 1010 to approximately 2,950 feet (900 meters) north of SR
1010.
• Speed Limit - A 55 MPH speed limit exists along US 421 within the project limits.
Intersections - At-grade intersections exist at all but two roadways crossing US
421 within the project limits. An interchange is provided at SR 1010. A grade
separation exists at the SR 2135 (St. Luke's Church Road) crossing of US 421.
SR 2135 is carried over US 421 on a bridge. No access is provided onto US 421
from SR 2135. All of the intersections along this section of US 421 are stop sign
controlled; none are signalized.
• Railroad Crossings - Two railroad crossings are located along US 421 within the
project limits. Both the Southern Railway crossing and the Aberdeen and
Carolina Railway crossing are grade separated, with US 421 carried over on a
bridge.
• Structures - Six bridge structures exist along US 421 within the project limits
(Table 5).
Table 5: Existing Bridge Structures

•
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d - A Of
35 US 421 /Norfolk
Southern Railroad
26 US 421/Aberdeen,
Carolina & Western
Railway
22 SR 2135/US 421
16 SR 1010/US 421
08 US 421/Bear Creek
04 US 421 [Tick Creek
US 421 Siler City ICE 26
In addition to the bridges listed above, four major hydraulic structures are located along
US 421 within the project limits. The locations of these structures are described in Table
6.
Table 6: Existing Major Pipes/Culverts

Unnamed Tributary to 0.4 mi. (0.7 km) north of
Cedar Creek SR 2333
Unnamed Tributary to 1.0 mi. (1.6 km) north of
Cedar Creek SR 2333
Unnamed Tributary to At SR 2135 intersection
Cedar Cree
Unnamed Tributary to Little 0.5 mi. (0.8 km) north of
Bear Creek SR 1010
• Bicycle Accommodations/Sidewalks - The subject section of US 421 passes
through a rural area. No special bicycle or pedestrian provisions exist along US
421 within the project limits. A Chatham County-designated bicycle route crosses
US 421 on SR 2194 near Gulf.
Utilities - The Goldston-Gulf Water Treatment Plant is located on the west side of
US 421 just north of SR 1007. Waterlines run parallel to or cross existing US 421
at several locations between the water treatment plant and SR 1010 (Pittsboro
Goldston Road).
A fiber-optic cable and a gas line are located on the east side of US 421.
Overhead power and telephone lines run parallel to or cross US 421 at several
locations within the project limits as well.
• School Bus Usage - Eight school buses use the subject section of US 421 twice
daily.
• Traffic Volumes - Traffic projections were prepared for the subject section of US
421 for the years 2005 and 2025. In the year 2005, average daily traffic along US
421 in the project limits will range from 11,800 to 13,500 vehicles per day. In
2025, average daily traffic along US 421 will range from 18,100 to 20,800
vehicles per day.
• Other Highway and Bridge Projects in the Area - No other highway projects are
located in the immediate vicinity of the proposed project. Approximately 2.1
miles (3.5 kilometers) south of the subject project, TIP Project R-2417 will
construct a US 421-NC 87 Bypass of Sanford. The proposed bypass will be
constructed as a freeway. Figure 8 shows study area TIP projects
US 421 Siler City ICE 27

3
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Y
Pittsboro d
B-40650 CHATHAM B-3823''"

R-2610
B-406
3

B-3632
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B-2943
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LEE
MOORE
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LEGEND UMCw..b.-NWhCuniha TIP R-2610
""-h"I.,N° US421 WIDENING
'?d] Rural Projects ?/ E CHATHAM COUNTY, NC
Q Bridge Replacement Projects
County S
0 Chatham County Dad SO-- 0 , 2 FIGURE 8
ESNI I... NCUOT
Nonhcardinaca,ntes Oae.Nwe t-2" 7,? STUDY AREA TIP
3.2.5.2. Deficiencies of Existing Facility
Traffic Carrying Capacity - Highway capacity analyses were performed for existing US
421 within the project limits for the years 2005 and 2025. This analysis revealed that
without the proposed improvements, the entire section of US 421 within the project limits
would operate at level of service (LOS) E in the year 2005 and LOS F in the year 2025.
Capacity analyses were also performed for existing at-grade intersections along the
subject section of US 421. These analyses concluded that without the proposed
improvements, turning traffic at many of the at-grade intersections along US 421 would
experience excessive delay in the years 2005 and 2025.
Accident Record - An accident study was performed for US 421 within the project limits
for the period January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1995. During this time, 161 accidents
occurred along the subject section of US 421. Of this total, eight accidents resulted in
fatalities and 66 accidents resulted in non-fatal injuries. Running off the road (47),
striking animals (26), angle accidents (21), rear-end collisions (20) and left-turn
accidents (17) were the most frequent types of accidents to occur along the subject
section of US 421 within the study period.
The total crash rate for US 421 within the project limits for the study period was 113.72
accidents per 100 million vehicle miles (70.50 accidents per 100 million vehicle
kilometers) and the fatal crash rate was 5.65 accidents per 100 million vehicle miles
(3.50 accidents per 100 million vehicle kilometers). In comparison, the statewide crash
rate for rural two-lane United States routes between 1992-1994 was 173.40 accidents
per 100 million vehicle miles (107.77 accidents per 100 million vehicle kilometers) and
the fatal crash rate was 2.50 accidents per 100 million vehicle miles (1.55 accidents per
100 million vehicle kilometers).
As the above statistics show, the subject section of US 421 has a lower total crash rate
than the statewide average for similar routes, but a substantially higher fatal crash rate.
3.2.5.3. Transportation System
3.2.5.3.1. System Linkage and Transportation Demand
As a result of North Carolina's highway construction program, Chatham County's
highway network will be greatly improved during the next decade. The following road
improvements have been recently completed:
• Widening U.S. 64 from Cary to Siler City to four lanes,
• Widening U.S. 421 from Siler City to Greensboro to four lanes,
• Widening U.S. 1 to four lanes, and
• A four-lane bypass of U.S. 64 around Pittsboro.
In addition, the widening of U.S. 15-501 from Chapel Hill to Pittsboro is currently under
construction. These transportation improvements will increase Chatham County
residents' access to major markets while making sites throughout the county more
attractive for industrial location"'. The widening of US 421 to four lanes will complete the
US 421 Siler City ICE 29
Intrastate Corridor between Greensboro and Sanford. This corridor will support high-
speed, safe through-travel, connect major highways, connect population centers, and
support local and statewide growth and development objectives.
3.2.5.3.2. Intermodal Relationships
The project area has limited railroad, airport, and bus service to supplement the
transportation system provided by US 421, US 64, SR 902, and other major roadways.
The subject section of US 421 passes through a rural area in which the predominant
mode of transportation is automobile. US 421 primarily serves interstate traffic, a high
(17 percent) percentage of this traffic using US 421 is truck traffic. The following
paragraphs describe passenger rail, freight rail, trucking, air, and bus service in the
general project area.
Passenger Rail - The Aberdeen, Carolina, and Western Railway line, which
crosses US 421 near Gulf, has been identified as an alternate route for the
proposed high-speed rail corridor between Raleigh and Charlotte. However, this
route was not chosen as the recommended alternative". Even if high-speed
passenger rail service is eventually implemented on this route, the rail corridor
does not serve the same origins and destinations as US 421 and would divert
very little, if any, traffic from US 421.
Freight Rail - Norfolk Southern and CSX provide freight rail service to Chatham
County and both operate daily switching facilities within the county. The
Aberdeen, Carolina, and Western Railway and the Atlantic & Western Railway
operate shortline programs in the project area carrying locally produced
commodities such as lumber and forest products, grain and agricultural products,
plastics, building materials, propane gas, and solite rock products to domestic
and international markets. "
• Trucking - Chatham County's location in the geographic center of North Carolina
and its proximity to international trade routes makes it an attractive location for
expanding manufacturing businesses and trucking operations. Within a half days
trucking to deep-water ports in Wilmington, NC; Morehead City, NC; Charleston
SC, and Norfolk, VA that handle containerized and break-bulk cargox'.
Airports - The project area is served by Siler City-Blair Municipal Airport, which is
located three miles southwest of Siler City in Chatham County. Siler City-Blair
Municipal Airport has a 20-acre campus with a lighted asphalt runway 5000 feet
in length and 75 feet in width. The Airport has weight limitations of 25,000
pounds per single wheeled planes.. The Airport has 12 based aircrafts and is 77%
used by transient general aviation x". The Sanford-Lee County Regional Airport,
located east of the study area near the Chatham County Town of Moncure,
provides additional local air service.
Bus Service - Greyhound provides scheduled intercity bus service along the US
1 corridor with stops in Raleigh, Sanford, and Southern Pines. From these stops
riders can connect to Greyhound service locations throughout North America.
Vanpool and taxicab transportation is available through various local businesses
and social service agencies in the project area. The County of Lee Transit
System, or COLTS provides subscription and dial-a-ride transportation for
residents of Lee County.
US 421 Siler City ICE 30
3.2.6. Benefits of the Proposed Project
Capacity - The proposed project will increase the traffic carrying capacity of the subject
section of US 421. With the proposed project, US 421 within the project limits will
operate at LOS A in the year 2005 and LOS B in the year 2025.
The project will also reduce delay at intersections along US 421 within the project limits.
The dual lanes per direction provided by the project will increase the number of gaps in
through traffic on US 421 available for turning traffic to use, reducing delay. In addition,
the proposed median will allow traffic to cross or turn left onto US 421 in stages, also
reducing delay.
Safety - The subject section of US 421 has a fatal crash rate substantially higher than
the statewide fatal crash rate for similar facilities. Half (four) of the fatal accidents along
US 421 within the project limits were head-on collisions. One of the fatal accidents
involved a pedestrian and the remaining three occurred at intersections.
The proposed dual lanes per direction will allow vehicles to pass slower moving vehicles
without having to encroach in the opposing traffic lanes. The proposed 14-meter (46-
foot) median will reduce the likelihood of head-on collisions by providing a recovery area
for vehicles running off the road to the left.
The proposed median will be wide enough to allow cars and other vehicles (including
school buses) to cross or turn left onto US 421 in stages. Left-turn lanes will be provided
in the median at all median crossovers. These left-turn lanes will prevent left turning
traffic from having to stop in the through lanes, reducing the likelihood of rear-end
collisions.
Right-turn lanes or right-turn tapers will be provided where warranted. These turn lanes
and tapers will allow right turning traffic to move out of the through lanes to complete a
turn, reducing the likelihood of rear-end collisions.
Other Benefits - The proposed widening of US 421 will reduce delay for roadway users,
resulting in lower roadway user costs.
3.3. Step 3 - Notable Features Inventory
3.3.1. Overview
The notable features inventory describes baseline environmental conditions within the
indirect/cumulative effects analysis study area against which the project may be
assessed. The term notable features depends on perspective and scale; this document
assesses various geographic scales in accordance with the CEQ regulations (40 CFR
1500-1508). Consideration of the project's indirect and cumulative effects from
encroachment-alteration, project-induced, or in combination with other actions, helps to
establish the degree of change. Acceptance of the degree of change differs depending
on the affected locale or population.
3.3.2. Ecosystem Conditions
Documentation of ecosystem conditions depends upon the characteristics of the
project's setting as defined by the following categories of notable features:
US 421 Siler City ICE 31
Sensitive species and habitats - US EPA uses the term sensitive species and
habitats to describe ecologically valuable species and habitat and those
vulnerable to impact.
• Valued environmental components - Are defined as a "characteristic or attribute
of the environment that society seeks to use, protect, or enhance."""'
Relative uniqueness, recovery time, and unusual landscape features - Relative
uniqueness is a "measure of how many comparable examples of this landscape
element exist at different levels of scale, from the local area to the nation, even
the globe". Recovery time is "a measure of how long it would take to replace the
existing landscape element in comparable form if it were disturbed or
destroyed." ""
The study area is within the Carolina Slate Belt ecoregion of the southern east-central
Piedmont section of the state. The topography of this area is typified by irregular plains,
some hills, linear ridges, and isolated monadnocks. The surficial rock stratum is
saprolite while underlying this is a bedrock stratum of Precambrian to Cambrian felsic to
mafic metavolcanic rock, metamudstone, meta-argillite, phyllite, schist, some Paleozoic
gabbro, diorite, and granite. Streams in this region typically are of low to moderate
gradient and mostly have boulder and cobble substrates". Some notable features of the
study area are described below:
Biotic Communities
Vegetative communities present in the study area include Disturbed/Human Dominated
land, Hardwood, Pine/Hardwood, and Bottomland Hardwood Forests. The diversity of
floral species present in these communities varies depending on the level of human
disturbance and the moisture regime. Vegetation in Disturbed/Human Dominated areas
contains landscaping plantings, agricultural species, and herbaceous plants common to
maintained roadside margins. In the Hardwood forest, a mixture of oak and hickory
species dominates the canopy with some other hardwoods such as American beech and
tulip poplar present. Various pine species are found in these communities, but make up
less than 50% of the canopy. The Pine/Hardwood forest contains a similar assembalage
of tree species to the Hardwood forest with the addition of more mesic plants such as
red maple and sweetgum. Also, pine species occupy a much larger proportion of the
canopy than in the Hardwood forest"'. Pine/Hardwood forest communities are very
common throughout the study area especially adjacent to the Disturbed/Human
Dominated land. Bottomland forests are restricted to the floodplains of the larger
streams. The canopy includes American sycamore, maple species, sweetgum, and tulip
poplar. Figure 9 shows project area land cover.
US 421 Siler City ICE 32
Wildlife
The vegetative communities of the project area support a variety of wildlife species.
Wetlands, surface waters, and the forested areas adjacent to them provide important
habitat for amphibian species such as slimy salamanders, red-spotted newts, chorus
frogs, peepers, cricket frogs, and tree frogs. American and Fowler's toads are common
in dryer sites. Reptiles potentially occurring throughout the project area include eastern
garter, black rat, and copperhead snakes. Five-line skinks, blue-tailed skinks and fence
lizards tend to utilize edges and disturbed areas. Avifauna common to the habitats of
the study area include songbirds such as northern cardinals, tufted titmice, song
sparrows, dark-eyed juncos, and eastern bluebirds. Downy and hairy woodpeckers, red-
tail hawks, kestrels, common crows, and turkey vultures are also found throughout the
region. Mammalian species of the project area include hispid cotton rats, Virginia
opossums, whitetail deer, raccoons, gray and red foxes, eastern cottontail rabbits, and
bobcats.
Streams
The study area is laced with a network of stream channels all of which flow toward
Jordan Lake and the Cape Fear River. Intermittent streams form headwater collection
channels that feed into larger perennial streams. Intermittent streams experience
interrupted water flows during dry intervals and provide important fish-free breeding
areas for many amphibian species. Perennial streams are likely to support many fish
species including mosquitofish, highfin shiner, white shiner, bluegill sunfish, and
margined madtom.
Wetlands
Surface waters and wetlands fall under the jurisdiction of the US Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE) through section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344).
Wetlands in this region of the state commonly occur as mid-slope seeps and in stream
valley floodplains. These areas provide water retention important for aquifer recharge
and flood control as well as habitat for a variety of wildlife species.
Threatened and Endangered Species
As of January 12, 2004, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listed four species
and six additional species were listed by the State of North Carolina as either
Threatened or Endangered and potentially occurring in Chatham Countyx"' (Table 7).
US 421 Siler City ICE 34
Table 7: Threatened and Endangered Species
Scientific
Common Name Name State Status Federal Status Habitat Present
Fusconaia
Atlantic Pig toe asoni E FSC es
aliaeetus
Bald Eagle eucocephalus T LT (PD) No
lasmidonta
Brook Floater varicosa E FSC Yes
Notropis
Cape Fear Shiner ekistocholas E E Yes
Villosa
Carolina Creekshell vaughaniana E FSC es
tilimnium
Harperella odosum E E Yes
Red-cockaded Picoides
Woodpecker borealis E E No
Strophitus
Squawfoot undulatus T - es
lasmidonta
Triangle Floater undulata T - es
ampsilis
Yellow Lampmussel cariosa E FSC Yes
Source: North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NHP), January 2004
An Environmental Assessment, published by the NCDOT in 1998, documented findings
of biological surveys conducted in the immediate vicinity of the existing roadway. This
study concluded that, of the species federally listed as Threatened or Endangered and
potentially occurring in the study area, only the Cape Fear shiner is likely to be present
within areas impacted by the project. Although populations of this fish species were not
specifically identified, streams of the study area may offer habitat. A critical habitat area
has been proposed for a segment of Bear Creek located approximately 8 miles (13
kilometers) downstream from the project area. The majority of the project area drains
into this area (NCDOT 1998).
Study area ecosystem characteristics are inventoried in Appendix B-3.
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3.3.3. Socioeconomic Conditions
Basic socioeconomic conditions are inventoried through identification of characteristics
of the human social environment. As recognized by the field of social impact
assessment (ICOGP, 1993), vulnerable elements of the population include the elderly,
children, the disabled, and members of low-income or minority groups Table 8.
Table 8: Vulnerable Elements of the Population
Vulnerable Elements of Population Chatham County Lee Count North Carolina
Population, 2000 49,329 49,040 8,049,313
Persons under 5 ears old, percent, 2000 6.3% 6.9% 6.7%
Persons under 18 ears old, percent, 2000 22.5% 25.7% 24.4%
Persons 65 ears old and over, percent, 2000 15.3% 12.9% 12.0%
Black or African American persons, percent, 2000 a 17.1% 20.5% 21.6%
American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2000 a 0.4% 0.4% 1.2%
Asian persons, percent, 2000 a 0.6% 0.7% 1.4%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2000 a Z Z Z
Persons reporting some other race, percent, 2000 a 5.8% 7.3% 2.3%
Persons reporting two or more races, percent, 2000 1.1% 1.1% 1.3%
Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2000 b 9.6% 11.7% 4.7%
White persons, not of His anic/Latino origin, percent, 2000 71.6% 66.2% 70.2%
Persons with a disability, age 5+, 2000 8,426 9,116 1,540,365
Persons below poverty, percent, 1999 9.7% 12.8% 12.3%
(a) Includes persons reporting only one race
(b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories
Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts, 2003
Appendix B-4 provides a socioeconomic conditions inventory illustrating details of
economic, demographic, social, and physical conditions and their connection to notable
features.
3.3.4. Notable Features Inventory Summary
The notable features inventory facilitates planning of transportation systems by
considering features notable on a broad scale, typically less detailed than information
suitable for project evaluation. Appendix B-5 provides a notable features checklist in
which major types of ecosystem and socioeconomic features are outlined. Appendix B-6
lists substantial federal and state statutes that place value on certain resources or
determine that certain resources require special consideration.
3.4. Step 4 - Impact-Causing Activities
Impact-causing activities consist of impacts of the proposed transportation project as
well as other existing and potential activities that may affect study area notable features.
The two major types of indirect/cumulative effects caused by project impacts are:
• Encroachment-Alteration Effects - Effects that alter the behavior and functioning
of the physical environment are related to project design features but are indirect
in nature because they can be separated from the project in time or distance.
These effects can be considered cumulative in nature when they are additive
over time or have an interactive (non-linear) net effect on the environment.
US 421 Siler City ICE 36
• Access-Alteration Effects (Project-Induced Growth) - Changes in traffic patterns
and the alteration of accessibility attributable to the design of the project can
induce residential and commercial growth in the study area.
The general types of project impact causing activities (existing, potential, and proposed)
include:
• Modification of Regime - alteration of habitat, flora, hydrology, and other
features;
• Land Transformation and Construction - construction method, ancillary
elements;
• Resource Extraction - excavation and dredging;
• Processing - storage and supplies;
• Land Alteration - landscaping, erosion control;
• Resource Renewal Activities - remediation, reforestation;
• Changes in Traffic - traffic patterns on project and adjoining facilities;
• Waste Emplacement - landfill, waste discharge;
• Chemical Treatment - fertilization, deicing; and
• Access Alteration - substantial changes in access, circulation patterns, travel
demand and travel times between major attractors/generators (employment,
housing, and commercial development, etc.).
Appendix B-7 documents other activities (existing and proposed) that may cumulatively
affect notable features. Appendix B-8 documents project impact-causing activities.
3.5. Step 5 - Potential Indirect/Cumulative Impacts
3.5.1. Overview
The objective of Step 5 is to identify the effects of the project that require detailed
analysis. This is done by comparing the lists of impact-causing activities developed in
Step 4 with the inventory of goals, trends and notable features that make up the baseline
conditions identified in Steps 2 and 3. The comparison is designed to explore cause-
effect relationships and to establish which effects merit subsequent detailed analysis or,
conversely, which effects are not potentially noteworthy and require no further
assessment. The following sections review main categories of effects; Step 5 concludes
with an evaluation matrix of effects for analysis in Step 6.
3.5.2. Encroachment - Alteration Effects
Alteration of the behavior and functioning of the affected environment caused by project
encroachment can be characterized into two broad categories: ecological effects and
US 421 Siler City ICE 37
socioeconomic effects. These effects can be linked to project impact-causing activities
identified in the previous step. The two main effects are discussed below.
3.5.2.1. Ecological Effects
The ecosystem approach embodied in CEQ's biodiversity document (1993) recognizes
the "fundamental interconnections within and among various levels of ecological
organization." Reduction of diversity at any level will have effects at the other levels.
Therefore, an understanding of the interconnections can help reveal the chain of events
delayed in time or space from the original transportation project action of disturbance on
or within a particular level of ecological organization.
The following indirect and cumulative effects of transportation project actions can have
important consequences for ecosystems:
• Habitat fragmentation from physical alteration of the environment;
• Lethal, sublethal and reproduction effects from pollution;
• Degradation of habitat from pollution;
• Disruption of ecosystem functioning from direct mortality impacts; and
• Disruption of natural processes (e.g., hydrology, species competition, predator-
prey relations, etc.) from altered energy flows.
3.5.2.2. Socioeconomic Effects
Socioeconomic effects of transportation projects are the result of a change in the
physical nature of a community. The two major changes are:
• Alteration of traffic patterns and access; and
• Relocation of homes and business, or relocation or alteration of public facilities.
These direct effects can result in indirect/cumulative effects that can be magnified by the
cumulative impacts of other actions and include alterations to:
• Neighborhood cohesion;
• Neighborhood stability;
• Travel patterns of commuters and shoppers;
• Recreation patterns at public facilities;
• Pedestrian dependency and mobility;
• Perceived quality of the natural environment;
• Personal safety and privacy;
US 421 Siler City ICE 38
• Aesthetic and cultural values;
Environmental Justice - disproportionate effects to vulnerable elements of the
population; and
• Perceived quality of life.
3.5.3. Induced Growth Effects
Transportation project improvements often reduce the time-cost of travel, enhancing the
attractiveness of surrounding land to developers and consumers. Development of
vacant land, or conversion of the existing environment to more intensive uses, is often a
consequence of transportation projects. Growth in employment and population
attributable to a project is an indirect effect that, in turn, produces its own effects on the
environment.
Induced growth effects fall into three general categories: effects of projects planned to
serve specific land development, effects of projects likely to stimulate complementary
development, and effects of projects likely to influence interregional location decisions.
These induced growth types are discussed in detail below.
3.5.3.1. Land Development
Transportation projects designed specifically to serve existing or planned large land
development projects or groups of projects require a thorough analysis of induced
growth and related effects. This is because:
• Land development is not just probable but highly likely;
• The magnitude and timing of the development is known or generally predictable;
and
• Details of development projects are known and can be analyzed for
environmental effects.
Since details of the land development projects are known, analysis of this type of growth
is of considerable importance to indirect/cumulative effects analysis and can focus on
impacts related to the magnitude and timing of development rather than its probability of
occurrence.
3.5.3.2. Complementary Land Development
Complementary land development, such as highway-oriented businesses (e.g. gas
stations, rest stops, motels), is more likely near interchanges in rural areas where
property values were originally low. Interchanges in suburban or urban areas where
property values were higher before project planning and implementation are more likely
to support a greater proportion of higher density uses, as well as a greater mix of uses.
Factors influencing the likelihood and rate of development near rural interchanges
include:
• Distance to major urban area or regional center
• Traffic volume on the intersecting road
US 421 Siler City ICE 39
• Presence of frontage road
• Availability of water and sewer and other infrastructure
3.5.3.3. Intraregional Location Decisions
Apart from the complementary development described above, on a regional basis, the
impact of transportation projects is generally minimal. The localized effect of such
projects on land use can be substantial, however. If the conditions for development are
generally favorable in a region, then transportation projects can become one of the
major factors that influence where development will occur.
Where transportation projects do influence land development, the general tendency is
toward relatively high-density commercial or multi-family residential development near
facility nodes in urban and suburban areas and single-family residential development in
the urban fringe.
3.5.4. Project Evaluation Context
To evaluate potential indirect and cumulative effects of the project, the Project Team
considered all information set forth in this report as well as background information and
base conditions established in the EA. Table 9 and Table 10 give examples of indirect
and cumulative effects; these tables, together with all previously discussed background
information, are used as the basis for decisions made in the Table 11 evaluation matrix.
This matrix lists potential effects under major categories and presents
indirect/cumulative effects that warrant further analysis.
US 421 Siler City ICE 40
Table 9: Direct and Possible Indirect Effects of the US 421 Widening.
s r=: c f c

Socioeconomics Improved access Highway-oriented Business Residential Loss of
and Land Use to suburban/rural business locates declines in older Development farmlands
land suitable for on land adjacent downtown area
development. to new which was
interchanges bypassed
Water Quality Improved access Land use Increased non- Decline in Health problems,
development point source surface water contamination of
water pollution quality, groundwater
contaminants
enter water
supply aquifer
Wetlands Improved access, Land use Many small Substantial
alteration of development, wetlands aggregate loss
surface water elimination or eliminated of wetlands due
drainage patterns degradation of during to development
downstream development
wetlands
Ecology Improved access, Fragmentation of Elimination of
removal of large habitat area species which
vegetation and require this large
habitat habitat
Air Quality Improved access Concentrated Creation of air Reduction in
development quality available
adjacent to new contamination increment for
interchanges "hot spot" future highway
exceeding projects
standards
Noise Increase in noise Additional traffic Nearby
due to on collector residential
construction roads producing property values
noise above are lowered
standards
Cultural Resources Improved access Development of Substantial
to nearby rural land uses in visual impact to
area vicinity of historic farm
interchange property
Transportation Improvement of Reduce fuel Reduce Improves freight
traffic flow, usage for utilization of movement
stabilization of vehicles using fossil fuels
vehicular speeds new highway
Source: Guidance for Assessing Indirect and Cumulative Impacts of Transportation Projects in
North Carolina, 2001
US 421 Siler City ICE 41
Table 10: Examples of Cumulative Effects
a
1. Time Crowding Frequent and Repetitive Effects on
an Environmental System Forest Harvesting Rate Exceeds
Regrowth
2. Time Lags Delayed Effects Exposure to Carcinogens
3. Space Crowding Highly Spatial Density of Effects on
an Environmental System Pollution Discharges into Streams from
Nonpoint Sources
4. Cross-Boundary Effects Occur Away from Source Acidic Precipitation
5. Fragmentation Change in Landscape Pattern Fragmentation of Historic District
6. Compounding Effects Effects Arising from Multiple
Sources or Pathways Synergism Among Pesticides
7. Triggers and Thresholds Fundamental Changes in System
Behavior or Structure Global Climate Change
Source: Considering Cumulative Effects Under the National Environmental Policy Act, Council on Environmental
Quality, 1997.
US 421 Siler City ICE 42
Table 11: Evaluation Matrix
Indirect and Cumulative Effects Requiring Detailed Analysis 41

77
r ?.(r
y

rec
.:
J14" -j
Encroachment - Ecosystem Related:
Alteration Indirect Habitat ?
Effects Fragmentation/Degradation ?
Ecosystem Disruption ?
Single Source Natural Process Disruption ?
Additive (Type 1) Air Quality
?
and Interactive Water Quality
?
(Type 2) Cumulative Noise ?
Effects Other
Socioeconomic/ Land Use Related:
Community Cohesion / Stability ?
Alteration of Travel Patterns
Quality of Life Effects ?
Historic Resources ?
Aesthetic Effects ?
Other ?
Induced Growth
A
Alt
ti Serves Specific Development ?
(
ccess -
era
on
Indirect Effects) Stimulates Complementary
?
Development
Influences Location Decisions ?
Indirect Effects Ecosystem Related:
Related to Induced Habitat Fragmentation I ?
Growth Degradation ?
Ecosystem Disruption ?
Multiple Source Natural Process Disruption ?
Additive (Type 3) Air Quality
?
and Interactive Water Quality
?
(Type 4) Cumulative Noise ?
Effects Other
Socioeconomic/ Land Use Related:
Conflict with Goals / Plans ?
Economic/ Fiscal Impacts ?
Community Cohesion / Stability
?
Alteration of Travel Patterns
Quality of Life Effects ?
Historic /Cultural Resources ?
Aesthetic Effects ?
Other ?
US 421 Siler City ICE 43
3.6. Step 6 - Indirect/Cumulative Effects Analysis
3.6.1. Overview
The purpose of Step 6 is to analyze the potential effects identified in the previous step by
assessing likely future conditions and identifying underlying causes. The magnitude,
probability of occurrence, and timing and duration of effects attributable to the project are
addressed below. Table 12 provides an overview of direct, indirect, and cumulative
effects of the project.
Table 12: Overview of Direct, Indirect, and Cumulative Effects
klu

OTC A ;IL
ILA liVil
-

fir U' "TOY
n J
&4 M
Habitat [J [] * [] [] []
Fragmentation /
Degradation
Ecosystem [ ] [ ] (] [ ] [ ]
Disruption
Natural Process [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
Disruption
Water Quality [ ] [ ] ' [ ] [ ] [ ]
Community
(]
[ ]
[ j
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
Cohesion I
Stability
Alteration of [ ] [ J + + (] [ j
Travel Patterns
KEY: * Low Adverse Effect ** Moderate Adverse Effect **' High Adverse Effect
+ Beneficial Effect [ ] No Effect TBD To Be Determined as part of
Biological Assessment
3.6.2. Future Conditions I Induced Development Analysis
Understanding likely future study area conditions is necessary to assess potential
indirect and cumulative effects that may result from the incremental effects of the project
and other development activities in the same geographic region. In North Carolina, a
census tract's prior growth is critical in determining its future growth. Near urban regions,
growth goes primarily to tracts that have room for it. In rural areas, prior density has less
impact in slowing growth'""'.
US 421 Siler City ICE 44
Chatham County, Lee County, and representative study area census tract population
projections are shown in Figure 10. Census tract 0206 (see Figure 7) was chosen for
this analysis because it covers nearly two-thirds of the study area and is generally
representative of development characteristics exhibited throughout southwestern
Chatham County. County population projections were obtained from the North Carolina
State Demographics Center. Curve fitting trend extrapolation was used to project 2010
and 2020 population for census tract 0206. Inherent limitations of extrapolation
techniques include low data requirements and that total population figures for past years
are being used to project future conditions. There is no guarantee that the past will
substantially influence the future, although it is assumed that past conditions will help
predict future conditions. Also, there is no inclusion of housing trends, economic
changes, growth management, or any other external pressures on population in this
technique. Any factors other than past population totals are external to the method.
Figure 10: Population Projections
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
80,000 18,000
70,000 -. 16,000 co
C 60,000 -- - - -- - - - - 14,000
12,000
p
? 50,000 ., ,

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0
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1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
-0 Chatham County - Lee County -,}-StudyArea Census Tract Trendline
Source: North Carolina State Demographics 2004, US Census Bureau 2004, URS
Throughout recent history Chatham and Lee counties have experienced fairly constant,
non-compounding incremental growth. Compared to other North Carolina counties,
Chatham and Lee are expected to experience modest growth through 2020"' Census
tract 0206 is a rural and sparsely populated subset of Chatham County. As the Triangle
region continues to grow, increased development is likely in southwestern Chatham
County. The aggressive growth trend projected for census tract 0206 is representative
of this likely development.
As presented in Table 12, only minor project induced indirect effects or cumulative
impacts are determined to be "reasonably foreseeable" (as defined by the CEQ), and
therefore, no further analysis of project-induced development is required.
US 421 Siler City ICE 45
3.7. Step 7- Analysis Results Evaluation
3.7.1. Overview
The purpose of this step is to evaluate the results of analyses done for this study.
Results of the GIS future land use analysis are discussed below.
3.7.2. GIS Land Use Analysis
Baseline population, population projections, land use/zoning data, and results of the
indirect and cumulative effects evaluation (Table 11 and Table 12) were analyzed using a
GIS to create the future land use map shown in Figure 11.
Appendix C presents the GIS land use analysis methodology.
US 421 Siler City ICE 46
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3.7.3. Conclusions
Conditions within the study area were found to be conducive to growth, as the area has
large amounts of developable land and is located in the path of advancing development
emanating from the more urbanized areas of the Triangle region. This analysis showed
substantial changes in land use over the next 20 years. Specifically, the
rural/agricultural nature of the area is likely to change to low-density residential uses. In
conjunction with increased residential development, increased highway oriented
commercial development is also likely. Examples of highway oriented commercial
development include: automobile service stations, carry-outs, car washes, fast food
businesses, hotels/motels, and billboards. Additional development compatible with the
overall character and business composition of the area includes agribusiness and
transportation/warehousing.
A summary of noteworthy future study area conditions is presented below.
Water Resources - Future development in the study area has the potential to
negatively effect water quality. However, the following federal, state, and local
regulations are in place in the study area to protect surface water quality and
accommodate future growth.
o EPA National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) - Phase II
Stormwater Rules
o North Carolina - Water Supply Watershed Protection Act
o Chatham County - Land Use and Development Regulations
Adhering to these regulations for the protection of surface waters should limit
direct and indirect effects to this important resource.
• Land Use/Development - Due to past development trends and favorable growth
potential for the region, the study area would likely experience considerable
development regardless of the project. The project is not likely to substantially
induce growth in the study area, therefore, project induced development impacts
are expected to be minor.
• Neighborhood Cohesion and Pedestrian Mobility - The project will not require
any residential or commercial relocations. Also, due to the rural nature and large
distances between land uses within the project corridor, most travel is by
automobile. Therefore, neighborhood cohesion and pedestrian mobility are not
likely to be impacted by the project.
• Travel patterns of commuters and shoppers - The project will improve capacity
and safety within the corridor. These improvements are likely to marginally
decrease commute times and provide increased access to study area
commercial destinations.
• Statewide Growth - The project will complete the multilane Intrastate Corridor
between Greensboro and Sanford, improving high-speed, safe travel and
enhancing intrastate and regional commerce.
US 421 Siler City ICE 48
3.8. Step 8 - Assessing the Consequences/Mitigation Development
The purpose of this step is to assess the consequences of effects and determine the
need for modifications to avoid effects, or strategies to mitigate unavoidable effects.
General direction for assessing consequences and mitigation development is provided in
the Guidance for Assessing Indirect and Cumulative Impacts of Transportation Projects
in North Carolina, Volume II: Practitioners Handbook.
Only minor indirect and cumulative effects were identified through this assessment;
therefore, project specific mitigation strategies for indirect and cumulative effects are not
necessary. However, local officials did voice concern about development in unzoned
portions of Chatham County, which includes the study area. Local zoning controls and
comprehensive planning are outside the jurisdiction of the NCDOT but are often the
most effective tools at controlling development. When combined with comprehensive
planning, zoning allows communities to shape patterns of growth and development
within their boundaries.
US 421 Siler City ICE 49
'Guidance for Assessing Indirect and Cumulative Impacts of Transportation Projects in
North Carolina: Volume: Practitioner's Handbook, The Louis Berger Group, November
2001:111-4
" Lee County Zoning Ordinance, http://www.sanfordnc.net/cd leezoning.htm, January
2004.
"' City of Sanford, http://www.sanfordnc.net/UDO/index.htm, January 2004.
'" NCGS 143-214.5 (1989, c. 426, s. 1; 1991, c. 342, s. 9; c. 471, s. 2, c. 579, s. 1; 1991
(Reg. Sess., 1992), c. 890, s. 14; 1998-215, s. 62.) and 143-214.6 (1989, c. 426, s. 2, c.
603, s. 2, c. 727, s. 159; 2001-452, s. 1.2.)
15A NCAC 02B .0100 & .0200 (Amended Effective: April 1, 2003)
A North Carolina Department of Commerce,
http://cmedis.commerce.state.nc.us/countyprofiles/files/pdf/Chatham 2003Q4.pdf ,
visited January 2004.
"" City Data, http://www.ci!y-data.com/cit_y/North-Carolina.litmi, January 2004.
"' Chatham County Transportation,
http://www.co.chatham.nc.us/AboutChathamCounty/Profile.htm, January 2004.
"Southeast High Speed Rail Project, http://www.sehsr.org/reports/FE[Seschl.pdf,
January 2004.
X Aberdeen Carolina and Western Railway, http://w,.vw.acwr.com/company.htmi, January
2004.
X' Chatham County Economic Development Corporation, www.chathamedc.org, January
2004.
X" Chatham County Economic Development Corporation,
http://www.chathamedc.org/COUNTYINFO/transr)ortation.htm, January 2004.
X"' Irwin and Rodes (1990)
X'" Forman and Godron (1986)
X" Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Comstock, J.A., Schafale, M.P., McNab, W.H., Lenat,
D.R., MacPherson, T.F., Glover, J.B., and Shelburne, V.B., 2002, Ecoregions of North
Carolina and South Carolina, (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables,
and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,500,000).
X" M.P. Schafale and A.S. Weakley. Classification of the Natural Communities of North
Carolina, Third Approximation, North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of
US 421 Siler City ICE 50
Parks and Recreation, NC Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
1990
Xv" North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NHP) Element Occurrence Database.
Internet database search at http://www.ncsparks.net/nhp/search.html, North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, NC Department of
Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, January, 2004.
Highways and Sprawl in North Carolina,
http://www johiilocke.org/acrobat/policyReports/hi .1?ys-report-stimmaa.pdf, January 2004.
X'X North Carolina State Demographics (County/State Population Projections),
http://demog.state.nc.us/, February 2004.
US 421 Siler City ICE 51
AUS 421 Widening, Indirect and Cumulative Effects Survey

US 421Widening
Indirect and Cumulative Effects Survey
PURPOSE
The purpose of this Survey is to gain insight from local and regional professionals into
the study area's economic and development patterns in order to assess how future
economic and physical development patterns will be affected by the Project. This Survey
is being distributed as part of an Indirect and Cumulative Impacts Study being conducted
by NCDOT, Dll'Q, and URS Corporation (Project Consultant).
Interviewee: Jack Meadows
Title: Director of Planning and Community Development
Affiliation/Company: Town of Siler City, P.O. Box 769, 27344
Phone Number: 919-742-2323
INFRASTRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT
1. Please list what you perceive to be the potential significant development projects in the
study area that will be constructed by 2020. Additionally, please indicate how each
project's probability of development increases or decreases due to the completion of the
US 421 widening. This list should include projects under construction, pending approval
and other proposals you believe will have a reasonable chance of being constructed by
the design year 2020.
A portion of project R-2610 is located within the Torvn of Siler City's Extraterritorial
Jurisdiction (ETJ). The segment within the Town's ETJ is south of the Siler City US 421
Bypass to Foust Road (SR 2118). Tlie follownrg are found witlun the segment:
• There are no projects proposed or currently under construction,
• Zoned Agricultural-Residential,
• Land Development Plan (updated 2003) recommends agricultural-rural residential
development, and
• The current land uses consist of low-density residential and agricultural uses.
Note: South of the Town's jurisdiction along 421 are interspersed industrial uses, some
agricultural related.
2. Do you think that the study area's current zoning and land use plans sufficiently address
future development needs, transportation improvements and environmental protection
(specifically water quality)? If no, please explain what zoning and/or land use plans you
think are necessary.
The Town's current zoning ordinance and land use plan sufficiently address fixture
development trends, transportation improvements, and environunental protection
(specifically water quality). To ensure water quality all developments are required to submit
grading, erosion, and stormrvater plans. There are vegetative buffers along all perennial and
intermittent streams. All impacts to streams are must be approved by the Division of Water
Quality and/or Corps of Engineers.
3. What issues and concerns regarding land use and transportation infrastructure
development in the project area do you perceive as most important in the region?
Additionally, do you interpret these issues and concerns as being sufficiently addressed in
the comprehensive plans? Please specify.
I do not perceive any concerns.
4. Do you anticipate that there will be a future land use and development pattern scenario
with the Project that differs from the future scenario without the Project? If yes, please
describe below and indicate areas that may be affected.
I do not anticipate any future land use or development patterns.
5. We would like to determine the potential for zoning changes or infrastructure changes in
the event that the Project is implemented. In your opinion, how would the Project affect
the future zoning or infrastructure plans in the study area?
The project will not affect future zoning or infrastructure plans.
6. In your opinion, what areas of the study area, if any, would be first targeted for rezoning in
order to accommodate future demand and need? Please indicate what types of changes (i.e,
density or use type)?
Zoning will remain the same.
7. Do you anticipate that the Project will promote additional capital investments to support
future development that otherwise would not be made? Please explain and identify the
areas and type of infrastructure improvement (i.e., water, sewer)
MY not promote additional capital investments.
8. Would you anticipate that the Project will affect the demand for available development
parcels or planned/proposed development projects?
I do not believe the project will affect demand for development.
9. If yes to Question 8, what is the likelihood of the Project influencing timing or status of
planned development projects (high, low) ?
10. How do you see the Project influencing traffic and transportation patterns and what
industries and/or populations will it most affect, and in what way?
Currently, traffic bottlenecks when it becomes tivo lanes. Creating four lanes ivill allow traffic
to move.
11. What types of industries and business will be most affected by construction of the
Project?
The trucking businesses will be affected positively.
12. What are some of the competitive strengths that the study area has over other regions in
North Carolina? What are some of the weaknesses? (i.e., in terms of technology, the
labor pool, industrial base, etc.)
The corridor connects Greensboro to Sanford, Fayetteville, and Wilmington.
13. How significant a role does transportation and accessibility play in residential,
commercial and industrial development in the study area?
Plays a significant role in commercial and industrial development. Chatham County is
proposing an industrial park before the US 64 interchange along the eastern side of the US
421 Bjpass.
14. Do you think that the Project will improve travel time and reliability in the study area? If
yes, what impacts would you anticipate this improvement would generate?
Travel time will be reduced. Currently traffic is bumper to bumper at peak periods.
15. How do you think the study area will respond to current and predicted national and
regional changes in industrial and commercial trends? What additional support,
suppliers, etc. will these industries need?
No additional support noted.
16. How does access to the study area affect its competitive advantages in relation to other
North Carolina cities/regions?
There is not another logical route from: Siler City to Sanford
17. In your opinion, how will industry and business trends in the study area change by 2020
if a) the Project is not built? B) no significant improvements are made to the roadway
network?
A four lane facility ivill promote economic development. Doing nothing will delay new
industrial development.
US 421 Widening
Indirect and Cumulative Effects Survey
PURPOSE
The purpose of this Survey is to gain insight from local and regional professionals
into the study area's economic and development patterns in order to assess how
future economic and physical development patterns will be affected by the
Project. This Survey is being distributed as part of an Indirect and Cumulative
Impacts Study being conducted by NCDOT, DjVQ, and URS Corporation (Project
Consultant).
Interviewee: Keith Megginson
Title: Chatham County Planning Director
Affiliation/Company: Chatham County
Phone Number: 919/542-8205
INFRASTRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT
1. Please list what you perceive to be the potential significant development
projects in the study area that will be constructed by 2020. Additionally, please
indicate how each project's probability of development increases or decreases due
to the completion of the US 421 widening. This list should include projects under
construction, pending approval and other proposals you believe will have a
reasonable chance of being constructed by the design year 2020.
The area of concern within the Chatham County jurisdiction is a rural area
that does not have zoning. The county has other regulations that limit
development density to one dwelling unit per 1 or 1.5 acre. Public water is
proposed in the general area, which could encourage some development.
Waste water disposal is a limiting factor in the area and there are no plans
for a public sewerage system in the area.
2. Do you think that the study area's current zoning and land use plans
sufficiently address future development needs, transportation improvements and
environmental protection (specifically water quality)? If no, please explain what
zoning and/or land use plans you think are necessary.
Chatham County has not extended zoning into the area of concern.
We do have various other regulations which address land use. These are
available for review on the county web site at www.co.chatham.ne.us under
the heading of Planning and view land use ordinances and regulations. Our
subdivision regulations, mobile home ordinance, flood damage protection
ordinance, and watershed protection ordinance should provide adequate
environmental protection. Erosion control enforcement could be enhanced
with additional inspectors on the state level or by the county taking over the
erosion control program from the state. Transportation improvements could
be better protected by extending zoning; into the area.
3. What issues and concerns regarding land use and transportation
infrastructure development in the project area do you perceive as most important
in the region?
Additionally, do you interpret these issues and concerns as being
sufficiently addressed in the comprehensive plans? Please specify.
The concern is about commercial or industrial development occurring;
in the unzoned portion of the county, which could result in a development
pattern that reduces travel speeds along; the highway and is unsightly,
thereby hurting; adjacent land values.
4. Do you anticipate that there will be a future land use and development
pattern scenario with the Project that differs from the future scenario without the
Project? If yes, please describe below and indicate areas that may be affected.
No.
5. We would like to determine the potential for zoning changes or
infrastructure changes in the event that the Project is implemented. In your
opinion, how would the Project affect the future zoning or infrastructure plans in
the study area?
We do not have zoning in the area at this time. If industrial or
commercial development locates along the highway the county may revise its
water line extension plans to include a line along the road.
6. In your opinion, what areas of the study area, if any, would be first
targeted for rezoning in order to accommodate future demand and need? Please
indicate what types of changes (i.e, density or use type)?
We do not have zoning in the area.
7. Do you anticipate that the Project will promote additional capital
investments to support future development that otherwise would not be made?
Please explain and identify the areas and type of infrastructure improvement (i.e.,
water, sewer)
See number 5 above.
8. Would you anticipate that the Project will affect the demand for available
development parcels or planned/proposed development projects?
Yes.
9. If yes to Question 8, what is the likelihood of the Project influencing
timing or status of planned development projects (high, low) ?
There are no planned projects now in the corridor. But the project
could encourage some.
10. How do you see the Project influencing traffic and transportation patterns
and what industries and/or populations will it most affect, and in what way?
The project could improved travel times and make a safer facility.
11. What types of industries and business will be most affected by
construction of the Project?
Industries that are affected by travel times of trucking.
12. What are some of the competitive strengths that the study area has over
other regions in North Carolina? What are some of the weaknesses? (i.e., in
terms of technology, the labor pool, industrial base, etc.)
The area is close to the Triad and Triangle and there is a good community
college system in Central Carolina Community College.
13. How significant a role does transportation and accessibility play in
residential, commercial and industrial development in the study area?
See Jack Meadows' answer on this question.
14. Do you think that the Project will improve travel time and reliability in
the study area? If yes, what impacts would you anticipate this improvement
would generate?
Yes, I think it will encourage development as previously stated.
15. How do you think the study area will respond to current and predicted
national and regional changes in industrial and commercial trends? What
additional support, suppliers, etc. will these industries need?
I don't know.
16. How does access to the study area affect its competitive advantages in relation to
other North Carolina cities/regions?
It improves it.
17. In your opinion, how will industry and business trends in the study area change by
2020 if a) the Project is not built? B) no significant improvements are made to the
roadway network?
The improvements should enhance industrial and business development
along the corridor which may not occur without it.
THANK YOU
APPENDIX B
Checklists, Condition Inventories & Evaluation Matrices
B-1
ORGANIZATION AND TABULATION OF GOALS CHART
Project Name:
US 421
(Check where applicable)
Location: Chatham Co. Analyst:
D. Verner Date: Jan. 2004
Social Health and Well-Being Goals Notes
? Achieve adequate, appropriate and accessible open The Health of Chatham Co unty 2004 Report states the
space and recreation. following priorities:
Comply with state and federal water and air quality Current Health Priorities Emerging Health Priorities
_ laws.
Preserve or create multi-cultural diversity. 1. Physical inactivity. Bioterroism
Preserve heritage. 2. Unintended injury. . Growth
Provide choice of affordable residential locations 3. Contaminated Water Health Insurance
Provide urban environment for those with special 4. Obesity Coverage
needs. 5. Unintended pregnancy. . Affordable health care.
? Promote land use patterns with sense of community. 6. Tobacco control. . Job opportunities.
? Provide a range of services accessible to all. 7. Family violence.
8. Indoor air quality.
? Promote a healthy and safe environment. 9. Affordable and available
Provide sound management of solid and hazardous childcare.
- waste. 10. Alcohol and other drug
Other. use.
11. Infant mortality.
_
Economic Opportunity Goals
? Support activities to meet changing economic The mission of the Chatham County Economic Development
conditions. Corporation is to enhance the quality of life in Chatham County
_ Provide energy-efficient transportation. through the promotion of economic activities, including the
_ Provide developments with transit-supported attraction of new business and industries and the retention of
capabilities. existing businesses and industries.
Target economic export activities. The Chatham County Solid Waste Management Division
? Attract and maintain work force. works to promote environmentally sound activities and provide
- Promote infill of smaller, passed-over sites. a clean, safe, and efficient program for the management,
Encourage redevelopment of older areas for new collection, reduction/recycling and disposal of solid waste.
purposes.
_ Other.
Ecosystem Protection Goals
Protect ecosystems. The Planning Department advises the Planning Board and
_ Minimize fragmentation. County Commissioners on development proposals. The
_ Promote native species. Department administers various land use regulations
- addressing such issues as signs, mobile homes,
Protect rare and keystone species. communication towers, junkyards, landfills, flooding, zoning,
? Protect sensitive environments. and land subdivision. The Department also administers
_ Maintain natural processes. housing rehabilitation grants.
_ Maintain natural structural diversity.
_ Protect genetic diversity.
_ Restore modified ecosystems.
Other.
Name
Affiliation
Date
Reviewed by:
B-2
STUDY AREA DIRECTIONS AND GOALS CHECKLIST
Project Name:
US 421
Location: Chatham Co. Analyst: D. Verner Date: Jan. 2004
1. Generalized Setting
Within Metropolitan Statistical Area (Identify MSA) ? Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill MSA
Outside of MSA
Both Inside and Outside MSA Indicate Distance to Nearest Metropolitan Center
2. Characteristics of Transportation System (Note: These items are not intended to cover entire transportation need, but rather to use
information from more detailed assessments to provide a preliminary indication of existing accessibility, service and modal
interrelationship characteristics, i.e., factors relevant to subsequent indirect effects analysis).
• Identify missing links in transportation system To the north and south of the proiect limits, US 421 is a four-lane intrastate corridor.
Within the proiect limits, US 421 is a two-lane arterial.
• Map and describe existing level of service on minor and principal arterials and their access characteristics.
• Indicate distance to nearest interstate highway if not in study area.
• Map and describe existing transit routes and demand.
• Map and describe major concentrations of existing and planned development.
• Describe modal interrelationships including competing and complementary characteristics.
3. Population Trend Projection
Declining
Static (t 1 %/10 years)
Slow Growth
Rapid Growth (>101/c/10 years) ? ?
4. Planning Context Yes No If Yes, identify by title, agency and date
Zoning ? Chatham and Lee Counties; Siler City and Sanford
State Master Plan ?
County / Regional Master Plan ?
Municipal Master Plan ?
Water Quality Management Plan ? Chatham County
Other Natural Resources Management Plan
5. Describo known plans for major new or expanded activity centers including public facilities. No major plans in stud area.

Is the activity center dependent on transportation system improvement? Yes No
6. Is the transportation need linked to economic growth and land development? Yes No ?
If yes, is the nature of the linkage to:
Serve the needs of planned growth or
Channelize growth or
Stimulate growth or
7 Based on information obtained, are there any apparent conflicts between transportation and other needs that could result in
controversy? (Describe)
Yes Possible No ?
Name
Affiliation
Date
Reviewed by:
B-3
Project Name:
US 421
ECOSYSTEM CONDITIONS INVENTORY
Location: Chatham Co. Analyst:
Affiliation
a

d"
L `
i
,fy r
Suburban
Landscapes
Remnant Communities
Greenways
Remnant Populations
Wetlands and Riparian Zones
Drainage Patterns
Natural Vegetation Diversity

Rural See Figure 6 Water Features and Figure 9 Land Cover
Watersheds
Local Ecosystem Integrity
Riparian Corridors
Endemics and Migratory Species
Riparian and Forest Corridors
Hydrology
Landscape Pattern Diversity
Dispersal Routes

Wildland
Regional Ecosystems
Remote Habitat
Contiguous Habitat
Habitat Interior Species
Unique Environments
Structural Components of Interior Habitat
Sub-Population Movements
Name
D. Verner Date: Jan. 2004
Date
Reviewed by:
B-4
Project Name:
Economic
Residents' Occupational Mix
Jobs in Community (Mix)
Jobs/Housing Balance (Self-Containment)
Income Distribution Mix
Journey to Work (Length and Mode)
Job Growth Rate
Business Ownership and Services Characteristics
Demographic
Population Growth Rate
Population Age Mix
Household Types
Retired Population Percent
Social
Community Cohesion
Crime Rates
Clubs, Sports and Organizations Participation
Education Levels Mix
Sense of Control Over Change
Balance of Old Timers and Newcomers
Physical
Housing Stock Mix and Values
Open Space Percent
Town Area and Form
Separation from Other Activity Centers
Residential Density
Mix of Land Uses
Town Edge Activity
Historic Structures and Places
Circulation and Traffic Characterizations
Neighborhood Design Characteristics
Infrastructure Character
Commercial Building Scale
Town Entrance Setting
Scenic Character
Trees and Vegetation Presence
Noise Levels and Timing
Lighting Influence
Name
Reviewed by:
US 421
SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS INVENTORY
_ Location: Chatham Co. Analyst: D. Verner
Describe/Characterize
Date: Jan.2004
See Section 3.2.4 Population, Development, and Employment
and Section 3.3.3 Socioeconomic Conditions.
I See Fiqure 5: Existinq Land Use I
Affiliation
Date
B-4
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B-7
OTHER ACTIVITIES (EXISTING AND PROPOSED)
THAT MAY CUMULATIVELY AFFECT NOTABLE FEATURES
r ..3 . i ,.
Residential
Tick Creek Preserve 127-Acre Housing Project in
Bonlee Under Development Very low overall impacts.
These are "green"
Arrowpoint on Sandy Branch
Creek 30-Acre Housing Project in Bear
Creek Existing I Under
Development developments.

Industrial l Commercial

Government/ Community Facility

Utilities

Transportation
US 421- NC 87 Bypass of
Sanford Lee County Proposed Changes in Traffic
B-3632 SR 1009 Chatham County Under Construction Changes in Traffic
8-4063 NC 902 Chatham County Proposed Changes in Traffic
B-4065 SR 2170 Chatham County Proposed Changes in Traffic
B-2943 SR 2153 Chatham County Under Construction Changes in Traffic
Other

Project Name: US 421 Location: Chatham Co. Analyst:
D. Verner Date: Jan. 2004
B-7
B-8
PROJECT IMPACT-CAUSING ACTIVITIES CHECKLIST
Project Name:
US 421 Location: Chatham Co.
Analyst: D. Verner
Describe Generally (Source, Breadth,
Duration, Location and Type)
Modification of Regime Yes No
Exotic Flora Introduction ?
Modification of Habitat ?
Alteration of Ground Cover ?
Alteration of Groundwater Hydrology ?
Alteration of Drainage ?
River Control and Flow Modification ?
Channelization ?
Noise and Vibration ?
Land Transformation and Construction
New or Expanded Transportation Facility ?
Service or Support Sites and Buildings ?
New or Expanded Service or Frontage Roads ?
Ancillary Transmission Lines, Pipelines, and Corridors ?
Barriers, Including Fencing ?
Channel Dredging and Straightening ?
Channel Revetments ?
Canals ?
Bulkheads or Seawalls ?
Cut and Fill ?
Resource Extraction
Surface Excavation
Subsurface Excavation
Dredging
Processing
Product Storage ?
Land Alteration
Erosion Control and Terracing ?
Mine Sealing and Waste Control ?
Landscaping ?
Wetland or Open Water Fill and Drainage ?
Harbor Dredging ?
Resource Renewal
Reforestation ?
Groundwater Recharge ?
Waste Recycling ?
Site Remediation ?
Changes in Traffic (including adjoining facilities)
Railroad ?
Transit (Bus) ?
Transit (Fixed Guideway) ?
Automobile ?
Trucking ?
Aircraft ?
River and Canal Traffic ?
Pleasure Boating ?
Communication ?
Operational or Service Charge ?
Waste Emplacement and Treatment
Landfill ?
Emplacement of Spoil and Overburden ?
Underground Storage ?
Sanitary Waste Discharge ?
Septic Tanks ?
12.2-mile
Roadbed
Date: Jan.2004
from two to four lanes.
Standard roadway landscaping and
construction methods.
Increased capacity.
Increased capacity.
B-8
PROJECT IMPACT-CAUSING ACTIVITIES CHECKLIST (continued)
Modification of Regime
Stack and Exhaust Emission
Chemical Treatment
Fertilization
Chemical Deicing
Chemical Soil Stabilization
Weed Control
Pest Control
Access Alteration
New or Expanded Access to Activity Center
New or Expanded Access to Undeveloped Land
Alter Travel Circulation Patters
Alter Travel Times Between Major Trip Productions
and Attractions
Other
If Yes,
Describe Generally (Source, Breadth,
Yes No Duration, Location and Type)

? Expanded access to rural, undeveloped land.
? Increased capacity.
? Increased capacity for travel between
Greensboro and Sanford; Fayetteville and
Name
Affiliation
Date
Reviewed by:
APPENDIX C
GIS Method for Determining Future Land Use
GIS Land Use Analysis - Methodology
The 2020 population value for each census tract located in the US 421 study area was
calculated using methodology provided by Catchy Miller from the Geography Division
of the U.S. Census Bureau (See February 27, 2004 email in this appendix). This
methodology assumes that an equal population exists across each census tract.
The percent of a census tract in the study area was calculated. The entire census tract
population was then multiplied by this percent to arrive at the 2000 population value.
This value was then multiplied by 246% (percent increase derived from population
projections in section 3.6.2 of this report) to establish the estimated 2020 population
value.
Future land use for the US 421 study area was created based upon the 2020 population
numbers. According to the 2000 US Census, the average number of persons per
household in Chatham County was 2.47. The future population in the study area for each
census tract was divided by 2.47; this number establishes the future housing parcels in the
study area. These housing parcels are shown in the future land use map (one dwelling
unit per acre minimum density as per current regulations, for purposes of this analysis,
lower densities were not applied).
The Project Team determined that additional commercial/industrial development was
likely in intersection areas within the study area. Additional commercial/industrial uses
were applied to the future land use map in accordance with the projected increase in
residential population/households.
Tract Number 2000 Census
Population Estimated Population in
2020 Percent of Census
Tract in Study Area Future Population
in Study Area Total Future
Housing Parcels in
Study Area
0204 9446 32683 5.22 1708 219* (should be 691)
0203 2735 9463 25 2366 958
0205 3643 12605 7.87 992 402
0206 4766 16490 31.56 5205 2107
0306 7189 24874 4.05 1007 407
*Proiccted increase in households exceeds land avai lable for dCVCIOnment. It is assumed that the
households not allocated to this census tract would overflow to adjacent tracts with developable land or,
that development pressure would result in changes in the land use regulations thereby permitting higher
intensity residential development.
catherine.l.n.miller@c
ensus.gov To:
02/27/2004 02:16 PM cc:
Subject:
Mark,
Mark_P_Smith@urscorp.i
[e-mail], robert.
Re: 2000 vs. 1980 census
If a 1980 census tract was split into multiple Census 2000 census tracts,
without any boundary changes (other than the subdividing of the census
tract) you can aggregate the Census 2000 census tracts splits back into the
larger 1980 census tract and compare them. If the boundaries have changed
about the only way you can do a comparison is to assume an even population
distribution across the census tract. Then estimate what percent of the
area of the census tract moved from one census tract to another and prorate
the population data based on how much area moved. For example, if 25% of
the area of 1980 census tract 1 is in Census 2000 census tract 2 assume
that 25% of the population was affected by the boundary change.
Cathy Miller
Geographic Products Management Branch
Geography Division
U.S. Census Bureau
[e-mail]
census question
Mark P Smith@URSC
orp.com
02/27/2004 01:28
PM
I am interested in comparing t
counties in North Carolina. I
both years in GIS format but I
tract boundaries have changed.
population by census tract for
the help.
To:
cc:
Subject: 2000 vs. 1980
ae total population by census tract for two
currently have the census information for
am not sure how to compare the two since the
Is there a feasible way to compare total
the two periods? Thank you very much for
Mark
On-site Mitigation Plan for the Proposed Replacement of Bridge No. 76
on US 258 over Roanoke River Overflow in Northampton County,
North Carolina.
TIP No. B-1303
March 15, 2005
Overview:
The NCDOT will replace the existing 100.0-foot long bridge over Roanoke River Overflow with
a new bridge approximately 180.0 feet in length. The additional bridge length will allow for the
removal of 80.0 linear feet of causeway in previously filled wetlands and the restoration of 0.08
acre of wetlands. The existing causeway will be removed and returned to an elevation of the
adjacent wetlands.
Also, an on-site detour will be utilized for this project and 0.53 acre of wetlands will be
temporarily impacted. After construction of the bridge, the temporary causeway will be removed
and returned to the elevation of the adjacent wetlands.
Causeway Removal.
The removal of 80.0 feet of the existing causeway will mean that approximately 0.08 acre of fill
will be removed from wetlands associated with Roanoke River Overflow. The temporary
causeway will also be removed after the new bridge is constructed. After both causeways are
removed, the areas will be graded to existing wetland elevations.
Vegetation:
NCDOT proposes to replant the area impacted by the temporary causeway with native vegetation.
Please refer to the attached planting schedule. The area underneath the bridge will not be planted,
but vegetation will return naturally.
Cj?}Y1
1

ENT OR 6, United States Department of the Interior
4QP 'y1
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Raleigh Field Office
_ Post Office Box 33726
?4RCH 1qb Raleigh, North Carolina 27636.3726
March 31, 2004
Richard Spencer
Army Corps of Engineers
P.O. Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402-1890
Dear Mr. Spencer:
This letter is in response to your request for comments on Public Notice (PN) ID No. 199700360,
dated March 11, 2004. The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) has applied
for a Department of the Army (DA) permit to discharge fill material into Waters of the United
States for the widening of existing US 421 from a two-lane to a four-lane, grassed median,
divided highway beginning at the intersection of SR 1007 (Plank Road) at Gulf to the existing
four-lane roadway north of SR 2210 (Carter-Brooks Road) south of Siler City, in Chatham
County, North Carolina (TIP No. R-2610)-These comments are provided in accordance with
provisions of the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 661-667d) and section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531-1543).
According to information provided in the PN, the project will involve fill impacts to 0.26 acre of
jurisdictional wetlands and 2,354 linear feet of jurisdictional stream channel. As onsite
mitigation for a portion of the stream impacts, NCDOT proposes to use natural channel design
and relocation of 217 linear feet of stream at a mitigation ratio of 1:1. NCDOT proposes that the
remaining stream mitigation needs and all of the wetland mitigation needs be provided by EEP.
There are four federally protected species listed for Chatham County: bald eagle (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus), red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), harperella (Ptilhnnh ni nodosum)
and Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas). In a letter dated July 29, 1998, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service) concurred that the project would have no effect on the bald eagle, red-
cockaded woodpecker and harperella. This concurrence is still valid.
Some of the project area streams contain potential habitat for the Cape Fear shiner. Cape Fear
shiners have been documented in Bear Creek several miles downstream of the US 421 crossing,
and in the Rocky River downstream of the US 421 crossing of Tick Creek. NCDOT has agreed
to the following conservation measures to avoid and minimize impacts to Cape Fear shiners:
• Utilize High Quality Water (HQW) erosion control standards
• Clearing and grubbing within 100 meters of Bear Creek will only be performed during
the period between April 15th and November 15th of any year
4-
In a letter dated March 10, 1998, the Service concurred that the project may affect, but is not
likely to adversely affect the Cape Fear shiner. On March 4 and 5, 2004, NCDOT conducted
new surveys at the US 421 crossings of Bear Creek and Tick Creek. No Cape Fear shiners were
observed. Based on the available information, the Service's previous concurrence is still valid.
We believe that the requirements of section 7(a)(2) of the ESA have been satisfied. We remind
you that obligations under section 7 consultation must be reconsidered if. (1) new information
reveals impacts of this identified action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a
manner not previously considered in this review; (2) this action is subsequently modified in a
manner that was not considered in this review; or (3) a new species is listed or critical habitat
determined that may be affected by this identified action.
The Service does not believe that the proposed activities described in the PN will have
significant adverse and/or irreversible effects on fish and wildlife resources. Therefore, the
Service has no objection, from the standpoint of fish and wildlife, to the issuance of a permit
related to the proposed activities. The Service appreciates the opportunity to review this project.
If you have any questions regarding our response, please contact Mr. Gary Jordan at (919) 856-
4520, ext. 32.
Sincerely,
Garland B. Pardue, Ph.D.
Ecological Services Supervisor
cc: Chris Militscher, USEPA, Raleigh, NC
Travis Wilson, NCWRC, Creedmoor, NC
John Hennessy, NCDWQ, Raleigh, NC
Matt Haney, NCDOT, Raleigh, NC
Q
Hydraulic Design & Permit Drawings Review Meeting PN`
NCDOT Location and Survey Conference Room I?L'
TIP No. Date: 11('?5) /0
NAME AGENCY
Bill (3 ?j I
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1 Story Brick Dwelling C 1 S BK D 1 S BK D
2 Story Brick Dwelling D 2 S BK D 2 S BK D
14
1 Story Masonry Dwelling E 1 S M D 1 S M D
2 Story Masonry Dwelling F 2 S M D 2 S M D
1 Story Block Dwelling H 1 S BLK D 1 S BLK D
2 Story Block Dwelling J 2 S BLK D 2 S BLK D
Business Bus Bu s Bus
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Garage Apartment G APT G AP T G APT
House Trailer H TR H TR H TR
Barn Barn B B
Shed, Shack S S S

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Pump, Well House W W W
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usage.
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Two-story masonry business 2 S M Bus

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