20100296 Ver 1_Report_19980914

MEMORANDUM OF MEETING

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lJ1) SEP I 0 1993 ! &

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DATE:

August 27, 1998

Phillip Todd NCDOT ~
David Cox NCWRC
Cyndi Bell NCDWQ
Gary Mryncza KC1
Joe Pfeiffer KCI
Eric Alsmeyer USACF
Kevin Moody NCDWO
Tom McCartney USFWS

ATTENDEES:

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W'ITfP QUAUTY \:-.LIl=~J,,,,

SUBJECT:

Starmount Forest Country Club Stream Restoration Project
KCI Job Number 1298031A

KCI staff met with representatives from \farious state and federal resource agencies (ACOE,
USFWS. NCDWQ, NCWRC) and NCDOT to discuss topics relating to the stream restoration
plan design comments, including channel design and proposed buffer and maintenance plans,
Topics discussed included:

Modification of buffer plans to include additional Transition and Mitigation/Deciduous Buffer
. Gary Mryncza indicated that through negotiations with Ron Boyd (golf course consultant)
and Lester George (architect), modifications in the form of the following buffer length
changes: A- 4630 I.f. to 3465; B- 1363 I.f. to 2268 I.f.; and C- 800 I.f. to 1060 with an
additional 400 I.f. of C with the implementation of a proposed wetland were accomplished
since the 60% agency field meeting,

Agency Comments on Buffer Revisions:
. David Cox and Eric Alsmeyer questioned why certain areas on the course were proposed
"A" Buffers despite their relative location to tee boxes, It was explained that these areas still
remain in the line of play and that certain regulations may be necessary for certification of
the golf course, It was suggested that reference be made to Audubon International's
guidelines for management of natural resources on golf courses that applies to a certification
program, Kevin Moody concurred that it would be worth the effort to investigate these
strategies, He also suggested that Dr. Charles Peacock. professor at NC State, be brought in
to consult with agencies and golf course representatives on buffer options for the course, It

2

was determined that Phillip Todd would investigate the possibility of setting up a meeting
with Dr. Peacock, as well as all of the other parties involved,
. Cyndi Bell raised concerns about nitrogen inputs from fertilizers and pesticides with the
proposed buffers, It was agreed that KCI would supply data to DWQ pertaining to these
comments in the form of a report by KCI on inputs at Pine Ridge Golf Course in Towson,
Maryland,
. Kevin Moody expressed concern about NCDOT policy on a long term commitment to
improving the stream if the culvert at Holden Road is changed in the future, This would
entail further discussions between NCDOT and the resource agencies,

Resolution of the Golf Course Buffer Issues:
. Resource agencies agreed to I: 1 credit ratio for C Buffer Areas, and potentially the same for
B Buffer areas, No concrete determination for ratios was given for A Buffer areas, but it is
noted that it would be less than the other two buffer types.. Further communication between
Eric Alsmeyer and NCDOT is necessary to finalize mitigation credit issues,

"

Comments on Channel Design Parameters:
. It was the consensus of the agency personnel that none of the parties had serious problem~~
with the planform, cross-section, and profile changes and to this point, channel design plans
were generally acceptable to all.

Action Items:

NCDOT
Phillip Todd will try to coordinate a meeting for September 8 with all agencies, golf course
representatives, KCI and NCSU turf grass specialist (Dr. Charles Peacock) to openly negotiate
buffer issues,

KCf
Joe Pfeiffer will gather information on golf course turf study previously conducted by KCI and
send to Cyndi Bell

Gary Mryncza will get information on Audubon Society International, golf course certification
program, and evaluate its application on this site,

ACOE, USFWS, NCDWQ, NCWRC
Will consider the mitigation credit that will be granted for the A buffer in its proposed
application, such that the NCDOT can conduct a cost benefit analysis for the project.

cc Tanner Holland, NCDOT
Charles Bruton, NCDOT

==EKCI
ASSOCIATES OF
NORTH CAROLINA, PA.
Date: September 14, 1998
Company: NCDWQ
Contact: Cyndi Bell
® In accordance with your request
F-1 For your review
For processing
Plans reviewed and accepted
Plans reviewed and accepted as noted
For revision by you
0
SEP t 6W
Landmark Center I
4601 Six Forks Road
Suite 200
Raleigh, NC 27609-5210
[phone]
Job Number 1298031A Fax Number
Project: SFCC [phone]
Subject: Water Quality Report
For your use/files
Please call when ready
Please return to this office
E] Approval requested
Conference requested
at your convenience
Comments: I hope this is helpful, sorry about the delay.
fiary V. Mryncza
Project Manager
ENGINEERS • PLANNERS • ECOLOGISTS
"J ' 1
Page No. 11-54
E. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
The surface water resources on and surrounding the Pine Ridge Golf Course property play an important role in
course operation and environmental management. On the golf course property, the topography creates a series of
headwater-type areas that drain into the streams and reservoir. The course is supplied with precipitation, irrigation
from an on-site system and runoff entering the site from adjacent areas. Receiving water sources adjacent to the
property include streams (both ephemeral and perennial) and Loch Raven reservoir.
The local climate, land use/land cover types, activities and management actions on the course influence the amount,
timing and quality of the water flowing off the course property. The proposed golf course expansion would change
the land uselland cover types, activities and management actions on parts of the course. These changes would
influence the surface water resources -- both on-site and in the adjacent receiving water bodies.
1. Methodology
The methodology for assessing the surface water resources, both on and adjacent to the golf course property,
involved collecting, reviewing and analyzing both existing and new information. The methodology is
summarized in the following parts:
• Collection of Available Records (a)
• Facility Field Surveys (b)
• Golf Course Drainage Area Characteristics (c)
• Golf Course Hydrology Assessment (d)
• Potential Pollutant Sources (e)
• Stormwater Runoff Monitoring Design (f)
• Stormwater Runoff Quality Assessment (g)
• Stormwater Management Assessment (h)
• Surface Water Resource Quality Assessment (i)
Each of these categories is described as follows:
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
a. Collection of Available Records
Page No. 11-55
The consulting team used specific procedures and techniques to identify and collect available information,
review and analyze the data and interpret the results: Collection, review and analysis of existing golf
course records, management activities, hydrology, water quality and stormwater management was
conducted with an eight-step method. The method included reviewing known information sources;
discussing available information sources with BMGC and course management staff, collecting and
reviewing additional information and developing computer-based databases.
b. Facility Field Surveys
In addition to the interviews with course and BMGC administrative staff, members of the consulting team
performed field surveys of the golf course facilities. (See Appendix J for a detailed description of the
survey strategy.) The surveys were designed and conducted to satisfy requirements of both the course
management and surface water resources tasks of the project. The overall purpose of the Facility Field
Surveys (FFS) was to identify, collect, analyze and evaluate information from field observations that
described the existing course management activities and surface water resources on the course property.
The FFS also identified potential management opportunities and constraints for future water quality
management.
C. Golf Course Drainage Area Characteristics
Collection, mapping, analysis and interpretation of physical golf course characteristics included:
• Surveying of the golf course property to establish topography.
• Developing an environmental constraints map from previous natural resources field studies and
boundaries.
• Digitizing land uses of the existing and proposed golf course layouts to quantify areas and
relationships of the areas for the entire course property and by drainage area.
Page No. II-56 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
• Digitizing managed areas of both the existing and proposed golf courses to define areas for
companson.
• Digitizing soil mapping units defined by the County Soil Survey and modified by field investigation. .
d. Golf Course Hydrology Assessment
Assessment of the golf course hydrology, also known as investigation of the "water balance", generally
involves identifying, quantifying and balancing the sources, storage and losses of water on the property.
1) Water Supply Sources
Field investigations and discussions with golf course staff provided the information to identify the
sources of water on the course. Of the three water sources - precipitation, irrigation and runoff
entering the property from adjacent land - there is long-term data on precipitation only.
2) Precipitation
The precipitation records are available from three primary sources: (1) Pine Ridge; (2) Baltimore
County Flood Warning System; and (3) the National Climatic Data Center (US Department of
Commerce, National Weather Service).
Pine Ridge Golf Course -- The golf course staff has been collecting on-site weather records since
the late. 1980s. In 1993, the staff began assembling Daily Weather Summaries of all data
collected A description of the weather station operated at Pine Ridge Golf Course is included
in the Golf Course Management Section (Section Q) of this report.
Baltimore County Flood Warning System -- The Baltimore County Department of Public Works
(DPW) set up a flood warning system in the late 1980s (Maple and Hanson, 1993). The system,
designed to provide advance prediction of flood-producing storms, operates recording, radio-
telemetered rain gauges located throughout the County. These gauges provide hourly records at_
stations in the vicinity of Pine Ridge (generally to the north, west and south of the property) with
nearly complete records dating back through 1990. Stations in the vicinity of Pine Ridge include
Beaverdam, Broadridge, Valleywood and Ridge.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-57
National Climatic Data Center -- The National Weather Service (NWS) of the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), under the US Department of Commerce, operates a
long-term cooperative weather station in Towson, Maryland. The gauge collects daily
precipitation and maximum-minimum temperature records and monthly records are sent to the
NWS at Baltimore-Washington International Airport. These records are then forwarded to
NOAA's National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina. The gauge has operated
almost continuously since August, 1948. There is a break in the records from March 1966 to
April 1968, when the collection gauges were moved. For several reasons, there are some gaps
of one or more months in the records for the end of 1991.
The longest continuously operated NWS precipitation gauge in the Baltimore Metropolitan area
is located at the Customs House in downtown Baltimore. This gauge has records extending to the
1870s and is normally cited for long-term precipitation analyses in the Baltimore region.
An analysis of the Baltimore City NWS gauge's hourly precipitation records from 1948 through
1975 was completed using the USEPA's SYNOP computer software (Martin, 1977). This analysis
was repeated with a longer record for the USEPA's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP)
(USEPA, 1986). The program divided the hourly precipitation into a series of discrete storm
"events" with intervals since the preceding event. These events were analyzed to provide
individual values for each storm event. The storm analysis included volumes, duration, average
intensity and event interval.
The Golf Course and Baltimore County records for 1993 are used as part of the storm runoff
monitoring program. The Pine Ridge gauge is the main source of precipitation information for
storm events occurring on the site. The Baltimore County data provides a backup source of
information.
3) Irrigation
The Pine Ridge Golf Course staff supplement natural precipitation that falls on the course with _
water from a built-in irrigation system. The operational practices for the irrigation system were
defined by the Facility Field Surveys and discussions with Golf Course staff.
Page No. II-58
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
4) Stormwater Runoff from Off-Site Areas
There are two major areas that contribute stormwater runoff to the Pine Ridge Golf Course
property. The largest of these is a drainage area contributing runoff to a small unnamed tributary
.
upstream of Dulaney Valley Road that flows near the southern boundary. of the property. A
smaller area with well-defined stormwater discharge locations is the Wakefield residential
community located west and upslope of the golf course property.
5) Golf Course Water Balance
No long-term rainfall-runoff studies of golf courses have been found in the literature; however,
an ongoing plot runoff study in Pennsylvania has yielded some insight into runoff from well-
managed turf (Watschke and Mumma, 1989). The results of this study are discussed in the
context of the Pine Ridge Golf Course.
An alternative method was applied to the Pine Ridge Golf Course to assess the existing hydrology
and possible changes caused by the proposed expansion project. An accounting of water sources,
storage and losses on the golf course was determined by the water balance method. This method
is commonly used in hydrology to investigate and define the pathways of water (Mather, 1978).
Water supplied to the golf course by the previously identified sources is stored or lost from the
course in one or more ways. Losses may include infiltration, evapotranspiration, surface runoff,
or infiltration to the groundwater. Based on the available precipitation records and physical site
characteristics information and scope of the assessment, the storage and losses were calculated by
using a daily water balance. To support the analysis of the water balance, the GWLF (Generalized
Watershed Loading Functions) Model, version 2.0 was applied. The model includes components
for calculating the daily water balances of a drainage area and creating monthly and annual
summaries. The water balances include computations for the following parameters: stormwater
runoff, evapotranspiration, infiltration, percolation into the shallow saturated zone, groundwater
discharge to the stream and seepage flow to the deep saturated zone. _
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
e. Potential Pollutant Sources
Page No. 11-59
Pollutant sources on the golf course potentially are the land use/land cover types, golf-related activities
and materials used in course management. These pollutant sources were identified through the
assessment of golf course management. The pollutant types generated by these sources were identified
from field observation, discussions with golf course and BMGC administrative staff and literature.
f. Stormwater Runoff Monitoring Design
1) Goals and Objectives
The goal was to perform a reconnaissance surface water runoff monitoring survey of two
representative project site drainage areas. The results of the survey will be part of the surface
water resources assessment for the golf course expansion. The monitoring survey objective was
to define the quantity and quality of runoff entering and leaving the golf course property during
storm events.
The information resulting from the storm event runoff monitoring will be used in at least four
ways:
• Provide quantitative stormwater runoff data from each site for three storm events. The data
includes event mean concentrations (EMCs) for each pollutant parameter measured, total event
rainfall volume and total event runoff volume.
• Allow comparison of project results for the monitored storm events to other published
monitoring data.
• Allow initial estimation of annual pollutant loads (to edge-of-field) for detectable pollutants
found in the runoff events for the monitored site.
• Provide an estimate of the effectiveness of the golf course to provide attenuation of pollutant
runoff from off-site. These results will apply to the drainage area and management conditions
at the time of monitoring and the type of rainfall event monitored.
Page No. 11-60 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
From a list of four potential monitoring sites, two drainage areas were selected. These sites are
shown on Figure II-E1. Site A in Drainage Area 25 includes both drainage entering the golf
course property from off-site (upper site - the Wakefield residential community) and part of
Fairway at Hole 7 (lower site). The results from monitoring this site provide: (1) insight into the
quality/quantity of stormwater runoff entering the property from the adjacent Wakefield residential
community, which, from preliminary field observations, is now untreated (2) information about
the effectiveness of existing grass Swale in providing water quality management.
Site D in Drainage Area 14 (Fairway 18) receives runoff from the golf course. This drainage area
is typical of the land use/land cover types of the projected golf course expansion and redevelop-
ment of the existing course.
The monitoring survey design consisted of eight parts: storm event sampling criteria, number of
storm events, sample types, parameters, sampling techniques, rainfall measurement, flow
measurement and storm event monitoring.
Storm Event Sampling Criteria -- A minimum of three successfully sampled storm events
were proposed for the monitoring project. USEPA NPDES criteria were used as guidelines
for defining the "successfully sampled" storm event criteria.
Number of Storm Events Monitored -- The survey is designed to monitor a minimum
of three storm events during the period of the environmental study project.
Sample Types -- Field crews collect a flow-weighted composite sample that is representative
of the entire runoff event discharge. A longer period of sampling will be required for longer
rainfall events.
Parameters -- Table II-E1 lists the physical, chemical and biological parameters that are
analyzed for storm event runoff samples. The non-pesticide group includes physical,
chemical and biological properties of stormwater runoff normally monitored in stormwater -
runoff. These parameters measure the temperature, pH (relative acidity or alkalinity),
suspended sediment, plant nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), organic carbon and bacterial
indicators (fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus). Also included is a list of 13 metals
1*7
NORTH
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE.
ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBU-rrY STUDY
FIGURE H-El
STORMWATER RUNOFF _
MONITORING SITE LOCATIONS
Not to scale
1.
Page No. II-62
TABLE II-El
RECONNAISSANCE STORM WATER MONITORING PARAMETERS
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study

tneter
Pail
Temperature Field Measurement
pH Field Measurement
Alkalinity Composite, FW
Total Suspended Solids Composite, FW
Total Phosphorus Composite, FW
Ortho Phosphorus Composite, FW
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Composite, FW
Nitrite + Nitrate Nitrogen Composite, FW
Total Nitrogen Composite, FW
Total Organic Carbon Composite, FW
Fecal Coliform Composite, FW
Fecal Streptococcus Composite, FW
Metals (13 priority pollutant metals) Composite, FW
Candidate Pesticides:
Propiconazole (Banner) Composite, FW
Mancozeb (Fore ETU metabolite) Composite, FW
Oxadiazon (Ronstar) Composite, FW
Metalaxyl (Subdue) Composite, FW
Thiratn (Spotrete F) Composite, FW
Iprodione (Chipco 26019) Composite, FW
Trichlorofon (Proxol, Dichlovos Metabolite) Composite, FW
Notes:
Composite, FW - Flow-weighted composite sample representing storm event
Candidate pesticides were selected from a qualitative ranking procedure evaluating pesticides anticipated for use in
1993, many of which have been used at least one time since 1990. The ranking procedure was introduced by S.
Cohen (February 16, 1989 letter to BMGC and updated June 10, 1993). The ranking procedures included Health
Advisory Level (HAL), mobility, persistence, total annual pesticide application amount (active ingredient),
--- analytical feasibility, and application timing (relationship of chemical application to rainfall frequency). The
procedure combined scores for each chemical linearly among selected factors and ranked the results.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-63
routinely analyzed as part of priority pollutant analysis for NPDES stormwater permitting. The
pesticides proposed for monitoring in stormwater runoff were selected by analyzing available
information about pesticide characteristics and their past and/or expected use. An analytical tool -
a qualitative ranking procedure - was applied to the Pine Ridge pesticide information. The
procedure has been applied previously to help select pesticides for monitoring at Pine Ridge in
1989 and for other golf course monitoring programs (Cohen, 1989; Cohen, 1993; Cohen, et. al.,
1992). Evaluation factors were selected that describe the pesticide's characteristics, use and fate.
The factors used in this analysis are the calculated Health Advisory Level (HAL), chemical
mobility, chemical persistence, total annual application quantity of active ingredient, relationship
between chemical application and rainfall occurrence/frequency and laboratory analytical
feasibility.
Sampling Techniques -- Field crews and laboratory staff were guided in the proper
collection, handling, laboratory analysis, data management and data analysis of storm event
samples. The guidance included proper quality control/assurance procedures.
Rainfall Measurement -- The Pine Ridge Golf Course operates and maintains a recording
weather station.
Flow Measurement -- Runoff from each storm event is measured at the selected sites by
using a cutthroat flume and manually observing and recording runoff stages during the storm.
Storm Event Monitoring - The process of storm event monitoring follows three steps: (1)
tracking a potential storm event; (2) monitoring the storm event; and (3) managing the
monitoring results.
Samples collected in the field are analyzed for certain parameters in the field and transported to
one laboratory to provide primary services and routine parameter analyses and another, more
specialized, laboratory to perform analyses for pesticides. Analyses of storm event runoff samples
_ were performed by the laboratories using USEPA-approved methods, where appropriate. -
Page No. II-64
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Commonly accepted analytical methods for pesticide analysis were used and thoroughly
documented by the laboratory. All laboratory analyses involved formal quality control/assurance
procedures.
The management of data collected in the surface water monitoring survey includes data recording,
reduction, validation, analysis and reporting. Data analysis involves the use of a project database
management system to develop characteristics of each successfully sampled storm event at the site.
g. Stormwater Runoff Quality Assessment
The stormwater runoff quality assessment is an analysis of not only the hydrology of the-golf course but
also the quality of surface runoff. As described in the hydrology assessment, stormwater runoff is
generated by two sources: (1) runoff entering the site from off-site urban areas and (2) golf course-
generated runoff. Runoff quality is influenced by the physical drainage area characteristics (size,
hydrologic soil type, imperviousness and slope) and activities on the site. The activities include
management actions necessary to operate the golf course. These may involve the use or applications of
materials considered pollutants.
1) Off-Site Runoff Entering the Golf Course Property
Upslope urban land areas generate stormwater runoff that enters the golf course property. No
comprehensive historic stormwater quality sampling data has been collected to define the quality
of runoff from these areas. However, the quality of the runoff, expressed in mass load (i.e.,
pounds of a pollutant) can be estimated by using storm event mean concentration (EMC) data
from the USEPA NURP program (1983) for 11 parameters and the storm event runoff volume.
Event mean concentration data for physical and chemical parameters include total suspended
solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, soluble
phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, total copper, total
lead and total zinc.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. 11-65
Environmental Feasibility Study
2) Golf Course-Generated Runoff
The quality of runoff generated from Pine Ridge Golf Course has been analyzed under both
existing and proposed conditions using two approaches. The first approach presents and discusses
the results of other studies in the context of the Pine Ridge Course and the existing management
practices of the course. The second approach applies computer-based modeling to estimate
pollutant load runoff from the course.
h. Stormwater Management Assessment
Stormwater management is achieved in two major ways: (1) non-structurally through source controls
and (2) structurally through treatment of the runoff quantity and/or quality.
1) Non-Structural/Source Controls
The objective of stormwater management through source control (also called pollution prevention)
focuses on preventing or minimizing pollutants from contacting the stormwater runoff. For a golf
course, these controls are incorporated into the management activities that maintain the managed
golf playing areas and related golf course land use/land cover types. Especially important is the
management of the types, quantities, frequencies and locations of materials applied on the course.
2) Structural Controls
Research has been performed on techniques and control measures that manage the stormwater
quantity and/or quality from both urban and agricultural areas. Examples of these measures are
infiltration structures (trenches, dry wells and basins), flow attenuation devices (grassed swales
and diversion berms), vegetated filter strips, retention basins, extended detention basins,
constructed wetland basins/artificial marshes, water quality inlets, porous pavement and sand-peat
filters (Galli, 1992).
Some land use/land cover types in urban and agricultural areas are similar in form and general
structure to those on golf courses. As a result, certain management practices applied to the urban
and agricultural areas are potentially applicable to the golf course. These practices are described
Page No. 11-66 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
in the literature (Schueler, 1987; USDA-SCS, 1983). Research studies have monitored the
effectiveness of certain management practices and report numerical values for specific pollutants
as percent removals.
L Surface Water Resource Quality Assessment
The assessment of impacts on surface water resources receiving runoff from the golf course property
involves four basic steps:
• Identification of the types and characteristics of surface water resources receiving runoff
from the golf course property.
• Description of the current known conditions of these resources, including availability of any
historical and current monitoring data and results of these investigations. These conditions
include the factors influencing the receiving water quality.
• Summarizing the State water quality classification and quality criteria for the water
resources.
• Analysis and discussion of the potential impacts of the golf course property expansion
project on the surface water resources. These are based on the projected future conditions
of the watershed drainage areas.
2. Existing Conditions
The Existing Conditions, described in Sections A through G, describe the results from analysis of the golf
course's existing conditions. The analysis included the following parts: surface water resources, regional and
on-site drainage area characteristics, golf course hydrology, potential pollutant sources, storm runoff water
quality, on-site stormwater management and the quality of surface water resources.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. II-67
Environmental Feasibility Study
a. Surface Water Resources
The primary surface water resources surrounding the golf course property are summarized as follows:
1) River Basin
The golf course property is located in the Gunpowder River Basin (Sub-basin 02-13-08) (MDE,
1988). The Gunpowder River basin drains 467 square miles of Harford, Baltimore and Carroll
Counties and borders on the State of Pennsylvania. Most of the basin lies in the Piedmont
Physiographic Province, with a small portion of the lower basin located in the Coastal Plain
Province. Land use in the basin is primarily agriculture and forest.
2) Tributary Streams
The major tributary stream in the river basin is the mainstem Gunpowder Falls. The nearest
named tributary streams are Merryman Branch and Spring Branch, located north and south of the
property, respectively. These streams do not enter or drain onto the golf course property. A small
unnamed tributary stream draining an area west of Dulaney Valley Road, flows under Dulaney
Valley Road and defines the southern edge of the golf course property. No perennial tributary
streams are located within the golf course property.
According to the Code of Maryland Regulations [COMAR 10.01.H.(7)(i)], Gunpowder Falls and
its tributaries upstream of Loch Raven Reservoir Dam are designated as beneficial Use Ill streams.
These streams have the potential for or are "suitable for the growth and propagation of trout and
are capable of supporting natural trout populations and their associated food organisms".
3) Reservoir
The Loch Raven Reservoir is a large manmade impoundment on the middle mainstem of the
Gunpowder River. Figure II-E2 shows a view of the golf course property and its location adjacent -
to Loch Raven Reservoir. The shoreline is jagged, consisting of a series of small coves created
by the impounded water reaching the small headwater drainage areas. These coves define portions
of the northern, eastern and southern limits of the golf course property.

x
U
N
Z

x
U
0' 400' 900'-
Page No. 11-70 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
The Loch Raven Reservoir is one of three major surface water supply impoundments serving the
Baltimore region. These reservoirs are the Loch Raven, Prettyboy and Liberty. The three
reservoirs have a combined surface area of 7,000 acres and are all located in the Piedmont
Physiographic Province. Loch Raven and Prettyboy Reservoirs, located in the Gunpowder River
basin, have a combined drainage area of 467 square miles. Loch Raven and-Prettyboy Reservoirs
have storage volumes of 23 and 20 billion gallons, respectively. Water drains from the
surrounding watersheds of Prettyboy and Loch Raven into the reservoirs. Water collected in
Prettyboy is released from its dam and flows downstream into Loch Raven in the Gunpowder
River. Raw water is drawn from Loch Raven Reservoir by conduit and is directed to the
Montebello Filtration Plant in northeast Baltimore for treatment.
Liberty Reservoir is the largest of the three water supply impoundments (42 billion gallons) and
the primary water supply for metropolitan Baltimore. It is located on the north branch of the
Patapsco River basin (predominantly in southeast Carroll County). Water from Liberty Reservoir
is piped to the Ashburton Filtration Plant in the northwestern part of the City. Liberty Reservoir
operates separately from Prettyboy and Loch Raven Reservoirs but is managed as part of the total
metropolitan water supply.
Of the total watershed draining to the three reservoirs, 17,580 acres of land immediately adjacent
to the reservoirs is owned and managed by the City of Baltimore (Corbett and Spencer, 1975).
These lands were purchased between 1910 and 1955. The City, through its Watershed Manager
and Forester, supervised fire protection and planting of a protective forest cover on abandoned
lands. The planting included 4,100 acres of plantations on the watershed property, with the
earliest dating to 1912. Most plantations were planted, however, in the 1950s.
Management expanded to include timber cutting in 1948, and a multiple use policy for
management also was adopted. The objectives were:
...to plan, manage and supervise a coordinated conservation
program of forest, soil and water resources, for water produc-
tion and protection, timber growing, improvement and utilization
of timber resources, and recreation.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. 11-7I
Environmental Feasibility Study
b. Local Drainage Area Characteristics
1) Total Drainage Area Land Use/Land Cover
The local drainage area consists of 1,460 acres of land that contributes runoff to Loch Raven
Reservoir. The local drainage area is the area that hydrologically relates to the golf course. This
area includes adjacent land that generates runoff flowing onto the golf course and drainage areas
causing runoff or streamflow to cross the property. The drainage area can be divided into on-site
and off-site areas, as they relate to the golf course property.
The off-site areas consist of two major areas that contribute stormwater runoff to the Pine Ridge
Golf Course property. The largest of these is a drainage area contributing runoff to a small
unnamed tributary upstream and west of Dulaney Valley Road that defines the southern boundary
of the property. On the east side of Dulaney Valley Road is a smaller area with relatively well-
defined stormwater discharge locations draining onto the golf course property. This area is the
Wakefield residential community located west and upslope of the golf course property.
The on-site area is the golf course. The physical drainage characteristics from these areas are
discussed in the following paragraphs. The local drainage areas are shown on Figure II-E3 .
2) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary
The only perennial stream system near the property is located south of the golf course entrance
drive, at the edge of the property and east of Dulaney Valley Road and Fox Chapel Drive
intersection. The unnamed tributary's drainage area of 829 acres is located west of Dulaney
Valley Road. The unnamed tributary drains southeast from Pot Spring Road near the Villa Maria
Residential Treatment Home, crosses under Timonium Road near Dalewood Court and continues
under Dulaney Valley Road defining the southern edge of the golf course property. This tributary
exhibits signs of urbanization influence such as reduced base flows, widened channels and scoured-
banks.

NORTH
. PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
ENVIRONMENTAL FEASMUJW- STUDY
FIGURE II-E3
LOCAL DRAINAGE AREAS
Not to scale
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-73
Table II-E2 lists the results of an Anderson Level II land use/land cover inventory of the drainage
area. A description of the Anderson Land Use/Land Cover classification system and methods is
included in the Land Use/Land Cover Section (Section I). Drainage boundaries were delineated
and digitized from Baltimore County 1 inch egaals 200 feet topographic maps. The drainage area
consists of two tributary areas (Subareas 1 and 2). Of the land use/land cover types found in the
area, residential occupies over 47 percent of the total. The second largest area is in the Other
Urban or Built-up Land class with 23 percent of the total. Commercial and services occupy about
8 percent of the total.
3) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
The Wakefield community is located adjacent to the golf course, on the east side of Dulaney
Valley Road. (See Table II-E3 for a list of all land use/land cover types east of Dulaney Valley
Road.) The residential community was established in the 1950s and has 74 houses on 80 acres
of land. This represents an average lot size of about 1 house per acre.
Hydrologically, the community can be divided into 11 small drainage areas, some of which are
shared with the golf course. These drainage areas range in size from less than an acre to over 34
acres. The median DA size is 1.9 acres and the mean size is 7.3 acres. Because the community
is located at the top of the drainage area, runoff generated in these areas generally drains onto the
golf course in at least six well-defined locations.
Runoff from the Wakefield community is summarized below:
• DA 28 -- This is the largest DA in the Wakefield community (34.6 acres or 43 percent of the
total). It is located near the golf course entrance. Runoff from the storm drain system enters
the golf course property through an 18-inch pipe outfall. The runoff is collected from streets
and driveways in Wakefield. The runoff flows across the golf course through a stone block
channel, under the entrance road, through a small concrete stilling basin and into a natural
channel. The runoff then flows a short distance into the unnamed tributary on the souther -
border of the golf course. The golf course provides essentially no runoff to the channel and
almost no management of the runoff.
Page No. II-74
TABLE II-E2
DRAINAGE AREA WEST OF DULANEY VALLEY ROAD
EXISTING LAND USE/LAND COVER
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
.:
::.::.....lass and: over ,<; .
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11 Residential 392 0 392 47.27%
12 Commercial and Services 58 10 -69 8.27%
17 Other Urban / Builtu Land 178 14 192 23.14%
41 Deciduous Forest Land 109 40 149 17.99%
43 Mixed Forest Land 0 24 24 2.93%
642 Wetland 3 0 3 0.40°/a
Total All Classes 741 88 829 100.00%
Subarea S ize as % of Total 89.37% 10.63% 100.00%
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Page No. 11-76 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
• DA 41 - This drainage location is a few hundred feet east of DA 28. The drainage swale
on the golf course receives runoff from three sources: (1) the Wakefield community; (2) the
golf course entrance road; and (3) grassed and wooded areas adjacent to the drainage Swale.
The Wakefield community contributes runoff from 14.6 acres of land (18 percent of the total)
through a 24-inch concrete pipe into the swale. Compared to Wakefield's drainage area, the
golf course entrance road and grassed/wooded areas contribute very little flow. The runoff
spreads out into sheet flow when reaching the forested area south of the entrance road.
• DA 44 -- The drainage swale near the driving range receives runoff from the Wakefield
community (0.6 acres) and the golf course entrance road. Most of the land on the north side
of the road is wooded. South of the road there is some minor erosion evidence, but the flow
spreads into sheet flow when reaching the forest.
• DA 45 -- The runoff from Wakefield community is contributed by 0.8 acres of land and enters
the golf course as sheet flow. The flow appears to be managed by grassed and wooded golf
course areas.
• DA 40 --The runoff from Wakefield community is contributed by 9.0 acres (11.3 percent of
the total land) and enters the golf course through a 21-inch concrete pipe. The pipe receives
direct runoff from streets and driveways in the Wakefield community. In the past, this pipe
outfall has caused erosion of the channel located at existing Hole 7. This is one of the
stormwater runoff monitoring sites for the project. To prevent further erosion and to manage
the runoff, the golf course staff placed filter fabric in the channel and lined it with riprap
stone for a distance of over 129 feet. A golf cart bridge was constructed over the channel
about 60 feet downslope of the pipe outfall. The runoff flows through a grassed swale on
Fairway 7 for 192 feet to the edge of the forested area. The runoff then flows down a steep
riprap covered slope into a flat forested wetland area. The flow then meanders through the
wetland until reaching the reservoir, a distance of over 300 feet. The golf course is managing
the runoff in this drainage area. (See the discussion of storm runoff monitoring in this section
for management effectiveness results.)
• DA 39 -- The runoff from almost 13 acres of the Wakefield community (16.2 percent of the
total land) enters a forested area of the golf course property. This is an area of the proposed
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. 11-77
expansion project. The runoff, generated by two 18-inch pipe outfalls, has created a drainage
ditch that is severely eroded for the entire distance to the reservoir. The forested area
provides no management of this runoff.
• DA 37 - The Wakefield community drains about 1.9 acres (2.4 percent of the total land) into
a currently forested area of the golf course property. This area is part of that proposed for
expansion of the golf course. The forested area provides some management of this runoff.
• DA 38 - About 3.9 acres (4.9 percent of the total land) of the Wakefield community drains
into a currently forested area of the golf course property. This area is part of that proposed
for the expansion project. The forested area provides some management of the runoff.
• DA 47 -- About 0.4 acres of the Wakefield community drains onto part of the golf course
property near Dulaney Valley Road. This area is part of that planned for the proposed
expansion. Some management of the runoff is provided by the forested area.
4) Golf Course Drainage Areas
The results of a land use/land cover assessment for the existing golf course property (and the
Wakefield community) using Anderson Level II methods are listed in Table II-E3. The table,
unlike the tables in the Land Use/Land Cover Section that show land use/land cover distributions
for the entire course property, divides the land use/land cover types into drainage areas. Based
on the recent topographic survey of the property, 48 drainage areas (DAs) were delineated. An
analysis of these DAs yields the following conclusions:
• The drainage areas on the golf course property range in size from 0.3 acres (DA 20) to 55.0
acres (DA 21), with a mean of 11.7 acres and a median of 8.3 acres (DA 8). The smallest
DA represents 0.05 percent and the largest DA represents almost 10 percent of the total golf
course property area.
• Only one DA has no existing forest land cover (DA 38). All other DAs have one or more
of the three classes of forest cover (deciduous, coniferous, or mixed).
Page No. 11-78 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
• The existing managed golf course consists of 35 acres distributed in 21 of the 48 DAs. This
area is 5.5 percent of the total DA east of Dulaney Valley Road and 2.4 percent of the total
local DA (including the DA west of Dulaney Valley Road). These DAs range in size from
2.5 acres (DA 7) to 28.8 acres (DA 18), with a mean of 12.6 acres and a median of 10.9 acres
(DA 10).
The existing golf course managed area has 35 acres in greens, tees and fairways. The
fairways are further divided into 20-yard approaches, 100-yard approaches and the remaining
fairway areas. Table H-E4 is list of these managed areas distributed among 21 of 36 drainage
areas of the golf course property. Of the total managed area, fairways (not including the
approaches) represent 60.4 percent (21.2 acres) of the total and are divided among 15 DAs.
The second largest area, 100-yard approaches, occupies 8.3 acres (23.7 percent of the total
managed area) and is divided among 16 DAs. Greens occupy 3.2 acres (9.25 percent of the
total managed area) and is divided among 18 DAs. Tees occupy 6.25 percent (2.2 acres of
the total) and are divided among 18 DAs. The 20-yard approaches occupy 0.1 acres (0.38
percent of the total) and are divided among four DAs. The greens, tees and approaches are
the most intensively managed of the managed areas and are 39.6 percent (13.9 acres) of the
total golf course managed area.
The existing managed golf course areas are built over soils in seven mapping units. Table
H-E5 shows the distribution of the managed areas by type (i.e., greens, tees, fairways, 20-yard
approaches and 100-yard approaches) over these soils.
C. Golf Course Hydrology
The hydrology of the existing local drainage area has been analyzed for each of the three parts: (1)
upstream drainage area to the unnamed tributary west of Dulaney Valley Road; (2) the Wakefield
community located east of Dulaney Valley Road adjacent to the golf course; and (3) the golf course
property. The hydrology (also known as the water balance) of a drainage area consists of quantifying
the precipitation, evapotranspiration, direct surface runoff, groundwater flow and total runoff (direct
runoff plus groundwater flow). For the analysis in this section, the most important feature is the relative
amount of direct surface runoff generated by the drainage area from a given precipitation amount.
However, for areas with significant areas of vegetation, it also is important to understand the other
Page No. II-79
TABLE II-E4
EXISTING GOLF COURSE MANAGED AREAS
BY DRAINAGE AREA
Drainage Golf:Course Managed Area T e
'7atal
Total.:;
Area
No. Greens Tees Fairways 20-Yard
Approach 100-Yard
Approach All Managed
Areas ! %' b' .:. !
DA
Acres Acres Acres Acres> Acres > Acres <. % .
1 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.01%
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
5 0.263 0.220 0.992 0.000 0.440 1.915 5.46%
6 0.056 0.021 3.301 0.000 0.840 4.218 12.04%
7 0.132 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.299 0.430 1.23%
8 0.185 0.227 0.139 0.000 0.352 0.903 2.58%
9 0.355 0.341 1.576 0.033 0.553 2.858 8.16%
10 0.175 0.197 0.527 0.051 0.491 1.441 4.11%
11 0.097 0.028 1.498 0.000 0.570 2.194 6.26%
12 0.115 0.099 1.026 0.000 0.010 1.250 3.57%
13 0.101 0.165 0.169 0.000 0.666 1.102 -3.14%
14 0.236 0.007 1.357 0.005 0.617 2.222 6.34%
15 0.133 0.138 3.565 0.000 1.036 4.873 13.91%
16 0.317 0.269 0.000 0.000 0.523 1.109 3.17%
17 0.000 0.000 0.586 0.000 0.136 0.722 2.06%
18 0.408 0.086 2.609 0.000 0.522 3.626 10.35%
19 0.200 0.027 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.270 0.77%
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
21 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
22 0.181 0.127 2.860 0.000 0.566 3.734 10.66%
23 0.000 0.009 0.188 0.000 0.000 0.196 0.56%
24 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.03%
25 0.201 0.111 0.768 0.000 0.693 1.774 5.06%
26 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
29 0.077 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.188 0.54%
30 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
31 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
32 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
33 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
34 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
35 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
36 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
46 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
48 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
Totals
% of Total 3.242
9.25% 2.188
6.25% 21.162
60.40% 0.132
0.38% 8.314
23.73% 35.039
100.00% 100.00%
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PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-81
hydrology components and monthly changes over a typical year. These components, their magnitudes
and the changes under proposed conditions are important in understanding the potential for pollution
generated by the golf course's land use/land cover types and activities.
The sources of water in the drainage areas are discussed below. For those areas outside the golf course
property, precipitation is the major source. For the golf course property's managed areas, precipitation
is the major water source, but irrigation also is used during the warmer months. These sources of water
are discussed in the following paragraphs.
1) Precipitation
Long-term precipitation records collected in the Baltimore area (shown in Table II-E6) reveal that:
• The total annual precipitation based on 33 years of data is almost 41.4 inches.
• Of the annual precipitation, the mean monthly precipitation ranges from a low of 2.86 inches
in January to a high of 4.31 inches in August with a mean of 3.46 inches. Monthly, the
distribution is relatively even, with all but two months (the highest and lowest) receiving from
3.03 to 3.81 inches of precipitation.
• Snowfall occurs mostly in the months of November through March, with the highest amounts
falling in January and February
• Monthly, the number of days with precipitation greater than or equal to 0.01-inch ranges from
a low of 7.3 (September) to a high of 11 (March). September and October have the lowest
number of rainfall days. January, March, April and May have 10 or more days of
precipitation.
• The months with over one day of thunderstorms include April (2.4 days), May (3.9), June
--- (5.6), July (6.0), August (5.3) and September (1.9).
Long-term hourly precipitation data in the Baltimore area is summarized in Table 11-E7. The table
reveals that the average storm event generates 0.4 inches of precipitation which falls mostly as
Page No. II-82 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
TABLE II-E6
CLIMATE DATA FOR THE BALTIMORE METROPOLITAN AREA
1fei?rt:.`?}x Xftin ?f.1x
:dean Ve
4t?3nth PrritiQt ?wfalt E' Aacs Days with
Ff a? t1d3i Thunder

k xF .<?
x inches '.
StOfniS :
Precipitation
?w

x s a y Inchrs finches Da}s Dar,
L
January 2.86 5.6 10.5 -0.3
February 3.09 7.0 8.9 0.2
March 3.74 4.2 11.0 0.9
April 3.31 0.1 10.7 2.4
May 3.55 T 11.0 3.9
June 3.81 0.0 9.4 5.6
July 3.73 0.0 9.0 6.0
August 4.31 0.0 9.7 5.3
September 3.45 0.0 7.3 1.9
October 3.03 T 7.5 0.9
November 3.13 1.0 9.0 0.3
December 3.34 3.7 9.2 0.1
YEAR 41.35 21.6 113.2 27.8
Notes:
(1) Mean values calculated for records from 1951 - 1984.
(2) Source: Weather Almanac of U.S. Cities. Random House Publishing, New York, NY,
1985.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
TABLE II-E7
HISTORICAL STOPW EVENT STATISTICS
Storm Event
Parameter

* Units Mean

sz: Coefficient
of
Variation
Volume inches 0.4 1.48
Storm Event Intensity inches/hour 0.069 1.21
Duration hours 6.0 1.01
Time Between Storms hours 82.0 1.03
Number of Storms/Year number 107.0 -
Notes:
(1) Results of SYNOP analysis of historic hourly rainfall data for the Baltimore gauge.
(2) Number Storms/Year = (365 days/yr * 24 hrs/day)
Time between Storms
(3) Source: USEPA, September 1986.
Page No. II-83
Page No. 11-84 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
rain. The average storm event length is six hours with an inter-event dry time between events of
82 hours (3.4 days). An average of 107 storms occur in an average year.
2) Irrigation
Irrigation water is supplied to the Golf Course as needed to sustain plant growth and to relieve
turf-stress conditions. Irrigation water is applied in selected locations of the golf course depending
on the identified needs.
3) Hydrology Model Parameters and Assumptions
As discussed in the Methodology Sub-Section, the GWLF (version 2.0) model has been applied
to the entire golf course property under both existing and proposed conditions.
A period of continuous records from 1949 through 1965 (16 years) was selected for use in the
model. Missing records were filled in with other available information or estimated. Maximum
and minimum temperature records were averaged to obtain average daily values. This 16-year
period of records was used as the precipitation and average daily temperature source for the water
balance modeling. A review of the records revealed a combination of some years with higher than
average precipitation and other years with drought conditions. This is representative of the
expected climatic conditions in the vicinity of the golf course.
4) Existing Golf Course Property
The model results of the golf course under existing conditions are provided in two ways: (1) the
annual water balances for the 16 years of climatological data and (2) the 16-year monthly mean
water balances distributed over a typical year. (See Appendix K for the results of the GWLF
model run under existing conditions at Pine Ridge Golf Course.)
-- Table II-E8 lists the annual water balance components including precipitation, evapotranspiration,
groundwater flow, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff plus groundwater flow) for the 16
years of climatological data. Figure II-E4 shows the annual water balance components listed in
the table. A review of the results reveals that:
Page No. 11-85
TABLE II-E8
PINE RIDGE PROPERTY ANNUAL WATER BALANCE
EXISTING CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR SIMULATION RESULTS
Year Preci nation
Up Evap o : `.` ; ..s ound
...
.:..>.

transpiration"

l/ater ''

tun4ff .: .:.

. ..::.:.::.;:

Fuof
FtQVir
N X,
inches
incEies'
:.1nchas.........
...mche$ ...
1 44.9 25.1 15.7 2.5 18.2
2 48.0 24.8 21.1 2.9 24.0
3 48.5 24.4 21.0 2.9 23.9
4 62.0 26.3 28.3 6.7 35.0
5 37.8 25.6 11.7 1.7 13.3
6 32.8 21.5 9.9 1.2 11.1
7 52.0 24.6 20.2 7.2 27.4
8 41.7 26.4 13.9 2.2 16.0
9 45.1 20.7 19.4 2.8 22.2
10 42.8 25.3 17.2 2.3 19.4
11 40.6 25.1 13.3 2.2 15.6
12 49.1 25.9 17.6 5.3 22.9
13 47.2 26.0 17.7 3.7 21.4
14 37.6 20.4 15.9 1.7 17.6
15 41.1 24.1 14.0 2.4 16.5
16 33.7 17.6 14.5 1.4 15.9

16-Year Totals 704.9 383.5 271.5 49.1 320.5
Average 44.1 24.0 17.0 3.1 20.0
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) These depths (inches) represent the entire 546-acre golf course property.
W
U
Z
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PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-87
• The direct runoff annually ranges from 3.6 percent to 13.8 percent of the total annual
precipitation.
• The evapotranspiration annually ranges from 52 percent to 63 percent of the total annual
precipitation. This is a reflection of the relatively large amount of pervious, vegetated area
on the golf course property.
• The annual low direct runoff flows generally follow the annual low precipitation values, i.e.,
drought years (5, 6, 14 and 16) also have the lowest total runoff depths ranging from 1.2 to
1.7 inches.
• The annual high direct runoff flows generally follow the annual high precipitation values
(Years 4, 7 and 12), ranging from 49 to 62 inches. These high values result from higher than
normal precipitation and runoff values in one or more months. Often, these high values result
from hurricane or severe thunderstorm-related rainfall occurring over one or more days. For
example Year 7 had over 17 inches in the month of August, resulting in more than 5 inches
of runoff.
Table H-E9 lists the monthly mean (for the 16-year period) water balance components including
precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater flow,, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff
plus groundwater flow). Figure II-E5 shows the monthly water balance components listed in the
table. Analysis of the monthly conditions reveals that:
• The monthly mean (16-year) water balance over the typical year follows the changing
climatological conditions through the four seasons.
• The monthly precipitation is evenly distributed over the year, ranging from a low of 2.8 inches
in January to a high of 4.2 inches in April. Eleven of the months have 3 or more inches of
precipitation and four months have over 4 inches of precipitation.
• The evapotranspiration (ET) reaches a peak in June with a deficit of 0.6 inches of water over
that provided by precipitation for the month. The ET decreases through the remaining part
of the summer until reaching lows in December, January and February when the vegetation
Page No. II-88
TABLE II-E9
PINE RIDGE PROPERTY MONTHLY WATER BALANCE
EXISTING CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR MEAN SIMULATION RESULTS
°e i itation

P r c p Eva
p ' o

Orouna>>

f7? ?recf:>:>< ::

....

......... 'otal><>.>:
::..

Month trans ''ira °:

p tlon
:.;:
.::.;:.;::..
e ....
Watr >>

>
..:::
..uria.>>>::»
>;:;:fit::.::.:.::.:::;.::.:.:..

>
.: .........
........ .
>< ....<. . <>:><>>.
Fl
A. ..
inches inches :>: inches:> <I> ;.Inches~°:»< ;.. .....mch:e.....::
........
April 4.2 2.0 2.4 0.2 2.6
May 3.7 3.3 1.3 0.2 1.4
June 3.7 4.3 0.7 0.2 0.8
Jul 4.1 4.0 0.3 0.3 0.6
August 4.3 3.4 0.3 0.5 0.8
September 3.7 2.4 0.3 0.4 0.6
October 3.0 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.4
November 3.7 0.9 1.0 0.2 1.3
December 3.5 0.4 2.4 0.3 2.7
January 2.8 0.3 2.3 0.2 2.5
February 3.3 0.4 2.7 0.2 2.9
March 4.1 0.9 3.1 0.2 3.4

Annual Totals 44.1 23.9 17.0 3.0 20.0
Month Average 3.7 2.0 1.4 0.2 1.7
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) These depths (inches) represent the entire 546-acre golf course property.
W
U
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m
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LV O
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Page No. II-90 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
is dormant. In March, the ET begins to rise until again reaching a peak in June. On the golf
course, the months of May through September are generally the months with the most need
for irrigation as reflected in the ET curve.
• The direct runoff is relatively low from month to month, ranging from 0.1 inches in October
to 0.5 inches in August. The runoff flows range from 3 percent to 12 percent of their
respective monthly precipitation depths. Eight of the months have 0.2 inches or less of runoff.
• The shallow unsaturated and saturated groundwater flows reach lows during the months with
the most ET, i.e., June, July, August, September and October. These flows reach peak values
in December through April, ranging from 2.3 to 3.1 inches. These are generally the months
with little or no golf course activities.
5) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary
The water balance modeling results for the unnamed tributary's upstream drainage west of
Dulaney Valley Road (829 acres) are provided for both annual and mean monthly analyses. (See
Appendix K for the results of the GWLF model run under existing conditions at the upstream
drainage area to the unnamed tributary west of Dulaney Valley Road.)
Table II-E10 lists the annual water balance components including precipitation,
evapotranspiration, groundwater flow, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff plus groundwater
flow) for the 16 years of climatological data. Figure II-E6 shows the annual water balance
components listed in the table. Analysis of the table and figure shows that
• The relative appearance of the results are similar to those for Pine Ridge Golf Course, i.e.,
lows in drought years and highs in high precipitation years.
• The direct runoff annually ranges from 28 percent to 42 percent of the total annual
-- precipitation. This is a reflection of the degree of imperviousness in the drainage area.
• The evapotranspiration annually ranges from 48 percent to 55 percent of the total annual
precipitation. This is a reflection of the degree of development and related impervious area.
Page No. 11-91
TABLE II-E10
UPSTREAM DRAINAGE AREA WEST OF DULANEY VALLEY ROAD
ANNUAL WATER BALANCE
EXISTING CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR SIMULATION RESULTS
>::::: Year Precipitation Evapo Ground Qir?ect Totat
transpiration Ultate Iur?of# Runoff
ow:
inches inches inches .;': nc; : ?rYChes .
1 44.9 21.7 7.1 15.3 22.4
2 48.0 22.8 8.7 16.9 25.6
3 48.5 22.4 9.6 16.5 26.1
4 62.0 23.9 11.9 25.9 37.8
5 37.8 22.0 4.4 11.7 16.1
6 32.8 19.2 4.4 9.2 13.7
7 52.0 23.2 6.2 22.5 28.7
8 41.7 22.9 6.2 13.0 19.2
9 45.1 18.6 9.0 16.3 25.4
10 42.8 23.7 5.9 14.2 20.1
11 40.6 20.8 6.8 13.1 19.8
12 49.1 22.9 6.2 19.6 25.9
13 47.2 23.0 7.2 17.3 24.5
14 37.6 18.0 7.4 12.4 19.9
15 41.1 20.6 5.5 14.4 20.0
16 33.7 16.2 7.4 10.0 17.3

16-Year Total 704.9 342.0 114.0 248.4 362.5
Average 44.1 21.4 7.1 15.5 22.7
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) The depths (inches) represent the entire 829-acre drainage area.
W
U
Z
Q
M<
W
CO ?O
W }?
W?U
Q
Up
Q ?X
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PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-93
Table II-E 11 lists the monthly mean (for the 16-year period) water balance components including
precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater flow, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff
plus groundwater flow). Figure H-E7 shows the monthly water balance components listed in the
table. The general appearance of the water balance components is similar to those for Pine Ridge
Golf Course with two glaring exceptions. The direct runoff depths, as a percent of the total
monthly precipitation, are generally higher than those at Pine Ridge. Also, the relative monthly
groundwater discharge depths are generally lower than those at Pine Ridge, with the months of
June, July, August, September, October and November at or near zero.
6) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
The water balance modeling results for the Wakefield community property (80 acres) are provided
for both annual and mean monthly analyses. (See Appendix K for the results of the GWLF model
run under existing conditions at the Wakefield community property.)
Table H-E 12 lists the annual water balance components including precipitation, evapotranspiration,
groundwater flow, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff plus groundwater flow) for the 16
years of climatological data. Figure II-E8 shows the annual water balance components listed in
the table. Analysis of the table and figure show that
• The relative appearance of the results are similar to those for Pine Ridge Golf Course, i.e.,
lows in drought years and highs in high precipitation years.
• The direct runoff annually ranges from 12 percent to 22 percent of the total annual precipita-
tion. This is a reflection of the degree of imperviousness in the drainage area. The relative
runoff depths are between those for Pine Ridge and the upstream drainage area.
• The evapotranspiration annually ranges from 51 percent to 62 percent of the total annual
precipitation. These values are slightly less than those for the Pine Ridge property.
Table II-E13 lists the monthly mean (for the 16-year period) water balance components including
precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater flow, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff
plus groundwater flow). Figure H-E9 shows the monthly water balance components listed in the
Page No. II-94 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
TABLE II-E11 Environmental Feasibility Study
UPSTREAM DRAINAGE AREA WEST OF DULANEY VALLEY ROAD
MONTHLY WATER BALANCE
EXISTING CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR MEAN SIMULATION RESULTS
Precipitation Evapo- Ground :....... . ... Direct
.
:

Month

transpiration:

::: . ...::

Runoff::>:>
.
.;
:.::
.;:.;. ::.;:.
>t ...
u nofl'

..
... :
.. .:.:......:.::::::::.::.:::::::.
inches inches inches ><
..
... to sx:x-,
..... ....... me a >: :
April 4.2 2.0 1.4 1.2 2.6
May 3.7 3.3 0.5 1.1 1.7
June 3.7 4.1 0.1 1.1 1.3
Jul 4.1 3.2 0.0 1.5 1.5
August 4.3 2.4 0.0 1.6 1.6
September 3.7 2.0 0.0 1.4 1.4
October 3.0 1.5 0.0 0.9 0.9
November 3.7 0.8 0.1 1.2 1.3
December 3.5 0.4 0.6 1.4 2.0
January 2.8 0.3 1.1 1.1 2.2
February 3.3 0.4 1.5 1.5 3.0
March 4.1 0.9 1.9 1.5 3.4

Annual Totals 44.1 21.3 7.2 15.6 22.7
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) The depths (cm) represent the entire 335.5-hectare drainage area.
W
U
Z
Q
J
Q
m
cc
W
Q CO
3? O
W Q
W
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Page No. II-96 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
TABLE II-E12 Environmental Feasibility Study
WAKEFIELD COMMUNITY ANNUAL WATER BALANCE
EXISTING CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR SIMULATION RESULTS
Year P.r.eci itati0n

P . EvaPo
rarounc#'<>
:_
Direct:......:::
"ca al> >>>
..::.
ita t [o'

trans ..:n

Water ::: ::.

.:

>roff

°'

>>' EurYff .. :`:
Flow <>:>::: :: >'>' <?>'<::>:: < : >'
:.........

......
._..w inches
inches
inches'
mches...... .
........... ;:.
:: ;:.;:::..:::..
:::mc es
...........
1 44.9 24.0 12.7 6.9 19.6
2 48.0 24.2 16.8 7.7 24.4
3 48.5 23.9 16.9 7.6 24.5
4 62.0 26.1 21.9 13.5 35.4
5 37.8 24.7 8.8 5.1 13.9
6 32.8 20.8 8.0 3.9 11.9
7 52.0 24.5 14.8 12.6 27.4
8 41.7 25.9 10.5 5.9 16.4
9 45.1 20.0 15.8 7.5 23.3
10 42.8 25.3 12.8 6.4 19.1
11 40.6 23.6 11.1 5.9 17.0
12 49.1 24.9 13.6 10.3 23.9
13 47.2 25.4 13.5 8.5 22.0
14 37.6 19.6 13.0 5.4 18.4
15 41.1 23.6 10.4 6.5 17.0
16 33.7 17.2 12.0 4.3 16.3

16-Year Totals 704.9 373.7 212.5 118.1 330.6
Average 44.1 23.4 13.3 7.4 20.7
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) These depths (inches) represent the entire 80-acre property.
W
U
Z
J
co
1..V
W
W < 'O
W
W O
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Page No. 11-98 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
TABLE II - E13 Environmental Feasibility Study
WAKEFIELD COMMUNITY MONTHLY WATER BALANCE
EXISTING CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR MEAN SIMULATION RESULTS

itation
P
. r_
Eva o
rou
G.:..... nd ::>>:

>
..
:>< Direct :.........
.
.. .............
;.; :.:
: T
onth
N1 r n Patr n a
VV ter. <>
>
< Runafi
uro..... `>
Flow :<>: >
::.......:........
inches inches:*..::
....
..... inches<;:«: ::: <: inch.es< ?nche<:>
April 4.2 2.0 2.0 0.6 2.6
May 3.7 3.3 1.0 0.5 1.5
June 3.7 4.3 0.4 0.5 0.9
Jul 4.1 3.9 0.1 0.7 0.8
August 4.3 3.1 0.2 0.9 1.1
September 3.7 2.3 0.1 0.7 0.8
October 3.0 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.6
November 3.7 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.1
December 3.5 0.4 1.8 0.7 2.5
January 2.8 0.3 2.0 0.5 2.5
February 3.3 0.4 2.3 0.7 3.0
March 4.1 0.9 2.7 0.7 3.4

Annual Totals 44.1 23.3 13.3 7.3 20.7
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) The depths (inches) represent the entire 80-acre property.
LU
U
Z
a
J
a
m
W
Q O
W
W ?- O
?W U
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w
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Page No. II-100 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
table. The general appearance of the water balance components is similar to those for Pine Ridge
Golf Course with two glaring exceptions. The direct runoff depths, as a percent of the total
monthly precipitation, are generally higher than those at Pine Ridge. Also, the relative monthly
groundwater discharge depths are generally lower than those at Pine Ridge, with the months of
July, August, September and October between 0.1 and 0.2 inches. The comparison of direct
runoff and groundwater flows for the months of June, July, August, September and October shows
that most of the precipitation that is not ET becomes direct runoff and does not infiltrate.
d. Potential Pollutant Sources
Assessment of surface water resources, on the golf course property and in the other two parts of the local
drainage area, requires identification of potential pollutants and sources of these pollutants. Pollutants
are defined as materials or other substances that have physical, chemical and or biological properties with
a potential to adversely affect water quality. These pollutants are exposed to the local hydrology (see
the Hydrology Sub-Section) and are potentially transported by surface runoff or groundwater.
1) Pollutant Categories
Pollutants that could potentially impact water quality are divided into the following 11 categories:
Sediment -- This includes soil eroded from exposed land, dust and dirt that builds up on urban
paved surfaces, and soil eroded from channel or stream banks and reservoir shorelines.
Bacteria -- The bacteria in stormwater runoff includes both harmless "indicators" and one or more
pathogenic varieties. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in sufficient quantities can violate public
health standards.
Nutrients -- The nutrients of concern are various forms of phosphorus and nitrogen. Usually
phosphorus is analyzed in the total and soluble (ortho) forms. Nitrogen is measured as total
Kjeldahl (organic plus ammonia) and nitrite plus nitrate forms. Total nitrogen is the sum of -
Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrites and nitrates.
Oxygen Demanding Substances -- As organic substances decompose, they exert oxygen demand,
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibflity Study
Page No. II--101
which, in turn, can cause adverse effects on water quality. The potential for oxygen demand (or
depletion) in receiving waters is routinely measured by several laboratory tests.
Trace Metals -- Trace metals include a wide range of possible metals. Some of these metals such
as iron are found in abundance in nature and are sources of concern only in large quantities.
Others are of concern, even when present in small quantities, because of their toxic effects on
aquatic life and the potential to contaminate raw drinking water supplies.
Pesticides -- The term pesticides includes insecticides, herbicides and fungicides applied to
vegetated or other areas to control pests. These chemicals, depending on the specific compound,
have varying levels of toxicity, persistence and solubility. For the golf course property, these are
applied only to vegetation in the managed areas (i.e., greens, tees, approaches and fairways) as
part of the integrated pest management program. (See Course Management Section of this report
for a description of pesticides use as part of the IPM.)
Chlorides -- This term represents the salts normally used in snow and ice management. Various
forms of chlorides are applied to urban roads, streets, parking lots and sidewalks to melt snow and
ice. As air temperatures increase, the melting water runs off the land, carrying high concentrations
of the highly soluble salt. Chlorides, at high levels, are toxic to many types of freshwater aquatic
life.
Thermal Impacts -- These are elevated temperatures of receiving waters that adversely affect
aquatic life. The most severe impacts of elevated temperatures are found in streams, especially
small headwater tributaries. Rises in water temperatures of a few degrees celsius over ambient
conditions can reduce or eliminate sensitive stream insects and fish species.
Trash and Debris -- These are general terms for any materials or substances that can adversely
affect the aesthetics of receiving waters. There is no accepted test for measuring the levels of
trash or debris.
Other Toxics -- In addition to pesticides, a wide range of other synthetic chemicals are potentially
used on watershed lands. For urban areas, the NURP program sampled storm runoff and
performed limited "priority pollutant scans" to determine the presence of over 120 toxic or
Page No. II-102 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
carcinogenic chemicals and compounds. While most of these were not found in the urban runoff,
some common pesticides, plasticizers from plastic products, phenols and cresols were detected in
measurable concentrations.
2) Sources of Pollutants
Sources of pollutants are the land use/land cover types that exist in drainage areas and related
activities that have the potential to generate pollutants. This potential, however, depends on the
specific land use/land cover and activities on the land. Table H-E14 is a matrix that compares the
land use/land cover types with categories of pollutants that have the potential for being generated.
These land use/land cover types and related activities on the golf course property and other areas
are summarized in the following 12 categories:
Golf Course Managed Areas -- The golf course's managed areas include greens, tees, 20-yard
approaches, 100-yard approaches and fairways. The rough is maintained through mowing but
receives no chemical management. For the managed areas mentioned above, the materials of most
concern are the soil amendments, fertilizers and pesticides. All of these materials are stored away
from any water sources. Most soil amendments are applied as solids and have little potential as
pollutants. Fertilizers and chemical plant protectants may be applied in solid (granular or powder)
or liquid form. The chemical plant protectant materials such as biostimulants and pesticides may
be applied in solid or liquid form. Materials applied in liquid form are mixed in tanks at the
maintenance shop. This location is not near any wetlands, streams, or the reservoir with almost
no probability of a leak or spill during mixing and preparation reaching any surface water. The
largest tank used is 100 gallons and mounted on a truck. During the application process, the
quantities used, methods of application and locations minimize the potential for a spill or leak to
generate pollutants in direct runoff. Chemicals currently are not mixed or applied when wind
speed exceeds 8 miles per hour or during rain.
Residential Land -- The residential land in the local drainage area consists of single-family and
-- multi-family land uses. Residential communities are potential sources of a wide range of
pollutants that can adversely affect water quality (USEPA, 1983, Martin and Clayton, 1986 and
Schueler, 1987). These pollutants include sediment, nutrients, oxygen-demanding materials, oil
and grease, trace metals, pesticides, chlorides and trash and debris. The extensive paved surfaces
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Page No. 11-104 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
represented by urban areas also may cause thermal impacts in certain receiving waters. Sources
of these pollutants in urban areas are atmospheric deposition (wet and dryfall), street dust and dirt
accumulations, fertilizer and pesticide applications, automotive and other vehicular traffic, building
materials exposed to the weather, spills and leaks of chemicals, improper trash handling and
disposal, and domestic animals.
Commercial/Services Land - As part of the urban area, commercial and services land uses
contribute pollutants to stormwater runoff. The range of potential pollutants was summarized in
the residential area description. The USEPA NURP studies (December 1983) concluded there
were no significant differences in event mean concentrations of the pollutants monitored between
residential and commercial/services land uses, however, the total pollutant loads generated by
commercial lands are higher because of the larger impervious areas and increased runoff volumes.
Transportation/Utilities Land -- This land use/land cover category includes streets, roads,
driveways and parking lots. Most of this category consists of paved surfaces that are exposed to
vehicular traffic. As shown in Table II-E15, vehicles are potential sources of pollutants deposited
on paved surfaces. The land use/land cover is part of the urban area and also may receive
pollutants from atmospheric deposition, dust and dirt buildup and spills and leaks. This land
use/land cover category, on the golf course property, is limited to the entrance road, parking lot
adjacent to the Clubhouse and related driveways. The street system of the Wakefield community
is drained by a storm drain system with outfalls that discharge onto the golf course property.
Other Urban Built-up Land -- These are the areas with urban activities that are related to the
golf course operations and not included in other urban categories. These have the potential,
depending on the activities and amount of impervious area, to generate pollutants that may include
sediment, nutrients, oxygen-demanding materials, trace metals, oil and grease, pesticides, chlorides
and trash and debris. However, in practice many of these land uses and activities may be
surrounded or isolated by vegetated areas of the golf course. This is a management practice that
will minimize or prevent many potential pollutants in the runoff from reaching the reservoir.
Rangeland -- Undisturbed rangeland areas potentially contribute small quantities of sediment,
nutrients, bacteria, oxygen-demanding materials and trace metals. The actual contribution of these
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
TABLE II-EI5
AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES AND OTHER MACHINERY
POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES
Page No. 11-105

PvTlutsint. J.
Asbestos Clutch plates, brake linings
Copper Thrust Bearings, bushings, and brake linings
Chromium Metal plating, rocker arms, crankshafts, rings, brake linings
Lead Leaded gasoline, motor oil, transmission babbitt metal, bearings
Nickel Brake linings
Phosphorus Motor oil additives
Zinc Motor oil and tires
Greases and Hydrocarbons Spills and leaks of oil and lubricants, antifreeze, and hydraulic fluids
Rubber Tire wear
Page No. II-106 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
pollutants depends on the location and drainage characteristics. The pollutant levels normally
contributed by these areas are considered part of the background loads.
Forest Land -- Studies show that undisturbed forest land contributes small quantities of sediment, -
nutrients, bacteria, oxygen-demanding materials and trace metals. On undisturbed forests, nutrients
are lost mainly through atmospheric volatilization, soil erosion and leaching of dissolved nutrients
(Lynch, et. al., 1985). Normally, these sources are considered part of the background pollutant
loads in a drainage area. On managed 'forest lands, additional losses can result from timber
harvesting and residue removal or treatment. The actual losses would depend on the types and
levels of management in the forested areas. Stream nutrient levels can increase when residue
decomposition rates exceeds vegetative uptake and the soil's exchange capacity. Also, on
managed forests, a large portion of the nutrients may be washed off the land attached to eroded
soil particles or organic matter.
Wetlands -- The four classes of wetlands identified within the local drainage area are natural
systems that receive direct precipitation, stormwater runoff and groundwater flow from
contributing drainage areas. The drainage areas include a mixture of land use/land cover types.
Overall these systems receive and process water and potential pollutants. Although wetlands are
relatively efficient water quality management systems, all of the pollutants are not retained.
During dormant periods, wetlands sometimes export previously deposited pollutants.
Sandy Areas - These are areas located along the reservoir shoreline which is exposed by the
periodic rise and fall of the lake's surface water elevation. These areas are expected to contribute
only minute quantities of bacteria, nutrients, oxygen demanding materials and trace metals
considered part of the background contributions to water quality. The sediment that may result
from shoreline erosion will vary by location, soil type, slope and extent of exposure.
Bare Exposed Rock Outcrops -- Several small areas of exposed rock have been identified.
These areas, as they naturally erode, may contribute small quantities of sediment, nutrients and
trace metals in runoff. These are considered part of the background contribution.
Atmospheric Deposition -- Contributions of pollutants from atmospheric deposition is significant
in the Baltimore region (Martin and Clayton, 1986). Based on studies from the Jones Urban
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. 11-107
Runoff Project during the early 1980s, one of 28 projects in the USEPA's NURP program, both
wet and dry weather have significant levels of deposition. Study results indicated that wet fall
contributed almost 80 percent of the total annual atmospheric nitrogen load. For phosphorus, total
average annual atmospheric loads were less than a pound per acre, with wetfall contributing 70
percent of the total. Oxygen demanding substances, as measured by Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), are mostly wetfall contributions (62 to 90 percent of the total annual load). With the
exception of iron, the average annual atmospheric contributions of zinc, copper, chromium and
cadmium were each less than a pound.
e. Stormwater Runoff Monitoring Survey Results
The Pine Ridge Golf Course surface water resources assessment included a stormwater runoff monitoring
task. The Methodology Sub-Section summarizes the storm runoff monitoring survey and Appendix J
provides a detailed description. Three sites were selected and equipped for manual monitoring of three
storm events for reconnaissance of the potential runoff at the golf course. Monitoring included event
rainfall, runoff flows measured through cutthroat flumes, and samples collected and sent to a laboratory
for analysis of selected parameters.
The stormwater runoff monitoring survey results include descriptions of rainfall-runoff events tracked
during the survey, runoff events monitored at the Wakefield community storm drain and Fairway at Hole
7, the fate of runoff between the Wakefield community and Fairway 7 stations, and runoff events
monitored on the Fairway at the Hole 18 station. The. fate of the runoff between the Wakefield and
Fairway 7 stations provides an indication of the effectiveness of the golf course swale in managing runoff
quantity and quality.
Pesticide analyses were completed during the production of this document. Compared to the time
required for the commonly analyzed parameters summarized in this section, longer times and more
complex procedures are required for sample preparation and analysis of pesticides. Pesticide results will
be provided for all storm events at the three stations in a separate supplemental report.
Page No. 11-108
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
1) Rainfall-Runoff Events
Although actual monitoring began after mid-August, observations of stormwater runoff began at
the three sites in July. Based on monthly totals from July through December 1993, Table H-E16
compares the monthly rainfall volumes recorded at Pine Ridge Golf Course to other nearby gages.
Also, the long-term monthly rainfall volumes for the Baltimore National Weather Service gage
are listed. By comparison, the Baltimore County Flood Warning System rainfall gages located
just west and northwest of Pine Ridge indicate variable monthly totals during the monitoring
period.
Figures II-E10(a) and lI-E10(b) summarize daily rainfall at the Pine Ridge Golf Course in two
periods, from July 1 through October 31, 1993 and November 1 through December 21, 1993,
respectively. These values do not represent individual storm events which, during the monitoring
period, often occurred late at night and covered more than one day. Most days of rainfall during
the first period, which represented the late summer and fall seasons, had totals of less than 0.5
inches. However, seven days had rainfall that ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 inches. Seven days of
rainfall during the second period, which represented early winter, had totals of less than 0.5
inches. However, rainfall exceeded 0.5 inches on six days during the two months. Two relatively
large storm events, both extending over a two-day period, occurred within a week at the end of
November and beginning of December. Both storm events had rainfall volumes with frequencies
up to a 4-year storm event (3.2 inches in 24 hours). The magnitude and timing of these events,
combined with the change to winter hydrology, created unusually wet conditions during the month
of December. The abnormally high ground saturation produced a runoff potential that was for
higher than that which normally occurs in December.
Beginning in mid-August, the monitoring survey strategy required tracking all potential storm
events. Table lI-E17 summarizes the storm events tracked and the rainfall totals, at the three
monitoring sites. Early during field monitoring activities, Federal NPDES municipal stormwater
permitting criteria were used as a general guide for selecting sampleable events. These criteria
specify minimum antecedent rainfall and time since the previous storm event and were used
because of the classification of the Wakefield community storm drain as an urban site. Collection
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
TABLE II-EI6
1993 MONTHLY RAINFALL COMPARISON
PINE RIDGE AND OTHER STATIONS
Month Pine <! N?"Valle}z'zx? 13eavcr:<::::. <. Riiltimore
Ridge Gauge?:. Dam l.ortg-
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C:ouml Cinches ti'lean3
(irmhes) iit?chrst
July 2.59 2.52 3.31 3.73
August 2.17 2.80 2.83 4.31
September 3.46 3.62 5.20 3.45
October 2.87 2.95 3.15 3.03
November 4.22 5.39 5.04 3.13
December 4.18* 3.90 4.09 3.34
Notes:
1. Rainfall measured at the Pine Ridge weather station on a tipping bucket gauge. (Source:
Pine Ridge Golf Course Superintendent.)
2. Baltimore County Flood Warning System Rainfall Gauges located to the west of Pine
Ridge Golf Course. (Source: Baltimore County Department of Public Works, 1993)
3. Long-term average monthly precipitation in the Baltimore region from 1951 - 1984.
(Source: Weather Almanac of U.S. Cities. Random House Publishing, New York, NY,
1985.)
4. The December rainfall total at Pine Ridge does not include the period after 12/21/93.
Page No. II-109
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TABLE II-E17
PINE RIDGE MONITORING SURVEY SITES
STORM EVENT RAINFALL - RUNOFF SUMMARY
Storm < Total ..Runoff @ Hole #07 Mohitorin St tas?: gt:noft{a.,°.
Event
Date Event
Rainfall Wakefield '
StoCm:Dra?n Fairway #07
....<Swale 'Change Percent'
khan a Fairway
X18 ..::
inches
08/20/93 0.12 1,491 1,307 184 12.34% 0
08/28/93 0.01 0 0 0 0.00% 0

09/01/93 0.06 255 0 255 100.00% 0
09/04/93 0.07 NM NM NM NM 0
09/08/93 0.07 373 0 373 ' 100.00% 0
09/09/93 0.05 NM NM NM NM 0
09/15/93 0.07 NM NM NM NM 0
09/16/93 0.31 NM NM NM NM 0
09/17/93 0.98 NM NM NM NM 0
09/18/93 0.17 NM NM NM NM 0
09/21/93 0.14 NM NM NM ' NM 0
09/25/93 0.43 NM NM NM NM 0
09/26/93 0.20 NM NM NM NM 0
09/27/93 0.89 NM NM NM NM Unknown

10/12/93 0.77 7,254 3,333 3,921 54.05%
10/12/93 0.92 - - - - 14
10/20/93 0.42 6,700 2,488 4,212 62.87%
10/20/93 0.44 - - - - 0
10/21193 0.40 - - - - Trace
10/26/93 0.04 - - - - 0
10/30/93 0.66 - - - - 0
10/31/93 0.33 - - - - 0

11/05/93 0.14 - - - - 0
11/13/93 0.11 - - - - 0
11/17/93 0.33 - - - - 0
11/19/93 0.02 - - - - 0
11/27/93 1.49 - - - - Unknown
11/28/93 2.12 - - - - Unknown

12/04/93 See note 6
12/05/93 2.96 35,500 43,088, 7,588 -21.37% 13,802
12/10/93 0.08 642 748 106 -16.51% 0
12/15/93 0.20 1,428 1,214 214 14.99% 0
12/19/93 0.10 777 0 777 100.00% 0
12/20/93 See note 6
12/21/931 0.84 7,754, 7,747. . 7 0.09% 667
Total
Measured
Runoff
5.62
62,174
59,925
2,249
3.62%
14,469
Notes:
(1) Event Rainfall Totals -- These are values recorded at the Pine Ridge Rainfall Gage,
except where other gages were used. Events of </= 0.02" not considered.
(2) Event Runoff -- These are total runoff volumes estimated from stage/flow
measurements made during a station runoff event. Under certain conditions,
-
begin and end times of runoff were estimated..
(3) Percent Change -- This value represents the percent change in runoff event volumes
from the Wakefield storm drain to the Fairway #07 swale sites.
(4) NM - represents site not monitored because the storm event did not meet
monitoring criteria, i.e. time between events or rainfall volume.
(5) The symbol "-" indicates that no sampling was attempted at these sites during
this event because three storm events had been collected.
(6) Storm events beginning these dates extended for two days each, 12/04 - 05/93
and 12/20 - 21/93.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-113
of three runoff events at the Wakefield and Fairway 7 sites was not difficult. However, some
small storm events did not generate enough runoff from the Wakefield storm drain to reach the
Fairway 7 station.
The Fairway 18 station did have runoff during most storm events occurring in the tracking period.
The storm event tracking criteria used to sample Wakefield and Fairway 7 sites were not adequate
for the Fairway 18 station. This criteria exempted some larger, potentially sampleable, events
occurring immediately after smaller events that did not run off. The criteria were revised so that
every storm event be monitored until runoff occurred at the Fairway 18 station.
Because of the lack of runoff at the Fairway 18 station, monitoring was extended through
December. Monitoring at the Wakefield and Fairway 7 stations was discontinued in November
because three storm events had been successfully collected. A preliminary review of monitoring
results from these stations indicated that additional data would be valuable in describing the runoff
quality and quantity. As a result, storm event monitoring was continued at Wakefield and Fairway
7 in December.
2) Wakefield Community Storm Drain Station
The site drains 7.6 acres of the Wakefield single family residential community adjacent to the golf
course. As described in the monitoring survey design, the site includes houses (about one per
acre) built during the 1950s. The houses include paved driveways, managed grassed yards with
shrubs and trees. The storm drain system is connected directly to the asphalt paved streets by
curbs and storm drain inlets. Most of the houses have slate roofs with copper flashings, gutters
and downspouts that drain by pipe directly to the street. This increases the "effective" impervious
area of the community by connecting the house roofs, driveways and streets.
Runoff from the site flows through a 21-inch diameter concrete pipe storm drain and exits at a
concrete headwall into a shallow, vegetated and leaf-covered swale. The swale is located on the
--- golf course property at the west side of the Fairway at Hole 7. To monitor runoff flows from the
stone drain outfall pipe, a cutthroat flume was installed in the swale about 20 feet downslope of
the headwall, receiving runoff directly from the pipe. Downslope of the flume, the swale is lined
with rip-rap and underlain by erosion control filter fabric for about 30 feet to a wooden golf cart
Page No. II-114 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
bridge. Below the bridge, the rip-rap and cloth continues in the Swale for another 70 feet to the
fairway edge.
Results for the eight storm events monitored for runoff quality and quantity during the study
period are summarized by storm event date in Appendix L. These results include storm event
runoff hydrographs.
For the period from August through October 1993, Wakefield's storm drain outfall runoff
monitoring results are summarized as follows:
• Because the storm drain system is directly connected to the street and many-driveways and
roofs, storm events of more than 0.01 inches of rain generate runoff.
• Comparison of rainfall to the runoff hydrograph shows a rapid rise of a few minutes to peak
flow in response to rainfall changes.
• Of the five storm runoff events monitored, total runoff volumes ranged from 255 to 7,254
cubic feet in response to rainfall volumes ranging from 0.06 to 0.77 inches. These represented
estimated runoff, as a percentage of rainfall, ranging from 15 percent to 58 percent.
• For most pollutant parameters including suspended solids, nutrients, total organic carbon and
fecal coliform bacteria, the flow-weighted composite runoff results from three storm events
were generally within the range of the USEPA NURP studies. [See Table II-E18 for the
event mean concentrations (EMCs) and a comparison to literature values.]
• Total phosphorus EMCs ranged from 0.20 to 0.42 mg/L. Soluble phosphorus concentrations
ranged from 59 to 85 percent of the total phosphorus concentration.
• Total nitrogen EMCs ranged from 1.40 to 3.40 mg/L.
• Of 13 trace metals analyzed, all but two were below laboratory detection for the three storm
events. These metals were copper and zinc.
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Page No. II-116 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
• Storm event copper EMCs were higher than the USEPA national NURP average for copper
of 0.047 mg/L. Wakefield runoff EMCs ranged from 0.060 to 0.350 mg/L with a mean of
0.230 mg/L. The event mean concentrations do not reflect individual peak concentrations,
some of which could have been higher. If not controlled before reaching receiving waters,
these values have the potential for causing both chronic and acute detrimental effects on
aquatic life. A possible source of most of the copper may be that leached by rainfall events
from exposed copper building materials such as roof flashings, gutters and downspouts. This
phenomenon is similar to that observed in the Jones Falls Project of the USEPA NURP
program (Martin and Clayton, 1986).
For the five storm events monitored during the December period, a summary of results follows:
• Total runoff volumes ranged from 642 to 35,500 cubic feet, in response to rainfall volumes
ranging from 0.08 to 2.96 inches. The 12/04-05/93 storm event extended over more than 24
hours and occurred only a week after a rainfall event of 3.61 inches. As a result, this event
represented an unusually high volume storm on wet soils, with over 43 percent of the rainfall
turning into runoff.
• For most pollutant parameters including suspended solids, nutrients, total organic carbon and
fecal coliform bacteria, the flow-weighted composite runoff results from the five storm events
were generally within the range of the USEPA NURP studies.
• Total phosphorus EMCs were generally lower than those in the August through October
period, ranging from 0.11 to 0.26 mg/L. The total phosphorus EMC arithmetic mean for all
eight storm events was 0.21 mg/L.
• Total nitrogen EMCs for the five storm events ranged from 1.01 to 5.32 mg/L. For all eight
storm events, the EMC mean was 2.20 mg/L. Nitrite + nitrate nitrogen represented 35 percent
of total nitrogen as an average of all eight events.
• With three exceptions, all of the 13 metals had EMCs below the laboratory detection limit.
Those metals below detection included arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead nickel,
selenium, silver, thallium and antimony. The exceptions were detectable concentrations in all
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. 11-117
five storm events for copper and zinc and one storm event for mercury. Copper EMCs ranged
from 0.08 to 0.25 mg/L. These EMC levels were in the range of those observed during the
August through October monitoring period. All EMCs from those storm events exceeded the
Maryland copper toxic criteria for ambient surface waters. This included both Fresh Water
Acute and Chronic Aquatic Life Criteria. This further supported the potential that the major
source may be leaching of copper from exposed building materials. Zinc EMCs ranged from
0.01 to 0.03 mg/L., well below the mean from the USEPA NURP results.
• Mercury was just above the detection limit (0.0002 mg/L) at 0.0003 mg/1- in the 12/19/93
storm event. This does not exceed the Maryland toxic substance criteria for Ambient Surface
Waters, Acute Fresh Water-Aquatic Life. The chronic Fresh Water Life Criteria was below
the laboratory detection limit. These results should not be directly compared to Ambient
Surface Water Criteria because the effects of mixing and deletion are not considered.
Although the EMC and source of mercury are not obvious, it is reasonable to assume that the
traces are due to either prior mining and/or production on the site or the presence of naturally
occurring mercury. Another possible source is mercury in the local soil that was leached out
by the high volume rainfall occurring during the latter part of November and early December.
This is most likely the source, although it cannot be confirmed.
3) Fairway at Hole 7 Station
The Fairway 7 station is located east of the downslope edge of the Fairway at Hole 7. From the
flume measuring Wakefield's runoff, the Swale carrying runoff becomes shallow and is lined with
rip-rap and underlain by erosion control filter fabric for about 30 feet to a wooden golf cart
bridge. Below the bridge, the rip-rap and cloth continues in the swale for another 70 feet. At this
location, the swale is grassed, averages about 3 to 4-feet-wide, and crosses the fairway and rough
for 146 feet to the flume at the eastern edge of the fairway. The flume receives the runoff from
a 12.1-acre drainage area. The drainage area includes the area draining to the Wakefield storm
drain (7.6 acres), 2.5 acres of the golf course property at Hole 7, and 2.0 acres of Wakefield
- property. The golf course property included in the drainage area consists of forested buffer, -
rough, and about 1.3 acres of fairway areas. The Wakefield property contributing to the Fairway
7 swale consists of backyards of houses.
Page No. 11-118 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Downhill of the flume, the rough extends to a forested area and the edge of a steep slope. The
slope is covered with erosion control fabric and is rip-rapped. At the bottom of the slope, the
runoff water flows into a flat area that has been delineated as a forested wetland.
Results for storm events monitored during the study period are summarized by stone event date
in Appendix L. These results include runoff hydrographs. The results reflect the effects of the
grassed swale on runoff from the Wakefield storm drain flowing across the fairway and potential
runoff from the golf course and Wakefield properties.
Based on the period from August through October 1993, the following is a summary of results
from stormwater runoff monitoring at the Fairway 7 swale:
• The runoff volumes appear to be contributed mostly from the Wakefield drainage area. The
actual contribution of runoff from the fairway area is not known. However, based on the lack
of runoff from monitoring at Fairway 18, the Fairway at Hole 7 station is contributing small
amounts.
• Storm event flows between Wakefield and Fairway 7 stations were lowered in total volume
and instantaneous peaks.
• Of the five storm runoff events monitored, total runoff volumes ranged from 0 to 3,333 cubic
feet in response to rainfall volumes ranging from 0.06 to 0.77 inches. Two of the storm
events yielded no runoff. These represented estimated runoff, as a percentage of rainfall,
ranging from 0 percent to 25 percent.
• For runoff EMCs, suspended solids, total organic carbon and trace metals the values are much
lower than those from Wakefield. [See Table II-E19 for the event mean concentrations
(EMCs) and a comparison to literature values.]
• Nutrient EMCs were reduced within the swale system before reaching the Fairway 7 station ._
for one event, increased during one event, and had mixed results during one event. The
increased nutrient results were affected by a granular fertilizer application adjacent to the
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Page No. 11-120 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Swale within two days of the storm event. However, these values are still below the USEPA
NURP national EMC averages.
• Pollutant runoff mass loads were reduced between the two stations for all parameters except
nitrite + nitrate nitrogen and fecal coliform in all three events. In one event each, the nitrite
+ nitrate nitrogen and fecal coliform loads increased. The decreases in loads can be attributed
to reductions in runoff volumes, even though some pollutant EMCs increased between
stations.
• Fecal coliform concentrations, based on first flush grab samples, were reduced in two storm
events but increased between the two stations in one event. This may have been caused by
wildlife contributions. Fecal Streptococci remained high and generally did not change
between the two stations.
• Of 13 trace metals analyzed, all but two metals had EMC values below detection for the three
storm events. These were copper and zinc. Copper EMCs ranged from 0.05 mg/L to 0.13
mg/L. Although the concentrations of copper were significantly reduced between the two
stations, the residual concentration of copper exceeded the Acute and Chronic Fresh Water
Life Criteria. A single storm event (8/20/93) yielded an EMC of 0.02 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L above
the laboratory detection limit.
When monitoring had resumed at the Fairway 7 station, the golf course had been mowed for the
last time before winter and the winter season had begun. The seasonal change, as shown by the
water balance model described previously in this section, is represented by lower
evapotranspiration, higher groundwater levels and increased runoff potential. Characteristics of
the drainage area and swale system during this period are summarized below for the five storm
events monitored:
• Total runoff volumes ranged from 0 to 43,088 cubic feet, in response to rainfall volumes
ranging from 0.08 to 2.96 inches. The 12/04-05/93 storm event extended over more than 24 -
hours and occurred only a week after a rainfall event of 3.61 inches. As a result, this event
represented an unusually high volume storm on wet soils, with over 33 percent of the rainfall
over the drainage area turning into runoff.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. 11-121
• For most pollutant parameters including suspended solids, nutrients, total organic carbon and
fecal coliform bacteria, the flow-weighted composite runoff results from the four storm events
yielding runoff were generally within the range of the USEPA NURP studies.
• Total phosphorus EMCs were generally higher than those in the August through October
period, ranging from 0.0.21 to 0.48 mg/L. The total phosphorus EMC arithmetic mean for
all seven storm events was 0.32 mg/L.
• Total nitrogen EMCs for the four stone events ranged from 1.20 to 3.27 mg/L. For all seven
storm events, the EMC mean was 2.25 mg/L. Nitrite + nitrate nitrogen represented 31 percent
of total nitrogen as an average of all seven events.
• With three exceptions, all of the 13 metals had EMCs below the laboratory detection limit.
Those metals below detection included arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel,
selenium, silver, thallium and antimony. The exceptions were detectable concentrations in all
four storm events for copper and zinc and one storm event for mercury. Copper EMCs
ranged from 0.03 to 0.11 mg/L. Zinc EMCs ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L. Mercury was
above the detection limit (0.0002 mg/L) at 0.006 mg/L in the 12/15/93 storm event. This
value exceeded the Acute Fresh Water Aquatic Life Criteria for Ambient Surface Waters.
However, this valve should not be directly compared to ambient surface water criteria because
the effects of mixing and dilution are not considered. The mercury EMC is difficult to
explain. The golf course has used no chemicals containing mercury since BMGC assumed
operations in 1985. Little is known about chemical use before that date. Although Wakefield
could be the cause, a source is not obvious. A third possible source is mercury in the local
soil, leached out by the high volume rainfall during the latter part of November and early
December. This is most likely the source, although it cannot be confirmed.
4) Runoff Fate Between Hole 7 Stations
The monitoring survey design included two stations within a single drainage area that extends -
from the Wakefield community through the Fairway at Hole 7. Locating two flumes within one
swale provided an opportunity to quantitatively measure the filtering capacity of turfgrass.
Stormwater runoff from an area of the Wakefield community flows through a rip-rapped Swale
Page No. 11-122 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
of over 100 feet to the western fairway edge, through a 146-foot grassed swale extending across
the fairway to the eastern edge, across almost 50 feet of rough to a steep, rip-rapped lined slope,
down the slope into a flat forested wetland, through the wetland for over 200 feet, and into a cove
of the reservoir. The stations were equipped with cutthroat flumes located just downhill of the
Wakefield community storm drain and at the eastern edge of the fairway. The area between the
two stations includes a rip-rapped channel and grassed swale. The grassed swale is typical of
swales that cross most holes on the existing golf course and is currently man aged as part of the
fairway grass.
Comparing the results of storm events monitored at both sites reveals important information about
how the golf course grassed swales manage runoff from both on- and off-site areas: These results
include an analysis of the runoff event hydrographs, pollutant event mean concentrations and
pollutant mass loads. (See Appendix L for storm-by-storm event summaries and comparisons of
results between stations.)
Results from monitoring the swale system between the Wakefield storm drain outfall and
lower end of the Fairway 7 swale for the August through October 1993 period are
summarized below:
• The combined rip-rap and grassed swale between the Wakefield community storm drain
outfall and downslope side of Fairway 7 stations was effective in reducing storm event runoff
volumes and peak flows for the five events monitored. During two very low volume rainfall
events of less than 0.1 inches, the swale system absorbed 100 percent of the runoff from the
Wakefield storm drain before it reached the Fairway 7 station. For three storm events, the
total runoff volumes were reduced from 12 percent to over 63 percent between stations.
• With one exception, the swale generally reduced pollutant EMCs between the two stations for
five storm events.
• The swale system generally reduced pollutant mass loads for all pollutants analyzed (See -
Table II-E20 for a comparison of pollutant load reductions between the two stations.)
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Page No. II-124 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
When monitoring resumed at the Wakefield and Fairway 7 stations, the golf course had been
mowed for the last time before winter and the winter season had begun. Characteristics of the
drainage area and swale system during this period are summarized below for the five storm events
monitored:
• Of the five events monitored during December, total runoff volume changes ranged from 100
percent reductions to increases of as much as 21 percent. The 12/04-05/93 storm event, with
a rainfall volume of 2.96 inches, the total runoff volume increased between the two stations
from 35,500 to 43,088 cubic feet, over 21 percent. This event occurred a week after a 3.61-
inch rainfall event that saturated the soils. Also, the winter season had begun with changes
in the golf course water balance, including reduced evapotranspiration, increased groundwater
levels and the potential for increased runoff. A small storm event on 12/08/93 yielded about
equal volumes of runoff between stations. The two small storm events on 12/15/93 and
12/19/93 caused reductions in runoff volumes between the two stations from 15 percent to 100
percent, respectively. The 12/20-21/93 storm event yielded about equal volumes of runoff
between stations.
Unlike the August through October monitoring period (summer-fall seasons), the Wakefield storm
drain runoff was supplemented by runoff from the lower site. This area includes both sheet flow
from a small area of the Wakefield community and the golf course fairway and rough at Hole 7.
These saturated soil and runoff conditions were observed during both the 12/04-05/93 and 12/20-
21/93 storm events.
• For suspended solids loads, changes between stations ranged from 100.percent for one storm
event to an increase of almost 100 percent in another event. However, over all ten storm
events monitored at the two stations, the average pollutant removal was over 39 percent.
• With the exception of one storm event, total phosphorus loads increased between stations,
unlike the August through October period. Phosphorus loads at the Fairway 7 station
increased as much as 1.5 times over those at the Wakefield station during one event. The
total phosphorus arithmetic mean load change for all ten storm events was 7.9 percent during
the two seasonal periods.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. 11-125
Environmental Feasibility Study
• With the exception of one storm event which showed an increase in total nitrogen load
between stations, four storm events had decreases in loads. For all ten storm events, the mean
load change was 23 percent. Nitrite + nitrate nitrogen average load change was 36 percent
for the ten storm events.
• Total organic carbon loads increased between stations for three of the five storm events
occurring during this period. However, the overall mean change for ten storm events was a
35 percent reduction.
• Only copper and zinc were consistently found at levels above the laboratory detection limit
in storm events during this period. Copper loads were reduced in all five storm events
ranging from 40 percent to 100 percent. The overall average reduction in pollutant load for
copper was 77 percent for the ten storm events monitored. Zinc load reductions ranged from
11 to 100 percent for four storm events and increased by 13 percent for one storm event.
Although the storm events monitored during December yielded mixed pollutant changes for some
pollutants, the swale system provided positive removals in the critical summer and fall seasons.
Given the soils, vegetative conditions and season of the year, grassed swale systems and other
turfgrass management practices provide an opportunity for inclusion as part of the stormwater
runoff management plan. Enhancement of swales on the existing course, redeveloped areas and
new areas will increase the effectiveness of the swales to "manage runoff from larger less frequent
storm events. Enhancement measures may include grass management changes, swale design
changes, or combination with other practices such as infiltration trenches.
5) Fairway at Hole 18 Station
This station receives potential runoff from a drainage area of 7.6 acres located entirely on the golf
course property. The drainage area includes parts of Holes 01 and 18 and a wooded buffer
between the two holes. The Fairways at Holes 01 and 18 cross the drainage area in a general
northwest -southeast direction. A tee for Hole 18 and a green for Hole 01 also are within the -
drainage area boundaries. The total length of the drainage pathway from the highest elevation to
the monitoring location is approximately 800 feet. Soils in the drainage area are in the Baltimore
Page No. 11-126 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
silt loam mapping unit, on 3 percent to 8 percent slopes. These soils are in hydrologic soils group
"B" (moderate infiltration potential ranging from 0.15 to 0.30 inches per hour).
Results for storm events monitored during the study period are summarized by storm event date "
in Appendix L. These results include runoff event hydrographs for Fairway 18.
Based on the period from August through October 1993, the following is a summary of results
from stormwater runoff monitoring at the Fairway 18 swale:
• Rainfall events with volumes ranging from 0.01 to 0.92 inches occurred during the monitoring
period. Very few of these events generated runoff at Fairway 18 station. Generally, storm
events of about an inch or more generated some very low levels of mnoff. Even the larger
events observed yielded small runoff volumes. For example, the event occurring on 10/12/93
produced a rainfall volume of 0.92 inches but generated only about 14 cubic feet of runoff
or about 1 percent of the rainfall. These results are based on late summer and fall seasonal
conditions for a drainage area with hydrologic group "B" soils.
• For the 10/12/93 event that yielded enough runoff to collect samples, the pollutant EMCs for
suspended solids, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and total organic carbon were within the
range of the national USEPA NURP runoff values. [See Table H-E21 for the event mean
concentrations (EMCs) and a comparison to literature values.]
• The total phosphorus EMC was twice as high as the national USEPA NURP average, about
1.1 mg/L. Soluble phosphorus represented the entire content of the phosphorus EMC. These
values may reflect the influence of a recent fertilizer application on the fairway area. Also,
results from another study of turfgrass revealed that runoff events with low runoff volumes
may have high EMCs. The total runoff load was low, given the low runoff volume.
• The total kjeldahl nitrogen EMC was about equal the national USEPA NURP average, about
-
2.4 mg/L. Given the event's low runoff volume, the total mass load at the edge of field was
small.
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Page No. 11-128 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
• The nitrite + nitrate nitrogen EMC was about one-third the USEPA NURP average, about 0.36
mg/L. The very low event runoff volume for the event generated a low runoff load at the
edge of field.
• The total nitrogen EMC was about two-thirds the USEPA NURP average, about 2.76 mg/L.
The very low runoff volume for the event generated a low runoff load at the edge of field.
• All 13 trace metal EMCs for the 10/12/93 storm event were below the laboratory detection
limit with the exception of zinc. The zinc EMC was just above the detection limit (0.01
mg/L) at 0.02 mg/L. At this low level, zinc is not a cause for concern.
Because only a single storm event had generated runoff during the August through October period,
monitoring was extended into November and eventually December. During this period, the golf
course had been mowed for the last time before winter and the winter season had begun.
Characteristics of the drainage area during this period are summarized below for the two-month
period monitored:
• Of the ten storm events occurring from November through December 21, only three events
generated runoff at Fairway 18. Unfortunately unavoidable circumstances prevented
monitoring the 11/27-28/93 storm event with a rainfall volume of 3.61 inches. A week later,
a storm event with a rainfall volume of 2.96 inches occurred, generating a runoff volume of
13,802 cubic feet. This was 17 percent of the event rainfall. The higher level of runoff was
attributed to the wetter than normal soils caused by the previous storm event. Three small
rainfall events (12/10/93, 12/15/93 and 12/19/93) produced no runoff at Fairway 18. An event
occurring 12/20 and 12/21/93 produced 0.84 inches of rainfall and generated approximately
667 cubic feet of runoff, or about 3 percent of the rainfall volume.
• For pollutant parameters including nitrite + nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, total organic carbon
and fecal coliform bacteria, the flow-weighted composite runoff results from the two storm
events yielding runoff were generally within the range of the USEPA NURP studies. -
• Suspended solids concentration EMCs for the two storm events of 12/04-05/93 and 12/20-
21/93 were 90 and 565 mg/L, respectively. Because these values are unusually high for a
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-129
mostly grassed drainage area, a source was investigated during the storm event. The source
was traced to a wooded area located between the Fairways at Holes 01 and 18, extending
laterally across the drainage area. Golf cart activity in vicinity of the drainage swale during
the period of wet soils had caused minor surface erosion in the runoff path. The large storm
events occurring during the latter part of November and December carried sediment from the
eroded area down the grassed swale of Fairway 18. This is an unusual condition for the golf
course fairways but underscores the need for consistent erosion and sediment control on all
golf course areas.
• The total phosphorus EMC for the 12/20-21/93 storm event, 2.3 mg/L was twice the level of
those in the previous two events. The 12/20-21/93 event had an excessively high suspended
solids EMC, which may be the cause of the high phosphorus value. Supporting this
conclusion is the observation that the soluble phosphorus EMC for this storm was 40 percent
of total phosphorus. Also, the low runoff volume for this storm event resulted in a low total
runoff load. The total phosphorus EMC arithmetic mean for all three storm events was 1.50
mg/L, probably high for normal fairway runoff given the unusual erosion.
• Total nitrogen EMCs for the three storm events ranged from 1.22 to 6.14 mg/L, with an EMC
mean of 3.37 mg/L. The high total nitrogen EMC occurred in the 12/20-21/93 event and may
have been adversely influenced by the high suspended solids EMC. Nitrite + nitrate nitrogen,
as an average of the three events, represented 6 percent (0.21 mg/L) of total nitrogen and a
range from 2 percent to 13 percent among the three events.
• Of the 13 metals monitored in the two December storm events, eight metals had EMCs below
the laboratory detection limit for all three events. Those metals below detection included
beryllium, cadmium, lead, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium and antimony. In the 12/04-05/93
storm event, exceptions were detectable concentrations for copper (0.01 mg/L) and zinc (0.02
mg/L). In the 12/20-21/93 storm event, detectable concentrations were observed for arsenic
(0.006 mg/L), chromium (0.03 mg/L), copper (0.02 mg/L), mercury (0.00084 mg/L) and zinc
(0.08 mg/L). For all of these metals, the EMC concentrations were measured at levels just -
above laboratory detection limits. When compared to Maryland's toxic substances criteria for
ambient surface waters, only copper and mercury exceeded specific limits. The copper EMC
exceeded both Acute and Chronic Fresh Water Aquatic Life Criteria. The mercury EMC
Page No. 11-130 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
exceeded the Chronic Fresh Water Aquatic Life Criteria. These comparisons do not consider
the mixing and dilution effects of runoff entering surface waters of Loch Raven, which would
lower the valves further. There is no obvious explanation for the occurrence of these metals
in the runoff. However, they probably are present at background levels in drainage area soils -
that were dislodged by storm events occurring during November and December. At these
low concentrations and with the normally low runoff volumes, total runoff pollutant loads for
these metals are insignificant.
E Runoff Water Quality Management
Management of stormwater runoff quality consists of the specific management practices applied, the
locations of application and the conditions under which they are applied. The following topics describe
existing stormwater quality management within the local drainage area. First the management framework
is described as it applies to the local drainage area. The existing stormwater quality management is then
summarized within each part of the local drainage area.
1) Management Methods
Stormwater runoff is managed in two major ways: (1) non-structurally through pollution
prevention measures and (2) structurally through treatment of runoff quantity and/or quality. In
some drainage areas, a third management level, natural systems, may receive runoff treated in
upslope areas and provide additional treatment.
2) Non-Structural Pollution Prevention Measures
The objective of stormwater management through application of pollution prevention measures
focuses on preventing or minimizing pollutants from contacting the stormwater runoff. For a golf
course, these controls are incorporated into the management activities that maintain the managed
golf playing areas and related golf course land use/land cover types. As described in the Golf
Course Management Section of this report, the management activities are grouped into three broad
categories: (1) management guidance (goals, objectives and operating criteria); (2) information
gathering (monitoring and testing); and (3) management practices (IPM, cultural practices,
materials management, water resources management and wildlife management).
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. 11-131
Especially important is management of the types, quantities, frequencies and locations of materials
applied on the course. Plant protectant materials (mainly pesticides) and plant nutrients are critical
materials requiring careful monitoring, planning, specific criteria and conscientious application.
However, new approaches such as Integrated Pest Management appear to be significantly reducing
the use of pesticides for controlling specific pest problems.
Application of slow release fertilizers (especially nitrogen), timing, conservative irrigation
scheduling and reductions of intensively man aged golf course areas reduce nutrient concentrations
in surface runoff and groundwater (M. Petrovic, Sept. 1989). New research is underway by the
USEPA and others (F. Kuznik, Aug./Sep. 1993 and J. Thompson, Sep. 1993) to evaluate the
effects of pollution prevention in runoff management from golf courses.
The species of grasses and management practices for growing and maintaining turf on golf course
managed areas are important determinants of runoff water quality. Improved species of grasses
are under development that are more resistant to pests and diseases.
Two other categories of pollution prevention practices, personnel management and monitoring,
also help to manage pollutant sources. On a golf course, the management and maintenance staffs
are critical parts of the pollution prevention process. Hiring conscientious people, providing
proper training, giving close supervision and developing appropriate operating guidelines for the
staff all contribute to reductions of potential pollutants in stormwater runoff. Monitoring activities,
as discussed previously in the Course Management Section, are important tools to help the
management staff in the course management decision-making process.
Pollution prevention measures in urban areas, both on and off the golf course property, involve
activities that prevent or reduce the availability of pollutants from contact with runoff. Two
primary areas of focus are paved surfaces and vegetated areas. Management practices that affect
pollutants on paved surfaces exposed to vehicular traffic such as streets, driveways, and parking
lots include routine cleaning, regular vehicle maintenance, spill and dumping prevention and rapid
spill cleanup. Most vegetated areas, usually lawns or other grassed areas, are regularly mowed -
and receive nutrient and pesticide applications. Management of these areas includes increasing
grass mowing heights, testing soils for nutrient requirements, modifying nutrient applications and
Page No. 11-132 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
application of IPM methods. The IPM methods will result in the reduction of the types, amounts
and frequencies of pesticides applied.
3) Structural Management Practices
For the surface water resources assessment, analyses of the structural stormwater management
measure effectiveness on the golf course are based on available information. Research has been
performed on techniques and control measures that manage the stormwater quantity and/or quality
from both urban and agricultural areas. Examples of these measures are infiltration structures
(trenches, dry wells and basins), flow attenuation devices (vegetated filter strips, grassed swales
and diversion berms), retention basins (wet ponds), extended detention basins, constructed wetland
basins/artificial marshes, water quality inlets, porous pavement, sand filters and sand-peat filters.
Results available from recent research provide a good indication of the overall effectiveness of
these practices under both controlled (plot study) and actual field applications.
Some land use/land cover types in urban and agricultural areas are similar in form and general
structure to those on golf courses. As a result, certain management practices applied to the urban
and agricultural areas are potentially applicable to the golf course. These practices are described
in the literature (Schueler, 1987; USDA-SCS, 1983). Research studies have monitored the
effectiveness of certain management practices and report numerical values for specific pollutants
as percent removals. Other studies report only relative effectiveness in terms of decreases in the
levels of specific pollutants.
Past research into the effectiveness of management practices for treating stormwater runoff has
focused on the common pollutants. Table H-E22 summarizes the estimated long-term
effectiveness of selected structural management practices in removing a variety of pollutants. The
removal efficiencies are based on results from monitoring studies. The wide ranges of pollutant
removals for some pollutants and management practices vary with the specific design, physical
characteristics of the drainage area, operation and maintenance practices, climatic variations and
length of study. Results are normally available for sediment, phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen -
demand. Some studies in urban areas also report pollutant removal effectiveness values for heavy
metals. Studies of bacteria in urban areas are mostly limited to identification of indicator bacteria.
However, some studies have investigated the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in urban runoff

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Page No. 11-134 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
and the relationship to indicator bacteria (Martin and Clayton, 1986). However their removal rates
have not been studied for structural management practices. The effectiveness of management
practices in removing pesticides is generally not evaluated or has investigated specific pesticides.
For golf courses, managed turf acts as a structural management practice. Well-managed turf
retards runoff, allows infiltration, provides a filter for pollutants, and treats the runoff. Watschke
and Mumma (1989) conclude that even moderately managed turfgrass areas may have minimal
runoff potential. Well-managed turfgrass may have the potential for use as environmental
management practices. Also the elapsed time between the start of precipitation and runoff would
provide an opportunity for specific materials such as pesticides, nutrients, and other biologically
degradable substances to be removed by the turf. The soil's natural attenuation and renovation
mechanisms would further reduce the potential for these areas as surface or groundwater
contamination sources. Welterlen (June 24, 1987), in evaluating the environmental impact of turf
management practices associated with extension of the Pine Ridge Golf Course, concluded that
problems with surface runoff on turf areas should be minimal. The turfgrass, because of its dense
soil cover and fibrous root system, impedes runoff and reduces surface and groundwater nutrient
losses.
4) Natural Systems of a Drainage Area
The natural systems of drainage areas may include rangeland transitional land, forest land, or
wetlands. These lands, under normal circumstances without outside influences, produce low
pollutants concentrations and mass loads in long-term runoff. These levels are considered
background levels. Under certain conditions, natural systems located downslope of other land
use/land cover types in larger drainage areas may provide treatment of the runoff from the upslope
land use/land cover types. These systems are not normally the first and only method of runoff
treatment. An appropriate combination of pollution prevention measures and structural
management practices should be applied to the land use/land cover types and/or between the edge
of the land use/land cover source area and the natural system The remaining runoff can then be
managed by the natural system. For some types of natural systems such as wetlands, the residual -
runoff becomes part of the wetland's hydrology.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. I1-135
Natural wetlands as managers of runoff water quality are discussed in Martin, Athanas and Shaver,
August 1993. When the pollutants are washed into a wetland area, the biological, physical and
chemical processes act on them. On an annual basis, pollutants may be lost to the atmosphere,
buried in the sediments, transformed from one form to another, or washed downstream in the same
or a different form.
Wetlands, depending on the type, configuration, condition and location, can remove significant
quantities of sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals and other pollutants. The results from
studies of natural wetlands vary. Removals of nitrogen and phosphorus ranged from 17 percent
to 74 percent and 4 percent to 92 percent, respectively. Removals averaged 46 percent and 45
percent for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The few studies that included trace metals
show high removal percentages. Although a few studies showed low removal rates, none had net
discharges of nutrients, indicating that these areas are true sinks of pollutants.
5) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary West of Dulaney Valley Road
The types, locations, geographical area and effectiveness of existing stormwater runoff
management practices (quality and quantity) in the drainage area west of Dulaney Valley Road
is unknown. However, a significant part of the earlier development in the drainage area occurred
before implementation of current stormwater management laws. Based on this information,
assume that a large part of the developed area has no stormwater quality or quantity management.
As a result, impervious surfaces directly connected to the storm drain system are expected to
contribute a wide range of pollutants to the unnamed tributary. The tributary then transports the
pollutants to Loch Raven Reservoir over a relatively short time. Some conservative pollutants
such as nitrate nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, and bacteria may be transported directly to the
reservoir in a single storm event. Other pollutants including sediment and pollutants that tend to
absorb to sediment such as phosphorus move more slowly, carried further downstream in the less
common larger storm events. Paved surfaces draining to vegetated areas receive some level of
treatment by filtration and infiltration. Managed grass areas such as residential lawns are not -
expected to run off or contribute pollutants, mainly nutrients, in the most common storm events.
However, larger storms cause runoff from most surfaces, carrying away available pollutants.
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The relatively uncontrolled runoff from the drainage area west of Dulaney Valley Road also
causes degradation of the stream channel. This creates additional sediment from bed and bank
erosion. Aquatic life is prevented or reduced from thriving in the stream.
6) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
The Wakefield community's single family houses are surrounded by lawns with well-managed
grass and trees. The drainage patterns divide the community into nine drainage areas of different
sizes. (See discussion of Drainage Area Characteristics previously presented in this section.)
Most paved driveways drain directly to the community streets and, in turn, to surface stormwater
inlets and pipe systems. Also, most roofs are connected directly to the streets by underground
pipes from the downspouts that extend to the curbs. It appears that most of these roofs are slate
with copper flashings, gutters and downspouts. Direct connection of the streets, driveways and
roofs to the storm drain system creates an unusually high percent impervious and hydrologically
responsive drainage area, given the type and density of the development.
Review of the community storm drain plans and visual observations of the property did not reveal
any known structural stormwater management practices. Because the community was built before
the current stormwater management laws, no management was required during construction. The
existing pollution prevention practices and extent of practice application on individual properties
and streets is unknown. The lawns are well-kept and at least some of the owners use contract
lawn service companies to apply nutrients and pesticides. The overall type and extent of leaf
management during the Fall season is not known. Observation of the drainage area indicates that
there is no formal public leaf pickup. However, a contract lawn service company was observed
collecting and mulching the leaves on lawns in one drainage area. Monitoring at the Hole 7 storm
drain outfall during two October storm events showed that stormwater runoff from the drainage
area transported large quantities of leaves to the outfall. These leaves, as they decay, are a
potential source of dissolved reactive phosphorus during the fall and spring (Wolinski, et. al., Feb.
1988).
The pollutant removal efficiencies from existing pollutant prevention practices in the Wakefield
community cannot be estimated with the information available in this study. However, results of
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the reconnaissance stormwater monitoring survey at the Wakefield storm drain outfall provide an
indication of what is in the runoff and how well the runoff quality is managed.
7) Wakefield Runoff Flowing To Golf Course Property
Stormwater runoff from the nine drainage areas and the existing management provided by the golf
course property is summarized earlier in this section.
8) Eaosting Golf Course Property
On-site surveys of the golf course reveal that both pollution prevention and structural control
measures now provide management of stormwater runoff quality. Due to the uncertainty in
measuring effectiveness of some of the management practices, the overall level of control cannot
be quantified. As an alternative, the types and relative effectiveness of the existing management
practices are discussed.
9) Pollution Prevention Measures
The pollution prevention measures now applied to the golf course property are grouped into three
broad categories: (1) management guidance (goals, objectives and operating criteria); (2)
information gathering (monitoring and testing); and (3) management practices (IPM, cultural
practices, materials management, water resources management and wildlife management). (See
Golf Course Management Section for detailed discussion of specific management practices now
used at Pine Ridge.) These practices apply to both urban/other built-up areas and golf course
managed areas.
The Baltimore Municipal Golf Corporation and Pine Ridge golf course management staff have
implemented a program that minimizes the use of pesticides and potential adverse impacts on
water quality. The program, dating back to the late 1980s, specifically addresses the number,
types, locations, quantities, frequencies and timing of pesticides applications at Pine Ridge. These-
factors are described below:
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• Number of Pesticides Used - A historical review of pesticide use at Pine Ridge shows a
trend of reduced use in the number, types and amounts of chemicals applied The number of
pesticides required in any year generally depends on the extent of pest problems in that year.
These depend, in turn, on the weather conditions (temperature and rainfall), turfgrass growing
season conditions, types of pests, severity of pest concerns and geographical area of the pest
outbreaks. Welterlen (June 24, 1987) also points out that the types and amounts of pesticides
needed also may vary with the introduction of new turfgrass pests which are not currently a
problem, and the introduction of new pesticide products. Before the IPM program was
implemented at Pine Ridge, pesticides were used both to guard against a pest outbreak and
to control or eliminate an outbreak. Since implementation of the IPM program, potential pest
problems are closely monitored but allowed to reach a threshold level before pesticides are
used.
Prior to 1985, recordkeeping for pesticide applications on the Pine Ridge Golf Course was
poor. A study by the Baltimore City Department of Public Works Office of Water Quality
Management in 1987 (Wolinski, et. al.) summarized that 33 pesticides were in use at that
time. The amount of active ingredients from all of these chemicals totaled about 2,340
pounds during the period 1985 through 1987. By 1988, the total number of pesticides applied
at Pine Ridge annually had dropped to 20. Although 19 pesticides were used in 1990, the
years 1989, 1991 and 1992 used 15, 11 and 12, respectively. (See Appendix M for a series
of tables that summarize pesticide use from 1988 through 1992 at Pine Ridge.) In 1993, 13
pesticides were available for application if required. (See Tables II-Q2 and H-Q3 in the Golf
Course Management Section.)
• Types of Pesticides Used -- Of the pesticides used at Pine Ridge since 1988, most have been
fungicides. Herbicides are the second most used and insecticides are the least used in terms
of total number of products. These are "general use" products and are not restricted (i.e.,
pesticides can be purchased by a homeowner at most garden centers or hardware stores).
Fungicides, as a group, are generally less toxic in receiving waters than insecticidm-
nematicides and herbicides (Welterlen, June 24, 1987). All of the pesticides listed for use in
1993 are Class III pesticides which have oral LD50s greater than 500 mg/kg, representing the
least toxic pesticides.
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Of the fungicides projected for use in 1993, only one, 3336 WP (Thiophanate Methyl) is
applied in a wettable soluble powder formulation. All others are granular, emulsified
concentrate, or flowable forms, with most in the latter form.
All of the herbicides are applied in emulsified concentrate, granular, or flowable form. These
further reduce the potential for migration or leaching in runoff. Of the herbicides listed for
use in 1993, oxidiazon is perhaps the one of most interest. Oxidiazon is a pre-emergence
grassy weed herbicide, which is applied to the fairways in a single application once per year.
However, it is also applied in relatively large quantities with a single application. It is
relatively immobile in the soil and presents almost no risk to wildlife and fish (Welterlen,
June 24, 1987). It is strongly adsorbed by soil colloids and humus, with very-iittle migration
or leaching known to occur. Toxicological studies on wildlife and fish show that the LD50s
for mallard ducks and bobwhite quail are greater than 1,000 and 6,000 mg/kg, respectively
(Welterlen, June 24, 1987). The LC50 is greater than 2 ppm for all fresh water tested.
Another herbicide, used often on greens at Pine Ridge, is Acclaim (fenoxyprop-ethyl). It is
effective in controlling crabgrass and goose grass post-emergently and will not injure desirable
turfgrass when applied at recommended rates (Welterlen, June 24, 1987). Acclaim has an oral
LD50 of 2,300 mg/kg and has low toxicity.
A single insecticide is projected for use as needed in 1993. Proxol 80 SP (Trichlorfon) is a
moderately toxic, broad-spectrum insecticide that is the least toxic of turf insecticides
(Welterlen, June 24, 1993). This insecticide poses the least environmental hazard, while
achieving effective pest control.
• Application Methods -- The management staff uses state-of-the art application methods and
machinery for pesticides. (See Golf Course Management Section for a discussion of materials
application methods, including staff and machinery.) All staff who mix and apply chemicals
are trained and supervised by trained senior staff. Internal guidelines require that all staff mix
chemicals by designated methods, in appropriate quantities, and in appropriate containers. -
Chemicals are distributed by hand, truck-mounted and tractor-mounted methods. Spray booms
on machinery are maintained and replaced as needed to distribute the chemical at design rates.
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• Application Locations -- A review of Appendix M shows that from 1990 through 1992, most
applications of pesticides were made on greens, with tees receiving the second most frequent
number of applications. Except for 20-yard approaches, greens and tees have the smallest
area of the managed golf course area. Most of the individual applications involved low
amounts of a specific chemical. In 1992, for example, the greens received 32 applications
from nine pesticides, with most applications from Acclaim (Fenoxaprop-Ethyl). However, the
total annual application was only 0.21 pound per acre.
Pesticides are not applied beyond the intensively managed areas of the golf course. No
applications are made directly on the rough or in forested areas of the property. No
applications are made within 50 feet of open water.
• Quantities of Pesticides Applied -- As directed by the IPM program, the management staff
applies the minimum required dosage of a specific pesticide that addresses the identified pest
problem. The total amount of active ingredient of a pesticide is only one factor in
determining the potential effects on surface water resources. The percent active ingredient
varies with the specific chemical and product. Appendix M summarizes the annual amounts
applied to the golf course from 1990 through 1992. Again, most of the pesticides were
applied to greens and tees, the smallest area of the managed golf course. In 1992, for
example, greens received over 82 pounds per acre of active ingredients from nine pesticides.
However, almost one-half of the total was from three applications of Fore (Mancozeb). Total
amounts from the other eight pesticides were less than 10 pounds per acre. The second
highest total amount of pesticides (active ingredients) was applied to tees and approaches at
almost 34 pounds per acre. Fairways received 0.17 pounds per acre.
• Application Frequencies -- The frequency of application for a specific pesticide on the golf
course managed areas is determined by the IPM program. The IPM program is guided by
daily observations, monitoring, environmental conditions and historic pest problems. The
most frequently used pesticides are fungicides. The locations receiving the most frequent
applications are the greens and tees.
• Application Timing -- The Pine Ridge staff closely monitor weather conditions during the
seasons when pesticides are applied. The staff, following internal guidelines, do not apply
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pesticides before a predicted rainfall event or during windy weather. The staff avoid periods
when hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, or other severe weather is predicted.
Appendix M summarizes the number of applications of pesticides from 1990 through 1992
to all golf course managed areas by month and year. Although, depending on the specific
year, a few applications were made in January, February and March, the most frequent
applications were made in four months. In order of frequency, from highest to lowest, these
are July, June, August and May. Based on the monthly rainfall event analysis presented
previously in this section, the months of March through August historically have the most
number of rainfall events. The rainfall event analysis, however, does not account for storm
event volumes. Historically, most of these are expected to be. relatively small, with over 50
percent less than 0.4 inches. The water balance model developed for the property showed
that, with the exception of hurricane or severe thunderstorm-type rainfall events, the golf
course contributed very little runoff during the months of May through September. Although
there is a significant potential for a rainfall event during the summer months when pesticides
are applied, the chance of runoff is low during these months. However, this does not preclude
those unusual storm events such as hurricanes, stalled storm fronts, or unusually heavy
thunderstorms from generating runoff.
10) Structural Runoff Management Practices for Urban and Other Built-up Areas - As
previously described in this section, urban and other built-up areas on the golf course property
include the entrance road, driveways, parking lots, driving range building and paved area,
clubhouse, cart paths, maintenance shop, golf cart barn and other small structures. The clubhouse,
driving range building, golf cart barn, parking lots, driveways and part of the entrance road are
clustered in the middle area of the property, surrounded by golf course managed areas. The
original golf course was constructed in 1958, well before any required stormwater management.
As a result, some areas have little existing management before draining into adjacent surface water
resources. These areas, their existing management practices, and the relative pollutant removal
effectiveness are summarized as follows:
• Entrance Road -- The entrance road, from Dulaney Valley Road to the Clubhouse, drains to
concrete swales, is collected in surface storm drain inlets, and flows into pipes under the road
at three locations. As discussed above for Wakefield community runoff entering the golf
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course property and with one exception, the entrance road runoff is managed by natural
forested systems located south of the road. The exception is the part of the road that
combines with the runoff from Wakefield's DA 28, the largest of Wakefield's drainage areas.
• Maintenance Shop -- The maintenance building is isolated from other impervious areas on
the property. Runoff from the roof drains to vegetated areas and is well-managed. The
driveway and parking area at the maintenance shop are graveled and not paved. Any runoff
and pollutants that is generated from these areas flows into vegetated areas surrounding the
maintenance building.
• Driving Range Building -- The small building used for driving range management and sales
activities is located adjacent to the entrance road and drains to pervious surfaces. The small
paved area used for golfers adjacent to the building also drains to grassed areas. Pollutants
on these surfaces are partially managed, depending on the type of surface receiving runoff.
• Golf Cart Barn -- The golf cart barn and paved entrance area drain to grassed and forested
areas to the south and west of the building. Any pollutants generated in this area are managed
by pervious areas.
• Clubhouse -- As previously described in this section, the Clubhouse has a slate roof with
copper flashings, gutters and downspouts. The roof now drains to the storm drain system in
the parking lot. This system now has no stormwater management until reaching the outfall
near the reservoir. At that point, some sedimentation occurs before the runoff enters a cove
of the reservoir. The paved areas immediately surrounding the clubhouse mostly drain to
vegetated and other grassed areas, with some runoff draining directly to the entrance road
area.
• Driving Range Parking Lot -- The parking lot is paved, located adjacent to the entrance
road, and mostly drains to the vegetated area on three sides. Runoff from this area not
flowing into vegetated areas flows into the Clubhouse parking lot storm drain system. This _-
runoff, for the most part, is untreated.
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• Clubhouse Parking Lot - The parking lot at the Clubhouse is paved and designed to drain
into a series of surface storm drain inlets. These inlets are collected by a set of twin pipes
that extend under the existing Hole 09 Fairway and outfall into a natural area within 75 to 100
feet of the reservoir. There is no structural treatment of runoff from this system. At the
outfall, although there is evidence of past erosion, some primary sedimentation of suspended
sediment may occur in low volume storm events. Golf course maintenance crews periodically
use backpack-mounted blowers to blow leaves and dirt into the adjacent grassed areas.
• Golf Cart Paths -- Except where the golf cart paths are sloped toward and directly connected
to other paved areas, any runoff from the paved golf cart paths flows onto adjacent grassed
areas. Based on random observations, some locations where the golf cartpaths cross an
isolated forest area or the edge of managed golf course rough at a natural swale show
evidence of water concentration. Ponding and perhaps minor erosion may occur during larger
storm events. However, runoff from most of the golf cart pathway network is now managed
by adjacent vegetated areas.
• Unpaved Maintenance Roads -- The unpaved maintenance roads located on the golf course
property include the road to the maintenance shop and other short distances at the end of some
golf cart paths. These roads show evidence of minor erosion in locations where slopes are
steep, vegetated ground cover is thin, and traffic use is heavy. However, most of these
locations are surrounded by grassed or other vegetated areas. Few areas were observed to
cause rill erosion for more than 50 feet beyond the road. The maintenance staff routinely
corrects these minor erosion problems when identified.
With two exceptions, the urban and other built-up impervious areas on the golf course
property do not appear to contribute untreated runoff and related pollutants to the adjacent
surface water resources. The exceptions are the part of the entrance road near Dulaney Valley
Road and the storm drain system at the Clubhouse and parking lot. Runoff from the entrance
road and Wakefield's DA 28 drain directly to the unnamed tributary at the south edge of the
property. The Clubhouse and Clubhouse parking lot are paved areas that drain to a natural _
system within 75 to 100 feet of the reservoir.
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11) Structural Runoff Management Practices for Golf Course Managed Areas
The existing golf course managed area uses three primary types of runoff management practices
that could be considered structural. These practices are (1) infiltration enhancement; (2) the
turfgrass; and (3) grassed swales and filter strips.
• Infiltration Enhancement -- As described in the Course Management Section, the
management staff use a variety of tools and equipment to enhance and maintain the infiltration
capability of the soil on greens and tees. On the existing golf course, these areas were
originally constructed on existing soils, most of which were loams. Enhancing the infiltration
capability in these areas reduces the runoff potential from low to moderate rainfall events.
• Turfgrass and Management -- The management staff maintains healthy, well-groomed
turfgrass on the entire golf course managed area. This includes the greens, tees, approaches,
fairways and roughs. A good ground cover of turfgrass reduces the potential for runoff,
erosion and nutrient losses. Three basic processes transport pollutants to the surface water
resources: (1) a substance dissolved in runoff and diluted by the runoff; (2) insoluble
substances transported as suspended material, lifted or dragged by hydrologic processes; and
(3) pollutants absorbed or adhering to dissolved or suspended substances in runoff. The dense
soil cover provided by turfgrass impedes runoff and reduces surface nutrient losses (Welterlen,
June 24, 1987). Because 85 percent of the extensive, fibrous root system lies within the top
two inches of soil, turfgrass provides an effective and efficient way of reducing nutrient
leaching and groundwater contamination.
The low erosion potential of turfgrass on managed areas greatly reduces the potential for
phosphorus applications on the golf course to leach or migrate in runoff. Chemically fixed
phosphorus, the least mobile of major soil nutrients, is not readily lost from the golf course
(Welterlen, June 24, 1987).
Although nitrogen is applied in many forms, most of it will eventually transform to nitrate,
which is the most mobile of all three primary nutrients (Welterlen, June 24, 1987). While it
can potentially be lost from the root zone by leaching, denitrification and ammonia
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volatilization, the turfgrass system recovers an appreciable amount through the turfgrass plants.
This minimizes the migration and leaching potential of nitrogen from the golf course.
As described in the Course Management Section, the turfgrass on golf course managed areas -
is consistently maintained during the growing season. This includes regular mowing.
Turfgrass is cut to different heights, depending on the type of managed area. Greens are cut
to the lowest heights, fairways and tees are the next lowest heights and roughs are maintained
as the tallest turfgrass of the managed area. Also, all greens and tees on the existing course
are adjacent to fairways and both are surrounded by rough of varying width. This condition
provides an increasingly resistant pathway for any runoff generated from greens or tees that
flows onto adjacent golf course areas. The opportunity for runoff management by the adjacent
managed areas varies by hole for the existing course. Existing holes with greens or tees
located near the reservoir have less opportunity for using fairways and rough to manage the
runoff.
• Grassed Swales and Filter Strips -- Although the golf course has no grassed swales or
vegetated filter strips designed for runoff water quality management, the existing managed
areas provide some of these features. Because the golf course lies on a rolling terrain with
relatively small drainage areas, swales form on long slopes. These swales that cross the
fairways are grassed as part of fairways and roughs.
When potential runoff is generated as sheet flow on the greens, tees, approaches and fairways,
it flows to the lowest point on the drainage area. This often is a depression or swale in the
fairway or rough. Water concentrates in the swale and flows downhill to the edge of the
fairway through the rough and into natural systems of forest, rangeland, or wetlands. Natural
systems sometimes are interspersed between holes on the course. In this case, runoff from
the managed area swale will flow through the natural system and onto another golf course
rough and fairway as it flows downslope. At some locations where the Wakefield community
contributes runoff to the golf course managed area, riprap lined or stone-paved channels help
to reduce flow velocities before the water enters the rough or fairway swales. _
Although the literature reports widely ranging results for management of stormwater runoff
quality in urban areas, the monitoring survey results at Pine Ridge indicate the positive
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filtering capacity of turfgrass. The swale monitored at Hole 7 receives runoff from a
Wakefield storm drain outfall and the golf course fairway. The pollutant loading reduction
effectiveness of the swale system for storm events monitored during the summer and fall of
1993 is summarized in Table II-E20. Interpretation of the results through October 31, 1993
shows that the swale provides significant pollutant loading reduction for the runoff from a
Wakefield community drainage area. This applies to suspended sediment, nutrients, total
organic carbon, trace metals and fecal coliform bacteria. The swale also provides some
management of the golf course fairway area, although the reconnaissance survey monitoring
results do not define the relative level of effectiveness.
The swale is monitored in its existing condition with current management techniques. Based
on observations from this surface water resources assessment study and evaluation of literature
about similar management practices, the swale can be enhanced to provide even greater
pollutant removal effectiveness. The grassed Swale, a commonly used device for conveying
runoff on the golf course managed areas, also can be combined with other practices to provide
further runoff management under the proposed golf course expansion project.
The normal layout of the managed areas offers a rudimentary form of vegetated filter strips.
All greens, tees and approaches are located adjacent to fairways. The greens and tees are
usually oriented with their drainage directions toward the fairways. As a result, any runoff
from the greens and tees normally enter some part of the adjacent fairway. All fairways,
greens and tees are surrounded by rough. Any runoff generated that flows across the fairway
from a green or tee also flows across an area of rough. Runoff generated on a fairway flows
onto a rough. The rough has a taller turfgrass height and does not receive fertilizer or
pesticide applications. Those holes located near the water generally have the least amount of
rough width between the intensively managed areas and the receiving waters. This results in
less opportunity for filtering and infiltration and may require the use of additional management
practices. Although the absolute effectiveness of this system is unknown, it should provide
a high level of treatment in low to moderate rainfall events and some treatment in larger,
infrequent rainfall events.
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Natural Systems
Page No. 11-147
These areas are rangeland, forested areas, wetlands, waters of the US, sandy areas, rock outcrops
and transitional lands. These areas vary in size by the type of area and location. Based on the
type of area, location, size, existing physical condition, and upslope drainage area size, a natural
system may currently provide additional management of runoff water quality.
Forested areas occur in one of four broad configurations on the golf course property:
• Contiguous forest stands separate from existing golf course uses -- Forested areas may be
located in relatively large contiguous stands on the golf course property, separate from the
existing managed golf course lands. These are mostly located to the north and southwest of
the existing golf course. Many of these areas will be affected by the proposed expansion
project.
• Linear stands between existing holes -- These forested stands are buffers separating golf
course holes and often extend across the drainage areas. The widths vary from 100 feet to
several hundred feet. The duff layer varies in depth with the type of forest, slope, and degree
of disturbance from golf carts crossing the areas. Where the duff layer is significantly
disturbed, slopes are relatively steep, soils are erodible, and an upslope drainage area
contributes runoff to the buffer, there is evidence of erosion. These conditions may provide
sediment in runoff passing through the forest buffers in larger storms.
• Linear stands between existing managed golf course areas and receiving water
resources -- These forest stands are located adjacent to the reservoir and unnamed tributary.
Many are located on steep slopes. Forested areas also surround the wetlands in these areas.
Forested lands in these locations receive runoff from the golf course in two ways. First,
runoff from managed golf course areas may drain into the forested areas by sheet flow.
Under these circumstances, if the duff layer is intact, the runoff is currently managed before
entering the reservoir. Second, runoff from golf course managed areas may be concentrated -
in grass swales on the fairways. Concentrated flows can either be managed by the forest or
flow in a wet weather channel, passing directly to the reservoir. The proposed design of the
golf course leaves 87 percent of the forest along the shoreline undisturbed.
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• Isolated forest patches on the golf course property -- These areas are isolated by golf
course managed areas and/or other related golf course land uses and activities. These forested
areas may provide some management of runoff quality if located in a downslope part of a
drainage area.
Wetlands consist of both emergent and forested types, with most located in downslope parts
of the drainage areas. (See Wetlands Section of the report for mapped locations and
descriptions of these wetlands.) These wetlands receive runoff from contributing drainage
areas on the golf course property. Some of the drainage areas are managed golf course lands.
For example, the Fairway at Hole 7 drains to a grassed swale and into a forested wetland
before draining to the reservoir.
Relatively narrow rangeland areas are located between some golf course holes and the
reservoir. These areas consist of a mixture of vegetation but are not forested and provide
some additional treatment of potential runoff from the golf course managed areas.
g. Surface Water Resource Quality
The surface water resources that receive potential runoff from the local drainage area, the designated
beneficial uses of the resources and the existing water quality are summarized below:
1) Beneficial Use Designations of Surface Water Resources -- The surface water resources that
receive.potential runoff from the local drainage area include a small unnamed tributary with its
predominant drainage area originating west of Dulaney Valley Road . and the Loch Raven
Reservoir. Surface water resources in Maryland are designated by the State in one of seven
possible use classes.
Each use class has specific water quality criteria that must be met for the water body to meet the
beneficial use. These criteria include dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, turbidity, fecal coliform
bacteria and a list of toxic substances. It is important to understand that designated beneficial uses_
are assigned to water bodies that may not currently meet the criteria of the classification.
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• Unnamed Tributary -- According to the Code of Maryland Regulations [COMAR
10.01.11.(7)(i)], Gunpowder Falls and its tributaries upstream of Loch Raven Reservoir Dam
are designated as beneficial Use III streams. These streams must have the potential for or are
"suitable for the growth and propagation of trout and are capable of supporting natural trout "
populations and their associated food organisms".
• Loch Raven Reservoir -- The reservoir is designated by the Code of Maryland Regulations
[COMAR 10.01.11.(7)(i)] as a beneficial Use IRP. The "P" designation indicates that the
water is suitable domestic water use.
2) Eidsting Water Quality of Surface Water Resources - The current conditions of these
resources, including availability of any historical and current monitoring data, results of these
investigations and factors influencing the receiving water quality are discussed below:
• Unnamed Tributary -- There has been no known historical or current water quality/quantity
information collected in the unnamed tributary stream. However, based on visual observa-
tions, information from nearby streams with monitoring data, results of the hydrology analysis
and results of the potential pollutant source analysis; the stream may not meet the beneficial
Use III water quality criteria. Urbanization upstream and west of Dulaney Valley Road has
caused severe degradation of the stream. East of the road, the Wakefield community has a
storm drain outfall from 43 percent of its land, crossing the golf course property in a stone-
lined channel, and entering the tributary. Wakefield's runoff from other outfall pipes and
areas that drain to the tributary are now managed by the forested area on the golf course
property. The golf course property draining to the tributary is mostly forested. (See the
Aquatic Resources Section of this Report for additional information about the unnamed
tributary.)
• Loch Raven Reservoir -- The primary water resource receiving runoff from the Pine Ridge
property is the Loch Raven Reservoir. The water quality of the reservoir has been
investigated since the 1950s by Baltimore City, with additional monitoring by the State of -
Maryland and a coordinated Baltimore regional area-wide Water Quality Management
planning effort during the 1970s. Through a cooperative effort of the Regional Planning
Council local jurisdictions, a Reservoir Watershed Protection Subcommittee was formed in
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the early 1980s. In 1984, the Subcommittee developed an Action Strategy for the Reservoir
Watersheds. This strategy promoted continued cooperation among the local governments in
managing the reservoir watersheds. The strategy included monitoring activities in the
reservoirs and their major tributary streams. The results of the monitoring and assessment
activities are routinely reported in annual Reservoir Watershed Management Progress Reports.
Of the three reservoirs, Loch Raven is situated in the most highly developed watershed.
Agricultural and urban developed areas, respectively, comprise 46 percent and 8 percent of
the total watershed area. As a result of the watershed use, Loch Raven Reservoir has
developed eutrophic characteristics. Eutrophication does not itself constitute a major problem
for aquatic ecosystems (Wolinski, et al, 1988). There are, however, related concerns for the
water's use as a public water supply.
Algal blooms have been documented as far back as the 1930s and 1940s. With the increased
suburban development in the early 1970s, the frequency of point discharges (from industry,
sewage, etc.) and intensification of agricultural activities caused eutrophication problems.
These problems were responsible for depressed oxygen levels, fish kills and increased water
treatment costs (Reservoir Subcommittee's 1984 Action Strategy Report for the Reservoir
Watershed. Water quality problems at Loch Raven Reservoir hit their peak during the
summer of 1981 when there were consumer complaints and reports of health-related ailments.
More recently (1983 to present), the reservoir has had infrequent fish kills and algal blooms.
However, these were not nearly as recurrent or extensive as in the 1970s and early 1980s.
This general water quality improvement may be associated with the stabilization of the
surrounding watershed, more stringent water quality control regulations, wastewater treatment
facility upgrades and an increase in macrophytic populations. This increase in macrophytes,
may be creating a more aggressive, healthy competition with the algal populations, thus
improving water clarity (Stack, 1993).
According to the Reservoir Watershed Management Report (June 1992), the proportion of?
dissolved phosphorus (DP) in storm samples collected from major tributaries entering the
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-151
reservoir dropped off dramatically after 1985-86. The report provides the possible
explanations for the reduction of phosphorus:
- Successful BMP implementations to control dissolved phosphorous
- Statewide detergent phosphorus ban
- Changes in agricultural facilities or methods
- Sampling bias of storm events.
The report also indicates that if the observed decrease in dissolved phosphorous was not
caused by sampling partiality, and is, in effect, occurring, there will be less phosphorus
available for algal growth.
In addition to the routine monitoring in the reservoir, a study of special importance to the golf
course project was sponsored by the City in 1987 (Wolinski, et al, 1988). The study involved
a sampling and analysis survey of sediments at selected locations in Loch Raven Reservoir
and collection and analysis of tissues in free swimming fish near these areas from October 27
to November 13, 1987. The sediment sampling involved collecting samples from seven
reservoir coves, three of which were adjacent to Pine Ridge Golf Course, and at four other
locations within the reservoir watershed. The samples were analyzed for eight of the 33
pesticides used on the course at that time. The eight pesticides were chosen based on relative
toxicity, degree of use, and laboratory's ability to analyze the samples in a timely fashion.
These were Oftanol (Isophenphos), Proxol (Trichlorfon), Ronstar (Oxadiazon), Lesco Pre-M
(Pendimethalin), Thiram, Daconil 2787 (Chlorothalanil), 2,4-D and Carbaryl. Results for all
samples, both sediment and fish tissues, at all locations, were below the laboratory's detection
limits. The detection limits for all but two of the parameters were in the 0.5 to 1 ppm range.
Two parameters were analyzed at 5 and 50 ppm limits.
The results of the 1987 study indicated that the existing golf course operation may be
effectively controlling pesticide inputs to the reservoir. This suggests that, either through
prudent use, appropriate application methods and/or natural site characteristics (i.e., soils,
geology, climate, etc.), excessive pesticide inputs from the existing golf course to the reservoir
have been minimized.
Page No, 11-152 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
The golf course does not use, and has not used at least since 1988, any of the 15 organic toxic
substances included in the State water quality criteria. Of the 16 inorganic metals listed in
the State criteria, the golf course does not apply these to managed golf course areas.
However, as described in the pollutant source assessment, certain metals may occur in the "
urban areas (commercial, services, transportation, utilities and other urban and built-up lands)
of the site. The primary sources of these metals include atmospheric deposition, motorized
vehicles, other machinery and fuels.
3. Proposed Conditions
The Proposed Conditions Sub-Section describes the results from analysis of the golf course's expected future
conditions caused by the proposed expansion project. The analysis included the following parts: surface water
resources, regional and on-site drainage area characteristics, golf course hydrology, potential pollutant sources,
storm runoff water quality, on-site stormwater management and the quality of surface water resources.
a. Surface Water Resources
The proposed golf course expansion project is in the same general drainage area as the existing golf
course. An unnamed perennial tributary stream that drains an area west of Dulaney Valley Road flows
through the southern edge of the property into the reservoir. (See the Existing Conditions Sub-Section
for further discussion of this drainage area.)
The expansion project will expand the golf course and related land uses on City watershed land adjacent
to Loch Raven Reservoir. This expansion will consist of land use changes on the existing golf course
land and land to the north of the existing site.
b. Drainage Area Characteristics
The local drainage area characteristics under the proposed golf course expansion conditions are
- summarized in the following paragraphs.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. II-153
Environmental Feasibility Study
1) Total Drainage Area Land Use/Land Cover
The proposed golf course expansion project will be located on the designated golf course property.
All of this property is located within the same local drainage area as discussed in the Existing
Conditions Sub-Section.
2) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary
For the purposes of this project, the upstream drainage area is not expected to change
hydrologically under the proposed conditions. However, if appreciable future development occurs
in the drainage area, this is not expected to negatively affect the results of the golf course property
analysis.
Recent Federal and State regulations require large municipalities to obtain National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for stormwater discharges to the municipality's
separate storm sewer system (USEPA, Nov. 18, 1990). Under these regulations Baltimore County
is required to develop plans for managing the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff from
developed areas. The upstream drainage area's stormwater discharges are expected to be covered
by the future NPDES permit plan from the County. The County is now developing its
management plan.
3) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
The Wakefield community, for the purposes of this study, is not expected to change hydrologically
under the proposed golf course conditions. This is a reasonable assumption given the fact that the
community is developed and stable. The Wakefield community's stormwater discharges are
expected to be covered by the future NPDES permit from the County's management plan, now
under development.
The proposed golf course expansion plan will manage runoff entering new and redeveloped course
areas from Wakefield community as part of its overall stormwater management plan. Of special
importance are the DAs 41, 44, 39, 37, 38 and 44. These DAs from the Wakefield community
now drain into forested areas and directly onto the golf course property.
Page No. II-154
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
4) Golf Course Drainage Areas
The proposed golf course expansion will use an additional 133 acres of the property. Most of the
expansion will affect the northern, southeastern and eastern segments of the property. Of the
managed golf course playing area, some fairway re-alignments and relocations are proposed within
the existing course.
All proposed expansion areas (including. the golf cart pathways) near the existing stream and
drainage channels, will remain outside Waters of the US. These areas were delineated as part of
the project and are discussed in the Wetlands Section. Bridges required for pedestrian traffic will
span all stream, drainage channel, wetland and buffer areas.
A land use/land cover assessment of the golf course property (and the Wakefield community) was
completed using Anderson Level H methods and divided into drainage areas. The study assumes
that the proposed golf course expansion project will retain the existing 48 drainage areas (DAs).
An analysis of these DAs yields the following conclusions:
• The proposed expansion will add about 38.1 acres to the total managed golf
area for a total of 73.1 acres. This is 11.7 percent of the total DA east of
Dulaney Valley Road and 5 percent of the entire local DA (including the
DA west of Dulaney Valley Road).
• The proposed managed golf course consists of 73.1 acres distributed in the
same 21 DAs as the existing golf course and adds an additional 15 DAs for
a total of 36 of 48 DAs. These additional DAs range in size from 0.7 acres
(DA 33) to 55 acres (DA 21), with a mean of 15.6 acres and a median of
6.1 acres (DA 30).
The proposed two 18-hole courses and 3-hole training facility would have a total of 73.1 managed
acres distributed in greens, tees and fairways. The fairways are further divided into 20-yard -
approaches, 100-yard approaches and the remaining fairway areas. Table II-E23 is a list of these
managed areas distributed among 36 drainage areas of the golf course property. Of the total
managed area, fairways (not including the approaches) represents 57.1 percent (42.3 acres) of the
Page No. 11--155
TABLE II-E23
PROPOSED GOLF COURSE MANAGED AREAS
BY DRAINAGE AREA
Drainage Golf Course Managed Area Type Total Total
°Area
" No. Greens Tees Fairways 20-Yard
Approach 100-Yard
Approach: All Manage
.... Areas %by
DA

Acres
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acres
- 1 :1
1 0.349 0.448 2.876 0.154 0.781 4.608 6.23%
2 0.019 0.000 1.471 0.000 0.591 2.080 2.81%
3 0.000 0.191 0.143 0.000 0.000 0.334 0.45%
4 0.040 0.107 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.167 0.23%
5 0.622 0.338 2.380 0.108 1.832 5.280 7.14%
6 0.192 0.096 3.066 0.000 1.585 4.940 6.68%
7 0.132 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.299 0.430 0.58%
8 0.185 0.227 0.139 0.000 0.352 0.903 1.22%
9 0.275 0.282 1.580 0.044 0.474 2.656 3.59%
10 0.085 0.149 2.418 0.000 0.745 3.397 4.59%
11 0.080 0.126 1.498 0.000 0.535 2.239 3.03%
12 0.115 0.099 1.141 0.000 0.010 1.364 1.84%
13 0.125 0.006 0.015 0.000 0.648 0.793 1.07%
14 0.204 0.248 1.541 0.117 0.000 2.110 2.85%
15 0.256 0.258 2.722 0.000 1.726 4.962 6.71%
16 0.027 0.400 0.629 0.000 0.027 1.083 1.46%
17 0.000 0.000 1.820 0.000 0.000 1.820 2.46%
18 0.408 0.196 2.466 0.000 0.522 3.593 4.86%
19 0.036 0.067 0.167 0.000 0.000 0.269 0.36%
20 0.108 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.078 0.186 0.25%
21 0.718 1.082 2.693 0.464 1.420 6.377 8.62%
22 0.195 0.127 1.954 0.000 1.309 3.585 4.84%
23 0.000 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.079 0.11%
24 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0,01%
25 0.201 0.038 0.768 0.000 0.693 1.701 2.30%
26 0.328 0.378 4.149 0.120 2.139 7.113 9.61%
29 0.077 0.235 0.174 0.000 0.000 0.485 0.66%
30 0.000 0.000 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.058 0.08%
31 0.000 0.090 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.127 0.17%
32 0.139 0.261 4.642 0.000 1.026 6.070 8.20%
33 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.111 0.15%
34 0.000 0.136 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.136 0.18%
35 0.220 0.053 0.087 0.000 0.656 1.017 1.37%
36 0.147 0.000 1.643 0.000 1.499 3.289 4.44%
46 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.077 0.10%
48 0.102 0.136 0.000 0.000 0.308 0.546 0.74%
Totals
% of Total 5.573
7.53% 5.853
7.91% 42.277
57.14% 1.008
1.36% 19.285
26.06% 73.996
100.00% 100.00%
Page No. II-156
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
total and is divided among 27 DAs. The second largest area, 100-yard approaches, occupies 19.3
acres (26.1 percent of the total managed area) and is divided among 25 DAs. Greens occupy 5.6
acres (7.5 percent of the total managed area) and is divided among 30 DAs. Tees occupy 7.9
percent (5.8 acres of the total) and are divided among 27 DAs. The 20-yard approaches occupy
1.0 acres (1.4 percent of the total) and are divided among six DAs. The greens, tees and
approaches are the most intensively managed of the managed areas and collectively are 42.9
percent (31.7 acres) of the total land.
The managed golf course, including existing and proposed areas, is built over soils in seven
mapping units. Table II-E24 shows the distribution of the managed areas by type (i.e., greens,
tees, fairways, 20-yard approaches and 100-yard approaches) over these soils. Over 95 percent
of these areas are built on soils in hydrologic soil group B. These soils include Baltimore silt
loams on 3 percent to 8 percent and 8 percent to 15 percent slopes, Conestoga loam, Hollinger
and Conestoga very rocky loam s, and Joppa gravelly sandy loam. These soils provide moderate
infiltration rates (0.15 to 0.30 inches/hour).
C. Golf Course Hydrology
Coinciding with the hydrology description in the Existing Conditions Sub-Section, hydrology of the
existing local drainage area has been analyzed, under proposed conditions, for each of the three parts:
(1) upstream drainage area to the unnamed tributary west of Dulaney Valley Road; (2) the Wakefield
community located east of Dulaney Valley Road adjacent to the golf course; and (3) the golf course
property.
1) Precipitation
The long-term precipitation patterns and characteristics were discussed in the Existing Conditions
Sub-Section.
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Page No. II-158
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
2) Irrigation
The irrigation requirements of the golf course under proposed conditions will be addressed in two
parts: (1) the existing golf course areas not affected by redevelopment and (2) the new holes and
those existing holes redeveloped as part of the proposed plan.
3) Existing Golf Course Areas
As discussed in the analysis of irrigation equipment and operating procedures, irrigation water is
now supplied, as needed to the golf course. (See Golf Course Management Section for discussion
of irrigation.) A new computer controlled system for the entire course will be installed in 1994.
Irrigation needs will continue to be closely monitored by the golf course staff. When required to
sustain plant growth, irrigation water will be applied in volumes that are adequate to relieve stress
conditions, without overwatering. Application locations will depend on the identified needs.
4) New and Redeveloped Holes
The proposed new holes and those existing holes scheduled for redevelopment will incorporate
a state-of-the-art irrigation system. Controlled by computer, the decision to apply irrigation water
will be based on climatic monitoring data and irrigation records. The system, as planned, will
provide more efficient irrigation.
5) Proposed Golf Course Property
Model results of the golf course under proposed conditions are summarized in two ways: (1)
annual water balances for the 16 years of climatological data and (2) 16-year monthly mean water
balances distributed over a typical year. (See Appendix K for results of the GWLF model run
under proposed conditions at Pine Ridge Golf Course.)
-- Table II-E25 lists the annual water balance components including precipitation, evapotranspiration,
groundwater flow, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff plus groundwater flow) for 16 years
of climatological data. Figure II-E11 shows the annual water balance components listed in the
table. An analysis of the table and figure reveals the following results:
Page No. 11-159
TABLE II-E25
PINE RIDGE PROPERTY ANNUAL WATER BALANCE
PROPOSED CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR SIMULATION RESULTS

Year
Preci' itation
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1 44.9 24.6 15.4 3.5 18.9
2 48.0 24.1 20.7 4.0 24.8
3 48.5 23.9 20.5 4.0 24.4
4 62.0 25.6 27.4 8.3 35.7
5 37.8 25.0 11.3 2.4 13.8
6 32.8 21.2 9.6 1.8 11.5
7 52.0 23.9 19.5 8.6 28.1
8 41.7 25.4 13.9 3.0 17.0
9 45.1 20.4 18.7 3.9 22.6
10 42.8 24.4 17.1 3.2 20.4
11 40.6 24.7 12.9 3.1 15.9
12 49.1 25.3 17.0 6.5 23.5
13 47.2 25.3 17.2 4.9 22.1
14 37.6 20.0 15.4 2.6 18.0
15 41.1 23.5 13.6 3.4 17.0
16 33.7 17.4 14.0 2.1 16.1

16-Year Totals 704.9 374.6 264.2 65.4 329.7
Average 44.1 23.4 16.5 4.1 20.6
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) These depths (inches) represent the entire 546-acre golf course property.
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PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibdu)r Study
Page No. 11-161
• Direct runoff annually ranges from 5.4 percent to 16.5 percent of the total annual precipita-
tion.
• Evapotranspiration annually ranges from 52 percent to 61 percent of the total annual
precipitation. This is a reflection of the relatively large amount of pervious, vegetated area
on the golf course property.
• Annual low direct runoff flows generally follow the annual low precipitation values, i.e.,
drought years (Nos. 5, 6, 14 and 16) also have the lowest total runoff depths that range from
1.2 to 1.7 inches.
• Annual high direct runoff flows generally follow the annual high precipitation values (Years
4, 7 and 12), ranging from 49 to 62 inches. These high values result from higher than normal
precipitation and runoff values in one or more months. Often, these high values result from
hurricane or severe thunderstorm-related rainfall occurring over one or more days. For
example Year 7 had over 17 inches in the month of August, resulting in more than 5.9 inches
of runoff.
Table II-E26 lists the monthly mean (for the 16-year period) water balance components including
precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater flow, direct runoff and total runoff (direct runoff
plus groundwater flow). Figure II-E12 shows the monthly water balance components listed in the
table. Analysis of the table and figure provides the following results:
• Monthly mean (16-year) water balance over the typical year follows the changing climatologi-
cal conditions through the four seasons.
• Monthly precipitation is evenly distributed over the year, ranging from a low of 2.8 inches
in January to a high of 4.2 inches in April. Eleven of the months have 3 or more inches of
precipitation and four months have over 4 inches of precipitation.
• Evapotranspiration (ET) reaches a peak in June with a deficit of 0.5 inches of water over that
provided by precipitation for the month. The ET decreases through the remaining part of the
summer, reaching lows in December, January and February when the vegetation is dormant.
Page No. II-162 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
TABLE 11-E26 Environmental Feasibility Study
PINE RIDGE PROPERTY MONTHLY WATER BALANCE
PROPOSED CONDITIONS - 16-YEAR MEAN SIMULATION RESULTS
Precipitation EVap.o- Ground Direct Total........
Month transpiration Watef Ruof...... Eu?o1........
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April 4.2 2.0 2.3 0.3 2.6
May 3.7 3.2 1.3 0.3 1.5
June 3.7 4.2 0.7 0.2 0.9
July 4.1 4.0 0.3 0.4 0:7
August 4.3 3.3 0.3 0.6 0.9
September 3.7 2.3 0.3 0.4 0.7
October 3.0 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.5
November 3.7 0.8 1.0 0.3 1.3
December 3.5 0.4 2.3 0.4 2.7
January 2.8 0.3 2.2 0.3 2.5
February 3.3 0.4 2.6 0.4 2.9
March 4.1 0.9 3.0 0.4 3.3

Annual Totals 44.1 23.4 16.5 4.1 20.5
Month Average 3.7 2.0 1.4 0.3 1.7
Notes:
(1) Simulation provided by GWLF model using daily climatic records
from Towson NWS gage for the period (1949-65).
(2) These depths (inches) represent the entire 546-acre golf course property.
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Page No. II-164
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
In March, the ET begins to rise until again reaching a peak in June. On the golf course, May
through September are generally months with the most need for irrigation as reflected in the
ET curve.
• Direct runoff is relatively low from month to month, ranging from 0.2 inches in October to
0.6 inches in August. The runoff flows range from 6.7 percent to 14 percent of their
respective monthly precipitation depths. Two of the months have 0.2 inches or less of runoff.
The high value in August probably reflects the potential for tropical disturbance or severe
thunderstorm-related activity to occur in this month.
• Shallow unsaturated and saturated groundwater flows exhibit lows during the months with the
most ET, i.e., July, August, September and October. These flows reach peak values from
December through April, ranging from 2.2 to 3.0 inches. These are generally the months with
little or no golf course activities.
Although the proposed expansion project will add golf course managed areas to additional
drainage areas, there are several potential advantages from the large number of small drainage
areas on the golf course. The primary advantage is that potential changes in direct runoff will be
distributed over a number of drainage areas rather than focused in one area. The runoff from
individual DAs can be more easily managed and incrementally has lower potential for impacting
surface water resources.
6) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary
Results of water balance modeling for the unnamed tributary's upstream drainage area are
discussed in the Existing Conditions Sub-Section. (See Appendix K for results of the GWLF
model run under existing conditions at the upstream drainage area to the unnamed tributary west
of Dulaney Valley Road.) For the purposes of this analysis, these results are not expected to
appreciably change under proposed conditions.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. II-165
Environmental Feasibility Study
7) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
Results of water balance modeling for the combined Wakefield community drainage areas are
discussed in the Existing Conditions Sub-Section. (See Appendix K for results of the GWLF
model run under existing conditions at the Wakefield community property.) For the purposes of
this analysis, these results are not expected to change under proposed conditions.
d. Potential Pollutant Sources
As described previously in the Existing Conditions Sub-Section, surface water resources assessment
requires identification of potential pollutants and sources of these pollutants. Under proposed conditions,
the potential pollutants and sources reflect a combination of those existing areas not changed by the
proposed plan, existing areas modified by the Plan, and proposed new development of golf course areas.
1) Potential Pollutants
Pollutants with the potential for impacting local receiving waters include sediment, bacteria,
nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, oil and grease, trace metals, pesticides, other toxics,
chlorides, thermal impacts and trash and debris. These potential pollutants are described in the
Existing Conditions Sub-Section. Under proposed conditions, the categories of potential pollutants
are expected to be the same as those under existing conditions.
2) Potential Pollutant Sources
The potential sources of pollutants under proposed conditions are divided into two phases of the
development and operations process: (1) construction and stabilization and (2) long-term
operation.
Potential pollutants may include sediment, bacteria, nutrients, oxygen-demanding materials, oil and
-- grease, trace metals, pesticides, chlorides and trash and debris.
Page No. II-166
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
3) Construction/Stabilization Phase
As described in the Course Management and Construction Sections of this report, areas of the golf
course property proposed for redevelopment or new development will undergo construction
activities. Table H-E27 displays a matrix showing the major activities during the construction and
stabilization phase of the project and potential pollutants that may be generated from these
activities. These are potential pollutant generators because the construction methods, specific
activities, locations of these activities, inning with respect to weather conditions, source
management practices, and erosion and sediment control measures at the site all affect the types,
quantities and availability of pollutants.
During the construction phase, land clearing, earthmoving and spoil disposal activities will disturb
designated existing land use/land cover types. (See the Land Use/Land Cover Section and
Existing Conditions Sub-Section, "Drainage Area Characteristics" in this section for discussions
of land changes expected from the proposed expansion project.) In the currently undisturbed
forested areas, studies show that only small, background quantities of sediment, nutrients, bacteria,
oxygen-demanding materials and trace metals leave a drainage area. Nutrients are lost mainly
through atmospheric volatilization, soil erosion and leaching of dissolved nutrients (Lynch, et. al.,
Jan-Feb 1985). When the forest is disturbed by active management or a change in land use/land
cover, additional losses can result from timber harvesting and residue removal or treatment.
(USEPA, April 1976). Stream nutrient levels can increase when residue decomposition rates
exceed vegetative uptake and the soil's exchange capacity if preventive or control measures are
not used. Also, on managed forests, a large portion of the nutrients may be washed off the land
attached to eroded soil particles or organic matter.
The use of motorized vehicles and other mechanical equipment during construction also potentially
contributes pollutants to stormwater runoff. Table II-E15 lists possible pollutants and sources in
motor vehicles and other machinery. Important factors that determine the generation of pollutants
from these sources are the types and ages of vehicles/machinery, staging (unloading/loading,
fueling and storage) locations, vehicle/equipment maintenance locations, vehicle/machinery
operational conditions and fueling methods.
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Page No. II-168
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Land areas used for loading, unloading, storage and preparation of materials also are potential
sources of pollutants. Factors that affect pollutant generation include the types and amounts of
materials, methods of handling and storing the materials, locations of these activities in relation
to the drainage patterns, surrounding land use/land cover types and management practices to
control the potential runoff.
Following construction, the affected land areas will be prepared for long-term golf-related land
uses and activities. Included is land preparation and vegetation establishment, also known as the
"grow-in" period. Until vegetation is established and other areas are stabilized, erosion and
sediment caused by stormwater runoff will threaten the new and redeveloped areas of the property.
During the grow-in period, soil conditioners and fertilizers will be required to support vegetation
growth. Depending on site conditions and implementation of the integrated pest management
program, pesticides may be needed. Specific pesticides selected for application will be determined
by the type of pest, location and geographical extent of the conditions and available pesticides to
manage the problem.
4) Long-Term Operation Phase
Following grow-in activities on new and redeveloped areas of the golf course property, long-term
operations begin. Assuming that the other two parts of the local drainage area remain essentially
in their existing condition, the primary potential sources of pollutants will mirror those of the
existing course. These are the land use/land cover types that exist in a drainage area and related
activities that have the potential to generate pollutants. Table II-E12 is a matrix that compares
the land use/land cover types with categories of pollutants that have the potential for being
generated. These land use/land cover types and related activities on the golf course property and
other two areas of the local drainage area, under proposed future conditions, are summarized
below:
5) Golf Course Managed Areas
The golf course's managed areas include greens, tees, 20-yard approaches, 100-yard approaches
and fairways. The rough also is a managed area but is designed to receive a lower level of
management activity than the other areas. For example, it will not receive routine applications
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. 11-169
of fertilizers, soil conditions, or pesticides. As previously described in the Proposed Conditions
Sub-Section, Part b "Drainage Area Characteristics," the existing golf course managed areas total
74 acres. Of this area, the 42.9 percent (31.7 acres) in greens, tees and approaches will be the
most intensively managed area on the entire course property.
As described in the Course Management Section, management activities will include a wide range
of actions applied to various areas of the course to meet management objectives. These
management actions may involve the appli"Cation of materials to restore or maintain the course's
managed and related areas. Table II-E28 summarizes the materials now applied to the golf course
and the potential pollutants related to these materials. (See Existing Conditions, "Potential
Pollutant Sources" for a description of these materials.) These categories of materials are expected
to be used on the golf course under proposed conditions.
Fertilizers will continue to be applied to the course's managed areas in rates and number
of applications as recommended from annual soil testing. This testing is expected to be
expanded to the new and redeveloped golf course managed areas. The trend in fertilizers
is the use of granular encapsulated forms that slowly release nutrients into the soil. Under
the golf course's management program, as new and environmentally good fertilizers are
developed and tested, these will be used on the course.
The plant protectant materials include biological agents (i.e., beneficial nematodes),
biostimulants and pesticides. The category of pesticides consists of insecticides, herbicides
and fungicides. These materials will be applied only as part of the course's integrated
management program. All pesticides are approved for use by the City of Baltimore
Department of Public Works. In hierarchical order, chemical actions, such as the
application of pesticides, will be made after cultural and biological actions to address the
target species when necessary, using the appropriate, least toxic chemical available. Plant
protectants is another category of materials applied to the golf course property that will
benefit from on-going research and development to produce more environmentally
compatible materials. The golf course's management program will take advantage of the _
new plant protectant materials as they become available with Department of Public Works
approval.

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Page No. 11-172 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Another potential pollutant source is the materials application process. This depends on
the application method, climatic conditions during the application and location of the
application. As described in the Course Management Section, the Pine Ridge Course staff
now uses certain practices to minimize or avoid the potential for fertilizers and pesticides
to leave the application site or enter nearby open waters. These practices are expected to
be continued under proposed conditions.
Spills or leaks of the materials are also a potential source of pollutants. These will
continue to be a potential source of pollutants under proposed conditions. However, the
golf course management program now addresses spills and leaks and is expected to
minimize or avoid spills or leaks of materials under proposed conditions. If a spill or leak
occurs, there is a high probability that the tank will be located on a grassed area of the
course. In this case, the material and relatively small quantity of water would be contained
by the grass or other vegetation.
All of the soil amendments, fertilizers and pesticides will be stored away from any water
sources. Most soil amendments are applied as solids and, if handled properly, have little
pollution potential. Fertilizers and chemical plant protectants may be applied in solid
(granular or powder) or liquid form. Materials applied in liquid form are expected to be
mixed in tanks at the maintenance shop or other designated location. This location is not
expected to be located near any wetlands, streams, or the reservoir, having almost no
probability of a leak or spill during mixing and preparation reaching any surface water.
Future chemical applications will be made from tanks of various sizes, both mounted on
motorized vehicles and applied by hand. Precautions such as no mixing or application of
chemicals during high winds or precipitation will be used under proposed conditions.
6) Residential Land
The residential land in the local drainage area is expected to be single family and multi-family
land uses. The Wakefield single family residential development is expected to remain in that land -
use for the foreseeable future. The storm drain system, stormwater runoff patterns and the five
outfalls are not expected to change under proposed conditions. The upstream drainage area west
of Dulaney Valley Road has a mixture of areas with single family, townhouse and apartment
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-173
communities. This area is not assumed to change appreciably under proposed conditions. If
change does occur, most likely it will be redevelopment or new development.
As described in the Existing Conditions Sub-Section, residential communities in urban areas
are potential sources of a wide range of pollutants that can adversely affect stormwater
runoff and receiving water bodies (USEPA, 1983, Martin and Clayton, 1986, and Schueler,
1987). Under proposed conditions, the categories of pollutants and their potential sources
are expected to remain the same.
Investigation of the new municipal NPDES stormwater management programs on the
pollutants and their sources in the local drainage area was not an objective of this study.
However, implementation of the federal regulations will improve management of the
pollutants and sources of these materials in stormwater runoff.
7) Commercial/Services Land
The commercial and services land uses contribute pollutants to stormwater runoff. The range of
potential pollutants was summarized in the residential area description in the Existing Conditions
Sub-Section. Although the event mean concentrations of pollutants from commercial areas are
similar in magnitude to those from residential areas (USEPA, December 1983), the larger
impervious areas in commercial areas will cause higher pollutant loads.
For the golf course property, commercial and service land uses will include the existing
clubhouse, related facilities and proposed changes. Proposed changes to the golf course
between the clubhouse and the reservoir to the northeast, will require changes to the storm
drain system. This is an opportunity to provide water quality management of the runoff
from existing impervious surfaces before reaching the reservoir.
8) Transportation/Utilities Land
This land use/land cover category will include streets, roads, driveways and parking lots. As
shown in Table II-E15, vehicles are potential sources of pollutants. The land use/land cover will
receive pollutants from atmospheric deposition, dust and dirt buildup, and potential spills and
Page No. II-174 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
leaks. On the golf course property, this land use/land cover category will be limited to the
entrance road, parking lot adjacent to the Clubhouse and related driveways.
Stormwater runoff from transportation areas will be managed differently by location. The
entrance road, now drained to three sets of storm drain inlets, will require changes in
drainage patterns downslope of the road, because of the golf course changes proposed south
of the road. Runoff from the inlets will enter natural channels but then must be managed
as it flows through golf course managed areas. The drainage area from Wakefield and a
small part of the golf course property adjacent to the Dulaney Valley Road entrance to the
course is an opportunity for water quality management improvements. Driveways and the
parking lot near the clubhouse now draining into storm drain inlets and piped under and
to the east of Hole 09 offer another opportunity for water quality management.
The use of fuel will be limited to automobiles, trucks, or golf cart tanks. Fuel, as shown
in Table II-E28, is a potential source of oil and grease, oxygen demand and trace metals.
Although a tank rupture could occur while the vehicle is on a paved road, driveway, or
parking lot at the golf course, this is unlikely.
During winter months, snow and ice builds up on roads, driveways, parking lots and
sidewalks. Management practices now applied to these areas will continue, with
improvements implemented as they become available. This includes using the least toxic
salt materials available. During periods of runoff from melting snow or rainfall that follow
the applications, these materials can run off the paved surfaces. However, if improved
water quality management measures are implemented for the paved areas under proposed
conditions, direct impacts of these materials will be minimized or avoided.
9) Other Urban Built-up Land
For the golf course property, these are areas with urban activities related to the golf course
operations and not included in other urban categories. These will have the potential, depending
on the activities and amount of impervious area, to generate pollutants that may include sediment,
nutrients, oxygen-demanding materials, trace metals, oil and grease, pesticides, chlorides and trash
and debris. However, many of these land uses and activities will be surrounded or isolated by
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-175
vegetated areas of the golf course. This is a management practice that will minimize or prevent
many potential pollutants in the runoff from reaching the receiving waters.
Fuel (gasoline) is currently used in golf course operations; however, natural gas will be
used for fueling golf carts in the near future. Table II-E28 shows that fueLis a potential
source of oil and grease, oxygen demand and trace metals. The gasoline will be stored at
the maintenance shop and all vehicle filling will be performed at this location, with one
exception. Golf carts will be filled at the golf cart storage location from the natural gas
line on the property. These areas will not be located near any source of water. There is
almost no chance that a spill or leak would directly reach any wetland, stream, or reservoir
water. The quantities used at any one time will be relatively small. Also, these areas will
have permeable surfaces and be surrounded by vegetated areas, minimizing the potential
for stormwater runoff to transport any residual fuel to drainageways on the site.
10) Rangeland
As previously described under existing conditions, undisturbed rangeland areas potentially
contribute background quantities of sediment, nutrients, bacteria, oxygen-demanding materials and
trace metals. The actual contribution of these pollutants depends on the location and drainage
characteristics. These will be considered baseline conditions for these areas.
Managed rangelands such as the roughs of the managed golf course also can generate
potential sediment, nutrients, bacteria, oxygen-demanding materials and trace metals.
Quantities of these substances washing off these areas will depend on the management
practices applied, location and sizes of these areas, the runoff source and area draining to
the rangeland, physical characteristics of the rangeland and the climatic conditions. At Pine
Ridge, fertilizers or pesticides will not be routinely applied to the rough. Vegetation
heights will exceed those of the fairways. Analysis of the soils underlying these areas
shows that the hydrologic soil group characteristics exhibit good infiltration rates (B soils)
and are mostly medium textured loam s. The textural properties of these soils and the _
turfgrass together act as a filter of runoff quantity and quality received from other golf
course managed areas they surround. The roughs are potential man agement area in the
proposed expansion project.
Page No. II-176
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Environmental Feasibility Study
11) Forest Land
In the Existing Conditions Sub-Section, undisturbed forest land was described as potentially
contributing background quantities of sediment; nutrients, bacteria, oxygen-demanding materials
and trace metals. Managed forest lands potentially provide additional losses of sediment, nutrients,
and other materials from timber harvesting and residue removal or treatment. These losses,
although minimized by the City's management, are accepted as baseline conditions.
12) Wetlands
The four classes of wetlands identified within the local drainage area in the Existing Conditions
Sub-Section are natural systems. They receive water and potential pollutants from several sources
including direct precipitation, stormwater runoff and groundwater flow from contributing drainage
areas. Although wetlands are relatively efficient water quality management systems, studies show,
however, that all of the pollutants are not retained. During dormant periods, wetlands will
sometimes export pollutants.
On golf course property, the wetland areas identified in this project will be surrounded by
a protective natural buffer and untouched by the proposed expansion project. (See
Wetlands Section for a discussion of the wetlands and proposed management measures.)
13) Sandy Areas
These areas are expected to contribute only minute quantities of naturally occurring bacteria,
nutrients, oxygen demanding materials and trace metals considered part of the background
contributions to water quality. The sediment that may result from shoreline erosion will vary by
location, soil type, slope and extent of exposure.
14) Bare Exposed Rock Outcrops
On the golf course property, several small areas of exposed rock have been identified. Most of
these areas, under proposed conditions, will be preserved as sensitive environmental resources.
Any contributions of pollutants from these areas will be part of the baseline conditions.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
M Atmospheric Deposition
Page No. II-177
The atmospheric deposition of pollutants will be a significant source in the near future. Although
the pathways and effects of pollutants on watershed runoff and groundwater quality are not well-
known, atmospheric deposition is part of the total pollutant load.
16) Wildlife
Under proposed conditions, the golf course property will continue to have large vegetated areas
and natural systems with a wide diversity of wildlife. (See Wildlife Section for a discussion of
the wildlife species found on the property.) Normally, the pollutants contributed by wildlife is
considered part of the background pollutant loads.
e. Runoff Water Quality Management
The proposed management of stormwater quality (and related quantity) within the local drainage area is
discussed below for each part of the drainage area.
1) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary
The types and aerial extent of stormwater runoff quality management under future conditions in
this drainage area is unknown. However, the drainage area is part of Baltimore County's
municipal separate storm sewer service area and is subject to the USEPA stormwater NPDES
permit requirements. The County is now developing a management plan for stormwater runoff
quality management during a five-year permit period. Given the goals of the NPDES permit
process, long-term improvement of the runoff to the unnamed tributary is expected.
2) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
- The Wakefield community is part of the Baltimore County stormwater NPDES permit area and
will be subject to the management requirements. Pollution prevention measures are expected to
be promoted in low density residential areas such as Wakefield. These measures will generally
include activities to prevent contact of possible pollutants with stormwater runoff. For example,
Page No. II-178
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
these measures are expected to emphasize more careful management of fertilizer and pesticide
applications.
3) Wakefield Runoff Flowing To Golf Course Property
Under the proposed project, areas of the golf course property now managing runoff from
Wakefield will experience changes in land use. With these changes comes an opportunity to
effectively manage more of Wakefield's stormwater runoff as part of the proposed golf course
expansion project. These opportunities and options for management of the runoff are discussed
in the Mitigation Measures (Water Quality Management Plan) part of this section.
4) Proposed Golf Course Expansion Project
The expansion project will change land uses on parts of the golf course property. These changes
were described previously in this section. The expansion project is being designed with an
approach that protects critical/sensitive natural resources and minimizes negative impacts on the
surface water resources. The Mitigation Measures (Water Quality Management Plan) part of this
section describes the specific measures proposed to prevent or minimize negative impacts from
stormwater runoff.
f. Surface Water Resource Quality
The future condition of Loch Raven Reservoir water quality depends on environmental management of
all the contributing watersheds and the reservoir's response to the resulting environmental conditions.
The environmental management activities will emphasize the effectiveness of point and non-point source
pollution control on the watershed.
For the purposes of this study, the State beneficial use designations are assumed to be the same under
proposed conditions as under existing conditions.
Included in the combined Loch Raven-Prettyboy reservoir watershed is the local drainage area which is
the subject of this study. This drainage area is 1,460 acres, less than 0.5 percent of the total reservoir
drainage area. Of the local drainage, the golf course property drainage area is about 555 acres, or about
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Page No. II-179
0.2 percent of the total drainage area. Within the golf course property, substantial land use/land cover
changes are proposed. Discussion of future management focused in the local drainage area follows:
1) Unnamed Tributary Stream and Contributing Drainage Area
The largest part of the contributing drainage area is located west of Dulaney Valley Road and
under jurisdiction of Baltimore County. Although the future conditions of this drainage area are
not known, Baltimore County's municipal NPDES stormwater management program is expected
to address the runoff and stream management issues.
2) Wakefield Community Drainage Area
The drainage area east of Dulaney Valley Road is the Wakefield community. Over 40 percent
of the Wakefield community drainage area runoff is managed by the golf course property. Under
the proposed expansion plan, this area will continue to be managed for quality (and related
quantity) as it flows through the golf course.
Over 16 percent of Wakefield property drains untreated in a ditch that extends through a forested
area of the golf course. Under the proposed expansion project, the land use in part of this area
will change to managed golf course area. The golf course expansion plan includes management
of the runoff from these Wakefield outfalls. This will eliminate the ditch as a pollutant source
and manage runoff quality from this part of Wakefield.
The 43 percent of Wakefield that now flows in a channel into the unnamed'tributary near the golf
course entrance is untreated. Because of the proposed golf course expansion project and
commitment of the Board of Directors to improve environmental management on the property,
there is an opportunity to manage this runoff. The Mitigation Measures (Water Quality
Management Plan) Sub-Section describes a management strategy for minimizing impacts of runoff
quality (and related quantity) from this part of Wakefield. The strategy addresses management
-- of the runoff on the golf course property before it enters the unnamed tributary.
Page No. 11-180
3) Golf Course Property
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
Based on assessments of the existing golf course and proposed expansion project, a water quality
management plan has been developed to prevent or minimize pollutants in stormwater runoff and
other water quality impacts. [See Mitigation Measures (Water Quality Management Plan) for a
description of the strategies to provide pollution prevention, irrigation management improvements,
critical/sensitive resource protection and manage runoff water quality.] By implementing these
measures during construction and over the long-term operation of the golf course, impacts will be
avoided and/or minimized. This includes water quality management of potential runoff entering
the property from the Wakefield community, redeveloped golf course managed areas, new golf
course managed areas and existing golf course managed areas and golf course urban areas.
4. Impact Assessment
The Impact Assessment Sub-Section presents findings from a comparison of the existing conditions to the
conditions resulting from the proposed expansion project. Impacts (both positive and negative) are identified
for the course drainage areas, hydrology, potential pollutant sources, potential storm runoff water quality,
stormwater management, surface water resource quality.
a. Drainage Area Characteristics
Impacts of the proposed expansion project on the golf course property's physical drainage . area
characteristics are discussed in the following paragraphs.
1) Total Drainage Area Land Use/Land Cover
The proposed golf course expansion will be located within the existing local drainage of 1,460
acres. The land use/land cover of the golf course property will change. (See the Land Use/Land
Cover Section for a discussion of the proposed changes in total golf course land use/land cover
under the proposed conditions.)
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. 11-181
Environmental Feasibility Study
2) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary
The upstream drainage area land use distribution is not expected to change appreciably under
proposed conditions. Any changes will probably reflect additional development or redevelopment
in the drainage area.
Under the NPDES regulations, Baltimore County is developing a plan for managing the quantity
and quality of stormwater runoff from developed areas. The stormwater discharges are expected
to be covered by the future County NPDES permit plan.
3) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
The study assumes that the Wakefield community does not change under proposed conditions.
Therefore, runoff from the community onto golf course property is expected to continue.
However, under the NPDES regulations, Baltimore County is required to develop plans for
managing the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff from developed areas, such as the
Wakefield community.
4) Comparison of Golf Course Drainage Areas
Major changes under the proposed expansion plan will include an increase in golf course managed
area (i.e., greens, tees, 20-yard approaches, 100-yard approaches and fairways) and related golf
course lands (i.e., other urban and built-up land).
Table II-E29 compares the existing and proposed golf course managed areas by drainage area.
The positive values reflect development of new course areas or redevelopment of existing course
areas. Negative values reflect decreases in the use of land within a drainage area for a specific
course managed area. A total of almost 39 acres will be added to the golf course managed area
by the proposed expansion project. A total of 25 DAs will experience increases in golf course
managed areas. -
Table II-E30 compares the change in golf course managed areas overlying specific soils on the
golf course property. These changes reflect the addition of new course managed areas and
Page No. 11-182
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
1 'b
a c ty Study
TABLE II-E29 Envi nmenta Feas 7i
COMPARISON OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED GOLF COURSE MANAGED AREAS
BY DRAINAGE AREA
;Drainage Increase. Decrease O f Golf Course Mana ed Area T e Total Total
Area
No, Greens Tees Fairways 20-Yard
Approach 100-Yard
Approach ` All Manage
Areas Change by
DA
Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres <! .. 'Acres 9'0
1 0.349 0.443 2.876 0.154 0.781 4.603 93135.00%
2 0.019 0.000 1.471 0.000 0.591 2.080 2.81%
3 0.000 0.191 0.143 0.000 0.000 0.334 0.45°
4 0.040 0.107 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.167 0.23%
5 0.359 0.118 1.388 0.108 1.392 3.366 4.55%
6 0.137 0.075 -0.235 0.000 0.745 0.722 0.98%
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
9 -0.080 -0.058 0.005 0.011 -0.079 -0.201 -0.27%
10 - 0.090 -0.048 1.891 -0.051 0.254 1.956 2.64%
11 -0.017 0.097 0.000 0.000 -0.035 0.046 0.06%
12 0.000 0.000 0.115 0.000 0.000 0.115 0.15%
13 0.023 -0.159 -0.154 0.000 -0.019 -0.308 -0.42%
14 -0.032 0.241 0.184 0.112 -0.617 -0.112 -0.15%
15 0.123 0.120 -0.844 0.000 0.690 0.089 0.12%
16 -0.290 0.131 0.629 0.000 -0.496 -0.026 -0.03%
17 0.000 0.000 1.234 0.000 -0.136 1.098 1.48%
18 0.000 0.110 -0.143 0.000 0.000 -0.033 -0.04%
19 -0.164 0.040 0.167 -0.043 0.000 -0.001 -0.00%
20 0.108 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.078 0.186 0.25%
21 0.718 1.082 2.693 0.464 1.420 6.377 8.62%
22 0.014 0.000 -0.906 0.000 0.743 -0.149 -0.20%
23 0.000 0.070 -0.188 0.000 0.000 -0.117 -0.16%
24 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00%
25 0.000 -0.073 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.073 -0.10%
26 0.328 0.378 4.149 0.120 2.139 7.113 9.61%
29 0.000 0.124 0.174 0.000 0.000 0.298 0.40%
30 0.000 0.000 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.058 0.08%
31 0.000 0.090 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.127 0.17%
32 0.139 0.261 4.642 0.000 1.026 6.070 8.20%
33 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.111 0.15%
34 0.000 0.136 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.136 0.18%
35 0.220 0.053 0.087 0.000 0.656 1.017 1.37%
36 0.147 0.000 1.643 0.000 1.499 3.289 4.44%
46 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.077 0.10%
48 0.102 0.136 0.000 0.000 0.308 0.546 0.74%
Totals
% of Total 2.330
5.98% 3.664
9.41% 21.116
54.20% 0.875
2.25% 10.971
28.16% 38.957
100.00% 111.18%
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Page No. 11--184 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
changes in existing managed areas from implementation of the proposed expansion project.
Construction of the proposed expansion project will increase golf course areas on hydrologic group
C soils. However, the B group soils also increases which reflect the potential for good drainage
characteristics under the proposed expansion project. Those drainage areas with C soils over
which proposed golf course managed areas will be constructed may require additional attention
for management of runoff.
b. Golf Course Hydrology
The hydrology of the local drainage area was analyzed previously under both existing and proposed
conditions for each of the three drainage area parts: (1) upstream drainage area to the unnamed tributary
west of Dulaney Valley Road; (2) the Wakefield community located east of Dulaney Valley Road
adjacent to the golf course; and (3) the golf course property. For the local drainage area, the existing
and proposed conditions on the golf course must be compared to the results for the other two drainage
areas (upstream west of Dulaney Valley Road and Wakefield community).
1) Precipitation
The long-term precipitation pattern is not expected to change between existing and proposed
conditions. By subjecting the golf course and other parts of the local drainage area to the same
climatological conditions over a 16-year period, the reactions of these areas allows direct
comparison.
2) Irrigation
As discussed in the Proposed Conditions Sub-Section, the existing golf course is expected to use
the existing irrigation pipeline network and the new computer-based controller. The redeveloped
and new areas of the expanded course will use a state-of-the-art irrigation system. On the
expanded section of the golf course property, the result will be increased efficiency in the amount
of irrigation water applied, selected applications where they are needed and overall better irrigation -
decision-making. The system used on the expanded course areas also may improve use of the
existing irrigation system by providing more information for decision-making. Over-watering is
not expected on either the existing or proposed expansion area of the golf course property.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. II-185
Environmental Feasibility Study
3) Golf Course Property (Existing vs Proposed Conditions)
The golf course hydrology under existing and proposed conditions can be compared in five ways:
(1) source areas; (2) weighted runoff curve numbers; (3) annual (16 years) water balance
components; (4) monthly mean water balance components; and (5) average annual water balance
components.
4) Runoff Source Areas
Figure II-E13 compares the Pine Ridge Golf Course property divided into the 17 source area
categories, by area, under existing and proposed conditions. , Significant changes are projected to
occur in the sizes of the following runoff source areas:
• Golf course managed areas (runoff source areas 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) will increase significantly
in size except for the 20-yard approaches.
• Mixed rangeland (source area 7) will decrease by more than 71 percent.
• All three forest types are projected to decrease in size (runoff source areas 8, 9 and 10), with
deciduous, coniferous and mixed forest land decreasing by 40 percent, 36 percent and 28
percent, respectively.
• Other urban built-up land, those lands related to the golf course activities, are expected to
increase by 86 percent in both the impervious and pervious areas.
5) Weighted Runoff Curve Numbers
Figure II-E14 compares the area weighted SCS runoff curve numbers for the 17 runoff source
areas between existing and proposed conditions. Overall, the curve numbers change very little
- between the existing and proposed conditions. The most obvious, but still relatively small,
changes occur in the curve numbers for the golf course managed areas (runoff source areas 1 -
5). These show slight increases from existing to proposed conditions. The changes reflect
increases in the total land areas used and the types of soils underlying the proposed areas.
Page No. 11--186
FIGURE II-E13
PINE RIDGE PROPERTY RUNOFF SOURCE AREAS
Existing vs. Proposed Conditions
Acres
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Runoff Source Area
Existing Conditions ® Proposed Conditions
GWLF (ver. 2.0) Model Parameters
RUNOFF SOURCE AREA LEGEND
Runoff Source Areas by Class No./Land Use and Land Cover
Class No. Land.Use/Land Cover
1 Golf Course Managed Area: Greens
2 Golf Course Managed Area: Tees
3 Golf Course Managed Area: 20-Yard Approaches
4 Golf Course Managed Area: 100-Yard Approaches
5 Golf Course Managed Area: Fairways
6 Herbaceous Rangeland
7 Mixed Rangeland
& Deciduous Forest Land
9 Coniferous Forest Land
10 Mixed Forest Land
11 Wetlands (all categories combined)
12 Sandy Areas
13 Exposed Bare Rock Outcrops
14 Residential-Commercial-Transportation-Utilities
Impervious Area
15 Residential-Commercial-Transportation-Utilities
Pervious Area
16 other Urban Builtup Land - Impervious Area
17
Lk- Other Urban Builtup Land - Pervious Area
FIGURE 11-E14 Page No. II-187
PINE RIDGE PROPERTY RUNOFF SOURCE AREAS
Existing vs. Proposed RCN Conditions
Runoff Curve Number (RCN)
100
90 ..------------ ........._.._.__............._._.............__._..............__..._.............._...
6 0
:. :<.
50
4 0 - ::> - - :::: -
>:
30 :.
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Runoff Source Area
0 Existing RCNs ® Proposed RCNs
RUNOFF SOURCE AREA LEGEND
Runoff Source Areas by Class No./Land Use and Land Cover
Class-No. Land. Use/Land Cover
1 Golf Course Managed Area: Greens
2 Golf Course Managed Area: Tees
3 Golf Course Managed Area: 20-Yard Approaches
4 Golf Course Managed Area: 100-Yard Approaches
5 Golf Course Managed Area: Fairways
6 Herbaceous Rangeland
7 Mixed Rangeland
s Deciduous Forest Land
9 Coniferous Forest Land
10 Mixed Forest Land
11 Wetlands (all categories combined)
12 Sandy Areas
13 Exposed Bare Rock Outcrops
14 Residential-Commercial-Transportation-Utilities
Impervious Area
15 Residential-Commercial-Transportation-Utilities
Pervious Area
16 Other Urban Builtup Land - Impervious Area
17 Other Urban Builtup Land - Pervious Area
Page No. 11-188 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
However, given the results of current research on turfgrass and preliminary results of the Pine
Ridge storm runoff monitoring project, these values may be lower than assumed in this study.
6) Annual Water Balance for 16 Years
Figure II-E15 compares the annual water balance components for 16 years of climatological
records on the Pine Ridge Property. The modeling results show a relatively consistent change in
the water balance components among the 16 years. The ET results show a decrease among the
years ranging from 0.5 to 2.4 inches. Direct runoff results show an increase from 1.5 to 4.2
inches. The high value, however, reflects an unusually high rainfall volume in Year 4. Only four
of the 16 years have runoff increases of 3 inches or more. Groundwater flows increase from 0.1
to 2.4 inches. Again, the 2.4-inch value reflects an unusually high rainfall year and is not typical
of the other results. Fifteen of the 16 years show increases of less than 2 inches and seven of the
16 years show increases of one inch or less.
7) Monthly Mean Water Balance
Figure H-E16 shows the relative changes in the monthly mean (16-year) water balance components
among the months of a typical year. For ET, the months of April, May and June have the largest
relative decreases, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 inches. December and January show no change and
the month of February and March show increases in ET. The increase in direct runoff potential
is relatively consistent among all months, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 inches. Comparison of
groundwater flow results shows decreases from December through April ranging from 0.1 to 0.4
inches. The months from May through July and September through November show no changes
in groundwater flows between the existing and proposed conditions.
8) Average Annual Water Balance Among Drainage Areas
Previously in this section, each part of the local drainage area's (upstream drainage area,
Wakefield community property and the golf course property) water balance has been analyzed
independently. The water balance components have been expressed in inches of depth on a
specific drainage area. Table II-E31 compares the average annual water balance components for
the Pine Ridge property (existing and proposed conditions), Wakefield community property and
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Page No. 11-192 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
the upstream drainage area west of Dulaney Valley Road. Expressing the values in acre-feet
allows comparison of the components among the three drainage areas. Analysis of Table II-E31
provides the following observations of the three drainage areas:
• Precipitation - Pine Ridge Golf Course Property receives about 38 percent of the total
precipitation in the local drainage area, with Wakefield and the upstream drainage area
receiving 5 percent and 57 percent, respectively.
• Evapotranspiration - Under existing conditions, the Pine Ridge Property generates 40
percent of the total evapotranspiration in the drainage area, with Wakefield and the upstream
drainage area contributing 6 percent and 54 percent, respectively. Under the proposed
conditions, Pine Ridge Property contributes 39 percent, a decrease of about one percent.
9) Direct Runoff -- Under existing conditions, Pine Ridge Property generates a potential direct
runoff of 140 acre-feet (11 percent) of the total of 1,260 acre-feet. The upstream drainage area
contributes 1,072 acre-feet (85 percent of the total). Wakefield contributes about 4 percent (49
acre-feet). However, all of the Wakefield runoff flows onto the golf course property. Of the total,
43 percent currently passes directly through the course property in a lined channel and into the
unnamed tributary stream. The remaining 57 percent flows over managed golf course areas or
unmanaged forested lands.
Under proposed conditions, Pine Ridge Property generates 186 acre-feet of runoff annually. This
is 14 percent of the total potential local drainage area runoff of 1,307 acre-feet. Wakefield and
the upstream drainage areas are assumed to generate the same volumes of runoff under proposed
conditions. This effectively reduces the upstream drainage area's share to 82 percent of the total
runoff.
• Groundwater Flow - Under existing conditions, Pine Ridge Property generates 57 percent
(752 acre-feet) of the total potential groundwater flow in the local drainage area. Under
-- proposed conditions, this decreases by about one percent to 751 acre-feet. The upstream
drainage area and Wakefield community contribute 492 (36 percent) and 88 (7 percent) acre-
feet, respectively. Groundwater flow generated by Wakefield community enters the golf
course property because of the topography.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
C. Potential Pollutant Sources
Page No. II-193
The Existing and Proposed Conditions Sub-Sections previously described potential pollutants and sources
of these pollutants on the golf course property and the other two parts of the local drainage area. The -
pollutants and sources in existing and proposed conditions are compared in the following paragraphs.
1) Potential Pollutants
Under both existing and proposed conditions, pollutants with the potential for impacting local
receiving waters include sediment, bacteria, nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, oil and
grease, trace metals, pesticides, other toxics, chlorides, thermal impacts, and trash and debris.
These potential pollutants are further described in the Existing Conditions Sub-Section. The
potential of these pollutants for impacting the local receiving waters is discussed in the Surface
Water Resource Quality Sub-Section.
2) Changes in Potential Pollutant Sources
From the perspective of the local drainage area, each of the three parts (golf course property,
Wakefield community and area west of Dulaney Valley Road) may generate specific pollutants
under existing and proposed conditions. The pollutants may be generated by the same source or
different sources under proposed conditions. The pollutants and their sources are compared for
each of the local drainage area's three parts in the following paragraphs.
3) Golf Course Property
Land use/land cover types for the golf course property were identified previously in this report.
(See Land Use/Land Cover Section for a discussion.) These areas, their pollutants and the relative
potential for pollutant generation are compared for existing and proposed conditions as follows:
4) Golf Course Managed Areas -
These areas now receive, and are expected to receive under proposed conditions, the highest levels
of management on the entire golf course property. The existing and proposed management
Page No. II-194
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
program is described in the Golf Course Management Section. As part of the management
process, the greens and tees are most intensively managed, followed by approaches, the remaining
fairways and roughs. Under the proposed expansion project, the managed areas (not including
roughs) will increase from 38 to 74 acres. '(See "Urban Built-up Areas" for a discussion of
roughs.) Of the managed area, the most intensively managed areas (i.e., greens, tees and
approaches) will increase from 39.6 percent (13.9 acres) to 42.9 percent (31.7 acres). These areas
are divided among 36 small drainage areas, most areas with relatively small sizes.
Based on management guidance from the integrated pest management program and other
environmental testing, the managed areas receive, and will continue to receive, applications
of materials to maintain the golf course in playing condition. The materials= include
potential pollutants such as nutrients, oxygen-demanding substances, pesticides, bacteria,
pH altering materials and trace metals. Only the nutrients and pesticides that are
potentially available for transport by stormwater runoff have potential to become pollutants.
The oxygen-demanding substances, trace metals, bacteria and pH altering materials are
applied as part of the soil conditioners used to improve soil conditions and, if used
properly, have low potential for generating pollutants in runoff. In fact, the improved soil
texture and organic content of the soil resulting from these treatments are a beneficial
management practice that contributes to lower pollutant runoff.
Spills and leaks are potential sources of pollutants, primarily nutrients and pesticides, on
the golf course. However, as discussed previously in this section, the management methods
on the golf course, under both existing and proposed conditions, should minimize these as
runoff pollutant sources.
Materials application methods are another potential source of pollutants. These are now
guided by a management program and will be guided by the management program under
proposed conditions. This potential pollutant source category offers an opportunity for
adopting additional pollution prevention measures, such as application ratio and timing, to
--- minimize or prevent pollutants in runoff.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. 11-195
Environmental Feasibility Study
5) Commercial/Services Land
For the golf course property, commercial and service land uses now include and will, under
proposed conditions, include the existing clubhouse, related facilities and proposed changes. The
impervious surfaces related to these land uses are direct sources of urban pollutant buildup and
wash off during storm events. As described previously in this section, potential pollutants include
sediment, nutrients, oxygen-demanding substances, trace metals, chlorides and thermal impacts,
pH altering capability, and trash and debris. If the areas are stable, sediment buildup on the
impervious surfaces will be small. The pH altering capability is caused by acid precipitation in
wetfall.
Proposed changes to the golf course between the clubhouse and the reservoir to the
northeast, will require changes to the stormwater drain system. This is an opportunity to
provide water quality management of the impervious area runoff before reaching the
reservoir.
6) Transportation/Utilities Land
This land use/land cover category includes streets, roads, driveways and parking lots. This land
use/land cover category will be limited to the entrance road, parking lot adjacent to the Clubhouse
and related driveways.
Stormwater runoff from the paved transportation areas is now and will, under proposed
conditions, be managed by location. The entrance road will continue to be managed by
adjacent vegetated land on the golf course property. Runoff from the Wakefield
community at locations along the entrance road is now partially managed by the golf course
property. There are opportunities for additional management of Wakefield's runoff under
the proposed conditions on the golf course. Driveways and the parking lot near the
clubhouse now draining into storm drain inlets and piped under and to the east of Hole 09
are another opportunity for water quality management.
Two other potential sources of pollutants are fuel and winter traffic area management, Fuel
on the golf course under existing and proposed conditions is, and will be, limited to that
Page No. II-196
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
in automobile, truck, or golf cart tanks. Although it is a potential source of oil and grease,
oxygen demand and trace metals, direct contamination from a tank rupture or spill on
paved surfaces is small. The existing golf course management program uses a combination
of plowing and application of sand and salt to maintain safe driving and walking surfaces
on the entrance road, driveways, parking lot and sidewalks. The salt selected is the least
toxic formula available. Under existing conditions, melting snow and ice and runoff carries
the pollutants built-up on paved surfaces of the parking lot and driveways into the drainage
system. Under proposed conditions, there is an opportunity to manage the quantity and
quality of this runoff.
7) Other Urban or Built-Up Land
These are areas with urban activities related to the golf course operations, such as the maintenance
shop, and not included in other urban categories. These have the potential, depending on the
activities and amount of impervious area, to generate pollutants that may include sediment,
nutrients, oxygen-demanding materials, trace metals, oil and grease, pesticides, chlorides, and trash
and debris. However, in practice many of these land uses and activities are now and will be,
under proposed conditions, surrounded or isolated by vegetated areas of the golf course. This is
a management practice that will minimize or prevent many potential pollutants in the runoff from
reaching the receiving waters.
Fuel currently used on the course property is another potential source of pollutants;
however, under proposed conditions, the golf carts will be filled from the natural gas line
on the property. Golf carts are expected to be filled at the golf cart storage location. All
other vehicle filling with gasoline will be performed at the maintenance shop where the
gasoline will be stored. Filling areas for both gasoline and natural gas will not be located
near any source of water. There is no chance that a spill or leak would directly reach any
wetland, stream, or reservoir water. The quantities used at any one time will be relatively
small.
Roughs now receive and will receive, under proposed conditions, low management
intensity. These areas, surrounding more intensely managed areas and their filtering
characteristics, offer an opportunity to help manage potential runoff from the intensely
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managed areas. During very large rainfall events or other hydrologic conditions, the roughs
may generate pollutants in runoff. The pollutants in the runoff would reflect the land uses
they surround and the types and amounts of materials applied to the intensively managed
areas. Of possible concern would be nutrients and pesticides.
8) Rangeland
On the golf course, rangeland consists of-areas with very low management levels. Any pollutants
generated in runoff from unmanaged rangeland would be considered background levels. These
areas are expected to decrease from 6.8 to 3.2 acres under proposed conditions. During the land
conversion process, construction and stabilization activities have the potential to generate
pollutants for transport by stormwater runoff. These include sediment, nutrients, bacteria, oxygen-
demanding substances and trace metals which normally exist in background levels. Land
stabilization activities also may provide potential pollutants such as nutrients and pesticides.
9) Forest Land
Under the City's existing management, the forest land on and surrounding the property receives
a low level of management. This includes very little timbering and only necessary chemical
applications that are very infrequent. In these areas, any pollutants that are exposed to stormwater
runoff are considered part of the background contribution.
Under the proposed expansion project, the total forest area will change from 374 to 244
acres. The 130 acres will become part of the managed golf course and other urban built-up
areas. As described for rangeland, the conversion process, specifically construction and
land stabilization activities, have the potential for generating pollutants. These pollutants
may include sediment, nutrients, oxygen-demanding substances, trace metals and pesticides.
10) Wetlands
The existing wetland areas identified in this project would be surrounded by a protective natural
buffer and would be untouched by the proposed expansion project. (See Wetlands Section for a
discussion of the wetlands and proposed management measures.) The wetlands generally surround
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Waters of the US and the unnamed tributary stream at the southern edge of the property. These
areas may also, based on their locations and drainage areas, receive runoff from other golf course
areas. These golf course areas would receive water quality management before runoff is allowed
to enter the wetlands. As a result, the wetlands may provide additional natural treatment to
residual runoff.
11) Sandy Areas
The areas untouched by the proposed expansion project will be considered part of the background
conditions. Any areas subjected to the land use conversion process will also be managed during
this process to minimize or prevent pollutants from entering receiving waters.
12) Bare Exposed Rock Outcrops
Any runoff generated by these areas is considered part of the background pollutant conditions.
13) Atmospheric Deposition
As described in the Existing Conditions Sub-Section, atmospheric deposition of pollutants is
currently and will continue to be a significant source in the near future. Pollutants falling on the
land surfaces will become part of the total land surface loading.
14) Wildlife
Under both existing and proposed conditions, the golf course property has, and will continue to
have, large vegetated areas and natural systems with a wide diversity of wildlife. (See Wildlife
Section for a discussion of the wildlife species found on the property.) Normally, the pollutants
contributed by wildlife is considered part of the background pollutant loads.
15) Wakefield Community
The 80 acres of single family residential land adjacent to the golf course property is assumed,
under proposed conditions, to remain the same as existing conditions. The storm drain system,
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stormwater runoff patterns, and the five outfalls from the community are not expected to change
under proposed conditions. Urban areas are potential sources of a wide range of pollutants that
can adversely affect stormwater runoff and receiving water bodies (USEPA, 1983, Martin and
Clayton, 1986, and Schueler, 1987). Under both existing and proposed conditions, the categories
of pollutants and their potential sources are expected to remain the same. Wakefield, with paved
streets directly connected to a storm drain system and surrounded by large vegetated areas, streets
are the primary source of pollutants in the most frequent storm events with low precipitation
volumes. The traffic, spills and leaks, houses and driveways hydrologically connected to the
street, atmospheric deposition and dust and dirt buildup would be the primary sources of pollutants
in these smaller events. Pollutants could include sediment, nutrients, oxygen-demanding materials
and pesticides.
The new municipal NPDES stormwater management programs are expected to require
improvement of the quality of stormwater runoff from the Wakefield community.
16) Upstream Drainage Area West of Dulaney Valley Road
The 829-acre drainage area west of Dulaney Valley Road creates an unnamed tributary that flows
under the Road and through the southern edge of the golf course property into the reservoir. The
drainage area's land use/land cover types and activities are assumed to remain essentially the same
under proposed conditions. Of the land use/land cover inventory, almost 79 percent (653 acres)
consists of residential, commercial and services, and other urban and built-up lands. Urban areas
are potential sources of a wide range of pollutants that can adversely affect stormwater runoff and
receiving water bodies (USEPA, 1983, Martin and Clayton, 1986, and Schueler, 1987). Under
both existing and proposed conditions, the categories of pollutants and their potential sources are
expected to remain the same. Streets and other paved surfaces directly connected to storm drain
systems are the primary source of pollutants in the most frequent storm events with low
precipitation volumes. The traffic, spills and leaks, houses and driveways hydrologically
connected to the street, atmospheric deposition, and dust and dirt buildup would be the primary
sources of pollutants in these smaller events. Pollutants could include sediment, nutrients, oxygen- _
demanding materials and pesticides.
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Forest land and wetlands in the drainage area generate minimal pollutants in runoff. However,
those natural land areas downslope of and receiving urban runoff may produce higher levels of
pollutants if the natural systems are adversely affected or, may successfully treat the urban runoff
quality.
e. Runoff Water Quality Management
A comparison of stormwater quality (and related quantity) under existing and proposed conditions is
discussed below:
1) Drainage Area to Unnamed Tributary
Under long-term conditions, assuming that the Baltimore County stormwater NPDES permit is
implemented, the runoff water quality draining to the unnamed tributary must be improved.
2) Wakefield Community Drainage Areas
Under long-term conditions, assuming that the Baltimore County stormwater NPDES permit is
implemented, the runoff water quality from the Wakefield community must improve before
entering surface water resources.
3) Wakefield Runoff Flowing To Golf Course Property
The golf course property will manage stormwater runoff quality from almost all of Wakefield's
land if two conditions are met. The first condition is that the golf course expansion project is
implemented. The second condition is that opportunities for managing runoff from the Wakefield
community are integrated into the golf course project. Under these conditions, the 60 percent of
its land area now untreated will receive stormwater management before discharge to the unnamed
tributary or the reservoir.
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4) Comparison of Existing and Proposed Golf Course Property
Based on the proposed Mitigation Measures (Water Quality Management Plan), the proposed golf
course expansion project has the opportunity to enhance the level of runoff management now
provided on the existing golf course. The proposed expansion project must provide enhanced
management in selected existing areas, management practices in redeveloped areas and
management practices in new golf course areas. The results will be a lower overall adverse
impact to adjacent surface water resources.
f. Surface Water Resource Quality
Potential impacts of the golf course expansion project on the surface water resources are based on the
projected future conditions of the watershed drainage areas, climatic conditions and the level and
effectiveness of future management.
The potential for impacts to surface water resources resulting from the proposed expansion is contingent
upon the climatic conditions that occur at the site; ambient receiving water conditions; the ability to
prevent or minimize the use of potential pollutants on the golf course; the management of the course to
minimize runoff; the management and treatment of runoff water entering the property from off-site; the
management and treatment of potential runoff generated on-site; avoidance of sensitive areas (such as
wetlands, steep slopes, etc.); and maximizing the degree of vegetative cover and buffer zone preservation.
This study does not predict future local climatic conditions and ambient water quality in the surface
waters. As an alternative, the proposed golf course project adopted a source prevention and/or
minimization approach to address future impacts. Based on results of the drainage area, hydrology and
potential pollutant assessments described previously in this section, a goal of preventing and/or
minimizing potential impacts was applied to the proposed conditions in the local drainage area. For the
golf course property, the planning process addressed runoff entering the golf course from off-site
(Wakefield community), areas proposed for redevelopment, new golf course managed areas, related urban
areas and existing golf course managed areas unchanged by the proposed project. [See Mitigation
Measures (Water Quality Management Plan) for a description of the strategies proposed for addressing
runoff.]
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Based on the source management approach for the proposed expansion project, the following impacts are
anticipated in surface water resources receiving potential runoff from the local drainage area:
1) Unnamed Tributary and Riparian Areas
• Contributing drainage area west of Dulaney Valley Road is now without significant
stormwater management control. The drainage area, under future conditions, must be
addressed as part of Baltimore County's municipal NPDES permit program. This should
result in improved water quality in the unnamed tributary upstream of Dulaney Valley Road
and lower pollutant loads entering the reservoir.
• Almost 43 percent of Wakefield community now flows through the golf course property
without water quality management. Runoff from this drainage area will receive stormwater
management for water quality as part of the golf course's proposed water quality management
plan.
• Potential runoff from the golf course property will be managed by a combination of pollution
prevention management methods, runoff reduction management practices on managed golf
course areas, other runoff management practices for runoff generated on golf course managed
areas and runoff management practices for urban areas. The treated runoff will pass through
natural systems prior to entering surface waters.
• The stream, riparian area and wetlands adjacent to the golf course property will be separated
from golf course land uselland cover types and activities protected by a designated natural
buffer area.
2) Loch Raven Reservoir
• Over 16 percent of the Wakefield property now drains through a ditch in a forested area on
the currently undeveloped northern part of the golf course property. The runoff water quality
from this area will be managed as part of the proposed water quality management plan.
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• Runoff quality from the 40 percent of Wakefield community property that drains onto the golf
course property will continue to be managed as part of the golf course's hydrology.
• Potential runoff from the golf course property will be managed by a combination of pollution
prevention management methods, runoff reduction management practices on managed golf
course areas, other runoff management practices for runoff generated on golf course managed
areas and runoff management practices for urban areas. The treated runoff will pass through
natural systems prior to entering surface waters.
• The reservoir water, riparian area and wetlands adjacent to the golf course property will be
separated from golf course land use/land cover types and activities protected by a designated
natural buffer area. These include protection of sensitive environmental resources.
5. Mitigation Measures (Water Quality Management Plan)
The environmental study previously analyzed and evaluated the existing and proposed golf course conditions
and potential impacts resulting from the proposed expansion project. This sub-section presents mitigation
measures for preventing or minimizing potential impacts and integrates the mitigation measures into a
coordinated water quality management plan of action for future environmental management of the golf course.
The Water Quality Management Plan consists of a set of management objectives and criteria and five
strategies. These strategies are:
• Pollution Source Management Strategy
• Irrigation Management Strategy
• Critical/Sensitive Resource Protection Strategy
• Stormwater Runoff Management Strategy
• Implementation Monitoring Strategy
The following are management objectives and criteria:
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a. Water Resource Management Objectives and Criteria
Design and operational management goals, objectives and criteria have been formulated to avoid and/or
minimize water quality impacts from the Pine Ridge Golf Course Expansion Project. These goals,
objectives and criteria have been designed to address long-term water quality-sensitive operation and
maintenance of the golf course.
1) Goal
• Protection of adjacent surface water resources
• Protection and enhancement of fish and wildlife resources
• Protection of critical/sensitive ecological, geological and natural resources
2) Objectives
• Continue to reduce the use of potential water quality pollutants on the golf course property.
• Continue to minimize contact of potential pollutants with stormwater runoff.
• Minimize stormwater runoff generated by the golf course property.
• Manage stormwater runoff quality and associated quantity entering the golf course property
from adjacent Wakefield community lands.
• Monitor environmental conditions on the golf course property to support environmental
management decision-making.
Because BMGC has greatly reduced the quantity, frequency and number of pesticides and -
fertilizers being used, and because of their efforts in establishing IPM procedures, the listing of
these objectives and goals formalizes what is taking place.
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3) Criteria
Page No. II-205
The operational criteria include a wide range of operating procedures, criteria and guidelines for
both routine and special management activities on the golf course property. The criteria are the
guiding principles for the pollution source management (pollution prevention) part of the water
quality management plan. These should be adopted by the Pine Ridge Superintendent and
management staff. The criteria should, however, remain flexible, allowing for periodic changes
as needed. All primary criteria should bb- written and incorporated into a course management
handbook.
b. Pollution Source Management Strategy
A pollution source management (pollution prevention) strategy for the existing golf course and proposed
expansion project includes those guidelines, decisions and actions that prevent or minimize potential
pollution on the golf course property.
As described in the Golf Course Management Section, pollution source management is integrated into
the existing course management program. The program has two major parts: (1) personnel and (2)
management methods. Personnel management includes staff, communications, education and training.
Management methods are divided into three primary categories:
1) Management Guidance
• Goals and Objectives
• Operating Procedures/Criteria/Guidelines
2) Information Gathering
• Climatic Monitoring
• Environmental Testing
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3) Management Practices
• Integrated Pest Management
• Cultural Practices
• Materials Handling and Storage
• Materials Application Practices
• Water Resources Management
• Wildlife Management
Recommended mitigation measures to include pollution source management into the Pine Ridge
program are presented in the Course Management Section.
Specific course management guidelines to supplement existing procedures are presented in
Appendix N for the following topics:
• Chemical spraying procedures
• BMPs for Preventing/Minimizing Impacts from Forest Harvesting Operations
C. Irrigation Management Strategy
An irrigation management strategy is recommended, based on a review of existing operations and
the proposed expansion project. The strategy assumes that local precipitation and the Loch Raven
Reservoir will continue to be the primary sources of water for the golf course. The strategy
incorporates the following objectives:
• Continue to base irrigation decisions on adequate information from monitoring of the golf
course conditions.
• Continue to optimize the volume of irrigation water applied to the
- golf course to conserve freshwater resources.
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• Optimize the application timing of the irrigation water to provide the
most benefit to the target vegetation.
• Optimize the target locations for application of the irrigation water.
The irrigation strategy is described in four parts. These are monitoring, existing golf course
optimization measures, proposed golf course expansion measures and irrigation operating
guidelines.
1) Monitoring
The monitoring process gathers information to guide irrigation decisions. Monitoring includes
climatic monitoring, both on-site and regional, soil/plant moisture needs testing, and system
operations inspection. Recommendations for golf course climatic monitoring and moisture needs
testing are presented in the Golf Course Management Section.
In addition to these measures, the volumes and timing of irrigation water pumped from Loch
Raven Reservoir should be monitored. This can be achieved in one of two possible ways: (1)
by adding a recording flow meter to the pump or (2) by adding digital-based flow recording
hardware to the pump and telemetering the signals to the proposed golf course computer used for
climatic monitoring.
Monitoring also includes periodic evaluation of the irrigation system. An important part of an
efficient irrigation strategy is a well-designed, installed and maintained system. An evaluation
checklist can be used to inspect the system for potential problems such as pump efficiency, supply
line leaks, distribution line leaks, missing or damaged sprinkler heads, misdirected spray areas,
inadequate water supply to a part of the system, etc. A field evaluation should be performed
periodically as part of the management program monitoring strategy.
2) Existing Golf Course Optimization Measures
Because the existing system will be upgraded in 1994, it will not be affected by redevelopment
or new development on the golf course.
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3) Proposed Golf Course Expansion Measures
The irrigation system on the existing course and redeveloped and proposed areas of the golf course
should be developed and operated as follows:
• Evaluate the latest, proven technology to select a state-of-the-art irrigation system. The
technology should include a computer-based data collection and analysis capability. The
system should provide automatic irrigation capability with manual override. Data collection
instruments may consist of rain gauges, tensiometers and other instruments that relate to
evapotranspiration.
• Design an irrigation system layout that optimizes the application of water to target vegetation
with minimum waste, conserving water resources.
• Perform periodic inspections during the system installation process to insure that any potential
on-site conditions such as rock outcrops or other constraints do not interfere with long-term
system performance.
• Operate the system using information from the climatic monitoring station, on-site soiUplant
moisture needs monitoring and past history of the site. Use computer software models to
support decision-making if available.
4) Irrigation Operating Guidelines
Recommendations for operating the irrigation system are summarized as follows:
• Irrigation timing should be driven by the information collected, analysis and decision-making
of the management staff.
• Irrigate golf course areas only on an "as needed" basis to replenish the moisture used by the
plants and not supplied by rainfall. The objective is to relieve stress.
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• Do not over water, i.e., cause runoff from irrigated areas.
• Irrigate during times of the day that minimize evaporation and evapotranspiration, while
allowing the surface to dry shortly after it has been irrigated.
• Irrigate during weather conditions that allow the maximum amount of irrigation spray to reach
the target vegetation. This includes periods of low or no wind.
• Limit irrigation spray directions and coverage to target vegetation areas.
d. Critical/Sensitive Resource Protection Strategy
A strategy that protects the identified critical and sensitive resources on the site has been developed as
part of the environmental study phase of the project. These resources include wetlands, forested areas,
riparian areas, springs and seeps, streams, the reservoir, aquatic and terrestrial habitats, steep slopes,
highly erodible soils, rare, threatened, or endangered species and archeological and historic resources.
The strategy includes:
• Avoidance of the most critical/sensitive resources through the project design and proposed golf
course expansion location decisions. The most critical resources were identified by tasks in other
sections of this report.
• Avoidance of wetlands.
• Avoidance of forest disturbance where possible and minimization of unavoidable impacts.
• Specification of buffer enhancement planting zones along the perimeter of the golf course adjacent
to Loch Raven Reservoir.
• Specification of edge habitat enhancement planting zones for areas along the perimeter of the
proposed fairways.
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1) Strategy Methods
The strategy consists of the following actions:
• Environmental Constraints Mapping -- Based on the data collection phase of the study,
critical and sensitive environmental features have been mapped. Data collection included a
review of existing information, field surveys and mappings. The constraints are mapped at
a scale of 1 inch equals 200 feet. These constraints include:
- Topography
- Waters of the US (including wetlands)
- Tree canopy boundaries (Baltimore City Forest Conservation Program requirements)
- Monarch trees (30-inch dbh or greater)
- Slopes equal to or greater than 25 percent
- Slopes equal to or greater than 15 percent with K value of 0.5 or greater
- Wetland buffers (DNR required 25-feet buffer width)
- Drainage areas (both on-site and off-site)
- Soils (especially poor soils identified by Forest Stand Delineation requirements)
- Property boundaries and adjacent land uses
Streams (perennial or intermittent)
Water features (springs or seeps found on the site)
100-Year floodplain
Historic and archaeological sites (per Phase I identification)
Rock outcrops
2) Proposed Golf Course Layout
The environmental constraints map was given to the golf course architect as a tool for designing
the proposed golf course layout. The result is a golf course layout plan that attempts to avoid the
- identified environmental constraints. Where environmental constraints could not be avoided, the
locational impacts were minimized and mitigation measures were identified.
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3) Specification of Protection Measures
The stormwater management strategy provides additional measures for protection of identified
critical and sensitive environmental resources on the property. These measures will be -
implemented as part of the proposed expansion project.
e. Stormwater Runoff Quality Management Strategy
A concept strategy is presented for managing the quality and related quantity of stormwater runoff
potentially generated by the proposed golf course expansion project. The strategy, based on drainage
areas, consists of structural management practice combinations selected to address specific land use/land
cover types. The land use/land cover categories include urban lands draining onto the golf course from
the Wakefield community, urban and other built-up lands on the golf course property and golf course
managed areas.
1) Alternative Stormwater Quality Management Practices
Feasible stormwater management practices for the proposed golf course expansion project were
selected for several reasons. These include the physical opportunities and constraints of the golf
course property, local hydrology, expected range in quality of the runoff, technical feasibility of
designing and implementing the practice, and long-term operation/maintenance requirements. Of
these factors, the physical opportunities offered by the golf course property are critical. These
opportunities are:
• Soils with good infiltration capacity (HSG group B) and an adequate amount of clay to
provide cation exchange capacity.
• The golf course divided into numerous relatively small drainage areas dominated by sheet
runoff patterns.
• Long, complex slopes extending the length of the drainage areas that take advantage of the
surface and shallow subsurface flow paths before discharging to the surface water resources.
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• Well-managed turfgrass covering the golf course managed area and other related land uses of
the golf course act to retard runoff flows and filter pollutants.
• An adequate supply of land for locating stormwater quality management practices within the
golf course-related uses.
• Natural systems such as forest stands, rangeland and wetlands bordering the reservoir and
stream. These systems receive previously treated runoff by stormwater quality management
practices on the golf course urban and managed areas. These areas provide the opportunity
to pass the treated runoff through the natural environmental processes that enhance the runoff
quality prior to it entering the reservoir.
• A relatively long, jagged reservoir shoreline broken up by numerous coves. These coves,
because of the relatively small drainage areas, each receive low volumes of potential runoff
from the golf course.
The first category of management practices is the turfgrass. Others have reported that turfgrass
is an effective method of impeding runoff, filtering pollutants, and further treating the runoff
(Welterlen, June 24, 1987 and Watschke & Mumma, 1989). The reconnaissance monitoring
surveys and results support this conclusion for a wide range of pollutants. (See Existing
Conditions Sub-Section for a discussion of monitoring results.) Well-maintained turfgrass on golf
course managed areas reduces the potential number and amounts of pollutants in runoff. Turfgrass
and other vegetation also is important on other areas of the golf course property. This prevents
erosion caused by runoff, and, if used properly, can provide infiltration, filtering and additional
treatment opportunities. Well-managed turfgrass is a major improvement objective of the Pine
Ridge Golf Course.
Of the major structural stormwater quality management practice categories, the following
categories are feasible for possible application to the golf course:
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2) Infiltration
Page No. II-213
These practices include both the soil's natural infiltration capacity and structures to enhance
infiltration. When combined with a well-managed grassed surface, soils on the property, will
enhance infiltration of direct rainfall and sheet runoff. Most of the soils on the golf course
property are in the HSG B group which are good for infiltration of runoff.
Examples of structural devices are infiltration trenches, french drains and dry wells. Planning,
design and operation/ maintenance criteria for these devices have been developed by the State.
Infiltration practices have been routinely used for only a few years in urban areas, with mixed
results (J. Galli, Aug. 1992). On the golf course these practices can be combined with grassed
swales and vegetated filter strips for enhanced management of runoff.
3) Flow Attenuation
Management practices in this category consist of vegetated areas that direct and control stormwater
runoff quality and quantity. Commonly applied examples of these practices are grassed swales,
berms and vegetated filter strips. Runoff can be reduced by temporary detention and infiltration.
Water quality improvement is achieved by filtration, adsorption, infiltration and settling.
Experience from the reconnaissance monitoring survey performed in this study indicates that
grassed swales provide significant reductions in runoff pollutant loads. Results from other studies
also show that turfgrass can provide significant pollutant reductions (Watschke and Mumma,
1989).
Grassed swales can be enhanced at both existing holes and new/redeveloped holes. Enhancement
of grassed swales is achieved by changing the physical configuration, changing grass management
practices and combining swales with other practices. Physical changes in the width, lateral slope,
and longitudinal slope will allow more contact of the runoff with the grass surface. Physical
design of the swales incorporate flatter lateral widths and slopes into the natural topography to
slow down runoff and promote contact with the swale surface. Grass management changes may -
include using different species, improving grass density, increasing mowing heights and continuing
to reduce chemical applications. Other practices such as infiltration trenches, detention areas and
mixed-media filters are compatible with grassed swales.
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4) Extended Detention
The concept of stormwater runoff detention involves collecting and holding a volume of water and
slowly discharging it over a period of time. Design of detention structures are guided by the
contributing drainage area size, available storage volume and minimum discharge rate. Detention
can be applied in a wide range of sizes, from small grassed depressions to large basins. For the
golf course, extended detention is appropriate in locations that receive potential runoff from small
drainage areas. Examples of urban drainage areas that could drain to detention structures include
roads, parking lots and Wakefield community storm drain outfalls. These devices also could be
located at the lower end of grassed swales or adjacent to golf course playing areas.
5) Constructed Wetlands
These are structures designed to treat stormwater runoff by wetland processes. Location of these
structures is limited by appropriate soils, hydrology and vegetation that, in combination, will
maintain wetland conditions. Constructed wetlands are often applied with other management
practices such as detention structures and can be used as a transition to natural systems.
6) Porous Media Storage and Treatment Practices
This is a category of management practices that uses sand as the major component. Although
relatively new to stormwater management, the mixed media filter concept has been used to treat
drinking water for many years. Depending on the design, it provides treatment of runoff by
several processes. In a basic design, runoff is treated by sedimentation and filtration as it drains
through the sand to an underdrain pipe network. A grass cover crop and a mixture of peat and
sand adds treatment processes such as adsorption and improves pollutant removal efficiency
(Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, April 1992). High removal rates have been
reported for sediment, heavy metals, organic materials, bacteria, phosphorus and some forms of
nitrogen.
Based on recent studies, sand filters have good longevity, feasibility at sites with limited space,
low maintenance burdens, and reasonable construction costs. These devices are compatible with
grass swales, vegetated filter strips, infiltration trenches and detention structures.
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The current US Golf Association design for greens is a form of the mixed media filter. A typical
design specifies a well-managed grass cover over layers of a peat/sand soil mixture and gravel.
Rain falling directly on the green surface infiltrates through the sand into a gravel bed with a
perforated pipe network that drains the excess runoff not infiltrating into the natural soil away
from the green. The green design, which is now under study for runoff and groundwater pollutant
treatment effectiveness, provides some level of treatment. The addition of a separate peat/sand
filter, discharge to a grass Swale or vegetated filter strip, or management by a detention area is
expected to significantly improve the runoff quality from a green.
Table II-E22 summarizes the range of pollutant removal effectiveness for examples of these
management practices monitored by others. Preliminary results from the Pine Ridge stormwater
runoff monitoring survey indicate that the grassed swale system may provide much higher
pollutant removal rates than reported by the literature.
Within each golf course drainage area, a combination of practices are identified that provide
effective management of the potential runoff. The combination of management practices has been
selected based on the individual land use/land cover types in the drainage area and their pollutant
generating potential, runoff contributions from outside the golf course, the drainage patterns,
drainage area physical characteristics and proposed changes from the expansion plan. The strategy
is designed, where possible, to incorporate buffers and edge habitat enhancement areas that are
recommended for protection of critical/sensitive resources.
7) Wakefield Runoff Flowing To Golf Course Property
Stormwater runoff from Wakefield's nine drainage areas and proposed management to be provided
by the golf course property is summarized by drainage area as follows:
• DA 28 (34.6 acres or 43.9 percent of total land area) -- This is the largest DA in the
Wakefield community and is located near the golf course entrance. Runoff is collected from -
streets and driveways in Wakefield and golf course entrance road runoff drains under the
entrance road and into a natural channel. Although the runoff is not expected to carry high
sediment loads, a variety of pollutants and the runoff velocities must be managed. Adjacent
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land on the golf course property offers an opportunity for adding runoff quality management.
Options for management of the runoff include an extended detention dry basin, constructed
wetland, or a combination of these practices. A sand filter may be added to the system if
necessary. Infiltration, although the soils have the capacity, may not be feasible for the site
because of the shallow depth to groundwater near the stream and the potential for clogging.
• DA 41 (14.6 acres or 18.5 percent of total land area) -- This drainage location is a swale,
a few hundred feet from the outfall near Dulaney Valley Road, receiving runoff from three
sources: (1) the Wakefield community; (2) the golf course entrance road; and (3) grassed and
wooded areas adjacent to the drainage swale. The runoff south of the entrance road can be
managed in at least two stages. The first stage is the areas adjacent to the entrance road, both
north and south. These have adequate area for temporary ponding in grassed depressions and
slow release downslope. The second stage of management will be directing the runoff
through grassed and other vegetated land on the proposed new golf course managed areas.
The runoff will pass through grassed swales on Fairways at Holes 11S and 13S before
entering the natural wetland and riparian system adjacent to the unnamed tributary. The total
travel distance to the unnamed tributary is over 1,000 feet.
• DA 44 (0.6 acres or 0.8 percent of total land area) -- The drainage swale near the driving
range receives runoff from the Wakefield community and the golf course entrance road. Most
of the land on the north side of the road is wooded. The runoff would be managed in two
stages. The first stage would be temporary detention in shallow grassed depressions south of
the entrance road. The second stage would involve management of the remaining flows by
golf course managed area similar in principle to DA 41.
• DA 45 (0.8 acres or 1 percent of total land area) -- Runoff from the Wakefield community
enters the golf course as sheet flow. The flow appears to be highly managed by flowing
through grassed golf course and forested buffer areas. Under proposed conditions, the golf
course would continue to adequately manage runoff from the Wakefield community in this
drainage area.
• DA 40 (9.0 acres or 11.4 percent of total land area) - Runoff from the Wakefield
community enters the golf course through a 21-inch concrete pipe outfall. This is one of the
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stormwater runoff monitoring sites for the project. Although the existing Hole 7 would be
redeveloped into Hole 11N, the primary drainage pattern would remain the same. Runoff
from the outfall flows through a riprap stone lined swale for over 129 feet. The proposed
hole layout would generally mirror the that of the existing hole with the fairway buffered on
both the up and downslope sides by rough. Runoff from Wakefield and the fairway could
flow through an enhanced grassed swale on the fairway for over 200 feet to the edge of the
forested area. The swale would be managed as rough, with no routine chemical applications
and taller grass heights. Runoff would then flow down a steep riprap covered slope into a flat
forested wetland area. Improvements are needed at the base of the slope to minimize erosion.
The flow then meanders through the wetland until reaching the reservoir, a distance of over
300 feet. Opportunities also exist for enhancing the wetland treatment capability of the
forested wetland. This could include strategically locating additional wetland plant species
and optimizing sheet flow conditions. The combined management practices will provide an
overall high level of treatment to runoff in this drainage area.
• DA 39 (13 acres or 16.5 percent of total land area) -- Runoff from the Wakefield
community generated by two 18-inch pipe outfalls, has created a bare ditch draining directly
to the reservoir through highly erodible soils and steep slopes. Under the proposed expansion
project, the runoff would be managed in at least three stages on the golf course property. The
first stage would include a reduction of the runoff velocities by installing flow dissipation
devices at the outfalls. Because of the drainage area and runoff volumes involved, temporary
detention may be needed near the outfalls. The expansion project proposes to manage runoff
from this area. On the steeply sloping areas, the runoff must be stepped down the slope of
the natural system. This could be accomplished by directing the runoff over native stone,
creating a waterfall. At the bottom of the slope, energy dissipation would reduce the flow to
a non-erosive velocity before it entered a forested wetland. Opportunities also exist for
constructing a wetland area adjacent to the reservoir cove for additional management.
• DA 37 (1.9 acres or 2.4 percent of total land area) - The Wakefield community property
would drain onto the golf course property through a forested area and then onto the proposed --
Fairway of Hole 16N. The forested area will manage the runoff as sheet flow in the duff
layer and soil complex by filtration and infiltration. Runoff would then enter the managed
area by flowing first through rough, then through an enhanced grassed swale across the
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fairway, followed by another area of rough at the downslope side. The swale would be
managed as rough. The residual runoff would enter a vegetated buffer strip at the edge of the
rough and flow into the natural system. The flow would pass through approximately 250 feet
of the natural system before entering the reservoir.
• DA 38 (3.9 acres or 5.0 percent of total land area) -- Runoff from the Wakefield
community drains into a forested area of the golf course property. Under proposed conditions,
the forested area will provide primary management of sheetflow runoff in the duff layer and
soil complex by filtration and infiltration. If the sheetflow has a potential to become
concentrated in channels, additional management may be required. This could include a
vegetated filter strip, grassed Swale, or other flow attenuation measures. Residual runoff will
flow across the rough and fairway swale of Hole 16N near its northern end. Under proposed
conditions, the combined forested and golf course swale areas would continue to adequately
manage the runoff before it entered an intermittent stream channel near the reservoir.
• DA 47 (0.4 acres or 0.5 percent of total land area) -- Runoff from the Wakefield
community drains onto part of the golf course property near Dulaney Valley Road.
Management of the runoff is provided by the forested area in the duff layer and soil complex.
Under proposed conditions, the forested area would remain and runoff treatment would
continue.
8) Golf Course Urban and Other Built-up Lands
Urban and other built-up areas on the golf course property include the entrance road, driveways,
parking lots, driving range building and paved area, clubhouse, cart paths, maintenance shop, golf
cart barn and other small structures. The clubhouse, driving range building, golf cart barn, parking
lots, driveways and part of the entrance road are clustered in the middle area of the property,
surrounded by golf course managed areas. These areas and the proposed management practices
are summarized as follows:
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9) Entrance Road
The entrance road, from Dulaney Valley Road to the Clubhouse, drains to concrete swales, is
collected in surface storm drain inlets, and flows into pipes under the road at three locations. At
these locations it combines with runoff from the Wakefield community. (See the discussion of
management for stormwater runoff entering the property from the Wakefield community.)
10) Maintenance Shop
Under the proposed expansion plan, the maintenance shop will be moved to a new location at the
existing golf cart bam. Criteria for managing runoff quality in the new location-follow:
• Minimize the total impervious area used for the maintenance shop, parking areas and
driveways.
• Where motorized vehicles or other machinery would operate, evaluate alternatives to asphalt
or concrete pavement. These could include layered stone surfaces or other semi-permeable
materials.
• Drain roof runoff to grassed areas for infiltration.
• Above-ground storage tanks should be located in areas that minimize spills or rupture from
directly entering drainage pathways. (See Hazardous and Environmentally-Sensitive Materials
Section for discussion of storage tanks and management recommendations.)
• Areas used for fueling should be isolated from primary drainage pathways and designed to
retain potential spills or leaks for cleanup.
11) Driving Range Building
The small building used for driving range management and sales activities is located adjacent to
the entrance road. Under proposed conditions, the building and small paved area used for golfers
adjacent to the building should be entirely drained to grassed areas. The runoff should be spread
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as sheet flow into the adjacent grassed areas. Pollutants in the runoff generated on these surfaces
would be managed.
12) Golf Cart Barn
Under proposed conditions, the existing golf cart barn would become the maintenance shop. Golf
carts would be located adjacent to and on the north side of the Clubhouse. By using existing
paved area, generation of additional runoffwould be minimized. An area isolated from direct
runoff over paved areas should be used for fueling the golf carts by the mobile service truck.
13) Clubhouse
Options for managing roof runoff from the Clubhouse include draining the downspouts directly
to adjacent grassed areas or treating the runoff as part of the parking lot storm drain runoff
management system. Both options should provide adequate management of runoff quality. Paved
areas immediately surrounding the clubhouse mostly drain to vegetated and other grassed areas.
Those paved areas draining directly to the entrance road would be investigated for opportunities
to drain these areas to grassed surfaces or otherwise directing runoff away from the entrance road.
The result would be a reduction of the total paved area contributing to the storm drain system and
the volume of runoff that must be managed.
14) Driving Range Parking Lot
The parking lot is paved and is located adjacent to the entrance road Runoff (quality and
quantity) from most of the paved surface is managed by the adjacent vegetated areas. Runoff not
now flowing on vegetated areas could be redirected away from the entrance road into adjacent
grassed areas in sheet flow.
This system provides effective treatment of runoff and will help to isolate potential fuel spills or
leaks on the parking lot. The effect of these practices would be a reduction in the total -
impervious area that drains to the Clubhouse storm drain system.
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15) Clubhouse Parking Lot
Page No. II-221
The paved parking lot at the Clubhouse and part of the entrance road drains into a series of
surface storm drain inlets. Before other management measures are investigated, the total
impervious area should be reduced where possible. This may involve separating the Clubhouse
roof downspouts from the storm drain system or separating paved driveway or parking areas from
the drainage pathway.
Options for managing runoff from the parking lot include:
• Drain the storm drain inlets onto the roughs and enhance grassed
swales of Holes ION and 18N.
• Redirect runoff from the storm drain system to the rough and
vegetated area southeast of Hole ION for overland flow.
• Redirect runoff from the storm drain system to the rough and other
vegetated area parallel to and between Holes ION and 10S.
These options should provide adequate treatment of runoff from the storm drain system before it
enters the reservoir. Runoff management would be supplemented by golf course maintenance
crews periodically using backpack-mounted blowers to blow leaves and dirt into the adjacent
grassed areas.
16) Golf Cart Paths
Under proposed conditions, the cart path network would consist of both existing and new paths.
Except where golf cart paths are sloped toward and directly connected to other paved areas, any
runoff from the existing paved golf cart paths flows onto adjacent grassed areas. Future
-- management of existing golf cart paths would require continued erosion prevention.
New golf cart paths should be located, developed and maintained with the following minimum
criteria:
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• Install golf cart paths in a manner that minimizes the runoff distance
and velocity.
• Avoid locating golf cart paths in sensitive areas, where possible, and
areas of significant infiltration capacity.
• Drain golf cart paths directly to grassed or other vegetated areas that
can effectively manage the runoff without erosion.
• Use bridges to cross significant drainage swales and channels that
adequately span sensitive resource areas.
Runoff from most of the golf cart pathway network is now managed by adjacent vegetated areas,
with low potential as a pollutant source. By applying the above criteria to the proposed paths,
runoff and related pollutant loads should be further minimized.
17) Unpaved Maintenance Roads
Under proposed conditions, the unpaved maintenance roads located on the golf course property
should be minimized and maintained to minimize erosion. In areas where slopes are steep,
vegetated ground cover is thin and traffic use is heavy, alternative road designs should be used
to minimize long-term damage. However, most of these locations are surrounded by grassed or
other vegetated areas and cause few problems as a potential pollutant source. As a preventive
practice, maintenance staff must continue to routinely correct these minor erosion problems.
18) Golf Course Managed Areas
The stormwater man agement practices and measures recommended to protect critical and sensitive
environmental resources are described hole-by-hole in this section. Management practices are
-- recommended for the proposed redevelopment and new development of holes. Also, recommenda-
tions are included for those existing holes that are essentially unaffected by the proposed
expansion project, to further improve the water quality management of those holes.
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Page No. II-223
The strategy for using structural management practices in the golf course managed areas was
designed to take advantage of existing practices on the golf course. The management practices
that are now applied to the golf course can be grouped into three categories: (1) infiltration
enhancement; (2) turfgrass and management; and (3) grassed swales and filter strips. (See the
Existing Conditions Sub-Section for a discussion of these practices.) Although these were not
designed for the purpose of managing stormwater runoff quality and quantity on the existing
course, they are effective. Natural systems (forested areas, wetlands and rangelands) receive the
treated runoff from upland golf managed areas. These areas help to integrate runoff into the
natural environment and provide further management.
In the proposed expansion project, some new or redeveloped holes are planned for golf course
locations with limited opportunities for runoff management using the existing three categories of
practices. In these locations, additional management practices are proposed that would provide
high levels of treatment for runoff. For example, new greens are designed with a grass surface
and layered sand-peat bed. Excess water would be drained from these areas by gravel and
perforated pipe networks to the ground surface located downslope of the green. If these greens
are located where infiltration, grass swales, filter strips, or detention practices are not appropriate,
other practices are recommended. An example is the peat/sand filter which could be integrated
into roughs, sand bunkers, or natural areas.
• Hole IN -- This existing hole (10) extends approximately parallel to and south of the
shoreline. The existing gaps in forest cover along the shoreline offers opportunities for buffer
enhancement. A vegetated filter strip of minimum 25-feet-wide should be installed between
the edge of the rough and the existing shoreline buffer.
• Hole 2N -- This fairway would be divided by two drainage areas. The proposed green would
drain toward Holes 6N and 7N. (See Holes 6N and 7N for runoff management descriptions.)
Grassed swales crossing the fairway in both drainage areas should be enhanced These areas
would drain to Hole 7N. (See Hole 7N description for additional runoff management.)
• Hole 3N - This fairway would drain in two directions and be located on a peninsula. One
area drains to Hole 5N. (See description of Hole 5N for management in the tee area.) The
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other area drains to Hole 4N. Most runoff is expected to be sheet flow because no major
swales are located on this hole.
• Hole 4N -- The new hole would be located parallel to the shoreline with the green on the
easternmost point of the peninsula. The green would be sloped to drain away from the
reservoir toward the grassed swale. The swale would be enhanced and managed as rough.
A peat/sand or other mixed media filter will be used to treat the runoff from the underdrains
on the greens.
• Hole 5N -- The new hole would be located on the peninsula at the easternmost part of the
golf course property. The hole parallels the shoreline and includes an exposed rock outcrop
area. Plans include covering the rock outcrops in the fairway with topsoil and revegetating
the area. The green would be sloped toward the tee in northerly and easterly directions. A
peat/sand filter (or other mixed media filter) would be used to treat runoff collected by the
drains under the green. An enhanced grassed swale would be installed at the northern end of
the hole, bisecting the tee areas. Another enhanced swale located midway down the fairway
would drain in both a northeast and southwest direction. This provides an opportunity to use
a meander pattern for the grassed swales to lengthen the flow path. The natural buffer would
be enhanced at the edge of the rough by using a vegetated filter strip.
• Hole 6N - The new hole would be located on the southern portion of the peninsula. The
hole would cross a cove of the reservoir, with the tee and green located just outside of the 25-
foot buffer. The tee and green areas would be surrounded by a relatively wide rough which
could be enhanced to provide better infiltration of potential runoff. Runoff from the green
area on the western shoreline could be collected by an underdrain system and discharged to
an enhanced grassed swale on the north side of the green. A peat/sand or alternative filter
would also be added to improve treatment. The Swale would also manage runoff from the
green and fairway areas of Hole 2N. Runoff from the tee could be collected by an underdrain
system that discharges to a grassed swale area extending laterally at the same elevation
- towards the east. A peat/sand or alternative mixed-media filter would also be added to
improve runoff management.
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Page No. II-225
• Hole 7N -- The new hole would be located on the southern portion of the peninsula parallel
to the south shoreline. The green would be drained toward an enhanced Swale east of the
green. An enhanced grassed swale would be installed to the west of the tee. There is a
buffer enhancement opportunity at the fairway and rough edge, which would provide
additional runoff management. A peat/sand filter could be installed, if further treatment is
needed, in the enhanced swale or buffer.
• Hole 8N -- The existing hole (11) would be redeveloped under the proposed expansion plan.
All tees would be new and would drain to a grassed swale located east of the tees. The swale
would be located between the Fairways of Holes 7N and 8N.
• Hole 9N -- The hole is existing (12) and not proposed for any major changes. Because the
tee is located near the reservoir shoreline, the rough may require some additional enhance-
ment. A minimum 25-foot vegetated filter strip at the outer edge of the rough would improve
runoff management.
• Hole 1ON -- The hole is existing (9) and proposed for redevelopment. Three tees would be
built in the vicinity of the existing green and one tee approximately 200 feet west in the
vicinity of the existing green. Two enhanced grassed swales would be constructed to collect
runoff from the tees and fairway area. The two existing swales on the fairway receive runoff
from Hole 1OS fairway and tee of Hole I IN. These would be enhanced to provide improved
management of the potential runoff. The green would be drained to the enhanced swale.
• Hole 11N -- This existing hole (7) is located between the Wakefield community on the west
and the reservoir on the east. Runoff from the tee area would drain to the enhanced Swale
that passes through Hole ION. The hole receives runoff from Wakefield's DA 40 outfall and
overland sheet flow from Wakefield's residential lawns. The outfall drains into a riprapped
swale and across the rough and fairway. This grassed swale, which is also the location of the
existing stormwater runoff monitoring survey, could be enhanced to provide more lateral
-- turfgrass contact area for flow. The rough on both up and down slope edges of the fairway
would be enhanced. At the downslope edge of the rough, a vegetated filter strip of 25 to 50-
feet-wide would be installed to further treat runoff. In the forested area, the base of the
riprapped slope must be protected from erosion caused by the runoff exiting the riprap. The
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lower end of the wetland near the reservoir would be improved by additional planting and
flow spreading.
• Hole 12N -- This new hole would be located in the northern area of the golf course property -
and would cross two drainage areas. One swale crosses in front of the tees in an undisturbed
area and the second through the fairway. Both swales would be enhanced to intercept runoff.
One swale would receive runoff from the Hole 16N green and part of the fairway. The
planned rough and buffer should adequately manage runoff from the green. Wakefield DAs
37 and 39, currently draining into a bare ditch, would require runoff management. Runoff
from the storm drain outfalls would flow toward the area of the proposed tee. (See the
discussion of runoff management from Wakefield community drainage areas.)
• Hole 13N -- This new hole would be located in the northernmost part of the golf course
property. The fairway area appears to have adequate rough width and drainage distance to
manage runoff as sheet flow. The tee would be graded to drain toward the proposed rough
for runoff management. A vegetated buffer strip, located between the rough and natural
system, would provide additional treatment of runoff before it entered the natural system.
Because of the green's location near critical/sensitive environmental resources, runoff would
be drained southward in a grassed swale along a parallel contour elevation for at least 100 feet
and then eastward to the shoreline. A peat/sand filter could be integrated into the grassed
swale, if needed, to further treat runoff collected by the green's underdrains.
• Hole 14N -- This new hole would be located at the northernmost end of the golf course
property. Although the proposed green would be surrounded by rough, this may not provide
adequate treatment of runoff. An additional management technique would be to collect runoff
in an underdrain system and treat on the island by passing it through a peat/sand filter or
pumping it back to the main shoreline for treatment in a mixed media filter system The two
tees are located on the main shoreline beyond the 25-foot buffer.
• Hole 15N - The new hole, located west of Hole 14N, would cross a cove in the reservoir. -
Management of fairway runoff can be enhanced by installing a 25-foot vegetated filter strip
between the rough and the reservoir shoreline. Tees located east and west of the cove,
because of their locations, may require collection by underdrains and treatment in a peat/sand
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Page No. II-227
or alternative filter. With at least 80 feet distance from the green to the wetland buffer, an
enhanced grassed swale can be installed to the north to improve runoff management.
• Hole 16N -- This new hole would extend across multiple drainage areas. It would receive
runoff from Wakefield DAs 37 and 38. This is currently sheet flow that drains into the
forested area north of the Wakefield community. A vegetated filter strip would be utilized
to treat the runoff, framing the tee area. The grassed swale that would cross at approximately
the middle.of the fairway would receive runoff from the upslope drainage area and would be
enhanced. This area includes runoff from the Wakefield community. The green should drain
into the swale located east of the green. A peat/sand filter could be integrated into the swale,
if further treatment is needed for runoff from the green's underdrains. This swale drains to
Hole 12N and should be enhanced.
• Hole 17N -- The existing hole (8) would not be redeveloped in the proposed expansion plan.
This hole crosses a cove in the reservoir and elevated tee and green areas. Vegetated filter
strips from 25 to 50-feet-wide could be installed at the base of the tee slope, adjacent to the
existing natural buffer along the reservoir.
• Hole 18N -- This new hole, located east of Hole ION, would cross two coves in the reservoir.
Of the three proposed tees on the north shore, two would be located greater than 100 feet
from the water. All tees would be surrounded by rough. Runoff from the northernmost tees
would be adequately managed by the existing vegetated area of the golf course. The tee
closest to the water would drain to a vegetated buffer located parallel to the shoreline and
extending to the northeast. For the fairway area draining to the cove, an enhanced vegetated
buffer area would be installed along the cove shoreline to intercept and treat runoff. The
green would be oriented away from the reservoir and toward the fairway and rough to take
advantage of sheet flow crossing grassed areas. A peat/sand filter would be added to further
treat runoff from the greens and underdrains. The fairway swale, under one scenario, would
receive runoff from the Clubhouse impervious area after crossing the Fairway of Hole ION.
• Hole 1S -- This is existing Hole 13, which is located in the southeastern part of the golf
course property. Opportunities exist for enhancing the grassed swales between Holes 1S and
9S and between Holes 1S green and Hole 2S tee.
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• Hole 2S -- This is existing Hole 14, which crosses a cove in the reservoir. Given the
distances between the green/tee and shoreline, the natural vegetated buffer adjacent to the
shoreline should be enhanced by adding 25 feet or more width. This would provide additional
runoff management beyond what is currently being provided
• Hole 3S -- This is existing Hole 15, which approximately parallels the reservoir shoreline.
Given the relatively narrow distance from the edge of fairway and rough north to the water,
the vegetated buffer should be enhanced maintaining 25 feet or more of vegetated buffer. The
green is located on a point with limited surrounding land area. The natural vegetated buffer
would be enhanced by maintaining a minimum width of 25 feet of vegetated buffer.
• Hole 4S -- This would be comprised of portions of existing Holes 16 and 17 with a
redeveloped green and as redevelopment of approximately two-thirds of the fairway. The hole
would approximately parallel the shoreline. With a relatively steep slope on the reservoir side
of the tee. The existing vegetated buffer (a minimum of 25-feet-wide) should be maintained
An opportunity also exists to jointly manage runoff from the green at Hole 3S and tee at Hole
4S. In the cove area, a grassed swale could be installed adjacent to the water to promote
infiltration of runoff collecting in the area. A peat/sand filter could be installed to further treat
runoff. The green slopes toward the fairway with the runoff draining to a grassed swale at
the cove.
• Hole 5S -- This is existing Hole 2, which extends along the reservoir shoreline. There is an
opportunity to enhance the two existing swales crossing the fairway. The swale between Hole
4S green and Hole 5S could be enhanced by managing it as rough and flattening the swale
in the lower 100 to 150 feet before entering the buffer.
• Hole 6S -- This is existing Hole 3, with proposed redevelopment of the green and
approximately one-fourth of the fairway. No forest removal is needed to redevelop the hole.
The green drains toward the fairway and into about 200 feet of unmanaged rough.
• Hole 7S - A portion of existing Hole 1 is proposed for redevelopment as Hole 7S by the
expansion plan. The new fairway would be constructed over part of the existing fairway area.
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Page No. 11-229
Given its location relative to the reservoir, potential sheet flows from this hole appear to be
adequately managed.
• Hole 8S -- Another portion of existing Hole 1 is proposed for redevelopment as Hole 8S. The
grassed fairway swale receives runoff from Hole 7S and passes the flow through the Fairway
of Hole 9S. Given its location relative to the reservoir, potential flows from this hole would
be adequately minimized without additional measures.
• Hole 9S - This is existing hole 18, with no planned changes in the expansion plan. Three
swales cross the fairway. The northern swale drains a part of the proposed practice green,
south of the Clubhouse, and the green of Hole 9S. The middle swale receives runoff from
the fairway and green areas of Hole 7S. The southernmost swale receives runoff from Hole
7S and Hole 8S. It also would receive runoff from the green at Hole 2S. Beyond the
fairway, these swales would be managed as rough.
• Hole 10S -- This existing Hole 6 is scheduled for redevelopment with creation of a new green
and approximately one-half the fairway. A large part of the existing green and fairway is
drained by a grassed swale that also crosses the Fairway at Hole 10N. The tee at Hole 11N
also drains into the swale. This swale should be enhanced for managing the runoff. The new
location of the green removes it from the direct view of the Wakefield community.
• Hole 11S - This new hole is proposed for an area south of and parallel to the entrance road.
The hole is planned for a two-part fairway surrounded by a relatively large areas of rough.
This design considers the runoff from Wakefield community's DA 41 that would flow through
the area after a first stage treatment at the entrance road. The rough would include enhancing
the swale that crosses not only Hole 11S but also Hole 13S.
• Hole 12S -- This new hole would be aligned parallel and is east of the unnamed tributary and
its associated wetlands. The hole would have a relatively large area of rough surrounding the
tees, green and fairway. Runoff from the tees would spread across the rough. The green on -
Hole 11S would also drain across the rough at Hole 12S. The drainage from the green would
be managed at the south end of the hole in an area south and west of the green. Sheet flow
from the green would spread to the west. The runoff would then spread out across the rough
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for additional treatment. A sand, peat/sand, or other mixed-media filter would be used if
needed for additional treatment.
• Hole 13S -- This new hole would be located south of and parallel to Hole 11S. The hole
would be surrounded by a relatively large area of rough. The Swale that crosses the fairway
would drain from Hole 11S and carry runoff from Wakefield DA 41. This would be
enhanced for runoff management. Runoff collected by drainpipes under the green would
discharge to the rough and runoff to the swale.
• Hole 14S -- This new hole would be constructed south of and parallel to Hole 13S. The hole
is designed to have a relatively large surrounding rough. With the green graded toward the
fairway (eastward), the grassed swale (over 300-feet-long) crossing the fairway would collect
potential runoff, drain south and then west to the buffer that surrounds the wetlands and
unnamed tributary.
• Hole 15S -- This new hole is designed with a relatively large area of rough surrounding the
playing areas. The hole is located south of and parallel to Hole 14S. Because of the location
of the tees near the wetland buffer of the unnamed tributary, the runoff would be collected
in an enhanced Swale that would parallel the shoreline. A peat/sand filter could be installed
in the enhanced swale if further treatment is needed.
• Hole 16S -- This would be a new hole that would be surrounded by a large area of rough.
The grassed swale south of the hole would pick up potential runoff from the green and
fairway areas of the hole and part of the fairway and green of Hole 15S. Because the swale
area is wide (over 90 feet), it may not require special enhancement. Runoff from the green
would be directed away from the shoreline. A peat/sand filter would be installed to further
treat runoff collected by the underdrains of the green.
• Hole 17S - This new hole is designed to cross two coves with the tees, fairway and green
-- all located on different peninsulas separated by shoreline and water. These areas would be
surrounded by relatively large planned areas of rough, but their locations near the shoreline
may require the following management: the tees and green would be drained by underdrains
and the water treated by a peat/sand or other mixed-media filter, and vegetated buffers (a
Page No. 11-232 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE
Environmental Feasibility Study
L Implementation Monitoring Strategy
Monitoring is an important part of long-term operations on the golf course property. Monitoring includes
both routine and special observations and data collection related to the physical and environmental
conditions of the golf course managed areas, urban and other built-up areas, natural systems (i.e.,
rangeland, forests, wetlands, etc.) and adjacent surface water resources.
Implementation monitoring consists of four .parts: (1) construction monitoring; (2) operational
monitoring; (3) special inspections; and (4) managed area runoff monitoring.
1) Construction Monitoring
During the construction and grow-in phases of golf course development, special inspections may
be required. These inspections would supplement the routine construction operations. Special
attention would focus on critical and sensitive resource protection, forest harvesting operations,
land clearing, erosion and sediment controls and stormwater runoff controls.
2) Operational Monitoring
These monitoring activities include continuous climatic data collection, soil sampling, daily
inspections of managed areas for pest concerns and inspections for irrigation needs. The activities
are part of the routine golf course management process and support decision-making by the
management staff. (See the Course Management Section for discussion of the operational
monitoring recommendations.)
3) Special Inspections In addition to the routine inspections and other operational monitoring
necessary for golf course management, special comprehensive inspections should be scheduled.
These would focus on the overall golf course management activities and implementation results.
The inspections could be performed by the Pine Ridge and BMGC staff.
PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE Page No. II-233
Environmental Feasibility Study
4) Managed Area Runoff Monitoring
A stormwater runoff monitoring program would be implemented during the post-construction
implementation phase of golf course operation. This monitoring program would correspond to the
planned groundwater monitoring program in scope and duration.
Using the results of the reconnaissance monitoring survey, a detailed monitoring design should
be developed that focuses on acquiring long-term golf course runoff hydrology and quality
information and examining the effectiveness of proposed management practice systems. The
reconnaissance monitoring survey collected data from two seasons at three sites on the golf course.
One site was a drainage area that included fairways and greens from two holes draining through
a grassed swale. The results of this monitoring, together with the other climatic monitoring data,
would provide a better picture of the long-term water balance on the golf course managed areas.
The results also would reflect the overall effectiveness of the management practice system
installed in that drainage area.
The proposed monitoring and laboratory methods to implement the monitoring program would
follow those used in the reconnaissance monitoring survey, with improvements made as needed.