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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20030776 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_20030623O?O? W AT ?RQG r O `C July 15, 2003 DWQ# 03-0776 Pasquotank County Alice M. Redding 914 Riverside Avenue Elizabeth City, NC, 27909 APPROVAL of 401 Water Quality Certification with Additional Condition Dear Ms. Redding: You have our approval, in accordance with the attached conditions, to fill or disturb 0.028 acre of Public Trust Area/Estuarine Waters and Estuarine Shoreline in order to construct a bulkhead at 706 Riverside Avenue and on Charles Creek, as described in your application received by the Division of Water Quality on June 23, 2003. After reviewing your application, we have determined that this fill is covered by General Water Quality Certification Number 3400, which can be downloaded from our web site at htto://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands . This Certification allows you to use your CAMA Permit when issued by the NC Division of Coastal Management. In addition, you should get any other federal, state or local permits before you go ahead with your project including (but not limited to) Sediment and Erosion Control, Non-Discharge, Water Supply Watershed and U.S. Coast Guard regulations. Also this approval will expire when the accompanying CAMA Permit expires unless otherwise specified in the General Certification. This approval is only valid for the purpose and design that you described in your application. If you change your project, you must notify us in writing and you may be required to send us a new application for a new certification. If the property is sold, the new owner must be given a copy of the Certification and approval letter and is thereby responsible for complying with all conditions. If total wetland fills for this project (now or in the future) exceed one acre, compensatory mitigation may be required as described in 15A NCAC 2H .0506 (h). For this approval to be valid, you must follow the conditions listed in the attached certification and the additional conditions listed below: 1. You are required to return the attached Certification of Completion form to notify DWO when all work included in the 401 Certification has been completed; If you do not accept any of the conditions of this certification, you may ask for an adjudicatory hearing. You must act within 60 days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask for a hearing, send a written petition conforming to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes to the Office of Administrative Hearings, 6714 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, N.C. 27699-6714. This certification and its conditions are final and binding unless you ask for a hearing. This letter completes the review of the Division of Water Quality under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. If you have any questions, please telephone Tom Steffens in our Washington Regional Office at (252) 946-6481 or Cyndi Karoly in our Central Office in Raleigh at (919) 733-9721. Sincerely, r Alan W. Klimek, P.E. AW K/cbk Attachments cc: Corps of Engineers Washington Field Office Washington DWQ Regional Office Central Files File Copy 030776 r N. C. Division of Water Quality, 401 Wetlands Certification Unit, 1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing Address) 2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 (Location) (919) 733-1786 (phone), 919-733-6893 (fax), (htto://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands) Customer Service #: 1-877-623-6748 Michael F. Easley, Governor William G. Ross Jr., Secretary North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Alan W. Klimek, P.E., Director Division of Water Quality Coleen H. Sullins, Deputy Director Division of Water Quality A?A RCDENR North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Division of Coastal Management Michael F. Easley, Governor Donna D. Moffitt, Director William G. Ross Jr., Secretary June 20, 2003 MEMORANDUM: 090-'7p TO: Mr. John R. Dorney 41 Environmental Biological Supervisor Division of Water Quality FROM: Doug Huggett Major Permits Processing Coordinator SUBJECT: CAMA/DREDGE & FILL Permit Application Review Applicant: Alice M. Redding Project Location: 706 Riverside Avenue, Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, on Charles Creek Proposed Project: To construct a bulkhead with backfill at 706 Riverside Avenue, Elizabeth City Please indicate below your agency's position or viewpoint on the proposed project and return this form by July 10, 2003. If you have any questions regarding the proposed project, please contact Frank A. Jennings, III, at (252) 264-3901. When appropriate, in-depth comments with supporting data is requested. REPLY: This agency has no objection to the project as proposed. This agency has no comment on the proposed project. This agency approves of the project only if the recommended changes are incorporated. See attached. This agency objects to the project for reasons described in the attached comments. SIGNED DATE 1367 U.S. 17 South, Elizabeth City, North Carolina 27909 Phone: 252-264-3901 1 FAX: 252-264-37231 Internet: www.nccoastalmanagement.net An Equal Opportunity 1 Affirmative Action Employer - 50% Recycled 110% Post Consumer Paper DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT FIELD INVESTIGATION REPORT 1. APPLICANT'S NAME: Alice M. Redding 2. LOCATION OF PROJECT SITE: 706 Riverside Avenue, Elizabeth City, Pasquotank, on Charles Creek Photo Index - 2000: 237-191l(E-8) 1995: 167-1714(B-9) 1989: 126-1(Q-10) State Plane Coordinates - X: 2820000 Y: 938150 Elizabeth City Quad LL GPS: E053017A 3. INVESTIGATION TYPE: CAMA/D&F 4. INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURE: Dates of Site Visit - 05/30/03 Was Applicant Present - No 5. PROCESSING PROCEDURE: Application Received - 06/09/03 Office - Elizabeth City 6. SITE DESCRIPTION: (A) Local Land Use Plan - Elizabeth City Land Classification From LUP - Conservation, CBD-GB (B) AEC(s) Involved: ES, EW, PTA (C) Water Dependent: Yes (D) Intended Use: Private (E) Wastewater Treatment: City Sewer Planned - N/A (F) Type of Structures: Existing - Building Planned - Bulkhead (G) Estimated Annual Rate of Erosion: Less than 1 foot Source - Observation 7. HABITAT DESCRIPTION [AREA] : 01-A-a U,11-!1 Tlictfiirliptl (A) PTA - EW 820 sq. ft. B E 40 s q. ft. (C) Total Area Disturbed: 1220 sq. ft. (D) Primary Nursery Area: No (E) Water Classification: C SW Open: No 8. PROJECT SUMMARY: The applicant proposes to construct a bulkhead with backfill at 706 Riverside Avenue, Elizabeth City, and on Charles Creek. Alice M. Redding Field Investigation Report Page Two The property is located at 706 Riverside Avenue, Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, and adjacent to Charles Creek near the mouth where the creek joins the Pasquotank River. The property is also located adjacent to the Charles Creek bridge on the north side of Riverside Avenue. The property is approximately .15 acres in area'with dimensions of approximately 60 ft. wide and 110 ft. long. The property has an existing 3320 sq. ft. building that was previously used as a boat motor and small engine repair business. A 7-ft. wide and 20-ft. long dock exists along the west side of the property adjacent to the building and was used as the dock for boats that were being repaired. The dock is claimed by the adjacent riparian landowner and has been recently repaired. The building is positioned such that the west side encroaches over the existing property line. The shoreline located on the west side has gradually eroded underneath the applicant's building. The waters of Charles Creek stand underneath the building and occupy an area approximately 24 ft. by 30 ft. and approximately one foot deep. Pieces of concrete have been placed along the west building side and now litter the bottom. Vegetation on the property consists of yard grass and weeds. The property has an elevation of approximately two feet above normal water level. The adjacent properties consist of an abandoned yacht club building over Charles Creek and a boat storage building. The waters of Charles Creek in this area are joint waters, classified as C Sw by the Division of Environmental Management and are closed to shellfish taking. In order to prevent flooding and undermining of her building, the applicant proposes to construct a 35-ft. long treated wooden bulkhead along the west side of the building. The bulkhead will start at the northwest corner property line and run two feet waterward of the building foot print to the south shore, where the proposed bulkhead will have a return approximately two feet past the southern corner of the building. The applicant proposes to remove the floor of the building during construction of the bulkhead so that backfill may be placed behind the bulkhead. Backfill will come from an upland source. The adjacent dock will be temporarily removed to facilitate construction. The development proposal will result in the filling of approximately 820 sq. ft. of Public Trust Area and Estuarine Waters Area of Environmental Concern (AEC) of Charles Creek. Alice M. Redding Field Investigation Report Page Three The bulkhead alignment as proposed will encroach on the adjacent riparian property owner's lot at the south corner. The adjacent property owners object to the alignment and the removal of their dock during construction. Approximately 27 cubic yards of fill material will be placed below normal water level for backfill for the bulkhead. Approximately 400 sq. ft. of Estuarine Shoreline will be disturbed during construction. The fill of 820 sq. ft. of PTA-EW water consists of already shaded shallow-water that does not exhibit any wetland or submerged aquatic vegetation. Temporary water turbidity will occur during construction. Submitted by: Frank A. Jennings, III Date: June 18, 2003 DCM % DWQ % Development Type FEE (14300 1601 435100093 1625 6253 (243001602 435100095 2341 1. Private, non.commercial development that does not Involve 5250 100% (5250) 0% (SO) the filling or excavation of any wetlands or open water areas: II. Public or commercial development t does not involve the filling or h 5400 100%(S400) 0% (SO) a t excavation of any wetlands or open water areas: III. For development that involves the filling and/or excavation of up to 1 acre of wetlands and/or open water areas, determine it A. S, C, or D below applies: III(A). For private, non-commercial It General water Quality ment develo $250 100%($250) 0% (SO) , p Certification Nc.3301 (see attached) can be applied: Illp: For public or commercial 0% (SO) development, if General water Quality $400 100%(S400) Certification No.3301 (see attached) can be applied: Ili(C). if General Water Quality Certification No. 3301 (see attached) could be applied, but DCM staff 0 4 60%(S240) 40%(S160) determined that additional review and 0 5 written DWQ concurrence is needed because or concerns related to water quality or aquatic lite: 111(D). If General Water Quality 5400 60%(S240) 40% (5160) Certification No. 3301 (see attached) can not be applied: IV. For development that involves the filling and/or excavation of more 5475 60°?a (52E5) 40%(S190) than one acre of wetlands and/or open water areas: Form DCM-MP-1 RECEIVE,, PPLI ACATION"" sTAL MANA(33EM!zfVT (To be completed by all applicants) ELIZABETH CI-Ty- b. City, town, community or landmark E'L b 'k -1.1, C, 4,/ 1. APPLICANT a. Landowner: - Name r') L l C. L--" M, 2L;?b Dt N Cx- Address 9 1 `? t 1Vt?5rt7Lfµ , City el 4v State N. Zip Day Phone ?'S; -- 3 ' - / qj q47 b. Author c. Name NOTE., Permit will be issued in name of landowner(s), and/or project name. 2. LOCATION OF PROPOSED PROJECT a. County c. Street address or secondary road number 10(. "AU:-A)Ae_ d. Is proposed work y?+ithin city limits or planning jurisdiction? ? Yes No e. Name of body of water nearest project (e.g. river, creek, sound, bay) rr- d) r; 1- c" s 3. DESCRIPTION AND PLANNED USE OF PROPOSED PROJECT a. List all development activities you propose (e.g. building a home, motel, marina, bulkhead, pier, and excavation and/or filling activities. /\E tni B {.I /. W 1-} C 1-?1 K) 6U LIto rc? 6A 1.J7.1rk": ?4111- t0I)v?j b. Is the proposed activity maintenance of an existing project, new work, or both? ke-"' GJIC c. Will the project be for public, private or commercial use? C o i l iut e hl, 0 R 14 1,- d. Give a brief description of purpose, use, methods of construction and daily operations of proposed project. If more space is needed, please attach additional pages. µ 1 /C 1? F' ?k W w'-/ t' 6(-.. C v Aj c 4-r? LA,- 4 -e o c? l 1, ?.l ti,, pj r4- A; 0 ?,v c F)_yo/E WI L.L Ger 1E?E?t.tCJV? ?il so le;,q G1-11 d,4 %3& /)/0zCK): 13KIktie,4a Get I1 4 *ofec4 f6 u, Id, uq F"OcfN0Arjo.-v P'eam isetauNde'PAjiNedisetauNde'PAjiNed Fax Form DCM-MP-1 4. LAND AND WATER CHARACTERISTICS a. Size of entire tract /I? ew b. Size of individual lot(s) /-,/ / rf c. Approximate elevation of tract above MHW -or NWL 4 )_ ,- r d. Soil type(s) and texture(s of tract Mft 7-T M ey . FtN J::: SflnJdy ?flr?r?t e. Vegetation on tract y'A,.Q d C__toAss f. Man-made features now on tract G.t? tAV?V-I PAk*(NS J g. What is the CAMA Land Use Plan land classification of the site? (Consult the local land use plan.) Conservation Developed Rural Transitional Community Other h. How is the tract zoned by local government? c50 - o-,8 i. Is the proposed project consistent with the applicable zoning? Yes No (.Attach zoning compliance certificate, ((applicable) j? Has a professional done for the tract? If yes, by whom? _ k. Is the project located in a National Registered Historic District or does it involve a National Register listed or eligible property? Yes X10 Are there wetlands on the site? Yes ?No Coastal (marsh) Other If yes, has a delineation been conducted? (Anach documentation, if available) archaeological assessment been Yes ZNo m. Describe existing wastewater treatment faciliti( C,4,f 15ewf-rv n. Describe location and type of discharges to w of the state. (For example, surface runoff, san wastewater, industrial /commercial effluent, "i down" and residential discharges.) S ?- k 14-14 C. C- /P w/(-, c,-P- o. Describe existing drinking water supply source r: art, . C 14V 5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION In addition to the completed application form, following items must be submitted: • A copy of the deed (with state application only other instrument under which the applicant claims to the affected properties. If the applicant is claiming to be the owner of said property, i forward a copy of the deed or other instrument ur which the owner claims title, plus written permis; from the owner to carry out the project. • An accurate, dated work plat (including plan v and cross-sectional drawings) drawn to scale in bl ink on an 8 1/2" by I V white paper. (Refer Coastal Resources Commission Rule 77.0203 fe detailed description.) Please note that original drawings are preferred only high quality copies will be accepted. Blue-1 prints or other larger plats are acceptable only if adequate number of quality copies are provided applicant. (Contact the U.S. Army Corps Engineers regarding that agency's use of lar, drawings.) A site or location map is a part of 1 requirements and it must be sufficiently detailed guide agency personnel unfamiliar with the area to Pie' EC EivEn, Form DCM-MP-1 JUN 0 9 f:?0ASTAL ?441`0,C)EMIE NT 711?_'ALH r !'A rITy, site. Include highway or secondary road (SR) numbers, landmarks, and the like. • A Stormwater Certification, if one is necessary. • A list of the names and complete addresses of the adjacent waterfront (riparian) landowners and signed return receipts as proof that such owners have received a copy of the application and plats by certified mail. Such landowners must be advised that they have 30 days in which to submit comments on the proposed project to the Division of Coastal Management. Upon signinF{this form, the applicant further certifies that such notice has been provided. 6. CERTIFICATION AND PERMISSION TO ENTER ON LAND I understand that any permit issued in response to this application will allow only the development described in the application. The project will be subject to conditions and restrictions contained in the permit. I certify that to the best of my knowledge, the proposed activity complies with the State of North Carolina's approved Coastal Management Program and will be conducted in a manner consistent with such program. Name Drz + M,zs Lloyd C-t-1*cr-'V Address 2 00 a jowcfia 5040mF, p0.-k ") Phone E'?) z,48e-i h C t4, f ", C. Name Address Phone Name Address -_ Phone • A list of previous state or federal permits issued for work on the project tract. Include permit numbers, permittee, and issuing dates. A check for $250 made payable to the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources (DEHNR) to cover the costs of processing the application. A signed AEC hazard notice for projects in oceanfront and inlet areas. • A statement of compliance with the N.C. Environmental Policy Act (N.C.G.S. 113A - 1 to 10) If the project involves the expenditure of public funds or use 'of public lands, attach a statement documenting compliance with the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act. I certify that I am authorized to grant, and do in fact, grant permission to representatives of state and federal review agencies to enter on the aforementioned lands in connection with evaluating information related to this permit application and follow-up monitoring of the project. I further certify that the information provided in this application is truthful to the best of my knowledge. This is the -? day of (? C , fq,: d6 ? 3 Print Name a j, W t' [r d/17 (4 Signature_ )91 zk& Landowner or Authorized Agent Please indicate attachments pertaining to your proposed project. CM MP-2 Excavation and Fill Information DCM MP-3 Upland Development DCM MP-4 Structures Information DCM MP-5 Bridges and Culverts DCM MP-6 Marina Development NOTE: Please sign and date each attachment in the space provided at the bottom of each form. } E.X AND FILL (Except bridges and culverts) Attach this form to Joint Application for CAMA Major Permit, Form DCM-MP-1. Be sure to complete all other sections of the Joint Application that relate to this proposed project. Describe below the purpose of proposed excavation or till activities. All values to be given in feet. Average Final Length Width EAstiag Project Depth Depth Access channel (MLW) or (NWL) Canal Boat basin Boat ramp Rock groin Rock breakwater Other (Excluding shoreline stabilization) NFE D` JUN o 9 COASTAL F;vI,-'p, ELI7A.NE...}.. FIT..,, 1. EXCAVATION A)/ A- a. Amount of material to be excavated from b MHW or NWL in cubic yards ,-' b. Type of material to be excavated N c. Does the area to be excavated include cc wetlands (marsh), submerged aquatic veget (SAVs) or other wetlands? ,q. Yes N d. Highground excavation in cubic yards 2. DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATED lob, MATERIAL a. Location of disposal area b. Dimensions of disposal area A' /I, ' c. Do you claim title to disposal area? r-' Yes No If no, attach a letter granting permission fron owner. d. Will a disposal area be available for fi maintenance? Yes TI-/N9 If yes, where? e. Does the disposal area include any coastal well (marsh), SAVs or other wetlands? /-? /Yes No f. Does the disposal include any ar?ea,in the water Yes No /..' / /` Form DCM-NW-2 3. SHORELINE STABILIZATION a. Typ f shoreline stabilization Bulkhead Riprap b. Length 3 S F-C e I- c. Average distance w to and of ?* or NWL d. Maximum distance w;?aterward of hOi2K or NWL e. Shoreline erosion during preceding 12 months (Source of njormarion) f. Type of bulkhead or riprap material W 6'0 ID JUN () ?q b. Will fill material be p- 1,'1/6b Nwedands CITV (marsh), SAVs or other wetlands? Yes No If yes, (1) Dimensions of till area (2) Purpose of till 5. GENERAL a. How will excavated or till material be kept on site and erosion controlled'? I k l? - -' ?J b. What type of construction equipment will be used (for example, dragline, backhoe, or hydraulic dredg/?e1))? / g. Amount of fill in cubic yards to be placed below water level (1) Riprap c (2) Bulkhead backfill 'rr h. Type of fill material C era U <i? i. Source of fill material 4. OTHER FILL ACTIVITIES (Excluding Shoreline Stabilization) a. Will till material be brought to site? Yes No If yes, (1) Amount of material to be placed in the water. (2) Dimensions of fill area I, Will wetlands be crossed in transporting equipment to project site? Yes No If yes, explain steps that will be taken to lessen environmental impacts. - i l/"( t Applicant or Project Name Sigature Ile 03 Date (3) Purpose of fill ,SC ll ? lL s v 17 Ccl h PSG, ?r rJ w f6 13c)°i 7c?rU !? - ,Lie l ! rw P1L- t A ?i rT;,. ??^ 13 N ? `' Foc4 R'r, ?1 t f t? L r f?ig}? ! + ? ? ?DC 1c A u . •_ ------- - '? !' ? E - K)L.r4N?ac'n-l ': t J E i r NCI's. ate' u' F Lnoon c.:,E fir. L 1-N fir, `°>Slk t , . 1.) AREA - 6,528 sq. ft. / 0.15 acres (coord.meth.) PASQWTAW RIVER 2.) AS RECORDED IN DEED BK 721. PG. 718 AND D.B. 131, PG. 442; D.C.R. I•i, ? 3.) PROPERTY IS LOCATED IN F.I.R.M. ZONE A4 (6) -' 4.) THIS PROPERTY IS SUBJECT TO ANY EASEMENTS THAT A MORE i Y THOROUGH TITLE SEARCH MAY UNCOVER. SITE '! } 5.) THIS SURVEY IS BASED ON EXISTING FIELD MONUMENTATION AND RECORDED ?? cc W RIVERSIDE AVE INFORMATION. V, ? ?.A ? ? {?tr N l! ., yy ? COASTAL MANA-'F.,v!.-'N ELIZANE" H LOCATION MAP (N.T S ) NOW OR FORMERLY . . LLOYD GRIFFIN D.B. 349. PG. 425 EX 1 STORY EX WOODEN PIER METAL BLDG S75'30'00"E 60.04' I?7 www' L wATCR I ?in.?+ 3 1P (? PRopiwwry LAN I I ( I 59.5' 1 1' m I ( _ I I N t EX I SRY 0 I I I I I ,. METAL BLDG o . 23.2' Ito I N 0.53 I I i o CANOPY n S. I ? ! I I I NOW OR FORMERLY I I I I I NOW OR FORMERLY 0I LLOYD GRIFFIN LLOYD GRIFFIN I i I 6 D.B. 349, P6. 425 D.B. 374, PG. 175 I I? .= I I N EX 2 STORY I LOT I I } I 1 I BLDG ;•, 1 ' , I n I I I I 1 o N 79 - ° I w I o -1 I I I` 20.2' I I I I I o I I 0.93' I I CONC I I ? I I I I Z I O T I LOT I LOT i LOT I I LOT i LOT ILOT ILOT i LT i LOT I T O 9 8 7 6 5 I 4 9 I ' ' " I I '- I N75 20 0W 0 1 42 36 E S74' '09"E S73 64' ? • 49 9 I I 059' 0 , 4.001 . . 3 1, 59 I I 5. N81'3000" ~ - Ng5 _ 0'00 -. ^' OVERNEAD PWR CURB 132.49' ' " ? S73,33 1 4 E RIVERSIDE p,VE CURB ?N C qR? •. ASS` 2040E I ?2 'tiv 4 SEAL9?f L--3531 q4 4. A J. ME Na 1. GLORIA J. ROGERS, P.L.S., CERTIFY THAT THIS 2003-026 MAP WAS DRAWN UNDER MY SUPERVISION FROM SURVEY DAZE AN ACTUAL SURVEY MADE UNDER MY SUPERVISION, 04-01-03 THAT THE BOUNDARIES NOT ACTUALLY SURVEYED cA00 FILE ARE SHOWN AS BROKEN LINES PLOTTED FROM 2003-026 INFORMATION FOUND IN EXISTING RECORDS AND 9CME THAT THIS MAP MEETS THE REQUIREMNTS OF 1" - 30 NCAC TITLE 21, CHAPTER 56. SECTION .1600 AS AMENDED. WITNESS MY HAND AND SEAL THIS p 1 at APR. 2003 -0 POWER POLE O PIPE (F) ? CONC MONUMENT O PIN (F) * CALC PT ® WATER METER 30 15 0 30 1 inch - 30 ft. GRAPHIC SCALE mfvsm& Wray Fm ALICE M. REDDING LOTS 1,2,34,5, & 6 _ ROCHELLE REALTY COMPANY, MORRIS PROP PASOUOTANK CO. ELIZABETH CITY NORTH CAROLINA GLORIA J. ROGERS 215 B STREET CAMDEN. N.C. 27921 (iLGv' (252) 338-1415 Phone P..S. L-3531 PROFESSIONAL LAND SURVEYOR (252) 333-8781 Cell MEMORANDUM TO: John Dorney Non-Discharge Branch Regional Contact: tom steffens WQ Supervisor: Boger Thorpe Date: SUBJECT: WETLAND STAFF REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS Facility Name Alice Redding County Pasquotank Project Number 03 0776 County2 Recvd From DCM Region Washington Received Date 6/23/03 Recvd By Region Project Type bulkhead Certificates Stream Stream Impacts (ft.) Permit Wetland Wetland Wetland Stream Class Acres Feet Type Type Impact Score Index Prim. Supp. Basin Req. Req. ME LAMA OTH O Y O N F- 30-3-11 r C SW 30,150. 0.03 o Y O N Mitigation Wetland MitigationType Type Acres Feet Is Wetland Rating Sheet Attached? 0 Y 0 N Did you request more Info? 0 Y 0 N Have Project Changes/Conditions Been Discussed With Applicant? 0 Y 0 N Is Mitigation required? 0 Y O N Recommendation: 0 Issue 0 Issue/fond 0 Deny Provided by Region: Latitude (ddmmss) Longitude (ddmmss) Comments: Issue n/c cc: Regional Office Central Office Page Number 1