20000351 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_20000320

We-Gro-Rite
Subject: We-Gro-Rite
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2000 09:43:59 -0600
From: "Will Harman" <[e-mail]>
To: "Todd St. John" <[e-mail]>
Todd,
We-Gro-Rite has decided to withdrawal their permit application to restore
Brown and Whitacker Creeks.
Will
William A Harman
Principal Hydrologist
Buck Engineering
1152 Executive Circle
Suite 100
Cary, NC 27511
Phone: [phone] x 205
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
I o l'] 11/17/009.
Mate or Ivortn uarolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Bill Holman, Secretary
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
Mr. William Harman
Buck Engineering
1152 Executive Circle, Suite 100
Cary, NC 27511
Dear Mr. Harman:
AdMEW
NCDENR
Division of Water Quality
November 6. 2000
Subject: Lynda Williford (We gro rite Strawberries)
DWQ Project No. 000351
Cherokee County
The Wetlands Unit staff reviewed the stream restoration plans for the subject project and determined that
additional information is necessary to complete the technical review process. The required additional
information is as follows:
Physical monitoring plan
An annual physical monitoring plan must be provided to monitoring physical stability and integrity
of the project for five years. Monitoring should include permanent monitoring stations at at least one
pool and one cross section in each reach for five years. Stream bank and channel stability should be
monitored at these locations. Please specify the procedure to be used. Also, the longitudinal profile
must be monitored once the first year and then every two years using an appropriate procedure for a
total of five years (for a total of three times). Please specify the procedure.
Planting plan
Please provide a planting plan that includes riparian areas 25 feet from each bank and a tree survival
rate of 320 trees per acre after five years. The plan should include a monitoring plan to monitor tree
survival rate.
Preservation
An easement or some other means of permanent protection of the streams should be provided. The
easement should include a 25 foot riparian area on either side of the stream.
Division wetlands unit staff will strive to complete a final technical review within 10 working days of
receipt of the requested information. If you have any questions or would like to discuss this project, please
contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
? /n-ineer
Totifd 5?t. John, Environmental cc: John Dorney, Wetlands/401 Unit
Asheville Regional Office
File
4401 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC 27607 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper

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October 26, 2000
Todd St. John
Environmental Engineer
DENR/Division of Water Quality
Wetlands Unit
1621 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1621
Dear Todd:
Please find enclosed two copies of the stream relocation plan for Brown and Whitaker
Creeks located on the Young's Plant Farm (We-Gro Rite) nursery in Andrews, North
Carolina. This plan is a design modification under an open project (Project #
000351). A third copy has been forwarded to Mike Parker in the Asheville regional
office.
Also enclosed is a plan addendum, which includes boundary shear stress calculations for
the existing and design channels and design specifications for instream structures. If you
need additional information, please contact myself at [phone] x 205 or Kevin
Tweedy at [phone] x 203.
Sincerely,
William A. Harman
Hydrologist
Cc: Mike Parker, DENR, Asheville Regional Office
Allen Williford, Young's Plant Farm
Enclosures
1152 Executive Circle, Suite 100 • Cary, North Carolina 27511
Phone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
Addendum to the Stream Relocation Plan for Brown and Whitaker Creeks
Prepared By: Buck Engineering
October 27, 2000
Sediment Transport/ Shear Stress Analyses
The boundary shear stress placed on the sediment particles along the streambed is the
force that entrains and moves the particles, given by:
i = yRs
Wherej = shear stress (lbs/ft2)
y = specific gravity of water (62.4 lbs/ft)
R = hydraulic radius (ft)
S = average riffle slope (ft/ft)
The boundary shear stress was calculated for the Brown and Whitaker stream reaches for
the existing condition and the proposed design. The critical shear stress was not
calculated because the d5o of both streams is less than 1 mm. The purpose of this analysis
is to ensure that the design channel has enough competency to move the d84.
Brown Creek
Shear stress curves for the existing and design channels (Phase I-B5c) and (Phase II-C5)
are shown in Figure 1. Summary data are shown in Table 1. Results of the analysis show
that the B5c design channel has the competency to move the entire bed (D100).
Therefore, to prevent channel incision and headcutting upstream, rock cross vanes are
proposed in various sections of the B5c channel (refer to Figure 4 in the Relocation Plan).
The C5 channel has the competency to move the D84, which is the target size class for
natural channel designs. This level of bed load mobility should produce the proper size
class distribution throughout the riffle/pool sequence.
Table 1: Summary shear stress data for Brown Creek
Reach Bankfull
Stage Ft Bankfull Shear
lbs/ft2 Modified Shields
Curve mm * Size Class
Existing Channel 3.2 0.67 120 13100
B5c Design 2.0 0.62 100 DIN
C5 Design 2.0 0.23 40 D84
Whitaker Creek
Shear stress curves for the existing and design channels (Phase I-135c) and Phase 11-C5)
are shown in Figure 2. Summary data are shown in Table 2. Results of the analysis show
that the B5c design channel has the competency to move the D90. Therefore, to prevent
channel incision and headcutting upstream, rock cross vanes are proposed in various
sections of the 135c channel (refer to Figure 4 in the Relocation Plan). The C5 channel has
the competency to move the D84, which is the target size class for natural channel
designs.
Table 2: Summary shear stress data for Whitaker Creek
Reach Bankfull
Stage Ft Bankfull Shear
lbs/ft2 Modified Shields
Curve mm * Size Class
Existing Channel 1.8 0.35 55 D90
B5c Design 1.0 0.33 55 D90
C5 Design 1.3 0.22 40 D84
Note:
* A modified Shields curve was used for this analysis and is included with the report.
The modified curve shows a higher curve produced from data collected by Dave Rosgen.
A data point from North Carolina is also plotted. The North Carolina data point falls
close to the Rosgen curve; therefore, Rosgen's curve was used in the analysis rather than
Shields curve.
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Tc = CRITICAL SHEAR STRESS: (Ibs./sgft.)
Laboratory and field data on critical shear stress required to
initiate movement of grains (Leopold, Wolman, & Miller 1964).
The solid line is the Shields curve of the threshold of motion;
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diameter.
Data Points are drawn from the following sources:
U.S.W.E.S. Chitty Ho
Chang Krey
Nat'l. Bur. of Standards Prussian Exper. Institute
Kramer Engels
Indri Fahnestock

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Stream Relocation Plan
Brown and Whitaker Creeks
Andrews, North Carolina
Prepared for
Young's Plant Farm
by
E,,_ 011 M EF1?C
October 20, 2000
Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................... I
Objectives ............................................................................. 1
Existing Condition of Stream Reaches ............................................ 1
Bankfull Verification and Reference Reach Analyses ............................ 7
Mitigation Plan ......................................................................... 8
Appendix 1 - Pebble Count Graphs ................................................. 10
Appendix 2 - Existing Condition Cross Sections and Profiles ................. 12
Appendix 3 - NC Mountain Regional Curves and Reference Reach Data.... 19
Appendix 3 - Design Parameters .................................................... 27
Appendix 4 - Design Cross Sections and Profiles ................................. 30
List of Figures
Figure 1 - Project Site Location Map ............................................. 4
Figure 2 - Project Watershed Area Map ........................................ 5
Figure 3 - Existing Condition Plan View Drawing ............................ 6
Figure 4 - Design Plan View Drawing .......................................... 9
List of Tables
Table 1 - Existing Condition Parameters .......................................... 7
Table 2 - Valley River Gage Station Summary ................................... 7
Table 3 - Existing and Design Stream Lengths ................................... 8
2
Introduction
The project site is located southwest of the town of Andrews, North Carolina (see Figure
' 1) on land owned by Young's Plant Farm. The project involves the relocation of sections
' of two tributaries to the Valley River for the purpose of maximizing the amount of land
area available for agricultural production. Sections of Brown and Whitaker Creeks to be
relocated are currently 723 and 880 feet in length, respectively, for a total of 1,603 feet of
channel that will be impacted. All mitigation work will be conducted on-site.

Objectives
The objective of project mitigation will be to improve water quality, riparian and stream
habitat, and stream stability for approximately 1,908 feet of stream. Specific objectives
include:
• Construct a new stable stream channel based on natural channel design concepts.
• Improve instream habitat by creating stable riffle and pool features.
• Improve riparian habitat and stream stability by increasing buffer widths.
• Decrease amount of streambank erosion along the project reaches.
Existing Condition of Stream Reaches
Brown and Whitaker Creeks are small, alluvial floodplain streams which flow to the
Valley River. Brown Creek is the larger of the two streams, with a drainage area of
approximately 1.4 square miles (see Figure 2). The creek originates on steep mountain
slopes with little development before flowing onto the floodplain of the Valley River
where the dominant land-use is agriculture. Whitaker Creek has a drainage area of
approximately 0.2 square miles and originates on the Valley River Floodplain (see Figure
2).
Both creeks were channelized and straightened in the past to increase the amount of land
available for agricultural production (see Figure 3 for existing condition plan view). As a
result both streams are moderately incised and show evidence of ongoing streambank
erosion. Table 1 presents the existing condition parameters for both streams. Pebble count
information is shown in Appendix 1. The existing condition cross sections and profiles
are shown in Appendix 2.
3
Figure 1 - Proiect Site Location Man
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Figure 2; Project Watershed Area
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0 100 200
1' Contours
---- Stream Top of Bank
-- - Drainage Ditch
4200 4400 4600 4800

5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
Figure 3 . Existing Plan View of Project Site
(Brown and Whitaker Creeks)
6
Table 1 Fxictina nnnditinn mmmeterc for Rrown and Whitaker Creeks.
Parameter Brown Creek Whitaker Creek
Rosgen Stream Tye E5 E5
Drainage Area (sq. mi.) 1.4 0.2
Bankfull Area (sq. ft.) 30 9
Bankfull Width (ft.) 12 - 17 7.2-9.3
Width/Depth Ratio 3.6-9.5 5.8- 10.1
Bank Height Ratios 1.4 1.6
Slope (%) 0.6 0.6
Sinuosity 1.3 1.2
Bankfull Verification/ Reference Reach Analyses
Bankfull stage was identified for Brown and Whitacker Creeks as the back of bench or
upper scour feature. These indicators are very consistent with bankfull stage indicators in
other moderately incised rivers in alluvial valleys of the North Carolina Mountains and
Piedmont. The bankfull indicators were verified by surveying the Little River gage
station at Tomotla (gage number 03550000). The bankfull cross sectional area for the
Valley River gage was close to the regression line for the mountain regional curve.
Therefore, the North Carolina mountain regional curve in conjunction with field
measurements taken along Brown and Whitaker Creeks were used to design the cross
sectional area of the new channel. References for channel pattern and profile were taken
from a composite of streams surveyed in the North Carolina Mountains (see Appendix 3).
The gage station summary information is shown in Table 2. The NC mountain regional
curve relationships are described in Appendix 3.
Table ?• Vallev River CTaoe Station (03550000) summary information
Bankfull Parameters Valley River Gage NC Mountain Regional Curve
Cross Sectional Area (ft) 539 496
Width (Ft) 86.6 106
Mean Depth (Ft) 6.2 4.6
Max Depth (Ft) 7.3 N/a
Width/Depth 14 N/a
Entrenchment Ratio >2.2 N/a
Discharge (cfs) 2,601 3,433
Stream Type C4 N/a
Return Interval (Year) 1.2 Avg. 1.3
7
Mitigation Plan
Brown and Whitaker Creeks
A portion of Brown and Whitaker Creeks will be relocated as shown on Figure 4. The
relocation will take place in two phases. The existing an design stream lengths are shown
in Table 3. The design parameters for both phases are shown in Appendix 4.
Table 1• Fxictina and Decian Rtrenm T.enaths
Stream Existing Length Ft Design Length Ft
Brown Creek 723 840
Whitaker 880 1068
Total 1603 1908
Phase 1 will consist of constructing a 135c (Priority 3) stream type from the existing ditch
to the existing channel. The old channel will be filled. Typical design cross sections and
profiles are shown in Appendix 5. Phase 2 is located upstream of the existing ditch. This
section of Brown and Whitaker Creeks will consist of a sinuous C5 stream type (Rosgen
Priority 2). Bank height ratios will be reduced from 1.4 and 1.6 to 1.0, meaning that
bankfull will be the top of bank. Stream flow will be diverted immediately after
construction into the Phase I, 135c stream, so that Young's Plant Farm can fill the old
channel. This phase of construction is anticipated to start in November 2000.
The newly constructed C5 stream type (Phase 1) will be allowed to stabilize over the
winter before receiving stream flow. It is anticipated that stream flow will be diverted
into the new C5 in May/June 2001. At that time, the old channel will be filled. Soil
excavated from the new channel will be stockpiled and seeded at least 200 feet from any
stream.
The streambanks in Phase 1, C5 stream type, will be stabilized during construction with a
combination of sod mats, root wads, rock cross vanes, and transplants (alder and black
willow) from the existing ditch. Details are shown in Figure 4. Streambanks and the
bankfull bench constructed for the 135c streams will be stabilized with rye grain and BN
125 erosion control matting. The bankfull bench will be planted with alders and other low
growing shrubs.
8
CreeK `-
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I Fillect Channel
® Log Wier (grade control)
Cross-Vane (grade control)
Stream Top of Bank
Drainage Ditch
4200

0 100 200
NOTE: Root wads and transplants
will be used to stabilize outside
meander bends on new stream
banks.
A l? `
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
Figure 4. Design Plan View of Project Site
(Brown and Whitaker Creeks)
9
Appendix 1 - Pebble Count Graphs
10
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Brown Creek Pebble Count
We-Gro-Rite Stream Relocation Project
35
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Class Percent
--*-Cumulative Percent Particle Size Class (mm)
Whitaker Creek Pebble Count
We-Gro-Rite Stream Relocation Project
40
35
30
25
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v 10
5
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Class Percent
Cumulative Percent Particle Size Class (mm)
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Appendix 2 - Existing Condition Cross Sections and Profiles
].2
v. NEEL--=
0 100 200
Cross-section 1 'Contours
4 Cross-section Cross-sectiorl
- 3
Cross-section
2
---- Stream Top of Bank
-- - Drainage Ditch
4200 4400 4600 4800
Cross-section
9 \
Cross-section
Cross-section
Cross-section 2 ` N
5000 5200 5400
Locations of Existing Condition Cross-sections
on Brown and Whitaker Creeks
l.3

Brown Creek - We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC 1
1710
1708
' 1706
C
0
m
w 1704
w
1702
1700
90
1710
1708
1706
c
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a
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w
1702
1700
100 110 120
Distance (ft)
Brown Creek - We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC2
90 100 110
Distance (ft)
120
14
O
1706
1704
1702
c
0
i
1700
w
1698
1696
Brown Creek - We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC3
95 105 115 125
Distance (ft)
1705
1703
1701
c
0
r
R
d 1699
W
1697
1695
Brown Creek -We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC 4
90 100 110 120
Distance (ft)
1.5
1
1701
F-
C
w0
ca
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w
1696
Whitaker Creek - We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC 1
I ?
Ban full
I
95
1700
E
C
O
R
d
w
115
100 105 110
Distance (ft)
Whitaker Creek - We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC2
1695 -1-
95
100
105 110
Distance (ft)
115
1.6
Ba kfull
I
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Whitaker Creek - We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC3
11 --- --
Bai
hkfull
I I
95
1697
F-
a
0
R
d
w
1692
98
103 108 113 118
Distance (ft)
1.7
100 105 110 115
Distance (ft)
Whitaker Creek - We Gro Rite Nursery
Cross Section XSEC 4
l
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t I
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---? i Ba[nkful i
? I I I
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1704
1702
1700
C
c
1698
W 1696-
1694-
1692 0
Longitudinal Profile
Whitaker Creek - Existing Condition

Channel Bottom
- - - - Left Top of Bank
-- Right Top of Ban
Bankfull
Water Surface
i
200 400 600 800
Distance (ft)
1200
1710
1708
1706
1704
1702
W
1700
1698
1696
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance (ft)
1.8
Longitudinal Profile
Brown Creek - Existing Condition

1000
Channel Bottom
Left Top of Bank
Right Top of Ban
Bankfull
Water Surface
Appendix 3 -NC Mountain Regional Curve and Reference Reach Information
19

BANKFULL REGIONAL CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAIN STREAMS
W.A. Harman', D.E. Wise', M.A. Walker2, R. Morris3, M. A. Cantre114,
M. Clemmons5, G.D. Jennings', D. Clinton', and J. Patterson'
ABSTRACT: Bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships, also called regional curves, relate bankfull stream channel
dimensions and discharge to watershed drainage area. This paper describes preliminary results of bankfull regional curve
relationships developed for North Carolina Mountain streams. Gage stations were selected with a minimum of 10 years of
continuous or peak discharge measurements, no major impoundments, no significant change in land use over the past 10
years, and impervious cover ranges of <20%. To supplement data collected in gaged watersheds, stable reference reaches in
un-gaged watersheds were also included in the study. Cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys were measured at each study
reach to determine channel dimension, pattern, and profile information. Log-Pearson Type III distributions were used to
analyze annual peak discharge data for USGS gage station sites. Power function relationships were developed using
regression analyses for bankfull discharge, channel cross-sectional area, mean depth, and width as functions of watershed
drainage area. The bankfull return interval for the rural mountain gaged watersheds ranged from 1.1 to 1.7 years, with a mean
of 1.3 years. The mean bankfull return interval for rural North Carolina Piedmont gage stations was 1.4 years. Continuing
work will expand this database for the North Carolina Mountain Physiographic Region.
KEY TERMS: Hydraulic Geometry, Regional Curve, Bankfull, Flood Frequency Analyses, Mountains
INTRODUCTION
Stream channel hydraulic geometry theory developed by Leopold and Maddock (1953) describes the interrelations
between dependent variables such as width, depth and area as functions of independent variables such as discharge.
Hydraulic geometry relationships are empirically derived and can be developed for streams in the same physiographic region
with similar rainfall/runoff relationships (FISRWG, 1998). Bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships, also called regional
curves, relate bankfull channel dimensions to drainage area (Dunne and Leopold, 1978). Gage station analyses throughout the
United States have shown that the bankfull discharge has an average return interval of 1.5 years or 67% annual exceedence
probability (Dunne and Leopold, 1978; Leopold, 1994). A primary purpose for developing regional curves is to aid in
identifying bankfull stage and dimension in un-gaged watersheds and to help estimate the bankfull dimension and discharge
for natural channel designs (Rosgen, 1994). This paper describes the process used in North Carolina to develop hydraulic
geometry relationships at the bankfull stage. Preliminary results for rural watersheds in the Blue Ridge Mountain
physiographic region are presented.
NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAIN STUDY AREAS
1 North Carolina contains three major physiographic provinces: the Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain. The
highest (100 inches) and the lowest (40 inches) mean annual precipitation in the Eastern U.S. is recorded in the North
Carolina Mountains, both within the project study area and within 50 miles of each other. The steep mountain topography is
also a factor in stream morphology, with the highest peak east of the Rocky Mountains at Mt. Mitchell (6,684 feet). In
general, watersheds are more than 50% forested. Land cover dominated by human influences is locally high, but is less than
40% overall. Because rainfall/runoff relationships vary by province and land cover, separate bankfull hydraulic geometry
relationships are being developed for rural and urban areas for each physiographic province. It may be necessary to further
1
' Extension Associate, Extension Associate, Associate Professor, Graduate Student, Graduate Student, respectively, NC State
University, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Campus Box 7637, Raleigh, NC 27695, [phone],
will - [e-mail]
2 Resource Conservationist, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service
3 Engineering Technician, North Carolina Agricultural Cost Share Program
4 Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
5 Biologist, NC Wildlife Resources Commission
20

stratify the data for unique areas such as high rainfall areas in the Mountains and the Sandhills bordering the Piedmont and
Coastal Plain.
USGS gage stations were identified with at least 10 years of continuous or peak discharge measurements, no major
impoundments, no significant change in land use over the past 10 years, and impervious cover ranges of <20%. A geographic
information system was used to analyze Thematic Mapper (TM) 1996 data to select watersheds with less than 20%
impervious cover. To supplement data collected in gaged watersheds and provide points in smaller drainage areas, stable
reference reaches in un-gaged watersheds were also selected using the same criteria. Project study sites are shown in Figure
Figure 1: North Carolina map showing physiographic provinces with Mountain study sites shown has dots.
Field Identification of Bankfull
Accurate identification of the Bankfull stage in the field can be difficult and subjective (Williams, 1978; Knighton,
. 1984; and Johnson and Heil, 1996). Numerous definitions exist of bankfull stage and methods for its identification in the
field (Wolman and Leopold, 1957; Nixon, 1959; Schumm, 1960; Kilpatrick and Barnes, 1964; and Williams 1978). The
. identification of bankfull stage in the humid Southeast is especially difficult because of dense understory vegetation and long
. history of channel modification and subsequent adjustment in channel morphology. It is generally accepted that bankfull
stage corresponds with the discharge that fills a channel to the elevation of the active floodplain. The bankfull discharge is
. considered to be the channel-forming agent that maintains channel dimension and transports the bulk of sediment over time.
Field indicators include the back of point bars, other significant breaks in slope, changes in vegetation type, the highest scour
• line, or the top of the bank (Leopold, 1994). The most consistent bankfull indicators for streams in North Carolina are the
. highest scour line and the back of the point bar. It is rarely the top of the bank or the lowest scour or bench.
. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES
The following gage station records were obtained from the United States Geological Survey: 9-207 forms,
. stage/discharge rating tables, annual peak discharges, and established reference marks. Bankfull stage was flagged upstream
and downstream of the gage station using the field indicators listed above. Once a consistent indicator was found, a cross-
sectional survey was completed at a riffle or run near the gage plate. Temporary pins were installed in the left and right
banks, looking downstream. The elevations from the survey were related to the elevation of a gage station reference mark.
Each cross section survey started at or beyond the top of the left bank. Moving left to right, morphological features were
surveyed including top of bank, bankfull stage, lower bench or scour, edge of water, thalweg, and channel bottom (Harrelson
. et al., 1994). From the survey data, bankfull hydraulic geometry was calculated.
For each reach, a longitudinal survey was completed over a stream length approximately equal to 20 bankfull widths
. (Leopold, 1994). Longitudinal stations were established at each bed feature (heads of riffles and pools, maximum pool depth,
21

scour holes, etc.). The following channel features were surveyed at each station: thalweg, water surface, low bench or scour,
bankfull stage, and top of the low bank. The longitudinal survey was carried through the gage plate to obtain the bankfull
stage. Using the current rating table and bankfull stage, the bankfull discharge was determined. Log-Pearson Type III
distributions were used to analyze annual peak discharge data for the USGS gage station sites (Harman et al., 1999).
Procedures outlined in USGS Bulletin #17B Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency were followed (U.S.
Geological Survey, 1982). The bankfull discharge recurrence interval was then calculated from the flood frequency analyses.
The stream was classified using the Rosgen (1994) method.
Ungaged, stable streams were also surveyed to provide points in watersheds with relatively small drainage areas. A
stability analyses was completed before the stream was surveyed which included a bank erosion assessment, channel incision
measurements, floodplain assessments, and review of historical maps and aerial photographs. To obtain a bankfull discharge
(Q) estimate, at the stable ungaged watersheds, Manning's equation was used as:
Q= 1.4865 AR" S"'/n (1)
Where, R = hydraulic radius (ft), A = cross sectional area(ft2), S = average channel slope or energy slope (ft/ft), and n =
roughness coefficient estimated using the bankfull mean depth and channel bed materials. Flood frequency analyses was not
completed on ungaged streams.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The regional curves for the rural Mountains of North Carolina are shown in Figures 2a, b, c, and d. These
relationships represent 9 USGS gage stations and 3 un-gaged reaches ranging in watershed area from 2.0 to 126 mil. The
power function regression equations and corresponding coefficients of determination for bankfull discharge, cross sectional
area, width, and mean depth are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Power function regression equations for bankfull discharge and dimensions, where Qbkf = bankfull discharge (cfs),
AW = watershed drainage area (mi2), Abkf = bankfull cross sectional area (ft), Wbkf = bankfull width(ft), and Dbkf = bankfull
mean depth (ft).
Parameter Power Function Coefficient of Determination
Equation R2
Bankfull Discharge Qbkf= I I5.7AW 0.88
Bankfull Area Abkf = 22.1 AW°.`'7 0.88
Bankfull Width Wbkf= 19.9A, 0.36 0.81
Bankfull Depth D,,kf= I.IAW0.31 0.79
Table 2 summarizes field measurements and hydraulic geometry. Table 3 summarizes bankfull discharge, flood
frequency, and mean annual rainfall analyses. The moderately high coefficients of determination indicate good agreement
between the measured data and the best-fit relationships. The vast range in mean annual precipitation (42 inches to 98 inches)
explains the large degree of variability. Other sources of variability include the age of the forest, topography, land cover, soil
type, runoff patterns, stream type and the natural variability of stream hydrology (Leopold, 1994). The bankfull return
interval ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 years, with an average of 1.5 years. The mean bankfull return interval for rural North Carolina
Piedmont gage stations was 1.4 years (Harman et al., 1999). Dunne and Leoplod (1978) reported a bankfull return interval of
1.5 years from a national study.
CONCLUSION
. Bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships are valuable to engineers, hydrologists, geomorphologists, and biologists
involved in stream restoration and protection. They can be used to assist in field identification of bankfull stage and
dimension in un-gaged watersheds. They can also be used to help evaluate the relative stability of a stream channel. Results
. of this study indicate good fit for regression equations of hydraulic geometry relationships in the rural Mountains of North
Carolina. Further work is necessary to develop additional data points to further explain the variability.

22
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The NC Stream Restoration Institute is developing bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships for all three
physiographic regions in North Carolina. Special thanks go to Angela Jessup, Richard Everhart, Ben Pope, Ray Riley,
Sherman Biggerstaff, Kevin Tweedy, Jean Spooner, Carolyn Buckner, Barbara Doll, Rachel Smith, Louise Slate, and Brent
Burgess. The authors acknowledge the AWRA reviewers for their thorough review of this manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Dunne, T., and L.B. Leopold, 1978. Water in Environmental Planning. W.H. Freeman Co. San Francisco, CA.
Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG), 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,
Processes, and Practices.
Harman, W.A., G.D. Jennings, J.M. Patterson, D.R. Clinton, L.O. Slate, A.G. Jessup, J.R. Everhart, and R.E. Smith, 1999.
Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for North Carolina Streams. Wildland Hydrology. AWRA Symposium
Proceedings. Edited by: D.S. Olsen and J.P. Potyondy. American Water Resources Association. June 30-July 2, 1999.
Bozeman, MT
Harrelson, C.C., J.P. Potyondy, C.L. Rawlins, 1994. Stream Channel Reference Sites: An Illustrated Guide to Field
Technique. General Technical Report RM-245. U.S. Department of Agriculture, forest Service, Fort collins, Colorado.
Johnson, P.A., and T.M. Heil, 1996. Uncertainty in Estimating Bankfull Conditions. Water Resources Bulletin. Journal of the
American Water Resources Association 32(6):1283-1292.
Kilpatrick, F.A., and H.H. Barnes Jr. 1964, Channel Geometry of Piedmont Streams as Related to Frequency of Floods.
Professional Paper 422-E. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
Knighton, D, 1984. Fluvial Forms and Process. Edward Arnold, London.
Leopold, L.B., 1994. A view of the River. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Leopold, L.B., and T'. Maddock Jr., 1953. The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some Physiographic
Implications. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 252, 57 pp.
Nixon, M., 1959. A Study of Bankfull Discharges of Rivers in England and Wales. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, vol. 12, pp. 157-175.
Rosgen, D.L., 1994. A Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena 22(1994):169-199.
Schumm, S.A., 1960. The Shape of Alluvial Channels in Relation to Sediment Type. U.S. Geological Survey Professional
Paper 352-B. U.S. Geological Survey, Washigton, DC.
U. S. Geological Survey, 1982. Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency. Bulletin # 17B of the Hydrology
Subcommittee. Reston, Virginia.
Williams, G.P., 1978. Bankfull Discharge of Rivers. Water Resources Research 14(6):1141-1154.
Wolman, M.G. and L.B. Leopold., 1957. River Floodplains: Some Observations on their Formation. USGS Professional
Paper 282-C. U.S. Geological Survey, Washigton, DC.
23

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Dimensionless Ratios for C Type Streams
Summary Sheet
C STREA M TYPE S
Channel Dimension Mean Median Min Max

Riffle Width / Mean Bkf Depth Rw/Dr 17.2 17.2 14.0 20.8
Max Pool Depth / Max Riffle Depth D /Dr 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.7
Pool Width / Riffle Width W /Wr 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.3
Pool Area / Riffle Area A /Ar 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.3
Max Pool Depth / Mean Bkf Depth (Dpmax/Dr) 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.7
Max Riffle Depth / Mean Bkf Depth (Dr,,,ax/Dr) 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.7
Lowest Bank Ht. / Max Bkf Depth (Bh,o,.,,JDrmax) 1.0

Channel Pattern

Meander Width Ratio MWR = Wblt/Wr 3.7 2.7 1.5 8.0
Radius of Curvature / Bkf Width Rc/Wr) 2.8 2.2 0.8 5.7
Meander Length / Bkf Width Lm/Wr 7.1 8.7 0.9 11.4
Sinuosity (K 1.2

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Pool Slope / Avg. Water Surface Sloe 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5
Run Slope / Avg. Water Surface Sloe 0.7 0.7 0.0 3.7
Glide Slope / Avg. Water Surface Sloe 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6
Run Depth /Mean Bkf Depth Dr 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.7
Glide Depth / Mean Bkf Depth Dr 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.7
Pool Length / Bkf Width PI / Wr 2.1 2.2 0.2 4.4
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26
Appendix 4 - Design Parameters
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30
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Design Riffle Cross-section for Brown Creek
Priority 3 (Phase 1 Reach)
1700
1699
$ 1698
1697
c?
m 1696
W
1695
1694
95
1700
1699
1698
c
2 1697
m
w 1696
1695
1694
100 105 110 115 120 125
Distance (ft)
IJU IJJ
Design Pool Cross-section for Brown Creek
Priority 3 (Phase 1 Reach)
95 100 105 110 115 120 125
Distance (ft)
IJU 130 1°FU I&to
31.

1700
1699
1698
c
1697
m
w 1696
1695
1694
Design Riffle Cross-section for Brown Creek
Priority 2 (Phase 2 Reach)
95 105 115 125 135 145 155
Distance (ft)
1700
1699
" 1698
1697
ca
.2 1696
W
1695
1694
Design Pool Cross-section for Brown Creek
Priority 2 (Phase 2 Reach)
95 105 115 125 135
Distance (ft)
145
155
32

1700
1699
1698
0
d 1697
w
1696
1695
Design Riffle Cross-section for Whitaker Creek
Priority 3 (Phase 1 Reach)
95
1700
1699
c 1698
0
d 1697
w
1696
1695
100 105 110
115 120 125 130 135 140 145
Distance (ft)
Design Pool Cross-section for Whitaker Creek
Priority 3 (Phase 1 Reach)
95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
Distance (ft)
33
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
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r
r
r
r
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r
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r
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r
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1700
1699
c 1698
m 1697
w
1696
1695
Design Riffle Cross-section for Whitaker Creek
Priority 2 (Phase 2 Reach)
95
1700
1699
C 1698
w
d 1697
w
1696
1695
105 115 125 135 145
Distance (ft)
Design Pool Cross-section for Whitaker Creek
Priority 2 (Phase 2 Reach)
95 100 105 110 115 120 125
Distance (ft)
130 135
-34

Design Longitudinal Profile for Brown Creek
1708
1706 --- -
--- - ----------------
1704 ;
------------------- - -------------- - -----
1702
a -
a
i 1700
W
1698 Existing Topography
1696 Top of Bank
Channel Bottom
1694-
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Distance (ft)
900
Design Longitudinal Profile for Whitaker Creek
1706 -
1704
1702
1700 r -
i
1698
W 1696
lssa 7--- xisting Topography
op of Bank
1692
Channel Bottom
1690
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance (ft)
35
State of Norte Carolina
Department or" Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water :duality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Bill Holman, Secretary
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
Mr. Mickey Henson
Appalachian Environmental Services
Post Office Box 52
Webster, North Carolina 28788-0052
Dear Mickey:
1 • e
OWN%
NC ENR
NORTH C/,ROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
May 26, 2000
Re;: We Gro-'_"ite (Lynda Williford), Cherokee County
DWQ # 00 0351
The Division of Water Quality (DWQ) has reviewed your submittal for a 40=+/401 Permit for Cherokee Cc.inty. This
application has been put on administrative hold until the DWQ receives additional information that is outlined below.
This information is needed by DWQ in order for us to decide whether this project is approvable. It is advised that
you review the specifications outlined for application submittal and approval on the DWQ website
(http://h2o.eni-.state.nc.us/ncwetlands/), note particularly Appendix F of the Stream Work Guide.
? Specify the total lineal footage of stream to be culverted.
+ Please submit an approved stormwater plan for this project.
? Please submit a site plan that illustrates the proposed development for purposes of avoidance and
minimization.
? Please submit a plan for proposed mitigation.
Please respond within three weeks of the date of this letter by sending us the appropriate information. If we do not
hear from you in three weeks, Nve will assume that you no longer want to pursue this project and we will consider the
project as withdrawn.
I can be reached at 919-733-1786 if you have any qu( ::tions. Until this information is received, I will request (by
copy of the letter) that the Corps of Engines:, ; place this project on ht 'a. Also, the project will be placed on hold for
our processing due to incomplete information (15A 14CAC 2H .0507(a)(4)). Your processing time will begin on':e
we receive a complete application.
Program
cc: Mike Parker, DWQ Regional Office
Ashev;Ile District of Corps of Engineers
Central Files
Division of Water Quality - Non-Discharge Branch
1621 Mail Service Center Raleigh NC 27669-1621 Telephone [phone] FAX # [phone]
An Equal opportunity Affirmative Action Employer
50% recycled/10% post consumer paper
Sincerely,
MEMORANDUM
TO: John Dorney Regional Contact:
Non-Discharge Branch WO Supervisor:
Date:
SUBJECT: WETLAND STAFF REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Facility Name Lynda Williford (We gro rite Strawberries)
Project Number 00 0351
Recvd From APP
Received Date 4/20/00 Recvd By Region 5/3/2000
Project Type Stream relocation/culverting
County Cherokee
County2
Region Asheville
Certificates Stream Stream Impacts (ft.)
Permit Wetland Wetland Wetland Stream Class Acres Feet
Type Type Impact Score Index Prim. Supp. Basin Req. Req. BE
F IP S[ream O Y O N I 1-52 F -crTR 40,502. 1,200.00 1,200.0 1
-?- O Y O N ?-I r I -I -xI -F_- F_ - I -
Mitigation Wetland
MitigationType Type Acres Feet
Stream restoration Stream 1,200.00
F_ I F_
Is Wetland Rating Sheet Attached? 0 Y 4 N Did you request more info? 0 Y 0 N
Have Project Changes/Conditions Been Discussed With Applicant? Q Y 0 N
Is Mitigation required? 0 Y O N Recommendation: 0 Issue 0 Issue/fond 0 Deny
Provided by Region: Latitude (ddmmss) 37 11' 25"
Longitude (ddmmss) 83 50' 35"
cc: Regional Office Page Number 1
Central Office
Facility Name Lynda Williford (We gro rite Strawberries) County Cherokee
Project Number 00 0351 Regional Contact:
Date:
Comments (continued from page 1):
Kerry S. Becker
cc: Regional Office Page Number 2
Central Office
? MAY 2
4 2000
Appalachian Environmental Services
Streams, Rivers, Lakes & Wetlands Design. Restoration & Construction
GSECTIor \
1
Facsimile Cover Sheet
nn1
n l' I
Date: May 22,1000
ryV
i
To: David Penrose, NC DWQ - Wetlands Unit
From: Mickey Henson, Appalachian Environmental Services
Re: We Gro-Rite Update \\
Message: After discussions with various agencies the We Gro-Rite project has been changed to
a strea rt. Please review the attached narrative, maps and diagrams. If you
have any questions please call.
IM CO I
L
H U
Appa)achran Environmental `services
Post Office Box 52
Webster, NC 28788.0052--
828.586 1973 Phonefax
aesLrappalachiarien virotunent. com
w ww.appalachianenvironment.com
s'
Stream Restoration Plan
For We Gro-Rite.
Whitaker Branch and Brown Creek
(Tributaries to the Valley River)
Andrews, North Carolina
Mickey B. Henson
Principal Hydrologist
Appalachian Environmental Services
May 11, 2000
PROJECT SITE
'the stream restoration for We Gro-Rite is located on 717-feet of Whitaker Branch
and 400-feet of Brown Creek in Andrews, North Carolina (N35° 11.672' W93°50.195'
on the WGS84 Datum). Please see Appendix-A for a topographic site map and stream
restoration map.
SCOPE
The objective of this stream restoration project is to improve the water quality,
riparian quality and stability of this stream. Long-term stabilization will be accomplished
by stabilizing the riparian area with native vegetation. Specific objectives for the project
are as follows:
1. Construct a new stream channel base upon reference reaches.
2. Create correct habitat types within the stream channel.
3. Stabilize the bankfull elevation along the reach.
4. Slope and vegetate the streambanks so they are more resistant to flooding.
5. Plant native trees, bushes and ground cover that will stabilize the streambanks, shade
the stream, and provide wildlife cover and food.
CHANNEL RESTORATION
Methods
Meander Design
The approach used results in an average channel slope being determined by
meander geometry (meander wavelength, meander arc length, average width at bankfull,
meander amplitude, radius of curvature and arc wigle). These approaches are based on
the assumption that the controlling factors in the stream channel (water and sediment
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 1
inputs, bed material gradation, and bank erosional resistance) -,vill be similar to those in a
selected reference reach (either the restoration reach before disturbance or undisturbed
reaches). If the reach targeted for restoration is closely bounded by undisturbed
meanders, dimensions of these undisturbed reaches may be studied for use in the restored
or created reach.
Bankfull Determination
Visual identification of bankf'ull flow on large streams in alluvial bottoms is
relatively easy. However, small streams in the Southern Appalachians rarely have
alluvial bottoms. Smaller mountain streams seldom develop distinctive topographic
breaks bet,?veen the bank: and the floodplain common in larger streams and rivers.
Therefore, bankfull flow was estimated by observing vegetation, bars: rock, washed root
lines, and changes frorn a steep to gentle bank: slope.
We have experienced that the best indicators of bankfull flow in the Southern
Appalachians tend to be signs of repeated erosion and cleansing of batiks and deposition
on point bars. Storms larger than bankfull can erode the stream banks and mask the
indicators. In the Southern Appalachians, the vegetation line is probably the most
difficult indicator to use to determine bankfull depth. Riparian vegetation in the
mountains withstands high flows and may even revegetate quickly into the bank-full area.
This is especially true with certain types of mosses. Some of the problems of
determining reliable indicators of bank full flow stem from, the stream banks being
undercut and caving in.
Appalachian Environmental Servioes Page 2
Particle Sue Distribution (Dia)
Particle size data are usually reported in terms of D;, where I represents some
nominal percentile of the distribution and D, represents the particle size, usually
expressed in millimeters, at which i percent of the total sample by weight is finer. For
example, 50 percent of the total sample would be finer than the D50 particle size. For
estimating size distribution in steep mountain streams with substrate much coarser than
the medium-gravel limitations of Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP)
samplers, a pebble count, in which at least. 100 bed material particles are manually
collected from the streambed and measured, is used to measure particle size. At each
sample point along the cross section, a particle is retrieved from the bed, and the
intermediate axis is measured. The measurements are tabulated as to number of particles
occurring within predetermined size intervals, and the percentage of the total number in
each interval is then determined. Again, the percentage in each interval is accumulated to
give a particle size distribution, and the particle size data are reported as described above.
Results
Restored Channel-A
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of S feet, average bankfull depth of 2 feet at
riffles, bank-full depth of 2.5 feet at pools, water surface slope of 24%, and a D50 of
300mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 3
Restored Channel-B
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander are length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 9 feet, average bankfull depth of 3 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 3.3 feet at pools, water surface slope of 2%, and a D50 of
250mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Restored Channel-C
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The restored
channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 8 feet, average bankfull depth of 1.8 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 2.1 feet at pools, water surface slope of 2%, and a D50 of
250mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
STREAMBANK STABILIZATION
Above the bankfull elevation the streambank will be sloped to the top of the bank.
and vegetated. This feature benefits the stream by slowing water velocity during high
water events. This in turn reduces the amount of erosion occurring on the streambanlts.
Cross-sectional area will be increased by this process (see Appendix-13 for typical cross
sections). Coconut blankets will be pinned into the bank for short-term (4-years)
stabilization. The blankets will stabilize the streambank long enough for the vegetation
to root and stabilize the stream fbr the long-term.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 4
RIPARIAN RESTORATION
After the streambank has been sloped it will be seeded with native herbaceous and
woody plant seeds described on the following native plant list. Seeded sections of the
bank will be covered with coconut fiber blankets. These blankets will protect the area
from the streambed of the top of the streambank and be stapled to the ground using metal
landscape staples. Low growing woody species such as Henry's Garnett, Silky
Dogwood, and Buttonbush will be planted. "These species will be planted as cuttings or
bare rooted stock during the next dormant season. As much as possible trees that are on
site will be avoided as the streambanks are altered, On the upper banks we will plant
taller growing trees that provide shade, stable creek banks and wildlife cover and food.
The desires of the landowner will be incorporated into the planting plans whenever
possible.
The riparian restoration component of this project was broken down into a three-
zone approach. The species selected were chosen to be aesthetically pleasing and to
benefit wildlife by providing food or habitat. We are also supporters of the Southern
Appalachian Native Plant Initiative (SANPT), so we will only be using native species to
revegetate the riparian zone. A selection of the following species will be used at this site:
Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), Pickeretweed (Pontederia cordata), Cardinal Flower
(Lobelia cardinalis), Henry's Garnett (Itea virginica), Dog Hobble (Leucothoe
fonianesiana), Bushy St, Johnswort (Hypericum densiflorum), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis), Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Baldcypress (Taxodium distchum),
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Red Maple (Acer
Appalachian Environmental Servioas Page 5
rubrum), and Sycamore (Platamus occidentalis), All flower species will be planted 3 to 4
feet apart, bush species 4-8 feet apart and trees will be planted 10-15 feet apart.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 6
Appendix-A
Project Site Topographic Map
And
Stream Restoration Map

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Appalachian Environmental Services
Streams, Rivers, Lakes & Wetlands - Design, Restoration & Construction
May 12, 2000
MEMORANDUM
?c
v
To: Mike Parker, N.C. Division of Water Quality
From: Mickey Henson, Appalachian Environmental Services
Re: We Gro-Rite - Revised Narrative
Attached is the revised narrative for We Gro-Rite in Andrews, NC. The narrative
includes letters of acknowledgment from the adjacent landowners, as requested by David
Baker (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), as well as a revised relocation and mitigation
map. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to call. Thanks for all of the
assistance.
Appalachian Environmental Services
Post Office Box 52
Webster, NC 28788-0052
828.586.1973 Phone/Fax
aes@appalachianenvironmentcom
www. appalachianenvironmentcom
Stream Relocation & Mitigation Plan
For We Gro-Rite
Whitaker Branch and Brown Creek
(Tributaries to the Valley River)
Andrews, North Carolina
Mickey B. Henson
Principal Hydrologist
Appalachian Environmental Services
May 11, 2000
PROJECT SITE
The stream relocation and mitigation for We Gro-Rite is located on 1670 feet of
Whitaker Branch and Brown Creek in Andrews, North Carolina (N35° 11.672'
W83°50.195' on the WGS84 Datum). Please see Appendix-A for a topographic site map
and stream relocation/mitigation map. The site currently has 1670 feet of channel (438-
feet of Whitaker Branch and 1232-feet of Brown Creek) in which the landowner wants to
relocate so that the maximum potential of the property may be achieved. All of the
mitigation for the stream relocation will be conducted onsite. To secure flow in Brown
Creek, to the adjacent landowners property and an irrigation pond onsite, a 24-inch
c?'".?? a installed. Further, the adjacent landowners have been notified and letters
to that affect can be found in Appendix-C.
SCOPE
The objective of this stream restoration project is to improve the water quality,
C u ?ti`??
riparian quality and stability of this stream. Long-term stabilization will be accomplished
by stabilizing the riparian area with native vegetation. Specific objectives for the project
are as follows:
1. Construct a new stream channel base upon reference reaches.
2. Create correct habitat types within the stream channel.
3. Stabilize the bankfull elevation along the reach.
4. Slope and vegetate the streambanks so they are more resistant to flooding.
5. Plant native trees, bushes and ground cover that will stabilize the streambanks, shade
the stream, and provide wildlife cover and food.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 1
CHANNEL RESTORATION
Methods
Meander Design
The approach used results in an average channel slope being determined by
meander geometry (meander wavelength, meander arc length, average width at bankfull,
meander amplitude, radius of curvature and arc angle). These approaches are based on
the assumption that the controlling factors in the stream channel (water and sediment
inputs, bed material gradation, and bank erosional resistance) will be similar to those in a
selected reference reach (either the restoration reach before disturbance or undisturbed
reaches). If the reach targeted for restoration is closely bounded by undisturbed
meanders, dimensions of these undisturbed reaches may be studied for use in the restored
or created reach.
Bankfull Determination
Visual identification of bankfull flow on large streams in alluvial bottoms is
relatively easy. However, small streams in the Southern Appalachians rarely have
alluvial bottoms. Smaller mountain streams seldom develop distinctive topographic
breaks between the bank and the floodplain common in larger streams and rivers.
Therefore, bankfull flow was estimated by observing vegetation, bare rock, washed root
lines, and changes from a steep to gentle bank slope.
n
We have experienced that the best indicators of bankfull flow in the Southern
?tJr' Appalachians tend to be signs of repeated erosion and cleansing of banks and deposition
<_
in point bars. Storms larger than bankfull can erode the stream banks and mask the
indicators. In the Southern Appalachians, the vegetation line is probably the most
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 2
difficult indicator to use to determine bankfull depth. Riparian vegetation in the
mountains withstands high flows and may even revegetate quickly into the bankfull area.
This is especially true with certain types of mosses. Some of the problems of
determining reliable indicators of bankfull flow stem from the stream banks being
undercut and caving in. IAA y fY{6&
Particle Size Distribution (Dso)
Particle size data are usually reported in terms of Di, where I represents some
nominal percentile of the distribution and Di represents the particle size, usually
expressed in millimeters, at which i percent of the total sample by weight is finer. For
example, 50 percent of the total sample would be finer than the D50 particle size. For
estimating size distribution in steep mountain streams with substrate much coarser than
the medium-gravel limitations of Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP)
samplers, a pebble count, in which at least 100 bed material particles are manually
collected from the streambed and measured, is used to measure particle size. At each
sample point along the cross section, a particle is retrieved from the bed, and the
intermediate axis is measured. The measurements are tabulated as to number of particles
occurring within predetermined size intervals, and the percentage of the total number in
each interval is then determined. Again,` the percentage in each interval is accumulated to
give a particle size distribution, and the particle size data are reported as described above.
Results
Restored (Relocated) Channel-A
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 3
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 8 feet, average bankfull depth of 2 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 2.5 feet at pools, water surface slope of 24%, and a D50 of
300mm. Please see Appendix-13 for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Restored Channel-B
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 9 feet, average bankfull depth of 3 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 3.3 feet at pools, water surface slope of 24%, and a D50 of
200mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Restored (Relocated) Channel-C
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 8 feet, average bankfull depth of 1.8 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 2.1 feet at pools, water surface slope of 2%, and a D50 of
250mm. Please see Appendix-13 for a typical cross-section of this channel.
STREAMBANK STABILIZATION
Above the bankfull elevation the streambank will be sloped to the top of the bank
and vegetated. This feature benefits the stream by slowing water velocity during high
water events. This in turn reduces the amount of erosion occurring on the streambanks.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 4
Cross-sectional area will be increased by this process (see Appendix B for typical cross
sections). Coconut blankets will be pinned into the bank for short-term (4 years)
stabilization. The blankets will stabilize the streambank long enough for the vegetation
to root and stabilize the stream for the long-term.
RIPARIAN RESTORATION
After the streambank has been sloped it will be seeded with native herbaceous and
woody plant seeds described on the following native plant list. Seeded sections of the
bank will be covered with coconut fiber blankets. These blankets will protect the area
from the streambed to the top of the streambank and be stapled to the ground using metal
landscape staples. Low growing woody species such as Henry's Garnett, Silky
Dogwood, and Buttonbush will be planted. These species will be planted as cuttings or
bare rooted stock during the next dormant season. As much as possible trees that are on
site will be avoided as the streambanks are altered. On the upper banks we will plant
taller growing trees that provide shade, stable creek banks and wildlife cover and food.
The desires of the landowner will be incorporated into the planting plans whenever
possible.
The riparian restoration component of this project was broken down into a three-
zone approach. The species selected were chosen to be aesthetically pleasing and to
benefit wildlife by providing food or habitat. We are also supporters of the Southern
Appalachian Native Plant Initiative (SANPI), so we will only be using native species to
revegetate the riparian zone. The following species will be used at this site:
Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), Cardinal Flower
(Lobelia cardinalis), Henry's Garnett (Itea virginica), Dog Hobble (Leucothoe
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 5
fonianesiana), Bushy St. Johnswort (Hypericum densiflorum), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis), Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Baldcypress (Taxodium distchum),
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Red Maple (Ater
rubrum), and Sycamore (Platamus occidentalis). All flower species will be planted 3 to 4
feet apart, bush species 4-8 feet apart and trees will be planted 10-15 feet apart.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 6
Appendix-A
Project Site Topographic Map
And
Stream Relocation Map
0? ?
J?OeP$'
Topo USA 2.0 Copyright © 1999 DeLorme Yarmouth, ME 04096 Scale: 1: 6,400 Detail: 15-0
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VALLEY RIVER
STREAM RELOCATION HIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE:
VALLEY RIVER TRIB www.appalachianenvironment.cor
P.O. 52
ANDREWS, NC WE G R0-R TE Webs Box NC 2878
IANDREWS, N C TEL: 828.586.197:
WEGRORITE FAX: 828,586.197,
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05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO
Appalachian Environmental Services
Streams, Rivera, Lakes & Wetiends - Design, ltestorabon 6 Construction
Facsimile Cover Sheet
?5c
Date: May 22.2000 /
To: David Penrose, NC DWQ - Wetlands Unit
From, Mickey Henson, Appalachian Environmental Services
Ro: We Gro-Rite Update
PAGE 01
Message: After discussions with various agencies the We GM-Rite project has been changed to
a stream restoration project. Please review the attached narrative, maps and diagrams. If you
ave any questions ea a call.
Appsladh m EmbawnteW Swim
Pat Ofte Box 52
WdMw, NC 28788-0052
928.s86.1973 Phona/Farc
05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 02
U
Stream Restoration Plan
For We Gro-Rite
Whitaker Branch and Brnwn Creek
(Tributaries to the Valley River)
Andrews, North Carolina
Mickey B. Henson
Principal Hydrologist
Appalachian Environmental Services
May i i , 2000
.05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 03
PROJECT SITE
The stream restoration for We Gro-Rite is located on 717-feet of Whitaker Branch
and 400-feet of Brown Creek in Andrews, North Carolina (N35° 11.672' W83°50.195'
on the WOS84 Datum). Please see Appendix-A f- -.fnnngraphic site map and stream
restoration map.
SCOPE
The objective of this stream restoration project is to improve the water quality,
riparian quality and stability of this stream. Long-term stabilization will be accomplished
by stabilizing the riparian area with native vegetation. Specific objectives for the project
are as follows:
1. Construct a new stream channel base upon reference reaches.
2. Create correct habitat types within the stream channel.
3. Stabilize the bankfull elevation along the reach.
4. Slope and vegetate the strcambanks so they are more resistant to flooding.
5. Plant native trees, bushes and ground cover that will stabilize the streambanks, shade
the stream, and provide wildlife cover and food.
CHANNEL RESTORATION
Methods
Meander Design
The approach used results in an average channel slope being determined by
meander geometry (meander wavelength, meander arc length, average width at bankfull,
meander amplitude, radius of curvature and arc angle). These approaches are based on
the assumption that the controlling factors in the stream channel (water and sediment
Appalachian Environmental Swviws Page 1
05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 04
inputs, bed material gradation, and bank erosional resistance) will be similar to those in a
selected reference reach (either the restoration reach before disturbance or undisturbed
reaches). If the reach targeted for restoration is closely bounded by undisturbed
meanders, dimensions of these undisturbed reaches may be studied for use in the restored
or created reach.
Bauk%H Determination
Visual identification of bankfull flow on large streams in alluvial bottoms is
relatively easy. However, small streams in the Southern Appalachians rarely have
alluvial bottoms. Smaller mountain streams seldom develop distinctive topographic
breaks between the bank and the floodplain common in larger streams and rivers.
Therefore, bankfull flow was estimated by observing vegetation, bare rock, washed root
lines, and changes from a steep to gentle bank slope.
We have experienced that the best indicators of bankfull flow in the Southern
Appalachians tend to be signs of repeated erosion and cleansing of banks and deposition
on point bars. Storms larger than bankfull can erode the stream banks and mask the
indicators. In the Southern Appalachians, the vegetation line is probably the most
difficult indicator to use to determine bankfull A-0, . 01-1 ;%n vegetation in the
mountains withstands high flows and may even revegetate quickly into the bankfull area.
This is especially true with certain types of mosses. Some of the problems of
determining reliable indicators of bankfull flow stem from the stream banks being
undercut and caving in.
Appalachian Environmental Swvion Pop 2
05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 05
Particle Size Distribution (Dso)
Particle size data are usually reported in terms of pi, where I represents some
nominal percentile of the distribution and D; represents the particle size, usually
expressed in millimeters, at which i percent of the total sample by weight is finer. For
example, 50 percent of the total sample would be finer than the Dso particle size. For
estimating size distribution in steep mountain streams with substrate much coarser than
the medium-gravel limitations of Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP)
samplers, a pebble count, in which at least 100 bed material particles are manually
collected from the streambed and measured, is used to measure particle size. At each
sample point along the cross section, a particle is retrieved from the bed, and the
intermediate axis is measured. The measurements are tabulated as to number of particles
occurring within predetermined size intervals, and the percentage of the total number in
each interval is then deterrni ncd. Again, the percentage in each interval is accumulated to
give a particle size distribution, and the particle size data are reported as described above.
Results
Restored Channel-A
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander are length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 8 feet, average bankfull depth of 2 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 2.5 feet at pools, water surface slope of 24%, and a D50 of
300mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Appalacftn Environmental Services Page 3
05/23/2000
07:31 8285861973
Restored Chauncl-B
APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 06
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfbll (channel maintaining flow) width of 9 feet, average bankfull depth of 3 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 3.3 feet at pools, water surface slope of 2%, and a D50 of
250mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Restored Channel-C
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The restored
channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 8 feet, average bankfull depth of 1.8 feet at
riffles, bankfitll depth of 2.1 feet at pools, water surface slope of 2%, and a D50 of
2501mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
STREAMBANK STABILIZATION
Above the bankfull elevation the streambank will be sloped to the top of the bank
and vegetated. This feature benefits the stream by slowing water velocity during high
water events. This in turn reduces the amount of erosion occurring on the streambanks.
Cross-sectional area will be increased by this process (see Appendix-B for typical cross
sections). Coconut blankets will be pinned into the bank for short-term (4-years)
stabilization. The blankets will stabilize the streambank long enough for the vegetation
to root and stabilize the stream for the long-term.
Apmkmlen Environmental swvfoos Papa 4
05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 07
RIPARIAN RESTORATION
After the streambank has been sloped it will be seeded with native herbaceous and
woody plant seeds described on the following native plant list. Seeded sections of the
bank will be covered with coconut fiber blank-+- 71--°° 1-1a"kets will protect the area
from the streambed to the top of the streambank and be stapled to the ground using metal
landscape staples. Low growing woody species such as Henry's Garnett, Silky
Dogwood, and Buttonbush will be planted. Thcse species will be planted as cuttings or
bare rooted stock during the next dormant season. As much as possible trees that are on
site will be avoided as the streambanks are altered. On the upper banks we will plant
taller growing trees that provide shade, stable creek banks and wildlife cover and food.
The desires of the landowner will be incorporated into the planting plans whenever
possible.
The riparian restoration component of this project was broken down into a three-
zone approach. The species selected were chosen to be aesthetically pleasing and to
benefit wildlife by providing food or habitat. We are also supporters of the Southern
Appalachian Native Plant Initiative (SANPI), so we will only be using native species to
rcvegetate the riparian zone. A selection of the following species will be used at this site:
Arrowhead (Sagittaria latit'olia), Pickcrclwccd (Pontederia cordata), Cardinal Flower
(Lobelia cardinalis), Henry's Garnett (Itea virginica), Dog Hobble (Leucothoe
fonianesiana), Bushy St. Johnswort (Hypericum densiflorum), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis), Silky Dogwood (Corpus amomum), Baldcypress (Taxodium distchurn),
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Iced Maple (Acer
Appalachlen EnviwnnMMai semces Page 5
05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 08
rubrum), and Sycamore (Platamus occidentalis). All flower species will be planted 3 to 4
feet apart, bush species 4-8 feet apart and trees will be planted 10-15 feet apart.
Appalachian Environmental Services Pepe 6
.05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 09
Appendix-A
Project Site Topographic Map
And
Stream Restoration Map
. 05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 10
,
4y, C=
lapo \ ?
e
Topo USA 2.0 Copyrisht 0 1999 Det otme Yarmouth, ME 04096 Scaler 1 : 6,400 Detail: XS-O
05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973
i
l
1 -
4

APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 11

05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 12
Appendix-B
Typical Channel Cross Sections
05/23/2000 07:31 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 13
.s
'k

l
f'
M
b
I I I 1 1 I r
o ? N h J in o
3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I
b iv i7 s in e
05/25/2000 10:02 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 02
MACROBENTHOS SURVEY
TRIBUTARY TO EAST FORK NEW
RIVER WATAUGA COUNTY, NORTH
CAROLINA
Glenstone Health Care
Lynn Haven 11, LLC
August 21, 1997
Prepared for
Land Planning Collaborative, PA.
55 Broad Street
Asheville, NC 28801
By
Pennington & Associates, Inc.
570 East 10th Street
Cookeville, TN 38501
931--526-6038
05/25/2000 10:02 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 03
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ...................................................1
LOCATION .......................................................2
BACKGROUND ....................................................4
MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................... 6
SUBSTRA'T'E DETERMINATION .................................. 8
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE MEASURES ............................ 8
BIO'T'IC INDEX ..............................................12
PHYSICAL AND CkWMICAL PARAMETERS ................... • . • .. 15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................... 16
REFERENCES ....................................................20
05/25/2000 10:02 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 04
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Page
FIGURE 1 GLENSTONE HEALTH CARE, LYNN HAVEN II, WATAUGA COUNTY,
NORTH CAROLINA . ............ ....... 3
TABLE 1. PHYSICAL AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL
TRIBUTARY OF EAST FORK NEW RIVER, WATAUGA COUNTY, NORTH
CAROLINA, SEPTEMBER 9, 1997 ........ .......................... 23
TABLE 2. BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES COLLECTED FROM AN UNKNOWN
TRIBUTARY, WATAUGA, COUNTY, NC, 9/9/97 ...................... 24
TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF COMMUNITY MEASURES, SMALL TRIBUTARY OF EAST
FORK NEW RIVER, WATAUGA COUNTY, N ................ • • • • . • . 30
rcESSMENT PROTOCOL III
TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF METRICS FOR T? nrr, -11% A
(PLAFKIN ET AL. 1989) TRIBUTARY OF EAST FORK NEW RIVER, WATAUGA
COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, SEPTEMBER 9, 1997. (STATION 1 AS
REFERENCE STATION) ........................................3I
' 05/25/2000 10:02 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRO PAGE 05
M RODUMON
Lynn Haven II, LLC d.b.a. Glenstone Heath ^-; -Toposes to relocate 470 feet of
existing stream to the northeast property boundary and pipe 378 feet near the southern portion
of their property in Watauga County, North Carolina. The stream is a tributary to the East
Fork New River. In response to an application for section 401 certification, the State of
North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Division of Water
Quality (NCDEHNR) has requested "A macrobenthos monitoring plan will be needed for the
stream. You must monitor the stream at two locations before disturbance, and at two
locations for three additional years after the stream has been moved" (Letter dated July 29,
1997 by John R. Dorney). This survey was the first of four accomplished by Pennington &
Associates, Inc. to address the needs of the NCDEHNR. The macroinvertebrate survey was
conducted on September 9, 1997 by Wendell Pennington of Pennington & Associates, Inc.
The objectives of the study was to determine physio-chemical and benthic maeroinvertebratc
community characteristics of the small stream.
Since macroinvertebrate populations are more indicative of the relative health of a
stream, attention was focused on this group. Macroinvertebrates are found in all aquatic
habitats, they are less mobile than most other groups of aquatic organisms, such as fish, they
are easily collected, and most have relative long periods of development in the aquatic
environment. Thus, macroinvcrtebrate species should reflect deleterious events that have
occurred in the aquatic environment during any stage of their development.
PENNINGTON & ASSOCIATES, INC. Page I LYN 1197. WPD November 5, 1997
MEMORANDUM
TO: John Dorney Regional Contact: Kerry S. Becker
Non-Discharge Branch WQ Supervisor: Forrest R Westall
Date:
SUBJECT: WETLAND STAFF REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Facility Name Lynda Williford (We gro rite Strawberries)
Project Number 00 0351
Recvd From APP
Received Date 4/20/00 Recvd By Region 5/3/2000
Project Type Stream relocation/culverting
County Cherokee
County2
Region Asheville
Certificates Stream Stream Impacts (ft.)
Permit Wetland Wetland Wetland Stream Class Acres Feet
Type Type Impact Score Index Prim. Supp. Basin Req. Req. BE
P Stream P7- -@)N F-- 1-52 r C TR 40,502. F-- 1,200.00 1,200.0
Mitigation Wetland
MitigationType Type Acres Feet
Stream restoration Stream F__ 1,200.00
Is Wetland Rating Sheet Attached? Q Y QQ N Did you request more info? Q Y QQ N
Have Project Changes/Conditions Been Discussed With Applicant? Q Y Q N
Is Mitigation required? Q Y O N Recommendation: QQ Issue 0 Issue/Cond O Deny
Provided by Region: Latitude (ddmmss) 37 11' 25" Longitude (ddmmss) 83 50' 35"
cc: Regional Office
Central Office Page Number 1
r
DWQ ID:
0003 5 1
PAYMENT
RECEIVED
CORPS ACTION ID:
NATIONWIDE PERMIT REQUESTED (PROVIDE NATIONWIDE PERMIT #)
PRE-CONSTRUCTION NOTIFICATION APPLICATION
FOR NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE:
1. NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS
2. APPLICATION TO NC DIV. OF WATER QUALITY FOR SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION
3. COORDINATION WITH THE NC DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT
SEND THE ORIGINAL AND (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED FORM TO THE APPROPRIATE FIELD
OFFICE OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS (SEE AGENCY ADDRESSES SHEET). SEVEN (7)_COPIES MUST
BE SENT TO THE NC DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY, ATTN: JOHiEY;-4401 REEDY CREEK
ROAD, RALEIGH, NC 27607. PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE.
OWNER'S NAME: Lynda Williford
illl
MAILING ADDRESS: 1482 Fairview Road
SUBDIVISION NAME: We Gro-Rite Strawberries ;'? `ii'lu SCT?ON
CITY: Andrews STATE: NC ZIP CODE: 28901
PROJECT LOCATION ADDRESS, INCLUDING SUBDIVISION NAME (IF DIFFERENT FROM
MAILING ADDRESS ABOVE):
Please see location map in Proiect Plan Appendix-A.
3. TELEPHONE NUMBER: (HOME) (WORK) 828-321-4371
4. IF APPLICABLE: AGENT'S NAME OR RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICIAL, ADDRESS,
PHONE NUMBER: POC: Mickey B. Henson, Principal Hydrologist, Appalachian Environmental
Services, Post Office Box 52, Webster, NC 28788 (828-586-1973)
5. LOCATION OF WORK (PROVIDE A MAP, PREFERABLY A COPY OF USGS TOPOGRAPHIC
MAP OR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WITH SCALE):
COUNTY: Cherokee NEAREST TOWN: Andrews
SPECIFIC LOCATION (INCLUDE ROAD NUMBERS, LANDMARKS, ETC.) 1482 Fairview Road,
Andrews, NC
6. IMPACTED OR NEAREST STREAM/RIVER: Valley River RIVER BASIN: Hiwassee
7. (a) IS PROJECT LOCATED NEAR WATER CLASSIFIED AS TROUT, TIDAL SALTWATER, (SA),
HIGH QUALITY WATERS (HQW), OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS (ORW), WATER
SUPPLY (WS-I OR WS-II)? YES ID NO ? IF YES, EXPLAIN: Trout Waters
(b) IS THE PROJECT LOCATED WITHIN A NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF COASTAL
MANAGEMENT AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN (AEC)? YES ? NO
(c) IF THE PROJECT IS LOCATED WITHIN A COASTAL COUNTY (SEE PAGE 7 FOR LIST OF
COASTAL COUNTIES), WHAT IS THE LAND USE PLAN (LUP) DESIGNATION?
(a) HAVE ANY SECTION 404 PERMITS BEEN PREVIOUSLY REQUESTED FOR USE ON THIS
PROJECT? YES ? NO ? IF YES, PROVIDE ACTION I.D. NUMBER OF PREVIOUS PERMIT
AND ANY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (INCLUDE PHOTOCOPY OF 401 CERTIFICATION):
(b) ARE ADDITIONAL PERMIT REQUESTS EXPECTED FOR THIS PROPERTY IN THE
FUTURE? YES ? NO ? IF YES, DESCRIBE ANTICIPATED WORK:
9. (a) ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBERS OF ACRES IN TRACT OF LAND: 42.9 acres
(b) ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLANDS LOCATED ON PROJECT SITE:
N/A
10. (a) NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLANDS IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT BY:
FILLING: EXCAVATION:
FLOODING: OTHER :
DRAINAGE: TOTAL ACRES TO BE IMPACTED:
(b) (1) STREAM CHANNEL TO BE IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT (IF RELOCATED,
PROVIDE DISTANCE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER RELOCATION:
LENGTH BEFORE: 2161 FT AFTER: 2161 FT
WIDTH BEFORE (based on normal high water contours): 8 FT
AVERAGE DEPTH BEFORE: 2.0 FT AFTER: 2.0 FT
(b) (2) STREAM CHANNEL IMPACTS WILL RESULT FROM: (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
OPEN CHANNEL RELOCATION: X_ PLACEMENT OF PIPE IN CHANNEL:
CHANNEL EXCAVATION: CONSTRUCTION OF A DAM/FLOODING:
OTHER:
11. IF CONSTRUCTION OF A POND IS PROPOSED, WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE WATERSHED
DRAINING TO THE POND? WHAT IS THE EXPECTED POND SURFACE AREA?
12. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORK INCLUDING DISCUSSION OF TYPE OF MECHANICAL
EQUIPMENT TO BE USED? (ATTACH PLANS; 81/2 BY 11 DRAWINGS ONLY)
Rubber tired backhoe will be used onsite. Please see plans for channel relocation plans.
13. PURPOSE OF PROPOSED WORK: To relocate the channel to a natural and stable condition.
14. STATE REASONS WHY IT IS BELIEVED THAT THIS ACTIVITY MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN
WETLANDS (INCLUDE ANY MEASURES TAKEN TO MINIMIZE WETLAND IMPACTS)
15. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE US FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE AND/OR
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF ANY
FEDERALLY LISTED OR PROPOSED FOR LISTING ENDANGERED OR THREATENED
SPECIES OR CRITICAL HABITAT IN THE PERMIT AREA THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE
PROPOSED PROJECT. DATE CONTACTED:
16. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER
(SHPO) REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES IN THE PERMIT AREA
WHICH MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT. DATE CONTACTED:
17. DOES THE PROJECT INVOLVE AN EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC FUNDS OT THE USE OF
PUBLIC (STATE) LAND? YES ? NO ID (IF NO, GO TO 18)
(a) IF YES, DOES THE PROJECT REQUIRE PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL
DOCUMENT PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT? YES ? NO ?
03/09/2000 13:59 8285861973 APPALACHIAN ENVIRD PAGE 02
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT? YES ? NO 0
(b) IF YES, HAS THE DOCUMENT BEEN REVIEWED THROUGH THE NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION STATE CLEARINGHOUSE? YES II NO 0
IF ANSWER l7b IS YES, THEN SUBMIT APPROPRIATE DOCUMENTATION FROM THE STATE
CLEARINGHOUSE WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT.
QUESTIONS REGARDING THE STATE CLEARINGHOUSE REVIEW PROCESS SHOULD BE
DIRECTED TO MS. CHRYS BAGGETT, DIRECTOR STATE CLEARINGHOUSE, NORTH
CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION, 116 WEST JONES STREET, RALEIGH,
NORTH CAROLINA 27603-8003, TELEPHONE [phone].
18. THE FOLLOWING ITEMS SHOULD BE INCLUDED WITH THIS APPLICATION IF PROPOSED
ACTIVITY INVOLVES THE DISCHARGE OF EXCAVATED OF FILL MATERIAL INTO
WETLANDS:
(a) WETLAND DELINEATION MAP SHOWING ALL WETLANDS, STREAMS, LAKES, AND
PONDS ON THE PROPERTY (FOR NATIONWIDE PERMIT NUMBERS 14, 18, 21, 26, 29,
AND 38)_ ALL STREAM (INTERMITTENT AND PERMANENT) ON THE PROPERTY MUST
BE SHOWN ON THE MAP. MAP SCALES SHOULD BE 1 INCH EQUALS 50 FEET OF I INCA
EQUALS 100 FEET OF THEIR EQUIVALENT.
(b) IF AVAILABLE, REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPH OF WETLANDS TO BE IMPACTED BY
PRODUCT.
(c) IF DELINEATION WAS PERFORMED BY A CONSULTANT, INCLUDE ALL DATA SHEETS
RELEVANT TO THE PLACEMENT OF THE DELINEATION LINE.
(d) ATTACH A COPY OF THE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN IF REQUIRED.
(e) WHAT IS LAND USE OF SURROUNDING PROPERTY?
(f) IF APPLICABLE, WHAT IS PROPOSED METHOD OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL?
(g) SIGNED AND DATED AGENT AUTHORIZATION LETTER, IF APPLICABLE.
NOTE: WETLANDS OR WATERS OF THE US MAY NOT BE IMPACTED PRIOR TO:
I . ISSUANCE OF A SECTION 404 CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMIT,
2. EITHER THE ISSUANCE OR WAIVER OF A 401 DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY
CERTIFICATION, AND
3. (IN THE TWENTY COASTAL COUNTIES ONLY), A LETTER FROM THE NORTH
CAROLINA DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT STATING THE PROPOSED
ACTIVITY IS CONSISTENT WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM.
(AGENT'S SIGNATURE VALID ONLY IF AUTHORIZATION LETTER FROM THE OWNER IS
PROVIDED).
r
Pr", ;', ,noo
r? 5

Stream Relocation and Mitigation Plan
For We Gro-Rite
Unnamed Tributary to the Valley River
Andrews, North Carolina
Mickey B. Henson
Principal Hydrologist
Appalachian Environmental Services
March 1, 2000
PROJECT SITE
The stream relocation and mitigation for We Gro-Rite is located on 2161 feet of
an unnamed tributary to the Valley River in Andrews, North Carolina (N35' 11.672'
W83°50.195' on the WGS84 Datum). Please see Appendix-A for a topographic site map
and stream relocation map. The site currently has 2161 feet of channel in which the
landowner wants to relocate so that the maximum potential of the property may be
achieved.h,All of the mitigation for the stream relocation will be conducted onsite.
SCOPE
The objective of this stream restoration project is to improve the water quality,
riparian quality and stability of this stream. Approximately 2161 feet of stream channel
will be relocated. Long-term stabilization will be accomplished by stabilizing the
riparian area with native vegetation. Specific objectives for the project are as follows:
1. Construct a new stream channel base upon reference reaches.
2. Create correct habitat types within the stream channel.
3. Stabilize the bankfull elevation along the reach.
4. Slope and vegetate the streambanks so they are more resistant to flooding.
5. Plant native trees, bushes and ground cover that will stabilize the streambanks, shade
the stream, and provide wildlife cover and food.
CHANNEL RESTORATION
Meander Design
The approach used results in an average channel slope being determined by
meander geometry (meander wavelength, meander arc length, average width at bankfull,
meander amplitude, radius of curvature and arc angle). These approaches are based on
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 1
the assumption that the controlling factors in the stream channel (water and sediment
inputs, bed material gradation, and bank erosional resistance) will be similar to those in a
selected reference reach (either the restoration reach before disturbance or undisturbed
reaches). If the reach targeted for restoration is closely bounded by undisturbed
meanders, dimensions of these undisturbed reaches may be studied for use in the restored
or created reach.
Bankfull Determination
Visual identification of bankfull flow on large streams in alluvial bottoms is
relatively easy. However, small streams in the Southern Appalachians rarely have
alluvial bottoms. Smaller mountain streams seldom develop distinctive topographic
breaks between the bank and the floodplain common in larger streams and rivers.
Therefore, bankfull flow was estimated by observing vegetation, bare rock, washed root
lines, and changes from a steep to gentle bank slope.
We have experienced that the best indicators of bankfull flow in the Southern
Appalachians tend to be signs of repeated erosion and cleansing of banks and deposition
on point bars. Storms larger than bankfull can erode the stream banks and mask the
indicators. In the Southern Appalachians, the vegetation line is probably the most
difficult indicator to use to determine bankfull depth. Riparian vegetation in the
mountains withstands high flows and may even revegetate quickly into the bankfull area.
This is especially true with certain types of mosses. Some of the problems of
determining reliable indicators of bankfull flow stem from the stream banks being
undercut and caving in.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 2
Particle Size Distribution (D50)
Particle size data are usually reported in terms of Di, where I represents some
nominal percentile of the distribution and Di represents the particle size, usually
expressed in millimeters, at which i percent of the total sample by weight is finer. For
example, 50 percent of the total sample would be finer than the D50 particle size. For
estimating size distribution in steep mountain streams with substrate much coarser than
the medium-gravel limitations of Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP)
samplers, a pebble count, in which at least 100 bed material particles are manually
collected from the streambed and measured, is used to measure particle size. At each
sample point along the cross section, a particle is retrieved from the bed, and the
intermediate axis is measured. The measurements are tabulated as to number of particles
occurring within predetermined size intervals, and the percentage of the total number in
each interval is then determined. Again, the percentage in each interval is accumulated to
give a particle size distribution, and the particle size data are reported as described above.
Restored Channel-A
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 8 feet, average bankfull depth of 2 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 2.5 feet at pools, water surface slope of 24%, and a D50 of
30mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 3
Restored Channel-11
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 9 feet, average bankfull depth of 3 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 3.3 feet at pools, water surface slope of 24%, and a D50 of
20mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
Restored Channel-C
The restored stream channel will be patterned after the reference reach. The
restored channel has a meander wavelength 50 feet, meander arc length 61 feet, meander
amplitude of 15 feet, radius of curvature of 20 feet, arc angle of 7 degrees, average
bankfull (channel maintaining flow) width of 8 feet, average bankfull depth of 1.8 feet at
riffles, bankfull depth of 2.1 feet at pools, water surface slope of 2%, and a D50 of
30mm. Please see Appendix-B for a typical cross-section of this channel.
STREAMBANK STABILIZATION
Above the bankfull elevation the streambank will be sloped to the top of the bank
and vegetated. This feature benefits the stream by slowing water velocity during high
water events. This in turn reduces the amount of erosion occurring on the streambanks.
Cross-sectional area will be increased by this process (see Appendix B for typical cross
sections). Coconut blankets will be pinned into the bank for short-term (4 years)
stabilization. The blankets will stabilize the streambank long enough for the vegetation
to root and stabilize the stream for the long-term.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 4
RIPARIAN RESTORATION
After the streambank has been sloped it will be seeded with native herbaceous and
woody plant seeds described on the following native plant list. Seeded sections of the
bank will be covered with coconut fiber blankets. These blankets will protect the area
from the streambed to the top of the streambank and be stapled to the ground using metal
landscape staples. Low growing woody species such as Henry's Garnett, Silky
Dogwood, and Buttonbush will be planted. These species will be planted as cuttings or
bare rooted stock during the next dormant season. As much as possible trees that are on
site will be avoided as the streambanks are altered. On the upper banks we will plant
taller growing trees that provide shade, stable creek banks and wildlife cover and food.
The desires of the landowner will be incorporated into the planting plans whenever
possible.
The riparian restoration component of this project was broken down into a three-
zone approach. The species selected were chosen to be aesthetically pleasing and to
benefit wildlife by providing food or habitat. We are also supporters of the Southern
Appalachian Native Plant Initiative (SANPI), so we will only be using native species to
revegetate the riparian zone. The following species will be used at this site:
Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), Cardinal Flower
(Lobelia cardinalis), Henry's Garnett (Itea virginica), Dog Hobble (Leucothoe
fonianesiana), Bushy St. Johnswort (Hypericum densiflorum), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis), Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Baldcypress (Taxodium distchum),
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Red Maple (Acer
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 5
rubrum), and Sycamore (Platamus occidentalis). All flower species will be planted 3 to 4
feet apart, bush species 4-8 feet apart and trees will be planted 10-15 feet apart.
Appalachian Environmental Services Page 6
Appendix-A
Project Site Topographic Map
And
Stream Relocation Map
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VALLEY RIVER TRIB
Addrom
ANDREWS, NC
Project Nn;
WEGRORITE
VALLEY RIVER
STREAM RELOCATION
WE GRO-RITE
ANDREWS, NC
APPALACHIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE!
www.appalachianenvironment.co
r-iddll P.O. Box 52
Webster, NC 2878
TEL: 828.586.197-
FAX: 828.586.197
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Bill Holman, Secretary
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
Appalachian Environmental Services
PO Box 52
Webster, NC 28788
RECEIPT:
1 • •
NC ENR
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
April 20, 2000
PAYMENT
RECEIVED
This confirms that the NC Division of Water Quality has received an application
processing fee of $475 from Appalachian Environmental Services for the Lynda
Williford project, DWQ #000351 on April 20, 2000.
FILE COPY
Robert Ridings,
Environmental Technician I
Division of Water Quality
() Q()*3 5A
Wetlands/401 Unit 4401 Reedy Creek Road Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Telephone [phone] FAX # [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post consumer paper
PAYMf- pd T
RACE=7 fit:: D
Appalachian Environmental Services
Streams, Rivers, Lakes & Wetlands - Design, Restoration & Construction
April 18, 2000
John Dorney
N.C. DWQ - Wetlands/401 Unit
4401 Reedy Creek Road
Raleigh, NC 27607 L
APR 2 0 2000
RE: DWQ# 000351 W UAt T7yG'5'
John,
Enclosed is the $475 check for Lynda Williford the owner of We-Gro-Rite in Andrews,
NC. Our company is also requesting a receipt for this application fee.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me at [phone] or via e-mail
at [e-mail].
Sincerely,
Mickey B. Henson
Principal Hydrologist
MH
Attachment: April 5, 2000 DWQ Letter
Appalachian Environmental Services
Post Office Box 52
Webster, NC 28788-0052
828.586.1973 Phone/Far
aes a appalachiancnvironment.com
www. appalachianenvironnient.coni
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Bill Holman, Secretary
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
Lynda Williford
1482 Fairview Road
Andrews, NC 28901
Dear Ms. Williford:
P?W'A
NC ENR
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
April 5, 2000
DWQ# 000351 NaMIATNT
RECEIVED
On March 20, 2000, your application for 401 Water Quality Certification 9W
was received by
'imp
e N.C. Division of Water Quality. Please note that beginning January 1, 1999, the N.C.
General Assembly passed legislation requiring payment of a fee for all 401 applications.
Your application is being put on hold since no payment was received with the package.
The fee for this application is $475. In order for DWQ to review and process your
request, you must send a check in this amount made payable to the N.C. Division of
Water Quality.
Please call Robert Ridings or Cyndi Bell at 919-733-1786 or visit our web site at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
?Jefi . Dorney
cc: Central Files
mile Copy
10 QQ0? b?
Wetlands/401 Unit 4401 Reedy Creek Road Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Telephone [phone] FAX # [phone]
An Equal Oprormnity Afhnnanve -r6011 Emplrv• r Wl recycled/10`4, pr)?r conimner paper