20041235 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_20040727

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Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E., Director
Division of Water Quality
Coleen H. Sullins, Deputy Director
Division of Water Quality
September 29, 2004
Bladen and Cumberland Counties
DWQ # 04-1235
WAIVER of 401 Water Quality Certification
Mr. Jim Buck
Buck Engineering
8000 Regency Parkway
Suite 200
Cary, NC 27511
Dear Mr. Buck:
Your application for a 401 Water Quality Certification was received in the Central Office on July 27,
2004. According to our rules [15A NCAC 2H .0507 (A)], 4,,final action is not taken within 60 days, the
Certification is waived unless DWQ has objected in writing to }spur application. Therefore, DWQ has waived
the requirement for a 401 Water Quality Certification for yo' it plans to restore 33,985 feet of stream,
approximately 400 acres of wetlands and to enhance about 25 acreslofwetlands as described in your application
at the Privateer Farms site.
However if additional impact occurs or your development plans change, this waiver is no longer valid
and a 401 Water Quality Certification will be required. In a related note, DWQ staff are encouraged by this
mitigation project and look forward to reviewing mitigation reports as the project unfolds.
If you have any questions, please telephone John Dorney at 919-733-1786 or Ken Averitte at our
Fayetteville Regional Office at 910-486-1541.
Sincerely,
R. Domey
Cc: Fayetteville DWQ Regional Office
Wilmington Field Office Corps of Engineers
Central Files
File Copy
John Hennessy, DWQ
Kevin Tweedy, Buck Engineering
A51
N. C. Division of Water Quality, 401 Wetlands Certification Unit,
1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing Address)
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 (Location)
[phone] (phone), 919-733-6893 (fax), (http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands

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Triage Check List
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Date: ? Project Name. . `T
DWQ#:
County:
To: ARO Mike Parker ? WaRO
N FRO Ken Averitte ? WiRO
MRO Mike Parker ? WSRO
O Ste??i
r7j M40 Van
From: Tele
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El Pond fill
El Ditching
El Are the stream and or tland mitigation sites a ilable and viable?
Check drawings for curacy
El Is the application onsistent with pre-application meetil g<
? Cumulative im act concern
Comments: Q? ?® SPA ?v 6t& b+
A r - -?n? ao v W o(a o jS
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Debor2ffi Sawyer
Jo a Steenhuis
J 'fer Frye
(919) _715:54J4--
The file attached is eing forwarded to y0 fir for your evaluation.
Plea call if you need sistance.
,?,{ Stream length impacted
L1LI Wetland Stream determination
determination and dis
? ce t lue-
_ Minimization/avoidance issues
Buffer Rules (Meuse, Tar-Pamlic , tawba,
? Mitigation Ratios
line surface waters on USFW topo maps.
Randleman)
BUILOK
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July 27, 2004
Ms. Angie Pennock
Wilmington Regulatory Field Office
Department of the Army
Wilmington District, Corps of Engineers
PO Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402-1890
Ms. Debbie Edwards
NC Division of Water Quality -35
401[Wetlands Unit 0412
1650 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1650
Re: Privateer Farms Stream and Wetland Mitigation Project
Dear Ms. Pennock and Ms. Edwards:
Enclosed for your consideration and approval is the Pre-Construction Notification for the Corps nationwide
permit 27 and the Division of Water Quality's general certification 3399 for Wetland and Riparian
Restoration and Creation for the Privateer Farms stream and wetland mitigation project. Also enclosed are
copies of the Privateer Stream and Wetland Mitigation Plan and associated Plan Sheets for your reference in
reviewing the PCN application. Please note that we have requested expedited review of this application to
enable site preparation to take place during September so that the wetland plant species may be planted
during the appropriate dormant season at the end of this year. Thank you in advance for your assistance.
If I can be of any further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
m T , PE
8000 gency Parkway, Suite 200
Cary, NC 27511
Ph: [phone]
[e-mail]
PAYM, EN T
RECEIVED
.r WETLANDS 1409 GROUP
?Alne, i ?n? np???p
JUL 2 7 2004
WATER QUALITY SECTION
Enclosures
Office Use Only: Form Version May 2002
USACE Action ID No. DWQ No. r
(If any particular item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "N/A".)
1. Processing
1. Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project:
® Section 404 Permit ? Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules
? Section 10 Permit ? Isolated Wetland Permit from DWQ
® 401 Water Quality Certification
2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested: NWP 27
3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification
is not required, check here: ?
4. If payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is proposed for
mitigation of impacts (verify availability with NCWRP prior to submittal of PCN), complete
section VIII and check here: ?
5. If your project is located in any of North Carolina's twenty coastal counties (listed on page
4), and the project is within a North Carolina Division of Coastal Management Area of
Environmental Concern (see the top of page 2 for further details), check here: ?
II. Applicant Information
1. Owner/Applicant Information
Name: Jim Buck, PE
Mailing Address: Buck Engineering
8000 Regency Parkway Suite 200
Cary, NC 27511
Telephone Number: 919-463-5488 Fax Number: 919-463-5490
E-mail Address: Jbuck(a?Buckengineering.com
2. Agent/Consultant Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter
must be attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.)
Name:
Company Affiliation:
Mailing Address:
Telephone Number: Fax Number:
E-mail Address:
Page 6 of 13
III. Project Information
Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local
landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property
boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map
and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings,
impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should
include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property
boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion,
so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the
USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format;
however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction
drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are
reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that
the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided.
1. Name of project: The Privateer Stream and Wetland Mitigation Proiect
2. T.I.P. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only):
3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN): 0470-26-6317, 0378-00-76-8037
4. Location
County: Cumberland and Bladen Counties Nearest Town: White Oak
Subdivision name (include phase/lot number):
Directions to site (include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): Take I-95 South to Exit 49,
HWY 53 South. Turn left onto HWY 53 South, continue down HWY 53 approximately
17 miles. Turn right into Privateer Farms.
5. Site coordinates, if available (UTM or Lat/Long): 34,50'56"N / 78,45114"W
(Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the
coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.)
6. Property size (acres): Work area totals approximately 400 acres.
7. Nearest body of water (stream/river/sound/ocean/lake): Harrison Creek
8. River Basin: Cape Fear River
(Note - this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The
River Basin map is available at htt2://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/mVs/.)
9. Describe the existing conditions on the site and general land use in the vicinity of the project
at the time of this application: Property has recently been in agricultural production
Page 7 of 13
for several years. The existing conditions are further described in the attached
mitigation plan.
10. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used:
Site will be restored for the purposes of providing compensatory stream and wetland
mitigation as described in the attached Privateer Farms Stream and Wetland
Mitigation Proiect. Work to be conducted with pans, dozers, track-hoes, and other
equipment typically used for restoration Rrojects.
11. Explain the purpose of the proposed work:
Perform compensatory mitigation totaling 33,000- linear feet of stream, 400 acres of
wetland restoration, and 25 acres of wetland enhancement.
IV. Prior Project History
If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this
project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include
the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and
certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits,
certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and
buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project,
list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with
construction schedules.
Mitigation Plan was submitted to NCDOT/NCEEP in May 2004.
Site evaluation June 2004.
V. Future Project Plans
Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work,
and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application.
N/A
VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. The applicant must also
provide justification for these impacts in Section VII below. All proposed impacts, permanent
and temporary, must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on an accompanying site
plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) must be shown on a
delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and stream
evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may be
included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or stream
mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed for
listing or description, please attach a separate sheet.
Page 8 of 13
1. Provide a written description of the proposed impacts: Impacts to onsite streams will be
done for restoration purposes.
2. Individually list wetland impacts below:
Wetland Impact
Site Number
indicate on ma
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
acres Located within
100-year Floodplain**
es/no Distance to
Nearest Stream
linear feet
Type of Wetland***
N/A

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: mechanized clearing, grading, fill,
excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding.
** 100-Year floodplains are identified through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM), or FEMA-approved local floodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or
online at hqp://www.fema.gov.
*** List a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond,
Carolina Bay, bog, etc.) Indicate if wetland is isolated (determination of isolation to be made by USACE only).
List the total acreage (estimated) of all existing wetlands on the property: 25
Total area of wetland impact proposed: 0
3. Individually list all intermittent and perennial stream impacts below:
Stream Impact
Site Number
indicate on ma
Type of Impact* Length of
Impact
linear feet
Stream Name** Average Width
of Stream
Before Imp act Perennial or
Intermittent?
lease specify)
Harrison Creek Mitigation 24,000 Harrison Creek 18 perennial

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: culverts and associated rip-rap,
dams (separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gain),
stabilization activities (cement wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is
proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included.
** Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the nearest
downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps are available through the USGS at 1-800-358-9616, or online at
www.usgs.gov. Several internet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., www.topozone.com,
www.mapguest.com, etc.).
Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site: 24.000
4. Individually list all open water impacts (including lakes, ponds, estuaries, sounds, Atlantic
Ocean and any other water of the U.S.) below:
Page 9 of 13
Open Water Impact
Site Number
indicate on ma
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
acres Name of Waterbod
y
(if applicable) Type of Waterbody
(lake, pond, estuary, sound,
bay, ocean, etc.
N/A

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: fill, excavation, dredging,
flooding, drainage, bulkheads, etc.
5. Pond Creation
If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be
included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should
be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application.
Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ? uplands ? stream ? wetlands
Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of
draw-down valve or spillway, etc.): N/A
Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond,
local stormwater requirement, etc.): N/A
Size of watershed draining to pond: Expected pond surface area:
VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization)
Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide
information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and
financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact
site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts
were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction
techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts.
Proposed impacts are reauired to restore stream functions. as described in The
Privateer Farms Stream and Wetland Mitigation Plan. Proiect will result in the an overall
increase in stream length on the site from 24,000 feet to 33,000 feet, 400 acres of
wetlands, and enhance an additional 25 acres of existing riparian wetlands.
VIII. Mitigation
DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC
Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to
freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial
streams.
Page 10 of 13
USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide
Permits, published in the Federal Register on March 9, 2000, mitigation will be required when
necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors
including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted
aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable
mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include,
but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland
and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of
aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar
functions and values, preferable in the same watershed.
If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order
for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application
lacking a required mitigation plan or NCWRP concurrence shall be placed on hold as
incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration
in DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at
hqp://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands/strmgide.html.
1. Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide
as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions
and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet)
of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view,
preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a
description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach
a separate sheet if more space is needed.
See attached mitigation Ulan; The Privateer Farms Restoration Plan
2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration
Program (NCWRP). Please note it is the applicant's responsibility to contact the NCWRP at
[phone] to determine availability and to request written approval of mitigation prior
to submittal of a PCN. For additional information regarding the application process for the
NCWRP, check the NCWRP website at htti)://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wrp/index.httn. If use of
the NCWRP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page three and provide the
following information:
Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): N/A
Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet):
Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Amount of Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres):
IX. Environmental Documentation (required by DWQ)
Page 11 of 13
Does the project involve
(federal/state) land?
Yes ? No
an expenditure of public (federal/state) funds or the use of public

If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the
requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Note: If you are not sure whether a NEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA
coordinator at [phone] to review current thresholds for environmental documentation.
Yes ? No ?
X.
If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a
copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter.
Yes ? No ?
Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (required by DWQ)
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide
justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein,
and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a
map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ
Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the
applicant's discretion.
Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233
(Meuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 2B .0250 (Randleman Rules and
Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify. V
Yes ? No ® If you answered "yes", provide the following information:
Identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer
mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer
multipliers.
Zone* Impact
(square feet Multiplier Required
Mitigation
1 3
2 1.5
Total
* Zone 1 extends out 30 feet perpendicular from near bank of channel; Zone 2 extends an
additional 20 feet from the edge of Zone 1.
If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation
of Property, Conservation Easement, Riparian Buffer Restoration / Enhancement, Preservation or
Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as
identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or.0260.
Page 12 of 13
XI. Stormwater (required by DWQ)
Describe impervious acreage (both existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site.
Discuss stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands
downstream from the property.
N/A
XII. Sewage Disposal (required by DWQ)
Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of
wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
N/A
XIII. Violations (required by DWQ)
Is this site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H.0500) or any Buffer Rules?
Yes ? No
Is this an after-the-fact permit application?
Yes ? No
XIV. Other Circumstances (Optional):
It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired
construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may
choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on
work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and
Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control).
The applicant reauests that review be completed by August 30, 2004 to ensure adequate
time for site construction work, followed by site planting during the coming planting
season.
9/Z,-4 /0?
Applicant/Agent's Signature Date
s signature is valid only if an authorization letter fromthe applicant is provided.)
Page 13 of 13
Privateer Farms Restoration Plan
Bladen and Cumberland Counties, North Carolina
Prepared for:
The North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program and
The North Carolina Department of Transportation
2728 Capital Blvd., Suite 1H 103
Raleigh, NC 27606
Prepared By:
MAW 8000 Regency Parkway
BUCI& Suite 200
Cary, North Carolina 27511
Phone: [phone]
P I ; I 1 J t? { i:; t •i t: Fax: [phone]
www.buckengineering.com

July 2004
Privateer Farms Restoration Plan
Bladen and Cumberland Counties, North Carolina
Prepared For the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program and
North Carolina Department of Transportation
July 2004
Design Report Prepared By Buck Engineering PC
T) edy, P
Project Manager
`V Gt,e--
Will Harman, P
Principal in Charge

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Privateer Farms Restoration Project is located in Bladen and Cumberland Counties, North
Carolina, approximately fourteen miles southeast of Fayetteville. Landuse for the restoration site
over the past 20 years has been primarily row crop agriculture. All cleared fields of the project
site have been designated prior-converted wetlands by the US Department of Agriculture Natural
Resources Conservation Service (MRCS). The entire project site is approximately 430 acres in
size.
Stream and riparian functions on the site have been severely impacted as a result of agricultural
conversion. Harrison Creek was channelized in the early 1980s to reduce flooding and provide a
drainage outlet for the extensive ditching across the site. As a result, the stream now exists as a
very large canal that runs straight through the project site. Backwater conditions are imposed
along extensive sections of the stream due to culverts and debris blockages, such that natural
riffle and pool sequences are nearly non-existent. Restoration of Harrison Creek will restore
stream functions, as well as overbank flooding and riparian functions to the adjacent restored
wetland areas.
Monitoring data collected from February 2002 through September 2003 indicate the site currently
exhibits hydrologic conditions drier than wetland conditions. The ditches on the site transport
surface and shallow subsurface drainage from the prior-converted crop fields, lowering the water
table and keeping soil conditions favorable for agricultural production. Examination of the
available hydrology and soil data indicate that there is good potential for the restoration of a
productive wetland and stream ecosystem.
The Privateer Farms Restoration Project will restore a "streamhead Atlantic white cedar forest"
and "Coastal Plain small stream swamp" system, as described by Schafale and Weakley (1990).
Due to the productivity and accessibility of these systems, most have experienced heavy human
disturbance. Restoration will involve restoring the stream through the site to its historic location
and elevation, and filling drainage ditches to raise the local water table and restore wetland and
stream hydrology on the site. In addition, scarification of the fields and breaking of the local
plow pan will provide increased surface storage of water and provide a range of conditions for a
variety of native wetland plant species. The total area of restored riparian wetlands will be
approximately 400 acres, with approximately 25 acres of enhanced riparian wetlands and 33,985
feet of restored stream channel.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
Buck Engineering
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Project Description ...................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Project Area ................................................................................................................. 1-1
2.0 Existing Condition ..............................................................................................................2-1
2.1 General Geology and Soils ..........................................................................................2-1
2.2 Climatic Conditions ................................................................................................... ..2-2
2.3 General Site Hydrology ............................................................................................. ..2-3
2.4 Harrison Creek Existing Stream Assessment ............................................................ ..2-6
2.5 Bankfull Stage Verification ....................................................................................... ..2-9
2.5.1 Bankfull Stage and Discharge .......................................................................... ..2-9
2.5.2 Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships (Regional Curves) ..................... ..2-9
2.5.3 Bankfull Verification ........................................................................................ 2-10
2.6 Channel Stability Assessment ................................................................................... 2-11
2.6.1 Stream Channel Condition or "State" Categories ............................................. 2-12
2.6.2 Vertical Stability - Degradation/Aggradation .................................................. 2-12
2.6.3 Lateral Stability ................................................................................................ 2-13
2.6.4 Channel Pattern ................................................................................................. 2-13
2.6.5 Stream Profile and Bed Features ...................................................................... 2-13
2.6.6 Channel Dimension Relations .......................................................................... 2-13
2.6.7 Stream Channel Scour/Deposition Potential (Sediment Competence) ............. 2-14
2.6.8 Channel Evolution ............................................................................................ 2-14
2.7 Existing Wetland Assessment ................................................................................... 2-15
2.8 Hydrologic Modeling ................................................................................................ 2-15
2.9 Vegetation ................................................................................................................. 2-17
2.10 Cultural Resources .................................................................................................... 2-18
2.11 Natural Resources ...................................................................................................... 2-18
2.12 Hazardous Materials .................................................................................................. 2-25
2.13 Flooding Concerns .................................................................................................... 2-26
2.14 Risk Recognition ....................................................................................................... 2-26
3.0 Restoration Plan .................................................................................................................3-1
3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Natural Channel Design Summary ..............................................................................3-1
3.3 Natural Channel Design ..............................................................................................3-2
3.4 Sediment Transport Analysis ......................................................................................3-8
3.5 Restoration of Wetland Hydrology ...........................................................................3-11
3.6 Hydrologic Model Analyses ......................................................................................3-13
3.7 Vegetation Plan .........................................................................................................3-14
3.8 Soils ...........................................................................................................................3-17
3.9 Conservation Easement .............................................................................................3-17
4.0 Monitoring and Evaluation ...............................................................................................4-1
4.1 Wetland Hydrologic Monitoring .................................................................................4-1
Privateer Farms Restoration Project ii Buck Engineering
4.2 Wetland Reference Site ............................................................................................... 4-1
4.3 Vegetation Monitoring ................................................................................................ 4-2
4.4 Stream Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 4-2
4.4.1 Bankfull Events .................................................................................................. 4-2
4.4.2 Cross-sections ..................................................................................................... 4-2
4.4.3 Pattern ................................................................................................................. 4-3
4.4.4 Longitudinal Profile ............................................................................................ 4-3
4.4.5 Photo Reference Sites ......................................................................................... 4-3
4.5 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling .......................................................................... 4-4
5.0 Reference Wetland and Stream Site .................................................................................5-1
5.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Soils .............................................................................................................................5-1
5.3 Hydrology ....................................................................................................................5-1
5.4 Stream Reference Reach ............................................................................................. 5-2
5.5 Vegetation ................................................................................................................... 5-2
6.0 References ...........................................................................................................................6-1
List of Appendices
Appendix 1 Project exhibits.
Appendix 2 Well hydrographs for the project site from March 2002 through September
2003.
Appendix 3 Existing condition cross-sections and bed material analyses for Harrison
Creek.
Appendix 4 Wetland delineation forms for the project enhancement area.
Appendix 5 DRAINMOD model input files used to model the existing conditions of the
project sites.
Appendix 6 Letters from the Natural Heritage Program and the NC Department of
Cultural Resources.
Appendix 7 DRAINMOD input files used to model the proposed restoration practices at
the project site.
Appendix 8 Reference wetland and stream data.
Appendix 9 Conservation easement agreement for the project site.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project iii Buck Engineering
List of Exhibits
(provided in Appendix 1)
Exhibit 1-1 Restoration project map.
Exhibit 1-2 USGS topographic map.
Exhibit 2-1 Soils map.
Exhibit 2-2 1938 aerial photograph for Privateer Farms.
Exhibit 2-3 Existing hydrography map.
Exhibit 2-4 Water table hydrographs for Well Group 1.
Exhibit 2-5 Water table hydrographs for Well Group 2.
Exhibit 2-6 Water table hydrographs for Well Group 3.
Exhibit 3-1 Watershed map.
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 NC Coastal Regional Curve with surveyed bankfull cross-sectional area for
the Panther Branch reference reach.
Figure 2-2 Comparison between modeled and actual water table data.
Figure 3-1 Comparison between bankfull shear stress and channel slope for the design
reach and Coastal Plain reference reach data.
Figure 3-2 Comparison between stream power and channel slope for the design reaches
and Coastal Plain reference reach data.
Figure 3-3 Comparison between width-to-depth (W/D) and channel slope for the
design reaches and Coastal Plain reference reach data.
Figure 3-4 Example cross-section of the microtopography techniques to be used on the
restoration site.
Figure 3-5 Typical pattern of created microtopography restored by following the
procedure described in Section 3.5 (from Scherrer, 2000).
Privateer Farms Restoration Project iv Buck Engineering
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Comparison between monthly rainfall amounts for the project site and the
long-term average.
Table 2-2 Hydrologic parameters observed for the project site.
Table 2-3 Existing condition parameters for Harrison Creek.
Table 2-4 NC Coastal Plain regional curve equations.
Table 2-5 Conversion of bank height ratio (degree of incision) to adjective rankings
for stability (Rosgen, 2001).
Table 2-6 Conversion of W/D ratios to adjective ranking of stability from stability
conditions (Rosgen, 2001).
Table 2-7 Water balance for the existing conditions on the project site.
Table 3-1 Reference parameters used to determine design ratios.
Table 3-2 Natural channel design parameters for Privateer Site Reaches 1 and 2.
Table 3-3 Natural channel design parameters for Privateer Site Reaches 3 and 4.
Table 3-4 Natural channel design parameters for Privateer Site Reach 5.
Table 3-5 Calculated sediment transport data for design reaches.
Table 3-6 Permanent seed mixtures for the restoration site.
Table 3-7 Bare-root trees species selected for revegetation of the restoration site.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project v Buck Engineering
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Description
Privateer Farms is a large, privately owned farm located in the North Carolina Coastal Plain,
within Bladen and Cumberland Counties. Approximately one-half of the farm is located in
Bladen County with the other half in Cumberland County. The site is located approximately
fourteen miles southeast of Fayetteville (see Exhibit 1-1). The entire farm is approximately 4,600
acres in size and is used primarily for row crop agriculture and production of turkeys and goats.
The farm was established in 1980 when the property was cleared and drained for agricultural
production. It is bordered to the north by Little Alligator Swamp, to the south by a Boy Scout
camp, to the west by a turkey farm, and to the east by NC 53. Historically, Harrison Creek
flowed south out of Little Alligator Swamp, meandering through the center of the property. In
the conversion of the site's historic wetlands to croplands, Harrison Creek was straightened and
channelized. In its existing condition, Harrison Creek can flow through the center of the property
or around the eastern perimeter of the farm, depending on the management of a flash-board riser
at the northeastern corner of the farm.
The Privateer Farms Restoration Project encompasses a 430 acre parcel contained within the
4,600 acre farm property (Exhibit 1-2). The property owners, Ms. Sharon Valentine and Mr.
Marvin Johnson, intend to restore the entire property to its historic wetland ecosystem. The
restoration project involving historic Harrison Creek, which this report describes, is the
centerpiece of the restoration effort. The remainder of the property will likely enter into the
NRCS Wetlands Reserve Program.
Buck Engineering will restore wetland and stream functionality to the site. Riparian wetlands
will be restored on approximately 400 acres of prior-converted cropland. Restoration of a
flowing stream system and removal of artificial drainage will enhance an additional 25 acres of
existing riparian wetland. Approximately 33,985 feet of stream will be restored to proper
dimension, pattern, and profile along the historic alignment of Harrison Creek. Minimum 50 foot
buffers will be established along all restored stream sections, and all portions of the restoration
project are protected by perpetual easement. This document outlines the proposed restoration
efforts for the site.
1.2 Project Area
The Privateer Farms Restoration Project is located in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Region,
within an area known as the Bladen Lakes region. The area includes hundreds of elliptical
shaped wetlands, called Carolina Bays. The area is listed by the National Audubon Society as an
Important Bird Area (IBA) due to the unique habitats present. The property is located within
United States Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Unit (HU) 03030005 and North Carolina
Division of Water Quality Cape Fear sub-basins 15 and 16.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
2.1 General Geology and Soils
The restoration site is located in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina along the historic floodplain
of Harrison Creek. The underlying geology of the site is mainly Cretaceous age sediments of the
. Black Creek Formation. The Black Creek Formation is composed of dark, lignitic clays
containing thin beds and laminae of fine-grained micaceous sand and thick lenses of cross-bedded
. sand (NCGS, 1991).
Soils within the project site have been mapped by the NRCS and are described in the Bladen and
Cumberland County soil surveys. Soils within the project boundary are mapped as Johnston and
. Croatan series (see Exhibit 2-1). The Johnston mucky loam consists of nearly level, very poorly
drained soils that formed in loamy, stratified fluvial sediment on floodplains along major drainage
ways in the lower to upper Coastal Plain. They have slopes less than 2 percent. The surface layer
. is black mucky loam approximately 38 inches thick. The underlying material is dark gray fine
sandy loam in the upper part and dark gray fine sand in the lower part, to a depth of 62 inches.
Permeability is moderately rapid in the upper part of the soil and rapid in the lower part. The
seasonal high water table is at or above the surface most of the year. Johnston soils are used
r primarily for woodland. Drainage and flood protection are necessary if the soil is used for
cultivated crops.

. Croatan muck is a poorly drained soil found on low stream terraces and floodplains along the
northeast Cape Fear River. The soil is black muck to a depth of 27 inches. The underlying
material is very dark grayish brown sandy loam and grayish brown sandy loam in the upper part.
. The middle part is grayish brown clay loam to a depth of 80 inches and the lower part is light
. brownish gray sand. Permeability is slow to moderately rapid in the organic layers and
moderately slow to moderately rapid in the mineral layers. Croatan muck is primarily found on
. woodlands. Some areas that have been cleared are able to sustain corn, soybeans, or pasture.
Both the Johnston and Croatan series are considered hydric "A" list soils. All areas targeted for
wetland restoration within the project area have been designated as prior-converted (PC) by the
NRCS (see Exhibit 2-1).
Buck Engineering conducted bore hole tests during the fall of 2003 to verify soil information
. obtained from the Bladen and Cumberland County soil surveys. Although there was some
variation between test-hole profiles and soil survey descriptions, all test holes within the project
boundary indicated the presence of hydric soils with a depleted matrix in the A and/or B horizons
. of the soil profile. Surface layers to a depth of 1 to 2 feet typically exhibited matrix values of two
. or less and chromas of two or less. Most profiles consisted of a sandy loam textured surface layer
throughout.

. Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-1 Buck Engineering

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Augered holes were also used to measure saturated hydraulic conductivity using the method
described by van Beers (1970). Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were conducted
and the collected data were used as inputs for hydrologic models. Typical conductivities across
the site ranged from approximately from 5 to 18 cm/hr, although higher conductivities were
recorded in areas where test holes penetrated a sand layer.
2.2 Climatic Conditions
Bladen and Cumberland Counties have an average annual rainfall of 46.4 and 46.7 inches,
respectively (NRCS WETS Tables NC2732 for Elizabethtown, and NC3017 for Fayetteville). In
much of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, approximately 36 inches of water are lost to
evapotranspiration during an average year (Evans and Skaggs, 1985). Since average rainfall
exceeds average evapotranspiration losses, the Coastal Plain experiences a moisture excess during
most years. The excess water must leave a site by groundwater flow, runoff, channelized surface
flow, or deep seepage. Annual losses due to deep seepage, or percolation of water to confined
aquifer systems, are typically less than 1 inch of water for most Coastal Plain areas and are not
typically a significant loss pathway for excess water. Although groundwater flow can be
significant in some systems, most excess water is lost via surface and shallow subsurface flow.
Buck Engineering collected rainfall data for the monitoring period to correlate climatic conditions
with water table hydrology. On-site rainfall measurements were collected between March 2002
thru April 2002 and July 2002 thru September 2002. Additional data were collected from the
nearest automated weather station, located near Lumberton, 20 miles southwest of the project site
(UCAN: 14194, COOP: 315177). Since the Lumberton station had portions of data missing from
May 2002 through September 2003, data for those months were provided by the weather station
in Fayetteville, 23 miles northwest (UCAN: 14091,COOP: 313017). Monthly precipitation
amounts from March 2002 through September 2003 are compared with Elizabethtown WETS
table average monthly rainfall in Table 2-1. These data indicate that much drier than average
conditions were experienced at the project site during 2002, however extremely wet conditions
were evident in 2003.
The growing seasons for Bladen and Cumberland Counties are 239 and 242 days long,
. respectively, as reported by the NRCS WETS Tables for NC2732 and NC3017. The growing
season for Bladen County begins on March 20 and ends November 13. The growing season for
Cumberland County begins on March 18 and ends November 15.

. Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-2 Buck Engineering
TABLE 2-1.
2.3 General Site Hydrology
The restoration site historically supported a wetland ecosystem, as evidenced by the presence of
hydric soils across the area, accounts from the landowners, and historic documentation. Since the
site was not converted to agriculture until 1980, there is some information regarding the
hydrologic character of the site prior to agricultural conversion. Accounts from the landowner and
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-3 Buck Engineering
* Indicates data collected from an on-site rain gauge.

others who grew up around the area have described how the farm was cleared for timber several
times within the past century, prior to the site being converted to agricultural use in 1980.
Historical aerial photographs of the farm, dating back as early as 1938, indicate that there was a
single thread stream channel that flowed through the site (see Exhibit 2-2). Although the channel
cannot be clearly discerned in all photographs, it appears that the location of the historical
channel changed very little from 1938 to 1980. While the stability of this stream system cannot
be determined from historic aerial photographs, the channel displayed a meandering pattern that
followed the fall of the valley through the site (see Exhibit 2-2). This indicates that the stream
was most likely unchannelized and had formed under natural processes.
In 1980, Harrison Creek was channelized through the center of the site to provide drainage and
reduce flooding of the surrounding areas, so that the fertile hydric soils could be developed for
agriculture. Additional ditching and topographic manipulations were used to provide the
drainage necessary to work the land. Accounts from the landowner describe how there were as
many as 20 bulldozers working on the site during the conversion process. A significant amount
of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) was cut from the site, indicating the type of
wetland ecosystems that were present on the site at that time. The landowner's cabin on the west
side of the farm was built from Atlantic white cedar that was cut from the site during the
conversion.
A hydrography map for Privateer Farms is shown in Exhibit 2-3. The map demonstrates the
amount of ditching and channelization that has been performed on the site. Harrison Creek flows
through Little Alligator Swamp directly north of Privateer Farms. Historically, flow from the
swamp entered the northern corner of the Privateer Farms area, reforming Harrison Creek, which
then flowed through the site. During conversion, a large drainage canal was dug around the
northern perimeter of the farm. This canal now intercepts flow at the northern end of the farm and
routes the flow around the northern perimeter of Privateer Farms. There is a flash-board riser
water control structure located in the north eastern corner of the farm (see Exhibit 2-3).
Depending on whether or not boards are placed in this structure, flow from the northern perimeter
of the site may continue along the eastern perimeter of the site or may flow into the farm and then
through the main drainage canal through the center of the farm. The main drainage canal through
the center of the farm is referred to as Harrison Creek on US Geological Survey topoquads.
However, it is important to note the flow from the headwaters of Harrison Creek may or may not
flow through this canal at any given time, depending on the management of the water control
structure at the northeast corner of the farm.
Buck Engineering collected water table data for the site from 27 automated groundwater wells in
September 2003. These wells (Remote Data Systems WL20 models) were installed to a depth of
20 inches and maintained by LandMark Design Group and the NC Department of Transportation
(NCDOT) as part of a feasibility study conducted on the farm (locations shown on Exhibit 2-3).
The wells were installed across the site in various locations to document the existing hydrology of
the site. Water table measurements were logged once per day from March 2002 through
September 2003. Nine of the 27 wells were located within the proposed mitigation area. Wells
were installed in clusters of three in an attempt to determine the direction of groundwater flow
and drainage effects. Some wells were installed outside of the area currently being proposed
under this restoration plan. Several of the wells experienced malfunctions during the monitoring
period and, as a result, there are gaps in some of the well hydrograph records.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-4 Buck Engineering

• The data from the 27 automated wells on the site are provided in Appendix 2. As expected, the
data indicate that a range of hydrologic conditions exist across the Privateer Farms properties,
with several noticeable trends. First, water table depths are quite variable between 2002 and 2003,
• due to the differences in rainfall experienced each year. Second, water table conditions can vary
over a wide range of depths throughout the year, depending on the location in respect to drainage
features.
•
For discussion purposes, three groups of wells were selected for analysis. Group 1, located at the
northern portion of the mitigation site, included wells 7, 8, and 9. Group 2 (wells 13, 14, and 15)
is located in the middle of the mitigation site, adjacent to Harrison Creek. Group 3 includes wells
• 25, 26, and 27 and is located in the southern portion of the project site. The three well groups are
shown on Exhibit 2-3. The longest consecutive wet period and the number of wet periods were
calculated for each well over the two year monitoring period and are reported in Table 2-2.
•
Data from the groundwater monitoring wells in Group 1, located at the northern portion of the
mitigation site, are shown in Exhibit 2-4. The water table dropped below the 20 inch depth for
. these for the majority of the monitoring period. Table 2-2 indicates that the longest wet periods
• were recorded in 2003 rather than in 2002, which would be expected based on the rainfall
differences between the two years. Although there are significant gaps in the well data for Group
1, the data indicate that the area is being drained by the nearby ditches and that conditions are
• much drier than wetland hydrology.
The data for Group 2 (well 13, 14, and 15) indicate that the groundwater flows towards Harrison
• Creek and that the canal has a significant drainage effect on the area (see Exhibit 2-5). Relative
• changes in water table hydrology as a result of precipitation events correspond well for this group
of wells. Table 2-2 indicates that the well closest to the canal had the shortest wet period during
both monitoring years, while the well farthest from the canal had the longest wet period during
• 2003.
Group 3 wells (25, 26, and 27) are located at the southernmost extent of the project site. The
• wells are located in a relatively wet area of the farm field which has considerable depressional
storage and poor surface drainage. The water level in the Harrison Creek canal is typically much
higher in this area of the farm as well, due to the reduced depth of the canal and downstream
• blockages. Therefore, well hydrographs for this area indicate that it is one of the wettest farm
• fields (see Exhibit 2-6).
The groundwater data indicate that a wide range of conditions are present on the Privateer Farms
. Site, from very dry to rather wet conditions. Analysis of the data collected is complicated by the
lack of information regarding stream flows, stream blockages, and the management of water
control structures on the farm. However, trends are apparent and do provide important
. information for evaluating the site.
All transects monitored indicate that the ditch network present across the site is having
• considerable impact on site hydrology. The relative wetness of any given location is dependent on
• the relative elevation, distance to the nearest ditch or drainage feature, and depressional storage.
During 2002, yearly rainfall was only 2.4 inches less than the long-term average. However,
groundwater data for this year indicate that the conditions present across the farm were generally
• much less than jurisdictional wetland hydrology. During 2003, excessive rainfall more than 17
inches above the long-term average lead to relatively wet conditions across the farm.

• Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-5 Buck Engineering

TABLE 2-2.
Hydrologic parameters observed for the project site.
2.4 Harrison Creek Existing Stream Assessment
The main drainage canal through the center of the site, referred to as Harrison Creek, is a
channelized stream approximately 4.7 miles in length. Historical aerial photographs of the farm,
dating back as early as 1938 (see Exhibit 2-2), indicate that there was a single thread stream
channel that flowed through the site prior to its conversion. Although the channel cannot be
clearly discerned in all photographs, it appears that the location of the historical channel had
changed very little from 1938 to 1980. Although the stability of this stream system cannot be
determined from historic aerial photographs for records, the channel did display a meandering
pattern that followed the fall of the valley through the site. Harrison Creek is classified as Class
"C" waters by the NC Division of Water Quality. Class "C" waters are suitable for aquatic life
propagation and survival, fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture.
r To assess the existing condition of channelized Harrison Creek through the project area, six
cross-sections were surveyed along the channel length (locations of cross-sections are shown in
• Exhibit 2-3; data provided in Appendix 3). The cross-sections were used to classify the channel

• Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-6 Buck Engineering

* Wet period is defined as the number of days the water table is less than 12 inches below the ground
surface.
** A portion of the hydrograph data is missing for this well.

using the Rosgen stream classification method (Rosgen, 1994). In general, the entire channel
from the beginning to the end of the project area is classified as a Rosgen "G5c" type channel.
"G" type channels are considered highly entrenched with width to depth ratios less than 12. The
"G" classification is typical of streams that have been channelized and straightened, like the
stream through the Privateer Farms site. Although sections of channelized Harrison Creek
classify as an "B" channel, the stream along its entire length is functioning more as a "G" type
channel due to its lack of pattern and high bank height ratios. The subscript "o" in the
classification indicates that the stream slope is less than 2%.
Due to the channelized condition of the stream and the presence of debris jams and blockages
along the channel that cause backwater conditions, the identification of bankfull geomorphic
features along the stream was difficult. Because of backwater conditions and periodic
maintenance of sections of channel, bankfull was identified based on extrapolation from regional
curve information. The Rosgen classification system was not intended for application to channels
experiencing significant backwater effects, therefore the calculated cross-sectional areas and
other channel parameters may be misleading. However, it is sufficient to say that the stream
through the site has been channelized and that flow events much greater than the 1.0 to 1.5 year
return period storm are required for out-of-bank flow, which is consistent with the "G"
classification. Natural channel parameters for channelized Harrison Creek are summarized in
Table 2-3, with detailed information and data sheets provided in Appendix 3.
Most agricultural ditches across the farm fields of the site drain into the channelized sections of
Harrison Creek through the center of the farm. These ditches typically have no wooded buffer and
crops are cultivated up to the top of the banks. Some areas of unstable banks are contributing to
sediment loads to the channelized Harrison Creek. However, it is likely that a greater threat to
local water quality exists from the nutrients and pesticides which are applied to the agricultural
fields, and then enter the stream system through runoff and drainage.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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Buck Engineering
TABLE 2-3.
Existing condition parameters for Harrison Creek.
Rosgen Stream Type G5c
Drainage Area (sq mi) 5-17
Reach Length (ft) 25,000
Bankfull Width (ft) 15.0-22.6
Bankfull Mean Depth (ft) 1.4-3.3
Width-to-depth Ratio 5.4-10.4
Bankfull Area (sq ft) 21.7-74.9
Bankfull Max Depth (ft) 1.9-5.4
Bankfull Velocity (ft/sec) 1.4
Bankfull Discharge (cu ft/sec) 40
Width of Floodprone Area (ft) 20 - > 100
° Entrenchment Ratio 1.1 - > 4.0
Max Pool Depth (ft) 5.4
Q Ratio of Max Pool Depth to Bankfull
Depth 2 0
Pool Width (ft) 15.0-22.6
Ratio of Pool Width to Bankfull
Width 1.0
Pool to Pool Spacing (ft) n/a
Ratio of Pool to Pool Spacing to
Bankfull Width 3
n/a
Bank Height Ratio 1.3-4.0
Meander Length (ft) n/a
Meander Length Ratio n/a
Radius of Curvature (ft) n/a
Radius of Curvature Ratio 4 n/a
a Meander Belt Width (ft) n/a
Meander Width Ratio n/a
Sinuosity 1.14
Valley Slope (ft/ft) 0.00063
WS Slope (ft/ft) 0.00055
3 Pool Slope (ft/ft) 0.00001
4
Ratio of Pool Slope to WS Slope
0.018
Notes:
' No bankfull features were observed during site visits, due to maintenance of the channels, blockages in
culverts, and backwater conditions. The drainage area of the system can also be manipulated by a water
control structure on the farm. For this reason, bankfull dimension relationships for the existing stream
condition were based on extrapolation from regional curve relationships.
z Bankfull velocity and discharge were estimated from regional curve information.
3 The existing stream channel does not display a functional pool-to pool relationship.
4 The existing stream channel displays no natural stream geometry.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-8 Buck Engineering
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2.5 Bankfull Stage Verification
2.5.1 Bankfull Stage and Discharge
Bankfull stage and its corresponding discharge are the primary variables used to develop a
natural channel design. However, the correct identification of the bankfull stage in the field
can be difficult and subjective (Williams, 1978; Knighton, 1984; and Johnson and Heil,
1996). Numerous definitions exist of bankfull stage and methods for its identification in the
field (Wolman and Leopold, 1957; Nixon, 1959; Schumm, 1960; Kilpatrick and Barnes,
1964; and Williams, 1978). The identification of bankfull stage in the humid Southeast is
especially difficult because of dense understory vegetation and a long history of channel
modification and subsequent adjustment in channel morphology. It is generally accepted that
bankfull stage corresponds with the discharge that fills a channel to the elevation of the active
floodplain. The bankfull discharge, known as the channel forming discharge or the effective
discharge, is thought to be the flow that moves the most sediment over time. Field indicators
include the back of point bars, significant breaks in slope, changes in vegetation, the highest
scour line, or the top of the bank (Leopold, 1994). The most consistent bankfull indicators
for streams in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina are the backs of point bars, breaks in slope
at the front of flat bankfull benches, or the top of bank (Sweet and Geratz, 2003).
2.5.2 Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships (Regional Curves)
Hydraulic geometry relationships are often used to predict channel morphology features and
their corresponding dimensions. The stream channel hydraulic geometry theory developed
by Leopold and Maddock (1953) describes the interrelations between dependent variables
such as width, depth, and area as functions of independent variables such as watershed area
or discharge. These relationships can be developed at a single cross-section or across many
stations along a reach (Merigliano, 1997). Hydraulic geometry relationships are empirically
derived and can be developed for a specific river or extrapolated to a watershed in the same
physiographic region with similar rainfall/runoff relationships (FISRWG, 1998).
Regional curves were first developed by Dunne and Leopold (1978) and relate bankfull
channel dimensions to drainage area. A primary purpose for developing regional curves is to
aid in identifying bankfull stage and dimension in un-gaged watersheds and to help estimate
the bankfull dimension and discharge for natural channel designs (Rosgen, 1994). Gage
station analyses throughout the United States have shown that the bankfull discharge has an
average return interval of 1.5 years or 66.7% annual exceedence probability on the maximum
annual series (Dunne and Leopold, 1978; Leopold, 1994).
Regional curve equations developed from the North Carolina rural Coastal Plain study are
provided by Sweet and Geratz (2003) and Doll (2003) and are shown in Table 2-4.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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TABLE 2-4.
2.5.3 Bankfull Verification
As discussed in section 2.4, backwater conditions and periodic maintenance of the channel
made the field determination of bankfull stage difficult in the channelized portion of Harrison
Creek. Therefore, regional curve information was utilized to approximate bankfull
conditions.
The method involved the analysis of local bankfull cross sectional area versus drainage area
relationships, and then comparison of those relationships to the NC Coastal Plain Regional
Curve to determine if the relationships are similar. If the relationships are similar, the
bankfull relationships used elsewhere in the Coastal Plain are considered valid for the subject
site. A reference reach was located within close proximity to the project site (discussed in
Section 5). Detailed riffle cross sections were surveyed on the reference reach. This
reference site was selected based on the confidence with which bankfull features were
selected. The drainage area and the bankfull cross sectional area were plotted on the NC
Coastal Plain Regional Curve (Figure 2-1) to ensure that the reference reach is within the
same hydrophysiographic region. This reference reach plotted near the 95% confidence
interval of the NC Coastal Plain Regional Curve. The agreement with other Coastal Plain
data provides confidence that hydraulic geometry relationships in this basin are similar to the
entire Coastal Plain region.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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Buck Engineering
FIGURE 2-1.
NC Coastal Plain Regional Curve with surveyed bankfull cross-sectional area for the Panther
Branch reference reach.
1000
100 0
a
u.
xa
y
? v
Y ?
C
R
m 10- 1 o Curve Data-Ecoscience
95% C1 up
950/6 C1 down
® Reference Reach-Panther Branch
Power (Curve Data-Ecoscience)
1 _LLi
0.1 1 10 100 1000
y = 9.4624x0739
Watershed Area (Sq. Mi.) W = 0.9565
2.6 Channel Stability Assessment
Buck Engineering used a modified stream channel stability assessment methodology developed
by Rosgen (2001). The Rosgen method is a field assessment of the following variables:
1. Stream Channel Condition or "State" Categories,
2. Vertical Stability - Degradation/Aggradation,
3. Lateral Stability,
4. Channel Pattern,
5. River Profile and Bed Features,
6. Channel Dimension Relations,
7. Stream Channel Scour/Deposition Potential (Sediment Competence), and
8. Channel Evolution.
A description of each variable is provided below.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-11 Buck Engineering
. 2.6.1 Stream Channel Condition or "State" Categories
W Seven categories are included in this analysis and include: a) riparian vegetation (discussed in
. Section 2.9), b) sediment depositional patterns, c) debris occurrence, d) meander patterns, e)
stream size/stream order, f) flow regime, and g) altered states due to direct disturbance.
These condition categories are determined from field inspection and measurement of stream
. channel condition characteristics.
Much of existing Harrison Creek is under backwater conditions, due to culverts and debris
blockages. Therefore, depositional features are not apparent along most reaches. In some
areas, small alluvial benches have formed along the channel banks, but the benches are not
very well defined in most areas. Debris is limited primarily to blockages at culverts and
occasional logs and fallen trees along the channel length.

Due the channelized nature of the site, meander patterns are not evident along existing
Harrison Creek. With the exception of a few bends in the channel direction, the stream is
essentially straight.
The flow regime for Harrison Creek is variable and influenced by farm operations.
Depending on the management of a flashboard riser control structure in the northeastern
corner of the farm, flow from the headwaters of Harrison Creek may or may not flow through
this drainage canal, as discussed in Section 2.3. Therefore, the drainage area of channelized
Harrison Creek through the center of the farm may vary from approximately 5 to 17 square
miles at the outlet of the project area.
2.6.2 Vertical Stability - Degradation/Aggradation
The bank height and entrenchment ratios are measured in the field to determine vertical
stability. The bank height ratio is measured as the ratio of the lowest bank height divided by
a maximum bankfull depth. Table 2-5 shows the relationship between bank height ratio and
vertical stability developed by Rosgen (2001).
The entrenchment ratio (ER) is calculated by dividing the flood-prone width (width measured
at twice the maximum bankfull depth) by the bankfull width. If the entrenchment ratio is less
than 1.4 (+/- 0.2), the stream is considered entrenched (Rosgen, 1996).
Bank height ratios for most of existing Harrison Creek range from approximately 1.3 to
greater than 2.0. These values fall into the unstable to highly unstable range in Rosgen's
comparison of bank height ratio to vertical stability ranking. Entrenchment ratios for the
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-12 Buck Engineering
TABLE 2-5.
Conversion of Bank Height Ratio (Degree of Incision) to Adjective Rankings of
Stability (Rosgen, 2001).

stream are highly variable, ranging from 1.7 to greater than 5.2. Although entrenchment
'
ratios for most of Harrison Creek would be considered only slightly entrenched by Rosgen
s
classification, it is important to note that bank height ratios are high along the entire stream.
. Therefore, the stream is functioning as an incised stream. For this reason, the stream is
classified as a G throughout the entire project rather than portions being classified as a
channelized E.

• 2.6.3 Lateral Stability
The degree of lateral containment (confinement) and potential lateral recession are
• determined in the field by measuring the meander width ratio and Bank Erosion Hazard
. Index (BEHI). The meander width ratio is the meander belt width divided by the bankfull
channel width, and provides insight into channel adjustment processes depending on stream
type and degree of confinement. BEHI ratings can be used to estimate the annual, lateral
• streambank erosion rate.
As discussed previously, existing Harrison Creek displays little meandering stream pattern
and is essentially a straight stream channel. A straight channel combined with the low valley
slope typically indicates that the channel would be highly susceptible to lateral migration.
However, due to the dense vegetation present on the streambanks of the creek, BEHI ratings
• are low to moderate for much of the project reach, with only isolated areas of high bank
erosion.
2.6.4 Channel Pattern
S
Channel pattern is assessed in the field by measuring the meander width ratio (described
above), ratio of radius of curvature to bankfull width, sinuosity, and meander wavelength
ratio (meander wavelength divided by bankfull width). These dimensionless ratios are
. compared to reference reach data for the same valley and stream type to determine where
channel adjustment has occurred due to instability.

As previously discussed, existing Harrison Creek displays essentially no meander geometry.
2.6.5 Stream Profile and Bed Features

• A longitudinal profile is created by measuring elevations of the bed, water surface, bankfull,
and low bank height along the reach. This profile can be used to determine changes in river
slope compared to valley slope, which are sensitive to sediment transport, competence, and
• the balance of energy. For example, the removal of large woody debris may increase the
• step/pool spacing and result in excess energy and subsequent channel degradation.
As discussed previously, the numerous culverts and debris blockages along Harrison Creek
• create backwater conditions, such that few bed features are evident. Much of the stream is
currently functioning as a large pool, with only isolated areas of shallow riffle flow. These
conditions provide little natural stream habitat and low dissolved oxygen conditions.

` 2.6.6 Channel Dimension Relations
The bankfull width-to-depth ratio (bankfull width divided by mean bankfull depth) provides
• an indication of departure from the reference reach and relates to channel instability. An

• Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-13 Buck Engineering

. increase in width-to-depth ratio indicates accelerated streambank erosion, excessive sediment
deposition, stream flow changes, and alteration of channel shape (e.g., from channelization).
Channel widening is also associated with an increase in width-to-depth ratio due to
. evolutionary shifts in stream type (e.g., from G4 to F4 to C4). Table 2-6 shows the

S relationship between the degree of width-to-depth ratio increase and channel stability
developed by Rosgen (2001).

While an increase in width-to-depth ratio is associated with channel widening, a decrease in
width-to-depth ratio is associated with channel incision. Hence, for incised channels, the
ratio of channel width-to-depth ratio to reference reach width-to-depth ratio will be less than
1.0. The reduction in width-to-depth ratio indicates excess shear stress and an adjustment of
the channel toward an unstable condition.
The width-to-depth ratios for existing Harrison Creek reveal little about the stability of the
channel, since the dimension of the channel is due solely to channelization. As indicated by
the surveyed cross-sections, there has been little apparent change in cross-section dimension
since the stream was channelized. This does indicate that it is unlikely that the stream is
downcutting or widening as a result of channelization.
2.6.7 Stream Channel Scour/Deposition Potential (Sediment Competence)
Under its existing condition, Harrison Creek is provided with very little sediment from its
upstream watershed. Any sediment that is carried by the stream appears to be primarily the
result of localized bank erosion. Due to the backwater conditions along much of the reach,
• the stream bottom appears to be aggrading over time with the collection of fines and organic
matter. Sediment transport methodology is discussed in detail in Section 3.4 of this report for
design conditions.
i
2.6.8 Channel Evolution
A common sequence of physical adjustments has been observed in many streams following
disturbance. This adjustment process is often referred to as channel evolution. Disturbance
can result from channelization, increase in runoff due to build-out in the watershed, and
removal of streamside vegetation, as well as other changes that negatively affect stream
stability. Several models have been used to describe this process of physical adjustment for a
stream. Simon's channel evolution model (1989) characterizes evolution in six steps,
including 1) sinuous, pre-modified, 2) channelized, 3) degradation, 4) degradation and
widening, 5) aggradation and widening, and 6) quasi-equilibrium.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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Buck Engineering
TABLE 2-6.
Conversion of Width-to-Depth Ratios to Adjective Ranking of Stability from Stability
Conditions (Rosgen, 2001).

. The channel evolution process is initiated once a stable, well-vegetated stream that has access
to its floodplain is disturbed. Disturbance commonly results in an increase in stream power,
which causes degradation, often referred to as channel incision. Incision eventually leads to
. increased heights and slopes of stream banks, and when critical bank heights are exceeded,
the banks begin to fail and mass wasting of soil and rock leads to channel widening. Incision
and widening continue migrating upstream, a process commonly referred to as a head-cut.
Eventually the mass wasting slows and the stream begins to aggrade with a new low-flow
. channel forming in the sediment deposits. By the end of the evolutionary process, a stable
stream with dimension, pattern, and profile similar to those of undisturbed channels forms in
the deposited alluvium, but with a much narrower floodplain. The new channel is at a lower
elevation than its original form with a new floodplain constructed of alluvial material. The
old floodplain remains a dry terrace (FISRWG, 1998). The time required to reach a state of
quasi-equilibrium is highly variable, but generally is on the order of decades.

In its present condition, Harrison Creek would be considered to be in Stage II of Simon's
channel evolution model. Apparently, there has been little change to the channel since it was
. constructed in the early 1980s.

2.7 Existing Wetland Assessment

. An area of existing wetlands located at the northern end of the restoration project is targeted for
wetland enhancement (see Exhibit 2-3). Soils in this portion of the project area are mapped as the
Croatan series and have been confirmed hydric by Buck Engineering. Wetland delineation forms
. are provided in Appendix 4. Vegetative species composition of this area is described in Section
. 2.9.
An extensive drainage network was not established in this area of the farm and, as a result, a
. wetland ecosystem still exists. However, several small drainage ditches were constructed through
the area in the past that are having some effect on the area's hydrology. The most significant
impact to the wetland hydrology of this area was the channelization and re-routing of flow from
S Harrison Creek to a different area of the site. The historic channel of Harrison Creek can still be
seen in many locations. Rerouting of Harrison Creek removed the over-bank flooding regime that
hi
i
t
s r
parian wetland system experienced in the past.

r
2.8 Hydrologic Modeling
To further investigate the current hydrologic status of the site and provide a means for evaluating
proposed restoration plans, Buck Engineering developed hydrologic models to simulate site
hydrology. DRAINMOD (version 5.1) was used to develop hydrologic simulation models to
represent conditions at a variety of locations across the proposed restoration area. DRAINMOD
was identified as an approved hydrologic tool for assessing wetland hydrology by the NRCS
(1997). For more information on DRAINMOD and its application to high water table soils, the
reader is referred to Skaggs (1980).
Model parameters were selected based on field measurements and professional judgment of site
conditions. Rainfall and air temperature information were collected from the nearest automated
weather station located near Lumberton, approximately 20 miles southwest (UCAN: 14194,
COOP: 315177). Since the data from the Lumberton station had data missing from May 2002
through September 2003, data for these months were provided by the weather station in
Fayetteville, approximately 23 miles northwest (UCAN: 14091,COOP: 313017). The growing
season for Cumberland County was used for wetland analyses since it is three days longer than
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
2-15
Buck Engineering
i
i
i
i the Bladen County growing season, and is therefore considered to be more conservative for
analysis. Measured field parameters were entered into the model and initial model simulations
i were compared with observed data collected from the monitoring wells. To calibrate the model,
i parameters not measured in the field were adjusted within the limits typically encountered under
similar soil and geomorphic conditions until model simulations most closely matched observed
well data.

S Model calibration was difficult, due primarily to the lack of site specific rainfall information and
information regarding water levels in the lateral ditches and Harrison Creek. The lack of site
specific rainfall information requires that overall trends in the observed hydrographs must be
. compared to the model hydrographs, rather than comparison of individual events and hydrograph
spikes. While yearly rainfall amounts are typically similar for locations several miles apart, the
intensity, amount, and timing of individual events may differ in the short term.

As previously discussed, several water control structures are located across the farm that are used
to control water levels in the Harrison Creek canal and lateral ditches at certain times of the year.
. No farm records exist that document the control of these structures. Natural debris blockages
. have also been noted on the farm at various times and further complicate the analysis of
hydrology under existing farming practices. The lack of information regarding water levels in
Harrison Creek required that well hydrographs be analyzed to approximate water table control at
. various times of the year. Model simulations were first run under the condition that the drainage
canals on the farm were open and free flowing. Results were compared to on-site hydrographs. In
most cases, the model results predicted much drier conditions than observed on the farm. Models
. were re-run under the condition that water was ponded to various degrees in the drainage canals
and re-compared to observed data. Through an iterative process, the water levels in the drainage
canals were approximated and existing condition models were run for the farm. For example,
. results of model simulations using the above procedure are compared with observed data in
Figure 2-2 for well #11. Model inputs are presented in Appendix 5.
FIGURE 2-2.
. Comparison between modeled and observed water table data for a typical DRAINMOD
simulation (well #11). Note that the well recorded to a maximum depth of approximately 18
inches, therefore observed data at the lowest depths may be skewed.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.00-
-10.00
.. ............................................... .. . .............. ..........
-20.00-
-30.00-
-40.00- 18 inch recording depth of wells
-50.00 Modeled
-Observed
-60.00
1/1/2004 3/1/2004 4/30/2004 6/29/2004 8/28/2004 10127/2004
Date
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-16 Buck Engineering
r
Once water levels in the drainage canals were estimated, trends in the observed data were well
represented by the model simulations. It is important to note that DRAINMOD uses simplifying
assumptions in the estimation of water table depths. When applied to a site such as Privateer
Farms with complex hydrologic processes, the model can be used to assess overall trends and
relationships but is unlikely to offer exact predictions of water table hydrology. Although
hydrograph peaks between observed and simulated data do not match exactly, relative changes in
water table hydrology as a result of precipitation events at different times of the year correlate
between observed and modeled data.
DRAINMOD computes daily water balance information and outputs summaries that describe the
loss pathways for rainfall over the model simulation period. Table 2-7 summarizes the average
annual amount of rainfall, infiltration, drainage, runoff, and evapotranspiration estimated for the
existing condition of the Privateer Farms restoration project area, based on 96 year simulations.
The average amounts for the simulated areas, as well as the minimum and maximum values, are
presented in the table. Infiltration represents the amount of the water that percolates into the soil
and is lost via drainage or runoff. Drainage is the loss of infiltrated water that travels through the
soil profile and is discharged to the drainage ditches or to underlying aquifers. Runoff is water
that flows overland and reaches the drainage ditches before infiltration. Evapotranspiration is
water that is lost by the direct evaporation of water from the soil or through the transpiration of
plants.
From the data provided, it is clear that a significant amount of the rainfall that falls on the site is
lost to evapotranspiration, which is typical for farm fields in the North Carolina Coastal Plain.
Drainage is also a significant loss pathway for water under the existing farm conditions.
Restoration of the site will involve raising the bottom elevation of the adjacent stream and
increasing the amount of surface storage available to pond water. In this way, the respective
amounts of drainage and runoff are decreased and the excess water allows the water table to
remain higher throughout the year, thus restoring wetland hydrology.
2.9 Vegetation
Land use for the Privateer Farms area over the past 23 years has been primarily row crop
agriculture and silviculture. Vegetation within the proposed restoration project boundary can be
broken into four categories. These include active agricultural fields, fallow agricultural fields,
vegetation along ditch banks, and a forested section in the northern part of the site.
Agricultural fields make up a large portion of the restoration area. Active fields were most
recently planted in corn. Fallow fields are interspersed along the western side of Harrison Creek.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-17 Buck Engineering
TABLE 2-7.
Water balance data for the existing conditions of the project site.

•
The vegetation in these fields primarily consists of dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium), early
successional species in the grass family, and sumac (Rhus sp.). In the northwest fields, loblolly
pine saplings have been planted which are approximately two years old.

Little to no buffer exists along the main drainage ditches. Vegetation in these areas is generally
found just along the top of bank. Species include red maple (Acer rubrum), American holly (Ilex
• opaca), titi (Cyrilla racemiora), redbay (Persea borbonia), sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana),
• laurel-leaf smilax (Smilax laurifolia), and dogfennel.
The northern forested section of Privateer Farms was logged during the fall of 2003; however,
• most areas within the project boundary were left undisturbed. The plant community within this
zone is best described as a Coastal Plain small stream swamp (Schafale and Weakley, 1990).
Species include redbay, sweetbay, loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), bald cypress (Taxodium
• distichum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), sweet pepperbush
(Clethra alnifolia), American holly, tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), swamp tupelo (Nyssa
Mora), giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea), grape (Vitis sp.), and laurel-leaf smilax.

2.10 Cultural Resources
Historic architecture and archaeology sites are protected under the Historic Preservation Act of
• 1966 (as amended through 1992). In a letter dated October 25, 2001, LandMark Design Group
requested that the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, State Historic Preservation
Office (SHPO) review the project and comment on any possible impact to cultural resources
• within the project area. The SHPO determined, in a letter dated January 8, 2002, that there were
no historic resources which would be affected by the project (see Appendix 6 for a copy of the
letter from the SHPO). Buck Engineering has surveyed the entire proposed restoration area and
has found no structures within the project limits.

2.11 Natural Resources
• The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 protects plants and animals classified as
Endangered, Threatened, Proposed Endangered, and Proposed Threatened. The US Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) maintains the list of Threatened and Endangered species for each county.
• The FWS lists the following species in Bladen and Cumberland Counties.

• Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-18 Buck Engineering

$dentifig Name
?IcotutnonNatne !:Status
Bladen Count
Aci enser brevirostrum Shortnose sturgeon Endangered
Alligator mississippiensis American alligator Threatened (S/A)*
Picoides borealis Red-cockaded woodpecker Endangered
Lindera melissifolia Southern spicebush Endangered
Lysimachia asperulaefolia Rough-leaved loosestrife Endangered
Schwalbea americana American chaffseed Endangered
Cumberland County
Alligator mississi iensis American alligator Threatened (S/A)*
Neonympha mitchellii francisci Saint Francis' satyr Endangered
Picoides borealis Red-cockaded woodpecker Endangered
Isotria medeoloides Small whorled pogonia Threatened
Lindera melissifolia Southern spicebush Endangered
Lysimachia asperulaefolia Rough-leaved loosestrife Endangered
Rhus michauxii Michaux's sumac Endangered
Schwalbea americana American chaffseed Endangered
"Threatened (S/A) " denotes a species that is threatened due to similarity of appearance with other
rare species and is listed for its protection. These species are not biologically endangered or
threatened and are not subject to Section 7 consultation.
Based on a review of site conditions and the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NHP)
database, it is unlikely that the proposed project would have any negative impacts to listed
species. A summary of the biological conclusions for each listed species is provided below.
Acipenser brevirostrum (Shortnose sturgeon)
Federal Status: Endangered
Animal Family: Acipenseridae
Federally Listed: March 11, 1967
The shortnosed sturgeon is a large fish with a heterocercal tail; bluntly V-shaped snout (not
upturned at tip); large fleshy barbells; ventral mouth; and large bony scutes on the head, back, and
sides (paler than adjacent skin). The anal fin origin is beneath the dorsal fin origin and dark
brown to black above, light brown to yellow on lower sides, and white below. The shortnose
sturgeon grows to 109 cm.
The shortnosed sturgeon's habitat occurs in rivers, estuaries, and the sea along the Atlantic coast
from southern Canada to northeastern Florida, and it is usually most abundant in estuaries. When
it is at sea, the sturgeon is generally within a few miles of the shore. Shortnose sturgeons in
southern waters tend to exhibit limited distributions during the summer within habitats at the
saltwater/freshwater interface. Therefore, estuarine habitat at the salt/fresh interface constitutes
critical habitat in southern river systems.
Spawning occurs generally well upriver from summer foraging and nursery grounds. Laboratory
studies indicate that newly hatched larvae go through a 2-day downstream migration to riverine
habitats where they remain for approximately one year. A resumption of downstream movement
occurs the following spring at which time yearlings appear in samples of estuarine habitats,
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-19 Buck Engineering
•

•
•
• completing downstream migration from spawning areas. The timing of downstream movements
likely varies among population segments with latitudinal variation in temperature regimes.
•
• Juveniles are found in the saltwater/freshwater interface of a river in deep, cool channels with
• sand-silt substrate. They occur in the lower salinity waters of this interface in the summer.
• Critical habitats for shortnose sturgeon should be designated and protected from point source and
• non-point source pollution, introduced species, and other anthropogenic actions in compliance
with the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
•
• Biological Conclusion: No Effect
• Suitable habitat for the shortnose sturgeon does not exist within the project area. A search of the
• NHP database, conducted on April 26, 2004, shows no occurrences of this species in the vicinity
• of the proposed project. Therefore, it is anticipated that the shortnose sturgeon will not be
affected by project construction.
•
• Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator)

• Federal Status: Threatened Due to Similarity of Appearance
Animal Family: Alligatoridae
• Federally Listed: June 4, 1987
Alligators are large, lizard-like reptiles with broadly rounded snouts. Adults are 6 to 12 feet long
• and can reach lengths of 15 feet or more. They are blackish in appearance, but have pale
• crossbands on the back and vertical markings on the sides. Alligators inhabit rivers, swamps,
estuaries, lakes, and marshes throughout the southeastern United States, from North Carolina to
• Texas.
•

• Biological Conclusion: Not Required
• Suitable habitat for the American alligator does exist within the project area. However, due to the
• lack of large expanses of open water and sufficient forage, it is unlikely that alligators exist on the
project site. The landowners and local residents who have long-term knowledge of the site have
not reported any alligator sightings in the recent past. A Biological Conclusion is not required
• since Threatened Due to Similarity of Appearance [T (S/A)] species are not afforded full
protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
•
Neonympha mitchellii francisci (Saint Francis' satyr)
• Federal Status: Endangered
Animal Family: Nymphalidae
Federally Listed: Emergency listed on April 18, 1994
•

• The Saint Francis' satyr is a small, dark brown butterfly with conspicuous eyespots on the lower
wing surface of the fore and hind legs. The eyespots are round to oval shaped with a dark maroon
• brown center and a straw yellow border. These spots are accentuated with two bright orange
• bands along the posterior wings and by two darker brown bands along the central portion of each
i
w
ng.
•
• The Saint Francis' satyr is known to inhabit wide, wet meadows dominated by sedges and other
wetland graminoids. These wetlands are often relicts of beaver activity and are boggy areas that
•
•
• Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-20 Buck Engineering
•

are acidic and ephemeral. Succession of these sites often leads to either a pocosin or swamp
dominated forest. The larval host of the Saint Francis' satyr is thought to be grasses, sedges and
rushes.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for the Saint Francis' satyr does not exist within the project area. A search of
the NHP database, conducted on April 26, 2004, found no occurrence of the Saint Francis' satyr
within 1.0 mile (1.6 kilometers) of the project area. Therefore, it is anticipated that the Saint
Francis' satyr will not be affected by project construction.
Picoides borealis (Red-cockaded woodpecker)
Federal Status: Endangered
Family: Picidae
Federally Listed: October 13, 1970
The red-cockaded woodpecker once occurred from New Jersey to southern Florida and west to
eastern Texas. It occurred inland in Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri.
The red-cockaded woodpecker is now found only in coastal states of its historic range and inland
in southeastern Oklahoma and southern Arkansas. In North Carolina, moderate populations occur
in the sandhills and southern Coastal Plain. The few populations found in the Piedmont and
northern Coastal Plain are believed to be relics of former populations.
The red-cockaded woodpecker is approximately 8 inches long with a wingspan of 14 inches.
Plumage includes black and white horizontal stripes on its back, with white cheeks and under
parts. Its flanks are streaked black. The cap and stripe on the throat and side of neck are black,
with males having a small red spot on each side of the cap. Eggs are laid from April through
June. Maximum clutch size is seven eggs with an average of three to five.
Red-cockaded woodpeckers are found in open pine stands that are between 80 and 120 years old.
Longleaf pine stands are most commonly utilized. Dense stands are avoided. A forested stand
must contain at least 50% pine, lack a thick understory, and be contiguous with other stands to be
appropriate habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker. These birds forage in pine and pine
hardwood stands, with preference given to pine trees that are 10 inches or larger in diameter. The
foraging range of the red cockaded woodpecker is up to 500 acres. The acreage must be
contiguous with suitable nesting sites. While other woodpeckers bore out cavities in dead trees
where the wood is rotten and soft, the red-cockaded woodpecker is the only one that excavates
cavities exclusively in living pine trees. The older pines favored by the red-cockaded
woodpecker often suffer from a fungus called red heart disease which attacks the center of the
trunk, causing the inner wood to become soft. Cavities generally take 1 to 3 years to excavate.
The red-cockaded woodpecker-feeds mainly on beetles, ants, roaches, caterpillars, wood-boring
insects and spiders, and occasionally fruits and berries.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker does not exist within the project area. A search
of the NHP database, conducted on April 26, 2004, shows no occurrences of this species in the
vicinity of the proposed project. Therefore, it is anticipated that the red-cockaded woodpecker
will not be affected by project construction.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-21 Buck Engineering
i
r
i
Isotria medeoloides (Small whorled pogonia)
Federal Status: Threatened
Plant Family: Orchidaceae
Federally Listed: September 9, 1982
Small whorled pogonia is a small perennial member of the Orchidaceae. These plants arise from
long slender roots with hollow stems terminating in a whorl of five or six light green leaves. The
single flower is approximately 1 inch long, with yellowish-green to white petals and three longer
green sepals. This orchid blooms in late spring from mid-May to mid-June. Populations of this
plant are reported to have extended periods of dormancy and to bloom sporadically. This small
spring ephemeral orchid is not observable outside of the spring growing season. When not in
flower, young plants of Indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana) also resemble small whorled
pogonia. However, the hollow stout stem of Isotria will separate it from the genus Medeola,
which has a solid, more slender stem.
Small whorled pogonia may occur in young as well as maturing forests, but typically grows in
open, dry deciduous woods and areas along streams with acidic soil. It also grows in rich, mesic
woods in association with white pine and rhododendron (Russo, 2000).
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for small whorled pogonia does not exist within the project area. A search of the
NHP database, conducted on April 26, 2004, found no occurrence of small whorled pogonia
within 1.0 mile of the project area. Therefore, it is anticipated that the small whorled pogonia
will not be affected by project construction.
Lindera melissifolia (Southern spicebush)
Federal Status: Endangered
Plant Family: Lauraceae
Federally Listed: July 31, 1986
Southern spicebush, also known as pondberry, is an aromatic, deciduous shrub with erect stems
and shoots, growing as high as 6.5 feet. It spreads vegetatively by above ground shoots (stolons).
Young stems and leaves are hairy. Leaves are alternate, drooping, and oblong, with hairy edges,
a pointed tip and rounded base, 2 to 4 inches long and 0.6 to 1.4 inches wide. Southern spicebush
is characterized by the sassafras-like odor of its crushed leaves and tendency to form thickets of
clonal, unbranched stems.
Small, pale, and clustered flowers appear from February through April before leaf and shoot
growth begins in late April. Fruiting occurs from August to September. The fruit matures in late
autumn and is fleshy, oval, bright red, and about 0.25 to 0.5 inches in diameter.
Southern spicebush prefers habitat associated with bottomland hardwood forests in inland areas,
poorly drained swampy depressions, and edges of limestone sinks and ponds closer to the coast.
It occurs at the edges of swamps and ponds and depressions in forest of longleaf pine and pond
pine forests. It is typically found in somewhat shaded areas, but can also grow in full sun.
Privateer Fanns Restoration Project
2-22
Buck Engineering
Biological Conclusion: May Affect - Not Likely to Adversely Affect
Suitable habitat for southern spicebush occurs only in small sections of the project area. A
. review of the NHP database on April 26, 2004 did not indicate any known occurrences of
southern spicebush near the project vicinity. Buck Engineering staff, Greg Price and Staci Ricks,
performed a plant-by-plant survey on November 25, 2003 by foot in all areas of the project area
containing suitable habitat for a period of approximately 1 hour. Southern spicebush was not
found during the field surveys and it is unlikely that any specimens would be encountered during
construction of the project. However, since appropriate habitat is present, the Biological
. Conclusion for the construction of the proposed project is May Affect - Not Likely to Adversely
Affect for the southern spicebush.
Lysimachia asperulaefolia (Rough-leaved loosestrife)
. Federal Status: Endangered
. Plant Family: Primulaceae
Federally Listed: June 12, 1987

The slender stems of this perennial herb grow from a rhizome and reach heights of 1 to 2 feet (0.3
to 0.6 meter). Whorls of 3 to 4 leaves encircle the stem at intervals beneath the showy yellow
flowers. Flowering occurs from mid-May through June, with fruits present from July through
October.
Rough-leaved loosestrife is a species endemic to the Coastal Plain and sandhills of North
Carolina and South Carolina. It is currently known from 35 populations in North Carolina and
. one in South Carolina. North Carolina's extant populations are in the following counties:
Brunswick (8 populations); Pender (1 population); Bladen (1 population); Carteret (8
populations); Scotland (3 populations); Cumberland (5 populations); Onslow (3 populations);
. Hoke (5 populations); and Pamlico (1 population). Historically, Rough-leaved loosestrife was
known from 15 other sites in Brunswick, Pender, Cumberland, Onslow, Beaufort, Columbus,
Pamlico, and Richmond Counties, North Carolina, and Darlington County, South Carolina. Most
. of the populations are small, both in area covered and in number of stems.
This species generally occurs in the ecotones or edges between longleaf pine uplands and pond
. pine pocosins, on moist to seasonally saturated sands, and on shallow organic soils overlaying
. sand. Rough-leaved loosestrife has also been found on deep peat in the low shrub community of
large Carolina bays. The grass-shrub ecotone, where rough-leaved loosestrife is found, is fire-
maintained, as are the adjacent plant communities (longleaf pine-scrub oak, savanna, flatwoods,
• and pocosin). Suppression of naturally occurring fire in these ecotones results in shrubs
increasing in density and height and expanding to eliminate the open edges required by this plant.
Fire suppression, drainage, and, to a lesser extent, residential and industrial development have
. altered and eliminated habitat for this species and continue to be the most significant threats to the
. species' continued existence.

. Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2-23 Buck Engineering

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Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for rough-leaved loosestrife does not exist within the project area. A search of
the NHP database, conducted on April 26, 2004, found no occurrence of rough-leaved loosestrife
within 1.0 mile of the project area. Therefore, it is anticipated that the rough-leaved loosestrife
will not be affected by project construction.
Rhus michauxii (Michaux's sumac)
Federal Status: Endangered
Plant Family: Anacardiaceae
Federally Listed: September 28, 1989
Michaux's sumac is a densely pubescent rhizomatus shrub that grows 0.7 to 3.3 feet in height.
The narrowly winged or wingless rachis supports nine to thirteen sessile, oblong-lanceolate
leaflets that are 1.6 to 3.6 inches long, 0.8 to 2 inches wide, acute, and acuminate. The bases of
the leaves are rounded and their edges are simple or doubly serrate. Plants flower in June,
producing a terminal, erect, dense cluster of four to five greenish-yellow to white flowers.
This plant occurs in rocky or sandy open woods and roadsides. It is dependent on disturbance
(e.g., mowing, clearing, fire) to maintain the openness of its habitat. It grows in open habitat
where it can get full sunlight and is often found with other members of its genus as well as with
poison ivy. Michaux's sumac is endemic to the inner Coastal Plain and Piedmont physiographic
provinces of North Carolina.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for Michaux's sumac does not exist within the project area. A search of the NHP
database, conducted on April 26, 2004, found no occurrence of Michaux's sumac within 1.0 mile
of the project area. Therefore, it is anticipated that Michaux's sumac will not be affected by
project construction.
Schwalbea americana (American chaffseed)
Federal Status: Endangered
Plant family: Scrophulariaceae
Federally Listed: September 29, 1992
American chaffseed is an erect perennial herb with unbranched stems (or stems branched only at
the base) with large, purplish-yellow, tubular flowers that are borne singly on short stalks in the
axils of the uppermost, reduced leaves (bracts). The leaves are alternate, lance-shaped to elliptic,
stalkless, 1 to 2 inches long, and entire. The entire plant is densely, but minutely hairy
throughout, including the flowers. Flowering occurs from April to June in the South, and from
June to mid-July in the North. Chaffseed fruits are long, narrow capsules enclosed in a sac-like
structure that provides the basis for the common name. Fruits mature from early summer in the
South to October in the North. Schwalbea is a hemiparasite (partially dependent upon another
plant as host). Like most of the hemiparasitic Scrophulariaceae, it is not host-specific, so its
rarity is not due to its preference for a specialized host. Although another species (S. australis)
was once recognized, the genus Schwalbea is now considered to be monotypic.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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Currently, 51 populations are known, including one in New Jersey, one in North Carolina, 43 in
South Carolina, four in Georgia, and two in Florida. Chaffseed was never considered to be
. common, but populations have declined and the range has seriously contracted in recent decades.
. Many historic populations have been confirmed extirpated due to habitat destruction, primarily
. due to development. Others have been lost in the absence of habitat destruction, probably as a
result of fire exclusion.
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American chaffseed occurs in sandy (sandy peat, sandy loam), acidic seasonally moist to dry
soils. It is generally found in habitats described as open, moist pine flatwoods, fire-maintained
. savannas, ecotonal areas between peaty wetlands and xeric sandy soils, and other open grass-
sedge systems. Chaffseed is dependent on factors such as fire, mowing, or fluctuating water
tables to maintain the crucial open to partly open conditions that it requires. Historically, the
species existed on savannas and pinelands throughout the Coastal Plain and on sandstone knobs
. and plains inland where frequent, naturally occurring fires maintained these sub-climax
communities. Under these conditions, herbaceous plants such as Schwalbea were favored over
trees and shrubs. Most of the surviving populations, and all of the most vigorous populations, are
in areas that are still subject to frequent fire. These fire-maintained habitats include plantations
. where prescribed fire is part of a management regime for quail and other game species, army base
impact zones that burn regularly because of artillery shelling, forest management areas that are
burned to maintain habitat for wildlife including the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, and
various other private lands that are burned to maintain open fields. Fire may be important to the
species in ways that are not yet understood, such as for germination of seed, or in the formation of
the connection to the host plant.

Biological Conclusion: No Effect
. Suitable habitat for American chaffseed does not exist within the project area. A search of the
NHP database, conducted on April 26, 2004, found no occurrence of American chaffseed within
1.0 mile of the project area. Therefore, it is anticipated that American chaffseed will not be
. affected by project construction.

2.12 Hazardous Materials
. LandMark Design Group performed a transaction screen process as part of theAugust 2002
. Feasibility Study on Privateer Farms for NCDOT. The purpose of the screening was to identify
any recognized environmental conditions such as petroleum products and hazardous substances.
. The overall environmental risk for this site was determined to be low. Environmental sites
including Superfund (National Priorities List, NPL); hazardous waste treatment, storage, or
disposal facilities; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
. Information System (CERCLIS); suspect state hazardous waste, solid waste or landfill facilities;
. or leaking underground storage tanks were not identified by the report in the proposed project
. area.
• LandMark reported the presence of pooled oil, rusted 55-gallon drums, car batteries, buckets of
. used motor oil, a pesticide storage area, and several above-ground storage tanks. These potential
problem sites are located mainly in the farm tractor area and the turkey farm area. None of these
sites are within or near the area proposed as the Privateer Farms Restoration Project (the closest
• of these areas is more than 1,000 feet from the proposed restoration area). During numerous on-
site investigations and site visits, Buck Engineering staff have not identified any hazardous
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in the proposed restoration boundary of this project.

. Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2_25 Buck Engineering

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2.13 Flooding Concerns
Federal Emergency Management Act (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) were acquired
for the site to determine whether the proposed restoration project is located within a FEMA
mapped area. Although the restoration project area is not located within any FEMA mapped
areas, flooding analyses were performed to approximate the extent of flooding across the restored
site after implementation of the proposed practices. Restoration of the site will result in flooding
and alteration of site hydrology beyond the boundaries of the proposed restoration project. The
landowner of Privateer Farms has granted permission to alter hydrology across the farm, which
includes all lower lying areas of the Harrison Creek and Indian Creek floodplains. The alteration
of site hydrology outside the boundaries of the project site will aid in the restoration of the entire
farm back to a functional wetland system, which is the intent of the landowner, as discussed in
Section 1.1.
Two access roads that cross the restoration site from east to west will be left in place after
restoration of the site has been completed. These roads are the only access routes to reach higher
ground areas on the west side of the farm. The roads are currently elevated approximately 2 to 3
feet above the adjacent farm fields that will become the functional floodplain of the restored
system.
Two culverted crossings will be used to cross the restored stream channel through the site. The
culverts have been sized to accommodate the bankfull flow of the restored stream channel, and
will be placed such that the inverts of the culverts are buried at least 1 foot below the streambed
elevation. Additional floodplain culverts will be installed below the access roads across the
restored floodplain of the project. These floodplain culverts will be installed to allow flood flows
onto the restored floodplain to remain dissipated across the floodplain, even as the flows pass
beneath the access roads. The culverts are sized to allow the design storm to pass through the
culvert without overtopping the access roads.
2.14 Risk Recognition
It is important to recognize the risks inherent in the assessment, design, and construction of
environmental restoration projects. Such endeavors involve the interpretation of existing
conditions to deduce appropriate design criteria, the application of those criteria to design, and,
most importantly, the execution of the construction phase. There are many factors that ultimately
determine the success of these projects and many of the factors are beyond the influence of a
designer. To compile all of the factors is beyond the scope of this report. Further, it is impossible
to consider and to design for all of them. However, it is important to acknowledge those factors
such as daily temperatures, the amount and frequency of rainfall during and following
construction, subsurface conditions, and changes in watershed characteristics, that are beyond the
control of the designer.
Many restoration sites will require some post-construction maintenance, primarily because newly
planted vegetation plays a large role in channel and floodplain stability. Stream restoration
projects are most vulnerable to adjustment and erosion immediately after construction, before
vegetation has had a chance to establish fully. Risk of instability diminishes with each growing
season. Streams and floodplains usually become self maintaining after the second year of growth.
However, unusually heavy floods often cause erosion, deposition and/or loss of vegetation in
even the most stable channels and forested floodplains.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 2_26 Buck Engineering
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3.0 RESTORATION PLAN
3.1 Overview
In the coming years, the majority of the existing Privateer Farms property will be the focus of a
large scale restoration and enhancement project with the goal of restoring the floodplain and low
lying areas to their historic wetland ecosystem. To achieve the underlying goal of a systems-
based restoration, the project will involve partnerships between Buck Engineering, the Sandhills
Land Conservancy, NRCS, and the landowners.
The cornerstone of this project vision is the Privateer Farms Restoration Project, described in this
restoration plan. The objective of the project will be the restoration of approximately 400 acres
of riverine wetland, enhancement of 25 acres of riverine wetland, and restoration of
approximately 33,985 feet of stream to fulfill NC Department of Transportation (NCDOT)
mitigation requirements.
The Privateer Farms Restoration Project will restore a streamhead Atlantic white cedar forest and
Coastal Plain small stream swamp system, as described by Schafale and Weakley (1990). The
streamhead Atlantic white cedar forest is one of only two known Atlantic white cedar
communities. These systems occur along small headwater streams in the Sandhills area.
Hydrology is driven by flowing water and seepage, with seasonal to intermittent flooding.
Atlantic white cedar is a very valuable timber and, as a result, few quality stands remain across
the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. According to accounts from the current landowners, Atlantic
white cedar was once present across much of the site prior to its conversion to agriculture. The
restoration of Atlantic white cedar communities to the site will add a valuable ecological
component to the overall restoration plan.
Coastal Plain small stream swamp systems exist as the floodplain wetland areas of small Coastal
Plain streams where hydrology is driven by poorly drained soils, lack of adequate drainage and
periodic flooding from overbank events. This community type will be located along the lower
reaches of the restored Harrison Creek, where flow events greater than the bankfull discharge will
flood the adjacent floodplain.
3.2 Natural Channel Design Summary
The proposed natural channel design for Harrison Creek on the Privateer site is the highest level
of restoration feasible given the valley and stream types. Selection of restoration type follows
Rosgen's priority restoration approach for incised streams (Rosgen, 1997), which has an
overriding objective of re-establishing contact between the channel and a floodplain. For the
purposes of this discussion, the four Rosgen restoration approaches have been defined below in
order of decreasing restoration benefit:
Priority I - Re-establish the channel on a previous floodplain (i.e., raise channel elevation);
meander new channel to achieve dimension, pattern, and profile characteristic of a stable
stream for the particular valley type; fill or isolate existing incised channel.
Priodky H - Establish a new floodplain for the existing bankfull elevation (i.e., excavate a
new floodplain); meander channel to achieve dimension, pattern, and profile characteristic of
a stable stream for the particular valley type; fill or isolate existing incised channel.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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• Priority III - Establish a new floodplain at the existing bankfull elevation (i.e., using bankfull
benches); leave existing channel in place; use in-stream structures to dissipate energy through
a step/pool channel type.
• Priority - Stabilize the channel in place using in-stream structures and bioengineering to
decrease streambed and streambank erosion.
Nearly the entire length of the restored stream channel will involve a Priority I restoration
approach. New channel will be constructed as described below. A short section of Priority II
restoration will be constructed at the downstream end of the project to tie back into the elevation
of the incised existing channel.
3.3 Natural Channel Design
See project design plans for detailed design information.
Restoring Harrison Creek from a highly incised system into a restored channel will provide
numerous water quality and habitat benefits such as:
Improved overbank flooding and nutrient retention;
Improved bedform diversity;
Improved vegetative cover and lower water temperatures.
Restoration of site hydrology will involve the restoration of natural stream and wetland systems
on the site. The stream system that historically flowed through the site was channelized and, as a
result, is highly incised ("GO type stream). The design for the restored stream will involve the
construction of a new meandering channel across the existing agricultural fields. The most
upstream portion of the project will utilize sections of remnant historic channel that are still
present within existing wetland areas. The stream type for the restored stream will be a Rosgen
"C" channel with design dimensions based on those of reference parameters, as summarized in
Table 3-1. Selected design parameters, based off the information provided in Table 3-1, are
provided in Tables 3-2 through 3-4. Total stream length across the Privateer Farms Restoration
Project will be increased from 25,000 feet to approximately 33,985 feet. Actual restored length
will be determined after as-built plan sheets have been developed for the project.
The design will allow stream flows larger than bankfull flows to spread onto the floodplain,
dissipating flow energies and reducing stress on streambanks. In-stream structures will be used to
control streambed grade, reduce stresses on streambanks, and promote bedform sequences and
habitat diversity. The in-stream structures will consist of root-wads, log vanes, log weirs, and
other wood structures that will promote a diversity of habitat features in the restored channel.
Where grade control is an issue, rock cross-vane structures will be constructed to provide long-
term stability. It is anticipated that cross-vane structures will only be needed at the downstream
end of the project to "step" the restored stream channel down to the existing incised channel.
Streambanks will be stabilized using a combination of erosion control matting, bare-root planting,
and transplants. Transplants will provide immediate shading to the restored stream, as well as
living root mass to increase streambank stability and create holding areas for fish and aquatic
biota.
The pattern of the restored stream channel is based on the historic pattern of Harrison Creek
discerned from historic aerial photographs, the topographic fall of the valley, and local reference
reach information. Historical aerial photographs have been acquired that provide strong evidence
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-2 Buck Engineering

regarding the historic location of Harrison Creek. Photographs from 1938 clearly indicate a
single thread stream channel that flowed along the western portion of the property and meandered
back and forth across its floodplain. The location of the 1938 channel correlates well with the
• topographic low part of the valley, determined from detailed topographic information collected
for the site through photogrammetry and LIDAR techniques. However, the historic aerial
photographs and topographic information do not provide sufficient detail to determine reach scale
meander geometry. Therefore, reference reach information from two nearby streams was used in
i the selection of meander geometry.
While restoration of the stream channel will follow the historic pattern of Harrison Creek, the
• restored stream will most appropriately be considered a tributary to Harrison Creek. Flow from
the headwaters of Harrison Creek has been channelized around the perimeter of the farm, as
described in Section 2.4. Due to elevation differences between the restored stream and the
channelized stream around the perimeter of the farm, flow from the headwaters of Harrison Creek
cannot be diverted into the restoration channel without causing significant hydrologic trespass
issues beyond the property boundary of Privateer Farms. Therefore, the restored channel will
function as a headwater tributary at the upper limits of the project with a drainage area of

S approximately one square mile, increasing to a drainage area of six square miles at the
downstream end of the project.

• Due to the extensive length of stream restoration and changes in drainage area from the beginning
to the end of the project, the project was divided into five stream reaches, as shown in the design
plans and Tables 3-2 through 3-4. Design ratios are the same for each design reach and are based
on reference reach information; however, the size of each restored channel reach increases from
upstream to downstream to reflect the increasing drainage area (total project watershed shown in
Exhibit 3-1).
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The entire new stream channel will be constructed "in the dry" and all stabilization practices will
be in place prior to routing stream water into the new sections of channel. When it is time to
route stream water into the new channel sections, plugs will be installed in the old channel to re-
direct the water into the new channel. After the water has been routed from the former channel,
the process of filling the old channel with soil will begin immediately.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project
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TABLE 3-1.
Reference parameters used to determine design ratios.
s 1 1 '
1' i 1 from NC 0.
Drainage Area, DA (sq mi) 2.5 2.5
Stream Type (Rosgen) E5
Bankfull Discharge, Qbkf (cfs) 24 24
Bankfull Riffle XSEC Area, 14
5 20
3
Abkf (sq ft) . .
Bankfull Mean Velocity, Vbkf 1
7 1
7
(ft/s) . .
Width to Depth Ratio, W/D (ft/ft) 8.2 10.3
Entrenchment Ratio, Wfpa/Wbkf 8
2 10
8
(ft/ft) . .
Riffle Max Depth Ratio,
1
4
4
1
Dmax/Dbkf . .
Bank Height Ratio, Dtob/Dmax 1
0 1
2
(ft/ft) . .
Meander Length Ratio, Lm/Wbkf 12.9 19.9 11 17
Rc Ratio, Rc/Wbkf 2.4 4.0 1.5 3.0
Meander Width Ratio, 4
8 9
2 2
0 6
3
Wblt/Wbkf . . . .
Sinuosity, K 1.42 1.22 1.77
Valley Slope, Sval (ft/ft) 0.0027 0.0007 0.0029
Channel Slope, Schan (ft/ft) 0.0019 0.0004 0.0022
Pool Max Depth Ratio, 1
7 2
5
Dmaxpool/Dbkf . .
Pool Width Ratio, Wpool/Wbkf 1.0 1.4
Pool-Pool Spacing Ratio,
6
5
9
9
L s/Wbkf . .
d16 (mm) 0.21
d35 (mm) 0.30
d50 (mm) 0.36
d84 (mm) 0.56
d95 (mm) 0.90
NOTES:
1 Composite reference reach information from Johannah Creek, Johnston County; Beaver Dam Branch,
Jones County; and Rocky Swamp, Halifax County.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-4 Buck Engineering
TABLE 3-2.
Natural channel design parameters for Privateer site reaches 1 and 2.
Drainage Area, DA (sq mi) 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0
Stream Type (Rosgen) C5 C5 C5 C5 Note 1
ankfull (bkf) Discharge, Qbkf (cfs) 7.2 7.2 12.8 12.8 Note 2
ankfull Mean Velocity, Vbkf (ft/s) 0.65 0.65 0.76 0.76 V=Q/A
ankfull Riffle XSEC Area, Abkf (sq ft) 11.0 11.0 17.0 17.0 Note 2
ankfull Riffle Width, Wbkf (ft) 12.4 12.4 15.4 15.4 Ab) f*W/D
ankfull Riffle Mean Depth, Dbkf (ft) 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 d=A/W
Width to Depth Ratio, W/D (ft/ft) 14 14 14 14 Note 3
Width Floodprone Area, Wfpa (ft) -1000 -1000 1000 1000
Entrenchment Ratio, Wfpa/Wbkf (ft/ft) - 80 - 80 - 65 - 65 Note 4
Riffle Max Depth @ bkf, Dmax (ft) 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3
Riffle Max Depth Ratio, Dmax/Dbkf 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 Note 5
Max Depth @ Top of Bank,
maxtob (ft) 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3
Bank Height Ratio, Dtob/Dmax (ft/ft) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Note 6
Meander Length, Lm (ft) 62 149 77 185
Meander Length Ratio, Lm/Wbkf * 5 12 5 12 Note 7
Radius of Curvature, Rc (ft) 25 50 31 62
c Ratio, Rc/Wbkf * 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 Note 7
Belt Width, Wblt (ft) 37 99 46 123
Meander Width Ratio, Wblt/Wbkf * 3 8 3 8 Note 7
Sinuosity, K 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.26 TW length/
Valley length
alley Slope, Sval (ft/ft) 0.00075 0.00075 0.00069 0.00069
Channel Slope, Schan (ft/ft) 0.00060 0.00060 0.00055 0.00055 Sval / K
Slope Riffle, Srif (ft/ft) n/a n/a n/a n/a
Riffle Slope Ratio, Srif/Schan n/a n/a n/a n/a Note 8
Slope Pool, Spool (ft/ft) n/a n/a n/a n/a
Pool Slope Ratio, Spool/Schan n/a n/a n/a n/a Note 8
Pool Max Depth, Dmaxpool (ft) 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Pool Max Depth Ratio, Dmaxpool/Dbkf 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 Note 7
Pool Area, Apool (sq ft) 17 19 25.5 28.9
Pool Area Ratio, Apool/Abkf 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.7 Note 7
Pool Width, Wpool (ft) 15 15 18.5 18.5
Pool Width Ratio, Wpool/Wbkf 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 Note 9
Pool-Pool Spacing, Lps (ft) 31 74 38 93
Pool-Pool Spacing Ratio, Lps/Wbkf 2.5 6 2.5 6 Note 7
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-5 Buck Engineering
TABLE 3-3.
Natural channel design parameters for Privateer site reaches 3 and 4.
e ,
Drainage Area, DA (sq mi) 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0
Stream Type (Rosgen) C5 C5 C5 C5 Note 1
ankfull (bkf) Discharge, Qbkf (cfs) 15.9 15.9 21.5 21.5 Note 2
ankfull Mean Velocity, Vbkf (ft/s) 0.80 0.80 0.86 0.86 V=Q/A
ankfull Riffle XSEC Area, Abkf (sq ft) 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 Note 2
ankfull Riffle Width, Wbkf (ft) 16.7 16.7 18.7 18.7 Abkf*W/D
ankfull Riffle Mean Depth, Dbkf (ft) 1.2 1.2 1.34 1.34 d=A/W
Width to Depth Ratio, W/D (ft/ft) 14 14 14 14 Note 3
Width Floodprone Area, Wfpa (ft) -1000 -1000 1000 1000
Entrenchment Ratio, Wfpa/Wbkf (ft/ft) - 60 - 60 - 53 - 53 Note 4
Riffle Max Depth @ bkf, Dmax (ft) 1.4 1.4 1.6
Riffle Max Depth Ratio, Dmax/Dbkf 1.2 1.2 1.2 A1.2 Note 5
a
x Depth @ Top of Bank,
maxtob (ft)
1.4
1.4
1.6
Bank Height Ratio, Dtob/Dmax (ft/ft) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Note 6
Meander Length, Lm (ft) 84 200 94 224
Meander Length Ratio, Lm/Wbkf * 5 12 5 12 Note 7
Radius of Curvature, Re (ft) 33 67 37 75
c Ratio, Rc/Wbkf * 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 Note 7
Belt Width, Wblt (ft) 50 134 56 150
Meander Width Ratio, Wblt/Wbkf * 3 8 3 8 Note 7
Sinuosity, K 1.78 1.78 1.33 1.33 TW length/
Valley length
alley Slope, Sval (ft/ft) 0.00055 0.00055 0.00040 0.00040
Channel Slope, Schan (ft/ft) 0.00031 0.00031 0.00030 0.00030 Sval / K
Slope Riffle, Srif (ft/ft) n/a n/a n/a n/a
Riffle Slope Ratio, Srif/Schan n/a n/a n/a n/a Note 8
Slope Pool, Spool (ft/ft) n/a n/a n/a n/a
Pool Slope Ratio, Spool/Schan n/a n/a n/a n/a Note 8
Pool Max Depth, Dmaxpool (ft) 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.6
Pool Max Depth Ratio, Dmaxpool/Dbkf 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 Note 7
Pool Area, Apool (sq ft) 30 34 37.5 42.5
Pool Area Ratio, Apool/Abkf 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.7 Note 7
Pool Width, Wpool (ft) 20 20 22.4 22.4
Pool Width Ratio, WpoolA"kf 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Note 9
Pool-Pool Spacing, Lps (ft) 42 100 47 112
Pool-Pool Spacing Ratio, Lps/Wbkf 2.5 6 2.5 6 Note 7
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3.6 Buck Engineering
TABLE 3-4.
Natural channel design parameters for Privateer site reach 5.

rainage Area, DA (sq mi) e,
1

5.5

.5

Iona e
Stream Type (Rosgen) C5 C5 Note 1
ankfull (bkf) Discharge, Qbkf (cfs) 25.0 25.0 Note 2
ankfull Mean Velocity, Vbkf (ft/s) 0.89 0.89 V=Q/A
ankfull Riffle XSEC Area, Abkf (sq ft) 28.0 28.0 Note 2
ankfull Riffle Width, Wbkf (ft) 19.8 19.8 Abkf'`W/D
ankfull Riffle Mean Depth, Dbkf (ft) 1.41 1.41 d=A/W
Width to Depth Ratio, W/D (ft/ft) 14 14 Note 3
Width Floodprone Area, Wfpa (ft) -1000 -1000
Entrenchment Ratio, Wfpa/Wbkf (ft/ft) -51 -51 Note 4
Riffle Max Depth @ bkf, Dmax (ft) 1.7 1.7
Riffle Max Depth Ratio, Dmax/Dbkf 1.2 1.2 Note 5
Max Depth @ Top of Bank,
maxtob (ft) 1.7 1.7
Bank Height Ratio, Dtob/Dmax (ft/ft) 1.0 1.0 Note 6
Meander Length, Lm (ft) 99 238
Meander Length Ratio, Lm/Wbkf * 5 12 Note 7
Radius of Curvature, Rc (ft) 40 79
c Ratio, Rc/Wbkf * 2.0 4.0 Note 7
Belt Width, Wblt (ft) 59 158
Meander Width Ratio, Wblt/Wbkf * 3 8 Note 7
Sinuosity, K 1.44 1.44 TW length/ Valley length
alley Slope, Sval (ft/ft) 0.00060 0.00060
Channel Slope, Schan (ft/ft) 0.00042 0.00042 Sval / K
Slope Riffle, Srif (ft/ft) n/a n/a Note 8
Riffle Slope Ratio, Srif/Schan n/a n/a Note 8
Slope Pool, Spool (ft/ft) n/a n/a Note 8
Pool Slope Ratio, Spool/Schan n/a n/a Note 8
Pool Max Depth, Dmaxpool (ft) 2.5 2.7
Pool Max Depth Ratio, Dmaxpool/Dbkf 1.8 2.0 Note 7
Pool Area, Apool (sq ft) 42 47.6
Pool Area Ratio, Apool/Abkf 1.5 1.7 Note 7
Pool Width, Wpool (ft) 23.8 23.8
Pool Width Ratio, Wpool/Wbkf 1.2 1.2 Note 9
Pool-Pool Spacing, Lps (ft) 50 119
Pool-Pool Spacing Ratio, Lps/Wbkf 2.5 6 Note 7
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-7 Buck Engineering
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Notes for Tables 3-2 through 3-4:
' A CS stream type is appropriate for a very low slope, wide, alluvial valley with a sand
streambed. A CS was used rather than an ES based on relationships of W/D ratio to slope in NC
Coastal Plain reference reach streams and to provide a more conservative design.
2 Bankfull indicators on Panther Branch and the NC Coastal Plain regional curve were the
most reliable source for obtaining bankfull discharge and dimension information.
3 A final W/D ratio was selected based on relationships of W/D ratio to slope in NC Coastal
Plain reference reach streams.
4 Required for stream classification.
5 This ratio was based on past project evaluation of similar CS design channels.
6 A bank height ratio of 1.0 ensures that all flows greater than bankfull will spread onto a
floodplain. This minimizes shear stress in the channel and maximizes floodplain functionality
resulting in lower risk of channel instability.
7 Values were chosen based on Panther Branch reference reach data, other sandbed reference
reach data, and past project evaluation.
8 Due to the extremely low channel slopes, facet slopes were not calculated for the proposed
design. Past project experience has shown that these minor changes in slope between features
form naturally within the constructed channel, provided that the overall design channel slope is
maintained during construction.
9 Values were chosen based on reference reach database analysis and past project evaluation.
It is more conservative to design a pool wider than the riffle. Over time, the pool width may
narrow, which is a positive evolutionary step.
3.4 Sediment Transport Analysis
The purpose of sediment transport analysis is to ensure that the stream restoration design creates a
stable sand bed channel that does not aggrade or degrade over time. The overriding assumption is
that the project reach should be transporting all the sediment delivered from upstream sources,
thereby being a "transport" reach and classified as a Rosgen "C" or "E" type channel. Empirical
relationships from stable sand bed channels in North Carolina are used in this analysis.
Sediment transport is typically assessed by computing channel competency, capacity, or both.
Sediment transport competency is a measure of force (lbs/ft2) that refers to the stream's ability to
move a given grain size. Quantitative assessments include shear stress, tractive force, and critical
dimensionless shear stress. Since these assessments help determine a size class that is mobile
under certain flow conditions, they are most important in gravel bed studies where the bed
material ranges in size from sand to cobble, of which only a fraction are mobile during bankfull
conditions. In sand bed systems, all particle sizes are mobile during bankfull flows; therefore,
there is no need to determine the maximum particle size that the stream can transport. However,
comparing the design shear stress values for a project reach to those computed for sand-bed
reference reaches does provide a useful comparison to determine if the stresses predicted for the
design channels are within the range of those found in stable systems.
Shear stress placed on sediment particles within a stream channel may be estimated by the
following equation:
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These values plot within the scatter displayed by the data from the reference reaches, and follows
the trend of the data and the regression line. This provides good evidence that the design stream
reaches will not aggrade or degrade.
As an additional check of stream design stability, the design width-to-depth ratios (W/D) were
plotted against slope and compared with data from sand bed reference reaches in the Coastal
Plain. Data collected on sand-bed systems in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina indicate a strong
correlation between W/D and slope, with W/D decreasing as channel slope increases. The design
W/D ratios are compared with reference reach data in Figure 3-3, which shows bankfull W/D
ratio versus channel slope. The design points for the design reaches fall within the range of W/D
values shown for reference reaches under similar slope conditions.
Figure 3-3.
Comparison between width-to-depth ratio (W/D) and channel slope for the design reaches and
Coastal Plain reference reach data.
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o NC Sand Bed Reference Reaches
Design Reaches
16 --- ----------- ------------ ---
- - - -
- - - p
Panther Branch Reference Reach
14 - - ®- `` ` = ' - - ?_ .. -- . - - - .- - - -- . . - - _ - .. _ _ - - - 95% Confidence Interval
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y=•1280x+13.667
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4 '
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0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
Slope (ft/ft)
The analyses presented in this section provide evidence that the proposed designs for the design
reaches will be stable over the long-term, and will neither aggrade nor degrade over time.
3.5 Restoration of Wetland Hydrology
The existing agricultural fields across the site are currently drained by a series of lateral ditches
and channelized streams. To restore wetland hydrology to the site, the lateral field ditches will be
partially filled, depending on the amount of fill material that can be produced from minor land
grading and excavation of the new stream channel. When complete filling of lateral ditches is not
possible, ditch plugs will be installed from compacted earth for a distance of at least 100 feet.
Ditch plugs will also be used in locations where the restored stream channel will cross existing
lateral ditches. In these locations, the ditch will be plugged for at least 100 feet on both sides of
the restored channel to prevent drainage losses and channel avulsion.
Grading activities will focus on removing any field crowns, surface drains, or swales that were
imposed during conversion of the land for agriculture. Existing and proposed graded contours are
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-11 Buck Engineering
•

•

• provided in the plan sheets on sheets 40 through 48. In general, grading activities will be minor
since the site exhibits a rather flat existing topography. Grading cuts will generally be less than
0.5 feet in most areas. Most fill material will come from spoil piles that exist along ditches and
• channels.
• The topography of the restored site will be patterned after natural floodplain wetland reference
• sites, and will include the restoration of minor depressions and tip mounds (microtopography)
• that promote diversity of hydrologic conditions and habitats common to natural wetland areas.
These techniques will be instrumental to the restoration of site hydrology by promoting surface
ponding and infiltration, decreasing drainage capacity, and imposing higher water table
conditions across the restoration site. In order to improve drainage and increase agricultural
production, farmed wetland soils are often graded to a smooth surface and crowned to enhance
• runoff (Lilly, 1981). Microtopography contributes to the properties of forest soils and to the
diversity and patterns of plant communities (Lutz, 1940; Stephens, 1956; Bratton, 1976; Ehrnfeld,
• 1995).
• Microtopography will be established after floodplain areas have been established to design
• grades. Microtopography will be established using the procedures described by Scherrer (2000).
Equipment used will leave a furrow approximately 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep, and a
• corresponding mound approximately 3 feet wide and 1 foot high (Figure 3.4). The equipment will
• be run in parallel lines approximately 25 feet apart, and then over the same area in figure "8"

' patterns to create a random pattern of interconnected and isolated furrows and ridges, as shown in
i Figure 3.5.
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Due to the amount of fill material that will be necessary, completely filling the existing channel
of Harrison Creek will not be economically feasible. Instead, plugs will be installed along the
length of the channel to create a series of shallow ponds and wetland depressions within the old
channel. These area will increase the diversity of habitat on the site. Plugs will be at least 100
feet in length and will be constructed from compacted fill material. In areas where restored
stream flows will contact fill material, root wads will be installed to provide additional protection
and deflect stream energies. Due to the relatively small size of the restored channel and the low
energy nature of the system, these practices will be sufficient to prevent erosion and channel
avulsion. These practices have been used on numerous other projects with excellent results.
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Figure 3-4.
Example cross-section of the microtopography techniques to be used on the restoration site.
6 FT
3 FT
MIDGE
1 FT
Q FT
-1 FT
Figure 3-5.
Typical pattern of created microtopography restored by following the procedure described in
Section 3.5 (from Scherrer, 2000).
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3.6 Hydrologic Model Analyses
30
The DRAINMOD simulations that were developed to evaluate the current hydrologic status of
the restoration site (Section 2.8) were modified to estimate the hydrologic conditions of the site
under the proposed restoration practices. Model parameters that describe the depth of stream and
topographic surface storage were changed to values representative of the described restoration
practices. For example, drain depths were reduced to represent average water levels in the
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-13 Buck Engineering
restored, meandering channel. Surface storage parameters were increased, within a range of two
to four cm to represent soil scarification practices. Input files that describe cropping conditions
were changed to represent forested conditions.

Three scenarios were simulated to evaluate the restored hydrologic conditions: 1) a location 50
feet from the restored channel, 2) a location 500 feet from the restored channel, and 3) a location
1,000 feet from the restored channel. These scenarios were chosen to represent a range of wetness
conditions expected across the restored site. Scenario #1 was chosen to represent the drier areas
of the site located near the restored stream where the drainage effect would be greatest, however
these areas are most susceptible to occasional flooding. Scenarios #2 and #3 were chosen to
approximate conditions in areas away from the restored stream channel. These areas will receive
less of a drainage effect and will exhibit the greatest surface storage due to topographic
undulations. Ninty-six (96) year simulations were run following the procedures described in
Section 2.8, and DRAINMOD input files are provided in Appendix 7.
The results of the simulations indicate that hydrologic conditions imposed across the restored site
will vary from location to location, depending on the distance from the restored stream channel
and topographic variability. The 50 foot scenario is influenced more by the drainage effect of the
stream channel and therefore is predicted to experience drier conditions than the 500 and 1,000
foot scenarios. In locations near the stream channel, hydrology will primarily be controlled by the
baseflow water level in the restored stream. In areas farther from the restored stream, the drainage
effect becomes insignificant and water loss through evapotranspiration and runoff begin to
dominate the water balance. Hydrology of these areas will be restored through topographic
manipulations imposed to increase surface storage and infiltration of water on the site.
These modeled scenarios provide an indication of the hydrologic conditions that are expected
across the restored site. The data indicate that under average conditions, wetland hydrology will
occur for at least 12.5% of the growing season across the restored wetland site. Since no wetland
system is homogeneous throughout, hydrology will vary across the restored site. Factors that will
affect hydrology in any particular location include seepage inputs and outputs, degree of ponding,
frequency of stream flooding events, local soil and subsoil conditions, runoff, and run-on.
3.7 Vegetation Plan
The planting plans for the site (see restoration plan sheets) indicate that bare root trees will be
planted within all areas of the conservation easement. A minimum 50-foot buffer will be
established along all restored stream reaches. In most areas, the protected buffer area will be in
excess of several hundred feet and will include restored wetland areas. In general, bare-root
vegetation will be planted at a target density of 680 stems per acre, or an 8 foot by 8 foot grid.
Planting of bare-root trees will be conducted during the dormant season, with all trees installed
prior to March 20.
Species selection for revegetation of the site will generally follow those suggested by Schafale
and Weakley (1990) and tolerances cited in the US Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Research
Program (WRP) Technical Note VN-RS-4.1 (1997). Selected species for hardwood revegetation
are presented in Table 3.6 below. Tree species selected for restoration will be generally weak to
tolerant of flooding. Weakly tolerant species are able to survive and grow in areas where the soil
is saturated or flooded for relatively short periods of time. Moderately tolerant species are able to
survive on soils that are saturated or flooded for several months during the growing season.
Flood tolerant species are able to survive on sites in which the soil is saturated or flooded for
extended periods during the growing season (WRP, 1997).
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• Observations will be made during construction of the site regarding the relative wetness of areas
to be planted. Planting zones will be determined based on these assessments, and planted species
will be matched according to their wetness tolerance and the anticipated wetness of the planting
• area.
0 Trees will be transported to the site from the nursery and stored on-site in a refrigerated cooler
• prior to planting. Once trees are transported to the site, they will be planted within two days. Soils
• across the site will be sufficiently disked and loosened prior to planting. Trees will be planted by
manual labor using a dibble bar, mattock, planting bar, or other approved method. Planting holes
for the trees will be sufficiently deep to allow the roots to spread out and down without "J-
rooting". Soil will be loosely compacted around trees once they have been planted to avoid drying
out.
• Permanent seed mixtures will be applied to all disturbed areas of the project site. Table 3.7 lists
the species, mixtures, and application rates which will be used. A mixture is provided for both
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ain and streambank areas. Both mixtures will also include temporary seeding (rye grain or
• browntop millet) to allow for application with mechanical broadcast spreaders. The permanent
• seed mixture specified for floodplain areas will be applied to all disturbed areas outside the banks
of the restored stream channel and is intended to provide rapid growth of herbaceous ground
cover and biological habitat value. The seed mixture specified for restored streambanks will be
• applied to provide rapid herbaceous vegetation growth to stabilize constructed streambanks. The
species provided are deep rooted and have been shown to proliferate along restored stream
channels, providing long-term stability.
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Temporary seeding will be applied to all disturbed areas of the site that are susceptible to erosion.
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ese areas include constructed streambanks, access roads, side-slopes, spoil piles, etc. If
• temporary seeding is applied from November through April, rye grain will be used and applied at
• a rate of 130 lbs/acre. If applied from May through October, temporary seeding will consist of
browntop millet, applied at a rate of 451bs/acre.

• Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-15 Buck Engineering

Table 3.6.
Bare-root trees species selected for revegetation of the restoration site. Species selection may
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3-16 Buck Engineering
tsasea on information rrom u?i Army corps or hngmeers wettanct xesearcn rrogram (wxr)
Technical Note VN-RS-4.1 (1997).
2 Based on information from other literature sources.
Table 3.7
Permanent seed mixtures for the restoration site. Species selection may change due to availability
3.8 Soils
Existing soils within the restoration site have been confirmed hydric. Samples of topsoil from the
• site will be collected and tested to determine soil fertility and chemical properties. If necessary,
soil amendments (fertilizer, lime, etc.) will be applied at rates appropriate for the target
vegetation. Since the land has been in agricultural production for a number of years, it is likely
. that soil fertility amendments will not be necessary.
Disking and tillage practices commonly used in agriculture will be applied to all restored farm
field areas to break the plow pan and reduce compaction of the soil caused by years of
• agricultural production. Tillage practices will also be used to restore a more natural topography to
the restored site, as discussed in section 3.5.
3.9 Conservation Easement
The entire Privateer Farms Restoration Project has been protected by a perpetual conservation
• easement, following the format provided by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The easement was
• recorded at the Bladen and Cumberland County courthouses on December 31, 2003. A copy of
the easement document is provided in Appendix 9.

• All areas within the conservation easement will be used for mitigation credit. There are additional
areas of the farm, outside of the conservation easement, which could provide mitigation
opportunities for future projects. The mitigation potential of these areas has not be compromised
. by the proposed project.

• Privateer Farms Restoration Project 3_17 Buck Engineering

4.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Environmental components monitored in this project will be those that allow an evaluation of
channel stability, survivability of riparian vegetation, and wetland hydrology. Post-restoration
monitoring will be conducted for five years following the completion of construction to document
project success.
An as-built report will be produced for the site within 90 days following completion of
construction on the site. The report will include elevations, photographs, well and sampling plot
locations, and a list of the species planted and the associated densities.
Monitoring reports will be produced annually for five years following the completion of
construction. Annual monitoring reports will be prepared and submitted to the EEP by November
30 during each monitoring year. Annual monitoring reports will document the parameters
described below.
4.1 Wetland Hydrologic Monitoring
Groundwater-monitoring stations will be installed across the project area to document hydrologic
conditions of the restored site. Thirty groundwater monitoring stations will be installed, with 15
automated groundwater gauge stations, and 15 manually read stations. Proposed locations for the
monitoring wells in provided in plan sheets 49 through 52. Ground water monitoring stations will
follow the USACE standard methods found in WRP Technical Note ERDC TN-WRAP-00-02
(July 2000).
In order to determine if the rainfall is normal for the given year, rainfall amounts will be tallied
using data obtained from the Lumberton automated weather station (UCAN: 14194, COOP:
315177), located approximately 20 miles from the project site and compared to the long-term
average.
Success Criteria: To meet the hydrologic success criteria, the monitoring data must show that for
each normal year within the monitoring period, the site has been inundated or saturated within 12
inches of the soil surface for a minimum of 12.5% of the growing season (30 consecutive
days). This targeted hydroperiod is based on hydrologic model analyses of the site, as presented
in Section 3.6. WETS tables for Cumberland County will be utilized to determine normal
precipitation. If the restored site is inundated or saturated within 12 inches of the soil surface for
less than 12.5% of the growing season, but the post-restoration monitoring data reflect that the
site meets applicable USACE criteria for wetlands and the site is performing with similar
hydrology as a monitored reference site, then the regulatory agencies may consider the site for
mitigation of in-kind impacts on a case-by-case basis.
4.2 Wetland Reference Site
If the rainfall data for any given year during the monitoring period are not normal, and if the
desired hydrology for the project site is not on a trajectory to achieve success, then the reference
wetland data can be assessed to determine if there is a positive correlation between the
underperformance of the restoration site and the natural hydrology of the reference site. A
description of the reference site is provided in Section 5 of this report.
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Three automated monitoring wells will be installed within the reference site to determine the
range of hydrologic conditions present across the site. This information will be used for
comparison to post-restoration data collected from the restoration site to determine if the
restoration site is providing comparable hydrologic conditions. The procedure described in
Section 4.1 will be used to determine if normal rainfall has not occurred in any given year.
4.3 Vegetation Monitoring
Survival of planted vegetation will be evaluated using survival plots or counts. All rooted
vegetation within monitoring plots will be flagged and evaluated for at least five years to
determine survival. A total of fifteen staked survival plots will be evaluated. Plots will be 25 ft by
100 ft and all flagged stems will be counted in those plots.
Success Criteria: Success will be defined as 320 stems per acre after five years. When rooted
vegetation does not survive, a determination will be made as to the need for replacement; in
general, if greater than 25% die, replacement will be done.
4.4 Stream Monitoring
r Monitoring of restored stream reaches will be conducted for a five year monitoring period to
. evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration practices. Monitored stream parameters include
stream dimension (cross-sections), pattern (longitudinal survey), profile (profile survey), and
photographic documentation. The methods used and the success criteria are described below for
each parameter.
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4.4.1 Bankfull Events
The occurrence of bankfull events will be documented through the use of stream gages
installed along the upper and lower portion of the restored stream channel. Two
automated stream gages will be installed at approximate stream stations 82+00 and
334+00, as shown on plan sheets 49 and 52. The gages will be installed to measure
hourly stream stage on a continuous basis.
Success Criteria: Data collected from the stream gages should indicate that bankfull
events are occurring on a natural cycle, as compared to return intervals documented by
Sweet and Geratz (2003). At least two bankfull events should be documented within the
five year monitoring period.
4.4.2 Cross-sections
Permanent cross-sections (either surveyed or located using a GPS) will be established at a
spacing of two per 1,000 feet of restored channel, or approximately one cross-section
every 500 feet along the restored channel length. Cross-sections will be established to
evaluate an equal proportion of both riffles and pools. Each cross-section will be marked
on both banks with permanent pins to establish the exact transect used. A common
benchmark will be used for cross-sections and consistently used to facilitate easy
comparison of year-to-year data. The annual cross-section survey will include points
measured at all breaks in slope, including top of bank, bankfull, inner berm, edge of
water, and thalweg. Calculations will be made of width-to-depth ratio, entrenchment
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• ratio, and low bank height ratio. Riffle cross-sections will be classified using the Rosgen
stream classification system.

• Success Criteria: There should be little or no change in as-built cross-sections. If changes
do take place they should be evaluated to determine if they represent a movement toward
a more unstable condition (e.g., down-cutting, erosion) or are minor changes that
• represent an increase in stability (e.g., settling, vegetative changes, deposition along the
banks, decrease in width-to-depth ratio and/or cross sectional area).
4.4.3 Pattern
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Annual measurements taken for the plan view of the restoration site will include
sinuosity, meander width ratio, and radius of curvature (on newly constructed meanders
only for the first year of monitoring).

4.4.4 Longitudinal Profile
A longitudinal profile will be completed once the first year and then every two years for a
S total of five years (for a total of 3 times). The longitudinal profile will be conducted for
at least 30% of the restored stream channel. Measurements will include slope (average,
pool, riffle) and pool-to-pool spacing. Survey points will include thalweg, water surface,
• inner berm, bankfull, and top of low bank. Each of these points will be taken at the head
of each feature, e.g. riffle, run, pool, and glide, and the max pool depth. The survey will
be tied to a permanent benchmark.
•
Success Criteria: The as-built longitudinal profiles should show that the bedform features
are remaining stable, i.e. they are not aggrading or degrading. The pools should remain
deep with flat water surface slopes and the riffles should remain steeper and shallower.

4.4.5 Photo Reference Sites
Photographs used to evaluate restored sites will be made with a 35-mm camera using
• slide film or a digital camera. There will be one photo reference site per cross-section
showing both banks and the stream channel. Several of the in-stream structures (e.g.,
rock vanes, cross vanes, and root wads) will also be photographed. Reference sites will
• be photographed before construction and continued once per year for at least 5 years
• following construction. After construction has taken place, reference sites will be marked
with wooden stakes.
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Longitudinal reference photos: The stream will be photographed longitudinally beginning
at the downstream end of the restoration site and moving upstream to the end of the site.
Photographs will be taken looking upstream at delineated locations. Reference photo
locations will be marked and described for future reference. Points will be close enough
together to get an overall view of the reach. The angle of the shot will depend on what
angle provides the best view and will be noted and continued in future shots. When
• modifications of stream position have to be made due to obstructions or other reasons, the
• position will be noted along with any landmarks and the same position used in the future.
Lateral reference photos: Reference photo transects will be taken at each permanent
. cross-section. Photographs will be taken of both banks at each cross-section. The survey

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tape will be centered in the photographs of the bank. The water line will be located in the
lower edge of the frame and as much of the bank as possible included in each photo.
Photographers should make an effort to consistently maintain the same area in each photo
over time. Photos of areas that have been treated differently should also be included; for
example, where two different types of erosion control material used. This will allow for
future comparisons.
Success Criteria: Photographs will be used to subjectively evaluate channel aggradation
or degradation, bank erosion, success of riparian vegetation, and effectiveness of erosion
control measures. Longitudinal photos should indicate the absences of developing bars
within the channel or an excessive increase in channel depth.
Lateral photos should not indicate excessive erosion or continuing degradation of the
bank over time. A series of photos over time should indicate successional maturation of
riparian vegetation. Vegetative succession should include initial herbaceous growth,
followed by increasing densities of woody vegetation, and then ultimately a mature
overstory with herbaceous understory.
4.5 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling
Benthic macroinvertebrate data will be collected from the reference reach and within the project
reach. Monitoring will be conducted prior to the initiation of restoration practices. Post-
restoration sampling will begin one year after construction activities have been completed, and
annually thereafter for a total of three years. Collected data will be compared to initial data
collected from the reference reach site. Sampling will be conducted during summer months if
significant flow is present. Sampling will be conducted between November and March if summer
flows are low for project streams.
Sample collection will follow protocols described in the standard operating procedures of the
Biological Assessment Unit of the NC Division of Water Quality. The Qual-4 collection method
will be used for this project. A NC certified laboratory will conduct the identification of the
biological samples. The metrics to be calculated will include total and EPT taxa richness, EPT
abundance, and biotic index values. In the years that data are collected, data will be provided with
the annual monitoring reports.
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5.0 REFERENCE WETLAND AND STREAM SITE
5.1 Overview
An existing wetland and stream system was identified near the project site that is representative
of the system to be restored on the Privateer Farms site. The site falls within the same climatic,
physiographic, and ecological region as the restoration site.
The reference site is located within the Bladen Lakes State Forest, approximately eleven miles
southeast of the Privateer Farms restoration site. The specific area that has been surveyed and
monitored is an area of riparian wetlands adjacent to Panther Branch, near SR 1705 (see Exhibit
1-1). The site is an example of a "Coastal Plain small stream swamp," as described by Schafale
and Weakley (1990). These systems exist as the floodplains of small blackwater or brownwater
streams in which separate fluvial features and associated vegetation are too small or poorly
developed to distinguish. Hydrology of these systems is palustrine, intermittently, temporarily, or
seasonally flooded. Flows tend to be highly variable, with floods of short duration, and periods of
very low flow.
i The reference site has experienced disturbances in the past, primarily due to timber harvest.
. However, cutting of timber occurred long ago and a mature canopy of vegetation exists across the
site, especially near the stream channel itself. It also appears that the hydrology of the site was
affected little by timber harvest.
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5.2 Soils
Roanoke and Johnston soils are the primary series mapped on the reference site. These soils are
similar to those found at the restoration site. The Johnston series is described in Section 2.1. The
Roanoke series consists of poorly drained soils that formed in clayey sediment. These soils have
loamy and clayey horizons 40 to 60 inches thick over stratified river sediments. Roanoke soils are
found on the upstream portion of the reference site, while Johnston soils are found on the
downstream portion of the reference site, associated with the floodplain of Turnball Creek.
5.3 Hydrology
The site classifies as a wetland utilizing criteria identified in the USACE 1987 Wetlands
Delineation Manual. These criteria include the FAC Neutral Test, oxidized root channels, and
local soil survey data. Climatic conditions of the reference site are the same as those described for
the project site (Section 2.3). The reference site is classified as a "Coastal Plain small stream
swamp" (Schafale and Weakley, 1990). It is difficult to distinguish the site as either the
blackwater or brownwater subtype, as the site displays characteristics of both communities. Small
stream swamp communities are palustrine with variable flows and are intermittently, temporarily,
or seasonally flooded (Schafale and Weakly, 1990). Site hydrology is controlled primarily by
Panther Branch, which flows through the site, as well as overbank flow events from Tumball
Creek. Due to the shallow, unincised condition of the two streams through the site, high water
table conditions are sustained across the active floodplain.
Water table monitoring wells will be installed within the reference site at the same time that
monitoring wells are installed across the completed Privateer Farms Restoration Site. Wells will
be installed primarily on the downstream portion of the reference site, where Johnston soils are
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mapped and most closely match the soil conditions of the restoration site. Monitoring data will be
collected from the site until the completion of post-restoration monitoring.
5.4 Stream Reference Reach
Panther Branch within the reference area described above was surveyed as a reference reach for
Privateer Farms. Panther Branch is a small, meandering, sand-bed channel, comparable in size to
the proposed restoration channel for Privateer Farms. The drainage area for the stream is
approximately 2.5 square miles and land use in the watershed is primarily forested with some
agriculture in the headwaters of the watershed. The site was chosen due to its stable condition,
similarity to the proposed restoration project, and the fact that it is located in relatively close
proximity to the project site. The reference reach is located approximately 300 feet north of SR
1705, and approximately 1,000 feet upstream of the confluence of Panther Branch and Tumball
Creek.
Field surveys of the reference site were conducted during December 2003. Survey data were used
to evaluate the natural channel parameters describing the dimension, pattern, and profile of the
streams. The Panther Branch reference reach is classified as an "E/C5" channel using the Rosgen
method (1994). The channel is classified as an "E/C" since the average width-to-depth ratio is
approximately 12, which is the breakpoint between classifying a channel as an "E" (< 12) or "C"
(> 12). "E" and "C" type streams are commonly found in the Coastal Plain where nearly level
land slopes and dense vegetation promote the establishment of a meandering stream channels.
The suffix "5" indicates that the stream is a sand bed system. The reference reach stream has
appropriate bed features for a sand-bed system, with shallow pools in the meander bends, and
deeper pools formed by scour features such as roots and debris jams. Longitudinal profile, cross-
sections, and particle size distribution data are presented in Appendix 8.
Unlike many other Coastal Plain stream systems, the section of channel surveyed for the
reference reach shows no evidence of having been altered or channelized in the recent past. Trees
can be found within the riparian area that appear to be in excess of 30 years of age. The channel
has meandering pattern with low bank heights and a sinuosity of approximately 1.4. As a result,
flooding of the adjacent riparian wetland areas occurs frequently.
5.5 Vegetation
The sub-canopy of the system is an expression of the native seed bank. Herbaceous wetland
plants and immature hardwood species are found within the area utilized as a reference wetland.
The reference site is comprised of greater than 50% facultative and wetter species and, therefore,
meets the hydrophytic vegetation requirement. Wetland delineation forms are presented in
Appendix 8 for the reference wetland area.
When approaching the reference site from SR 1705, the canopy vegetation community is
dominated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Understory species primarily consist of giant cane
(Arundinaria gigantea), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), American holly
(Ilex opaca), briar (Smilax sp), and several types of oak saplings (Quercus sp.). This area is
located outside of the reference wetland area and represents the more upland community adjacent
to the reference wetland.
Within the immediate floodplain of Panther Branch (reference wetland area), the community type
transitions to more of a Coastal Plain small stream swamp. The reference site is well buffered
along both stream banks with tree species that include cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda), laurel
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 5-2 Buck Engineering
oak (Quercus laurifolia), willow oak (Quercus phellos), white oak (Quercus Alba), water oak
(Quercus nigra), American holly, sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple, loblolly pine,
and Gordonia (Gordonia Ellis). The understory is relatively open and consist mainly of briar,
giant cane, and sapling species found in the canopy.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 5.3 Buck Engineering
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6.0 REFERENCES
Bratton, S. P. 1976. Resource division in an understory herb community: responses to temporal and
microtopographic gradients. The American Naturalist 110 (974):679-693.
Doll, B.A. 2003. Stream Restoration Technical Guidebook and Coastal Stream Study Amendment.
Division of Water Quality, 319 Program.
Dunne, T. and L. B. Leopold, 1978. Water in Environmental Planning. New York: W. H. Freeman and
Company.
Ehrnfield, J. G. 1995. Microsite differences in surface substrate characteristics in Chamaecyparis swamps
of the New Jersey pinelands. Wetlands 15(2):183-189.
Evans, R. O. and R. W. Skaggs. 1985. Agricultural water management for Coastal Plain soils. Published
by the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. Paper AG-355.
Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG). 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration:
Principles, Processes and Practices. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Johnson, P.A., and T.M. Heil, 1996. Uncertainty in Estimating Bankfull Conditions. Water Resources
Bulletin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 32(6):1283-1292.
Kilpatrick, F.A., and H.H. Barnes Jr. 1964. Channel Geometry of Piedmont Streams as Related to
Frequency of Floods. Professional Paper 422-E. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
Knighton, D. 1998. Fluvial Forms and Processes. Rutledge, Chapman, and Hall, Inc. New York, NY.
Leopold, L.B., 1994. A View of the River. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Leopold, L.B., and T. Maddock Jr., 1953. The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some
Physiographic Implications. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 252, 57 pp.
Lilly, J. P. 1981. The blackened soils of North Carolina: Their characteristics and management for
agriculture. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin No. 270.
Lutz, H. J. 1940. Disturbance of forest soil resulting from the uprooting of trees. Yale University School
of Forestry Bulletin No. 45.
Merigliano, M.F. 1997. Hydraulic Geometry and Stream Channel Behavior: An Uncertain Link. Journal
of the American Water Resources Association 33(6):1327-1336.
Nixon, M., 1959. A Study of Bankfull Discharges of Rivers in England and Wales. In Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 12, pp. 157-175.
North Carolina Geological Survey (NCGS). 1991. Geologic map of North Carolina.
Rosgen, D. L. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena 22:169-199.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 6-1
Buck Engineering
• Rosgen D. L. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology Books Pagosa Springs Colo.
,•
i Rosgen, D. L., 1997. A geomorphological approach to restoration of incised rivers. In: Wang, S.S.Y,
• E.J. Langendoen, and F.D. Shields, Jr. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Conference on Management of
• Landscapes Disturbed by Channel Incision. pp. 12-22.
Rosgen, D. L. 2001. A stream channel stability assessment methodology. Proceedings of the Federal
• Interagency Sediment Conference, Reno, NV, March, 2001.
Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina,
Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and
Recreation, NCDEHNR, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Scherrer, E. 2000. Using microtopography to restore wetland plant communities in Eastern North
Carolina. MS Thesis, Forestry Department, North Carolina State University.
Schumm, S. A., 1960. The Shape of Alluvial Channels in Relation to Sediment Type. U.S. Geological
' Survey Professional Paper 352-B. U.S. Geological Survey, Washigton, DC.
Simon, A. 1989. A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels. Earth Surface Processes
and Landforms 14(1):11-26.
• Skaggs, R. W. 1980. DRAINMOD Reference Report: Methods for design and evaluation of drainage-
water management systems for soils with high water tables. U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service. 329 pp.
Stephens, E. P. 1956. The uprooting of trees: a forest process. Soil Science Society of America
Proceedings 20:113-116.
Sweet, W.V. and J.W. Geratz. 2003. Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships and Recurrence
Intervals for North Carolina's Coastal Plain. Journal of the American Water Resources
Association 39(4):861-871
• US Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Research Program (WRP). 1997. Technical Note VN-RS-4.1.
US Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Research Program (WRP). July 2000. Technical Notes ERDC TN-
WRAP-00-02.
r US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS). 1997. Part 650, Chapter
. 19 of the NRCS Engineering Field Handbook: Hydrology Tools for Wetland Determination.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS). 1983. Soil Survey of Bladen
County, North Carolina.
• United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS). 1981. Soil Survey of
Cumberland County, North Carolina.
van Beers, W. F. J. 1970. The auger-hole method: a field measurement of hydraulic conductivity of soil
below the water table. Rev. ed. ILRI Bulletin 1, Wageningen, 32 pp.
i
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 6-2 Buck Engineering
Williams, G.P., 1978. Bankfull Discharge of Rivers. Water Resources Research 14(6):1141-1154.
Wolman, M.G. and L.B. Leopold., 1957. River Floodplains: Some Observations on their Formation.
USGS Professional Paper 282-C. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
Privateer Farms Restoration Project 6-3 Buck Engineering

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Project Exhibits.
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Exhibit 1-1. Restoration Project Map
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Appendix 2:
Well Hydrographs for the Project Site from March 2002 through September 2003.
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Privateer - Well 25
5
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d
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Date
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Privateer - Well 26
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-10 -
-15
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Date
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Privateer - Well 27
5 - ?-? -

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-15 -
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- _ _ _
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Date
APPENDIX 3:
Existing Condition Cross-sections and Bed Material Analyses
for Harrison Creek.
•
i
M f
Ste,?[n Bf,CF Nfax BKF
Feature BKF Area BIF Widifl
Depth De .p
W/D13ft(o ER BKf ?FevTpB'Ele ,
Pool E5 64.9 22.42 2.89 4.11 7.75 1.6 4.2 91.9 94.26
Cross-section #3 - Harrison Creek
98
96 ............................... o
c 94-
m 92 .................

w 90
88
86

100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Station o - - Bankfull --- 0 - - Floodprone

Fatue;• Strum
T )e BKF Ayes
BKF Vlhdth Btt
De;lh N1 BKF
Dew tti
W/D' B , `f2iio
ER K' P.
B}iC Elegy
fiil
Pool G5 52.7 17.66 2.99 4.5 5.91 2.2 1.7 90.7 98
96
c 94
92
m 90
w 88
86
84
Cross-section #4 - Harrison Creek
100 120 140 160
180 200 220 240 260
Station - - o Bankfull --- o-- Floodprone

Fea44re St> eam
T' e'
BKF Area;..
BKF Width
11 BKF
De`„th Max BKF
th
< -W/D
BH Ratio
ER
B Elev..
TOB Efev;
Pool E5 50.4 19.44 2.59 3.51 7.5 1.7 3.5 91.7 94.17
100
98
c 96
0
94
m 92
w 90
88
86
Cross-section #5 - Harrison Creek
----------------------- ... o
..............
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Station - -o- - Bankfull - - -o - - Floodprone
NOTE: ELEVATIONS ARE ARBITRARY AND WERE NOT TIED TOGETHER BETWEEN CROSS-SECTIONS.
i
•
•
•
•
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
•
Strean bKF NllV0I3KF
Feature Tyke B}<F Area B,KF Width Degth Defh VJ/D BH Ratio ER 6_KFJevTOB Elea
Pnnl Fri 74 U » R:i i R1 F dd R Rd 1 R A I - ?Qg 79 Q7 1 a
Cross-section #7 - Harrison Creek
100

98 ..._-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------o
c 96
0
94
------------------ -
m 92-
w 90
88
86

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 20 0
Station - - -o Bankfull --- 0-- Floodpron e
Slrearii BKF Max qRF
Feature T e BKF Ares BKF Width Dett_ D„g tti,., W/D I Btu Ratio ER ¢I<FEtev; ®B Eje
Pool E5 59.6 20.05 2.97 4.3 6.75 1.3 4.5 95.58 96.91
Cross-section #10a - Harrison Creek
102
100 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------o
c 98
> 96 ------------------
N
w 94
92
90

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 20 0
Station - - -o- - Bankfull --- 0 - - Floodpron e

Feature Stream
T e
BKF Area
BKF Width BKF =
Depth Max BKF
Depth
W/D
BH Ratio;
ER.
BKF Elew; I
JOD EI$v,
Pool E5 51.5 16.63 3.09 4.54 5.37 1.2 5.3 94.5 95.25
Cross-section #10b - Harrison Creek
100
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------o
98-
0 96
ca 94 -
---------------
-
92-
90
w 88
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Station - - -o-- Bankfull - - -o- Floodprone
NOTE: ELEVATIONS ARE ARBITRARY AND WERE NOT TIED TOGETHER BETWEEN CROSS-SECTIONS.
PEBBLE COUNT DATA SHEET
SITE OR PROJECT: Privateer Farms
REACH/LOCATION: X-Sec #4
DATE COLLECTED: 10/27/2003
FIELD COLLECTION BY: Will Pedersen
ILAB ANALYSIS BY: Julie Elmore
SEDIMENT ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
PARTICLE CLASS WEIGHT (g) Reach Summary
MATERIAL .PARTICLE SIZE (mm) Riffle Pool Total Class % % cum
Silt / Clay < .062 12.00 1.01 1.01
Very Fine .062-.125 9.00 0.76 1.77

S Fine .125-.25 39.00 3.28 5.05
A , Medium .25-.50 504.50 42.48 47.54
N
D Coarse .50-1.0 581.00 48.93 96.46
Very Coarse 1.0-1.4 36.50 3.07 99.54
Very Coarse 1.4-2.0 5.50 0.46 100.00
00-
0.0
?
Very Fine
2.0-4.75.
100.00
o O
G o?
R Fine

Medium 4.75-6.3

6.3-12.5 100.00

100.00

? A

V
C
Medium
12.5-16.0
100.00
E Coarse 16.0-22.6 100.00
000 L Coarse 22.6 - 32 100.00
C Very Coarse 32 - 45 100.00
0
Q
Very Coarse
45 - 64
100.00
0
O
Small
64 - 90
100.00
Small 90 - 128 100.00
COBBLE Large 128 - 180 100.00
O Large 180 - 256 100.00
Small 256 - 362 100.00
Small 362 - 512 100.00

BOULDER Medium 512 - 1024 100.00
Large-Very Large 1024 - 2048 100.00
BEDROCK Bedrock > 2048 100.00
Totals: 0.00 0.00 1187.50 100 100
PEBBLE COUNT DATA SHEET
SITE OR PROJECT: Privateer Farms
REACH/LOCATION: X-Sec #7;
DATE COLLECTED: 10/29/2003
FIELD COLLECTION BY: Ward Elis
ILAB ANALYSIS BY: Julie Elmore
SEDIMENT ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
PARTICLE CLASS WEIGHT (g) Reach Summary
MATERIAL PARTICLE SIZE (mm) Riffle Pool Total Class % % Cum
Silt/ Clay <.062 60.50 12.59 12.59
Very Fine .062-.125 26.00 5.41 18.00

S ? Fine .125-.25 50.50 10.51 28.51
rr A Medium .25-.50 155.00 32.26 60.77
N
D Coarse .50-1.0 139.00 28.93 89.70
Very Coarse 1.0-1.4 29.00 6.04 95.73
Very Coarse 1.4-2.0 14.00 2.91 98.65

O Very Fine 2.0-4.75 6.50 1.35 100.00
?
G o Fine 4.75-6.3 100.00
R Medium 6.3-12.5 100.00
0 A
V C Medium 12.5-16.0
100.00
E Coarse 16.0-22.6 100.00
O L vC) ( Coarse 22.6 - 32 100.00
C Very Coarse 32 - 45 100.00
G
hnr Very Coarse 45 - 64 100.00
O Small 64 - 90 100.00
Small 90 - 128 100.00

In Large 128 - 180 100.00
g Large 180 - 256 100.00
Small 256 - 362 100.00
Small 362 - 512 100.00

BOULDER Medium 512 - 1024 100.00
Large-Very Large 1024 - 2048 100.00
BEDROCK Bedrock > 2048 100.00
Totals: 0.00 0.00 480.50 100 100
PEBBLE COUNT DATA SHEET
SITE OR PROJECT: Privateer Farms
REACH/LOCATION: Xsec #10A
DATE COLLECTED: 10/29/2003
FIELD COLLECTION BY: Ward Elis
ILAB ANALYSIS BY: Julie Elmore
SEDIMENT ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
PARTICLE CLASS WEIGHT (g) Reach Summary
MATERIAL PARTICLE SIZE (mm) Riffle Pool Total Class % % Cum
Silt / Clay < .062 80.00 10.70 10.70
Very Fine .062-.125 68.50 9.16 19.85

S Fine .125-25 89.00 11.90 31.75
A Medium .25-.50 258.50 34.56 66.31
N
D Coarse .50-1.0 185.00 24.73 91.04
Very Coarse 1.0-1.4 29.00 3.88 94.92
Very Coarse 1.4-2.0 16.50 2.21 97.13
p
a Very Fine 2.0-4.75 21.50 2.87 100.00
Oo o
G o? Fine 4.75-6.3 100.00
R O Medium 6.3-12.5 100.00

? A

V
C
Medium
12.5-16.0
100.00
E Coarse 16.0-22.6 100.00
000 L Coarse 22.6 - 32 100.00
C Very Coarse 32 - 45 100.00
,)i 0 G Very Coarse 45 - 64 100.00
0 Small 64 90 100.00
Small 90 - 128 100.00
COBBLE Large 128 - 180 100.00
O Large 180 - 256 100.00
Small 256 - 362 100.00
Small 362 - 512 100.00

BOULDER
K
Medium
512 - 1024
100.00
1
1pp( Large-Very Large 1024 - 2048 100.00
BEDROCK Bedrock > 2048 100.00
Totals: 0.00 0.00 748.00 100 100
Appendix 4:
Wetland Delineation Forms for the Project Enhancement Area.
DATA FORM
ROUTINE WETLAND DETERMINATION
(1987 COE Wetlands Determination Manual)
Project / Site: Privateer Farms Date: 10/15/03
Applicant / Owner: Buck Engineering County: Bladen
Investigator: John Hutton State: NC
Do normal circumstances exist on the site? Yes X No Community ID:
Is the site significantly disturbed (Atypical situation)? Yes No X Transect ID:
Is the area a potential problem area? Yes No X Plot ID:
(explain on reverse if needed)
VEGETATION
Dominant Plant Species
1. Redbav Stratum
Tree Indicator
FacW Dominant Plant Species Stratum Indicator
9.
2. Sweetbay Tree FacW+ 10.
3. Loblolly Bay Tree FacW 11.
4. Sweetgum Tree Fac+ 12.
5. Blueberry Shrub FacW 13.
6. Sweet pepperbush Shrub FacW 14.
7. Grape Vine Fac+ 15.
8. Laural leaf smilax Vine FacW+ 16.

Percent of Dominant Species that are OBL, FACW, or FAC excluding FAC-). 100%
Remarks: Wetland Vegetation Present Based Upon Greater than 50% of the Plant Species are Classified as
FAC-OBL in the National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands. Sample plot was taken.
HYDROLOGY
X Recorded Data (Describe In Remarks): Wetland Hydrology Indicators
_ Stream, Lake, or Tide Gauge
X Aerial Photographs Primary Indicators:
_ Other Inundated
_Saturated in Upper 12"
No Recorded Data Available X- Water Marks
Drift Lines
Field Observations: X. Sediment Deposits
X- Drainage Patterns in Wetlands
Depth of Surface Water: 0 (in.) Secondary Indicators:
Oxidized Roots Channels in Upper 12"
Depth to Free Water in Pit: 15 (in.) x Water-Stained Leaves
x Local Soil Survey Data
Depth to Saturated Soil: 12 (in.) x FAC-Neutral Test
_ Other (Explain in Remarks)
Remarks:
SOILS
Map Unit Name
(Series and Phase): Croatan Muck Drainage Class: Very Poorly Drained
Taxonomy (Subgroup): Medisaprist Confirm Mapped Type? Yes X No
Profile Description:
Depth Matrix Colors Mottle Colors Mottle Texture, Concretions,
inches Horizon (Munsell Moist) ( Munsell Moist) Abundance/Contrast Structure, etc.
0-24 A 7.5yr 1/1 NA NA Sandy Loam
Hydric Soil Indicators:
_ Histosol Concretions
Histic Epipedon x High Organic Content in Surface Layer in Sandy Soils
x Sulfidic Odor x Organic Streaking in Sandy Soils
Aquic Moisture Regime X Listed On Local Hydric Soils List
x Reducing Conditions X Listed on National Hydric Soils List
x Gleyed or Low-Chroma Colors -Other (Explain in Remarks)
Remarks:
WETLAND DETERMINATION
Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? Yes X No Is the Sampling Point
Wetland Hydrology Present? Yes X No Within a Wetland? Yes X No
Hydric Soils Present? Yes X No
Remarks: Location (enhancement zone of Privateer stream and wetland mitigation site) is classified as a
wetland based upon the criteria set forth in the 1987 Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual.
DATA FORM
ROUTINE WETLAND DETERMINATION
(1987 COE Wetlands Determination Manual)
Project / Site: Privateer Farms Date: 10/15/03
Applicant / Owner: Buck Engineering County: Bladen
Investigator: John Hutton State: NC
Do normal circumstances exist on the site? Yes X No Community ID:
Is the site significantly disturbed (Atypical situation)? Yes No X Transect ID:
Is the area a potential problem area? Yes No X Plot ID:
(explain on reverse if needed)
VEGETATION
Dominant Plant Species Stratum Indicator
1. Swamp Tupelo Tree Obl Dominant Plant Species Stratum Indicator
9.
2._ Sweetbay Tree FacW+ 10.
3. Bald Cypress Tree ON 11.
4. Sweetgum Tree Fac+ 12.
5. Giant Cane Shrub FacW 13.
6. Sweet pepperbush Shrub FacW 14.
7. Grape Vine Fac+ 15.
8. Laural leaf smilax Vine FacW+ 16.

Percent of Dominant Species that are OBL, FACW, or FAC excluding FAC-). 100%
Remarks: Wetland Vegetation Present Based Upon Greater than 50% of the Plant Species are Classified as
FAC-OBL in the National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands. Sample plot was taken.
HYDROLOGY
X Recorded Data (Describe In Remarks): Wetland Hydrology Indicators
_ Stream, Lake, or Tide Gauge
X Aerial Photographs Primary Indicators:
Other Inundated
X Saturated in Upper 12"
_ No Recorded Data Available X Water Marks
Drift Lines
Field Observations: X Sediment Deposits
X Drainage Patterns in Wetlands
Depth of Surface Water: 0 (in.) Secondary Indicators:

Depth to. Free Water in Pit: 8 (in.) Oxidized Roots Channels in Upper 12"
x Water-Stained Leaves
X Local Soil Survey Data
Depth to Saturated Soil: 6 (in.) x FAC-Neutral Test
Other (Explain in Remarks)
Remarks:
0 SOILS
Map Unit Name
(Series and Phase): Croatan Muck Drainage Class: Very Poorly Drained
Taxonomy (Subgroup): MedisWrist Confirm Mapped Type? Yes X No
Profile Description:
Depth Matrix Colors Mottle Colors Mottle Texture, Concretions,
(inches) Horizon (Munsell Moist) (Munsell Moist) Abundance/Contrast Structure, etc.
0-24 A 7.5yr 1/1 NA NA Organic
Hydric Soil Indicators:
Histosol _ Concretions
x Histic Epipedon X High Organic Content in Surface Layer in Sandy Soils
x Sulfidic Odor X Organic Streaking in Sandy Soils
x Aquic Moisture Regime x Listed On Local Hydric Soils List
x Reducing Conditions X Listed on National Hydric Soils List
x Gleyed or Low-Chroma Colors _ Other (Explain in Remarks)
Remarks:
WETLAND DETERMINATION
Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? Yes X No Is the Sampling Point
Wetland Hydrology Present? Yes X No Within a Wetland? Yes X No
Hydric Soils Present? Yes X No
Remarks: Location (enhancement zone of Privateer stream and wetland mitigation site) is classified as a
wetland based upon the criteria set forth in the 1987 Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual.
Appendix 5:
DRAINMOD model input files used to model the
existing conditions of the project site.
r
r
. DRAINMOD GEN File Used to Model the Existing Conditions at Well 26 - Privateer Farms.
. *** Job Title ***
EXISTING HYDROLOGY FOR PRIVATEER FARMS WELL #26- FAYETTEVILLE, NC
i '** Printout and Input Control 2
. 111 c:\Drainmod\outputs
` Climate ***
1 C:\DRAINMOD\W EATHER\LUMBERTON. RAI
. 1 C:\DRAINMOD\WEATHER\LUMBERTON.TEM
2002 1 2003 9 3476 80 0
. 1.94 2.32 2.09 1.73 1.23 1.02 .89 .84 .95 1.07 1.23 1.38
** Drainage System Design'**
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
190.00 10.00 5333.00 1.00 2.50 .50 10.74 15.00
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
0 1000.000000 1000.000000 1.200000 E-03
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
20.00 3.00 150.00
1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1 120 1120
Soils **'
200.00 10.00
60. 4.90 200.17.90 0..00 0. .00 0..00
99 .00
**' Trafficability ***
41 5 1 820 3.0 1.2 2.0
12311231820 3.0 1.2 2.0
Crop
.170
410 818 30.00
410 818
2
1 1 45.001231 45.00
*** Wastewater Irrigation ***
0 00 0 0 0
00 00 00 00
.00000 .00000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
WET'** Wetlands Information ***
1
75 317
30.0 29
COM *** Combo Drainage Weir Settings
0 00 .0
000 .0
0 0 0 .0
000 .0
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
000 .0
0 0 0 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
FPE *** Fixed Avg Daily PET for the month(cm) ***
.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
MRA *** Monthly Ranking
0
FAC Daily PET Factors
0
STM **' Soil Temperature **'
ZA ZB TKA TKB TB TLAG TSNOW TMELT CDEG
000 .000 .000 .000 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Initial Soil Temperature
0
Initial snow depth(m) & density(kg/m3)
.00 .00
Freezing characteristic curve
0
00
CICE
DRAINMOD GEN File Used to Model the Existing Conditions at Well 13 - Privateer Farms.
"' Job Title'**
EXISTING HYDROLOGY FOR PRIVATEER FARMS WELL #13 - FAYETTEVILLE, NC
*** Printout and Input Control '**
3 111 C:\Drainmod\outputs
- Climate ***
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.RAI
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.TEM
2002 1 2003 9 3476 80 0
1.94 2.32 2.09 1.73 1.23 1.02 .89 .84 .95 1.07 1.23 1.38
Drainage System Design
1
50.00 89.04 17141.00 1.00 2.50 .50 4.57 15.00
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
0 1000.000000 1000.000000 1.200000E-03
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
60.00 3.00 80.00
1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120
- Soils'*'
140.00 10.00
140.15.00 0. .00 0. .00 0. .00 0. .00
99 .00
*** Trafflcability ***
41 5 1 820 3.0 1.2 2.0
12311231820 3.0 1.2 2.0
*"* Crop *
.170
410818 30.00
410818
2
1 1 45.001231 45.00
*** Wastewater Irrigation ***
0 00 0 0 0
00 00 00 00
.00000 .00000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
WET *** Wetlands Information
1
75 317
30.0 29
COM *** Combo Drainage Weir Settings «**
000 .0
000 .0
0 0 0 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
FIDE *** Fixed Avg Daily PET for the month(cm) ***
.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
MRA *** Monthly Ranking'**
0
FAC *'* Daily PET Factors
0
STM *'* Soil Temperature
ZA ZB TKA TKB TB TLAG TSNOW TMELT CDEG CICE
.000 .000 .000 .000 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Initial Soil Temperature
0
Initial snow depth(m) & density(kglm3)
.00 .00
Freezing characteristic curve
0
DRAINMOD GEN File Used to Model the Existing Conditions at Well 11- Privateer Farms.
*** Job Title '**
EXISTING HYDROLOGY FOR PRIVATEER FARMS WELL #11- FAYETTEVILLE, NC
*** Printout and Input Control
3100 C:\Drainmod\outputs
"'* Climate **'
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.RAI
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.TEM
1907 1 2003 9 3476 80 0
1.94 2.32 2.09 1.73 1.23 1.02 .89 .84 .95 1.07 1.231.38
** Drainage System Design
3
152.00 47.80 5212.00 .50 10.00 .50 8.11 20.00
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
0 1000.000000 1000.000000 1.200000 E-03
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
40.00 3.00 8.00
1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120
'«« Soils **'
200.00 10.00
50.10.00150. 8.00 230. 2.00 0..00 0..00
99 .00
**" Trafficability "**
4 1 5 1 820 3.0 1.2 2.0
12311231820 3.0 1.2 2.0
««« Crop . «
.170
410 818 30.00
410 818
2
1 1 45.001231 45.00
*** Wastewater Irrigation
0 00 0 0 0
00 00 00 00
.00000 .00000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
WET *** Wetlands Information
1
78 320
30.0 30
COM *** Combo Drainage Weir Settings
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
0 00 .0
000 .0
0 00 .0
000 .0
0 0 0 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
0 0 0 .0
FPE *** Fixed Avg Daily PET for the month(cm) ***
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
MRA *** Monthly Ranking ***
0
FAC *** Daily PET Factors *'*
0
STM *** Soil Temperature ***
ZA ZB TKA TKB TB TLAG TSNOW TMELT CDEG
.000 .000 .000 .000 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Initial Soil Temperature
0
Initial snow depth(m) & density(kg/m3)
.00 .00
Freezing characteristic curve
0
1.00 1.00
CICE
Appendix 6:
Letters from the Natural Heritage Program and
the NC Department of Cultural Resources.
saa SiA7E v
auw
North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
State Historic Preservation Office
David L. S. Brook, Administrator
Michael F. Easley, Governor Division of Archives and History
Lisbeth C. Evans, Secretary Jeffrey J. Crow, Director
i January 8, 2002
Anthony D. Scarbraugh
LandMark Design Group
57600 Six Forks Road Suite 201
. Raleigh NC 27609
. .Re: Wetland and Stream Mitigation Site Feasibility Study of Privateer Farms, Bladen and
Cumberland Counties, ER 02-7988
Dear Mr. Scarbraugh:
• Thank you for your letter of October 25, 2001, concerning the above project.
We have conducted a revieW of the proposed undertaking and are aware of no historic resources which
would be affected by the project. Therefore, we have no comment on the undertaking as proposed.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the
. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's Regulations for Compliance with Section 106 codified at 36
CFR Part 800.
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions concerning the above comment,
contact Renee Gledhill-Earley, environmental review coordinator, at 919/733-4763. In all future
. communication concerning this project, please cite the above referenced tracking number.
Sincerely,
i avid Brook
DB:kgc
?I
• Location Mailing Address Telepbone/Fax
Administration 507 N. Blount St, Raleigh, NC 4617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh 27699-4617 [phone].733-8653
. ` ."Restoration 515 N. Blount St, Raleigh, NC 4613 Mail Service Center, Raleigh 27699-4613 [phone].715-4801
.:;Survey & Planning 515 N. Blount St, Raleigh, NC 4618 Mail Service Center, Raleigh 27699-4618 [phone] .715 4801

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101
.A7iA-
NCDENR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
November 15, 2001
Mr. Anthony Scarbraugh
LandMark Design Group
5700 Six Forks Road, Suite 201
Raleigh, NC 27609
Subject: Wetland and Stream Mitigation Site Feasibility Study of Privateer Farms, Bladen
County; LMDG Project No. 1960024-315.00
Dear Mr. Scarbraugh:
The Natural Heritage Program has no record of rare species, significant natural.communities, or
priority natural areas at the site nor within a mile of the site. Because of the potential of Little
Alligator Swamp to be a significant natural area, I contacted Richard LeBlond, a staff member
who is concluding a study of the natural areas in Cumberland County. He indicated to me that
only that portion of Little Alligator Swamp east of the large white area on the t6po map (i.e.,
northeast of the project area) is a significant area. I assume, then, that he examined-that portion
of the swamp within the project area, either from aerial photos or other sources, and found it not
to be significant. Nonetheless, any portions of this large project area that still retain natural
vegetation might be worthy of protection.
You may wish to check the Natural Heritage Program database website at
<www.ncWarks.net/php/search.html> for a listing of rare plants and animals and significant
natural communities in the county and on the topographic quad map. Please do not hesitate to
contact me at 919-715-8687 if you have questions or need further information.
Sincerely,
Harry E. LeGrand, Jr., Zoologist
Natural Heritage Program
HEL/hel
1601 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1601
Phone: [phone] \ Fax: [phone] \ Internet: www.enr.state.nc.us
'A - L`......i ^-....w....... l A D.--l-A % 1110/ D-t !`.,..?,.,..o. P--
-
Appendix 7:
DRAINMOD input files used to model the
proposed restoration practices at the project site.
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DRAINMOD File Used to Model Conditions 50 Feet from the Restored Stream Channel -
Privateer Farms.
*** Job Title ***
DESIGN ANLAYSIS - 50 FT FROM STREAM - PRIVATEER FARMS - FAYETTEVILLE, NC
*** Printout and Input Control 2
3101 C:\Drainmod\outputs
*** Climate ***
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.RAI
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.TEM
1907 1 2003 9 3476 80 0
1.94 2.32 2.09 1.73 1.23 1.02 .89 .84 .95 1.07 1.23 1.38
**' Drainage System Design ***
40.00 134.65 3050.00 4.00 10.00 3.00 3.94 20.00
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
0 1000.000000 1000.000000 1.200000E-03
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
40.00 3.00 8.00
11 2011 20 1 120 11 20 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120
*'* Soils ***
200.00 10.00
50.10.00 150. 8.00 230. 2.00 0. .00 0. .00
99 .00
Trafficability *'*
4 1 5 1 820 3.0 1.2 2.0
12311231 820 3.0 1.2 2.0
Crop'
.170
410818 30.00
410 818
2
2.1 45.001231 45.00
Wastewater Irrigation
0 00 0 0 0
00 00 00 00
.00000 .00000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
WET'** Wetlands Information
1
78 320
30.0 30
COM *** Combo Drainage Weir Settings ***
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
0 0 0 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
FPE *** Fixed Avg Daily PET for the month(cm) -
. 00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
MRAMonthly Ranking
0
FAC'** Daily PET Factors
0
STM Soil Temperature *"*
ZA ZB TKA TKB TB TLAG TSNOW TMELT CDEG
000 .000 .000 .000 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Initial Soil Temperature
0
Initial snow depth(m) & density(kg/m3)
.00 .00
Freezing characteristic curve
0
.00
CICE
• DRAINMOD File Used to Model Conditions 500 Feet from the Restored Stream Channel -
Privateer Farms.
• '"* Job Title ***
DESIGN ANLAYSIS - 500 FT FROM STREAM - PRIVATEER FARMS - FAYETTEVILLE, NC
. *** Printout and Input Control
3100 C:\Drainmod\outputs
'"* Climate ***
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.RAI
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.TEM
1907 1 2003 9 3476 80 0
1.94 2.32 2.091.73 1.23 1.02 .89 .84 .95 1.07 1.231.38
*** Drainage System Design ***
z

40.00 157.10 30500.00 3.00 10.00 2.00 3.94 20.00
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
0 1000.000000 1000.000000 1200000E-03
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
40.00 3.00 8.00
1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120
Soils ***
200.00 10.00
50.10.00 150. 8.00 230. 2.00 0. .00 0..00
99 .00
Trafficability
41 5 1 820 3.0 1.2 2.0
12311231820 3.0 1.2 2.0
**" Crop
.170
410 818 30.00
410 818
2
11 45.001231 45.00
*** Wastewater Irrigation
0 00 0 0 0
00 00 00 00
.00000 .00000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
WET'*' Wetlands Information
1
78 320
30.0 30
COM *** Combo Drainage Weir Settings **"
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
FPE *** Fixed Avg Daily PET for the month(cm) `**
.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
MRA Monthly Ranking
0
FAC **' Daily PET Factors
0
STM *** Soil Temperature
ZA ZB TKA TKB TB TLAG TSNOW TMELT CDEG
000 .000 .000 .000 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Initial Soil Temperature
0
Initial snow depth(m) & density(kg/m3)
.00 .00
Freezing characteristic curve
0
.00
CICE
• DRAINMOD File Used to Model Conditions 1000 Feet from the Restored Stream Channel -
Privateer Farms.
• *** Job Title ***
. DESIGN ANLAYSIS -1000 FT FROM STREAM - PRIVATEER FARMS - FAYETTEVILLE, NC
. *** Printout and Input Control **"
3100 C:\Drainmod\outputs
Climate ***
1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.RAI
. 1 C:\DRAINMOD\INPUTS\PRIVATEER\LUMBERTON.TEM
1907 12003 9 3476 80 0
1.94 2.32 2.09 1.73 1.23 1.02 .89 .84 .95 1.07 1.23 1.38
Drainage System Design ***
•
•
40.00 157.10 30500.00 3.00 10.00 2.00 3.94 20.00
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
0 1000.000000 1000.000000 1.200000E-03
0 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
40.00 3.00 8.00
1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120 1120
Soils ***
200.00 10.00
50.10.00 150. 8.00 230. 2.00 0. .00 0..00
99 .00
'* Trafficability ***
41 51 820 3.0 1.2 2.0
12311231820 3.0 1.2 2.0
- Crop ***
.170
410818 30.00
410 818
2
11 45.001231 45.00
*** Wastewater Irrigation
0 00 0 0 0
00 00 00 00
.00000 .00000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
WET *** Wetlands Information
1
78 320
30.0 30
COM *** Combo Drainage Weir Settings'**
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
000 .0
FPE *** Fixed Avg Daily PET for the month(cm)
.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
MRA *'* Monthly Ranking
0
FAC Daily PET Factors
0
STM Soil Temperature
ZA ZB TKA TKB TB TLAG TSNOW TMELT CDEG
000 .000 .000 .000 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Initial Soil Temperature
0
Initial snow depth(m) & density(kg/m3)
.00 .00
Freezing characteristic curve
0
.00
CICE
Appendix 8:
Reference wetland and stream data.
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•
Stream BKF BKF ? Nllax,BKF
Frafure Type BWidth Depth Depth W D BH Patio EP K El' TOLE
Pool ----- 23.8 16.55 1.44 2.2 11.52 1 6.2 501.01 501.01

Panther Branch Cross-section Station 1+14
503
5-
.
503
502.5-
502-
501.5-
0 501 -------------
> 500.5
M 500-
w
499.5-
499-
498
5
.
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Station (ft)
I --- a - - Bankfull - - -o- - Floodprone
Slim` BK F 1a B
eau Tye BKF ® Depth ' D EFf ' g le'
Riffle E 14.6 10.94 1.33 1.88 8.21 1 10.8 500.35 500.35
Panther Branch Cross-section Station 2+41
503

502
c 501
500
a?
w 499
498
100 120 140 160
Station (ft)
180 200 220
1 . •0-- Bankfull - - -o - - Floodprone
qtr rn BKF BKF Max BKF _
F al B Width- I [j
h W ID Hat Lo R B F Elt v TQF, Et
Pool ---- 18.2 11.87 1.53 2.8 7.74 1 9.4 500.2 500.2
Panther Branch Cross-section 4+20
504
503
502
0 501
500
w 499
498
497
------------------------------------------------------------------------•-------o
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Station (ft)
- - -o - • Bankfull - - o - - Floodprone

qtr am BKF BKF _ M" x BKF
atur¢ TX e BKF Area Width ?th D th WID BH Qdtoj .. E KF ?k T_
Riffle E 14.6 12.23 1.19 1.81 10.26 1 9.8 499.59 499.59
Panther Branch Cross-section Station 5+78
502
501
e 500
499
d
w 498 Z
497 1- r r r ---?
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Station (ft)
- -o - - Bankfull - - -o - - Floodprone
treani B YK v1ax F
'til
Fe ats e B rea` W fie th' De th `' VLP B Rati ER, Ele' T "
e
Pool ---- 20.3 13.47 1.51 3.14 8.94 1.2 8.2 499.52 500.28
Panther Branch Cross-section Station 6+77

503 ---•---------- ------- ---•------ -------------------------- o
502
501 IIJ

500-
499-
w
498
497

496
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Station I --- 0- - Bankfull --- 0 Floodprone
SIEVE ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
SITE OR PROJECT: Privateer Farmes #157
REACH/LOCATION: Panther Branch Reference Reach
DATE COLLECTED: 31-Dec-03
FIELD COLLECTION BY: Mike Rooney
LAB ANALYSIS BY: Mike Rooney
PARTICLE CLASS WEIGHT (g) Reach Summary
MATERIAL PARTICLE SIZE (mm) Riffle Pool Total Class % % Cum
Silt / Clay <.062 8.00 0.73 0.73
Very Fine .062-.125 25.00 2.27 3.00
Fine .125-.25 222.00 20.17 23.17
S
A
Medium
.25-.50
646.50
58.75
81.92
N r
C 50-1
0 182.00 16.54 98.46
D' oa
se .
.
Very Coarse 1.0-1.4 12.50 1.14 99.59
Very Coarse 1.4-2.0 4.50 0.41 100.00
O ?j

O
Very Fine
2.0-4.75
100.00
ho Oa Fine 4.75-6.3 100.00
G
R
Medium
6.3-12.5 100.00

0 A C Medium 12.5-16.0 100.00
v
E
Coarse
16.0-22.6
100.00
O L Coarse 22.6 - 32 100.00
C Very Coarse 32 - 45 100.00
OOQJG
Very Coarse 45 - 64 100.00
O Small 64 - 90 100.00
Small 90 - 128 100.00
COBBLE 100
00
Large 128 - 180 .
O Large 180 - 256 100.00
Small 256 - 362 100.00
Small 362 - 512 100.00
BOULDER
100
00
Medium 512 - 1024 .
P5771 Large-Very Large 1024 - 2048 100.00
BEDROCK Bedrock > 2048 100.00
Totals: 0.00 0.00 1100.50 100 100
Appendix 9:
Conservation Easement Agreement for the Project Site.
-bhb:SZi ! VbbU7
12863
RECEIVED
1R-31-2003 All 9-w33:12
J. LEE WARREN JR.
REGISTER OF DEEDS
CUI'IBERLAHD CGa g N.C..
Prepared by and return to:
Robert IL Merritt, Jr.
Bailey & Dixon, LLP
P. O. Box 1351
Raleigh, NC 27602 t-
PERMANENT CONSERVATION EASEMENT
fS4
THIS CONSERVATION EASEMENT ("Conservation Easement") made this 2r" day
of ?Al , 2003, by and between SHARON VALENTINE, sole beneficiary of and Executrix
of the Estate of Steve A. Quinn, deceased, and E. MARVIN JOHNSON, a Widower,
("Grantors") and THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, an
agency of the State of North Carolina (hereinafter referred to as ` NCDOT" or "Grantee").
The designation Grantors and Grantee as used herein shall include said parties, their
successors and assigns, and shall include singular, plural, masculine, feminine or neuter as
required by context.
RECITALS
WHEREAS, Grantors own in fee simple certain real property situated, lying and being in
Bladen and Cumberland Counties, North Carolina, more particularly described in Exhibit A
attached hereto and incorporated herein (the "Property"); and
WHEREAS, Grantee is qualified to be the Grantee of a conservation easement pursuant
to N.C. Gen. Stat. §121-35; and
5

t -)AC7oJV !!UtJVv
WHEREAS, the NCDOT issued a Request for Proposals for qualified providers to
provide up to 325 credits of riverine wetlands and 33,000 lineal feet of stream restoration located
in the Cape Fear River Basin to be used as compensatory mitigation for impacts resulting from
unavoidable impacts to aquatic resources from NCDOT Projects and the NCDOT desires to
utilize the Property for the implementation of mitigation activities and to acquire a permanent
conservation easement over the Property to obtain the above-referenced Compensatory
Mitigation; and
WHEREAS, the purpose of this Conservation Easement is to provide lands for mitigation
comprised of the following restored communities: small stream swamp, headwater stream system
and other riverine and non-riverine systems, in order to satisfy permit conditions; and
WHEREAS, the preservation of the Property is a condition of future Department of the
Army permit actions issued by the Wilmington District Corp of Engineers, required to mitigate
for unavoidable stream and/or wetland impacts authorized by such permits, and certified by a
401 Water Quality Certification issued by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality.
Grantors agree that a third-parry right of enforcement shall be held by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Wilmington District and the North Carolina Division of Water Quality ("Third
Parties", which Third Parties shall include any successor agencies), and that these rights are in
addition to, and do not limit, the rights of enforcement under said permit and certification.
NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the covenants and representations
contained herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and legal sufficiency
of which is hereby acknowledged, Grantors hereby unconditionally and irrevocably grant and
convey unto Grantee, its successors and assigns, forever and in perpetuity, a Conservation
Easement, a Non-Exclusive Permanent Ingress/Egress Easement and a 100 foot Temporary
Construction Easement, all in the nature and character and to the extent hereinafter set forth, over
the Property and as described on Exhibit A, together with the right to preserve and protect the
conservation values thereof, as follows:
ARTICLE I.
DURATION OF EASEMENT
This Conservation Easement and the associated Non-Exclusive Permanent Ingress/Egress
Easement shall be perpetual. This Conservation Easement is an easement in gross, runs with the
land is enforceable by Grantee against Grantors, Grantors' successors and assigns, lessees,
agents and licensees.
ARTICLE H.
PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES
Except as otherwise set forth herein, any activity on, or use of, the Property inconsistent
with the purpose and terms of this Conservation Easement is prohibited. The Property shall be
returned to and preserved in its natural condition and, subject to the other easements, rights of
way and rights reserved herein, the Property shall be restricted from any development that would
impair or interfere with the conservation value of the Property.
Subject to the foregoing, the following activities and uses are expressly prohibited,
restricted or reserved as indicated hereunder:
A. Disturbance of Natural Features. Any change disturbance, alteration or
impairment of the natural features of the Property or any introduction of non-
native plants and/or animal species is prohibited.
B. Construction. There shall be no constructing or placing of any building, mobile
home, asphalt or concrete pavement, billboard or other advertising display,
antenna, utility pole, tower, conduit, line pier landing, dock or any other
3
uiS V%J%J ! I ULV V
temporary or permanent structure or facility on or above the Property, other than
as may be necessary to perform restoration or enhancement of the Property to its
natural state.
C. Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use. Industrial and/or commercial
activities, including any right of passage used in conjunction with commercial or
industrial activity, are prohibited on the Properly. Residential use of the Property
is prohibited.
D. Azricultural, Grazing and Horticultural Use. Agricultural, grazing, and
horticultural use of the Property is prohibited.
E. Vegetation. There shall be no removal, burning, destruction, harming, cutting or
mowing of trees, shrubs, or other vegetation on the Property.
F. Signage. No signs shall be permitted on or over the Property, except the posting
of no trespassing signs, signs identifying the conservation values of the Property,
signs giving directions or proscribing rules and regulations for the use of the
Property and/or signs identifying the Grantors as owner of the Property and
Grantee as the holder of Conservation Easement on the Property.
G. Dumping or Storage. Dumping or storage of soil, trash, ashes, garbage, waste,
abandoned vehicles, appliances, machinery or hazardous substances, or toxic or
hazardous waste, or any placement of underground or aboveground storage tanks
or other materials on the Property is prohibited.
H. Mineral Use, Excavation, Dredging. There shall be no grading, filling,
excavation, dredging, mining or drilling; no removal of topsoil, sand, gravel, rock,
peat, minerals or other materials, and no change in the topography of the land in
4
.+.. ..r v v. i v v v ?
any manner on the Property, except to restore natural topography or drainage
patterns.
1. Water Ouality and Drainage Pattern. There shall be no diking, draining, dredging,
channeling, filling, leveling, pumping, impounding or related activities, or altering
or tampering with water control structures or devises, or disruption or alteration of
the restored, enhanced, or created drainage patterns. In addition, diverting or
causing or permitting the diversion of surface or underground water into, within
or out of the easement area by any means, removal of wetlands, polluting or
discharging into waters, springs, seeps, or wetlands, or use of pesticide or biocides
is prohibited.
J. Development Rights. No development rights that have been encumbered or
extinguished by this Conservation Easement shall be transferred pursuant to a
transferable development rights scheme or cluster development arrangement or
otherwise.
K. Vehicles. The operation of mechanized vehicles, including, but not limited to,
motorcycles, dirt-bikes, all-terrain vehicles, cars and trucks is prohibited.
ARTICLE III.
GRANTOR'S RESERVED RIGHTS
The Grantors expressly reserve for themselves, their personal representatives, heirs,
successors or assigns, the right to continue the use of the Property for purposes not inconsistent
with this Conservation Easement, including, but not limited to, the right to quiet enjoyment of
the Property, the rights of ingress and egress, the right to hunt, fish, and hike on the Property, the
right to sell, transfer, gift or otherwise convey the Property, in whole or in part, provided such
5
OR Div ! IUU IV
sale, transfer or gift conveyance is subject to the terms of and specifically references, this
Conservation Easement. For purposes of quiet enjoyment and rights to ingress, egress and
regress to the lands adjacent to or surrounding the Property, Grantors further reserve for
themselves, their personal representatives, heirs, successors and assigns, the right to continue to
use the soil paths/roads described in Item 4 of Exhibit A attached hereto and the easements and
exceptions over the Property set forth in Article VI., below, and the same shall not be deemed to
violate the restrictions set forth herein.
ARTICLE IV
GRANTEE'S RIGHTS
The Grantee or its authorized representatives, successors and assigns, and the Third
Parties as defined above, shall have the right to enter the Property at all reasonable times for the
purpose of returning the Property to its natural condition consistent with the purposes of this
Conservation Easement and inspecting said Property to determine if the Grantors, or their
personal representatives, heirs, successors, or assigns, are complying with the terms, conditions,
restrictions, and purposes of this Conservation Easement. The Grantee or its authorized
representatives, successors and assigns, and the Third Parties as defined above, shall also have
the right to enter and go upon the Property for purposes of making scientific or educational
observations and studies, and taking samples. The easement rights granted herein and in Exhibit
A attached hereto, do not include public access rights.
ARTICLE V.
ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES
A. Upon any breach of the terms of this Conservation Easement by the Grantors, their
agents, successors, or assigns, which comes to the attention of the Grantee, the Grantee or the
Third Parties may institute a suit to enjoin such violation and if necessary to require the
6
UJ% W'-' v . , - .
restoration of the Property to its prior condition at the Grantor's expense.
B. No failure on the part of the Grantee to enforce any covenant or provision hereof shall
discharge or invalidate such covenant or any other covenant, condition, or provision hereof or
affect the right to Grantee to enforce the same in the event of a subsequent breach or default.
C. Nothing contained in this Conservation Easement shall be construed to entitle Grantee
to bring any action against Grantors for any injury or change in the Property resulting from
causes beyond the Grantors' control, including, without limitation, fire, flood, storm, war act of
God or third parties, except Grantors' lessees or invitees; or from any prudent action taken in
good faith by Grantors under emergency conditions to prevent, abate, or mitigate significant
injury to life, damage to property or harm to the Property resulting from such causes.
ARTICLE VI
MISCELLANEOUS
A. Title. Grantors warrant, covenant and represent that Grantors are the sole owners
and are seized of the Property in fee simple and have good right to make, declare and impose the
aforesaid Conservation Easement; the Property is free and clear of any and all encumbrances,
except the easements, leases, restrictions and rights of way of record described below, and
Grantor will warrant and defend title to the same against the claims of all persons. The
easements, leases, restrictions and rights-of-way of record are as follows:
1. General Service and Utility easement to South River Electric Membership
Corporation recorded in Book 255, Page 890, Bladen County Registry and
Book 2870, Page 137, Cumberland County Registry.
2. General Service and Utility easement to South River Electric. Membership
Corporation recorded in Book 395, Page 173, Bladen County Registry.
3. General Service and Utility easement to Star Telephone Membership
Corporation recorded in Book 243, Page 748, Bladen County Registry.
7
Ut%UVV + , -- • -
4. Non-Exclusive Right-of-Way easement to Murphy Farms recorded at Book
300, Page 264, Bladen County Registry.
5. Non-exclusive easements granted to Grantee as set forth on Exhibit A,
attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference.
6. Non-exclusive access easements reserved by Grantors as set forth on Exhibit
A, attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference.
7. Overhead power lines crossing easement area as shown on recorded plat.
B. Subsequent Transfers. The Grantors agree to incorporate the terms of this
Conservation Easement in any deed or other legal instrument that transfers any interest in all or a
portion of the Property. The Grantors agree to provide written notice of such transfer to Grantee
at least thirty (30) days prior to the date of the transfer. The Grantors and Grantee agree that the
terms of this Conservative Easement shall survive any merger of the fee and easement interests
in the Property or any portion thereof and shall not be amended, modified or terminated without
the prior written consent and approval of the Third Parties.
C. Assignment. The parties recognize and agree that the benefits of this Conservation
Easement are in gross and assignable provided, however that the Grantee hereby covenants and
agrees, that in the event it transfers or assigns this Conservation Easement, or any of the rights
hereunder, the organization receiving the interest will be a qualified holder under N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 121-34 et seq., and the Grantee further covenants and agrees that the terms of the transfer or
assignment will be such that the transferee or assignee will be required to continue in perpetuity
the conservation purposes described in this document.
D. Entire Agreement and Severability. This instrument sets forth the entire agreement of
the parties with respect to the Conservation Easement and supersedes all prior discussions,
negotiations, understandings or agreements relating to the Conservation Easement. If any
8
provision is found to be void or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the
remainder shall continue in full force and effect.
TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the said rights and easements perpetually unto Grantee for
the aforesaid purposes.
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, the Grantor has hereunto set his hand and seal, the day
and year first above written.
(SEAL)
haron V e tine, sole eir of and
Executrix of the Estate of Steve A.
Quinn, deceased
SEAL)
E. Marvin Jo n, a widower
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
COUNTY OF
1,?? the undersigned Notary Public of the County and State
aforesaid, certi that Sharon Valentine, sole heir of and Executrix of the Estate of Steve A. .
Quinn, deceased, personally appeared before me this day and acknowledged the du d >C4
the foregoing instrument for the purposes therein expressed. Witness my hand . ©taiii'; 4
stamp or seal thisyl' day of /,L,?,. be/l , 2003. '? I ?. :'•.c?
• .? R:? I =
My Commission Ex
My Commission Expires: Jzne 11 ? n. A
No y Pub
•
9

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
COUNTY OF
1 21 - ' the undersigned Notary Public of the County and State
aforesaid, certify that E. Marvin Johnson, a widower, personally appeared before me this day and
acknowledged the due execution of the foregoing in!qument for the purposes therein expressed.
Witness my hand and Notarial stamp or seal this a day of Z?-PL? 2003.
Ls?
0 Notary Public
Expires: )a Ja- 0004
The foregoing Certificate(s)
certified to be correct. This instrument and this certificate are duly registered at the date and time and in the Book and Page shown on the first page
OF DEEDS FOR CUMBERLAND COUNTY,
- Deputy/A sisiant - Register of Deeds
10
Exhibit A
Legal Description
Permanent Conservation and Related Easements
Quinn/Valentine/Johnson Property
Cumberland and Bladen County, North Carolina
• 1. Permanent Conservation Easement
A permanent conservation easement over a portion of land in White Oak Township, Bladen
County, North Carolina, and Cedar Creek Township, Cumberland County, North Carolina, as
. shown on map entitled "Final Plat of Conservation Easement For North Carolina Department of
Transportation on the Property of Sharon Valentine and E. Marvin Johnson" dated October 14,
2003, prepared by Buck Engineering, P.C., and recorded in Plat Book B28, Pages 271-278,
Bladen County Registry, and Plat Book 110, Pages 139-142, Cumberland County Registry and
• being more particularly described as follows:
Commencing at an iron bar and cap with NC Grid coordinates (NAD83) of X=2,078,120.30,
Y=388,809.09 and identified as Control Point #43 on the above-referenced Final Plat and
. running S40°47'24" W, 1788.02' to an iron bar, which iron bar is the POINT AND PLACE OF
• BEGINNING; thence continuing the following courses and distances:
N88°14'49"W, 983.02'; thenceN00°20'06"W, 687.54; thence N26°00' 12"W, 366.83% thence
N43°40'04"W, 244.56; thence N20'49' 15"W, 305.41'; thence N44'33'21 "W, 366.76; thence
NI 5-40'55"W, 2826.42; thence N04°48'42"E, 580.32; thence N34'3 1'59"W, 1462.19'; thence
N14°03'46"W, 5534.22; thence N32°42'51"E,1413.44; thence N03°27' 13"E, 2724.79';thence
N20°3336"W,1251.75 ; thence N04°20'08"W, 719.57; thence N08°40'44"E, 228.86'; thence
N21°29'23"W, 245.46; thenceN05°02'09"W, 271.05'; thenceN36°55'40"E, 175.91; thence
N23°11'30"W,193.69; thenceN03°58'00"E, 269.75; thence N36°31'37"W, 171.00'; thence
N02°22'55 "W, 208.23'; thence N23 °41'31 "W,157.92 ; thence N31 °50'04"W, 196.29'; thence
N48°37' 17"W, 253.86; thence N41'1 8'32"W, 189.06'; thence N14'23'53 "E, 315.51; thence
N27°15'39"W, 213.89'; thence N81'15' 15"W, 230.51; thence N33°15' 16"W, 244.30'; thence
• N56°42'50"W, 188.65; thence N44°21'50"W, 168.56; thence N10°4642"W, 183.46'; thence
S70°22'31" W,161.34; thence N70°20'46"W, 319.16'; thence N52°19'02"W, 248.39'; thence
N78°16'05"W, 380.10 ; thence N46°33'26"W, 296.55'; thence N03°59'51 "W, 170.58'; thence
r N22°49'34"E, 212.00% thence N57°57'41 "W, 133.18'; thence N09°37'26"E, 509.72'; thence
N22°54'48"E, 189.09' to a point in the proximity of the southern edge of a 100' easement to
. Carolina Power & Light Co.; thence S84°22'12"E, 154.93'; thence turning south away from said
. Carolina Power & Light easement S18°03'42"W, 195.23'; thence S07°19'49"W, 169.32'; thence
S1 1050'37"W, 235.65'; thence S5 1°26'30"E, 161.43'; thence S21°25'06"W, 349.65; thence
S43°17'32"E, 185.23'; thence S70°23'40"E, 113.71'; thence S78°14' 15"E, 273.72; thence
. S53°3932"E, 259.78; thence S70°13'26"E, 237.23; thence N59°03'08"E, 205.29'; thence
S44°15'20"E, 175.42'; thence S11°36'56"E, 214.80'; thence S57°33'07"E, 274.64; thence
S37°46'59"E, 266.04; thence S83°47'43"E, 242.00'; thence S18°55'44"E, 418.97; thence
S24°46'42"W, 220.57'; thence S48°42'14"E, 341.28'; thence S37°25'04"E, 231.72; thence
r
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W%VdV / I v V I V
S15°53'15"E, 265.10; thence S02°20'54"E, 158.23'; thence S40°07'15"E, 209.31; thence
S01°18'07"W, 237.45; thence S15°57'53"E, 160.54'; thence S00°47'05"W, 177.94; thence
S51°06' 10"W, 141.81'; thence S01°09'46"E, 103.83'; thence S18°31'40"E, 350.88; thence
S09°58'44"W, 199.27'; thenceN74°05'50"E, 503.37; thence S23°38'44"E, 1282.07'; thence
S16°00'10"E, 782.06; thence S01°05'38"W, 3113.92 crossing the Cumberland CountyBladen
County line; thence S46°27'57"W, 1075.69; thence S15°26' 18"E, 5714.57'; thence
S20°06'43"E, 2417.61'; thence S 17°06'44"E, 4253.58' to the POINT AND PLACE OF
BEGINNING, said permanent conservation easement containing 430.00 acres, more or less.
2. Non Exclusive Permanent Ingress/Egress Easement
In addition to the permanent conservation easement described above, the real property conveyed
herein shall include a Non-Exclusive Permanent Ingress/Egress Easement to provide ingress,
egress and regress for purposes of accessing the permanent conservation easement set forth in
item 1, above, said Non-Exclusive Permanent Ingress/Egress Easement being more particularly
described as follows:
Commencing at an iron bar and cap with NC Grid coordinates (NAD83) of X=2,078,120.30,
Y=388,809.09 and identified as Control Point #43 on a map entitled: "Final Plat of Conservation
Easement For North Carolina Department of Transportation on the Property of Sharon Valentine
and E. Marvin Johnson" dated October 14, 2003, prepared by Buck Engineering, P.C. and
recorded at Plat Book B28, Pages 271-278 Bladen County Registry and Plat Book 110, Pages
139-142, Cumberland County Registry, and running S89°31'21"W 1580.87' to the POINT AND
PLACE OF BEGINNING; thence N17°06'44"W, 60.34'; thence N79°00'45"E, 1656:83'; thence
N88°58'32"E, 83.67'; thence N67°00'21 "E, 512.12' to a point on the westerly right-of-way of NC
Hwy 53 (100' Public R/W); thence continuing along said right-of-way S03°05' 13"W, 66.80',
thence leaving said right-of-way and continuing S67°00'21"W, 479.66', thence S88°58'32"W,
72.36', thence S79°00'45"W, 1677.04' to the POINT AND PLACE OF BEGINNING, said Non-
Exclusive Permanent Ingress/Egress Easement containing 3.08 acres, more or less, which Non-
Exclusive Permanent Ingress/Egress Easement shall run with the permanent conservation
easement conveyed herein.
3. Non-Exclusive Temporary Construction Easement
A 100' temporary construction easement around the outside boundary of the permanent
conservation easement, as shown on "Final Plat of Conservation Easement For North Carolina
Department of Transportation on the Property of Sharon Valentine and E. Marvin Johnson," said
Plat being recorded at Plat Book 110, Pages 139-142, Cumberland County Registry, and Plat
Book B28, Pages 271-278, Bladen County Registry, for purposes of restoring the Property to its
natural condition pursuant to the permanent conservation easement.
4. Grantor's Reservation of Access Easements
For the purpose of ingress, egress and regress and permanent access to Grantors' property or
properties located adjacent to said permanent conservation easement and for the purpose of
r
•
r

transversing the permanent conservation easement itself, Grantor hereby reserves the following
non-exclusive access easements:
a. Beginning at a point in the southern portion of the permanent conservation
easement, said point being located S 89° 31'21 " W 1580.87' from an iron bar and
cap having NC Grid coordinates (NAD83) of X=2,078,120.30, Y=388,809.09
and identified as Control Point #43 on plat recorded at Plat Book B28, Pages 271
278, Bladen County Registry and Plat Book 110, Pages 139-142, Cumberland
County Registry; thence S 80° 0600" W 882.86'; thence N 43° 40,04" W 48.99';
thence N 20° 49' 15" W 19.63'; thence N 800 06' 00" E 906.22'; thence S 17° 06'
44" E 60.48' to the Point and Place of Beginning, which access easement is
depicted on Sheet 4 of the aforementioned plat.
b. A non-exclusive easement for ingress, egress and regress over the soil path/road
depicted on Sheet 3 of the plat recorded at Plat Book B28, Pages 271-278, Bladen
County Registry and Plat Book 110, Pages 139-142, Cumberland County
Registry, which soil path/road is shown transversing the permanent conservation
easement and intersecting a call on the western boundary of said permanent
conservation easement reading N 32° 42' 51" East 1413.44' and intersecting the
upper end of a call on the eastern boundary of said permanent conservation
easement reading S 15° 26' 18" E 5714.57'. This non-exclusive easement is
subject to Grantee's determination to keep and preserve said soil path/road and is
further subject to uses consistent with this Conservation Easement and the
potential for hydraulic trespass as described in that certain Option to Purchase
Conservation Easement dated May 5, 2003, by and between Steve A. Quinn and
wife, Sharon Valentine and E. Marvin Johnson (a widower) as "Seller" and Buck
Engineering, P.C., a North Carolina professional corporation as "Buyer."
c. A non-exclusive easement for ingress, egress and regress over that soil path/road
depicted on the plat recorded at Plat Book B28, Pages 271-278, Bladen County
Registry and Plat Book 110, Pages 139-142, Cumberland County Registry and
running generally in a north/south direction within the boundaries of the
permanent conservation easement but exiting said permanent conservation
easement through the eastern boundary of said permanent conservation easement
as shown on Sheet 2 of said recorded plat. This non-exclusive easement is subject
to Grantee's determination to keep and preserve said soil path/road and is further
subject to uses consistent with this Conservation Easement and the potential for
hydraulic trespass as described in that certain Option to Purchase Conservation
Easement dated May 5, 2003, by and between Steve A. Quinn and wife, Sharon
Valentine and E. Marvin Johnson (a widower) as "Seller" and Buck Engineering,
P.C., a North Carolina professional corporation as "Buyer."
172616
THE CONSERVATION EASEMENT AGREEMENT
FILED IN THE BLADEN COUNTY COURTHOUSE IS
IDENTICAL TO THE ONE RECORDED IN
CUMBERLAND COUNTY. THEREFORE, ONLY THE
TITLE PAGE IS PROVIDED HERE.
Prepared by and return to:
Robert H. Merritt, Jr.
Bailey & Dixon, LLP
P. O. Box 1351
Raleigh, NC 27602
Book Page
0536 0582
BLADEN COUNTY FICED
12/31/200310:33 AM
CHARITY C. LEWIS
Register 0 ed
By. st.
PERMANENT CONSERVATION EASEMENT
THIS CONSERVATION EASEMENT ("Conservation Easement") made this 2? day
of Ay--41ck, 2003, by and between SHARON VALENTINE, sole beneficiary of and Executrix
of the Estate of Steve A. Quinn, deceased, and E. MARVIN JOHNSON, a Widower,
("Grantors") and THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, an
agency of the State of North Carolina (hereinafter referred to as "NCDOT" or "Grantee").
The designation Grantors and Grantee as used herein shall include said parties, their
successors and assigns, and shall include singular, plural, masculine, feminine or neuter as
required by context.
RECITALS
WHEREAS, Grantors own in fee simple certain real property situated, lying and being in
Bladen and Cumberland Counties, North Carolina, more particularly described in Exhibit A
attached hereto and incorporated herein (the "Property"); and
WHEREAS, Grantee is qualified to be the Grantee of a conservation easement pursuant
to N.C. Gen. Stat. §121-35; and

BUCK ENGINEERING
5293
Invoice Number Date Voucher Amount Discounts Previous Pay Net Amount
CkRgt-Permit Fee 7/23/04 0003100 475.00 0.00 0.00 475.00
NC Division of Water Quality
TOt11S 475.00 0.00 0.00 475.00
CAPITAL CH 1
WETLANDS/ 401 GROUP
JUL 2 7 2004
WA+El QUALITY SECTION

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