20191587 Ver 1_Engineering Report & Environmental Information Doc_20191115

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TOWN OF ANDREWS
SEWER LINE EXTENSION TO SNOWBIRD WILDERNESS
OUTFITTERS INC.

ENGINEERING REPORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION DOCUMENTS
SEPTEMBER 2017

PREPARED IN SUPPORT OF FUNDING APPLICATION TO:

CWSRF

OWNER:

TOWN OF ANDREWS
1101 MAIN STREET
ANDREWS, NORTH CAROLINA 28901

ENGINEER:

VAUGHN & MELTON CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC.
PARK TERRACE CENTER
1318-F PATTON AVE.
ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA 28806
PHONE: [phone]
FAX: [phone]
WWW.VAUGHNMELTON.COM

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2) CURRENT SITUATION
3) FUTURE SITUATION
4) NEED FOR PROJECT
5) ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
6) PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION
7) ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION DOCUMENT
8) FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
9) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
10) APPENDICES
Appendix A Town of Andrews Audit Report and System Information
Appendix B Correspondence
Appendix C Site Photographs
Appendix D Area Demographics
Appendix E Equipment Information
Appendix F Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters System Information
Appendix G O&M Cost Estimates
Appendix H Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Appendix I References
Appendix J Environmental Exhibits

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List of Tables

Table 2.1 System Overview
Table 2.2 Unsewered Areas and Failing Septic Systems Description
Table 3.1 Town and County Population Data
Table 3.2 Town of Andrews Population Projections
Table 3.3 Future Flow
Table 5.1 Alternative No. 1 -Opinion of Probable Cost
Table 5.2 Alternative No. 1 -Description
Table 5.3 Alternative No. 2 -Opinion of Probable Cost
Table 5.4 Alternative No. 2- Description
Table 5.5 Alternative No. 3 -Opinion of Probable Cost
Table 5.6 Alternative No. 3 -Description
Table 5.7 Alternative No. 4 -Description
Table 5.8 Economic Analysis Summarized Results
Table 5.9 Ranking of Alternatives
Table 7.1 Scope of Impacts for Resource Categories
Table 7.2 Soils in the Project Study Area
Table 7.3 Soils with Prime Farmland Classification in the Project Study Area
Table 7.4 Water Resources in The Project Study Area
Table 7.5 Threatened and Endangered Species listed for Cherokee County
Table 7.6 DAQ 2017 Air Quality Data for Graham County-Joanna Bald Site
Table 8.1 Current Sewer Rate Structure
Table 8.2 Financial Analysis
Table 8.3 Proposed Sewer Rate Structure for Planning Area

List of Figures

1.0 Vicinity Map
2.0 Sewer Service Area Map
3.0 Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters Site Layout Plan
4.0 Alternative 1- Sewer Line Extension Layout
5.0 Alternative 2- Force Main Layout
6.0 Alternative 3- On-site treatment and disposal layout
7.0 Selected Alternative - Sewer Line Extension Layout

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SECTION 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The project involves the construction of approximately 7,000 linear feet of an 8” PVC gravity sewer
interceptor near the Town of Andrews, in Cherokee County. The gravity sewer will collect
wastewater from the Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters property, and transport the wastewater to a
tie-in manhole near the intersection of Aquone Road and NC 19. This project will expand the
collection system boundaries to serve a large institutional customer (Snowbird) and an estimated
40 residential customers from the surrounding area. The Snowbird facility is projected to generate
an average flow of 10,000 GPD and peak flows up to 17,500 GPD during peak season.
The neighboring area is mostly a residential community, with most homes being 50 plus
years of age. Because there is no public sewer service in this area, the homes utilize private
septic systems to meet their needs. This gravity sewer interceptor would provide an opportunity
for those residents to connect to the sewer system. As these septic systems continue to age and
begin to fail, this option would address the negative environmental and health effects created by
failing septic systems. Approximately 40 future residential customers may be added along this
route, while another 50 customers or more, can be added with some minor future sewer line work.

The Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters is a major employer and a large visitor attraction site (camp)
near the Town of Andrews. The camp is located on the outskirts of the corporate limits. The
camp site has surpassed its projected growth and is currently experiencing problems collecting,
treating, and disposing sanitary wastewater from its facilities. Portable bathrooms along with
periodic pump and haul operations are employed to keep up with the growing number of
visitors. In addition, the camp has plans to expand their operations by constructing new
buildings at the current site. The County Health Department will not permit such construction
unless the Snowbird’s on-site sewer treatment and disposal system is upgraded, or other such
sewer services are provided. The Town of Andrews has previously expressed interest in
providing sanitary sewer services to this Camp, and the residential areas along the way, as part
of the previously prepared 2035 comprehensive masterplan. This report will examine ways to
economically serve the Snowbird Campsite and any future customers in the projected planning
area. By doing so, the Snowbird on-site treatment system will be decommissioned and
abandoned. Several of the residential septic tank systems will be decommissioned as
customers connect to the new public sewer system.

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The alternative to expand and upgrade the existing on-site system at Snowbird, and the option to
install a sanitary pump station at Snowbird and extend a force main into the Town’s collection
system were also considered. However, these alternatives were costlier to construct and to
operate, and did not fully meet the Town’s selection criteria and project objectives.

Environmental areas to be impacted by such a project will involve the current and adjacent
land occupied by the Snowbird on-site treatment system, along with proposed areas along the
proposed sanitary sewer line. The proposed area consists mostly of rural residential properties,
along with the Snowbird institution site. The majority of the landscape is rolling, with some tree
covered areas, and several small creek crossings. Approximately 5 acres of land will be disturbed
from the trench excavation and other construction practices.
Environmental areas will be impacted in short and long terms. The short term
environmental issues associated with this proposed sewer line extension are expected to be
minimal due to the use of existing right-of-ways where possible. Some private property will be
utilized where needed.
Typical environmental issues to be expected with the proposed project include: water
runoff during construction activities, some temporary noise pollution from excavating equipment,
and some dusting from excavating and earth moving activities. Connection to the existing sewer
line is not expected to impact existing service to customers.
Typical mitigation steps to be employed by this project includes: storm water pollution
control practices such as: silt fencing installation, covering pipeline soon after installation, dust
control, construction activities scheduled during the typical 8:00am – 5:00pm work schedule,
stream crossing work to be done during low flow conditions, perform all work within existing right-
of-way where possible, and other such general construction practices.
The long term environmental benefits from the proposed project will be the elimination of
a large on-site wastewater treatment system from the planning area, elimination of other failing
septic systems along the proposed sewer line service area, and improvements to the groundwater
quality from such current disposal practices. Elimination of some straight pipes may be
encountered also.

Funding for this project will be through CWSRF, CDBG, Golden LEAF, local funds and a
development agreement with Snowbird. The total project is estimated to be $1,114,675. The
construction portion of the project is estimated at $750,000. The project construction period is
estimated at 6 months. The cost of the project will be recovered from revenue generated from the

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new customers to be gained, and a development agreement with Snowbird. The current sewer
rate structure to the existing customers is not expected to be impacted from this project.

SECTION 2.0 – CURRENT SITUATION
The Town of Andrew’s covers a sewer service area that serves the corporate Town limits
and several pocket areas outside. The current service area spans south to the Andrew’s High
School area, east along Highway 74/129 and to the Andrew’s Middle School area, to the north
along Highway 74/129, and to the West to the Western Carolina Regional Airport along Hwy
74/129. The area covered is approximately 7 square miles. The current planning area is located
in Cherokee County, North Carolina. The nearest large city is Asheville, about 70 miles due east.
The proposed planning project is located outside the current corporate limits and to the south of
the Downtown area. This is an area that the Town has previously identified to serve in the future,
under the 2035 Comprehensive Masterplan. The proposed planning area is located along Pisgah
and Minnow Farm roads, approximately a mile and half south of Aquone Road.
Refer to Figure 1, Vicinity Map, and Figure 2, Sewer Service Area Map attached.
The Town of Andrews owns a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a sewer collection
system in Cherokee County, North Carolina. The WWTP is rated at 1.5 MGD and discharges treated
effluent into the Valley River, under the NC0020800 Permit. The treatment and collection systems
are managed and operated by the Town of Andrews. The collection system consists of gravity sewer
lines, force mains, and sanitary sewer lift stations to transfer wastewater over numerous stream
crossings and valleys. The collection system serves residential, commercial and industrial
customers inside and outside the Town’s Corporate Limits.

Unsewered Areas:
The proposed planning area of Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters Inc. (Figure 2) spans
approximately a mile outside the Town corporate limits along Pisgah Road and Minnow Farm Road.
The camp facility is built on a 50-acre property (Figure 3) and it includes several (18 units) cabins,
a bathhouse, recreational building, an auditorium, kitchen, an office building, outfitter platform tents
(11 units), and an on-site treatment system with multiple treated effluent disposal fields and septic
tanks (Refer to Exhibits E and F in Appendix F). The organization provides different programs
servicing visitors and local projects. The Summer Camp program provides approximately 4600
bookings every summer while the Snowbird Mission Outreach (SMO) program offers students
hands on experience working in service projects in Andrews and Cherokee County. All projects are
focused on serving low income families and organizations in the community at no charge. Each

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summer, the SMO program averages 600 plus participants and accomplishes 30 plus projects. The
Snowbird’s Pinwheel Program offers tutoring services to Andrews Elementary School students free
of charge. There are currently 35 students involved in this program. All tutoring is on 1-on-1 basis
and amounts to approximately 140 hrs. per week. Snowbird also provides bus transportation to and
from school. The camp site employees anywhere from 60 to 180 staff members. There are
approximately 22 full time staff members, 34 part-time members, and 125 part-time seasonal staff.
The total peak number is 180 staff members.
The area between the Snowbird Camp and the current corporate limits consists of rolling rural
pastures with several creek crossings and several secondary roads. Approximately 30 residences
are located in the immediate vicinity area. All of these houses are on individual septic tank and
drain-field systems. A few houses may be on “straight pipes” discharging to a nearby creek or land
surface, or other types of on-site systems. Most of these houses and systems are more than 30
years old and a large number of residents have expressed interest to public sewer service. Another
50 houses or so can be connected to the proposed project from the nearby surrounding areas with
only some minor line extensions in the future.

Table 2.1. System Overview
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Pump Stations
Key
Pump Station
Name
Capacity
(gpm)
Force Main
Length
(l.f.)
Force Main
Diameter(s)
(inches)
Force Main
Material
(if known)
Force Main
Age
(if known)
OMC 222 NA 4 DIP 24
IOI 45 NA 3 PVC 20
Rest Area 25 NA 3 PVC 20
Hotel/Rest 70 NA 3 PVC 20
Gravity Sewers
Length
(l.f.)
Diameter
(inches)
Material
(if known)
Age
(if known)
14,000 6 VCP 50 plus
50,000 8 VCP/DIP 50 plus
1000 10 DIP 15
3000 12 DIP 15
6350 15 PVC 15
4000 18 PVC 15

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Table 2.2. Unsewered Areas and Failing Septic System Description
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina
Figure Number for Unsewered Areas map: Figure 3 and Exhibit A-1, Appendix A
Are there any failing septic systems within the unsewered areas? Yes No
If Yes, Appendix Reference for failing septic systems letter: Appendix B
Snowbird Campsite is an unsewered area with an onsite 6,6600 GPD treatment and disposal
system at full capacity. The surrounding area is also unsewered with 50-year-old septic tank
systems along creeks and valleys. Up to 40 customers (septic conversions) may connect to
this proposed sewer line. Another 50 septic systems may be eliminated in the near future with
some minor line extensions.

Collection System Condition:
The Town of Andrew’s WWTP consists of an influent channel with a mechanical fine screen,
a bypass manual coarse bar screen, an influent pump station with 3 pumps, two trickling filters, two
circular secondary clarifiers, a chlorine contact basin, cascade aeration steps, an aerated sludge
holding basin, dual sludge drying beds, a standby generator set, sludge transfer pumps and
miscellaneous support facilities. In general, the plant is currently in compliance with the current
effluent limitations and can handle additional flow.

The collection system includes four (4) sanitary pump stations, approximately 78,000 LF of
gravity sewer lines, and approximately 18,000 LF of force mains. The system has approximately
600 residential and 250 commercial/institutional sewer connections. Pipe sizes vary from 4 inches
to 18 inches. Pipe material includes PVC, ductile iron, and vitrified clay pipe (VCP). The sanitary
pump station capacity varies from 25 gpm to approximately 230 gpm. The nearest public sewer to
serve the Snowbird camp is located along Aquone road. The line is an 8” VCP.

The Snowbird on-site sanitary sewer system is operating at or above its rated capacity
(Exhibit A in Appendix B). Despite the flow exceeding the permitted flow, no septic violations have
been observed/reported. Some odor complaints have been reported near the septic tank locations.
Over the last couple of years, the system has also seen a significant increase in system repairs
(Exhibit A, Appendix F) and a significant increase in pump and haul operations approaching $20,000
per year (Exhibit C, Appendix A). Due to the above deficiencies and problems, the treatment and
disposal system will need to be evaluated and upgraded accordingly. The complexity of the on-site

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systems has increased exponentially over the last several years due to multiple expansions and
due to aging equipment. Continuing to grow on this same trajectory will be cost and land prohibitive.

The residential septic systems and houses in the rest of the proposed planning area are between
30 to 50 years old. Due to such an old age, and the proximity to several blue line streams in the
area, the condition of the existing drain fields and soil permeability may be questionable. Providing
public sewer service to this area, will help protect the environmental resources in this area, and
allow those residents to continue to live and enjoy the rural countryside within minutes from the
Downtown area. Refer to Exhibit A-1 in Appendix A, for a list of potential failed septic systems and
potential new customers.

Current Population & Analysis:
The current population of Andrews is approximately 1800 people. Based on the 850 customer base
(residential/commercial/institutional), and the average daily flow of around 400,000, the flow
distribution equates to approximately 470 gpd/customer.
Similarly, using the above given statistics, the number of people served per customer base is
1800/850 or 2.1 persons per connection. This appears to be consistent with the 2.19 average house
hold size reported in the Fact Finder document in Appendix D.
Using an average number of sewer flow contribution per 15 NCAC 02T, per customer of 300 gpd
(average between 240 gpd – 2 bedroom, and 360 gpd-3 bedroom), the theoretical flow from
Andrews should be 850 customers x 300 GPD = 255,000 GPD. The difference between the average
plant flow of 400,000 GPD and 255,000 GPD is probably due to higher commercial/institutional
flows and due to some Infiltration/Inflow contributions.

Current Wastewater Flows:
The Andrews WWTP was initially constructed in 1960, and has received various equipment
upgrades and system improvements since that time, as recently as 2003. It is located on Reagan
Avenue just inside the Town’s Corporate Limits. The WWTP is rated at 1.5 MGD capacity and
currently discharges approximately 0.4 MGD of treated effluent into Valley River.
The Snowbird On-site treatment system is permitted to serve 450 people with an average design
daily flow of 6,600 gpd (Exhibit B, Appendix F). It consists of several septic tanks receiving flow
from various locations within the site and four effluent subsurface disposal systems. Several pump
stations and flow splitter boxes are used to convey flow over the undulating area topography. The

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system was last upgraded around 2007 (Exhibit B, Appendix B). Based on current visitor records
and written notifications from environmental agencies, the sewer system flow from staff and visitors
has exceeded the permitted flow and will need immediate attention.
There are no accurate records of how much wastewater is generated from this facility. The peak
water usage during the summer months is approximately around 240,000 gallons per month. The
low flow water usage is approximately 65,000 gallons a month. For the purpose of this report it will
be assumed that the average water usage is around 150,000 gallons per month.
Based on recent water sales records, monthly portable toilet usage, and pump and haul
operations, it is estimated that their average flow during the summer months maybe close to 10,000
GPD, and a maximum daily flow of up to 15,000 GPD.

SECTION 3. FUTURE SITUATION

Population Projections and Characteristics:
Population Projections:
Population projections attempt to predict future growth and where it will occur for planning
purposes. It is difficult to predict major factors such as natural catastrophes, changes in ways of
life, medical innovations, large developments, industrial expansions, fuel shortages, or other
unpredictable events, but in order to provide a basis of planning, a projection to the future
population is essential. Anticipated future populations are most confidently determined by
intensive studies of past and present trends and then correlating this data with knowledge of the
areas being analyzed. Residential population projections will be made by considering the area
currently served by the Town, along with County projections during the next 20 years.
Population information utilized by this report was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau,
interviews with County/Town personnel, the recently adopted 2035 Comprehensive Land Use &
Master Plan, and public information available on the internet and other resources found in
Appendix D.
According to the above sources, the population in Andrews has remained relatively the
same in the last several years, at approximately 1,800. Similarly, the Cherokee County population
has slightly increased over the last few years with county population being at 28,000.
Refer to Table 3.1 in this report for Population Data and historical trends in Cherokee
County and the Town of Andrews.

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Table 3.1. Town and County Population Data
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

1990 2000 2010
Cherokee County 20,170 24,298 27,444
Town of Andrews 2,551 1,602 1,781
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

A significant decline in growth rate has been observed over the 1990 to 2000 period due
to the de-annexation of the Valley-town Township, followed by a small recovery over the last 15
years. Similarly, Cherokee County has seen a slight growth in population growth of almost 35%
over the last 25 years.
According to the historical data from the 2035 Land Use Comprehensive Masterplan, the
projected growth rate for the Town of Andrews using the Geometric Projection method for the
next 20 years is shown on Table 3.2.
Table 3.2. Town of Andrews Population Projections
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Projected Year 2010 2020 2030 2040
Population 1,781 1,882 1,989 2,090

Based on the referenced future projections, a slight growth rate of approximately 5 %
every 10 years is anticipated in this area.

Populations characteristics:
Populations characteristics in the planning area based on the 2010 US Census and the
2035 Comprehensive masterplan are described below:
There are approximately 780 households within the Andrews town limits with an average
household size of 2.19 and an average family size of 2.9 persons. Approximately 88.8% of the
citizens are of Caucasian (white) origin, 7.5% of Hispanic or Latino origin, 1.3% of African
American origin, 1.1 % of American Indian origin, 1% of Asian origin, and 3.8% of other origins.
The median age of population in Andrews is 33.8 years.

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The homeownership in Andrews is roughly at 71% while the majority owner-occupied
home values fall below $100,000.
Roughly 25 percent of the homes are older than 50 years old, approximately 65 percent
are between 20 to 50 years old and only 10 percent are 10 years old or newer.
The median household income and per capita income are $23,594 and $12,167
respectively. For comparison purposes, the NC State averages are twice as much, while the
Cherokee County numbers are approximately 50 percent higher.
Similarly, the percent of individuals under the poverty level are 29.8% while the percent of
families under the poverty level is roughly at 23.2 %. For comparison purposes, the NC State
averages are half the reported numbers, while the Cherokee County is 10 percent lower across
the board.
The majority of employment is in the service sector (33.6%), followed by management,
science, and arts occupations (25.3%). The remaining percentage is spread between
entertainment, recreation, accommodation and food services. The rate of unemployment for
Cherokee county (not available for the Town) is at its highest in the last 10 years, at 10 percent.
Refer to Appendix D for additional information on the Town, and Regional demographics.

Flow Projections:
The future growth potential and capacity need for the project planning area is presented
in this section. Projections are based on a 20-year design period.
The growth potential of the planning and service areas is the most important factor in
projecting the future infrastructure requirements. The two (2) key areas to be investigated include:
the institutional sector (Snowbird Camp), and the residential sector. The anticipated growth as
described elsewhere in this report is numerically summarized below:
1) Institutional Development:
According to the economic and community development projections, some institutional
growth is anticipated during the 20-year projected planning period for this area. For planning
purposes, the following design criteria and assumptions will be utilized:

Current Average Snowbird Staff = 120 people/day
Current Average Summer Visitors = 600 visitors/day (Exhibit A)
Future Average Snowbird Staff = 180 people/day (assumed)
Future Snowbird Summer Visitors = 900 visitors/day (Projection based on Exhibit D,
Appendix F)

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Assume 600 students in summer day school
Assume 300 student visitors from Retreats and Conferences

Therefore:
Future Staff Flow = 180 staff people x 25 gpd/employee (Item A, Exhibit A, Appendix I)
=4,500 GPD
Future School Flow = 600 summer day school visitors /day x 15 gpd/person (Item B,
Exhibit A, Appendix I) = 9,000 GPD
Future Conference Flow = 300 conference visitors/day x 5 gpd/visitor
(Item C, Exhibit A, Appendix I) = 1,500 GPD

Total Future Institutional Flow Projection = 4,500+ 9,000+ 1,500
= 15,000 GPD
Therefore, for planning purposes, we will use 17,500 GPD.

2) Residential Development:
The residential projections over the 20-year planning period are typically estimated
by investigating U.S. Census information of the Town, County, and State, by considering
upcoming area projects/developments that involve new house construction, and by estimating the
number of septic tank conversions to public sewer. These areas have been investigated as such,
and the projected outcome is listed below:
i) Current customers to be served:
The assumption that no residential customers will be connected to the proposed
sanitary sewer line at startup, will be assumed for planning purposes. Up to 30
potential customers may be connected in the immediate future (Refer to Exhibit A-
1 in Appendix A for more information) from septic tank conversions.
ii) U.S. Census Contribution:
Based on the U.S. Census Bureau, the estimated annual population growth
for the Town of Andrews is estimated to slightly increase over the next 20 years as
previously discussed in the demographic information section in this report.
Therefore, the additional flow projection due to population growth over the
next 20 years for this area is:

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Potential customers to be served = 30 customers x 5% growth rate/10-year
x 2 ten year periods = 3 new customers in 20 years.
ii) Similarly, according to the local planning office, and other Town Officials,
there are no known plans for new residential development during the next several
years:
However, for planning purposes, and in order to account for future
unforeseen residential growth, and further septic tank conversions, we will
consider an additional 50 new units as the projected growth during the next
20 years.

Therefore;
1) Additional Residential Growth from known and unforeseen sources:
50 Home Units

2) Additional Residential Growth from Population Projections:
33 Home Units

Total New Customers to be gained over the next 20 years = 50 + 33
= 83 Customers
For planning purposes, we will use 90 future customers.

Therefore, Additional Future Residential Flow is determined as follows:
Assuming 3-Bedroom House Generates 360 GPD/House (Item E, Exhibit A,
Appendix I)
Assuming 2-Bedroom House Generate: 240 GPD/House (Item D, Exhibit A,
Appendix I)

And Assuming 50 Houses are 3-Bedroom, while the Remaining 40 Houses
are 2-Bedroom;
Projected Flow = 50 Units x 360 GPD = 18,000 GPD
40 Units x 240 GPD = 9,600 GPD

Therefore, Total Future Residential Flow Projection = 27,600 GPD

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In order to determine the future average design capacity of the proposed infrastructure, the
institutional and residential flows were added together;

Therefore, the average design daily flow = 17,500 GPD + 27,600 GPD= 45,100 GPD (42 gpm-
18hr Q)
Similarly, and according to 15A NCAC guidelines, and using a peak/average flow ratio of 4, the
peak daily flow in the proposed sewer line will be approximately
= 4 x 45,100 GPD = 180,400 GPD (168 gpm- 18hr Q).

Downstream Sewer Analysis for Future Situation:
According to preliminary information provided by the Town, the existing 8” gravity line
(vitrified clay material) along Aquone Road has enough reserve capacity for this line extension.
Based on the previous flow analysis, the average projected flow will be 42 gpm and the daily peak
instantaneous flow will be 168 gpm (18-hour flow estimates). Similarly, the WWTP has enough
reserve capacity to accept the additional flow also. The percent of new flow to the plant capacity
is 45,100 gpd/ 1,500,000 gpd is approximately 3%. The current plant flow is at 0.4 MGD. The
projected plant flow from this project will be 0.45 MGD. The reserve capacity to the WWTP will be
1.5 MGD – 0.45 MGD = 1.05 MGD.

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Table 3.3. Future Flow
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Supporting Information Appendix Reference:
Project Contains: Pump Stations/Force Mains Gravity
Sewers
Complete this table in accordance with Section 6.4 of the guidance.
Pump Stations/Force Mains
Name
Firm Pumping
Capacity
(gpm)
Current Peak
Flow
(gpm)
Future Peak
Flow
(gpm)
% Change in
Flow
% Capacity
Utilized

Gravity Sewers
Name
Capacity
(gpd)
Current Peak
Flow
(gpd)
Future Peak
Flow
(gpd)
% Change in
Flow

% Capacity
Utilized
Aquone Road 470,880 100,000 280,400 180% 60

Future flows established based on future projections and 15A NCAC guidelines.
Existing line capacity determined based on minimum pipe slope for 8” line.
Current peak flow was assumed.

SECTION 4 – NEED AND PURPOSE
Purpose:
The Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters is a major employer and a large visitor attraction sit e (camp)
near the Town of Andrews. The camp is located on the outskirts of the corporate limits. The
camp site has surpassed its projected growth and is currently experiencing problems collecting,
treating, and disposing sanitary wastewater from its facilities. Portable bathrooms along with
periodic pump and haul operations are employed to keep up with the growing number of
visitors. In addition, the camp has plans to expand their operations and construct new buildings
at the current site. The County Health Department will not permit such construction unless the
Snowbird’s on-site sewer treatment and disposal system is upgraded, or other such sewer
services are provided. The Town of Andrews has previously expressed interest in providing
sanitary sewer services to this Camp, and the residential areas along the way, as part of the
previously prepared 2035 comprehensive masterplan. This report will examine ways to

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economically serve the Snowbird Campsite and any future customers in the projected planning
area to accommodate future growth. By doing so, the Snowbird on-site treatment system will be
decommissioned and abandoned. Such a plan will address all regulatory obligations at
Snowbird, while protecting the environment by improving the treatment reliability and disposal.
As residential customers agree to connect to the new public sewer available in the area, their
aging septic systems will thus be eliminated. Up to 90 such septic systems may be eliminated
from this area.

Need:
The need for such a project is to provide sanitary sewer services to Snowbird Wilderness
Outfitters and to adjacent residential properties, in compliance with current and future design
standards, and according to a financial schedule the Town can afford. Neglecting or postponing to
address the noted deficiencies (Exhibits A, C, and D, in Appendix F) will result in effluent discharge
violations or potential flow bypasses from the on-site septic system at Snowbird. Such bypasses or
effluent discharge violations will have an adverse effect on the groundwater quality and adjacent
property. Lack of additional sewer services will limit the Camp future development plans
(construction of bathroom building, laundry building, etc.), impact local area jobs, and loss of
valuable income from projected visitors.

Aging Infrastructure:
The current facility at Snowbird is more than 20 years old and most of the original equipment
in service has passed its useful life expectancy.
Capacity:
The average daily flow generated from the Camp is estimated at approximately 10,000
GPD . This is approximately double the system’s permitted hydraulic capacity of 6,600 GPD.
Based on the average flow of 10,000 gpd and the 750 visitor/staff base, the average daily
contribution per person is estimated at 14 gpd. This gross rate is in line with the range of values
recommended by 15A NCAC (5 to 25 gpd). Refer to Appendix I, and further reference in Section
3.0.
An increase in the number of visitors, or any future building addition will warrant upgrade
of the existing on-site treatment facility.
Plant Maintenance:

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Due to the age of the facility and the high flow experienced, some of the sewer lines and
pumps are under-designed and require maintenance more frequently than typical. Between the
portable toilet usage and the septic tank pumping, the Camp is currently spending an excess of
$20,000 per year. This cost is getting to be cost prohibitive and likely to increase with future growth
and with anticipated maintenance on aging equipment.

Solids Storage and Management
Based on the relatively high flow that is generated and the small septic tank capacity,
frequent pump and haul is required. This comes at a significant annual O&M cost. If solids are
not pumped on time, the solids eventually get carried into the downstream sewer lines and end
up clogging lines and ports on the effluent distribution system. This causes the sewage to rise to
top of the ground and potential run off into the nearby creek.

SECTION 5.0- ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS

5.1 Alternatives Considered
Three (3) feasible alternatives were considered to address the project needs. These
alternatives, along with the no action alternative are described further in this section.

Alternative 1 (Preferred Alternative): Gravity Sewer Interceptor

Description:
This alternative involves the construction of approximately 7,000 linear feet of an 8” PVC gravity
sewer interceptor. The gravity sewer line will collect wastewater from the Snowbird Wilderness
Outfitters property (one new manhole will be located inside or near their property), and transport
the waste to a tie-in manhole near the intersection of Aquone Road and NC 19 (Refer to the
pictures of connecting manhole, in Appendix C) via a stretch of sloped lines and manholes.
Beginning at the Snowbird Outfitters property, roughly 2,200 LF of gravity sewer will lie along road
right-of-way of McClelland Road and Pisgah Road. The remaining 4,800 LF will lie cross-country
on private property to the tie-in to the existing sewer. The interceptor will likely be constructed of
8-inch polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Ductile iron will be used at all road and stream crossings, and at
shallow depths. In order to meet the requirements of the interceptor, approximately 20 sanitary
manholes will be placed along this gravity extension. The manholes will be precast concrete with

19

ductile iron castings. This route will require approximately 2 road crossings and 1 stream crossing.
The existing on-site treatment and disposal system at the Snowbird site will be decommissioned
upon installation of the new sewer line. The Snowbird Camp will need to re-route their sanitary
sewer lines from the various buildings to the proposed sanitary manhole to be installed within their
property. The Camp will need to continue to pump and haul wastewater until the new collection
system is in place.
The neighboring area is mostly a residential community, with most homes being 50 plus
years of age. There are no public sewer services in this area, therefore the homes utilize private
septic systems to meet their needs. This gravity sewer interceptor would provide an opportunity
for residents to connect to the sewer system. As these septic systems continue to age and begin
to fail, this alternative would address the negative environmental and health effects created by
failing septic systems. Approximately 40 future customers are projected to be added along this
route during the next 5-10 years. An additional 50 potential customers may be served in the near
future from the surrounding areas. Some new sewer line work will be required to accommodate
those additional connections.
According to preliminary information provided by the Town, and Table 3.3, the existing 8”
gravity line (vitrified clay material) along Aquone Road has enough reserve capacity for this line
extension. Similarly, the WWTP has enough reserve capacity to accept such flow also.

Design Criteria:
Minimum gravity line slope for 8” Sewer = 0.26 feet per 100 feet
Minimum Scouring Velocity in pipe shall be = 2 fps
Maximum distance between manholes shall be = 400 feet
Manhole Minimum Diameter = 4 ft
100 Year Flood elevation along Tatham and McClelland = Variable between 1804 to 1904’
Manholes along the 100 YR flood plain will be flood proof.
Design of the gravity lines shall be based on:
Average Daily Flow in the new Pipeline would be: 50 gpm
Peak Design Flow in new Pipeline would be: 200 gpm
Map:
Refer to the attached drawing (Figure 4) for an illustration of the preliminary sewer
interceptor layout.

20

Environmental Impacts:
Impact to the environment will be held at a minimum. Where possible, the new sewer
interceptor will lie along the county road right-of-way and within previously disturbed areas.
However, most of the new interceptor will likely follow McClelland Creek, Collett Creek, and
Tatham Creek on private property. Knowing that the proposed work will require some additional
space outside of existing right-of-way, an environmental assessment will be required to obtain the
necessary environmental clearances. Temporary impact due to water runoff from open cut
trenches, noise from excavating machinery, or dust from heavy traffic may be experienced during
the construction phase. Steps to minimize such temporary disturbances will be considered such
as; implementation of a storm water pollution prevention plan, minimizing the duration a trench is
left exposed/open, and using mufflers and equipment enclosures on engines to reduce noise
generation.
This alternative will remove a large scale on-site treatment and disposal system from the
area, and will allow connections from future residences along the gravity interceptor route. The
preliminary layout of the interceptor lies adjacent to several residences, including a small older
subdivision. Many of the homes in this area are 50+ years old and currently on residential septic
systems. Eliminating some of the aging septic systems will greatly improve the ground water
quality and eliminate the associated maintenance of septic tanks and clogged drain-filed lines.
These potential customers are identified in Exhibit A-1 in Appendix A.

Land Requirements:
Additional land will be required to construct the proposed sewer interceptor, requiring the
Town to obtain easements from private land owners. It is recommended that a 30-foot (permanent
and temporary) easement be obtained along these properties. The estimated area required for
this project is approximately 5 acres. Open cut construction will be utilized where possible.
Borings will only be used where open cut installation is not possible or feasible.

Potential Construction Problems:

The estimated construction period for this option is approximately 6
months. This period includes time for mobilization, shop drawing review, delivery of materials,
excavation, installation, and final inspection.

21

Potential construction problems include weather related delays, potential rock excavation,
high water levels in the nearby creeks and crossings, utility (water, phone, gas, cable, etc.)
crossings, and periodic traffic control at road crossings.
All excavated areas will be returned to the original status upon project completion.

Sustainability Considerations:
This alternative involves the construction of approximately 7,000 linear feet of a gravity
sewer interceptor. Preliminary assumptions indicate that the new interceptor will be an 8-inch
PVC main and require approximately 20 manholes. This main will collect flow from the Snowbird
Outfitters, Inc., and adjacent neighborhoods, and carry waste to the existing sewer trunk line.
Selection of materials will be based on the environmental conditions to be faced with, and the life
expectancy of the infrastructure. Future residences can connect to the proposed gravity line via
a new service lateral where the proper elevation between the residence and the sanitary sewer
line exists. In cases where elevations are prohibitive, a residential effluent or grinder pumping
system may be utilized. The gravity option provides the most cost effective method for future
residential customers to connect to a public sewer system.

Energy efficiency Considerations: This option does not include any electrical or motorized
equipment so energy efficiency considerations have not been considered here.

Green Infrastructure Considerations: Standard materials and practices will be utilized
applicable to public sanitary sewer systems. Alternative materials will be considered whenever
possible.

Cost Estimate:

The opinion of probable construction cost for this alternative is $760,000. Refer to the opinion of
probable cost on Table 5.1 for the breakdown of major components and other associated work.
The estimated project cost for the gravity sewer interceptor is $1,115,000.00. This costs includes
engineering services, Resident Project Representative, administration, legal fees, and 10%
contingency. The projected additional annual O&M cost for the proposed sewer line at it’s full
capacity (20-year design period) is estimated at $7,000 per year. This additional O&M cost
includes expenses for line repairs, manhole cleaning, and other miscellaneous items as noted on
the O&M sheet (Table G-1.0) included in Appendix G. This is an additional cost to the current

22

O&M cost. It is used in this way for comparison purposes between the different alternatives
considered, and for the financial analysis of the project.

Table 5.2. Alternative No. 1 Description
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Supporting Information Appendix Reference:
Description
Extend 8” Gravity Line to serve Snowbird and surrounding areas.

Is Figure Included? Yes No If Yes, Figure #: 4
Alternative Feasibility: Feasible Infeasible
Capital Cost: 1,114,000 Present Worth: 1,020,114
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation
(CWSRF funded and co-funded projects only)
Check the box that most appropriately describes the water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation capabilities of the project.
The project type is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation.
Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The scope of the project is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation. Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The project type or project scope requires an analysis of water use, reuse, recapture,
and conservation. The analysis is briefly discussed below.
If the third box above is checked, then check the appropriate box below and briefly provide a
qualitative discussion about the water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation abilities of the
alternative.
This is the No-Action Alternative.
This alternative provides more water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides less water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than the
Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides the same water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation as
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative is the Preferred Alternative.
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation Discussion

23

Alternative 2: Pressurized System - Force Main and Pump Station

Description:

This alternative involves the construction of a new sanitary pump station, approximately
6,600 LF of 4” PVC SDR 21 force main, and a connection to the existing collection system near
the Junaluska Road. This alternative will require the purchase or donation of property for the new
pump station site. For the planning purposes of this report, it will be assumed that Snowbird will
donate a small area within their property for the installation of the proposed pump station
structures. The proposed site and pump station equipment will be turned over to the Town to own
and to operate once construction is complete. The proposed pump station will receive all the flow
from the Snowbird campsite area. The wastewater will accumulate inside the wet-well until the
pumps are engaged to pump the flow into the existing collection system via the new 4” force main.
The proposed force main will likely lie within road right-of-way along Pisgah road. Due to the
nature of the pressurized system, and in order to serve the neighboring communities, additional
collection lines will be required in the future in order to provide service to adjacent residences,
unless residential effluent pump systems or residential grinder pumps are utilized. A future gravity
system may be considered for this area which may be designed to drain into the proposed pump
station at Snowbird.
The existing on-site treatment and disposal system at Snowbird will be decommissioned
and abandoned once their sewer system is connected into the proposed pump station. The Camp
will need to continue to provide portable toilets and pump and haul operations until the new
collection system is in place.
Similarly, a couple of road and stream crossings are expected with this option also.
According to preliminary information provided by the Town, the existing gravity system
along Junaluska Road has enough reserve capacity for this line connection. Similarly, the WWTP
has enough reserve capacity for this option.
The pump station area will include precast concrete structures for the wet-well and valve
boxes. The electrical and pump controls will be placed under a metal roof frame. A standby
generator set will be provided to serve the pump station needs during a power outage. Duplex
submersible explosion proof pumps will be utilized with variable frequency drives.

Design Criteria:
Force Main Velocity: 2 to 7 fps

24

Detention time in wet-well and force main: less than 30 minutes
Minimum Proposed Pump Capacity= 150 gpm
Duplex Pumps will be utilized with VFDs
Emergency Standby Power will be provided to the PS.
Force Main capacity will have reserve capacity for future customers.
The system will be designed to operate above the 100 YR Flood Elevation (El. 1904’).
Map:
Refer to Figure 5 for the proposed system layout plan.

Environmental Impact:
The proposed work for the sewer line portion of this project is expected to take place inside
the existing right-of-way boundaries so no significant environmental impact is anticipated. Some
road and stream crossings are anticipated also. Such work will be scheduled to occur during low
flow or traffic periods. Since this alternative requires a pump station, additional property will be
acquired to house the pump wet-well, valve box, standby generator set, and electrical controls.
Due to the nature of a force main, the depth and volume of excavated material will be less with
this option. Similar mitigation steps as described with Alternative No. 1 can be applied here also.
Environmental benefits will be similar to the previous Alternative No. 1 in the sense that a major
on-site treatment and disposal system will be eliminated, and that several of the residential
customers may be served with public sewer in the future.

Land Requirement:
This alternative will require additional land to be purchased for the construction of the
pump station. The pump station lot will need to be roughly 50’ x 50’, with an all-weather access
road and fencing. This parcel will provide space for the pump station wet-dry wells, standby
generator set, and yard piping. The force main will require no additional property, as it will lie
within existing right-of-way, where possible. Assuming a 30 feet wide ROW is required as with
Alternative No. 1, and based on 6,600 LF of force main, it is estimated that approximately 4.7
acres of land (force main route and pump site) will be disturbed from the proposed construction
activities.

25

Potential Construction Problems:
The estimated construction period utilizing the above referenced components is
approximately 8 months. This period includes time for mobilization, shop drawing review,
component fabrication, excavation, equipment installation, startup, and final inspection.
Potential construction problems include weather related delays, potential rock excavation,
high water levels at stream crossings or adjacent construction, utility (water, phone, gas, cable,
etc.) crossings, dust control from excavation practices, equipment delays, and periodic traffic
control at road crossings.

Sustainability Considerations:
The use of efficient pumps and premium efficiency motors, along with automated controls
will be considered which will result in a cost effective operation and maintenance of the system.
However, compared to the previous alternative of gravity sewer, the pump station /force main
alternative often requires significantly more energy and maintenance costs. Future pump
replacement will be required to support additional customers in the next 10-15 years.
Future residents can connect to this public sewer system via the construction of a new
gravity line discharging into the proposed pump station, or by using residential grinder or effluent
pump systems. This option offers the second best method for future residents to connect to a
public sewer system. Each homeowner will need to pay and install a residential pump station in
order to connect to the public sewer system, unless a new gravity line (preferred option) is
extended in that area from the Snowbird Pump Site.
Energy efficiency Consideration: In an effort to create an energy efficient system, all
proposed motors would be equipped with VFD’s (Variable Frequency Drive) in order to reduce
the power consumption of the pump station.

Green Infrastructure Considerations: Sound proof enclosure will be considered for the
proposed Standby Generator set. Use of natural or LP gas will be utilized instead of diesel fuel.

Cost Estimate:
The opinion of probable construction cost for this alternative is $703,000. Refer to the opinion of
probable cost on Table 5.3 for the breakdown of major components and other associated work.
The estimated project cost for the force main option is $1,048,000.00. This costs includes
engineering services, Resident Project Representative, administration, legal fees, and 10%

26

contingency. The projected additional annual O&M cost for the proposed sewer line is estimated
at $16,000 per year. The additional O&M cost includes expenses for line repairs, parts
replacement, and other miscellaneous items as noted on the O&M sheet (Table G-2.0) included
in Appendix G. This is an additional cost to the current O&M cost. It is used in this way for
comparison purposes between the different alternatives considered, and for the financial analysis
of the project.

27

Table 5.4. Alternative No. 2 Description
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Supporting Information Appendix Reference:
Description
Construct a sanitary sewer pump station and force main to serve Snowbird and surrounding
areas.

Is Figure Included? Yes No If Yes, Figure #: 5
Alternative Feasibility: Feasible Infeasible
Capital Cost: 1,047,875 Present Worth: 1,139,738
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation
(CWSRF funded and co-funded projects only)
Check the box that most appropriately describes the water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation capabilities of the project.
The project type is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation.
Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The scope of the project is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation. Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The project type or project scope requires an analysis of water use, reuse, recapture,
and conservation. The analysis is briefly discussed below.
If the third box above is checked, then check the appropriate box below and briefly provide a
qualitative discussion about the water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation abilities of the
alternative.
This is the No-Action Alternative.
This alternative provides more water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides less water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than the
Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides the same water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation as
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative is the Preferred Alternative.
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation Discussion

28

Alternative 3: On-Site Treatment Upgrades and Expansion

Description:
This alternative will examine the expansion and upgrade of the existing on-site wastewater
treatment and disposal facility at Snowbird. There are a variety of options for on-site treatment
and disposal systems. For the purpose of this study, we will consider the use of a new on-site
treatment system followed by the use of a dosing tank system to pump treated effluent into a new
drip irrigation system. Such an option will require additional land for the treated effluent disposal,
a new 17,500 GPD discharge permit, and favorable soil conditions. Though on-site treatment
could meet the needs for some in this project area, it does not best meet the needs of all. While
an on-site treatment facility may meet the needs of the Snowbird Outfitters facility, this alternative
would not meet the needs of serving any adjacent residential properties. A separate future project
will be required along the lines of either Alternative 1 or 2. The existing septic tanks at Snowbird
and any other existing infrastructure would be utilized/re-used where possible. Any existing
infrastructure not used will be decommissioned and abandoned.
All proposed tanks will be precast concrete or suitable materials as recommended by the
supplier/manufacturer.

Design Criteria:

Favorable soil conditions are the most important parameters with on-site disposal systems.
Additional land for the drip irrigation repair area will be required.
Average Daily Design Flow of New System would be: 17,500 GPD. Refer to Appendix E for
system information.
Map:
Refer to the attached drawing (Figure 6) for an illustration of the proposed sewer system.
Environmental Impacts:
Impact to the environment will be held at a minimum and within the existing property. An
environmental assessment may not be required for this option. Temporary impact due to noise
or dust may be experienced during the construction phase. Some tree clearing will be required

29

for the installation of the drip irrigation system. The proximity to the nearby creek will be further
investigated and proper buffer areas will be maintained.

Once constructed, on-site treatment systems must be closely monitored and sampled in order to
stay in compliance. If the effluent is not disinfected, the proposed drip irrigation site will need to
be fenced to protect the public.

Land Requirements:
Additional land will be required to construct the on-site treatment and disposal system.
The area needed for the proposed treatment tanks, dosing pumps, and drip irrigation system is
estimated at 6 acres, including the drip recovery area. Such a large area may impact the future
plans of Snowbird development and will require more detail investigation prior to any additional
planning.

Potential Construction Problems:

The estimated construction period utilizing the above referenced components is
approximately 6 months. This period includes time for mobilization, shop drawing review,
component fabrication, excavation, equipment installation, startup, and final inspection.
Coordinating the sequence of new construction so the existing facilities can remain in operation
will be one of the main challenges of this project.
Additional construction problems may include weather related delays, potential rock
excavation, utility (water, phone, gas, cable, etc.) crossings, tree clearing, high groundwater level,
and poor soil conditions at the proposed drip areas.

Sustainability Considerations:
This option will only benefit the Snowbird Camp property and won’t offer any benefits to
the surrounding unsewered areas.
Energy efficient: The use of high efficiency pumps and premium efficiency motors
for any of the on-site equipment, along with addition of control instrumentation, would result in an
efficient operation of the system, which in return would result in power cost savings and less hours
of pump operation.
Green Infrastructure: Some of the on-site options discussed could lend themselves to
opportunities for reuse.

30

Cost Estimate:

The opinion of probable construction cost for this alternative is $510,000. Refer to the opinion of
probable cost on Table 5.5 for the breakdown of major components and other associated work.
The estimated project cost for this option is $802,000.00. This costs includes engineering
services, Resident Project Representative, funding administration, legal fees, and 10%
contingency. The projected additional annual O&M cost for the proposed on-site system is
estimated at $21,000 per year. The additional O&M cost includes expenses for minor system
repairs, parts replacement, and other miscellaneous items as noted on the O&M sheet (Table G-
3.0) included in Appendix G. This is an additional cost to the current O&M cost. It is used in this
way for comparison purposes between the different alternatives considered, and for the financial
analysis of the project.

31

Table 5.6. Alternative No. 3 Description
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Supporting Information Appendix Reference:
Description
Provide improvements and upgrades to the Snowbird on-site treatment system.

Is Figure Included? Yes No If Yes, Figure #: 6
Alternative Feasibility: Feasible Infeasible
Capital Cost: 801,500 Present Worth: 1,046,375
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation
(CWSRF funded and co-funded projects only)
Check the box that most appropriately describes the water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation capabilities of the project.
The project type is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation.
Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The scope of the project is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation. Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The project type or project scope requires an analysis of water use, reuse, recapture,
and conservation. The analysis is briefly discussed below.
If the third box above is checked, then check the appropriate box below and briefly provide a
qualitative discussion about the water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation abilities of the
alternative.
This is the No-Action Alternative.
This alternative provides more water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides less water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than the
Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides the same water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation as
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative is the Preferred Alternative.
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation Discussion

32

Alternative No. 4. No Action
The alternative to take “no-action” is not feasible and was thus dismissed due to the immediate
need. Due to the increased participation at the Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters, the current on-
site septic system cannot meet the daily demands of the facility. Therefore, immediate action is
required to effectively treat the wastewater and achieve compliance with the County Health
Department. The temporary use of portable toilets and pump and haul operations is not an
acceptable long term solution. Further site development/expansion at Snowbird will not be
authorized by the County if an acceptable solution is not reached. If no action is taken, the Camp
will continue to pay annual sewer disposal fees in excess of $20,000 per year, will not be able to
expand its operations to sustain growth, will need to expand/upgrade their on-site system to meet
the current system flow(s), and will likely violate its on-site sewer permit at any given day since
the system is currently operating passed (over 100%) its designed capacity. Similarly, the
residential areas surrounding the Camp will remain unsewered and dependent upon the existing
aging septic tanks and drain-field systems.

33

Table 5.7. Alternative No. 4 Description
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina
No-Action Alternative

Supporting Information Appendix Reference:
Description

Is Figure Included? Yes No If Yes, Figure #:
Alternative Feasibility: Feasible Infeasible
Capital Cost: Present Worth:
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation
(CWSRF funded and co-funded projects only)
Check the box that most appropriately describes the water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation capabilities of the project.
The project type is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation.
Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The scope of the project is not applicable to water use, reuse, recapture, and
conservation. Therefore, no analysis has been completed.
The project type or project scope requires an analysis of water use, reuse, recapture,
and conservation. The analysis is briefly discussed below.
If the third box above is checked, then check the appropriate box below and briefly provide a
qualitative discussion about the water use, reuse, recapture, and conservation abilities of the
alternative.
This is the No-Action Alternative.
This alternative provides more water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides less water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation than the
Preferred Alternative.
This alternative provides the same water use, reuse, recapture, and/or conservation as
the Preferred Alternative.
This alternative is the Preferred Alternative.
Water Use, Reuse, Recapture, and Conservation Discussion

34

5.2 Present Worth Analysis:

The various options considered were evaluated and carefully analyzed based on
economical and non-economic factors. These parameters are explained/summarized below:

a. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (Net Present Worth Value)

The net present worth value for each alternative was determined by considering the capital
cost of the project, the annual operational and maintenance cost of each alternative over the next
20 years, using a 0.5 discount rate, and a single payment salvage cost where applicable. Refer
to Appendix H for a sample calculations, Tables H-1, H-2, H-3, and to Table 5.8 below for
summarized results.

b. Non-Monetary Factors

The non-monetary selection criteria considered for this project are described below and
summarized on Table 5.9

Service to Area Customers:
The capacity and potential to serve the Snowbird Camp site and adjacent planning area
is important per the 2035 Comprehensive Masterplan.

Ease of Operation and Maintenance:
The degree of operational difficulty, extent of maintenance, and type of equipment
involved was also considered.

Land Requirement:
The amount of land involved with each option was also considered.

Ease of Construction:
The degree of difficulty during construction and integration with existing operations was
also considered and evaluated for each of the options considered.

35

Table 5.8. Economic Analysis Summarized Results
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina
Option Capital Cost Uniform Annual
Series O&M
Cost from
Appendix H
Present Worth
Single Payment
Salvage Cost
from Appendix H
Net Present
Worth Value
from
Appendix H
Rank Based on
Cost
Alternative 1
Gravity System
$ 1,114,675 $ 132,912 $ 227,472 $ 1,020,114 1st
Alternative 2
Pressure System
$ 1,047,875 $ 303,799 $ 211,936 $ 1,139,738 3rd
Alternative 3
On-site System
$ 801,500 $ 398,736 $ 153,861 $ 1,046,375 2nd

For each criterion listed above, a relative score of 1 (less favorable) to 5 (very favorable)
was assigned to each alternative. The raw scores of each criterion were then multiplied by a
weighted factor to amplify the ranking of more important criteria relative to those of less important
criteria. The ranking results are summarized below in Table 5.9.

36

Table 5.9. Ranking of Alternatives
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina
System
Alternative
Economic
Analysis
Service
Area
Ease
of
O&M
Land
needed
Ease of
Construction
Raw
Score
Weighted
Score
Ranking
Weighted
Factor
30% 30% 10% 10% 10%
Alternate
1
Gravity
System
5

5 5 4 4

23 4.3 1st
Alternate
2
Pressure
System

3

2 4 5 5 19 2.9 2nd

Alternate
3 On-Site
system
4

2 3 3 3 15 2.7 3rd

SECTION 6- PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION

General Description:
The proposed project will install approximately 20 sanitary manholes, 7000 LF of new 8”
PVC sewer-line, and serve a new planning area outside the Town of Andrews corporate limits in
Cherokee County, as previously identified and targeted in the recent 2035 Comprehensive
Masterplan. The system will have hydraulic capacity to serve the current and future needs of the
Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters and several potential residential customers along the Tatham
Creek watershed. Up to 40 residential customers are expected to connect to this system over the
planning period. An additional 50 residential customers may be gained from other nearby sections
adjacent to this proposed sewer line. This project will enable the Camp to proceed with the new
facilities construction, sustain the visitor growth experienced and projected for the Camp, provide
additional area jobs, and eliminate one major on-site treatment and disposal system from the

37

County’s permitting process. Up to 40 potential septic systems and straight pipes may be
eliminated from this project in the near future. The existing WWTP and the part of the collection
system to receive such flow have enough reserved capacity to accommodate the new flows. It is
estimated that the proposed project will contribute on average 45,000 GPD from the projected
customers over the next 20 years. The current plant flow will increase by approximately 10% from
400,000 GPD to 445,000 GPD. Its rated capacity is at 1.5 MGD.
The proposed gravity line will connect to the existing 8” vitrified clay pipe along Aquone
Road near the Downtown area. Open cut trenches will be utilized for the gravity line installation.
Ductile iron pipe may be used in shallow depths, at road crossings or stream crossings. All
sanitary sewer manholes will be precast concrete with ductile iron castings. Flood proofing of
sanitary manholes will be practiced near stream banks and crossings, and where needed.

Refer to Figure 7 for the proposed layout plan of the selected alternative. The North Carolina
design guidelines, Ten State Standards, Owner preferences, and other applicable information will
be utilized for the design of the proposed sewer line.

Project Schedule:
A tentative project schedule for the sewer line extension is provided below:

Task Tentative Date
Submit Pre-Application September 2017
Receive Letter of Conditions October 2017
Meet Letter of Conditions December 2017
Preliminary Design Phase Start February 2018
Submit Environmental Report February 2018
Survey Work February 2018
Establish Owner Preferences/Finalize Route March 2018
Design Phase Start March 2018
Complete Design May 2018
Submit Plans for Funding Agency, DEQ June 2018
Advertise for Bids September 2018
Receive Bids October 2018
Award Contract November 2018
Start Construction December 2019

38

Complete Construction July 2019

Permit Requirements:
A construction permit will be required from the NC DEQ prior to doing any of the above
construction work. Similarly, a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan will be needed for
controlling storm water runoff from the site during the construction period. The appropriate
environmental clearance permits/documents will be secured through the appropriate
clearinghouse.

General Environmental Impacts:
Environmental areas to be impacted by such a project will involve the current and adjacent
land occupied by the Snowbird on-site treatment system, and with proposed areas along the
proposed sanitary sewer line. It is estimated that approximately 5 acres of land will be disturbed
by the construction activities. The proposed area consists mostly rural residential properties,
along with the Snowbird institution site. The landscape is rolling with some tree covered areas
and two small creek crossings. Environmental areas will be impacted in short and long terms.
The short term environmental issues associated with this proposed sewer line extension
are expected to be minimal due to the use of existing right-of-ways where possible. Some private
property will be utilized where needed.
Typical environmental issues to be expected with the proposed project include: water
runoff during construction activities, some temporary noise pollution from excavating equipment,
and some dusting from excavating and earth moving activities. Connection to the existing sewer
line is not expected to impact existing service to customers.
Typical mitigation steps to be employed by this project includes: storm water pollution
control practices such as: silt fencing installation, covering pipeline soon after installation, dust
control, construction activities scheduled during the typical 8:00am – 5:00pm work schedule,
stream crossing work to be done during low flow conditions, perform all work within existing right-
of-way where possible, and other such general construction practices.
The long term environmental benefits from the proposed project will be the elimination of
a large on-site wastewater treatment system from the planning area, elimination of other failing
septic systems along the proposed sewer line service area, and improvements to the groundwater
quality from such current disposal practices.

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Sustainability Considerations:
Reduction in volume and weight of septic tank solids is expected from the
decommissioning of the on-site system. Similarly, a reduction in wastewater hauled away
from portable toilets is expected also.
A major institutional sewer customer and up to 40 residential sewer customers may be
gained by the Town. Such a gain in customers will increase sewer revenue for the Town,
and will sustain the area projected growth from job creation and number of visitors.

Total Project Cost Estimate:
The Opinion of Probable Cost (OPC) for the proposed project is $1,115,000. The
estimated cost of construction is $760,000. A breakdown of this cost is found on Table
5.1. The net present worth for this option is $1,020,114 based on the capital cost, O&M
cost over 20 years, and single payment salvage cost.

SECTION 7. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION DOCUMENT

When public grant and/or loan program (CWSRF) funds administered by the NC Division of
Environmental Quality are spent on a construction project, the project must be assessed for
environmental impacts. The EID allows the Division and other review agencies to make
determinations regarding the degree of impacts associated with the construction and operation of
a proposed project. The EID may also have to comply with the State Environmental Policy Act
(SEPA) guidelines. In addition, if federal grant and/or loan program (CDBG-I) funds are used for
construction, the environmental documents must comply with the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA) guidelines.

40

Table 7.1 Scope of Impacts for Resource Categories
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina
Resource Category Direct Impact SCI
Topography and Flood Plains

Project Site

Existing and Expanded Service Area

Soils

Project Site

Existing and Expanded Service Area
Prime and Unique Farmland

Project Site Existing and Expanded Service Area
Land Use

Project Site Existing and Expanded Service Area
Forest Resources

Project Site Existing and Expanded Service Area
Streams and Wetlands

Project site and subbasins/watersheds
downstream of project area

Subbasin/Watershed containing the
existing and expanded service area as
well as areas downstream
Water Resources

Subbasin/Watershed containing the
project and downstream (for surface
water) and aquifer below the project (for
groundwater)

Subbasin/Watershed containing the
project and expanded service area as
well as areas downstream (for surface
water) and aquifer below the project
and expanded service areas (for
groundwater)
Shellfish or Fish and Their
Habitats
Subbasin/Watershed containing the
project downstream
Subbasin/Watershed containing the
existing and expanded service areas
Wildlife and Natural Vegetation

Project site and T&E species adjacent to
site
Existing and expanded service area
Public Lands, Scenic &
Recreational Areas
Project site and areas immediately
adjacent to the project site
Existing and expanded service area
Areas of Archaeological or Historic
Value
Project site and areas immediately
adjacent to the project site
Existing and expanded service area
Air Quality

Area immediately adjacent to site and
area downwind of the project (area
downwind of the project is included for
operational impacts, not construction
Impacts)
Region containing the project site

Noise Levels

Project site and area adjacent to the
project (area adjacent to the project is
included for operational impacts, not
construction impacts)
Existing and expanded service area
Introduction of Toxic Substances

Project site

Subbasin/Watershed containing the
existing and expanded service area as
well as areas downstream of WWTP

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Topography and Floodplains

The project study area (PSA) lies in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province of North Carolina.
Topography in the project vicinity is comprised of rolling hills with narrow, level floodplains along
streams that flow to the Valley River. The PSA is rural in nature with residential and commercial
venues scattered with pastureland, forest land, utility easements, and maintained lawns along SR
1507 (Pisgah Road) and SR 1636 (Minnow Farm Road). Elevations in the PSA range from 1810
to 1910 feet above mean sea level. Land use in the project vicinity consists primarily of pasture
land and forest land with smaller areas cleared for commercial and residential development.

The North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Program database was used to determine potential
impacts to the floodplains associated with the installation of the new sewer line. The project has
the potential to encroach upon the 100-year floodplain (Flood Zone: AE) along Tatham Creek and
McClellan Creek to within 0.10 mile of the Snowbird property (Appendix J- Exhibit J-1). The
applicable Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) produced by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) panels for the PSA are 5566 and 5565, respectively. There are no designated
“floodways” along these streams. There should be a “no rise” in the base flood elevation, since
the sewer line will be buried and the ground contours will be restored to pre-existing conditions;
therefore, no changes will be made within the 100-year floodplain.
Soils

The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey, a GIS database was used
to determine the soil types in the PSA (Appendix J- Exhibit J-2). The Cherokee County Soil Survey
identifies twenty-one soil types within the PSA (Table 7.2).

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Table 7.2 Soils In The Project Study Area
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina
Soil Series Mapping
Unit
Drainage
Class
Hydric
Status
Braddock cobbly clay loam, 15 to 30 percent
slopes, moderately eroded

BfB2 Well drained Nonhydric
Braddock-Urban land complex, 2 to 15 percent
slopes

BnC Well drained Nonhydric*
Cullowhee fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes, occasionally flooded

CwA Somewhat
poorly drained

Nonhydric*
Delwood gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 5
percent slopes, occasionally flooded

DeB Moderately
well drained

Nonhydric*
Dillard loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes, rarely
flooded

DrB Moderately
well drained

Nonhydric*
Ela silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally
flooded

EaA Very poorly
drained Hydric
Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 8 to 15 percent
slopes

JbC Well drained Nonhydric
Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 15 to 30
percent slopes

JbD Well drained Nonhydric
Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 30 to 50
percent slopes

JbE Well drained Nonhydric
Junaluska-Brasstown-Urban land complex, 2 to
15 percent slopes

JnC Well drained Nonhydric
Junaluska-Brasstown-Urban land complex, 15
to 30 percent slopes

JnD Well drained Nonhydric
Junaluska-Tsali complex, 15 to 30 percent
slopes

JtD Well drained Nonhydric
Junaluska-Tsali complex, 50 to 95 percent
slopes

JtF Well drained Nonhydric
Lonon-Northcove complex, 8 to 15 percent
slopes, bouldery

LkC Well drained Nonhydric*
Reddies-Dellwood-Urban land complex, 0 to 3
percent slopes, occasionally flooded

RnA Moderately
well drained Nonhydric
Snowbird loam, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stoney
SbE Well drained Nonhydric
Spivey-Whiteoak complex, 15 to 30 percent
slopes, bouldery

SpD Well drained Nonhydric*
Statler-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, rarely flooded

SuB Well drained Nonhydric
Thurmont-Dillard complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes

ThB Well drained Nonhydric*
Thurmont-Dillard complex, 8 to15 percent
slopes

ThC Well drained Nonhydric*

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Udorthents-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes

UrB Well drained Nonhydric
* Soils which are primarily nonhydric, but which may contain hydric inclusions

Prime and Unique Farmlands

The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey, a GIS database was used
to determine if the soil types in the PSA are considered prime and/or unique farmlands. The
Cherokee County Soil Survey identifies nine soil types with farmland significance (Table 7.3).
Although the soil survey indicates the presence of soil types classified as important/prime
farmlands, impacts to these lands should be minimal. Once a final alignment is chosen, prime
farmland impacts will be evaluated and mitigated accordingly.

Table 7.3 Soils with Prime Farmland Classification in the Project Study Area
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Soil Series Mapping Unit Farmland Classification
Braddock cobbly clay loam, 15 to 30
percent slopes, moderately eroded

BfB2 Farmland of local importance
Braddock-Urban land complex, 2 to 15
percent
slopes

BnC Not prime farmland
Cullowhee fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes, occasionally flooded

CwA Prime farmland if drained*

Delwood gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 5
percent slopes, occasionally flooded

DeB Not prime farmland

Dillard loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes, rarely
flooded

DrB Prime farmland*

Ela silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,
occasionally flooded

EaA Not prime farmland
Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 8 to 15
percent slopes

JbC Farmland of statewide
importance
Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 15 to 30
percent slopes

JbD Farmland of local importance
Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 30 to 50
percent slopes

JbE Not prime farmland
Junaluska-Brasstown-Urban land
complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes

JnC Not prime farmland

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Junaluska-Brasstown-Urban land
complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes

JnD Not prime farmland
Junaluska-Tsali complex, 15 to 30 percent
slopes

JtD Farmland of local importance
Junaluska-Tsali complex, 50 to 95 percent
slopes

JtF Not prime farmland
Lonon-Northcove complex, 8 to 15 percent
slopes, bouldery

LkC Farmland of local importance
Reddies-Dellwood-Urban land complex, 0
to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded

RnA Not prime farmland
Snowbird loam, 30 to 50 percent slopes,
stoney

SbE Not prime farmland
Spivey-Whiteoak complex, 15 to 30
percent slopes, bouldery

SpD Not prime farmland
Statler-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, rarely flooded

SuB Not prime farmland
Thurmont-Dillard complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes

ThB All areas are prime farmland*
Thurmont-Dillard complex, 8 to15 percent
slopes

ThC Farmland of statewide
importance
Udorthents-Urban land complex, 2 to 8
percent slopes

UrB Not prime farmland
*Prime farmlands which may be affected by the project.

Land Use

The PSA is rural in nature with residential and commercial venues scattered with pasture land,
forest land, utility easements, and maintained lawns along SR 1507 (Pisgah Road) and SR 1636
(Minnow Farm Road). Land use in the project vicinity consists primarily of agricultural lands
(pastures) along the stream corridors and forestland with areas cleared for commercial and
residential development.

Forest Resources

The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) database lists three community types in
the PSA based on The Natural Communities in North Carolina 4th Approximation (Schafale 2012);
Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic
Subtype) and Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype).

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The Low Mountain Pine Forest occurs in the lower to mid elevations with a canopy of Virginia
pine (Pinus virginiana), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), and pitch pine (Pinus rigida). A few
chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) may be scattered throughout the canopy. The understory shrub
layer consists of Hillside blueberry along with an herb layer consisting of little blue stem grass
(Schizachyrium scoparium).
The Oak-Hickory Forest is the dominant natural vegetation community found in the PSA.
Forested slopes adjacent to streams exhibit a canopy occupied by yellow poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera), southern red oak (Quercus falcate), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), white oak
(Quercus alba), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), black walnut (Juglans nigra), shortleaf
pine (Pinus echinata), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana). The understory/shrub layer contains
canopy species along with American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sourwood (Oxydendrum
arboretum), black cherry (Prunus serotine), American holly (Ilex opaca), black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum), white ash (Fraxinus
americana), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). Vine/herb
species common here include; poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Japanese honeysuckle
(Lonicera japonica), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus
quinquefolia), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), and Japanese stiltgrass
(Microstegium vimineum).

The Rich Cove Forest occurs in the lower to mid elevations, generally 2000-4500 feet, containing
flora indicative of the most fertile, high pH conditions. The canopy consists of yellow buckeye
(Aesculus flava), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), white ash (Fraxinus Americana), basswood
(Tilia Americana var.heterophlla), cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminate), yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis), and sweet birch (Betula lenta). The herb layer consists of calciphilic species such
as American walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), Canadian columbine (Aquilegia canadensis),
Goldie’s wood fern (Dryopteris goldiana), lowland brittle fern (Cystopteris protrusa), and narrow-
leafed glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon). Woody calciphilic species include streambank mock-
orange (Philadelphus hirsutus) and black maple (Acre nigrum). Additional species such as
Canada wild ginger (Asarum canadense) and blunt-leafed waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense)
tend to be more abundant in this subtype.

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Water Resources

Water resources in the PSA are part of the Hiwassee River Basin (USGS Hydrologic Unit
06020002). Jurisdictional streams were identified from the USGS Topographical Map, Andrews
Quadrangle, 1:24,000 (Appendix J- Exhibit J-3). Six jurisdictional streams were identified in the
PSA (Table 7.4). Streams were classified using the NC Division of Water Resources Surface
Water Classifications Map, a GIS based system. Streams in the PSA support trout and have
been designated as “cold” water streams for the purposes of potential stream mitigation.

Table 7.4 Water Resources in the Project Study Area.
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Stream Name Classification NCDWR Stream
Index Number
NCDWR Best Usage
Classification
Tatham Creek Perennial 1-52-28 C; Tr
UT to Tatham Creek Perennial N/A C: Tr
Collett Creek Perennial 1-52-28-2 C; Tr
McClellan Creek Perennial 1-52-28-1 C; Tr
UT to McClellan Creek Perennial N/A C; Tr
Crawford Branch Perennial 1-52-28-2-2 C

There are no Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW), High Quality Waters (HQW) or water supply
watersheds (WS-I or WS-II) within 1.0 mile of the PSA. There are no impaired waters identified
by the North Carolina 2014 Final 303(d) list within the PSA for fecal coliform or
sedimentation/turbidity or within one mile downstream.

The project may require a “Trout Buffer Zone Variance” from the NC Division of Energy, Mineral
and Land Resources, Erosion and Sediment Control Unit if the new sewer line lies within 25-feet
of the top of stream bank of any stream classified as trout (Tr) waters.

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Wetlands

Based on a search of the US Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory (NWI) Mapper,
a GIS based system, there are Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetlands (PFO1A – Palustrine
Forested Broad-Leaved Deciduous Temporary Flooded wetlands) along the upper stream
reaches of McClellan Creek south of the intersection of Pisgah Road and Minnow Farm Road.
This wetland area is located within the riparian zone along McClellan Creek, which should not be
affected by the project. Additional wetland areas and potential impacts will be determined once
field surveys have been conducted along the preferred route. If there are any potential impacts
to wetlands associated with the installation of the new sewer line, they should be “temporary”
since the sewer line will be buried and the surrounding area restored to natural contours.

Wild and Scenic Rivers

There are no wild and scenic rivers located in or near the PSA. The closest wild and scenic river
is the Chattooga River, which lies in Jackson and Macon Counties and is over 44 miles to the
east of the PSA.

Coastal Resources

There are no coastal resources located in or near the PSA or the Blue Ridge Physiographic
Province.

Shellfish, Fish, and Their Habitats

There are no Essential Fish Habitat (shellfish, primary nursery areas) areas identified by the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in the PSA. Tatham Creek and McClellan Creek are
classified as “trout waters” by the NC Division of Water Resources and support wild populations
of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as well as, other non-game species such as northern
hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans), banded sculpin (Cottus bairdii), central stoneroller
(Campostoma anomalum), mirror shiner (Notropis spectrunculus), longnose dace (Rhinichthys
cataractae), and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus). These species prefer clear headwaters,

48

creeks, and small rivers with cobble, gravel, sand/silt substrates with riffle-pool complexes for
foraging and spawning.

Wildlife and Natural Vegetation

The US Fish and Wildlife Service lists 28 species with federal status for Cherokee County
(Appendix J- Exhibit J-4) that are known from current records or were known to occur in the county
historically. There are 10 species with federal status listed as either threatened or endangered.
The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program database was used to verify species located within
the PSA. Due to a lack of potentially suitable habitat within the PSA for bald eagle, bog turtle,
Cumberland bean, little-wing pearlymussel, tan riffleshell, Tennessee heelsplitter, and white
fringeless orchid, a Biological Conclusion of No Effect is warranted. Potential suitable habitat for
the remaining species, Gray bat, Indiana bat, northern long-eared bat, and small whorled pogonia
is present within the PSA, and is discussed below.

Table 7.5 Threatened and Endangered Species Listed for Cherokee County
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Common Name Scientific Name Federal
Status
Potential
Habitat
Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus BGPA No
Bog Turtle Glyptemys muhlenbergii T S/A No
Gray bat Myotis grisescens E Yes
Indiana Bat Myotis sodalist E Yes
Northern long-eared bat Myotis septentrionalis T Yes
Sicklefin redhorse Moxostoma sp. 1 C No
Cumberland bean Villosa trabalis E No
Little-wing pearlymussel Pegias fabula E (H) No
Tan riffleshell Epioblasma Florentina walker E (H) No
Tennessee heelsplitter Lasmigona holstonia SE (H) No
Small whorled pogonia Isotria medeoloides T Yes
White fringless orchid Plantanthera intergrilabia T (H) No
E = Endangered

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SE = State Endangered
T = Threatened
C = Candidate Species
BGPA = Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act
H = Historic

Gray bat (Myotis grisenscens)
Federal Status: Endangered

Habitat Description: Gray bats roost in caves year around. Most winter caves are deep and
vertical; all provide large volume below the lowest entrance and act as cold air traps. A variety of
cave types are used during spring and fall transient periods. In summer, maternity colonies prefer
caves that act as warm air traps with restricted rooms or doomed ceiling that can trap the
combined body heat of thousands of clustered individuals. Gray bat generally do not roost in
trees; however, they have been found in buildings and under bridges. Some potential habitat
exists in the PSA; however, no field surveys will be conducted until a project corridor is selected.
Biological Conclusion: Unresolved

Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis)
Federal Status: Endangered

Habitat Description: The range of the Indian bat centers on cavernous limestone regions
in the eastern United States. The Indiana bat has different summer and winter habitat
requirements. Winter habitat is in caves and abandoned mines that usually have standing water
on the floor. The bats migrate to the winter habitat between September and November; they stay
there with occasional periods of activity until they emerge in mid-March to early May. Hibernation
only occurs in regions where winter temperatures are stable and around 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
Suitable summer habitat includes roosting, foraging, and commuting areas. Summer roosting
habitat includes forests and woodlots containing potential roost trees, which have exfoliating bark,
cracks, or crevices in trees (alive or dying) or snags that are > 3-inches diameter-at-breast height
(dbh). Roosting habitat may contain dense or loose aggregates of trees with variable amounts of
canopy closure. (While any tree greater than 3-inch dbh has the potential to be Indiana bat
summer roosting habitat, solid stands of 3-inch dbh and smaller trees are not considered suitable
roosting habitat; suitable roosting habitat would generally consist of forest patches with larger
trees also present). Bridges are occasionally used for roosting by Indiana bats in the summer.

50

Foraging habitat consists of forested patches, wooded riparian corridors, and natural vegetation
adjacent to these areas. Commuting habitat includes wooded tracts, tree-lines, wooded
hedgerows, streams or other such pathways that are within or connected to roosting or foraging
areas. Streams that have been stripped of their riparian vegetation do not appear to offer suitable
foraging habitat. Rivers as foraging areas and as migration routes are extremely important to this
species. Some potential habitat exists in the PSA; however, no field surveys will be conducted
until a project corridor is selected.
Biological Conclusion: Unresolved

Northern long-eared bat - NLEB, (Myotis septentrionalis)
Federal Status: Threatened

NLEB are known to winter in caves and mines and, in summer, they roost on trees with sloughing
bark or on structures, including concrete bridges that retain heat. There are no caves visible near
the project area and the nearest underground mine (cave) is over 10 miles away (USGS data).
Some tree removal is anticipated for this project; however, it would be consistent with the
exemption from incidental take for NLEB as outlined in the Final 4(d) Rule because this part of
Cherokee County is not considered an area of concern (i.e., there currently are no known
watersheds with hibernacula or maternity roost trees for NLEB in or near the PSA, (Appendix J-
Exhibit J-5)

Biological Conclusion: No Effect – Final 4(d) Rule

Small whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides)
Federal Status: Threatened

Small-whorled pogonia occurs in relatively open, mixed-deciduous forests with moist, acid soil,
though it can also occur on slopes along streams. It is also known to occur in rich, mesic forest
in association with white pine and rhododendron. Some potential habitat exists in the PSA;
however, no field surveys will be conducted until a project corridor is selected.
Biological Conclusion: Unresolved

Public Lands and Scenic, Recreational, and State Natural Areas

51

There are no public lands, scenic, recreational, or State natural areas located in the PSA;
however, there are two natural areas (Gipp Creek/Teyahalee Bald and Fires Creek Ridgeline)
within 1 mile of the PSA. These areas will not be impacted by the project.

Areas of Archaeological or Historical Value

The North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office HPOWEB GIS Service was used to
determine the presence of Historic Structures within the PSA. The Tatham-King Mill is located to
the west of Tatham Creek and the Thomas Tatham Log House is located to the east of Tatham
Creek near the beginning of the project. Neither of these structures are on the National Register
of Historic Places; however, further study of these areas will be required once the final project
corridor is selected. In addition, Archaeological studies will have to be conducted once the final
project corridor is selected.

Air Quality

The Federal Clean Air Act of 1970 established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS). These were established in order to protect public safety, and welfare from known or
anticipated effects of air pollutants. The affected environment includes the ambient atmosphere,
but immediate effects would be the areas closest to construction of the proposed sewer line.
Cherokee County has not been designated as a non-attainment area by the North Carolina
Division of Air Quality (DAQ). Land use in the PSA is rural in nature with scattered residential
housing, agricultural fields, and forestlands. The closest DAQ monitoring station is located on
Joanna Bald in Graham County. This monitor is attaining the information to meet the NAAQS of
0.070 ppb for 8-hour ozone. The standard of 12.0 ug/m3 for Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) is not
monitored in this attainment area. All current values and statistics are averages for one-hour
durations unless indicated otherwise. Cherokee County and the PSA is in compliance with the
NAAQS.

52

Table 7.6 DAQ 2017 Air Quality Data for Graham County – Joanna Bald Site
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Air Pollutant Minimum Maximum Average Total/Unit Status
Ozone (O3) 28 50 N/A - ppb Normal
Ozone (8 Hour Average) 30 42 N/A - ppb Normal
*Note: Data collected on 08/28/2017 and is in raw format and has not been validated. (DAQ Website)

The scope of work should only have temporary environmental impacts associated with normal
construction activities such as vehicles, heavy equipment and other fossil-fuel powered machinery
that generates internal combustion exhaust. Such discharges are common in everyday activities.
Earth moving operations and site grading may generate superfluous dust releases into the
atmosphere, especially during periods of dry weather. Given the nature and scope of this linear
excavation project, any effects to air quality should be negligible in this attainment area. Mitigative
measures include appropriate BMP’s for sedimentation and erosion control, and proper
maintenance of vehicles, heavy equipment and other gasoline/diesel powered machinery in
accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. Operation of the sewer line upon completion,
should have minimal impact upon air quality standards in the PSA.

Noise Levels

The affected environment includes the ambient atmosphere, but immediate effects would be the
areas closest to the proposed project corridor. The scope of work should only create temporary
environmental impacts associated with noise generated from normal construction activities such
as vehicles, heavy equipment, or potential blasting activities if warranted. Such noise sources
are common in everyday activities. Noise could be abated to some degree by maintaining
equipment and other gasoline/diesel powered machinery in accordance with manufacturers
specifications and limiting construction activities to daylight hours, preferably from 7:00 AM to
7:00 PM. Operation of the sewer line upon completion, should have no impact upon ambient
noise levels in the PSA.

Introduction to Toxic Substances

53

Toxic substances or hazardous materials are any materials that have a harmful effect on humans
or the natural environment. Examples of potentially hazardous materials and waste sites include
service stations, regulated landfills, unregulated landfills, salvage yards, industrial sites,
aboveground and underground storage tanks, or any other potential source which can introduce
contaminates into the environment. Based on a database review of the project area, there are no
sites identified in the PSA; however, field assessments will be conducted if the proposed project
moves forward.

Construction of the proposed sewer line has the potential to introduce toxic substances into the
environment associated with the use of heavy construction equipment such as fuels, lubricants
(oils, grease, hydraulic fluids, antifreeze, etc.), and possibly heavy metals; however, these
introductions could be avoided with proper inspection and maintenance of equipment, as well as,
safe operation of the equipment.

In addition, the treated eff luent discharge can cause potential eutrophication of downstream
aquatic resources. In this case, eutrophication arises from the oversupply of nutrients, mainly
phosphates in detergent and other organic matter (sewage), which can lead to algae blooms in
the receiving waters. When these organisms die, the bacterial degradation consumes the
dissolved oxygen in the water column creating a state of hypoxia, which can kill fish and other
aquatic organisms.

Environmental Justice

The affected environment includes the incorporated areas of the Town of Andrews and the
outlying area along Tatham Creek. The Town of Andrews has a population of approximately
1,781 people based on the 2010 US Census. Of the overall population, 13.7 percent are
minorities. This minority population is comprising approximately 1.3 percent African-American,
7.50 percent Hispanic-Origin, 0.10 percent Asian/Pacific Islander, 1.10 percent American Indian,
and 3.7 percent multiracial. The median household income and per capita incom e are $23,594
and $12,167 respectively. Approximately 27.3 percent of the population is below the federal
poverty level with a per capita income of $12,167. Approximately 88 percent of the population is
white with the balance being Hispanic, American Indian, or other minority races.

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Based on the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Environmental Justice EJSCREEN
Report the Town’s minority population is much less than the State or EPA Regional averages of
37 percent. A copy of the EJSCREEN Report is enclosed as (Appendix J- Exhibit J-6)

The proposed project will provide vital sewer services for Snowbird Outfitters, as well as, area
businesses and residences in the Tatham Creek watershed. The proposed project would require
the Town of Andrews and Snowbird Outfitters to incur additional public debt and/or private debt;
however, the repayment costs would be applied to all new potential customers and consumers
utilizing the new sewer system.

Based on a thorough review of demographic data, this project should not have a
disproportionately high or adverse effect on minority of low income populations. As with any
public infrastructure financing, much of the project can be funded with State and Federal grants
and any repayment of remaining public debt, would be applied in a pay-as-you-go manner across
all utility system users in a fair and equitable manner.

Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures to be considered during the implementation of the proposed project include:

• Best Management Practices (BMP’s) for erosion and sediment control during site
preparation, excavation, and trenching operations associated with the installation of the
new sewer line.
• Follow BMP’s for dust control (i.e., water application during dry weather conditions) during
the construction process.
• Specific mitigation measures/conditions issued by Local, State, and Federal Regulatory
agencies associated with the 404/401 permitting process.
• Maintain adequate stream buffers along Tatham and McClellan Creeks to meet regulatory
requirements.
• The use of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) to minimize ground disturbance in any
environmentally sensitive area such as streams, wetlands, and road crossings.
• Limit construction activities to daylight hours only, preferably 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM to
minimize noise impacts associated with construction activities on area residents.

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• Proper inspection, maintenance, and safe operation of vehicles, heavy equipment and
other gasoline/diesel powered machinery in accordance with manufactures specifications.
• Proper inspection, maintenance, and safe operation of the wastewater treatment plant to
avoid potential releases of chemicals and/or untreated sewage into the environment
(Valley River).
• Install and maintain temporary traffic controls throughout the work zone to improve safety
for the traveling public.

SECTION 8. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Financial Status of Existing Facilities:
The Town’s current sewer rate structure per customer base is summarized on Table 8.1.
The most recent audit report is included in Appendix A.

Table 8.1. Current Sewer Rate Structure
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Billing Class Average rate, inside Average rate, outside
Residential $ 21.95 per 5,000 gallons $ 49.60 per 5,000 gallons
Commercial $67 per 25,000 gallons
$112 per 50,000 gallons
$204 per 100,000 gallons
$ 480 per 250,000 gallons
N/A

The Town serves approximately 600 residential customers and approximately 250
commercial and institutional customers. Based on the sewer rate structure and the above customer
base distribution, the Town’s average sewer revenue is tabulated as follows:

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600 residential customers x $20/month averaged bill x 12 months = $144,000/yr
250 Commercial customers x $40/month averaged bill x 12 months = $120,000/yr
Therefore, the total revenue is $144,000 + $120,000 = $264,000/yr.
For comparison purposes, the current annual O&M cost for the sewer system (collection
and treatment) is approximately $ 205,000.

Projected Annual O&M Cost:
Based on the findings of this report, the proposed project will cost approximately $1,115,000. It
will probably start construction sometime in early 2019 and will be placed in service sometime
around the middle of the year, 2019. For budgeting purposes, the mean O&M cost increase for
the proposed sewer line during the startup year will be in the range of $2,000. This O&M cost is
expected to be around $7,000 by year 2039. This O&M cost does not include any additional
employee salaries, engineering fee’s, property expense, or other such similar expenses. For
comparison purposes, the 2016 O&M cost to run the current collection and treatment facilities
was $205,000 as previously reported. Therefore, the projected sewer system annual O&M cost
estimate for 2019 will be $205,000 + $2,000 = $ 207,000.

Debt Repayment:
Due to the large number of low to moderate-income families in the Town of Andrews, and the
limited number of commercial and institutional facilities, the Town has limited resources to
implement the needed expansion to the sewer collection system. Funding for this needed project
is dependent on assistance from multiple agencies such as the North Carolina Clean Water State
Revolving Fund, and CDBG, both administrated by the NCDENR Division of Water Infrastructure.
Additional funding will be pursued from Golden LEAF and support from the Snowbird Wilderness
Outfitters.
For the purpose of this report, it will be assumed that the amount of $700,000 will be secured from
Grants and local matching funds from Snowbird. Therefore, the loan amount to be pursued will
be approximately $414,000.
According to a typical CWSRF loan term of 20 years, a 1.75% interest rate, and all of the above
referenced conditions, the expected annual debt repayment for such a project (according to Table
8.2) will be approximately $ 46,000 (3,900/month). This debt amount includes additional
contributions for monthly O&M expenses and infrastructure depreciation.

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It is the intent of the local government that the current sewer rates shall remain the same and will
not increase, if possible, from the proposed project. Therefore, this report will provide means to
recover enough revenue for debt repayment. Other similar recovery plans/options may be
considered by the local government.
Based on approximately 40 new residential customers and one institutional customer, the average
monthly income would need to be approximately $4,000 to cover the debt repayment. This will
equate to an average gross monthly sewer rate of $49 for residential customers outside the Town
limits (5,000 gallons usage per month), and an average gross monthly bill to Snowbird (outside the
Town limits) of approximately $ 2,000 per month (150,000 gallons usage per month, previously
reported in Section 2).
In order to expedite this project to support the project’s needs, this report will assume that no
residential customers will be connected to the new gravity system upon startup. Residential
customers will be added following the project startup and expected to gradually increase as at a
rate of 2 new customers per year, as reported on Table 8.2. Based on this assumed scenario,
Snowbird will be required to cover the balance of the debt payment (using a decline rate
development agreement) until the required number of residential customers is added to support
such debt payment. Based on a 20-year repayment plan, Snowbird will be expected to pay a total
amount of $240,000 from this development agreement. This will be in addition to the estimated
monthly sewer bill of $2,000. The above case would be the worst case scenario. If the Town can
connect 40 customers to this new collection system at a faster rate, the cost to Snowbird will be
proportionally less. The total estimated fee of $240,000 in development fees is much less than
the estimated project cost ($801,000) of repairing/upgrading their own on-site treatment and
disposal system described under Alternative 3. The proposed annual development fee starts at
near the current pump and haul fees experienced by Snowbird, but gradually declines as the
number of residential customers start to contribute to the sewer revenue.

The projected sewer rate structure for the planning area, and year 2019 (for customers outside
the Town limits) is summarized on Table 8.3 below:

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Table 8.3. Proposed Sewer Rate Structure for Planning Area
Sewer Line Extension to Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters
Town of Andrews, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Billing Class Base Rate Over Base Rate
Residential, outside $49.60 per 5,000 gallons
Commercial, outside $70 Minimum for 1st 2000
gallons
$13 per 1,000 gallons

Other similar sewer rate structure(s) may be considered once the project is completed and more
accurate information are collected.

SECTION 9. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Community Engagement:
Involving the community at the early stages of the project is critical in the success and
public acceptance of the project. Once the Town has acquired all the information required, a public
meeting will be scheduled to discuss the details of the proposed project. One public meeting has
taken place in July, 2017 to announce the Town’s intent to pursue funding assistance for this
project. Any further future meetings and their agenda will be documented and included as an
attachment to this report. Community engagement and project details so far has been limited
among public utility staff, Town officials, Snowbird Outfitter personnel, engineers and planners,
and limited discussions with funding agencies.

.

1

END REPORT

2

List of Appendices

Appendix

A Town of Andrews Audit Report and System Information
B Correspondence
C Site Photographs
D Area Demographics
E Equipment Information
F Snowbird Wilderness Outfitters System Information
G O&M Estimates
H Life Cycle Cost Analysis
I References
J Environmental Exhibits

3

Appendix A

Town of Andrews Audit Report and System Information

4

Appendix B

Correspondence

5

Appendix C

Site Photographs

6

Appendix D

Area Demographics

7

Appendix E

Equipment Information

8

Appendix F

Snowbird Wilderness Outfitter System Information

9

Appendix G

O&M Cost Estimate

10

Appendix H

Life Cycle Cost Analysis

11

Appendix I

References

12

Appendix J

Environmental Exhibits