19930818 Ver 2_Application_20061023

HAZEN AND SAV~-~YER
Environmental Engineers & Scientists
October 19, 2006
Cyndi Karoly
401 Oversight/Express Permitting Unit
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
2321 Crabtree Blvd. v, ~ ~ 3 _ Og' g
Raleigh, NC 27604-2260
Hazen and Sawyer, P.C.
4011 WestChase Blvd.
Suite 500
Raleigh, NC 27607
[phone]
[phone] (Fax)
Re: Application for Department of the Army Permit
South Wake Landfill, Wake County, NC
H&S No. 30547-008
Dear Ms. Karoly,
As requested in your September 22, 2006 letter to Wake County Department of Environmental
Services, enclosed are five copies of the Application for Department of the Army Permit submitted to the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Raleigh Regulatory Field Office for 404 jurisdictional impacts associated
with construction of the proposed South Wake Landfill.
Wake County, the property owner, is forwarding a check for the application fee to you under
separate cover.
We will provide your office with any assistance required during your review and processing of the
401 Water Quality Certification. Representatives of Wake County, Hazen and Sawyer and EcoScience are
all available to meet with you at your convenience to further discuss this Application. In the interim, if you
have any questions or require additional information, please contact us.
Very truly yours,
HAZEN AND SAWYE
~~~~~ ~
0(~" C ~ c.we ~__.
John A. Bove, PE ~tl:i' ''~ ~ =l,'.;W,.u7Y
~'~~ Ndp y1~hMWA`t1~R 6RANGM
Associate
Attachments: Application for Department of the Army Permit -South Wake Landfill (5 copies)
cc: Dan LaMontagne P.E., Wake County Solid Waste Management Division (w/enclosures)
James Reynolds P.E., Wake County Solid Waste Management Division (w/o enclosure)
Sandy Smith, EcoScience Corp (w/o enclosure)
Monte Mathews U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (w/o enclosure)
New York. NY • Philadelphia, PA • Detroit, MI • Raleigh, NC • Charlotte, NC • Greensboro, NC • Atlanta, GA • Fairfax, VA • Baltimore. MD • Cincinnati, OH • Hollywood, FL • Boca Raton, FL • Tampa, FL • Miami, FL

HAZEN AND SAV~-~'ER
Environmental Engineers & Scientists

Monte Mathews
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
t Raleigh Regulatory Field Office
6508 Falls of the Neuse Rd.
Suite 120
' Raleigh, NC 27615

Dear Mr. Mathews,
September 7, 2006
v~, t~3-o8~8
Hazen and Sawyer, P.C.
4011 WestChase Blvd.
Suite 500
Raleigh, NC 27607
[phone]
[phone] (Fax)
Re: Application for Department of the Army Permit
South Wake Landfill, Wake County, NC
H&S No. 30547-008
On behalf of the Wake County Solid Waste Management Division, we are pleased to
submit this completed Application for Department of the Army Permit concerning proposed 404
jurisdictional impacts associated with construction of the proposed South Wake Landfill.
Wake County is the property owner and has retained Hazen and Sawyer to prepare this
Application. Hazen and Sawyer has subcontracted with EcoScience Corporation to complete the
' delineation of jurisdictional areas. You have met with representatives of EcoScience on several
occasions and have signed the delineation survey for jurisdictional areas on site. An inter-agency
site meeting was conducted on July 24, 2006 to present the proposed development and to allow
personnel from various state and federal agencies to have the opportunity to inspect the site and
ask questions of the Owner and the Owner's engineers and wetlands specialists.
t The Application provides discussion on the background and permitting history of the
South Wake Landfill, and its key role in assuring safe, economical and environmentally
responsible long term refuse disposal for the residents of Wake County. Key environmental,
engineering and economic factors associated with the proposed landfill are described in detail.
Three development options are presented that demonstrate avoidance in the final design of the
' facility. Complete descriptions of the jurisdictional areas are included, as well as a description of
the impacted areas.
For your convenience, a digital version the entire Application, including drawings and
figures, is provided in Portable Digital Format (pdf) at the end of the Application. Mailing labels
for notification of adjacent property owners are also enclosed.
1
~~~ ~.
!v ~ ~ ~~(`
~~'v 9 ~d
~~~~ \O
~~q
1 ti C'~
Wev YorY., NY • Philadelphia. PA • Detroit. Ivtl • Raleiyh. NG • Charlotte. NC • Greensboro, NG • Atlanta, GA • Fairfax. `Ui • Baltimore. MD • Cinannati. OH • Hollywood, F~q;PIStla Raton, FL • Tampa. FL • Miami, FL

HAZEN AND SAWYER
' Mr. Monte Mathews, USACE
September 7, 2006
' Page 2 of 2
' We will provide your office with any assistance required during your review and
processing of this Application. Representatives of Wake County, Hazen and Sawyer and
EcoScience are all available to meet with you at your convenience to further discuss this
' Application. In the interim, if you have any questions or require additional information, please
contact us.
' Very truly yours,
' HAZEN AND SAWYER, P.C.
John A. Bove, PE
' Associate
' Attachments: Application for Department of the Army Permit -South Wake Landfill (bound
copy)
Application for Department of the Army Permit -South Wake Landfill (digital
' copy on CD)
Mailing Labels for adjacent property owners
cc: Dan LaMontagne, Wake County Solid Waste Management Division,
James Reynolds, Wake County Solid Waste Management Division
' Sandy Smith, EcoScience Corp

~I

(33 CFR 325) V ~ I ~+ - ~ g ~ g Expires October 1996
blic reporting burden for this collection of Information Is estimated to average 5 hours per response, Including the time for reviewing Instructions, searching
Cxisting data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this
rden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington
adquarters Service Directorate of Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 20503. Please DO NOT RETURN your form to
ther of those addresses Completed applications must be submitted to the District Engineer having jurisdiction over the location of the proposed activity.
PRIVACY ACT STATEMENT
Authority: 33 USC 401, Section 10; 1413, Section 404. Principal Purpose: These laws require permits authorizing activities in, or affecting, navigable water of the
ited States, the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States, and the transportation of dredged material for the purpose of dumping it into
can waters. Routine Uses: Information provided on this form will be used in evaluating the application for a permit. Disclosure: Disclosure of requested
formation is voluntary. If information is not provided, however, the permit application cannot be processed nor can a permit be issued.
ne set of original drawings or good reproducible copies which show the location and character of the proposed activity must be attached to this application (see
~mple drawings and instructions) and be submitted to the District Engineer having jurisdiction over the location of the proposed activity. An application that is not
mpleted in full will be returned.
(ITEMS 1 THRU 4 TO BE FILLED BY THE CORPS)
APPLICATION NO. 2. FIELD OFFICE CODE 3. DATE RECEIVED 4.DATE APPLICATION COMPLETED
(ITEMS BELOW TO BE FILLED BY APPLICANT)
APPLICANT'S NAME 8. AUTHORIZED AGENT'S NAME AND TITLE (an agent is not required
ake County Department of Environmental Services N/A
,solid Waste Division
Attn: James Reynolds, Solid Waste Director
ADDRESS
,'.O. Box 550
$aleigh, NC 27602
9. AGENT'S ADUHt55
N/A
APPLICANT'S PHONE NOS. W/AREA CODE 10. AGtN 15 rrtuNt Ivua. vvirarscr~ ~.vv~
'esidence N/A Residence N/A
business 919-856-5520 Business N/A
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION
~ereby authorize, -------------------------------------------'------ to act in my behalf as my agent in the processing of this application and to furnish, upon request,
supplemental information in support of this permit application.
,/A
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE DATE
/A
NAME, LOCATION, AND DESCRIPTION OF PROJECTOR ACTIVITY
~ 2. PROJECT NAME OR TITLE
outh Wake Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Wake County, NC
.NAME OF WATERBODY, tF KNOWN 14. PROJECT STREET ADDRESS
_ittle Branch and unnamed tributaries to little Branch 6000 Old Smithfield Road
Aoex. NC 27502
CATION OF PROJECT
Wake NC
COUNTY STATE
. OTHER LOCATION DESCRIPTIONS, IF KNOWN
.andfill is bordered to the east by NC 55 bypass, to the south generally by Little Branch, to the north by the closed Feltonsville Landfill (owned by Wake County) and
to the west by developed and undeveloped Wake County property, including existing landfill cells. Approximate coordinates of landfill entrance are: 35.6834
titude and -78.8433 Longitude. Meets and bounds for property shown on attached Drawing WL-1.
. DIRECTIONS TO THE SITE
andfill entrance is located on Old Smithfield Rd. on the west side of NC55 Bypass approximately 2.0 miles north of the Town of Holly Springs, NC., approximately
3.5 miles south of the town of Apex, NC, approximately 0.75 miles south of the NC 55 Business intersection and approximately 2.25 miles south of the US 1
ersection.
. Nature of Activity (Description of project, include all features)
wee attached text for "Block 18"
.Project Purpose (Describe the reason or purpose of the project)
see attached text for "Block 19"

Reason(s) for Discharge
attached text for "Block 20"
.1. Type(s) of Material Being Discharged and the Amount of Each Type in Cubic Yards
~e attached text for "Block 21"
Surface Area in Acres of Wetlands or Other Waters Filled
ction 404 Wetlands: 6.73-acres
.solated Wetlands: 0.15-acres
rennial Streams: 373-linear feet
portant Intermittent Streams: 2188-linear feet
_ nimportant Intermittent Streams: 937-linear feet (0.09-acres)
23. Is Any Portion of the Work Already Complete? YES_ NO _XX_ IF YES, DESCRIBE THE COMPLETED WORK
Addresses of Adjoining Property Owners, Lessees, Etc., Whose Property Adjoins the Waterbody (If more than can be entered here, please attach a
elemental list).
e attached text for "Block 24"
~5. List of Other Certifications or Approvals/Denials Received from other Federal, State or Local Agencies for Work Described in This Application.
Agency Type approval Identification number Date applied Date approved Date Denied
~e attached text for "Block 25"
Application is hereby made for a permit or permits to authorize the work described in this application. I certify that the information is this application is complete
d accurate. I further certify that I possess the authority to undertake the work described herein or am acting as the duly authorized agent of the applicant.
~• ~'~
NAT RE OF APPLICAN DATE SIGNATURE OF AGENT DATE
e ap ation must be signed by the person who desires to undertake the proposed activity (applicant) or it may be signed by a duly authorized agent if the
~tement in block 11 has been filled out and signed.
18 U.S.C. Section 1001 provides that: Whoever, in any manor within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States knowingly and willfully
sifies, conceals, or covers up any trick, scheme, or disguises a material fact or makes any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or representations or makes or
es any false writing or document knowing same to contain any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements of entry, shall be fines not more than $10,000 or
prisoned not more than five years or both.

ii

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
Block 18 -Nature of Activity
The proposed project consists of construction of a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSWLF),
I Leachate Storage Tanks, and related access roadways and sediment and erosion control
structures. Once fully developed, the MSWLF will cover approximately 189-acres on a site that
is approximately 471-acres in size. The site is bounded to the north by the closed Wake County
' Feltonsville Landfill, to the east by Highway 55 Bypass, to the south by Little Branch Creek and
undeveloped property owned by CP&L and to the west by developed and undeveloped property
owned by Wake County. The site is shown on "Existing Conditions Plan", Drawing WL-1.

J
~I
1

i
The facility is developed in phases as required by North Carolina Solid Waste regulations. The
initial phase of the proposed construction (Phase 1) includes a 47-acre MSWLF, entrance
facilities, access roads, leachate storage facilities and surface water/erosion control structures.
The construction of Phase I will result in impact of jurisdictional areas. Future phases of
MSWLF construction will further impact jurisdictional areas. Impacts discussed in this
Application represent development of the total project.
The facility is subject to review and permitting by the NCDENR Solid Waste Section (primary
reviewing agency) as well as the Land Quality Section. An Application For Permit To Construct
was submitted to the Solid Waste Section by the Owner in December 1996. The Permit To
Construct was granted on February 18, 1999.
The MSWLF is a composite lined facility with a leachate collection and removal system and
environmental safeguards to assure the effective containment of the waste and protection of the
ground and surface waters. The landfill will be surrounded by a series of monitoring wells
designed and monitored to detect ground water impacts and to allow for remedial measures if
necessary. Once waste has been placed to design elevations, a final cover, consisting of a
composite liner and other protective layers, is constructed. By law, the owner of the facility
must monitor and maintain the closed landfill fora 30 year period after it is closed.
The MSWLF consists of the following elements; described from the ground surface upward:
(refer to the attached "General MSW Landfill Cross Section", Figure 1).
Structural Fill -This is soil placed and compacted to specification in order to provide a
suitable foundation for the landfill, establish base grading for leachate collection, and to provide
for containment berms. Embankment for entrance facilities and access roadways may be
constructed using Structural Fill.
Liner System -The composite liner consists of three components: the Compacted Soil
Liner, a Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) and a Geomembrane. This combination of natural and
Page 1 of 25 9/8/2006

r~

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
synthetic liners provides an effective long term barrier and conforms with the latest Federal and
State regulations
Leachate Collection System -This system consists of a combination of natural and
geosynthetic drainage layers and a series of perforated pipes to collect and remove leachate from
the cell. The Leachate Collection System is designed to remove leachate even under the most
severe conditions, and to maintain a maximum of one foot of hydraulic head on the liner system
under normal operating conditions. Leachate is removed from the cell by a series of submersible
pumps and conveyed to the leachate storage tanks. From these tanks, the leachate is pumped for
treatment at a local Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Holly Springs, North Carolina.
Operational Cover Soil - A layer of soil installed to provide protection to the underlying
liner and leachate collection system from physical damage due to the overlying refuse and
operations vehicles.
i
1

r
Refuse -Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated by residents and businesses located in
Wake County, North Carolina will be disposed in the facility. When fully developed, the
MSWLF will contain approximately 30,200,000-cubic yards of refuse and operating soil cover.
The design life of the facility is 25-years. Refuse is placed, compacted and covered daily. A
landfill gas extraction system will be installed when required under federal and state regulations
to control, remove and treat landfill gas.
Final Cover -Once the refuse is placed to design elevations, a final cover is constructed.
The final cover consists of a natural soil barrier layer overlain by a geomembrane. A surface
water collection system is installed over the liner system in order to minimize potential for
infiltration into the landfilled refuse. An erosion barrier layer, including a stand of native
grasses, is then constructed in order to protect the liner system.
Surface Water and Erosion Control System - A series of sedimentation basins, ditches,
culverts and temporary erosion control devices will be installed for construction of the landfill.
The structures have been designed to manage surface water runoff from the final cover as well as
during operations. The erosion control devices are designed to remove sediment from surface
water runoff prior to discharge.
Page 2 of 25 9/8/2006

i
r

i

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
Blocks 19 & 20 -Project Purpose/Reason(s) for Discharge
Background
Management of MSW is a key responsibility of all Counties in North Carolina and is critical to
the health and welfare of the public. The South Wake Landfill will serve Wake County residents
and businesses by providing disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Disposal of MSW is
currently provided by Wake County at the North Wake Landfill, which will reach capacity in
early 2008. Wake County has planned since 1990 to develop the South Wake Landfill to assure
that disposal services would be continuously provided on a long term economic basis.
The site selection process was completed in 1992 to comply with state and federal regulations to
assure that candidate sites were analyzed for economical and environmental suitability. A series
of siting criteria, established in the North Carolina Solid Waste Regulations, was utilized by the
County in the site selection process. A report demonstrating that the siting criteria were met, as
well as demonstrating that a disposal facility that complies with design, construction and
operational regulations could be developed on the South Wake site was submitted to the North
Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) Solid Waste Section.
' This report was approved by NCDENR in March 1995 (see Block 25 of this Application for
reference). Siting criteria included in the approved Site Suitability demonstration include:
1 • Airport Safety (15A NCAC 136.1622 (1))
• Floodplains (1 SA NCAC 136.1622 (2))
• Wetlands (15A NCAC 136.1622 (3))
• Fault Areas (15A NCAC 136.1622 (4))
• Seismic Impact Zones (15A NCAC 136.1622 (5))
• Unstable Areas (15A NCAC 136.1622 (6))
• Cultural Resources (15A NCAC 136.1622 (7))
• State Nature and Historic Preserve. (15A NCAC 136.1622 (8))
• Water Supply Watersheds (1 SA NCAC 136.1622 (9))
• Endangered and Threatened Species (15A NCAC 136.1622 (10))
The South Wake site was selected as the most suitable available location for the landfill facility
for environmental, operational and economic reasons. Portions of the site were already owned
by Wake County, and the remainder of the area needed was purchased from CP&L. Since the
site was adjacent to an existing (now closed) County landfill, operational efficiencies as well as
environmental monitoring were enhanced. An active disposal site is also best suited to manage
debris from storms and other natural disasters.

Page 3 of Z5
9/8/2006

1
t
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
The Site Suitability approval and the subsequent issuance of a Permit to Construct by NCDENR
demonstrate environmental suitability of the South Wake Landfill. It is reasonable to assume
that any alternate site in Wake County with size comparable to the proposed site would have
comparable jurisdictional impacts.
As part of the Permit approval process, NCDENR conducted a public hearing on May 16, 1998
to allow public comment on the proposed South Wake Landfill. The majority of public
comments, as recorded in the Hearing Transcript and summarized by NCDENR in their February
18, 1999 "Response to Public Comments on Draft Permit", deal with the location of the site, not
its environmental impacts. Residents wanted alternate commercial or industrial development for
the South Wake site and suggested on numerous occasions that the County look into other
parcels located outside Holly Springs.
In response to public comment, Wake County conducted a preliminary evaluation of a 418-acre
parcel located to the northwest of the proposed South Wake Landfill site. This voluntary
evaluation, which was not required to comply with any North Carolina Solid Waste Rules,
consisted of conceptual disposal area layouts, examination of regulatory siting criteria, and
operational issues such as site access and stormwater management. A report prepared in
September 2001 identified significant drawbacks to the site when compared to the South Wake
site. The alternative site was bisected by two creeks with significant floodplains, a public road
and two natural gas pipelines, which greatly reduced disposal volumes. A preliminary
1 assessment of this site indicated that the jurisdictional impacts would likely be greater than for
the South Wake site. From the perspective of landfill development, economics, and
environmental impacts, the County determined that the South Wake site was superior.
Prior to formal approval of the contracts necessary to develop the South Wake Landfill, the
Wake County Board of Commissioners heard public comments during the scheduled May 1,
2006 Board meeting. Those objecting to the landfill suggested that alternative commercial or
industrial development (such as shopping mall or a pharmaceutical plant) would be better for the
site. Such developments would certainly impact jurisdictional areas and significantly impact
stormwater management by the addition of extensive impervious surfaces. There was no public
sentiment for development that would prohibit impacts to jurisdictional areas on this site.
During this public comment period, Mayors of nine Wake County municipalities spoke in favor
of the proposed South Wake Landfill, citing the benefit to the public of providing economical,
environmentally responsible refuse disposal.
Page 4 of 25 9/8/2006

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS
~~ Demonstration of Public Need and Economic Benefit
September 2006
[n late 2003 an [nterlocal Agreement (ILA) was agreed to by every local government within
1 Wake County, including:
Apex Morrisville
Cary Raleigh
Fuquay-Varina Rolesville
Garner Wake Forest
Holly Springs Wendell
Knightdale Zebulon
The [LA was designed to review and evaluate viable disposal options (including disposal in
Wake County and at other disposal facilities in North Carolina and in neighboring states) and
collectively decide the best course of action to provide long-term disposal of the community's
municipal solid waste. The ILA identified a 3-fold process: I) Issue a Request for Expressions
of Interest (REO[) for anyone interested in providing long-term disposal services and short-list
qualified firms; 2) Issue a Request for Proposals (RFP) to the short-listed firms, asking for
detailed proposals on building and operating long-term municipal solid waste disposal facilities;
3) Evaluate proposals and recommend the best long-term disposal option for the county as a
whole that can be adopted by each local government.
The REOI was available to firms providing any demonstrated technology for waste disposal,
including incineration (waste to energy), composting and landfilling. Wake County recognized
1 that other technologies may have less impact on land resources, including jurisdictional areas.
Firms that develop and operate landfills were the only ones that responded to the REO[, and
landitlling became the only technology proposed. Two landfill options were confirmed for
consideration in the RFP - to utilize a private out-of-county landfill, or build and operate the
new South Wake landfill.
' The proposals received for disposal at a number of existing landfills in North Carolina and
Virginia, and were subjected to a thorough review by County staff, a Technical Advisory
Committee (TAC), and management staff from each of the municipalities. Among key selection
criteria were provisions for long term disposal for all of the municipalities, environmental
compliance and total system costs.
Analyses of the proposals indicated that the proposed South Wake Landfill site would provide
the lowest cost d isposal option for both the short term (1-5 years) and long term (25 years). The
South Wake Landfill is the disposal facility closest to the refuse source and total solid waste
system costs are lower due to the significant additional costs associated with transporting refuse
Page 5 of 25 9/8/2006
n

1
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPL[CATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
to more remote locations. On the basis of net present worth analyses of the two lowest cost
options considered, total cost savings would exceed $15,800,00 for years 1 through 5 and
$224,800,000 for the 25 year contract period evaluated.

1
1
1
1

1
1

1

Cost savings experienced by constructing the South Wake Landfill benefit all the municipalities,
commercial and industrial customers of the facility in proportion to the quantity of refuse they
generated or transported. The following is an estimate of cost savings for each municipality
based upon the total waste management system costs and the quantity of MSW managed by the
municipality:
Municipality Approximate Annual Tons
of MSW Mana ed Total Cost Savings
Years 1-5 Total Cost Savings
Years 1-25
A ex 13,400 $884,008 $12,577,537
Car 28,700 $1,893,361 $26,938,455
Fu ua -Varina 4,400 $290,271 $4,129,937
Garner 6,600 $435,407 $6,194,906
Holl S rin s 0 $0 $0
Kni htdale 2,000 $131,942 $1,877,244
Morrisville 1,600 $105,553 $1,501,795
Ralei h 129,000 $8,510,230 $121,082,255
Rolesville 500 $32,985 $469,311
Wake Forest 4,700 $310,063 $4,411,524
Wendell 1,400 $92,359 $1,314,071
Zebulon 3,200 $211,106 $3,003,591
Count Uninco orated 44,000 $2,902,714 $41,299,374
Total 239,500 $15,800,000 $224,800,000
In addition to the firm $224,800,000 additional cost associated with hauling the refuse to the
lowest cost out of county facility, the proposed site provides additional environmental and
economic benefits to the citizens of Wake County. The County has invested over $6,000,000 in
land acquisition, permitting, investigation and design of the South Wake Landfill. This does not
include staff time for County, Municipal and the TAC. In addition, fuel cost escalation clauses
in the contract would likely cause a significant increase in refuse hauling costs to the out of
County facility.
The municipalities included in the ILA will rely on the South Wake Landfill as their sole
disposal option, since all municipal operated facilities have closed down due to the high cost of
new regulations for design, construction and operations of a landfill. If the South Wake Landfill
was not available, the municipalities would have to raise the additional solid waste costs from
their respective tax base. In a similar fashion, private waste haulers would experience higher
transport and disposal costs that presumably would be passed to their residential, commercial
and industrial customers in Wake County.
Page 6 of 25 9/8/2006

1
ii
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
If a County site was not available, municipalities and some commercial haulers would have to
develop solid waste transfer facilities since it is not economically feasible for collection vehicles
1 to haul refuse directly to a distant landfill. Although municipal planning for these transfer
facilities has not been conducted because the assumed availability of the South Wake Landfill, it
is reasonable to assume that three to five such facilities would be necessary if refuse was to be
hauled out of Wake County. Each transfer facility site would presumably require a parcel of
about ten to fifteen acres in size. [t is also reasonable to assume that nearly all undeveloped
parcels of this size would require jurisdictional impacts. These impacts would not be necessary
if the South Wake Landfill were developed.
In addition to direct cost savings associated with development of the South Wake Landfill,
significant, but unquantifiable environmental impacts would be avoided by development of a
local refuse disposal facility. Hauling of over one quarter million tons of refuse per year to a
distant landfill would generate nearly twenty thousand tractor trailer trips on regional roadways.
Avoiding these trips avoids the associated air pollution, roadway wear and traffic impacts.
The necessary increases to solid waste disposal fees to support the much more expensive out of
1 County disposal option would certainly lead to an increase in illegal dumping. This is a common
occurrence in any part of the country where disposal costs are increased for any reason. Illegal
dumping represents a considerable cost to local governments to prosecute offenders and clean
up. Jurisdictional areas (especially streams bordering roadways) bear an inordinate share of
impacts from illegal dumping. It is reasonable to assume that illegal dumping could have an
equal to or greater impact jurisdictional areas located on public and private lands than the
I development of the South Wake Landfill.
The Applicant, Wake County, has met regulatory criteria and regulation associated with the
siting and design of the proposed South Wake Landfill and satisfied the Department of the Army
Evaluation Factors for a Department of the Army Permit. A compliance summary is provided on
Table 1 below.
[]
fl
r
Page 7 of 25 9/8/2006
t

t
E
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS
September 2006
Tohla 1 _ (`mm~li~nra Cummarv with IiC Armv ('nrnc of F.naineerc F.vahiatinn Factnrc
Conservation Addressed by the NCDENR Permits and development of environmentally sound waste
dis osal facilities
Economics Selected Option is approximately $230,000,000 lower in cost than lowest out of County
o tion and is clean in the economic interest of owner and residents
Aesthetics Addressed in Landfill Sitin Criteria and Setbacks
General
Environmental
Concerns Addressed in permitting process and in Public Hearing conducted by NCDENR on May
16, 1998
Wetlands Addressed in this Application as well as in NCDENR Site Suitability Approval (15A
NCAC 13B.1622 3
Historic Pro ernes Addressed in Site Suitabilit (15A NCAC 13B.1622 (7))
Fish and Wildlife
Values Addressed in Site Suitability (15A NCAC 13B.1622 (10))
Flood Hazards Addressed in Site Suitabilit (15A NCAC 13B.1622 (2))
Flood Plain Values Addressed in Site Suitability (15A NCAC 13B.1622 (2))
Land Use Addressed in Zonin ,Local Government A royal and Site Suitabilit
Navi anon Not A licable
Shoreline Erosion
and Accretion Not Applicable
Recreation Not A licable
Water Supply and
Conservation Addressed in Site Suitability (15A NCAC 13B.1622 (9))
Water Quality Addressed in Site Suitability (15A NCAC 13B.1622 (9)) and approved groundwater
monitorin ro ram
Energy Needs Proposed local site reduces fuel energy consumption. Facility will ultimately generate
beneficial renewable ener
Safet Pro osed facilit rovides for safe refuse dis osal
Food and Fiber
Production Not Applicable
Mineral Needs Not A licable
Considerations of
Pro a Ownershi Wake County owns entire property and has local and state permits required for the
roposed development
Needs and Welfare of
the Peo le Safe, economical waste disposal is responsibility of County to meet needs and welfare of
its residents
Page 8 of 25
9/8/2006

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS
Proposed Jurisdictional Area Impacts
September 2006
Based upon the approved delineations of jurisdictional areas, the impacts for proposed South
Wake Landfill, including the landfill, entrance facilities and soil borrow areas, are as follows:
Section 404 Wetlands: 6.73-acres
Isolated Wetlands: 0.15-acres
Perennial Streams: 373-linear feet
Intermittent Important Streams: 2,188-linear feet
Intermittent Unimportant Streams: 937-linear feet (0.09-acres)
The proposed impacts have a multifaceted effect on the facility and the customers who rely on
the facility for disposal. The jurisdictional impacts are considered to be the minimum areas
needed to provide safe and effective facility access, adequate capacity for disposal, and
compliance with regulations for proper management of stormwater and water quality monitoring.
By providing adequate disposal capacity for 25-years, the facility, as designed, the need to
provide an alternative disposal site in the region is greatly diminished. It is reasonable to assume
that any alternative site considered would have comparable jurisdictional impacts to the South
Wake Landfill site. Developing an alternative site would result in significantly higher costs and
~' economic impact to the municipalities, residents and businesses of Wake County.
Demonstration of Avoidance in Landfill Area:
The proposed facility layout was developed over a number of years and does not represent the
maximum potential jurisdictional impacts or the maximum disposal area. A total of three main
development options were evaluated for potential impacts to jurisdictional areas. The first
option assumed the disposal facility was developed using the minimum regulatory setback
criteria. Under the Option 1 scenario, illustrated on "Landfill Option 1 -Maximum Footprint"
Drawing WL-2, the landfill would be approximately 273-acres in area and would potentially
impact 7.3-acres of jurisdictional areas (including 0. I S-acres of isolated wetlands) and 13,829-
linear feet (lI) of stream (Perennial streams: 8796-1f, Intermittent Important: 3457-If, and
Intermittent Unimportant: 1576-1f). This option was not selected due to the significant impact to
streams, especially Little Branch to the south of the landfill, and the significant costs required to
effectively re-route the streams.
The landfill layout permitted by NCDENR in 1999 reduces the impacts to streams compared to
Option 1. For Option 2, shown on "Landfill Option 2 -Permitted Facility Plan" Drawing WL-
3, the impacts for the landfill (Perennial: 6179-If, Intermittent Important: 3457-1f, and
Intermittent Unimportant: 1576-1f) and would impact 7.3-acres of jurisdictional areas. The
permitted plan included relocation of approximately 3,700-linear feet of the Little Branch
Page 9 of 25 9/8/2006

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
located to the south of the landfill.
In 2006, Wake County revised the permitted facility layout to eliminate the proposed stream re-
location and modify the disposal area limits in the southern and northeastern areas of the landfill
in order to avoid jurisdictional area impacts. In addition, sedimentation basins and pipelines
were re-designed to minimize impacts where practical. The modified layout is the proposed
layout for this Application and is shown on "Landfill Option 3 -Proposed Layout", Drawing
WL-4. Option 3 is the selection option and represents impacts of 6.73-acres of Section 404
wetlands, 0.15-acres of isolated wetlands, and 3,093-linear feet (lf) of stream (Perennial streams:
48-1f, Intermittent Important: 2,108-If, and Intermittent Unimportant: 937-1f, (0.09-acres). The
selected landfill layout results in a smaller disposal area (181-acres, a reduction of 8-acres) and
the reduction of disposal capacity by approximately 1,320,000-cubic yards. This reduction in
disposal area translates to a reduction of revenue of approximately $26,400,000 if the value of
the airspace is assumed to be $20 per cubic yard.
The proposed size and location of the MSWLF (Option 3) allows for effective and economic use
of the available area balanced with the maximum practical level of avoidance.
Demonstration of Avoidance for Entry Facilities:
r

1

The Entrance Facilities form the main access point for all visitors to and users of the landfill.
These facilities include three scales for weighing incoming refuse and outgoing haulers (required
by Solid Waste regulations), a scalehouse, a waste screening area and roadways to allow
separation of incoming vehicles by class (haulers, maintenance, visitors, etc.). The access roads
must be of adequate length to allow safe stacking or queuing of vehicles awaiting inspection or
weighing. The vehicle queue must not be allowed to block public roads or access to other
existing facilities on the site. For this reason, the scales and scalehouse must be located a
significant distance from both Old Smithfield Road and from the landfill cells.
The permitted layout of the Entrance Facilities, shown on "Entrance Facilities Option 1 As
Permitted", Drawing WL-5, represents an alignment that avoids disruption of existing facilities,
provides the most effective use of the existing grades and provides the most direct access to the
landfill. This option would require crossing two streams and one jurisdictional area. Total
impact for Option 1 is 221-linear feet of perennial stream and no jurisdictional wetland areas.
The original permitted alignment was modified to allow more efficient access and allow for safer
movement by residential vehicles. This alignment, Option 2, shown on "Entrance Facilities
Option 2", Drawing WL-6, would still require two stream crossings and approximately 297-
linear feet of perennial stream impact.
Wake County directed engineering staff to evaluate alternate alignments that would minimize
Page 10 of 25
9/8/2006

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
impacts; specifically to reduce the number of stream crossings to a single crossing. The new
alignment, shown on shown on "Entrance Facilities Option 3", Drawing WL-7, and "Landfill
Option 3 -Proposed Layout", Drawing WL-4, moves the roadway to the west, just south of the
existing Multi-Material Facility then to the south where it ties into the main landfill access road.
Option 3 minimizes stream impacts by requiring only a single stream crossing (total impact,
185-linear feet of perennial stream) and avoiding impacts to jurisdictional wetland areas. This is
the selected option. [t is estimated that the revised entrance facility layout shown on Option 3
will cost an additional $200,000 to construct when compared to the Option 1 or Option 2
alignments.
The selection Option 3 minimizes impacts while maintaining safe and effective access to the
disposal areas.
Demonstration of Avoidance for Soil Borrow Areas:
Soil is a critical component in the construction, operation and environmental compliance of the
landfill. Foundation support, liner systems and containment berms are constructed using on site
soil. Regulations require the use of soil to cover refuse on a periodic basis during disposal
operations. Closure of the landfill is accomplished in part by placement of additional soils.
Soils will be excavated at the South Wake site both in disposal areas (before they are developed)
and from outside disposal areas, in accordance with the approved Solid Waste permits. To
access these soil borrow areas, a total of five temporary stream crossings are required with a total
impact of 220-linear feet (If) of stream (Perennial streams: 140-1f, Intermittent Important: 80-If,
and Intermittent Unimportant: 0-lf. The locations of the temporary crossings are shown on
"Landfill Option 3 -Proposed Layout", Drawing WL-4.
Soil borrow excavation will not be conducted in wetlands areas. Streams will not be disturbed
outside of the minimum areas needed for temporary crossings. These crossings will consist of a
culvert with soil cover to support construction and hauling equipment. Atypical plan and
section view of a temporary stream crossing is shown on the attached Figure 2.
North Carolina re ulations re uire installation of sediment and erosion controls and rohibit
g q p
excavation of soils within 4-feet vertically of the groundwater table so development of the soil
borrow areas is not expected to impact adjacent jurisdictional areas.
t
1 Page 11 of 25
9/8/2006

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS
Block 21 -Types of Materials Being Discharged
September 2006
Jurisdictional areas and streams will be impacted by construction of the facility entrance
facilities, access roads, the MSW disposal cells and sedimentation/erosion control structures.
Initial impact will be from placement of compacted engineered fill soil termed Structural Fill. In
proposed disposal areas, the following natural earth materials and MSW will be ultimately
discharged into the jurisdictional areas:
Structural Fill Soil
Liner System
Operational Cover Soil
Refuse (Municipal Solid Waste)
Final Cover
Page 12 of 25
9/8/2006

1
t

1

1
1
t

i

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
Block 22 -Descriptions of Jurisdictional Areas
South Wake Landfill Wetland Descr,_ptions
Wake County property near Holly Springs, NC contains the site of the proposed South Wake
Landfill. This area contains several wetland types of varying values and functions.
Seep Wetlands (Wetland lines de, ds, daf, dav, daw, dax, day, and dbb)
Several seep wetlands of varying sizes are located in depressions and topographic draws primarily
within disturbed/maintained areas ofthe west halfofthe proposed landfill site and total 5.98 acres in
size (see Drawing WL-1). The majority ofthese wetlands occur within open areas ofthe proposed
landfill site, with the exception of one, which originates in wooded terrain and drains to the open
landscape. These seeps gather hydrology from the surrounding terrain and discharge stormwater
which percolates through the soil to emerge in relatively low points in the topography. Due to their
location within the local topography, these wet areas were likely formed from ephemeral drainages
which were disturbed and compacted during the clearing and grubbing of this area for timber and
potential landfill preparation. These wet areas drain to the large stormwater basin located southwest
of the proposed landfill site, which, in turn, drains to Little Branch. In addition, several isolated seep
wetlands totaling 0.15 acre have emerged from various hillside locations within open areas in the
western potion of the proposed landfill site.
Page 13 of 25 9/8/2006

1
t

1

n,

1

~~
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
~~r
1
~~,~, ..: .
• .~ - ~ icy ... ~.:~ '.~, ~' • !,
' ~ ~- ~
' ~ ^ ,>Lk ,fir%~
.5 ~ J
~~~ ~ ~ 9 ~-~ a •~ e ~ 4* ~ 3e ,, ~ ~''~ n4 ~j ,
r~ n t ,
~ ) ,. R !.l~ sir,., ~ 4 ~ ~. ~ ~ 4=~~ 7 w ~,~
t R t
~ . 1 j ~ z ~ t ~ "~ i~ ~ q+ ~y
~ ; r y t~'4,-~Cr a `.- fy~ !~< SRI y k
,~ ~ ~ ~ . , i , ra ~~ ;~-.. ~
f ~1 1 °#4 ~5. - l ~
Photo 1. Seep wetland within the center of the proposed landfill site.
Vegetative diversity and stratification of these wetland areas are low, with dense herbaceous and
shrub layers, sparse saplings, and a lack of vines and canopy. Typical vegetation of these seeps
includes herbs such as wool-grass (Scirpus cyperinus) and soft rush (Juncus effusus). Shrubs
commonly found in these areas include groundsel-tree (Baccharis halirrrifolia), blackberry (Rubus
sp.), and black willow (Sulix niKra). Saplings are scattered throughout these areas and consist
predominantly of loblolly pine (Pines tueda) and black willow. Within the wooded seep, vegetation
consists more commonly of a dense sapling layer, moderate vine layer, few canopy trees and sparse
herb and shrub layers. This area consists predominantly of saplings of sweetgum (Liyuidambar
styraciflua), red maple (Ater rubrum), and loblolly pine with vines of common greenbrier (Smilax
rotundifoliu). Canopy trees within this area consist of scattered individuals of loblolly pine.
Soils within these areas are generally composed of clay loam or sandy clay loam and exhibit wetland
Page 14 of 25 9/8/2006
I~
~.J

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
colors and mottles. Indicators of wetland hydrology consist of oxidized rhizospheres, saturation
within 12 inches of the soil surface, and drainage patterns.
_ ,~
;~ ~ a
;~'
M. Y f ~ ' n
~; ~ ..:
~ ~, ~ '~ ~.
^` ~~' ~
e
1 '$ ~;~~`
~>
x~ '
*~
,~ ~ ~ s
w ~ _ ~~
~.
~,
'-~~
4 ~ ,
~$ ~ .~ ..
.-
. ~ ~~ ~ ~° ..: ~ ~4. ..: ~ ~
M
e,~ <
~~= ,~".r z 4 , c .k 4 `j. ry Vim{, n~~. ~ ., 4 F ~
~ ~ ~~ ~k ~
gip, a. ~ ~.'~ ~ ,4 ~~'~4. ~ r § a~ t
`rfi ~
~ ~#~`
i`p ,
Photo 2. Seep wetland within the center of the proposed landfill site
The position ofthese seep wetlands within disturbed areas, the lack of vegetative diversity, and the
low vegetative stratification results in low habitat potential for wildlife. While the seeds of wool-
grass are eaten by some finches such as song sparrow (Meloapiza melodia), and the herbaceous
portions ofwool-grass and soft rush are grazed by herbivores such as eastern cottontail (Sylvilagu.s
floridanus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the primary usage of such areas is likely
cover from predation for smaller wildlife species such as eastern cottontail, eastern harvest mouse
(Reithrodontomys humulis), and meadow vole (Microtus penrrsylvarricus).
Functionally, these seep wetlands have little value in the treatment and removal of pollution,
Page 15 of 25 9/8/2006

1
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
pathogens, and sediment. Due to their position in the watershed, the opportunity for introduction of
pollutants is currently limited to sedimentation. Water storage is low in these areas, partially due to
the occasionally high slope, which limits the ability ofthese areas to transform and remove nutrients
1 and toxins, retain sediment, and dissipate energy from storm events. Due to the low vegetative
diversity and stratification ofthese areas, wildlife habitat and food production is severely limited.
1

1

1

u

Headwater Wetlands (Wetland lines dc, dd, dk, dm, dp, dq, dv, dw)
Several headwater wetland areas are located within the northeast, southeast, and southwest portions
of the project site and total 0.72 acre in size (see Drawing W L- l ). These wet areas are associated
with zero- to first-order intermittent or perennial streams. Associated streams lose defined bed and
bank in the highest landscape position ofthese wetlands, spread into these wetlands, and then regain
channelization as water collects in the lowest landscape position and
Page 16 of 25 9/8/2006

Photo 3. Headwater wetland in the eastern portion of the proposed landfill site
is discharged from the wetland. Tree size and lack of species diversity indicates that these areas are

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMEN"('S September 2006
recovering from timbering. Vehicle ruts are present in most of these areas, indicating that these
locations have also been stressed by soil compaction during timber removal, which has likely aided
in the formation of these wet areas.

1
1

1

1

Vegetation within these areas is forest less than 50 years old but generally fairly diverse with well-
stratified upper vegetative layers and sparse lower layers. The canopy over these areas is
moderately-closed and consists primarily of loblolly pine and willow oak (Quercus phellas). The
sapling and shrub layers are moderate and contain canopy species as well as ironwood (Curpinus
caroliniana), tulip poplar (Liriodertdrort tulipifera), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), red maple,
sweetgum, and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). The vine layer consists primarily of
common greenbrier, and the herb layer is sparse and includes sphagnum moss (SphaKmrm sp.),
Christmas fern (Polysticharm ucrostichoides), and soft rush.
Page 17 of 25 9/8/2006

Photo 3. Headwater wetland in the eastern portion of the proposed landfill site

1
i
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
Soils within these areas are generally composed of clay loam and exhibit wetland colors and mottles.
Indicators of wetland hydrology consist of oxidized rhizospheres, saturation and free water within
12 inches of the soil surface, drainage patterns, and water-stained leaves.
Due to vegetative diversity and stratification, these wetland areas are expected to support a wider
range of wildlife species than open areas within the project area. Wildlife species which may take
advantage of food sources such as herbaceous vegetation or seeds from red maple, tulip poplar, and
green ash include herbivores such as gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), white-footed mouse
(Peromyscus leucopus), and white-tailed deer; granivores including northern cardinal (Cardinalis
cardinalis), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Carolina chickadee (Poecile carolinensis),
and tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor); and omnivores such as brown thrasher (Toxostoma
rufum), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), and eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina). Some wildlife
species that may take advantage of the forest floor duff layer, loose bark, and arboreal areas; or prey
upon species utilizing these habitats include insectivores such as downy woodpecker (Picoides
pubescens), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), white-
spotted slimy salamander (Plethodon cylindraceus), and southeastern shrew (Sorex longirostris);
and carnivores including eastern screech owl (Otus asio) and eastern garter snake (Thamnophis
sirtalis).
Functionally, these headwater wetlands have moderate value in the treatment and removal of
pollution, pathogens, and sediment. Due to their landscape position within the watershed, these
wetlands have little opportunity to receive pathogens, particulates, and nutrients. In addition, they
have the opportunity as well as ability to stabilize some bank areas of streams feeding into and
draining these wetland areas as well as moderate water temperatures and local micro-climates.
Water storage is high in both surface and sub-surface portions of these areas. This results in the
ability to retain sediment and dissipate energy from storm events. The moderate vegetative diversity
and stratification of these areas results in good habitat and food production for wildlife.
Bottomland Hardwood Forest (Wetland lines dch, dck, dcQ, dcr, dcz)
Several wetland areas are located within Bottomland Hardwood Forest in the western part of Wake
County property adjacent to and west of the proposed landfill location with a total size of
approximately 1.06 acres (see Drawing WL-1). These wet areas are located within the floodplain of
a third-order unnamed tributary (UT) to Little Branch. These wet areas lie in depressions within the
floodplain and gather hydrology primarily from overbank events of the stream as well as runoff from
the adjacent floodplain slopes and overflow from several stormwater ponds to the northwest. The
majority of these wetland areas are isolated, having no waterbody to receive drainage. Vehicle ruts
are present in the most northerly of these areas, indicating that this area has been stressed by timber
removal and soil compaction, which has likely aided in the formation of this wet area. Large
portions of these wetland areas are scoured of all leaflitter and groundcover.
Page 18 of 25 9/8/2006

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
Vegetation within these areas is generally fairly diverse and well-stratified. Generally, the canopy
over these areas is moderately well-developed and consists of loblolly pine, tulip poplar, and willow
oak. The sapling and shrub layers are moderate and contain canopy species as well as ironwood, red
maple, sweetgum, river birch (Betulu nigru), and highbush blueberry. The vine layer is moderate
and consists of common greenbrier, trumpet creeper (Campsis rudicarrs), and poison ivy
(Toxicodendron radicarts). The herb layer is fairly sparse and includes false nettle (Boehmeria
cylindrica), sphagnum moss, lizard's tail, southern lady fern, netted chain-fern (Woodtivcrrdia

t

1

' ~ ' h r ~ r enera) I com osed of cla and cla loam and exhibit wetland colors
Soils vrthm t ese a eas a e g y p y y
and mottles. Indicators of wetland hydrology consist of oxidized rhizospheres, saturation within 12
inches of the soil surface, drainage patterns, drift lines, and water-stained leaves.
Page 19 of 25 9/8/2006
1
Photo 4. Bottomland Hardwood Forest adjacent to and west of the proposed landfill site

1
~:J
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
This community provides good food for wildlife, while its stratification creates numerous shelter
opportunities. The proximity to a clear and moderately-flowing water supply (UT to Little Branch)
is also beneficial. Wildlife species which may take advantage of food sources such as herbaceous
vegetation, oak mast, blueberries, or seeds from red maple and tulip poplar include herbivores such
as gray squirrel, white-footed mouse, and white-tailed deer; granivores including northern cardinal,
eastern towhee, Carolina chickadee, tufted titmouse, wild turkey (Maleagrisgallopavo), purple finch
(Carpodacus purpureus), and southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans); and omnivores such as
brown thrasher, blue jay, and eastern box turtle. Some wildlife species that may take advantage of
the forest floor duff layer, loose bark, and arboreal areas; or prey upon species utilizing these
habitats include insectivores such as downy woodpecker, Carolina wren, wood thrush, red-eyed
vireo (Tlireo olivaceus), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), southeastern shrew, and gray treefrog
(Hyla chrysoscelis); and carnivores including eastern screech owl and eastern garter snake. Wildlife
which may take advantage of depressions scoured of vegetation and leaflitter consist primarily of
amphibian species such aswhite-spotted slimy salamander, pickerel frog (Rana palustris), southern
leopard frog (Rana utricularia), and American Toad (Bufo americanus).

u
1
1
1

Page 20 of 25 9/8/2006
1

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
1

J

The rimar source of h drolo for these areas is overbank flow from the UT to Little Branch.
p Y Y gY
Functionally, these wetlands have high value in the treatment and removal of pollution. As the
majority of these wet areas have no surface connection to the UT to Little Branch, the opportunity
and ability to stabilize bank areas, and control fluctuations in water temperatures and local micro-
, climates is low. Due to their landscape position, these wetlands have the ability but little
opportunity to transform and remove pathogens, particulates, and nutrients. Water storage potential
is high in surface and moderate in the sub-surface portions of these areas. The high vegetative
diversity and stratification of these areas results in good habitat and food production f'or wildlife.

Page 21 of 25 9/8/2006

Photo 6. Bottomland Hardwood Forest west of and adjacent to the proposed landfill site

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPL[CAT[ON FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICAT[ON ATTACHMENTS
Block 24 -Adjoining Properties
September 2006
Twenty-six property owners adjacent to Facility Boundary have been identified from Wake
County tax records and are listed below (See attached Figure 3 for parcel locations):
Parcel Property Owner and Address Parcel Property Owner and Address
Number (see Number (see
Fi ure 3 Fi ure 3
I Parker & Orleans Homebuilders, Inc. 14 Judd, Lisa
2l 1 James Jackson Avenue 5617 Easton Street
Cary, NC 27513 Holly Springs, NC 27540
PIN Num: 0649772516 PIN Num: 0649897594
2 Oakhall Limited Partnership IS Richardson, Pauline & Rebecca
P.O. Box 3006 Richardson
Cary, NC 27519 5617 Easton Street
PIN Num: 0649663625 Holly Springs, NC 27540
P[N Num: 0649896601
3 Oakhall HOA 16 Watson, Margaret & Holleman,
4004 NC HWY 55 Gerald
Cary, NC 27519 5625 Easton Street
P[N Num: 0649772061 Holly Springs, NC 27540
P[N Num: 0649894545
4 Liu, Baichen & Qian Dai 17 McCullers, Vincent & Cecilia
921 Bonhurst Drive 5629 Easton Street
Holly Springs, NC 27540 Holly Springs, NC 27540
PIN Num: 0649775395 PIN Num: 0649893631
5 Foster, Walt E. & Lynne Laurel 18 Watson, Margaret E.
920 Bonhurst Drive 5625 Easton Street
Holly Springs, NC 27540 Holly Springs, NC 27540
PIN Num: 0649777337 PIN Num: 0649892662
6 Security Self Storage, Inc. 19 Watson, Margaret E.
2474-340 Walnut Street 5625 Easton Street
Cary, NC 2751 1 Holly Springs, NC 27540
PIN Num: 0649872410 P[N Num: 0649891576
7 Security Self Storage, Inc. 20 Watson, Margaret E. & Holleman,
2474-340 Walnut Street Gerald W.
Cary, NC 2751 I 5625 Easton Street
P[N Num: 0649877451 Holly Springs, NC 27540
PIN Num: 0649890554
8 Rogers, James O. Jr. & Yolanda 21 Hinton, Henderson & Blanche
3509 Milky Way 2010 Lugkin Road
Raleigh, NC 27604 Apex, NC 27539
PIN Num: 0649877544 PIN Num: 0649799641
9 Davis, Donald E. 22 Cox, Annette Moore
P.O. Box 575 P. O. Box 103
Holly Springs, NC 27540 Holly Springs, NC 27540
PIN Num: 0649877669 PIN Num: 0740724923
Page 22 of 25
9/8/2006

Ir~II
LJ
WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
1

C

1
1
10 Fortunes, Christopher M. & April 23 NC Department of Transportation
475 Bear Tree Creek 331 W. Main Street
Chapel Hill, NC 27517 Suite 100
PIN Num: 0649877850 Durham, NC 27701
PIN Num: 0740731009
11 Ford, Robert L. & Dorothy M. 24 CP&L
1549 North Main Street Attn: W H Keith CX l G
Holly Springs, NC 27540 P.O. Box 14042
PIN Num: 0649991543 St. Petersburg, FL 33733
P[N Num: 0649298326
12 Richardson, Emma 25 CP&L
c/o Sandra Marie Richardson Attn: WH Keith CX1G
5609 Easton Street P.O. Box 14042
Holly Springs, NC 27540 St. Petersburg, FL 33733
PIN Num: 0649899584 PIN Num: 0649582606
13 Richardson, Emma 26 Ransdell, NF Heirs
c/o Sandra Marie Richardson 303 Broad Street
5609 Easton Street Fuquay Varina, NC 27526
Holly Springs, NC 27540 PIN Num: 064967 1 1 63
PIN Num: 0649898584
Mailing labels for each of these adjoining property owners has been submitted under separate
cover.
C

1

' Page 23 of 25 9/8/2006
1

fl

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS
September 2006
' Block 25 -List of Other Certifications/Denials Received from other Federal, State, or Local
Agencies for Work Described in This Application
APPLICATIONS AND APPROVALS:
1) Zoning Compliance Notification, Wake County Zoning Administrator, April 28, 1992.
'
2) Site Suitability For a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill - NC Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources Solid Waste Section -March 14, 1995

3) Application For Permit To Construct a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill - NC Department
of Environment and Natural Resources Solid Waste Section -December, 1996
'
4) Local Government Approvals:
a. Board of Commissioners of the Town of Holly Springs -September 1, 1992
' b. Wake County Board of County Commissioners -June 5, 2006
5) Settlement Agreement (Environmental Justice) Franks, et al, v. Ross et al. December 8,
2003 United States District Court for the Eastern District of north Carolina Western
Division No. 5:00-CV-936-BO(3)
IJ
1

1

1

6) Permit to Construct a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility, Permit No. 92-22,
NCDENR Solid Waste Section Permitting Branch, February 18, 1999 (reissued March
27, 2001)
DENIED:
No permits or certifications have been denied.
PENDING:
No permits or certificates pending.
' Page 24 of 25
9/8/2006
1

WAKE COUNTY -SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
APPLICATION ATTACHMENTS September 2006
Mitigation Alternatives
The applicant has avoided and minimized impacts to jurisdictional areas to the maximum
' practicable extent. In order to compensate for unavoidable jurisdictional area impacts, the
applicant is considering several mitigation alternatives as follows.
The applicant is currently coordinating with the USACE concerning development of a mitigation
plan involving athird-order stream and associated features in the northwestern portion of the
property. These features include an unnamed tributary (UT) to Little Branch, isolated
bottomland hardwood forest wetlands within the floodplain of the UT to Little Branch, and the
non jurisdictional hardwood forest both within the floodplain and on the outer floodplain slopes
associated with this stream. These features are planned to be avoided by the proposed landfill.
The County is interested in coordinating with regulatory agencies in employing practicable
methods to enhance, maintain, and protect the quality of this system.
' Subsequent to maximizing on-site mitigation options, Wake County will make a monetary
payment to the N.C. Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEP) to cover any remaining mitigation
needs.
r.
1

Page 25 of 25 9/8/2006
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
FIGURE 1
FINAL COVER
~~/~~/~
i~~~~/~
REFUSE
OPERATIONAL COVER SOIL
LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM
~.~,,,~
SOIL LINER ~•~•~•
.,~ y
EXISTING GROUND SURFACE "~~w n
.~
EXCAVATION GRADE
STRUCTURAL FILL
J
W
N
m
W
O
SECTION
W
Y
N N TS
~.
m
~,
3
v
O
O
r
O
M
N
C
WAKE COUNTY
SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
0
n
2
Q GENERAL MSW
HAZEN AND SAWYER LANDFILL
o Environmental Engineers & Scientists CROSS S E C TI O N
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
FIGURE 2
z~~ ~. ~~ I
~~ N

.. ..
~~
f ; J `
: ..41 l.``~.: `:..

~
~
llf 1 ~
1"._.
~~.~

PLAN
20~ (SINGLE
COMPACTED EMBANKMENT
~- CORRUCAIED METAL OR
POLYETHYLENE PIPE (SIZE VARIES)
EXISTING GRADE
SECTION A- A
r
J
D
V
\... ~ \t ,~~.
WAKE COUNTY
SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
x
~zvJ`-....~\`~--~-.... .. ~
\. t..~
„~ .,~
! ..._ '.
HAZEN AND SAWYER
Environmental Engineers & Scientists
TYPICAL STREAM CROSSING
PLAN AND SECTION

1
1
1
1
1
1
f
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
FIGURE 3
.~.r„,.., ~ - -~-, ,.,..~.. ,,..,~.... .
_~
NYVti
S3
LANDFILL

""~
'uL05ED ~

;~ ~ ,
FE.I:7L7gSVli.1.~
!
! tANLtFfLL
~
4 ~ r ~ M~ r }
1 /r'- nltff,tTV
I~1}XG t^pfJts{ 1 1

1439 ; :. ,.
(a,~{; ,fir r rrr r `.f'~~~ 4j, h <<~
.
~ ~
~ ~
`
~ac~~tfaRflat
~ ,
~"'~ E ~~tx~fafu ~ ,_ ~~
~'
:
~~~ ~
~
~r~ ~ +
~
• .
~~~ ~v
~,
3328 ~ .u~ ,~~:
4 ..:

~•
i'
~"
.... ...
,~,,,C~y~a+~...
-
t
.
~
M
Y
V
FV ~
.
T~~J t ~
n
~ y
~/~
~+
-- ~ LVVIJ
~~ ~ `
~
5F'RENGS, LLC F~~~;<
'~

r
n ~ 41~~ 1

J
~
y -- _._... __
.......
..~
_.

;.. ':
n ~ ~.

o ~.
~'` 1
~~~~>n~
n ..
1 34i.9fiA
t?b3

Y
n
r
~~

~i
n v
i
, %v
s.
n
3
0
7
I
a '
HAZEN AND SAWYER
D
n Environmental Engineers & Scientists
D
7
~ __-
i rI
i "
w ;J
WAKE COUNTY
SOUTH WAKE LANDFILL
ADJACENT PROPERTY OWNERS
KEY SHEET
8LY'i'l~E.
22.1 DA
~~
~~'~ y .: n 23.~8~1

.,
~' ~'~
A.{~ {/~~
Ys iF `~

:: r ~.. I Y

,w,y
X40
~ ~ '17 ~~
..
~: ~~~ ~
< ~. ~a~ G ~
3 , 4 '! 3
.;~
~.

,, .
~ ..G =~ ~
~;::.

,~ ~ ..
S ~ ' '•,. ~' :,,
. ~ ~,°
,„ .
E
Y' ~ r 7~ ,
SOURCE WAKE COUNTY GIS

I
J

~
W ~ p
w ~
Y
p } ~ ~

Z
I o =
~
3 Z Fw- ~ Z W Q¢
O

O Q
~}
m QQQ ~pN
_
w~
~ wp~
~
0
~ ~ ~
o
-
O
~ -w-Z
Zp
~ cn wQ
Z ~ ~
~
w
~ W F- _ (n Q
~
z O N~
m
a pQ~~ri ~rcri
~ ~ ~=m,-
o
O =
W Z W ~-. cn
~ Z p 2
~ W~ m
=
W
c7 G
.~
p N
Q OQ
~
O ~~
Q Z U>
w N O~ ~p~~
f-- W ~
~ oo ~ (
m azao =¢Qo
Z p w
N~~
N
~ ~~ N Q~ J
Z~
Q
W ~
U D
J
Z
O p
p
~
p
Z
~ Z
W
Q
J
Z c~ Z
Q~
O

Q p
~
~~ m p ~
Z Z W~ Z
p m N W O
Z
W
.. ~ C7 W~ O O
~-
U -ipw>-O UY~O
~ w
W Z= ¢ ~
w o aacn °_~=cn
°
~ ~~
~
Z
O O ~
N o
x ~~ ¢ zwz
~
~
~ Q~QO ~>-QO
U W L~.. W ~ ~ J W~ U~ m~ U
Z .- ~, ~
W
U
Z
Q
F-
Q W
~ ~ (~
p J Q
L~ L~ ~
2 ~
I- C7 m
~ Z ~
N ~ ~
~ W 3
O ~ S
:~
.~
~'.
\~ '~
_ {
(.tJ
W
J
II
~~
I I

.~..
;:':'~
• ''
,;
t
'fi
.
:n
~:~.
~.
~ ~

C.7 U I
Z Z
_
3 _
3
~~
Q Q
(~ Q
~ ~
w w ~ ~ '" ~
W W
to N II ~:;,. o

...w .
p \\ '.\
,
~ ¢ \ ;` \ \
.~
`
\ \ \ \
w N
p \\ \
~
` '\
~ z ~.
~

w ~
z ~ Q ~\ ` ....
; `~~
~
`
~ J W `
.
.. \~ .......
Z Z N ZO ¢ i ~\\ .......
H ~ Q ~ p ....w.. ..
.._ ~.\• \ \ \
~ H U W ~
;~~~ ~ • ~ . ._~
~
~ Z p 0 `~
'.. ..._

~
Z W
~
7 ~ `
r , *~ : ~ ~ ~..
~ ~ Z
~.
.,\
2 : ~ ~
! ,
.,..
t
..
~~ .
i ~
\
?
...~

,
. i
`
.:~ ~
\ `'~ `z
~
`` '~ ~.

~ _` ~.
\ \~ ~ ~ \..~ r \ ~,
_';
:
, \
~.
\
~ '. ~ .,\.
\, * ,, ~ t
~. j
~.a ~\ .. ;` i.
\
`: \ \
~
\ . `
~.,~;
` ; . .
~: .\~

~
-
~ ~

\~
~
.
i
J ~ \
U
Q Q
,.
U
~ ~t
~ , ~ :~
'..
`a:
.~

..... ~ ~ .

\ ,

,
~
.. `
`` \;
~
~
`
`
~
`
2v ~ v ~ ~~ ~
.
.a ~vn
n~ `

~... ,.
..-'
r..:..
. °"°' ~
Z
W g
Q
w
~ ~ ~

~ J
a (n
J

~ •- Q ~
~ Z Z ~
` U W ~ ~ ~ .,

'~ `
~ O ~ U
~
~,

;~ ~ ,
~:, ' ` ~
`~
` _ \
~
•.

`
\ \` `
~ ..
~ ,
3 ._ .~
~
~x, \ ,
i •'\ ~
' ~ `. ,.:
'~ _ ` ,
.. `,
. , ^ :`
.~...
.~
`\\ .` ` ~Y
~`` \ " ~
.. r
~ .„
.~
,,
\ ... Q.....,..... ¢ ..... ..
...~~ ~' .
`~:
W
- . Lam., (jj`...., ~ s
• (7')
~r ~ ,._.. 4J. ,~,.

\ //~. ~ry

\` ~ ~
\ ~` ~'4ff5~1 Z S \
'lG' ~' ~ W
i , t i
a ~ l~,l I:rl ~
t:
ss r
if ~

' ~^-^ •t
~>
~, `,; ~
.`~ ,\ ~.
s' 3 ~ ~`} ~` ,yam, ~ ~~ ~c~ ~~,,, ~``
` V. o
\ ,
l~ ~ ~
k \ ~ ,`,
`~ ? ~
` ~ `
~ ~~' ~
~ a ~ ~ ~
a \\ ..
'r c ~ /~
.~ ~~~ ~,~
, ... \,
- ~ `
3 ~ ~ ~
~ ~~
` ~..
,~ '
r ~ '~
.~
.,
~ ..:
i
~~ \
•.
~.,
GF\
..
\ \'
. .
`~: ~.
a3NSll35d ~8 Panos }sod 2l3~51~3Sd ~8 6Mp~S-~M~sa~n6y s

J L.LJ

t-
Q
U ~ 0
F-
Z
~ J Q
~ 0 F--
~ W
Q W ~ W
Y ~ U~-
O CZ
~ Q
~ Q
0
~
w
O
O
N
O
O
O
O
O
N
O
1
0
0
N
II
N
A
C
m

V1 ~
m
A
m
C
W
Wm
E
0
MT~ c
1I~~+~y W
~H dL~ Z ClOl900Z

~~.,
F"' =r
:~
tCx

c~
i
~N~ ~A PanOS 1SD~ N~NSI~~SrI~A 6Mp'g-~\sa~n6i1 SpUDRaM\/bCf1C\:N ~I/C:Z CL(1lQhN
p II
~-' r I
rn ~
z ~ ~ o~~°z ~¢Q II ~~
a ~ o oQQ gyp= (~
z ~ p ~ F-
o m cn ~ Q cn ~ _ ~ ~ I I ~ w
~ ON iw¢ ~ Jow~ ~zQ~~ II J
I I
3yr•
U W Zp' p ~~pU C~O~U Z Z II ~ J Q
~ w °~ ~ o N°~¢ zc~oQ ~ ~ (I ~: O ~ z
° U Zp Q ¢ ~~az ~Q~z p o II ;~~ Q c~ ¢ w O~
~O ~ op ~ °7 Qza.O = QO w w II :v' ~, w ~ U
~ z p zwQ cn w w Y ~
z ~ wQ ~ ~ O~p~ ~wZ~ 0 ~ N II ~a~r`. p Q z O
Q ~ ~
cn ~ E= w -~ z Q w Z
} ° (/)p ~ ~ U°QZ ~ ~z W ~
J
0
~ ~ ~m p z mow pW~w J Q ~ Z
~ ~ J~~ pJ N Z ~ ~~, ~.
w Z Q~ p I.~QQ(n Np=(n Q ~.\ \\
_ \ `\ \
w U ~ ~d ~ ~ p Wpm ~~U W ~ ., \ ..~\\: `• ~\
O O X ~~ ¢ ~ QQ.'QO ~~QO W p 'i y i` ~\` \`\\•4L\ ~.
U W L.~ ~ `~ ~ J ~ '7 U m ~ U ~ (/') ZQ y 't • 3 .\ ~ ~~\ \.. `\~`y „`\.\\. \ \•:
Z .- N r~ Q cn ~~ ~ ~ ~ \ ~ \.
„: ~
y ,
~ _
, ,
t ~\`\\\\\ >. \
n ............' , y ...........,._
~ Q ~ `
Z Q ~ p 1 a \ \\~,•\ .\ w. p
~ p cy ~\ \
\ ~~~ r` a £\ \ }
~ ~ _. i
.... ~
..
f Q ,~ .,, .,.\ r. v
_ .. `. O
i '
t
m >
.. ..
..-"
.•
.~
'° > ~ ~
N )- °'
,.
i i 0 X ~ .......
:-
...w
~'
tt
,:.
.' ~\ ;
::.
..~ \
? .: ` •
....
:.'
..::..
y .. w
<,
...
.. ,.~'
. N
i
,...
,
...
.-'
..
.-
....
,..
......
,.,
..-
,
~-
..--~
.:
...
..-
...
.:..
_,...,...µ._..._.._.._....w. ......._ .,
.. '^
i
a
\ \ .:\\ \t.' y O
~•"" '
:... .
....._. .~....._ .... \ j\.
,.. .:
_. ..
....... ........ . ,,:.. Z N
-'
i
__
~...•
,..,w ......................_.
` t ` N JQ ~ .. ; \ ~~ ~~" ~ fir. a
.,~` z ~ \ ~
F
,,
\ .„
~ F
\ ~\ .....
\ \ .. s
, `R .
i
y
..,` _
\ \ \
4~
x~
\ y; \ ..
..t°~ a\,
' •,
„...
\ '` ~ ~'3." ,".~~„~, ...y` f\ \~\ \ 'dye;` \~~\~
~...
, f
r'
,~, ...
\ ,
y y s
..........w•
\.•. \ „ _,
w „ y > .
3.._ ~.,.,5 t ¢~\ ~~
\ \ ~~ ` /s~ >>Yfrt ,-n es s } i i ~\` \. L ` r \ t A etl
•
~ .._..--
s ?
} t ry ~~
c
oy
y .~. .; ,., i C
r ~ .~ ...
.,: ,:........ ,:f : ... . r ;
tit 3 F . y y ~ t _....._,... .<c \. \ Y~ •.•3 1~1 C
\ \ ~ ac\\.
\
r . . . ~ . . . . r ~ . . .r r ~s . . ~

n
I
J
p
o; w ~
rn w ~ p ~
z ~ Q z~~Z wQQ
z ~ o° ~ ~QQ¢ ~°N
O m0 N~ ~ w~~o_ -cri~o
~~
U (/') W Q O JZO W O IW-Z~O
Nm Z p~~~ p~mcD
W (/) ~ ~
o > cnw.~ ~ ~°°°= mzp=
U W Zp- O W~pU CEO W U
W O W ~ p N O W~ Z U D Q
O W ~ Q Z N N w p~ ~ p~~
z
r- ~ Op ~ m Qz~zO =QQz
0
zO ~ w¢ p ~ oNO~ ¢w°z~
N F- _
J p (np ~ ~ U~Q W n-ZQ W
C.~ W Z O Z
Z U J (n
Q ~ ~m o z mow pWow
C~ W O ~ N F= >"
W Z w~ O~ U J~~O p J~O
U ~ Q 0 I.~QQN NpUd
W ~
O O x ~~ Q ~ Q~QO ~~QO
U W I..~ W .~ ~ J d -~ U- m~ U
.-- N i"')
W
U
Z
a
Q W
~ ~ N
p J Q
11 I..L
~'-' ~ m
~ Z Ll7
N ~ l1')
~ W ~
O `/ S

`~l
!-.~, \
,
~
•
~ • ` \ ~`
~~~„„„~;;
II
I I
~~
~

::.
~~
~ ( ~`'''
~ I ~~.
~
c~ c~ II _
w~.:
Z Z ":
_ _ ~
~.
Q Q ^
'

p

p
II <~x
~:~:. U
Q
~r. ,.
~;;...
'
w w I I ~~
' r?
W w ~ ~

D c
n c
n I I ~ o

W

W N ~i ~ ' •
~` ~ ~ ~`

~ ..
.
•
~ ~ \\ `~ •
` `
(n Z ~
~
t

.
,

•
\
~
~

€ z~~

; .` \.\ ~ Y ..k ~

H-
Z
w
Z
U
J
Q
Z
O
H-
W
O
N

W

N
J
Q ...
Z
Z ~

W \
..,
~r
`~+
ti i ~
\3 \ `\\\~ • ;~•
~\ \ `` \ \
'C i~~ ~\ ,
_ ~~ \ ~_ 0 • •~ •
.t ~t\

....~...Y....
w ............... ..w..
\
\ v'i t
.~
.^y `

r \
~..
..
\
~ ` ~
f
•

\ \
\ t\
_ ~~
.~
t

~
a b.
^

\\
~ ~
~.

~ ,
~`
+•
1. ; ... ..
\

...2 ,~ T j ... ..
• ~

• \
.,.a~ \

[,. \ ~.-
I
•\
~~ \... '~
>> \`~
~ \ ~
• ,y
\~ `i,
,..
~., .
\
,~. W
N
.. e
`

,.,
•
. .

.. _
`~ r:
`;
, ......... .. W

~.. ~F. ~~. ~ ~ t ~ e

~ ~ Xw i
;~ ~ ~ ~
z / '~~
s s .
z F
f
a
\. ~ ~

.tom.;;:'y"iw
Y
`,
~ \~~ ~
t F
~ S 3
5
• \ • ~
.. ~ ` \ \ '\
~\
t
i'
~. ~
' ~~ ~•
~\\
~• ~\ '~
Q:. ~\\,
y7`~`\'
J
___I
LL
F~
~ J
I..t.1
U Y
w ~
Y
~S =
~---
0
Cn
~~
~_
~ ~
W ~
O
Q
U W
Q ~
LLJ
W J
U W
a `-'
w O
~i.~
O
O
N
O
O
O
O
O
N
O
I
0
O
N
_II
,:-.
.. ~~
\~
~~ `~
m
C
.~
C
W
W~
W
C
9N3 %~8 Panos }so~,a3HSIl3Sd~B 6mp~L-~M~sa~n6y spuoRaM\L450£~~H d8£~Z £1O1900Z
~,.
\, 1 ~ 1 .. ~ 3 • ~ ,•

~`~ ~ _:
`
\
~
~ \
•
~~
•
,
~ i
'\ • ~ ~\ - '~e~ t :jet'

a •. ~ ~
~:
.\
.
.
`:~\ • , ~a
t h

py
C
ra
~~
rr rr rr ~r rr rr r ~r rr r rr r rr~ r r ~r rr rr ^r