20190460 Ver 2_Attachment E2_Archy Report 2018-04_20191008

Archaeological Survey of the
Stanly Solar Farm Tract,
Stanly County, North Carolina
(CH 17-1529)
Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc.
2018

Archaeological Survey of the
Stanly Solar Farm Tract,
Stanly County, North Carolina
Prepared for
Stanly Solar, LLC
Charlotte, North Carolina
Prepared by
Michael Keith O'Neal
Principal Investigator
Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc.
2018

Management Summary
In March and April 2018, Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc. (ACC), conducted an
archaeological survey of the Stanly Solar Farm tract located in Stanly County, North Carolina. This
investigation was requested by the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The goals of
this investigation were to identify all archaeological resources located within the project tract, assess those
resources for eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and advance management
recommendations, as appropriate.
The project area measures 158.1 hectares (390.6 ac) in size and is located south of the town of
Albemarle. The tract is located on the north side of Old Aquadale Road. The tract boundaries are formed
by property lines that coincide with vegetation changes, fence lines, and Aquadale Road. The tract is
characterized by agricultural fields, planted pine forest, and logged areas.
Background research conducted at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) located in Raleigh,
included a review of archaeological site forms, cultural resource reports, and historic maps of the project area.
No previously recorded archaeological sites are present within the project tract. A review of the Office of
Survey and Planning's website (HPOWEB) was also conducted to determine the presence of any recorded
architectural resources within the project tract.
Prior to beginning field work, factors such as soil drainage and topography were used to define
portions of the project tract that had high potential for the presence of archaeological deposits. These high
potential areas totaled approximately 58.8 hectares (145.4 ac) and were surveyed with shovel tests excavated
at 30 -meter intervals along parallel transects spaced 30 meters apart. The portions of the tract defined as
having low potential for the presence of archaeological deposits include drainages, wetlands, and areas of
steep slope. These portions of the tract were examined through pedestrian walkover with judgmentally placed
shovel tests.
Sixteen archaeological sites were identified during this field investigations (Table i.1). These sites
include 13 prehistoric sites, one historic house site, and two historic cemeteries. Prehistoric occupations are
mostly of indeterminate age, although Early through Late Archaic artifacts were identified at 31 ST259.
31 ST259 yielded is a dense scatter of Archaic artifacts and debitage. Despite the artifact density, 31 ST259
has been disturbed by logging and the creation of a logging road and work pad, as well as erosion. The
remaining prehistoric sites have small artifact assemblages and shallow deposits. The historic house site
contains a standing house and a barn and surface artifacts. All of these resources have been severely
disturbed and/or are unlikely to yield significant data pertaining to the prehistory or history of the area. Sites
31 ST249** and 31 ST256** are historic cemeteries dating to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,
respectively. All of the identified archaeological sites are recommended not eligible for the NRNP. The two
cemetery sites are protected under state laws pertaining to abandoned cemeteries. It is recommended that a
minimum 10 meter (33 ft) buffer be established and fenced around each cemetery to insure their protection.
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Table i.1. Summary of Archaeoloeical Sites Identified in the Proiect Tract.
Site Number
Description
NRHP Recommendation
31 ST244
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST245
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST246
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST247
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST248 * *
Early to Middle 20' Century House Site
Not Eligible
31ST249**
19' Century Cemetery
Not Eligible
31 ST250
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST251
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST252
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST253
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST254
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST255
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31ST256**
20' Century Cemetery
Not Eligible
31 ST257
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST258
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST259
Early to Late Archaic Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
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Table of Contents
Management Summary................................................................... ii
Listof Figures........................................................................... v
Listof Tables...........................................................................vi
Chapter 1. Introduction................................................................... 1
Project Tract.............................................................. 1
Methods of Investigation.................................................... 1
Chapter 2. Environmental and Cultural Overview .............................................. 7
Environmental Overview .................................................... 7
Cultural Overview......................................................... 9
Chapter 3. Results of the Investigation..................................................... 17
Background Research...................................................... 17
Archaeological Survey Results ............................................... 18
Summary................................................................ 42
ReferencesCited....................................................................... 43
Appendix A. Artifact Catalog and Projectile Point Report
Appendix B. Artifact Photographs
Appendix C. Resume of Principal Investigator
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List of Figures
Page
Figure 1.1.
Map showing the location of the project tract ....................................
1
Figure 1.2.
Topographic map showing the location of the project tract .........................
2
Figure 1.3.
General view of agricultural fields in the project tract, looking west ..................
3
Figure 1.4.
General view of the planted pine forest, looking north .............................
3
Figure 1.5.
View of clear-cut areas in the western portion of the tract ..........................
4
Figure 1.6.
LiDAR map showing short interval contours and areas of high archaeological
potential.................................................................
5
Figure 2.1.
Physiographic provinces of North Carolina showing the approximate project location ....
7
Figure 2.2.
Map of Yadkin/Pee Dee watershed showing approximate location of project area .......
8
Figure 2.3
Map showing the soils present in the project tract ................................
10
Figure 3.1.
Topographic map showing the project tract and previously recorded and newly
recorded archaeological sites ................................................
17
Figure 3.2.
Plan map of site 31 ST244..................................................
20
Figure 3.3.
Plan map of site 31 ST245..................................................
21
Figure 3.4.
Plan map of site 31 ST246..................................................
22
Figure 3.5.
Plan map of site 31 ST247..................................................
23
Figure 3.6.
Plan map of site 31 ST248**................................................
25
Figure 3.7.
Plan maps of the structures at site 31 ST248**..................................
26
Figure 3.8.
Plan map of site 31 ST249**................................................
27
Figure 3.9.
Plan map of site 31 ST250..................................................
29
Figure 10.
Plan map of site 31 ST251..................................................
30
Figure 3.11.
Plan map of site 31 ST242..................................................
32
Figure 3.12.
Plan map of site 31 ST253..................................................
33
Figure 3.13.
Plan map of site 31 ST254..................................................
34
Figure 3.14.
Plan map of site 31 ST255..................................................
35
Figure 3.15.
Plan map of site 31 ST256**................................................
36
Figure 3.16.
Plan map of site 31 ST257..................................................
38
Figure 3.17.
Plan map of site 31 ST258..................................................
39
Figure 3.18.
Plan map of site 31 ST259..................................................
40
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List of Tables
Page
Table i. 1. Summary of Archaeological Sites Identified in the Project Tract ..................... iii
Table 2.1 Summary of Soils Present in the Project Tract ................................... 9
Table 3.1. Summary of Archaeological Sites Identified in the Project Tract .................... 19
Table 3.2. Summary of Artifacts Recovered from 31 ST248** .............................. 26
Table 3.3. Headstone Inscriptions at 31 ST249**......................................... 28
Table 3.5. Headstone Inscriptions at 31 ST256**......................................... 37
Table 3.6. Summary of Artifacts Recovered from 31 ST259................................ 41
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Between 26 March and 5 April 2018, Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc. (ACC),
conducted an archaeological survey of the Stanly Solar Farm tract in Stanly County, North Carolina. This
investigation was undertaken on behalf of Stanly Solar LLC, at the request of the North Carolina State
Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The SHPO noted the presence of two cemeteries and several structures
shown on topographic maps of the area, as well as the high potential for the presence of archaeological site
(SHPO correspondence dated 31 August 2017). A survey strategy was developed in consultation with and
approved by Ms. Lindsay Ferrante, Deputy State Archaeologist. The goals of this investigation were to
identify all archaeological resources located within the project tract, assess those resources for eligibility to
the National Register of Historic Places (NRNP), and advance management recommendations, as appropriate.
Mr. Michael K. O'Neal served as field director and was assisted by Mr. Luan Cao, Ms. Brooke Brilliant, and
Ms. Katherine Parker.
Project Tract
The Stanly Solar Farm tract
is located south of the town of
Albemarle in the central portion of
Stanly County (Figure 1.1). The
tract measures 158.1 hectares
(390.6 ac) in size (Figure 1.2). The
tract boundary is formed largely by
property lines that, at times, are
delineated by tree lines, fence lines,
and Old Aquadale Road. The
project tract is characterized largely
by agricultural fields (Figure 1.3),
which were used most recently as
cotton fields. Other portions of the
tract are characterized by planted
pine forest (Figure 1.4). The
wooded areas at the northern end of
the tract were burned two weeks
prior to the survey. A few clear-cut
areas are also present in the western
portion of the tract (Figure 1.5).
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Richfield
New London
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6adin
rat P1
Stanly County
0 2 4 6 8 Y
Albemarle
Kilomete�`
l q Rd
e�lP
L = � Project Tract
Locust
Stanfield
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Methods of Investigation Figure I.I. Map showing the location of the project tract.
This investigation consisted of four separate tasks: Background Research, Field Investigations,
Laboratory Analysis, and Report Production. Each of these tasks is described below.
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I
L " Stanly Solar Farm
Tract Boundary
360 57a ' 1.
Figure 1.2. Topographic map showing the location of the project tract (1981 Albemarle, NC USGS 7.5
minute topographic quadrangle).
Background Research. Background research began with a review of archaeological site forms, maps,
and reports on file at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) in Raleigh, North Carolina, as well as the Office
of Survey and Planning's website (HPOWEB). This review served to identify previously recorded resources
in the project tract and its vicinity, in addition to providing data on the prehistoric and historical context of
the project area. Background research also included a review of available historic maps, including the 1904
Stanly County map, the 1916 Stanly County soil map, the 1938 Stanly County highway map, and USGS
topographic maps dating between 1958 and 2013. Aerial images of the project area dating back to 1998 were
also examined.
Field Investigations. Close -interval contour topographic maps, Light Detecting and Ranging
(LiDAR) images, and soil survey data of the survey area were consulted prior to initiation of fieldwork.
These data were used to identify portions of the tract with high potential for the presence of archaeological
remains prior to commencement of fieldwork. A total of 58.8 hectares (145.4 ac) within the project tract were
defined as having high potential (Figure 1.6). These areas were comprised of the relatively level uplands
(e.g., ridge tops, knolls, etc). The remaining 99.3 hectares (245.4 ac) were classified as having low
archaeological potential.
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Figure 1.3. General view of agricultural fields in the project tract, looking
west.
Figure 1.4. General view of the planted pine forest, looking north.
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Li
Figure 1.3. General view of agricultural fields in the project tract, looking
west.
Figure 1.4. General view of the planted pine forest, looking north.
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Figure 1.5. View of clear-cut areas in the western portion of the tract, looking
north.
The field survey consisted of the excavation of shovel tests at 30 -meter intervals along transects
spaced 30 meters apart in areas determined to have high potential for archaeological deposits. Low potential
areas were subjected to pedestrian walkover with judgmentally placed shovel tests. In addition to shovel
testing, all areas of exposed ground surface were inspected for archaeological remains.
Excavated shovel tests measured approximately 30 centimeters in diameter. Shovel test fill was
screened through 0.25 -inch wire mesh. Details of artifacts and soils for each shovel test were recorded in
field notebooks. Artifacts were collected and placed in plastic bags labeled with the date, field site number,
grid point locations (i.e., shovel test/transect or northeast coordinate), depth of artifacts, and initials of the
excavator. To delineate archaeological resources, a combination of surface inspection and short interval
shovel testing was used.
A site is defined as an area containing one or more artifacts within a 30 -meter or less diameter or
where surface or subsurface cultural features are present. Artifacts and/or features less than 50 years in age
would not be considered a site without a specific research or management reason. Site settings were
photographed with a digital camera. Sketch maps were produced in the field showing the locations of shovel
tests and surface finds. The location of each site was recorded using a Trimble Pathfinder Global Positioning
System (GPS) unit and relayed onto project maps.
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Figure 1.6. LiDAR map showing short interval contours and areas of high archaeological potential.
Site significance is based on the site's ability to contribute to our understanding of past lifeways, and
its subsequent eligibility for listing on the NRHP. Department of Interior regulations (36 CFR Part 60)
established criteria that must be met for an archaeological site or historic resource to be considered
significant, or eligible for the NRNP (Townsend et al. 1993). Under these criteria, a site can be defined as
significant if it retains integrity of "location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association"
and if it A) is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad pattern of history;
B) is associated with the lives of persons significant in the past; C) embodies distinctive characteristics of a
type, period, or method of construction, or represents work of a master, possesses high artistic values, or
represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D)
has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. Archaeological sites are most
frequently evaluated pursuant to Criterion D. However, all archaeological sites can be considered under all
four criteria.
The primary goals of this field investigation were to identify archaeological resources and evaluate
their potential research value or significance. Although the determination of the site significance is made by
the SHPO, whenever possible, sufficient data is gathered to allow us to make a significance recommendation.
Sites that exhibit little or no further research potential are recommended not eligible for the NRHP, and no
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further investigation is proposed. Sites for which insufficient data could be obtained at the survey level are
considered unassessed and preservation or more in-depth investigation is advocated. It is rare for ample data
to be recovered at the survey level of investigation to definitively determine that a site meets NRNP eligibility
criteria. However, when this occurs, the site is recommended eligible for the NRNP. Again, preservation
of the resource is advocated. If preservation is not possible, mitigation options (e.g., data recovery) would
need to be considered.
Laboratory Analysis. Laboratory work began with washing all recovered artifacts. A provenience
number, based on the context of the artifact (i.e., surface or subsurface), was assigned to each positive shovel
test location or surface collection area. Within each provenience, each individual artifact or artifact class was
then assigned a number. Artifacts were cataloged based on specific morphological characteristics such as
material in the case of prehistoric lithics, and decoration and temper type in the case of prehistoric ceramics.
Had they been recovered, historic artifacts would have been identified by color, material of manufacture (e.g.,
ceramics), type (e.g., slipware), form (e.g., bowl, plate), method of manufacture (e.g., molded), period of
manufacture (e.g., 1780-1820), and intended function (e.g., tableware). Historic artifacts with established
manufacture date ranges would have been categorized using Aultman et al. (2016), Brown (1982), Feldhues
(1995), Florida Museum of Natural History (2009), Majewski and O'Brien (1987), Noel Hume (1969), and
South (1977, 2004). Artifact descriptions, counts, and weights were recorded. All diagnostic and cross -
mended artifacts were labeled with a solution of Acryloid B-72 and acid -free permanent ink.
At the conclusion of this project, a Deed of Gift will be sought to transfer ownership of any artifacts
recovered on private property to the State of North Carolina. Once a Deed of Gift is obtained, all project
related material, including field notes, artifacts, and project maps, will be prepared for curation based on
standards set forth in 36 CFR 79 (Curation of Federally Owned and Administered Archaeological
Collections: Final Rule) and in the OSA Curation guidelines. These standards and guidelines require that
all project -related material be placed in archivally stable storage bags and boxes. Upon acceptance of the
final project report by the SHPO, the project material will be submitted to OSA for permanent curation.
Recovered archaeological remains for which a Deed of Gift cannot be obtained will be returned to the
property owner.
Report Produetion. Report production involved the compilation of all data gathered during the
previous tasks. This document presents the results of the archival research, the field investigation, and
laboratory analysis. The following chapters provide environmental and cultural overviews for the project
area. A discussion of field investigation results follows. Finally, a project summary is presented with
management recommendations, as appropriate.
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Chapter 2. Environmental and Cultural Overview
Environmental Overview
The project tract is located in the Piedmont Physiographic Province (Figure 2.1). This region is
bordered on the east by the Coastal Plain and on the west by the Blue Ridge Mountains. Stanly County is
within the southern region of the Piedmont province. This area is characterized by gently sloping hills with
steeper slopes along drainages (Stephens 1989). The average elevation in the county is 154 meters (505 ft)
above mean sea level (amsl). The highest point in the county is Morrow Mountain with an elevation of 275
meters (899 ft) amsl (Stephens 1989). Elevations within the project tract range from 91.5 to 152.5 meters
(390 to 500 ft) amsl. Stanly County encompasses approximately 1,031 square kilometers (400 square mi).
Rowan and Montgomery counties border Stanly County on the north and east, respectively. Anson and Union
counties are located to the south, and Cabarrus County is west of Stanly County.
Physiographic Provinces of North Carolina
Miles
Figure 2.1. Physiographic provinces of North Carolina showing the approximate project location.
Drainages
The project area is located in the Yadkin -Pee Dee River Basin (Figure 2.2). The project area is
drained by Long Creek which is located just west of the tract boundary. Long Creek flows south and drains
in the Rocky River. Rocky River converges with the Pee Dee River southeast of the project area near
Ansonville, NC. The Pee Dee River flows into South Carolina ultimately terminating at Winyah Bay.
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Figure 2.2. Map of Yadkin/Pee Dee watershed showing approximate location of the project area.
Climate
Stanly County has hot and humid summers with an average summer temperature of 76' Fahrenheit
(F). The winters are cold with an average winter temperature of 43'F. Average annual precipitation reaches
119.4 centimeters (47 in) with more than 50 percent falling between April and September, the primary
growing period. Average snowfall accumulation is 10 centimeters (4 in). Remnants of tropical storms cause
heavy rains in the area every few years (Stephens 1989)
Geology
The base geology of the Piedmont is approximately one billion years old and was formed by volcanic
activity. It is composed of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rock (Daniel and Butler 1996).
Approximately 470 million years ago continental movements and a collision of land masses formed the Blue
Ridge Mountains (Kovacik and Winberry 1987). The resulting Carolina Slate Belt is the underlying
geological formation of Stanly County. This formation was formed by lava flows and beds of breccia, ash,
tuff, and slate. These formations yield an abundance of metavolcanic surface stone suitable for prehistoric
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Virginia
North Carolina
Tennessee
BURRY
STOKES
WATAUGA
WLKES
YADKIN
FORSYTH
GUILFORD
CALDWELL
ALEXANDER
DAVIE
IREDELL
DAVIDSON
RANDOLPH
ROWAN
CABARRUS
STANLY
Project Area
MONTGOMERY
MECKLENBURG
North Carolina
outh aro ma
UNION
ANSON
RICHMOND
YadkinlPee Dee River Basin
o zo ao µr
Kilometers
Figure 2.2. Map of Yadkin/Pee Dee watershed showing approximate location of the project area.
Climate
Stanly County has hot and humid summers with an average summer temperature of 76' Fahrenheit
(F). The winters are cold with an average winter temperature of 43'F. Average annual precipitation reaches
119.4 centimeters (47 in) with more than 50 percent falling between April and September, the primary
growing period. Average snowfall accumulation is 10 centimeters (4 in). Remnants of tropical storms cause
heavy rains in the area every few years (Stephens 1989)
Geology
The base geology of the Piedmont is approximately one billion years old and was formed by volcanic
activity. It is composed of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rock (Daniel and Butler 1996).
Approximately 470 million years ago continental movements and a collision of land masses formed the Blue
Ridge Mountains (Kovacik and Winberry 1987). The resulting Carolina Slate Belt is the underlying
geological formation of Stanly County. This formation was formed by lava flows and beds of breccia, ash,
tuff, and slate. These formations yield an abundance of metavolcanic surface stone suitable for prehistoric
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lithic tool manufacture, and Uwharrie Mountain rhyolites are one of the most significant lithic tool resources
in the region (Ward 1983).
Soils
There are four soil types present in the project tract (Table 2.1; Figure 2.3). Goldston very channery
silt loam is the predominant soil type in the tract followed by Badin channery silt loam. Both soils are well
drained and form on hillslopes on ridges. Goldston soils are found on significantly steeper slopes than Badin
soils in the project tract (45% vs. 15%). Misenheimer channery silt and Oakboro are minority soil types
accounting for a total of 1.5 percent of the project tract. Both are moderately well drained (USDA 2018).
Three of the soil types are classified as being channery. Channery material is "soil material that has, by
volume, 15-35 percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as much as 15
centimeters (6 in) along the longest axis" (USDA 2015). This material was present on the ground surface
throughout the project tract as well as encountered during shovel testing.
Table 2.1 Summary of Soils Present in the Project Tract (USDA 2018).
Fs o _nType
Description
%Area
Badin channery silt loam
(BaB, Bal))
well drained, 2-15% slope, forms on interfluves and hillslopes
on ridges
38.9
Goldston very channery silt loam
(GoC, GoF)
well drained, 4-45% slope, forms on hillslopes on ridges
59.6
Misenheimer channery silt (MhB)
moderately well drained, 04% slope, forms on interfluves
1.2
Oakboro silt loam (OaA)
moderately well drained, 0-2% slope, forms on floodplains,
frequently flooded
0.3
Cultural Overview
The cultural history of North America can be divided into two general eras: Prehistoric and Historic.
The Prehistoric era is extensive. It includes at least 12,000 years of human activity predating the arrival of
Europeans. The Historic era is brief by comparison. This era refers to a time of exploration and initial
European settlement on the continent through the colonization, industrialization and emergence of the modern
era. Fine-grained chronological and cultural subdivisions are defined within these eras to permit discussions
of particular events and the lifeways of North America's inhabitants. The following discussion summarizes
the various periods of prehistoric and historic occupation in the project vicinity.
Prehistoric Period
Paleoindian Period (12,000 - 8,000 BC). The Paleoindian Period refers to the earliest human
presence in the New World, the origins and ages of which remain a subject of debate. The most accepted
theory dates the arrival of migrant bands of hunter -gatherers to approximately 12,000 years ago. This
corresponds with the Pleistocene exposure of a land bridge between Siberian Asia and the North American
'_, Inc.' Stanly Solar Farm Tract
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kit
is
gaD Manry a t -- 1
�'' BaH Rao l
_ I
HaD GoF
I` G F
5� f1
GvC D GnC � O.
HaD nlne
cc {� O
D S.r
I{ MFB H,q
� V GDF
O �1
•/ GOC O O1D �,'I'R�
Go C 6a8 ©-d
MhBJ� V -yam
Soil Type
Badin chann-y silt Ivam (Ba6, 6at]) �8a~rG'OC B l it Stanly Solar Farm
�� t,/ �c �.- �j Tract Boundary
Goldston wry channery alit [GoC, GoF]
_
Hoed
MlsenD i25 z5o 475 soy
heimar ch an nary silt h6y �`�'� [•
Czkhoro silt loam MaA] Q D
Maters
Figure 2.3. Map showing the soils present in the project tract.
continent (Driver 1998; Jackson et al. 1997). Though this theory offers a cohesive explanation of the
migration, recent archaeological developments put this single pathway migration in doubt.
Investigations at Paleoindian sites over the past two decades have produced radiocarbon dates
predating the 12,000 year age normally associated with the Bering land bridge point of entry. The Monte
Verde site, in southern Chile, dates to 12,500 years ago (Dillehay 1997; Meltzer et al. 1997). Deposits from
the Meadowcroft Rockshelter site, in Pennsylvania, have been dated to 11,500 years ago. Ongoing research
conducted at the Topper Site, near Aiken South Carolina has identified occupations possibly dating between
15,000 and 19,000 (or more) years ago (Goodyear 2006). Two sites, 44SM37 and Cactus Hill, in Virginia
have yielded similar dates. These dates are significant because they call into question the accepted time line
for the peopling of the Americas. Migration from the land bridge to the eastern United States and Chile
would require considerably more time than the accepted chronology allows. However, these sites are still
debated because their artifact assemblages lack formal tool types used in relative dating techniques. Artifacts
identified at Pre-Paleoindian sites include flake tools, prismatic blades, bifaces, and lanceolate -like points
(Adovasio et al. 1998; Goodyear 2006; Johnson 1997; McAvoy and McAvoy 1997; McDonald 2000).
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The beginning of the Paleoindian Clovis period is marked by the appearance of the Clovis lanceolate -
fluted point (Gardner 1974, 1989; Griffin 1967). First identified in New Mexico, Clovis points are found
throughout the United States. They are found in higher frequency in the eastern United States (Ward and
Davis 1999). Although some sites (e.g., Cactus Hill and Topper) have contained well-defined subsurface
Paleoindian contexts, most Clovis points have been recovered from surface contexts that have limited
research potential.
The identification of Pre-Paleoindian sites, higher frequencies of Clovis points on the east coast of
North America, and an absence of pre -Clovis formal tools has led some researchers to hypothesize other
avenues of New World migration (see Bonnichsen et al. 2006). These alternative migration theories contend
that the peopling of the Americas occurred in waves, with at least one wave occurring more than 12,000 years
ago. Several archaeologists posit these migrations may have also followed water routes (see Stanford 2006).
A coastal migration may have made use of small water craft to pursue game. Overtime this activity would
have eventually carried Pre-Paleoindian peoples south along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America
(Adovasio and Page 2002).
In the southeastern United States, the Clovis tradition was followed by smaller fluted and nonfluted
lanceolate spear points, such as Dalton and Hardaway point types. These points are characteristic of the later
Paleoindian Period and the Hardaway point is a southeastern regional variant of the broadly occurring Dalton
(Coe 1964; Goodyear 1982; Oliver 1985; Ward 1983).
Most Paleoindian artifacts occur as isolated surface finds (Ward and Davis 1999); this indicates that
population density was extremely low during this period and that groups were small and highly mobile
(Meltzer 1988). It has been noted that group movements were probably well -scheduled and that some
semblance of territoriality was practiced. This would ensure adequate arrangements for procuring mates and
maintaining population levels (Anderson and Hanson 1988).
O'Steen (1996) analyzed Paleoindian settlement patterns in the Oconee River valley in northeastern
Georgia and noted a pattern of decreasing mobility throughout the Paleoindian period. Sites of the earliest
portion of the period seem to be restricted to the floodplains, while later sites were distributed widely in the
uplands. This indicates exploitation of a wider range of ecological resources. If this pattern holds true for
the southeastern United States, it may be a result of changing environments associated with the Pleistocene -
Holocene transition when a deciduous forest habitat expanded, and hunting practices shifted from decreasing
populations of megafauna to smaller mammals. Human population growth may have also been a factor.
Archaic Period (8000 - 1000 BC). The Archaic period Southeast has been the focus of considerable
research, and sites dating to this period are ubiquitous in the North Carolina Piedmont (Coe and McCormick
1970). This research has centered on two topics: (1) the development of chronological subdivisions for the
period based on diagnostic artifacts, and (2) the understanding of settlement/subsistence trends for successive
cultures.
The Archaic Period has been divided into three subperiods: Early (8000 - 6000 BC), Middle (6000 -
3500 BC), and Late (3500 - 1000 BC) (Coe 1964). Coe defined the Early Archaic subperiod based on the
presence of Palmer and Kirk Corner Notched projectile points. Other Early Archaic corner notched points
include Taylor, Big Sandy, and Bolen types. Morphologically similar projectile points, commonly found with
serrated edges and bifurcated bases (e.g. Lecroy points), are also associated with the Early Archaic subperiod
(Broyles 1971; Chapman 1985). The Early Archaic points of the North Carolina Piedmont are typically
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produced from metavolcanic material, although occasional chert, quartz, or quartzite examples have been
recovered.
Claggett and Cable (1982) use a settlement/subsistence typology developed by Binford (1980), to
classify late Paleoindian and Early Archaic populations as logistical. Logistical task groups, in this definition,
target subsistence or technological resources for collection and use at a residential base camp. Their analysis
identifies an increase in residential mobility beginning in the Early Archaic and extending into the Middle
Archaic (Claggett and Cable 1982). Early Archaic peoples transitioned from logistical orientation to
foraging. Foraging refers to a generalized resource procurement strategy enacted in closer proximity to a base
camp. Subsistence remains recovered from Early Archaic sites in southern Virginia include fish, turtle,
turkey, small mammals, and deer, as well as a wide variety of nuts (McAvoy and McAvoy 1997).
Sassaman (1983) hypothesizes that actual group residential mobility increased during the Middle
Archaic although it occurred within a more restricted range. Range restriction is generally a result of
increased population and crowding within group territories (Sassaman 1983). This increase in population led
to increasing social fluidity during the Middle Archaic and a lower need for scheduled aggregation for mate
exchange. In Sassaman's view, technology during the Middle Archaic is highly expedient; this is reflected
in an almost exclusive use of local resources, especially lithic material.
The appearance/introduction of Stanly points, a broad -bladed stemmed form defines the transition
to the Middle Archaic subperiod. These were followed by Morrow Mountain points, which are
characteristically manufactured from quartz, and have been recovered from numerous small sites throughout
Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Guilford points, also often made of quartz, follow Morrow Mountain
in the Middle Archaic sequence.
The hallmark of the Late Archaic subperiod is the Savannah River Stemmed point (Coe 1964). This
large, broad -bladed and stemmed point type is found over a wide portion of the eastern United States. It is
associated with Late Archaic occupations in the mountains and uplands as well as at coastal midden sites of
the period. Also, the earliest ceramics produced in North America are associated with the Late Archaic
subperiod and date to around 2000 BC. These Stallings Island Fiber Tempered ceramics are primarily a
coastal phenomenon that extends from northern Florida to southern North Carolina.
Later Archaic sites are generally larger and more complex than earlier sites (Caldwell 1952; Coe
1952; Griffin 1952; Lewis and Kneberg 1959). In the Piedmont, these sites are typically found in riverine
settings and are hypothesized to reflect greatly increased sedentism and a focus on fish, shellfish, and
floodplain resources. Small Late Archaic sites in the uplands of the Piedmont are interpreted as logistical
collection and hunting camps (Anderson and Joseph 1988). An increase in population during the Late
Archaic may have led to a restriction in resource ranges and an increase in trade networks (Abbott et al.
1986).
Woodland Period (1000 BC - 1450 AD). A transition between the pre -ceramic Archaic cultures and
Woodland cultures has been identified by Oliver (1985). Stemmed point types, like the Gypsy triangular
point, continue in the Early Woodland subperiod (1000 BC - 300 AD). Other cultural expressions of the
Early Woodland are the ceramics and projectile points of the Badin culture. These points are generally crude
triangulars with heavily tempered and undecorated ceramics. Aside from the adoption of pottery technology,
little observable cultural change occurred at the Archaic -Woodland transition (Coe 1964; Miller 1962).
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Ceramic technology evolved from Badin styles into the Yadkin Phase wares during the Middle
Woodland subperiod (3 00 BC - 1000 AD). Yadkin ceramics have crushed quartz temper and are either cord
marked or fabric impressed. Occasionally, Yadkin ceramics contain grog (i.e., crushed fired clay) temper.
This suggests the influence of coastal populations commonly identified with grog -tempered (Hanover)
ceramics (Coe 1964). Yadkin Phase projectile points differ from the Badin styles in that they reflect
significantly better workmanship (Coe 1964) and are more suited to the newly adopted bow and arrow
technology. The introduction of the bow and arrow allowed significant changes in hunting strategies. Bow
and arrow hunting enables independent procurement of animals in addition to group hunting tactics generally
associated with spear hunting. Nascent horticulture was also emerging during this period but subsistence
strategies remained focused on hunting animals and gathering wild plants.
Mississippian Period (1000-1500 AD). In much of the southeast, the Late Woodland period follows
the Middle Woodland and precedes the Mississippian Period. However, in the southern Piedmont region,
located between the Uwharrie Mountains and the North Carolina -South Carolina state line, the South
Appalachian Mississippian influenced Pee Dee culture (1000-1400 AD) follows the Middle Woodland. South
Appalachian Mississippian cultures are identified by elaborate ceremonialism, and mound construction (Ward
and Davis 1999). Although Native Americans continued to hunt and gather wild plants, subsistence strategies
incorporated a heavier reliance upon agriculture during this period. Corn, beans, squash, and fruit were
grown and settlement patterning generally preferred agriculturally favorable settings in floodplains (Hantman
and Klein 1992; Ward 1983). The Pee Dee culture is divided into three phases: Teal Phase, Town Creek
Phase, and Leak Phase (Oliver 1992).
The Teal Phase (1000-1200 AD) is the earliest phase of the Pee Dee culture. Diagnostic ceramics
of the time period included sand tempered Pee Dee complicated stamped wares and fine cord marked or
simple stamped sherds known as Savannah Creek. Subsistence relied on hunting, fishing and farming. Little
information is known about domestic architecture, but ceremonial structures were rectangular in plan.
Mortuary practices include the use of burial urns (Ward and Davis 1999).
The Town Creek Phase (1200-1400 AD) represents the apex of Pee Dee culture. The Town Creek
site, a mound site located in Montgomery County, North Carolina, was the ritual ceremonial center of a
region that includes this project area. Filfot cross and textile wrapped ceramics were the most popular
ceramic surface treatments. During this phase, maize was a major staple of the diet. Urns were used as burial
containers during the Town Creek Phase, although excavated pits were also used for interment (Ward and
Davis 1999).
The Leak Phase (1400-1500 AD) marks the decline of the prehistoric Pee Dee culture. Ceramics
from this period show an increase in complicated stamped, plain, and textile wrapped surface treatments.
Cazuela bowls also began to appear. Agricultural crops, including maize and beans, were an essential part
of subsistence during this phase. Hunting, fishing, and wild plant foraging supplemented Mississippian
period diets (Ward and Davis 1999).
Historic Indian / Protohistoric Period
Spain initiated the exploration of the southeastern United States to secure their claims to American
lands west of the 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas meridian (46'36'W). This treaty, ratified by the Pope Alexander
IV, divided colonial prerogatives to newly discovered lands between the Catholic Kingdoms of Spain and
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Portugal. Two Spaniards, Hernando de Soto (1539-1543) and Juan Pardo (1566-1568) led armed expeditions
through the western Piedmont and mountains of North Carolina (Hudson 1990, 1994). These parties visited
Indian villages near the present-day towns of Charlotte, Lincolnton, Hickory, and Maiden. Recent work at
the Berry site in Burke County identified the remains of the Spanish garrison of Xualla (also called Joara)
visited by de Soto in the 1540s and Pardo in the 1560s (Beck et al. 2006). Spanish presence in the Carolinas
could not be sustained. Despite their best attempts to establish interior outposts and coastal settlements,
Spanish colonists withdrew to St. Augustine in 1587 (South 1980). Diseases introduced by these explorers
wrought disastrous effects on contemporary Native American peoples. Entire populations collapsed and
communities disappeared (Fossett 1976).
In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh secured the support of Queen Elizabeth I for an English colony in North
America (Powell 1989). Roanoke was the first English settlement in North Carolina but soon ran into
difficulties. Though this colony failed, English colonial ambitions were persistent and a permanent colony,
Jamestown, was established in 1607 (Noel Hume 1994).
The early years of the Jamestown settlement were hampered by starvation, loss of life, and hostilities
with neighboring Powhatan Indians. In 1624 the Crown revoked the Virginia Company's charter and
established a royal administration (Noel Hume 1994). Royal attentions were soon preoccupied with the
English Civil War and the colonial settlements of Virginia, Jamestown and Charles Town (on the Cape Fear
River), were largely ignored until the 1650s. Traders, hunters, trappers, rogues, and tax evaders began living
in the area around the Albemarle Sound in northeastern North Carolina (Powell 1989). These were North
Carolina's first permanent English-speaking inhabitants.
Historic Period
After his restoration to the throne in 1660, Charles II rewarded loyal supporters with lands and titles
(Powell 1989). Seven supporters were awarded the charter to establish a proprietary colony south of Virginia.
This colony, called Carolina in honor of the king, encompassed the Albemarle Sound settlement of Charles
Town and extended to the frontier of Spanish -held La Florida in the south. Proprietors maintained control
over Carolina until 1712, when the colonies were separated. South Carolina colonists rebelled against
Proprietary rule in 1719, after which the Proprietors ceded control of the colony to the Crown (Yonge 1726).
In 1729, the Crown also assumed direct control over the North Carolina colony.
During the early eighteenth century, the Carolinas' principle economic focus was the Indian Trade
(Clowse 1971). This trade revolved around the exchange of European manufactured goods, arms, and alcohol
for deerskins and captives. It drew Native American groups into an Atlantic market economy and had the
added effect of increasing intertribal hostilities. Piedmont Native Americans were thoroughly engaged in the
production of deerskins and the supply of captives for export to Caribbean sugar plantations through
Charleston and Williamsburg, Virginia (Barker 2001; Merrell 1991).
The death of North Carolina's Surveyor General (John Lawson) at the hands of the Tuscarora ignited
a war between the colonists and Tuscarora Indians in 1711 (Powell 1989). This war ended with the
devastation of Tuscarora villages and their forced re -settlement or enslavement. Though the Tuscaroras were
defeated, their Iroquoian allies continued to raid Piedmont villages throughout the eighteenth century (Merrell
1991). Conflict and, to a greater extent, disease took a heavy toll on Piedmont Native American populations.
These once -independent communities began to look to each other for support. Several groups migrated into
the interior southeast while others congregated on the banks of the Catawba River (Merrell 1991).
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In 1744, a series of treaties opened transcontinental travel for settlers seeking lands in the
backcountry of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Once known as the Warrior Path, the Great
Wagon Road drew settlers south from Philadelphia and frontier settlements in Pennsylvania and Virginia
(NCOAH 2004; Rouse 2001). Settlers began arriving in the Stanly County around 1750. They were
primarily engaged in farming. They provided for themselves, and surplus staples were sent to market.
Backcountry settlers were mostly self-sufficient and paid little notice to the colonial administration. This
would change as the colony established new county governments in the 1750s and 1760s.
The North Carolina Regulator movement began in the late 1760s. Farmers living in frontier areas,
like Stanly County, were frustrated with their limited access to government. Government administrative
centers were difficult to reach, and settlers resented the rapid ascension of trained jurists and "Scotch"
merchants to positions of political power (Whittenburg 1977). The movement evolved into an armed conflict
and a militia of mostly eastern North Carolina colonists defeated the Regulators at the Battle of Alamance.
The North Carolina Regulator movement was representative of broader, pan -colonial, frustration with British
colonial rule. Within a few years, thirteen Atlantic colonies arrayed themselves against King George's
government. North Carolinians were divided between the Loyalist and Patriot factions. Piedmont Loyalists
supported royal prerogatives and many former Regulators suspicious of local authority were assumed to be
sympathetic to the Loyalist cause. A local Loyalist militia was organized under the command of Dr. John
Pyle in 1776. General Griffith Rutherford recruited 300 men to the Patriots' banner in the summer of 1776
(Blackwelder 1953).
The Battle of Colson's Mill was the only Revolutionary War battle fought in the region. It took place
near the confluence of the Rocky and Pee Dee rivers in southeastern Stanly County. Patriot forces under the
command of Colonel William Lee Davidson were sent to intercept Loyalist forces gathering near Colson's
Mill. On July 21, 1780, Davidson attempted to surround the Loyalists, under the command of Colonel
Samuel Bryan, and stage a surprise attack. Bryan's force was alerted to the Patriots approach and opened fire.
Loyalists focused most of their volleys on the only man in uniform, Colonel Davidson. Davidson was hit in
the stomach, but his men fought on, killing three, wounding several others, and taking ten prisoners. The
remainder of the Loyalists retreated. Davidson recovered from his wounds and was promoted to Brigadier
General (Dodenhoff 1992).
After the Revolutionary War, North Carolina was slow to ratify the Constitution and join a newly
minted United States. Political leaders were opposed to joining a federal union of states, and the first vote
on ratification was overwhelmingly defeated. This reluctance delayed a second ratifying convention until
November of 1789, when the vote was carried in the affirmative (Morehead 1953). North Carolina was the
second to last state to join the United States.
Stanly County settlement continued after the Revolutionary War. New arrivals were subsistence
farmers. Farmers grew enough food for themselves and their livestock. Those that were able also planted
cotton or wheat for sale. In addition to farming, gristmills, sawmills and blacksmith forges were operating
in early nineteenth century Stanly County. Gold mining was also an important industry in the county. The
first gold mine in Stanly County, the Barringer Mine, was opened in 1825. Eleven gold mines were
eventually opened in Stanly County. All but one mine, the Parker Mine, were closed by the mid -twentieth
century (Dodenhoff 1992).
Stanly County was formed in 1841 from Montgomery County and was named in honor of John
Stanly, a member of the legislature and Speaker of the House of Commons (Corbitt 2000). The town of
Albemarle was designated the county seat the following year. By the 1850s, commercial agriculture
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plantations were established in the county. These operations were clustered near the confluence of the Rocky
and Pee Dee rivers in the southeastern part of the county (Dodenhoff 2009).
If North Carolina hesitated to join the United States, it was equally reluctant to secede. The Southern
Loyalist, or Unionist, cause was strong in North Carolina. It was the last state to secede from the Union, and
twenty-five thousand of her sons fought for the Union Army (Current 1992). Stanly County sent six
companies of Confederates to the war effort, and no engagements were fought within the county (Dodenhoff
1992).
After the Civil War, the state was placed under military administration. It was readmitted to the
Union, in 1868, during a region -wide period of economic depression. The Piedmont economy was stagnant
until the 1880s (Powell 1989). Agriculture continued to be the principal economic focus of Stanly County,
and industrialization was slow to appear. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, new textile mills, furniture
factories, and tobacco farms began appearing as improved roads and rail lines eased market access (Powell
1989).
The Yadkin, Winston-Salem Southbound, and Norfolk -Southern Railroads allowed the Piedmont to
diversify (Dodenhoff 1992). Although cotton cultivation continued to dominate the agricultural landscape,
several entrepreneurs built textile mills closer to the cotton fields. The first textile manufacturing plant in the
county opened in 1896 (Stanly County Chamber of Commerce [SCCC] 2009). Mill operations in towns like
Albemarle offered alternatives to farm labor (Dodenhoff 1992). Depressed cotton prices in the 1930s affected
both economic sectors. The local economy improved after World War II, when new furniture factories and
food processing plants revitalized the county.
Today, Stanly County is home to more than 60,600 people (U.S. Census Bureau 2013). The principal
industries, by land area, are still agriculture and livestock. The county leads the state of North Carolina in
egg production. It also raises cattle, poultry, corn and soybeans (Stephens 1989). The textiles industry is still
significant part of the county's economy, although aluminum, prefabricated mobile homes, and brick are also
produced (Stephens 1989).
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Chapter 3. Results of the Investigation
Background Research
Archaeological background research was conducted at the North Carolina site files located at the
Office of State Archaeology (OSA) in Raleigh. No previously recorded archaeological sites are present
within the project tract. One previously recorded archaeological site, the Old Freedom Cemetery
(31 ST232**), is located within a 1.6 kilometer (1.0 mile) radius of the Stanly Solar Farm tract (Figure 3.1).
Despite the cemetery being recorded, no site form was available for this resource. The cemetery will not be
impacted by the proposed development. The background review did not identify any other archaeological
surveys conducted within 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mile) of the project tract.
Figure 3.1. Topographic map showing the project tract and previously recorded and newly recorded
archaeological sites (1981 Albemarle, NC USGS 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle).
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A review of the 1904 Stanly County soil map and the 1938 Stanly County highway map did not show
any structures located within the project tract. Six structures show on the 1981 Albemarle, NC topographic
quadrangle (see Figure 3.1). These structures include four houses and two outbuildings. Each of these areas
were surveyed to determine whether these structures were still extant and if they should be recorded as
archaeological resources. They are discussed in more detail in the results section.
Archaeological Survey Results
The Stanly Solar Farm measures 158.1 hectares (390.6 ac) and was divided into areas determined to
have high and low potential for archaeological remains based on soil drainage, slope percentage, and other
environmental factors (see Figure 1.6). High potential areas measuring 58.8 hectares (145.5 ac) were
excavated at 30 -meter intervals along parallel transects spaced 30 meters apart. Low potential areas
measuring 99.3 hectares (245.4 ac) were walked over along transects spaced 30 meters apart and were
investigated with judgmentally placed shovel tests. In all areas, exposed ground surface was inspected for
cultural remains. In total, 1,154 survey and delineation shovel tests were excavated in the project tract.
Shovel test soil profiles generally consisted of 15 centimeters (5.9 in) of yellowish brown (10YR5/6)
silty clay overlaying strong brown (7.5YR5/6) clay. Strong brown (7.5YR5/6) clay was present just below
the surface in some areas.
Sixteen archaeological sites were identified during this investigation (see Figure 3.1; Table 3.1).
These resources include 13 prehistoric sites, one historic house site, and two historic cemeteries. These sites
have been disturbed by erosion, past land -use practices (including land clearing/logging and agriculture)
These sites are unlikely to retain well-preserved, intact deposits and will not yield new or significant data
pertaining to regional history or prehistory. All of the identified archaeological sites are recommended not
eligible for the NRNP. Despite not being considered eligible for the NRNP, the two cemeteries are protected
by federal and state laws regarding human burials and should be avoided by any ground disturbing activities
during the development of the solar farm. To facilitate this avoidance, a minimum buffer of 10 meters (33
ft) should be established and fenced around each cemetery. Each site is discussed individually below.
As noted in the background results section above, six structures appear on the Albemarle, NC
topographic quadrangle (see Figure 3.1). Two structures are associated site 31ST248** and are discussed
below. A complex of two structures at the north end of the tract, in close proximity to 31 ST244, consists of
an abandoned house, several outbuildings, and a trailer. Modern trash was scattered throughout the complex
and many of the outbuildings were used for storage. A house shown at the southern end of the tract, adjacent
to historic cemetery (31 ST256**), includes a brick house and several outbuildings. The grounds around the
southern complex are well-maintained, and it was unclear if the house was abandoned. Regardless, despite
both complexes likely being in excess of 50 years of age, they were not recorded as archaeological sites due
to a lack of artifacts. They were given no further consideration. A relatively modern abandoned trailer is
present between the southern house complex and Old Aquadale Road. It likely does not meet the age
standard for being considered a historic resource. The sixth structure appearing on the topographic map is
located at the south end of the tract northwest of the intersection between the dirt drive in the tract and
Aquadale Road. No structures are currently present in this vicinity, and no artifacts were recovered at this
location during the survey.
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Table 3.1. Summary of Archaeological Sites Identified in the Project Tract.
Site Number
Description
NRHP Recommendation
31 ST244
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST245
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST246
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST247
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST248 * *
Early to Middle 20' Century House Site
Not Eligible
31ST249**
19' Century Cemetery
Not Eligible
31 ST250
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST251
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST252
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST253
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST254
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST255
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31ST256**
20' Century Cemetery
Not Eligible
31 ST257
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Isolate
Not Eligible
31 ST258
Unknown Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31 ST259
Early to Late Archaic Lithic Scatter
Not Eligible
31ST244
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter UTM (NAD 83): 3906018 N 569943 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST244 is a prehistoric lithic scatter located in the central portion of the project tract (see Figure
3.1). This site is situated on a ridge top that slopes down to the northeast. The site deposits were identified
in a fallow garden plot covered in weeds and grass. A trailer and concrete shed, as well as an abandoned
house, are south of the deposits. A barn is present northwest of the site. A planted pine forest surrounds the
site area, and a bull dozed path has been cut along the tree line. Surface visibility in the fallow garden plot
was low but nearly greater 75 percent in the nearby bull dozer cut.
Seventeen shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter intervals in the site vicinity. Site dimensions of
35 by 15 meters (114.8 by 49.2 11) were established based on the distribution of two positive shovel tests
(Figure 3.2). Soil profiles consisted of 17 centimeters (6.7 in) of very dark brown (10YR2/2) silty clay loam
and gravel overlaying strong brown (7.5YR4/6) brown silty clay.
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Figure 3.2. Plan map of site 31 ST244.
The artifacts recovered from this site include one flake/flake fragment and one utilized flake. Both
are made of metavolcanic materials. The prehistoric occupation of this site cannot be dated based on the
recovered artifacts. Artifact deposits were encountered between 0 and 20 centimeters (7.8 in) below the
ground surface.
Site 31 ST244 is a prehistoric lithic scatter of unknown age. The site has a very low artifact density,
and the deposits have been disturbed by land clearing and plowing. This site will not yield significant data
regarding regional prehistory and is recommended not eligible for the NRHP.
31ST245
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Isolate UTM (NAD 83): 3906126 N 569774 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST245 is a prehistoric isolated find located in the northern central portion of the project tract
(see Figure 3.1). This site is situated on a east -west oriented ridge top. The agricultural field on the ridge
is bordered on the east and south by dirt roads. A small area of dense vegetation is present between the
southeast of the site near the intersection of the two dirt roads. A pine forest is located east of the site.
Surface visibility in the site area was moderate and consisted of approximately 30 percent ground surface
exposure.
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Thirteen shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter (49.2 -ft) intervals at this site. Site boundaries of
15 by 15 meters (49.2 by 49.2 ft) were determined based on a single positive shovel test (Figure 33). Shovel
test soil profiles consisted of 22 centimeters (8.6 in) of strong brown (7.5YR5/6) silty clay overlying red
(2.5YR5/6) clay.
resentative Soil Profile
31 ST245
Site Plan
o Negative Shovel Test o
X Surface Find(s) 51
Tree Line
0 Datum: N500 E500
0 15 30
meters
Dirt Road
i
� � i,
Agricultural 545
Field
0 ' 530
Q-. 0 O I ; 515
Pine Forest
O OU O 500
Site Boundary
-- - O O O � ` 485
�• 11
_Crir__-___----flyoe
---- azo
455
575
Figure 3.3. Plan map of site 31 ST245.
One artifact was recovered from this site. This artifact, a metavolcanic flake/flake fragment, was
recovered from the ground surface. It is not diagnostic of any particular temporal or cultural period.
Site 31 ST245 is a non-diagnostic prehistoric isolated find. This site has a limited artifact assemblage
and no subsurface deposits. The site area is eroded and has been disturbed by plowing, suggesting that the
potential for intact subsurface deposits is low. Given these site characteristics, 31 WT245 has no further
research potential and is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
31ST246
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Isolate UTM (NAD 83): 3906127 N 569680 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Knoll Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST246 is a prehistoric lithic isolated find. This site is located in the northern central portion
of the project tract, just west of site 31 ST245 (see Figure 3.1). It is situated on a ridge top, that slopes down
to the south. The site vicinity is characterized by an agricultural field planted in a grassy cover crop. Surface
visibility in the site area was moderate, with approximately 30 percent of the ground surface exposed.
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A total of thirteen shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter (49.2 -ft) intervals in the site vicinity. Of
these shovel tests, only one contained an artifact forming site boundaries of 15 by 15 meters (49.2 by 49.2
ft; Figure 3.4). Shovel tests in the site area exposed approximately 3.0 centimeters (1.2 in) of dark yellowish
brown (10YR3/4) clayey loam overlaying yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay.
31 ST246
Site Plan
�a
o Negative Shovel Test
o�
• Positive Shovel Test
A Datum: N500 E500
0 15 30
meters
0\Ag ricultural Field
Site Boundary �D
o\ 0 0
Y�
0 o Q\ O O
0 0 0
�- 0
560
Figure 3.4. Plan map of site 31 ST246.
455
The site's artifact assemblage consists of a single artifact recovered from the upper 10 centimeters
(3.9 in) of soil. This artifact is a notched banded rhyolite flake tool with bifacial use wear. It is possible the
tool was used as a spokeshave. A spokeshave is thought to have been used to shape wooden or bone spear
or arrow shafts (Armstrong 2006). This tool is not diagnostic of any specific prehistoric period.
Site 31 ST246 is a prehistoric lithic isolated find of unknown age. This site has a very limited artifact
assemblage and shall deposits. Disturbance from land clearing and agricultural leaves little potential for the
presence of intact remains and is not likely to provide new or significant information about prehistoric
lifeways in the area. It is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
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31ST247
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Isolate UTM (NAD 83): 3906171 N 569730 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Knoll Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST247 is situated on a knoll top in the northern central portion of the project tract, northeast
of site 31 ST246 (see Figure 3.1). This site is located in an agricultural field planted in a grassy cover crop.
Surface visibility in the site vicinity was generally less than 50 percent.
The delineation of this site consisted of the excavating 13 shovel tests at 15 -meter (49.2-11) intervals.
One positive shovel test formed site boundaries measuring 15 by 15 meters (49.2 by 49.2 11; Figure 3.5).
Shovel test profiles consisted of 15 cm (5.9 in) of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay overlaying yellowish red
(5YR5/8) clay.
Re resentative Soil Profile
Agricultural Field
O
-560
O O O 545
i
i
O 00 ', 0 530
1.1 '
Site Boundary J
Q Q Q 515
31 ST247
Site Plan > > _ 500
ID 0-
0
o Negative Shovel Test
z
• Positive Shovel Test
485
o 15 30
meters
470
515 530 545 560 575 590 605 620
Figure 3.5. Plan map of site 31 ST247.
One quartz flake/flake fragment was recovered from this site. This flake is not representative of a
particular cultural period. The artifact was encountered between the ground surface and a depth of 10
centimeters (3.9 in).
--AEC IC Stanly Solar Farm Tract
-r Stanly County, North Carolina
s�
23

This site consists of a single non-diagnostic quartz flake/flake fragment. The site is characterized by
a shallow, low density assemblage. No indications of intact subsurface deposits or features were found.
Given these characteristics, in combination with disturbance to the area from erosion and modern farming
activities, 31 ST247 has no research potential. It is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
31ST248**
Site Type: Historic House Site UTM (NAD 83): 3906026 N 569399 E
Component: 20t' Century Landform: Knoll Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST248** is a historic house located on a knoll top in the northwest portion of the project tract
(see Figure 3.1). Two bulldozed roads extend through the site, one passing the house on the north and one
passing on the south. Both roads intersect northwest and southeast of the site. Dense secondary growth is
present north of and between the roads. Planted pine forest is present south of the road. An older hardwood
tree is present near the southwest corner of the house, and a large magnolia tree is present just east of the
house. Surface visibility along the roads was excellent, but virtually non-existent in the secondary growth.
A total of 38 shovel tests were excavated at 30 -meter intervals across the landform. None of the
shovel tests yielded artifacts. Site dimensions of 135 by 60 meters (442 by 196.9 11) were established based
on the locations of standing structures, other features, and artifacts recovered from the bull dozed roads
(Figure 3.6). Typical shovel test soil profiles consisted of 7.5YR5/8 strong brown clay.
Fourteen artifacts were recovered from this site (Table 3.2). These items include bottle glass,
tableware glass, and ceramics. The cut nail were recovered from inside the house. Wire nails, which was the
dominant nail type post 1890s, was also identified in the house but were not collected. Although some of the
artifacts have manufacturing ranges beginning in the early nineteenth century (i.e., whiteware), the house
most likely dates to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century with the occupation continuing through the
middle twentieth century.
A house and a barn are present within the site boundaries. Both structures appear on the Albemarle,
NC topographic map (see Figure 3.1). The house does not show on any of the early twentieth century maps
reviewed for this project. The house is located in the southeast portion of the site. It has overall dimensions
of approximately 19.5 by 15.8 meters ( 64 by 52 fl), excluding the 1.8 -meter (6-11) porch on the north side
of the house. Figure 3.7 presents a plan view of house. The house is a one-story sawn wood frame house
with a large attic space. Rock piers were used for the house foundation, but brick piers were used for the
porches. The roof is made of seamed metal and in some areas was covered over with shingles. There are two
double -sided brick chimneys located in the interior of the house. The southwestern corner room has a
plastered floor section and a hole for exhausting a wood stove. The house was eventually electrified, but
there is no indication of running water. A possible privy and well were identified on the east side of the
house. The house is in a state of severe disrepair with collapsed porches floors. The northwestern room is
beginning to detach from the remainder of house. It is not known when the house was abandoned.
z,�EC Inca'
Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
24

31ST248** 0
Site Plan
� n
o Negative Shovel Test
o�
O 15 30 meters
O
�gge�
O O
Tree Line
O / O
O
1
O
Barn Tree Line
Pines and Hardwoods
W with Dense Underbrush
O / / OO �� O O
House
- Well
Magnolia
O O Tree O O'
'—Privy Dense
arge Hardwood Underbrush
\ Pines and - -- - - - - Dirt ba?
Hardwoods\
O ---a_ O O O O
Figure 3.6. Plan map of site 31 ST248**
A large barn is present in the northeast corner of the site. The barn measures 19.5 by 14 meters (64
by 46 ft). It has two long bays on the north and south measuring 4.3 by 3.7 meters (14 and 12 ft) wide
respectively. Between the long bays are several animal pens that vary in length but all have a width of 6.1
meters (20 ft). The barn was constructed with wood framing and wire nails, and it has a concrete foundation.
A tractor was parked in the barn suggesting the barn may still be in use.
Site 31 ST248** is an early to middle twentieth century house site. This site yielded few artifacts and
has been very disturbed by logging and bulldozing in the surrounding area. This site is not likely to provide
new or significant data pertaining to the history of the region beyond that already obtained at the survey level.
This site has no further research potential and is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
'zAEC Inc J
Sta ly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
25
\
O O
o
n
O / O
O
1
O
Barn Tree Line
Pines and Hardwoods
W with Dense Underbrush
O / / OO �� O O
House
- Well
Magnolia
O O Tree O O'
'—Privy Dense
arge Hardwood Underbrush
\ Pines and - -- - - - - Dirt ba?
Hardwoods\
O ---a_ O O O O
Figure 3.6. Plan map of site 31 ST248**
A large barn is present in the northeast corner of the site. The barn measures 19.5 by 14 meters (64
by 46 ft). It has two long bays on the north and south measuring 4.3 by 3.7 meters (14 and 12 ft) wide
respectively. Between the long bays are several animal pens that vary in length but all have a width of 6.1
meters (20 ft). The barn was constructed with wood framing and wire nails, and it has a concrete foundation.
A tractor was parked in the barn suggesting the barn may still be in use.
Site 31 ST248** is an early to middle twentieth century house site. This site yielded few artifacts and
has been very disturbed by logging and bulldozing in the surrounding area. This site is not likely to provide
new or significant data pertaining to the history of the region beyond that already obtained at the survey level.
This site has no further research potential and is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
'zAEC Inc J
Sta ly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
25

Table 3.2. Summary of Artifacts Recovered from 31 ST248**
Artifact
Count
Comment
Glass:
aqua bottle glass
1
clear tableware
1
O 2.4 4.8 meters
milkglass bottle glass
3
milkglass lid liner
1
post 18691
milkglass tableware
1
anchor Hocking Fire -King Peach luster vessel base (1940s -1970s)2
Ceramics
brown salt glazed stoneware
1
pre 1930s3
porcelain ceramic
1
undecorated whiteware
3
1820 -present'
Metal.
cut nail
2
1810-18905
1. Miller et al. 2000; 2. Bowey 2018; 3. Je1Pat 2018; 4. Aultman et al. 2016; 5. IMACS 1992
Figure 3.7. Plan maps of the structures at site 31ST248**.
-z EC InCT Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
26
House Detail
31 ST248**
Structure Details
O 8 16 feet o
O 2.4 4.8 meters
......
Porch 99set
Barn Detail
Hall Chimney
7
Animal Pens
Closet I
1 v Porch
1st Floor=Bays
2nd Floor= Hay Storage
Chimne Y
A
Flue
Open
%
Figure 3.7. Plan maps of the structures at site 31ST248**.
-z EC InCT Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
26

31ST249**
Site Type: Historic Cemetery UTM (NAD 83): 3906389 N 569759 E
Component: 19" Century Landform: Ridge Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31ST249** is a historic cemetery located at the north end of the project tract (see Figure 3.1).
The ridge top on which the cemetery is located slopes down to the east. The site vicinity is characterized by
a planted pine forest. However, the pines stop short of encroaching on the cemetery. Hardwoods and
periwinkle are present in the immediate vicinity of the graves.
No shovel tests were excavated within the cemetery. The boundaries of the cemetery were delineated
by a low berm surrounding the marked graves. Site dimensions of 45 by 30 meters (147.6 by 98.4 ft) were
established to encompass the cemetery as well as provide a buffer to ensure adequate protection of the
cemetery from future land disturbing activities (Figure 3.8).
anted Pines\
Site Boundary Scattered Hardwoods
31ST249**
Site Plan "� r
I—I Grave
# Engraved Headstone J
• Rock
0 15 30
tern
Tree Line
Figure 3.8. Plan map of site 31ST249**
Cemetery Detail
0 8 16 fer
0 2.4 4-8—t—
�� �('7priwinkl�
Rock Clus
`X5 �r',
DepressionA;�
5
Large Hardwood
sed Are_ o
The cemetery proper measures approximately 25 by 18 meters (82 by 59.1 ft). Nineteen graves were
identified by grave markers (headstone, footstone, or both). In one instance, a possible grave was identified
by a depression. Stones and stone clusters were identified throughout the cemetery area but could not be
definitively associated with a grave. Grave markers were generally made of slate, and seven of the
headstones were engraved. Six were found in association with graves. The seventh was displaced and resting
on the raised berm in the southeast corner of the cemetery. The gravestone inscriptions are listed in Table
-z E� IncT Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
27

3.3. In some cases, engravings were apparent but not legible. The engraved stones indicate the cemetery was
used during the nineteenth century.
I able 3.3. Headstone
Headstone 1:
JESSEE POPLIN
DIED
_UGUST 17th A.D. 1841
17th
Headstone 2:
_NCY POPLIN
was born
_arch 29th A.D. 1829
s married to
_al MABREY
an. 9th A.D. 1849
_eceased Septe
ber 18th, A.D. 1849
_GE 20 yrs, 5 mos.
19 days
Headstone 3:
MARTHA CATHE
RINE MABREY
was born
September 8th A.D. 1849
Die
November 8th A.D. 1849
Age 2 months
at site 31 N 1 249�
*Headstone number corresponds to numbered graves in Figure 3.8
Headstone 4:
DAYS POLK
was born September
16, 1863 and d
June 18 1864
Headstone 5:
QUINCEY ADEW
_OPLEN _AS
BORN JULY
10
(additional line illegible)
Headstone 6:
scratched engraving illegible
Headstone 7:
POPLEN
MARCH
This site is a nineteenth century cemetery that contains at least 19 graves. This cemetery is not
associated with persons significant in the past nor does it contain unique stylistic characteristics. This
cemetery will not yield new or significant archaeological data and has no further research potential. Site
31 ST249** is recommended not eligible for the NRNP. However, it is protected by state and federal
regulations concerning marked and unmarked burials and should be avoided during future development.
z,�EC Inca'
Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
28

31ST250
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Isolate UTM (NAD 83): 3906049 N 570208 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST250 is a prehistoric lithic site located in the northeastern portion of the project tract (see
Figure 3.1). The site is situated on a ridge top that slopes gently down to the north. The site vicinity is
characterized by an agricultural field which, was planted in a cover crop at the time of the survey. Surface
visibility was very poor.
Thirteen shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter (49.2-11) intervals to delineate the site. Site
dimensions of 15 by 15 meters (49.2 by 49.2 11) were established based on a single positive shovel test
(Figure 3.9). Soil profiles exhibited 3 centimeters (1.2 in) of dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silty clay loam
overlaying yellowish red (5YR5/6) clay and gravel.
Re resentative Soil Profile
Agricultural Field
3 _
545
O 530
O O O
515
---------------_ -•-
Site Boundary — O O 9 O 0 500
1�
31 ST250 l0° `
Site Plan l O & O 485
0
Z
o Negative Shovel Test
Z
• Positive Shovel Test � � o 470
'���
ADatum: N500 E500 V�
0 15 30
meters 455
455 470 4 5 500 515 530 545 560 11
Figure 3.9. Plan map of site 31 ST250.
The single artifact recovered from this site is a flake/flake fragment made of banded rhyolite. One
of the edges exhibits possible use -wear. The flake/flake fragment is not culturally diagnostic. This artifact
was recovered between the ground surface and a depth of 20 centimeters (7.9 in).
_ACC InC� Stanly Solar Farm Tract
Stanly County, North Carolina
s�
29

Site 31 ST250 is unknown prehistoric isolated find. No diagnostic artifacts, cultural features, or
organic remains were identified. The shallow deposits and disturbance from plowing leaves little potential
for identifying intact deposits. This site is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
31ST251
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter UTM (NAD 83): 3905895 N 570199 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Knoll Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Goldston very channery silt
Site 31 ST251 was recorded in the eastern portion of the project tract (see Figure 3.1). The site is
situated on a knoll top that is relatively level. The site vicinity is characterized by an agricultural field planted
with a cover crop. Surface visibility was very poor due to the vegetation cover.
This site was delineated by excavating a grid of 14 shovel tests at 15 -meter (49.2 11) intervals. Two
positive shovel tests formed site boundaries measuring 15 by 30 meters (49.2 by 98.4 ft; Figure 3.10). Soil
profiles consisted of 20 centimeters (7.9 in) of yellowish red (5YR5/6) clay and gravel.
lop/ ,
31 ST251 loo
Site Plan
0
o Negative Shovel Test
• Positive Shovel Test 3
A Datum: N500 E500
0 15 30
meters
':::Agricultural Field
0 0 Site Boundary 530
0 Q 515
0 01//
A 0 0 500
2.1 �
r
0 0 485
f
\ 0 Q 470
470
Figure 3.10. Plan map of site 31 ST251.
560
455
Two artifacts were recovered from this site. Both are metavolcanic flakes/flake fragments, one of
which is porphyritic rhyolite. Neither of the artifacts is culturally diagnostic. Artifacts were recovered
between 0 and 20 centimeters (7.9 in) below the ground surface.
-ACC InC� Stanly Solar Farm Tract
Stanly County, North Carolina
30

This site is a small scatter of non-diagnostic artifacts. The site vicinity is very eroded and has been
disturbed by plowing. The site lacks temporally diagnostic artifacts and will not contribute significantly to
our understanding of regional prehistory. Site 31 ST251 is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
31ST252
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter UTM (NAD 83): 3906150 N 570210 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Nose
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST252 was identified on a ridge top in the northeastern portion of the project tract (see Figure
3.1). The landform slopes down to the north. The agricultural field in this area is also planted in cover crop
but generally provided more surface visibility than at sites 31 ST251 and 31 ST352. A pine forest is present
northeast of the site.
A 15 -meter (49.2-11) grid of 14 shovel tests was excavated to delineate the site. Site dimensions of
30 by 15 meters (98.4 by 49.2 ft) were established based on two positive shovel tests (Figure 3.11). Typical
soil profiles consisted of 25 centimeters (9.8 in) of yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silty clay and gravel
overlaying brownish yellow (10YR6/6) silty clay and gavel.
Two metavolcanic flakes/flake fragments were recovered from this site. The prehistoric age of
occupation cannot be determined based on the artifact assemblage. Site deposits extended between 0 and 20
centimeters (7.9 in) below the ground surface.
This site is a small scatter of prehistoric debitage. No diagnostic artifacts, cultural features, or organic
remains were identified. Disturbance from agricultural activities at this site leaves little potential for intact
deposits. Site 31 ST252 is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
31ST253
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Isolate UTM (NAD 83): 3905827 N 570260 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST253 is a prehistoric isolated fmd identified in the eastern portion of the project tract (see
Figure 3.1). The site is situated on a ridge top with a southeast facing slope. The surrounding area is
characterized by an agricultural field. Surface visibility was very poor due to the dense cover crop.
Thirteen shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter (49.2 ft) intervals in the site vicinity. Site
dimensions of 15 by 15 meters (49.2 by 49.2 ft) were established based on a single positive shovel test
(Figure 3.12). Soil profiles exhibited 18 centimeters (7.1 in) of strong brown (7.5YR5/6) clay and gravel
overlaying reddish yellow (7.5YR6/6) clay and gravel.
z,�EC Inca'
Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
31

Tree Line
sentative Soil Profile
\Ag ricultural Field
31 ST252 10°
Site Plan
Z
o Negative Shovel Test CL
• Positive Shovel Test S
ADatum: N500 E500
0 15 30
meters
(::Pine Forest
co
/ i 0
0 0 �• 0 0
2.1
0 0 0 0
• �\
0
Site Boundary
Figure 3.11. Plan map of site 31 ST252.
0
5 530 545 560
51
455 1
One banded rhyolite flake/flake fragment was recovered from this site. The artifact is not culturally
diagnostic. Site deposits were encountered to a depth of 15 centimeters (5.9 in).
This site is a prehistoric isolated find of unknown age. The site has minimal deposits and has been
disturbed by plowing and erosion. This site will not contribute new or significant data pertaining to regional
prehistory. Site 31 ST253 is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
-ACC IC Stanly Solar Farm Tract
\r Stanly County, North Carolina
s�
32

Representative Soil Profile ON. 110, V,
�.
Agricultural Field 545
O 530
,yT i
s _-- O O O 515
Site Boundary
O O� O O 500
31 ST253 10°
Site Plan l �' O O____ 0 485
O Negative Shovel Testv a —
• Positive Shovel Test R 0 470
ADatum: N500 E500
0 15 30
meters11 455
455 470 485 500 515 530 545 560
Figure 3.12. Plan map of site 31 ST253.
31ST254
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Isolate UTM (NAD 83): 3905636 N 569916 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST254 is a prehistoric lithic site located in the central portion of the project tract (see Figure
3.1). The site is situated on a ridge top that slopes gently down to the south. The site vicinity is characterized
by an agricultural field which, at the time of the survey, was planted in a cover crop. Despite the cover crop,
surface visibility was excellent in the site vicinity.
Thirteen shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter (49.2 -ft) intervals. Site dimensions of 15 by 15
meters (49.2 by 49.2 11) were established based on a single positive shovel test (Figure 3.13). Soil profiles
exhibited 15 centimeters (5.9 in) of dark yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silty clay loam overlaying brownish
yellow (10YR6/8) clay and gravel.
-ACC InC� Stanly Solar Farm Tract
J, , Stanly County, North Carolina
s�
33

Re resentative Soil Profile
Agricultural Field
Site Boundary 0 ; ; ► 530
4 _ 0 ' -0 515
1 Q
0 0 0 0 500
31 ST254 5° 0 0 0 ; 485
Site Plan
o Negative Shovel Test a "0 470
�o ,
•Positive Shovel Test � s ,
A Datum: N500 E500
0 15 30 '
455
meters
455 470 485 500 515 530 545 560
Figure 3.13. Plan map of site 31 ST254.
The single artifact recovered from this site is a flake/flake fragment made of banded rhyolite. One
of the edges exhibits possible use -wear. This artifact is not culturally diagnostic. This artifact was recovered
between the ground surface and a depth of 20 centimeters (7.9 in).
Site 31 ST254 is unknown prehistoric isolated find. No diagnostic artifacts, cultural features, or
organic remains were identified. The shallow deposits and disturbance from plowing leaves little potential
for identifying intact deposits. This site is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
31ST255
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter UTM (NAD 83): 3905546 N 570448 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
Site 31 ST255 is a small prehistoric lithic scatter located along the southeastern tract boundary (see
Figure 3.1). This site is situated on a ridge that slopes gently down to the east. The site is characterized by
an agricultural field planted in a cover crop. A hardwood and pine tree line borders the site on the south.
Beyond the narrow tree line is an adjacent field located outside the project tract. Surface visibility along the
tree line was fair.
-_AEC IC Stanly Solar Farm Tract
-r Stanly County, North Carolina
s�
34

Ten shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter intervals in the site vicinity. Shovel tests were not
excavated to the south due to the constraints of the project tract. Site dimensions of 15 by 30 meters (49.2
by 98.4 ft) were established based on two positive shovel tests (Figure 3.14). Soil profiles consisted of 25
centimeters (9.8 in) of strong brown (7.5YR5/6) silty clay loam overlaying reddish yellow (7.5YR6/6) silty
clay to a depth of 30 centimeters (11.8 in). Below that depth, yellowish red (5YR5/6) clay was present.
31 ST255
Site Plan /150 -
*
Negative Shovel Test O
• Positive Shovel Test
Datum: N500 E500
0 15 30
meters
Pro
ntative Soil Profile
P 's
Ate.. V
� Tree Line�� Pine Forest
Figure 3.14. Plan map of site 31 ST255.
Two artifacts were recovered from this site. Both artifacts are metavolcanic flakes/flake fragments
that are not culturally diagnostic. Site deposits were encountered between the surface and a depth of 15
centimeters (5.9 in).
This site is a scatter of unknown prehistoric lithic debitage. This site was not fully delineated due
to the constraints of the project tract. However, the site vicinity is eroded and has been disturbed by land
clearing and plowing. This site is not likely to retain well-preserved and intact deposits nor is it likely to yield
new or significant data pertaining to prehistoric lifeways. Site 31 ST255 is recommended not eligible for the
NRNP.
31ST256**
Site Type: Historic Cemetery UTM (NAD 83): 3905456 N 570143 E
Component: 20t' Century Landform: Knoll Top
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Badin channery silt loam
-z EC InC Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
35

Site 31 ST256** is a small cemetery located in the southeastern portion of the project tract. This
cemetery is located on a knoll top within the lawn area surrounding an existing house. The house is situated
immediately northwest of the cemetery. A few small trees are present to the north and south of the cemetery.
An agricultural field borders the cemetery boundary on the east.
No shovel tests were excavated in the cemetery vicinity. The cemetery limits are well defined by the
engraved headstones. Site dimensions of 15 by 15 meters (49.2 by 49.2 ft) were established to encompasses
the graves present and a buffer to ensure the protection of the cemetery during future development (Figure
3.15).
'.�
w Agricultural Field
31 ST256** Lawn `6 Cemetery Detail
i � 0,
Site Plan 2 �,
0
* Hardwood Trees
*Cedar Trees �
A Datum: N500 E500 site Boundary
0 15 30 meters House
O•2
49 9 8.2
feet
Cemetery
-.. • /20'0O 4 8 feet?
O 1.2 2.4 meters
Figure 3.15. Plan map of site 31 ST256**
Four graves plots are present at this site. The headstone inscriptions are presented in Table 3.4. The
three inscriptions for those interred date to the twentieth century. The fourth grave plot is not listed with a
death date and is presumed to be unoccupied. This cemetery is a small family cemetery likely associated with
current or former residents of the adjacent house.
This site is a twentieth century cemetery that is not associated with persons significant in the past nor
does it contain unique stylistic characteristics. This cemetery will not yield new or significant archaeological
data and has no further research potential. Site 31 ST249** is recommended not eligible for the NRNP,
although it is protected by state and federal regulations concerning marked and unmarked burials. The
cemetery should be avoided during development of the project tract.
z,�EC Inca'
Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
36

1 aDie 3.4. Heaastone inscriptions at
Northern Headstone:
MILLER
ARTHUR D. MILLER
DEC 12, 1899 -AUG. 15, 1941
ETHEL T. MILLER
OCT. 14, 1903 - JUNE 18, 1977
31ST257
Southern Headstone:
LUTHER D.
JUNE 2, 1983
FEB 22, 1972
MILLER
(inscribed on marker between plots)
DOROTHY L.
DEC. 7, 1932
(No Deceased Date)
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Isolate UTM (NAD 83): 3904991 N 569152 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Side Slope
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Goldston very channery silt
Site 31 ST257 is a prehistoric isolated find identified in the southwestern portion of the project tract
(see Figure 3.1). The site is situated on a ridge side slope that slopes down to the southwest. The site deposits
are in pasture, although the field had been previously used for agriculture. Surface visibility was very poor
in the site vicinity. A mixed pine and hardwood forest borders the site on the south.
Ten shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter (49.2 ft) intervals in the site vicinity. Site dimensions
of 15 by 15 meters (49.2 by 49.2 ft) were established based on a single positive shovel test (Figure 3.16). Soil
profiles exhibited 12 centimeters (4.7 in) of yellowish brown (1 OYR5/4) silty loam and rock overlaying strong
brown (7.5YR6/8) clay.
One metavolcanic biface was recovered from this site. Bifacial flaking or use -wear is present along
one edge of the artifact. This artifact is not culturally diagnostic. Site deposits were encountered between
the surface and a depth of 10 centimeters (3.9 in).
This site is a prehistoric isolated find of unknown age. The site has minimal deposits and has been
disturbed by plowing and severe erosion. This site will not contribute new or significant data pertaining to
regional prehistory and is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
31ST258
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter UTM (NAD 83): 3905250 N 569138 E
Component: Unknown Prehistoric Landform: Ridge Nose
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Goldston very channery silt
'_, Inc.' Stanly Solar Farm Tract
�r Stanly County, North Carolina
37

Representative Soil Profile 545
Tree Line—
A
\� Pasture
� 530
1 O
\
1
i
Q Q Q 515
O O �, O O 500
Site Boundary
31 ST257 5o o � _ S 485
Site Planb5 0
y 1
O Negative Shovel Test Q ' Pines and
• Positive Shovel Test o Hardwood S 470
S Slope
0 Datum: N500 E500 ►�
O 15 30 455
meters
470 485 500 515 530 545 560
Figure 3.16. Plan map of site 31 ST257.
Site 31 ST258 is a prehistoric lithic scatter identified on a ridge nose in the southwestern portion of
the project tract (see Figure 3.1). The landform slopes down to the northwest. The surrounding vicinity is
characterized by a pine forest. Steep ridge side slope borders the site on the northeast and southwest.
A total of 26 shovel tests were excavated in the site vicinity. Five positive shovel tests formed site
dimensions of 45 by 60 meters (147.6 by 196.9 11; Figure 3.17). Soil profiles consisted of 8 centimeters (3.1
in) of dark brown (10YR3/3) silty loam overlaying dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silty clay to a depth of
16 centimeters (6.3 in). Yellowish red (5YR5/6) clay was present below that depth.
Five artifacts were recovered from this site. All are metavolcanic flakes/flake fragments of which
two are classified as porphyritic rhyolite. These flakes/flake fragments are not diagnostic of any particular
cultural or temporal period. Site deposits were encountered between the ground surface and a depth of 15
centimeters (5.9 in).
Site 31 ST258 is a small scatter of unknown prehistoric lithics. No cultural features or organic
remains were identified at this site. This site has low artifact density and is unlikely to contribute significantly
to our understanding of prehistoric lifeways. Site 31 ST258 is recommended not eligible for the NRHP.
31ST259
Site Type: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter UTM (NAD 83): 3905422 N 569165 E
Component: Early Archaic -Early Woodland Landform: Ridge Nose
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible Soil Type: Goldston very channery silt
_ACC IC Stanly Solar Farm Tract
-r Stanly County, North Carolina
s�

31ST258
Site Plan 0VrlO Negative Shovel Test• Positive Shovel Test
5 Slope
0 Datum: N500 E500
0 15 30
meters
`Pine Forest
N
� o� o 0 0 �
O .1 b O
11 �
2.1 4.1
O �; ` • O� O
R
0 0 0
0
Site Boundary
560
Figure 3.17. Plan map of site 31 ST258.
425
Site 31 ST259 is a large prehistoric lithic scatter located in the southwestern portion of the project
tract (see Figure 3.1). The site is situated on a ridge nose that slopes down to the northwest toward the flood
plain of Long Creek. The site area has been logged and is characterized by dense briars and other secondary
growth. A bulldozed logging road extends through the site along the crest of the landform. Surface visibility
was nearly 100 percent in the road but generally less than 25 percent in the secondary growth.
A total of 72 shovel tests were excavated at 15 -meter (49.2 ft) intervals to delineate the site. Site
dimensions of 195 by 75 meters (640 by 246 ft) were established based on 19 positive shovel test locations
and surface artifacts (Figure 3.18). Typical shovel test soil profiles consisted of 14 centimeters (45.9 in) of
yellowish brown (10YR5/4) silty clay loam and gravel overlaying brownish yellow (10YR6/6) silty clay to
a depth of 20 centimeters (65.6 in). Below that depth strong brown (7.5YR5/6) clay was encountered. Rock
was also prevalent in levels 2 and 3.
A total of 333 artifacts were collected from this site (Table 3.5). Artifact types include lithic debitage,
bifaces and biface fragments, a core fragment, flake tools, a drill, projectile points and point fragments, a
scraper, and utilized flakes. Artifact photographs are present in Appendix B. Nine of the artifacts are made
of quartz. The remaining 324 artifacts are metavolcanic materials including porphyritic and banded rhyolites.
Diagnostic artifacts include Early Archaic Kirk corner notched points, an Early to Middle Archaic Stanly
-z EC InC Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina
39

31 ST259 30'
Site Plan
i
i
Logging Road i
o Negative Shovel Test o
— Negative Surface Inspection
• Positive Shovel Test —
X Surface Find(s) '
s Slope
ADatum: N500 E500 �•' i IC IL
0 te 3 o i 19`0 /
I I —
meters
S /
20.0= General Surface Collection
/0/ X.
�e / /o s —
17.0
os ' s, a' ; X o s
Logged 16.0
;' -
�'—
o
0
I
• o -15.0
o o f —
�Logged 1 z 13 1 140
Overgrown\
S
ive Soil Profile
0
I ii
_ - Site Bou ndary
o o—
I11.0. I
3 • 0X o`� �',o —
7.0 8.0 /91 .10.0
• O o
4.1 5.0 ` Q P 11
o� o
o j o
3.pI I
1 ,
`\ Z
Z a � 1
` 0 0
�i o
Figure 3.18. Plan map of site 31 ST259.
Inc�,� Stanly Solar Farm Tract
�- J Stanly County, North Carolina
s�
:MIMi
—410
395
380
—365
—350
40

Table 3.5. Summary of Artifacts Recovered from 31 ST259.
Artifact
Count
Comment
Quartz:
flake/flake fragment
8
shatter
1
Metavolcanic:
biface fragment
8
4 with cortex
biface
1
with cortex
core fragment
1
drill
1
flake tool
4
flake/flake fragment
279
111 with cortex
projectile point
2
Early Woodland Badin, Possible Early/Middle Woodland Yadkin
projectile point fragment
10
1 possible Early Archaic Stanly (2 mended pieces)
2 Early Archaic Kirk corner notched
1 serrated tip fragment, likely Early Archaic
1 Middle Archaic Guilford
2 Late Savannah River
2 non-diagnostic
Shatter
2
one with cortex
unifacial scraper
1
non-diagnostic, with cortex
utilized flake
14
point, a Middle Archaic Guilford point, two Late Archaic Savannah River points, one Early Woodland Badin
point, and a possible Early to Middle Woodland Yadkin point. All of the projectile points and point
fragments, with the exception of the two Stanly point fragments, were recovered from the southern half of
the site where the landform was broader and flatter. The Stanly point fragments were recovered from
Provenience 17.0 at the north end of the site where the ridge is narrow and begins to slope more steeply
toward the floodplain.
The large quantity of debitage, particularly those flakes and flake fragments exhibiting cortex, suggest
this site was used as a lithic reduction station. The metavolcanic material may have been acquired from
quarries in the nearby Uwharrie Mountain area. Natural rock identified within the tract generally consisted
of shale -like material and was unsuitable for knapping. Regardless, the site was visited multiple times over
the coarse of millennia stretching between the Early Archaic and Middle Woodland periods. The majority
of the artifacts were recovered from surface contexts, primarily the bulldozed and eroded logging road.
However, a few surface artifacts were found around the edges of stumps in the adjacent clear cut. Subsurface
deposits were encountered between 0 and 20 centimeters (7.9 in) below the ground surface. Eight flake/flake
fragments were recovered from shovel tests. Similar to the projectile point and point fragment distribution,
artifacts were more concentrated at the southern end of the site on the broader portion of the landform
'_, Inc.' Stanly Solar Farm Tract
Stanly County, North Carolina
41

suggesting this portion of the site was more intensely occupied. Erosion and bulldozing may be, at least in
part, responsible for artifacts extending down the narrow portion of the ridge at the north end of the site.
Site 31 ST259 is a large prehistoric lithic reduction site dating between the Early Archaic and Middle
Woodland periods. Despite the high concentrations of artifacts and multiple diagnostic artifacts, the site
vicinity has been severely disturbed by logging, creation of the logging road, and severe erosion. There was
no evidence of cultural features identified along the scraped logging road. Subsurface deposits were shallow.
The severity of erosion and shallow deposits leaves little potential for identifying stratified deposits.
Likewise, the potential for identifying intrasite patterning (i.e., activity areas) and relating those to specific
occupations is very low. This site is not likely to add new or significant data to our understanding of
prehistoric lifeways and is recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
Summary
Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc., (ACC) has conducted an archaeological survey
of the 158.1 -hectare (390.6 -ac) Stanly Solar Farm tract. This survey resulted in the identification of sixteen
archaeological resources (31 ST244-31 ST259). These resources include one historic house site, two historic
cemeteries, and thirteen prehistoric sites. The historic house dates between the late nineteenth though
twentieth centuries. Neither the house site nor the historic cemeteries will meet the criteria for inclusion on
the NRHP and are recommended not eligible for the NRNP. However, the cemeteries should be protected
from disturbance during future development in the project tract. A minimum 10 meter (33 ft) buffer should
be established and fenced around each cemetery to insure their protection.
The majority of the prehistoric sites are of small lithic debitage scatters or isolated finds of unknown
age. One site (31 ST259) had diagnostic projectile points and point fragments dating from the Early Archaic
through Middle Woodland Periods. All of the resources have been severely impacted by erosion, land
clearing, and/or agricultural activities. These sites have poor contextual integrity and will not contribute
significantly to our understanding of regional prehistory. As the prehistoric sites have no further research
potential, they are also recommended not eligible for the NRNP.
_ACCInC Stanly Solar Farm Tract
�J
- ' Stanly County, North Carolina
5�
42

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rAEC Inq �' Stanly Solar Farm Tract
�- ' Stanly County, North Carolina
49

Appendix A. Artifact Catalog and Projectile Point Report
'_. InC.Stanly Solar Farm Tract
Stanly County, North Carolina

Artifact Catalog
Stanly County Solar Farm
Site Number 31 ST244
Provenience Number: 1.1 Site 1, N485 E515, Area 1, 0-20 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity Weight (g) Description Comments
1 ml 2 2 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
Provenience Number: 2.1
Site 1, N500 E500, Area 1, TR38 ST2, 0-15 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1 m2 1
10.6
Metavolcanic Utilized Flake
unifacial usewear on 2 edges, multiple
flake scars on dorsal surface
Site Number 31 ST245
Provenience Number: 1.0
Site 2, N500 E500, Area 14, TR2 ST3, surface
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1 ml 1
1.4
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
weathered
Site Number 31 ST246
Provenience Number: 1.1
Site 3, N500 E500, Area 14, TR7 ST6, 0-10 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1 ml 1
10.7
Metavolcanic Flake Tool Banded
likely Rhyolite, bifacial use wear on 1
edge, notched on 1 edge -possible
spokeshave function on 1 edge
Site Number 31 ST247
Provenience Number: 1.1
Site 4, N530 E560, Area 14, TR6 ST3, 0-10 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1 ml 1
1.5
Quartz Flake/Flake Fragment
Site Number 31ST248**
Provenience Number: 1.0
Site 5, General Surface around house, Area 5
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1 pl 3
10
Undecorated Whiteware Ceramic
1 rim, 1 body, 1 base with footring
2 m2 1
14.3
Clear Tableware
herringbone and floral pattern
3 m3 1
2.2
Milkglass Lid Liner (Post 1869)
4 m4 1
3
Aqua Bottle Glass
body, frosted
5 m5 3
59.1
Milkglass Bottle Glass
1 base, 1 body, 1 jar fragment with
transfer print design- likely cosmetic jar
6 m6 1
14.4
Milkglass Tableware
base fragment with peach lustre design;
Fire -King Peach Lustre (popular 1940s -
1970s; Fire -King glass 2018)
7 p7 1
6.3
Porcelain Ceramic
rim fragment, black glaze on exterior,
scalloped rim, possibly highly vitrified
porcelain
8 p8 1
3.7
Brown Salt Glazed Stoneware Ceramic
body, likely American stoneware,
possibly locally made (pre 1930s;
Jefpat)
9 m9 2
5.8
Nail Cut (1810-1890)
Site Number 31 ST250
Page 1 of 6

Artifact Catalog
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 7, N500 E500, TR14 ST5, Area 1, 0-20 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 ml
1
2 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment Banded
Rhyolite, possible use wear on 1 edge
Site Number 31 ST251
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 8, N500 E485, Area 1, 0-10 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 ml
1
1 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
Porphyritic Rhyolite
Provenience Number:
2.1
Site 8, N500 E500, Area 1, 0-20 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 m2
1
0.8 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
Site Number 31 ST252
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 9, N500 E500, TR14 ST2, Area 1, 0-20 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 ml
1
0.2 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment Banded
likely Rhyolite, weathered
Provenience Number:
2.1
Site 9, N515 E500, Area 1, 0-10 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 m2
1
2 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
Site Number 31 ST253
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 10, N500 E500, TR23 ST3, Area 1, 0-15 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 ml
1
0.2 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment Banded
likely Rhyolite
Site Number 31 ST254
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 11, N500 E500, TR2 ST7, Area 1, 0-20 cm
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 ml
1
1 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
weathered
Site Number 31 ST255
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 12,N500 E500, TRl l STl, 0-15 cm, Area 3
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 ml
2
2.4 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
1 with possible use wear on 1 edge
Provenience Number:
2.1
Site 12, N500 E485, 0-15 cm, Area 3
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 m2
1
0.4 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
Site Number 31 ST257
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 14, N500 E500, TR3 ST6, 0-10 cm, Area 6
Catalog Specimen
Number Number
Quantity
Weight (g) Description
Comments
1 ml
1
37.1 Metavolcanic Biface Fragment With Cortex
bifacial use wear/pressure flaking on 1
edge
Site Number 31 ST258
Page 2 of 6

Artifact Catalog
Provenience Number:
1.1
Site 15, N485 E470, 0-10 cm, Area 7
Catalog
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity Weight (g) Description
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
ml
2
0.7
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
1 porphyritic Rhyolite
1 large
3
a10
1 9.4 Metavolcanic Projectile Point Banded
Porphyritic Rhyolite
Provenience
Number:
2.1
Site 15, N500
E455, 0-10 cm, Area 7
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m2
1
1.4
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
Provenience
Number:
3.1
Site 15, N500
E485, 0-15 cm, Area 7
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m3
1
0.7
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
weathered
Provenience
Number:
4.1
Site 15, N500
E500, Area 7
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m4
1
2.8
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment With
weathered, possible use wear on 1 edge
Cortex
Provenience
Number:
5.1
Site 15, N515
E470, 0-15 cm, Area 7
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m5
1
5
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
possible porphyritic Rhyolite
Site Number 31 ST259
Provenience Number:
1.0
Site 16, N365 E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
ml
21
75.4
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
2
m2
3
19.1
Metavolcanic Utilized Flake
3
a3
1
3.9
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment
Provenience
Number:
2.0
Site 16, N380
E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m4
47
151.5
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
10 banded, 4 porphyritic, 44 weathered
2
m5
1
0.1
Quartz Flake/Flake Fragment
3
m6
3
44.4
Metavolcanic Biface Fragment
1 weathered, 1 banded, 1 porphyritic
4
a7
1
8.5
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment Porphyritic
serrated, tip fragment, likely Early
Rhvolite
Archaic
Provenience Number:
3.0 Site 16, N395 E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity Weight (g) Description
Comments
1
m8
17 46.6 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
2 with possible use wear, 4 banded, 6
porphyritic
2
m9
2 25.1 Quartz Flake/Flake Fragment
1 large
3
a10
1 9.4 Metavolcanic Projectile Point Banded
possible Eared Yadkin (Early/Middle
Woodland), but could be earlier,
fraemented base
Provenience Number: 4.1 Site 16, N410 E440, 0-10 cm, Area 8
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity Weight (g) Description Comments
1 roll 2 5.3 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment 2 weathered, 1 with possible use wear
Provenience Number: 5.0 Site 16, N410 E470, surface, Area 8
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity Weight (g) Description Comments
Page 3 of 6

Artifact Catalog
1 m12 5 24 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment 2 porphyritic, 2 weathered, 1 with
possible use wear
2 m13 1 6.2 Metavolcanic Biface With Cortex possible badin preform?, asymmetrical -
possible knife
Provenience Number: 6.0 Site 16, N410 E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog Specimen
Number Number Quantity Weight (g) Description Comments
1 m14 22 49.8 Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment 8 porphyritic, 2 banded, 2 with
possible use wear
2
m15
2
3.7
Quartz Shatter
3
m16
3
31.9
Metavolcanic Flake Tool
1 weathered, multiple utlized edges
4
a17
1
26.7
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment
Savannah River, base fragment,
weathered
Provenience
Number:
7.0
Site 16, N425
E440, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m18
6
47.2
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment With
1 with cortex, 2 with possible use wear
Cortex
Provenience
Number:
8.0
Site 16, N425
E455, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m19
6
19.8
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment With
3 with cortex
Cortex
2
m20
1
4.6
Metavolcanic Utilized Flake
use wear on two edges
3
m21
1
15.8
Metavolcanic Uniface With Cortex
scraper, nondiagnostic, circular with
unifacial presure flaking
Provenience
Number:
9.1
Site 16, N425
E470, 0-15 cm, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m22
2
6.1
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
2 weathered
Provenience
Number:
10.0
Site 16, N425
E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m23
17
71.6
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment With
1 large with possible use wear, 4
Cortex
banded, 2 porphyritic, 1 with cortex, 4
weathered
2
a24
2
18.9
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment Banded
Kirk comer notched (Early Archaic),
tip broken off, distal portion
weathered, Rhyolite
3
m52
1
5.3
Metavolcanic Biface Fragment With Cortex
triangular shape
Provenience
Number:
11.0
Site 16, N440
E485, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m25
9
16.6
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
3 banded, 2 porphyritic, 5 weathered
2
m26
3
10.5
Quartz Flake/Flake Fragment
1 with possible use wear
3
a27
1
10.1
Metavolcanic Projectile Point Porphyritic
Badin, with cortex, tip and portion of
Rhyolite
base chipped off
4
a28
1
15.9
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment Banded
Guilford, base and blade fragment,
weathered
5
m29
1
4.9
Metavolcanic Drill Porphyritic Rhyolite
fragment, bifacial flaking on two
edges, Archaic, likely Savannah River
(Late Archaic)
Provenience
Number:
12.1
Site 16, N455
E440, 0-15 cm, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
Page 4 of 6

Artifact Catalog
1
m30
1
1.3
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
2 weathered
Provenience
Number:
13.1
Site 16, N455
E455, 0-15 cm, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m31
3
1.8
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
1 porphyritic
Provenience
Number:
14.0
Site 16, N455
E485, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m32
4
4.4
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
2 banded, 4 weathered
Provenience
Number:
15.0
Site 16, N470
E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m33
15
35.2
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
5 porphyritic, 2 banded
2
m34
1
13.9
Metavolcanic Utilized Flake
weathered
3
m35
1
12.6
Metavolcanic Shatter With Cortex
4
m36
1
9.1
Metavolcanic Flake Tool With Cortex
notched flake,similar to Waller Knife
in shape, but lacks unifacial pressure
flaking, porphyritic
5
a37
1
7.2
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment
tip and blade, weathered
Provenience
Number:
16.0
Site 16, N485
E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m37
18
72.4
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment
4 porphyritic
2
m38
3
16.7
Metavolcanic Utilized Flake
1 banded, 1 porphyritic
3
m39
1
165.9
Metavolcanic Core Fragment With Cortex
4
m40
1
20.8
Metavolcanic Biface Fragment
weathered, possible preform
Provenience
Number:
17.0
Site 16, N500
E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m41
20
82.6
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment With
1 with cortex, 9 banded, 3 porphyritic,
Cortex
2 possible utilized flakes
2
m42
1
7.1
Metavolcanic Shatter Porphyritic Rhyolite
weathered
3
a43
2
8.6
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment
weathered, 2 mend, Stanly?
Provenience
Number:
18.0
Site 16, N515
E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m44
13
47.7
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment With
1 porphyritic, 1 banded, 1 with cortex
Cortex
Provenience
Number:
19.0
Site 16, N545
E500, surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m45
1
4.8
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment Banded
possible use wear on 1 edge
Provenience
Number:
20.0
Site16, General Surface, Area 8
Catalog
Specimen
Number
Number
Quantity
Weight (g)
Description
Comments
1
m46
49
209
Metavolcanic Flake/Flake Fragment With
20 weathered, 3 porphyritic, 11
Cortex
banded, 1 large, 3 with cortex, 2 with
possible use wear
2
m47
6
200.9
Metavolcanic Utilized Flake
1 very large with unifacial use wear, 1
banded, 1 porphyritic
3
m48
1
5.3
Metavolcanic Flake Tool
bifacial flaking on 1 edge, appears
notched -but this is likely due to
breakage, and not intentional
4
m49
2
4.6
Quartz Flake/Flake Fragment
Page 5 of 6

Artifact Catalog
m50 3 49.9
a51 1 25
Metavolcanic Biface Fragment With Cortex
Metavolcanic P. Point Fragment
Page 6 of 6
1 with cortex, 3 possible preforms, 1
porphyritic, 2 weathered
weathered, blade fragment, likely
Savannah River (Late Archie)

PPK Point Report
Site Number 31 ST259
Provenience: Cat #
3.0 3
Point Classification
Unknown
Temporal Affiliation
Unknown
Lithic Material
Rhyolite
General Measurements
Length
53.3 mm
Width
21.7 mm
Weight
9.4 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
Unknown
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
23.3 mm
Width at Neck
20.6 mm
Depth of Concavity
0 mm
Blade Attributes
Symmetric?
Yes
Beveled?
No
Serrated?
No
Maximum Length
46.9 mm
Maximum Width 21.7 mm
Maximum Thickness 7.3 mm
Comment base fragmented, possible eared, well -made, nice pressure flaking, possible Eared Yadkin, but
flaking style could indicate earlier form
Site Number 31 ST259
Provenience: Cat #
mum i
6.0 4
Point Classification
Savannah River
Temporal Affiliation
Late Archaic
Lithic Material
Metavolcanic
General Measurements
Length
60.8 mm
Width
48.5 mm
Weight
26.7 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
Stemmed
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
27.7 mm
Width at Neck
27.7 mm
Depth of Concavity
2.4 mm
Blade Attributes
Symmetric?
No
Beveled?
No
Serrated?
No
Maximum Length
30.6 mm
1V4.-. W'dth
48 5
mm
Maximum Thickness 9.9 mm
Comment base fragment, partial blade, incurvate base, measurements based on fragment
Page 1 of 7

PPK Point Report
acre lv umper
-11 a i L3y
Provenience: Cat #
8.0 3
Point Classification
uniface
Temporal Affiliation
Unknown
Lithic Material
Metavolcanic
General Measurements
50.3 mm
Length
40.9 mm
Width
41.2 mm
Weight
15.8 g
Basal Attributes
Notched
Base Type
No
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
0 mm
Width at Neck
0 mm
Depth of Concavity
0 mm
Blade Attributes
Yes
Symmetric?
No
Beveled?
No
Serrated?
No
Maximum Length
0 mm
Maximum Width 0 mm
Maximum Thickness 9.3 mm
Comment exterior weathered, interior partially spalled, steep unifacial pressure flaking present on
portion of uniface
Site Number 31ST259
Provenience: Cat #
10.0 2
Point Classification
Kirk
Temporal Affiliation
Early Archaic
Lithic Material
Rhyolite
General Measurements
Length
50.3 mm
Width
34.2 mm
Weight
13.7 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
Notched
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
19.9 mm
Width at Neck
15.9 mm
Depth of Concavity
1.9 mm
Blade Attributes
Symmetric?
Yes
Beveled?
No
Serrated?
Yes
Maximum Length
42.5 mm
Maximum Width 34.2 mm
Maximum Thickness 7.6 mm
Comment tip broken off, distal portion weathered, measurements based on fragment
Page 2 of 7
4

PPK Point Report
Site Number
31 ST259
Provenience: Cat #
11.0 3
Point Classification
Badin
Temporal Affiliation
Early Woodland
Lithic Material
Metavolcanic
General Measurements
40.8 mm
Length
40.8 mm
Width
28.8 mm
Weight
10.1 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
triangular
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
26.6 mm
Width at Neck
0 mm
Depth of Concavity
3.2 mm
Blade Attributes
11.0 4
Symmetric?
No
Beveled?
No
Serrated?
Yes
Maximum Length
40.8 mm
Maximum Width 28.8 mm
Maximum Thickness 10.3 mm
Comment tip broken off, cortex present on one side, crude, one edge slightly serrated, small spur of
material on 1 edge -possibly intentional, or aspect of slight serration on that edge,
Site Number
31 ST259
Provenience: Cat #
11.0 4
Point Classification
Guilford
Temporal Affiliation
Middle Archaic
Lithic Material
Rhyolite
General Measurements
Length
46.5 mm
Width
26.2 mm
Weight
15.9 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
Stemless Straight
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
22 mm
Width at Neck
22 mm
Depth of Concavity
0 mm
Blade Attributes
Symmetric?
26 2
Yes
Beveled?
No
Serrated?
No
Maximum Length
32.2 mm
Maximum Width . mm
Maximum Thickness 11.6 mm
Comment base and blade fragment, distal portion of blade broken off, weathered, banded Rhyolite,
measurements based on fragment
Page 3 of 7

PPK Point Report
Site Number
31 ST259
Provenience: Cat #
11.0 5
Point Classification
Drill
Temporal Affiliation
Archaic
Lithic Material
Rhyolite
General Measurements
37.2 mm
Length
37.2 mm
Width
16.3 mm
Weight
4.9 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
Notched
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
0 mm
Width at Neck
0 mm
Depth of Concavity
0 mm
Blade Attributes
17.0 3
Symmetric?
Yes
Beveled?
Yes
Serrated?
Yes
Maximum Length
37.2 mm
Maximum Width 16.3 mm
Maximum Thickness 7.2 mm
Comment porphyritic Rhyolite, base broken off, possible Savannah River (Late Archaic) drill, 1 edge
appears beveled, tip chipped, measurements based on fragment
Site Number
31 ST259
Provenience: Cat #
17.0 3
Point Classification
Kirk
Temporal Affiliation
Early Archaic
Lithic Material
Metavolcanic
General Measurements
Length
43.3 mm
Width
25.1 mm
Weight
8.6 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
Notched
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
17 mm
Width at Neck
16.6 mm
Depth of Concavity
1.2 mm
Blade Attributes
Symmetric? Yes I! i l l l i l l! I 11111 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I
Beveled? NoT 2 S 4
Serrated? Yes _
Maximum Length 35.7 mm
Maximum Width 25.1 mm
Maximum Thickness 6.5 mm
Comment possible Kirk, 2 fragments (base and blade) mend, corner notched base, 1 ear chipped, tip
broken off, both pieces weathered, 1 edge of blade serrated, measurements based on fragment
Page 4of7

PPK Point Report
Site Number
31 ST259
Provenience: Cat #
20.0 6
Point Classification
Savannah River
Temporal Affiliation
Late Archaic
Lithic Material
Rhyolite
General Measurements
Length
36.2 mm
Width
40.1 mm
Weight
25 g
Basal Attributes
Base Type
Ground?
No
Maximum Width
0 mm
Width at Neck
0 mm
Depth of Concavity
0 mm
Blade Attributes
Symmetric?
Yes
Beveled?
No
Serrated?
No
Maximum Length 36.2 mm
Maximum Width 40.1 mm
Maximum Thickness 13 mm
Comment weathered, large blade fragment, likely Savannah River, measurements based on fragment
Page 5 of 7

PPK Fragment Report
Site Number
31 ST259
Provenience:
1.0 3
Lithic Material
Metavolcanic
General Measurements
Length
23.2 mm
Width
23.1 mm
Weight
3.9 g
Fracture Type
Lateral
Fragment Type
Body
Base Type
Unknown
Comments weathered, blade fragment
Site Number 31 ST259
Provenience:
2.0 4
Lithic Material
Rhyolite
General Measurements
Length
36.2 mm
Width
29.9 mm
Weight
8.5 g
Fracture Type
Lateral
Fragment Type
Body
Base Type
Unknown
Comments porphyritic
Rhyolite, serrated -likely Early
Archaic, weathered, tip chipped
Page 6 of 7

PPK Fragment Report
Site Number 31 ST259
Provenience: 15.0 5
Lithic Material Rhyolite
General Measurements
Length 40.4 nun
Width 25 nun
Weight 7.2 g
Fracture Type Lateral
Fragment Type Body
Base Type Unknown
Comments banded Rhyolite, slightly serrated edges -
possible Early Archaic, tip chipped off, base
broken off, weathered
Page 7 of 7

Appendix B. Artifact Photographs
'_. Inc. Stanly Solar Farm Tract
�r Stanly County, North Carolina

Brown Salt -Glazed
Transfer -Printed Stoneware, 1.0:8
Milk -lass, 1.0:5
Aqua Bottle Glass, LOA
Peach Lustre Milkglass
Tableware, 1.0:6
e
Undecorated
IL Whiteware, 1.0:1
119-OLI
cm
Figure. B.I. A selection of historic artifacts from site 31 ST256**
Figure B.2. A selection of utilized flakes and biface fragments from site 31 ST259.
Page 1 of 3

Page 2 of 3
Cl)
N
H
un
M
N
d
O
N
bq
Cd
N
N
4r
O
N
5
Cd
rn
ILI
M
�Q
i.
bA

Badin, 11.0:3
Kirk (2 mend),
17.0:3
PPK Blade
Fragment, 2.0:4
Scraper, 8.0:3
Savann
Kirk, 10.0:2
PPK Blade
Fragment, 1.0:3
Likely Savannah River
20.0:4
Guilford, 11.0:4
UID, 3.0:3
PPK Blade
Fragment, 15.0:5
A . '
Drill Fragment,
11.0:5

Appendix C. Resume of Principal Investigator
ACC Inc 1 Stanly Solar Farm Tract
V Stanly County, North Carolina

Michael Keith O'Neal
Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc.
121 East First Street
Clayton, NC 27520
Voice [phone]; Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
EDUCATION
M.A. in Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2001.
B.A. in Anthropology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, 1999.
PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
Register of Professional Archaeologists
Society for American Archaeology
Southeastern Archaeological Conference
Council of South Carolina Professional Archaeologists
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
Ground Stone Technology
Lithic Technology
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
North Carolina Archaeological Council
-Secretary/Treasurer 2013-2015
-Chair 2016 -present
North Carolina Archaeological Society
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
April 2006 -Present Senior Archaeologist/Principal Investigator. Archaeological Consultants of the
Carolinas, Inc., Clayton, NC.
August 2004 -March 2006 Archaeologist/Project Manager. Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas,
Inc., Clayton, NC.
June 2002 -August 2004 Archaeologist/Project Manager. Brockington and Associates, Inc., Raleigh, NC.
July 2001 -May 2002 Archaeological Technician. Brockington and Associates, Inc., Raleigh, NC.
August 2000 -May 2001 Archaeological Research Assistant, Department of Anthropology, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville.
August 2000 -September 2000 Archaeological Technician, Department of Anthropology, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville.
July 2000 Archaeological Field Technician, SPEARS Inc., West Fork, Arkansas.
C' Stanly Solar Farm Tract
r Stanly County, North Carolina

Cultural Resource Surveys (Phase I) and Archaeological Site Testing (Phase In
• Utility Corridors for Duke Energy (Charlotte), FPS (Charlotte), SCE&G (Columbia), and others — serving
in all capacities including Principal Investigator
Transportation Corridors for South Carolina Department of Transportation (Columbia) — serving as
archaeological technician
Development Tracts for numerous independent developers, engineering firms, and local and county
governments throughout North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, and federal agencies including the
USFS (South Carolina) and the USACE (Wilmington District) — serving in all capacities including Principal
Investigator
Archaeological Data Recovery (Phase III) - Representative Examples
• Prehistoric Camp (38HR496) and 19t' century saw mill (38HR490) in Horry County, South Carolina —
serving as Archaeological Technician
Civil War encampment (44IW0204) for Isle of Wight County, Isle of Wight, VA — serving as Field
Director
Prehistoric village (31ON1578) and late 18t''/early 19t' century plantation (31ON1582) for R.A.
Management, Charlotte, NC — serving as Field Director/Crew Chief
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION RELATED INVESTIGATIONS
Duke Energy - Lake James and Lake Norman, North Carolina- serving as Field Director/Crew Chief
PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS PRESENTED
2008 Michael Keith O'Neal
Putting the Tar in Tar Heels: The Naval Stores Industry and Plantations in North Carolina. Paper presented at the
65t' annual Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Charlotte, North Carolina.
2005 Michael K. O'Neal and Dawn Reid
Who Says There Aren't Rocks in the Coastal Plain: Local Lithic Resources and Bipolar Reduction Strategies in
Horry County, South Carolina. Paper presented at the 62" annual Southeastern Archaeological Conference,
Columbia, South Carolina.
1999 Cheryl Claassen, Michael O'Neal, Tamara Wilson, Elizabeth Arnold, and Brent Lansdell
Hearing and Reading Southeastern Archaeology: A Review of the Annual Meetings of SEAC from 1983 through
1995 and the Journal Southeastern Archaeology. Southeastern Archaeology 18(2): 85-97.
1998 Cheryl Claassen, Michael O'Neal, Tamara Wilson, Elizabeth Arnold, and Brent Lansdell
Hearing and Reading Southeastern Archaeology: A Review of the Annual Meetings of SEAC from 1983 through
1995 and the Journal Southeastern Archaeology. Paper presented at the 55t' annual Southeastern Archaeological
Conference, Greenville, South Carolina.
** A full listing of projects and authored reports available upon request
/
cStanly Solar Farm Tract
z,4EC Inh
r Stanly County, North Carolina