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Appendix H
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
i
Table of Contents
Section 1 Purpose and Scope ................................................................................................ 1
Section 2 Geology and Hydrogeology ................................................................................... 1
Section 3 Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network ........................................................ 2
3.1 Monitoring Well Locations .................................................................................................................. 2
3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction................................................................................... 3
3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Testing ............................................................................................................ 6
3.4 Surface Water Quality Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 6
Section 4 Sampling and Analysis Plan ................................................................................... 6
4.1 Groundwater Sample Collection ......................................................................................................... 6
4.1.1 Static Water Level Measurements .......................................................................................... 6
4.1.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers ............................................................................................... 7
4.1.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation .................................................................................................... 7
4.1.4 Sample Collection .................................................................................................................... 8
4.1.5 Decontamination Procedures ................................................................................................. 9
4.2 Sample Preservation and Shipment .................................................................................................... 9
4.3 Analytical Procedures .......................................................................................................................... 9
4.4 Chain-of-Custody ............................................................................................................................... 10
4.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ................................................................................................... 11
4.5.1 Field Duplicates ..................................................................................................................... 11
4.5.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks ..................................................................................................... 11
4.5.3 Trip Blanks ............................................................................................................................. 11
4.6 Results/Reporting Requirements ...................................................................................................... 11
4.7 Detection of Elevated Constituent Levels ......................................................................................... 12
Section 5 References .......................................................................................................... 12
Figures
Figure 1 Typical Monitoring Well .............................................................................................................. 5
Tables
Table 1 Monitoring Well Construction Summary ..................................................................................... 4
Sheets
Sheet 1 Map Pocket
1
Revised February 2016
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1 Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this Water Quality Monitoring Plan is to address the requirements in Rule
.1623(b)(3)(B), and to present a plan for groundwater and surface water monitoring for the proposed
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill Cells 9 and 10 Expansion. The Water Quality Monitoring Plan
includes information on the expansion of the existing groundwater monitoring network, sampling and
analysis requirements, and detection monitoring requirements. The groundwater monitoring network
was designed based on information obtained from recent and previous subsurface investigations and
a review of literature pertaining to regional geology and groundwater resources. A detailed discussion
of the geological and hydrogeological conditions at the Cells 9 and 10 Expansion is presented in both
the initial Site Plan Application and the Design Hydrogeologic Report for the Cells 9 and 10 area.
The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes the following elements, in accordance with Rules .1630
through .1637 of the North Carolina Administrative Code:
Design and installation of a groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific information,
to yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represents the quality of the
background groundwater that has not been affected by landfill activities or other man-made
activities.
Design and installation of groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific information,
to yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represent the quality of
groundwater passing the relevant point of compliance.
Monitor wells designed and constructed in accordance with the applicable North Carolina Well
Construction Standards as found in 15A NCAC 2C.
A Sampling and Analysis Plan that includes procedures and techniques for sample collection,
sample preservation and shipment, analytical procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, and
quality assurance/quality control.
A certification of effectiveness of the water quality monitoring plan is provided.
2 Geology and Hydrogeology
The Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill site is located in the western flank of the North Carolina
Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. Observation of the site conditions and subsurface logs indicate
that approximately 8 to 39 feet of shallow surficial soils overly the Cape Fear confining unit. The
alluvial or surficial soils consist of fine to coarse grained silty sands with occasional gravel and some
interbedded clayey silts and silty clays. The Cape Fear confining unit consists of silts interbedded with
major concentrations of impermeable sandy clay.
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
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Revised February 2016
At the landfill site, groundwater resides in the shallow, more porous and permeable soils lying above
the Cape Fear confining unit. The depth to groundwater generally ranges from about 7 to 17 feet
below ground surface with groundwater typically shallower in the northwest and southeast portions
of the site. Groundwater flow in the Cells 9 and 10 expansion area is generally convergent from the
northwest toward the northeast trending paleo-channel located in the central portion of the site. This
paleo-channel is the major control for groundwater flow. Additional information on the geologic and
hydrogeologic conditions at the site is provided in the Design Hydrogeologic Report.
3 Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network
This section presents the proposed groundwater monitoring network for the Cells 9 and 10 expansion
area. Section 3.1 presents proposed monitoring well locations, Section 3.2 discusses monitoring well
installation and construction specifications, Section 3.3 discusses hydraulic conductivity testing of the
monitoring wells. No additional surface water sampling locations are proposed for this expansion.
3.1 Monitoring Well Locations
The SWS regulations require that upgradient monitoring well(s) be located so that groundwater
samples collected from the uppermost aquifer provide an indication of background groundwater
quality. Upgradient well MW-E was originally installed to monitor background water quality; however,
due to continued detections of offsite contaminants, MW-E was replaced. Monitoring well MW-E rep
now serves as the background well for the Subtitle D landfill. No additional background wells are
proposed. The downgradient monitoring wells must represent groundwater quality at the relevant
point of compliance. The wells must be located in similar geologic units so that upgradient and
downgradient groundwater quality data can be compared.
The proposed expanded groundwater monitoring system is shown on Sheet 1. This sheet shows the
existing Cells 1-8 and proposed Cells 9 and 10 of the Subtitle D landfill and the relationship of the
monitoring wells to each of these cells. Because site hydrogeologic conditions are generally very
predictable and quite typical of coastal plain conditions throughout North Carolina, no nested
monitoring wells are proposed in this plan. Specifically, the surficial, silty-sands which overlie the top
of the low permeability clays of the Cape Fear confining unit provide the only available aquifer at this
site (excluding any regional aquifers which may be present several hundreds of feet below ground
surface beneath the bottom of the Cape Fear Formation).
Currently, there are four monitoring wells (MW-E rep, MW-F, MW-I, MW-J) in use at the existing
facility. These wells have been sampled on a semi-annual basis since installation. MW-E rep serves as
the background well for the facility, and will continue to do so. MW-F is located downgradient of the
leachate pond between the pond and the landfill. MW-l and MW-J are located east of Cell 8 and
proposed Cell 9 in the northeast trending paleo-channel. Former background well MW-E is used to
monitoring water elevations only. The potentiometric contours provided on Sheet 1, show that all
groundwater flow within the landfill boundaries is controlled by this feature.
In addition to the existing wells, CDM Smith is proposing to install one additional well to the
Groundwater Monitoring Network for the Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill. The current
monitoring well network serves to accurately monitor the existing landfill. The groundwater flow
pattern indicates that the eastern portion of groundwater flow is toward existing wells MW-I and
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
3
Revised February 2016
MW-J. Because the surficial aquifer thickness is less than 15 feet in most areas, the aquifer can be
monitored with a single well. The paleo-channel acts as a preferential pathway for groundwater flow.
Based on the results of the design hydrogeologic investigation, only 1 additional well is recommended
for the site. Piezometer P-205 will be abandoned and a new monitoring well with 15 feet of screen will
be installed in its place.
The following is a brief discussion on the placement, rationale and location for the new monitoring
well location:
MW-K - This well will be situated downgradient of Cell 10, within the northern portion of the
northeast-southwest trending linear feature. Like MW-I and MW-J, this well will be permanent and
monitored for the life of the facility.
Table 1 provides the screen interval depths for the groundwater monitoring wells currently installed
at the proposed site, and estimated screen depths for the new well. Sheet 1 shows the existing wells,
proposed well and existing surface water sampling locations for the existing and expanded Subtitle D
landfill site.
3.2 Monitor Well Installation and Construction
Prior to installation, existing piezometer will be properly abandoned. Monitoring well MW-K will be
constructed in accordance with standard industry procedures and will meet the requirements of 15A
NCAC 2C. The well design for monitoring well MW-K is shown on Figure 1. The monitoring well will be
installed by advancing the borehole through the water table using hollow-stem auger techniques. If
running sands present a problem during drilling, mud rotary techniques will be used. Soil lithology will
be described in the field by an onsite geologist to develop a borehole log.
The monitoring well will be constructed using 2-inch ID PVC well casing with threaded flush joints. The
well will be constructed with 15 feet of 0.010-inch slot screen at the end of the casing string placed so
that it brackets the water table. The PVC casing string will extend approximately three feet above
ground surface. A sand pack will be placed around the screen interval to a maximum of two feet
above the top of the screen. A two foot thick bentonite seal consisting of hydrated bentonite pellets
will be placed on top of the sand to hydraulically seal the completion interval. The remainder of the
annulus will be sealed with a bentonite-Portland cement grout to ground surface. A protective outer
casing with a lockable cap will be placed over the PVC casing and into the grout, extending 2.5 to 3
feet below ground surface.
Following completion, the monitor well will be developed to remove the residual effects of drilling.
The well will be developed using a combination of surging and over-pumping. All drilling and
downhole equipment will be decontaminated by steam cleaning prior to use. Well development
equipment will be decontaminated by washing in a non-phosphate detergent solution followed by a
potable water rinse, then a distilled water rinse, and allowed to air dry.
The horizontal location of the new monitor well will be surveyed in State Plane Coordinates by a
Registered Land Surveyor to the nearest 0.1 foot. The vertical control or elevation of the top of PVC
casing (the well measuring point) will be surveyed to the nearest 0.01 foot accuracy to mean sea level
(msl). The height of the well measuring point above ground surface will be measured.
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Table 1
Locking Steel Protective Cover
Well Expansion Plug
Finished Grade
2'x2'x6" Concrete Pad
8" +/‐ Borehole Diameter
2" Schedule 40 PVC Blank Casing
Portland Type I Cement Grout
2' Bentonite Seal
#2 Silica Sand Filter Pack
2" Schedule 40 PVC 0.010 inch Slotted Well Screen
Notes:
Stick‐up will extend between 2.5 and 3 feet above finished grade.
Silica sand filter pack will extend at least 2 feet above top of screen elevation.
Well depth will vary depending on Cape Fear confining unit elevation.
Anticipated construction depth to 39‐feet below land surface with 15 feet of screen.
Figure 1
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill
Typical Monitoring Well Detail
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
6
Revised February 2016
3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Testing
Following installation and development of the new monitor well, the hydraulic conductivity of the
aquifer material surrounding each well will be determined by conducting slug falling head and/or
recovery tests on the well. Effective porosity values of the subsurface materials will be estimated
based on data collected during the design hydrogeologic investigation.
3.4 Surface Water Quality Monitoring
No additional surface water sampling locations are proposed for the site. Existing locations SW-4, SW-
5, and SW-6 are shown on Sheet 1.
4 Sampling and Analysis Plan
Rule .1632 (a) specifies that the owner/operator must provide, as part of the groundwater monitoring
program, a groundwater and surface water sampling and analysis (S&A) plan. The S&A plan should be
designed to provide accurate results of groundwater quality at the upgradient and downgradient
sampling locations. The S&A plan will address the following subjects:
Groundwater sample collection
Sample preservation and shipment
Analytical procedures
Chain-of-custody
Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
4.1 Groundwater Sample Collection
Upon completion of well construction, development, and a well stabilization period, the sampling plan
will be instituted. The proposed frequency of sampling will include one sample to be collected from
the monitoring well prior to the Cell 9 and 10 expansion receiving waste and three additional samples
within six months of issuance of the Permit To Operate as required by Rule .1633(b). These samples
will comprise the baseline sampling for the well. Groundwater samples from the monitoring well will
be sampled on a semi-annual basis, along with the existing wells.
4.1.1 Static Water Level Measurements
Static water level elevations will be measured prior to any purging or sampling activities. Static water
level data will be used to monitor changes in site hydrogeologic conditions. The following
measurements will be recorded in a dedicated field book prior to sample collection:
Depth of water in the well from the TOC measuring point (to the nearest 0.01 foot)
Total depth of the well
Height of the water column in the well casing.
An electronic water level indicator will be used to accurately measure water elevations to within 0.01
foot. The well will have a permanent, easily identified reference point from which all water level
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
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Revised February 2016
measurements will be taken. The reference point will be marked and the elevation surveyed by a
North Carolina Registered Land Surveyor.
4.1.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers
USEPA's Technical Manual for Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria outlines specifications for
groundwater sampling and analysis. One of these specifications outlines the establishment of
provisions for detecting immiscible fluids, if applicable. Typically, immiscible fluids are categorized as
either, (1) light, non-aqueous phase liquids (L-NAPLs), or (2) dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (D-
NAPLs). L-NAPLs are more commonly referred to as "floaters" due to their relatively lighter specific
gravity, while D-NAPLs are typically referred to as "sinkers" due to their relatively denser specific
gravity.
In most instances, the probability of immiscible fluids being present and subsequently detected in
groundwater monitoring wells surrounding MSW landfills is somewhat remote because chemical
products (such as industrial solvents) are not accepted for storage or disposal at Subtitle D solid waste
management facilities. However, for those rare instances where a separate immiscible phase is
believed to be present, EPA suggests that provisions for detecting these types of fluids should be
developed.
The following procedure is proposed to address these concerns in the event that the SWS ever require
this test to be performed. In those instances where the monitoring well's screened interval
encompasses the water table surface, the ability to detect and sample light non-aqueous phase liquids
(LNAPLs) prior to implementation of routine groundwater sampling activities may exist. To accomplish
this objective, a transparent teflon bailer will be lowered into the well to just below the water table
surface. The bailer will then be removed from the well and the contents examined to identify if any
immiscible fluids are present. If any immiscible fluids are determined to be potentially present, an
interface probe is proposed to be used. The depth of the light phase immiscible layer, as determined
by the interface probe, will then be recorded in a field logbook. The interface probe will continue to
be lowered until it intersects the groundwater table surface. The depth of the organic/water interface
zone also will be recorded. From these two measurements, the thickness of the light phase immiscible
layer can be readily determined.
The potential presence of dense phase immiscible layer will be determined by the examination of
laboratory analytical results. Analytical results above a percentage of a given chemicals solubility limit
can indicate the potential presence of DNAPLs.
As mentioned above, monitoring for immsicible phase fluids is not envisioned to be performed during
typical sampling events, but is provided here to document how the test will be performed if the SWS
require it at a future date.
4.1.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation
Following measurement of the static water level in the well, the well will be purged of all stagnant
water. The stagnant water, which is not representative of true aquifer conditions, will be removed to
ensure that fresh formation water can be sampled. A minimum of three well casing volumes will be
removed prior to sampling the well. The well volume for 2-inch diameter wells will be calculated using
the following equation: one well volume in gallons equals the height of the water column (in feet)
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
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Revised February 2016
times 0.1632 (slightly less than 0.5 gallons per foot water for 3 casing volumes). During the well
purging process, field measurements (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, oxidation/reduction
potential, turbidity and specific conductance) will be collected at regular intervals, and reported in a
tabular format. The well will be purged until field measurements stabilize within approximately 10
percent between subsequent readings or until the well is dry. Stabilization of these measurements will
indicate that fresh formation water is present in the well. Field measurements will be obtained by
using a YSI 600-series Multiparameter Water Quality Meter or equivalent.
If the well is purged to dryness, the samples will be collected after a sufficient volume of water has
entered the well to allow collection of the sample. Wells will be purged and sampled using a dedicated
sampling system (Well Wizard®) which will be installed in the new well. Dedicated pumps are
currently used in the existing wells at the facility. Field measurements collected during purging
activities will be recorded in the field logbook.
4.1.4 Sample Collection
After purging activities are complete, groundwater samples will be collected for laboratory analysis.
The well will be sampled using the dedicated bladder pumps installed within each well, following low-
flow techniques. All sample contact parts of the dedicated bladder pumps are constructed of either
stainless steel or Teflon. Wells will be purged at a rate of less than 1 liter per minute. Actual purging
and sampling flow rates will be adjusted to maintain the water level in the well at less than 0.3 ft
below the initial static water level. Once water quality parameters have stabilized, groundwater
samples will be collected directly from the pump discharge. Sample water will be placed directly into
sample bottles provided by the analytical laboratory, using the following methods:
1. Adjust pump rate to 100 ml/minute and slowly transfer sample water to the appropriate
sample container. The pump equipment (discharge tubing) should not be allowed to touch
the sample container.
2. The sample container for the volatile organic compounds should be filled first, leaving no
headspace or air bubbles. The container should then be tightly sealed. The sample
container will come with preservative already added by the laboratory.
3. The sample container for the metals should then be filled. This container will also come
with preservative added by the laboratory. This container should be filled to the bottle
shoulder.
Surface water samples will be obtained from areas of minimal turbulence and aeration. The following
procedure will be implemented regarding sample of surface waters:
1. Hold the bottle near the bottom with one hand and remove the cap with the other.
2. Push the sample contained slowly into the water and tilt up towards the current to fill. A
depth of six inches is satisfactory. Avoid breaching the surface while filling the container.
3. The container should be moved slowly, in a lateral direction, if there is little current
movement.
Cumberland County Subtitle D Landfill • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
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Revised February 2016
4. If the stream depths are too shallow to allow submersion of the sample container, a pool
may be scooped out of the channel bottom and allowed to clear prior to sampling.
5. Lift the container from the water and place the uncontaminated cap on the container.
The individual water samples will be collected and bottled in the order of parameter volatility. The
collection order for the samples will be as follows:
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Total metals.
The samples will be transferred from the sampling equipment directly into a prepared sample
container provided by the laboratory. Field filtering of samples is not permitted. There will be a
specific size and type of container provided for each constituent to be analyzed. For VOC analysis, the
containers provided will be 40-ml glass vials. For metals analysis, the samples will be collected in 0.5-
liter HDPE bottles. Extra containers will be provided in case of accidental breakage. All field personnel
will wear protective latex or nitrile disposable gloves in order to prevent extrinsic contamination from
clothing, body oils, dirt, and other various contaminants. Sample documentation requirements to
ensure sample integrity, will included sample locations, date and time of sample collection, proper
analysis, and preservative (if applicable).
4.1.5 Decontamination Procedures
All sampling and purging equipment that will come in contact with the well casing and water will be
decontaminated per specifications in the North Carolina Water Quality Guidance Document for Solid
Waste Facilities. All sampling equipment will be laboratory cleaned.
4.2 Sample Preservation and Shipment
In order to ensure sample integrity, preservation and shipment procedures will be carefully
monitored. Generally, ice and chemical additives will be used as sample preservatives, as
recommended by the commercial laboratory. For VOC analysis, hydrochloric acid will be used as the
preservation method as well as maintaining the samples at a temperature of 4°C. Nitric acid will be
used as the preservative for samples needing metals analysis. Samples shall be shipped via a 24-hour
delivery service to ensure holding times are not exceeded. Shipment of samples will be coordinated
with the laboratory.
Proper storage and transport conditions must be maintained in order to preserve the integrity of the
sample. Once taken, samples will be placed on ice and cooled to a temperature of 4°C. Samples are to
be packed in iced coolers so as to inhibit breakage or accidental spills. Custody seals will be placed on
the outside of the cooler, in a manner to detect tampering of the samples. The laboratory shall
immediately notify the owner/operator of any samples that arrive with custody seals broken.
4.3 Analytical Procedures
The samples taken from the new well and the existing well locations will be analyzed for the
constituents listed in 40 CFR Part 258, Appendix 1. The analytical procedures for the indicated
parameters will be conducted using the following methods:
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Analysis EPA Method Number
Volatile organic compounds 8260
Total metals In accordance with SWS policy at the time of sampling.
4.4 Chain-of-Custody
It is imperative that an accurate record of sample collection, transport, analysis, and disposal be
maintained and documented. Therefore, chain-of-custody procedures will be instituted and followed
throughout the sampling program. It is necessary to establish documentation to trace sample
possession from the time of collection until disposal. The chain-of-custody program shall include the
following requirements:
Samples shall be accompanied by a chain-of-custody record that notes the date and time of
collection as well as sampling personnel.
All samples shall be properly labeled to prevent misidentification of samples.
Field notes shall be included to provide pertinent information about each sample.
A sample analysis sheet shall accompany all samples to the laboratory.
Sample custody seals shall be used to indicate any tampering of samples.
All records pertaining to the shipment of a sample shall be retained (freight bills, post office
receipts, and bills of lading).
The laboratory shall not accept samples for analysis without a correctly prepared chain-of-custody
form. The laboratory shall be responsible for maintaining chain-of-custody of the sample(s) from time
of receipt to disposal. The chain-of-custody form shall be signed by each individual who possesses the
samples.
To prevent sample misidentification, a label will be affixed to each sample container in a manner as to
prevent the label from becoming dislodged during transport which will contain the following
information:
Sample identification number.
Name and signature of sample collector.
Date and time of collection.
Place of collection.
Parameters requested.
Type of preservative.
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4.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
The reliability and validity of the field and analytical laboratory data will be monitored as part of the
QA/QC program used in the laboratory. Field duplicates and sample blanks will be collected to check
sampling protocol and to account for any changes that occur after sampling. The QA/QC program will
stipulate the use of standards, laboratory blanks, and duplicates for identification of matrix
interferences. The QA/QC program will be used for baseline sampling at the new well and for all semi-
annual events.
4.5.1 Field Duplicates
Field duplicates provide a measure of field and laboratory precision. Field duplicates will be collected
from identical locations using proper sampling procedures. The duplicate samples will be collected at
a frequency of one per day per sampling event.
4.5.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks
To evaluate the effectiveness of the product decontamination, equipment rinsate blanks will be
collected. The sample will be collected by passing distilled water through the sampling equipment
after decontamination has been completed. Equipment blanks will be collected at a minimum of one
per day of groundwater sampling activities.
4.5.3 Trip Blanks
A trip blank shall be prepared to account for any sample contamination that may occur during
transport to and from the site. The sample will be prepared in the laboratory with deionized or
distilled water and shall accompany the sample shipping container to the field. The trip blank shall
remain unopened until receipt by the lab for analysis. One trip blank per sampling event will be
collected.
4.6 Results/Reporting Requirements
Following analysis for the analytical data from groundwater and surface water samples, a report shall
be submitted to the SWS which includes the following information:
Field observations related to the condition of the monitoring wells,
Field data,
Laboratory data,
Sampling methodologies,
Quality assurance/quality control data,
Information on groundwater flow,
Wells with constituents exceeding groundwater standards,
Other pertinent information,
Solid Waste Section Reporting Form, and,
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Electronic Data Deliverable in the approved SWS format.
4.7 Detection of Elevated Constituent Levels
If upon completion of sampling and data analysis, Cumberland County determines that concentrations
are elevated above the North Carolina 2L Standard (NC2L) or practical quantification limit (PQL) for
any volatile organic compound (VOC) listed in Appendix 1 at any monitoring well or surface water
sample at the site's boundary, then:
1. The county will notify the SWS within 14 days of this finding,
2. Place a notice in the operating record within 14 days of this finding indicating which
constituent(s) have demonstrated exceeded the applicable limit,
3. Demonstrate successfully to the SWS (through certification by a qualified groundwater
scientist) that a source other than the MSWLF unit caused the contamination, or that the
exceedence resulted from error in sampling, analysis, statistical evaluation or natural
variation in groundwater quality.
The actions outlined above are proposed to be implemented if contaminants are detected. Final
actions will be mandated by direction of the North Carolina SWS.
5 References
Brown, Phillip M., Geologic Map of North Carolina. Department of Natural Resources and Community
Development, 1985.
Bouwer, Herman. The Bouwer and Rice Slug Test - An Update. Groundwater, May-June, 1989.
Camp Dresser & McKee, Ann Street Landfill Subtitle D Expansion Permit to Construct Application (Cells
1-5), January 1995.
Camp Dresser & McKee, Ann Street Landfill Subtitle D Expansion Permit to Construct Application (Cells
6-8), September 1999.
Heath, Ralph. Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology with References to Conditions in North
Carolina. USGS Water Resources Investigation Open-File Report 80-44, 1980.
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, Guide to the Location
and Development of Groundwater-Lower Cape Fear River Basin. NRCD, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1984.
Schipf, R.G. Geology and Groundwater Resources of the Fayetteville Area. Groundwater Bulletin No. 3,
North Carolina Department of Water Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1961.
Winner, M.D. and R.W. Coble. Hydrogeologic Framework of the North Carolina Coastal Plain Aquifer
System. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-690, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1989.