1107_BuncombeCo_MSWLF_MSWOpsPlan_DIN28278_20140507

Buncombe County Solid Waste 
Management Facility 
Subtitle D Landfill 
Phase IV (Cell 7) Permit to Construct 
Application 

Part 5 – Operation Plan 

March 2014

Buncombe County, 
North Carolina 

i 
Table of Contents  

Section 1 ‐ Purpose 
1.1 Operation Drawings ........................................................................................................................................... 1‐1
Section 2 – Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 
2.1 Waste Definition .................................................................................................................................................. 2‐1 
2.2 Acceptable Waste ................................................................................................................................................ 2‐3 
2.3 Acceptable Waste Requiring Special Handling ...................................................................................... 2‐3 
2.4 Medical Waste Materials Not Accepted by Buncombe County ....................................................... 2‐4
2.5 Prohibited Wastes ............................................................................................................................................... 2‐5 
2.5 Receiving Prohibited Waste ........................................................................................................................... 2‐5 
2.6 Waste Screening Program ............................................................................................................................... 2‐5 
Section 3 – Cover Material Requirements 
3.1 Daily Cover ............................................................................................................................................................. 3‐1 
3.1.1 Wet Weather Operations .................................................................................................................. 3‐1 
3.2 Intermediate Cover ............................................................................................................................................. 3‐1 
3.3 Alternative Daily Cover ..................................................................................................................................... 3‐1 
3.3.1 Posi‐Shell ................................................................................................................................................. 3‐1 
3.3.1.1 Properties of Posi‐Shell ...................................................................................................... 3‐2 
3.3.1.2 Cover System Description ................................................................................................. 3‐2 
3.3.1.3 Cover System Application Procedures ........................................................................ 3‐2 
3.3.2 Soil/Mulch Mixture ............................................................................................................................. 3‐3
3.3.2.1 Properties of Soil/Mulch Mixture .................................................................................. 3‐3 
3.3.2.2 Cover System Application Procedures ........................................................................ 3‐4 
3.3.3 Tarps .......................................................................................................................................................... 3‐5
3.3.3.1 Properties of Tarps .............................................................................................................. 3‐5 
3.3.3.2 Cover System Application Procedures ........................................................................ 3‐5 
Section 4 – Disease Vector Control 
Section 5 – Explosive Gas Control 
Section 6 – Air Criteria 
6.1 State Implementation Plan .............................................................................................................................. 6‐1 
6.2 Open Burning of Waste ..................................................................................................................................... 6‐1 
6.3 Fire Protection Equipment .............................................................................................................................. 6‐1 
6.4 Notification of Fire .............................................................................................................................................. 6‐1 
Section 7 – Access and Safety Requirements 
7.1 Landfill Access and Security ........................................................................................................................... 7‐1 
7.2 Attendant ................................................................................................................................................................ 7‐1 
7.3 Access Road............................................................................................................................................................ 7‐1 
7.4 Dust Control ........................................................................................................................................................... 7‐1 
7.5 Signs .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7‐1 
7.6 Waste Removal Scavenging Policy .............................................................................................................. 7‐2 
7.7 Barrel and Drum Disposal ............................................................................................................................... 7‐2 
Section 8 – Erosion and Sediment Control Requirements 
Operation Plan    Table of Contents 

ii 
8.1 Control of Sediment ........................................................................................................................................... 8‐1 
8.2 On‐Site Erosion Control ................................................................................................................................... 8‐1 
8.3 Vegetative Cover.................................................................................................................................................. 8‐2 
Section 9 – Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements 
9.1 Surface Water Diverted From Operation Area ...................................................................................... 9‐1 
9.2 Surface Water Shall Not Be Impounded Over Waste .......................................................................... 9‐1 
9.3 Waste Shall Not Be Disposed Of In Water ................................................................................................ 9‐1 
9.4 Leachate Collection and Disposal ................................................................................................................ 9‐1 
9.5 Leachate Discharge ............................................................................................................................................ 9‐2 
Section 10 – Liquid Restrictions 
10.1 Bulk or Non‐Containerized Liquid Waste .............................................................................................. 10‐1 
10.2 Containerized Liquid Waste ......................................................................................................................... 10‐1 
10.3 Paint Filter Test ................................................................................................................................................. 10‐1 
Section 11 – Recordkeeping Requirements 
11.1 Regulatory Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 11‐1 
11.2 Permit File ............................................................................................................................................................ 11‐1 
Section 12 – Spreading and Compacting of Waste 
12.1 Solid Waste Working Area ............................................................................................................................ 12‐1 
12.2 Solid Waste Compaction ................................................................................................................................ 12‐1 
12.3 Controlling Wind Blown Material .............................................................................................................. 12‐1 
Section 13 – Leachate Management Plan 
13.1 Maintenance and Inspection of the Leachate Pond and Collection System ............................ 13‐1 
13.1.1  System Design .................................................................................................................................... 13‐1 
13.1.2  Leachate Pond .................................................................................................................................... 13‐1 
13.1.3  Leachate Collection System ......................................................................................................... 13‐1 
13.2 Leachate Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................ 13‐2 
13.2.1 Quantitative Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 13‐2 
13.2.2 Qualitative Monitoring .................................................................................................................... 13‐2 
13.2.3 Recordkeeping .................................................................................................................................... 13‐2 
13.3 Leachate Disposal Approval ......................................................................................................................... 13‐2 
13.4 Leachate Management Contingency Plan .............................................................................................. 13‐2 
13.4.1 Leachate Sump Pump Station ...................................................................................................... 13‐3 
13.4.2 Leachate Storage ................................................................................................................................ 13‐3 
13.4.3 Leachate Breakout ............................................................................................................................ 13‐3 

Appendices 
Appendix 5A – Operation Drawings
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan
Appendix 5C – ACM Documentation
Appendix 5D – Methane Monitoring Plan
Appendix 5E – Water Quality Monitoring Plan

1‐1 
Section 1 ‐ Purpose 
Operation Plan 
The purpose of this Operations Plan is to provide the Buncombe County Subtitle D Landfill staff with a
manual that will serve as a guide for safe and efficient operation of the Subtitle D landfill. This
Operations Plan has been prepared in accordance with the North Carolina Solid Waste Rule 15A NCAC
13B .1626, Operational Requirements for MSWLF Facilities, and therefore addresses the following
issues.
 Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements
 Cover Material Requirements
 Disease Vector Control
 Explosive Gases Control
 Air Criteria
 Access and Safety Requirements
 Erosion and Sediment Control
 Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements
 Liquids Restrictions
 Recordkeeping Requirements
 Spreading and Compacting Requirements
 Leachate Management Plan
Additionally, Table 1 is provided to summarize all required documents or documentation (record
keeping) which must be maintained by the County and retained at the facility. The operating record
may be inserted into a 3‐ring binder located at the scale house or main administration building. It is
the intent that Table 1 is clearly and visually posted to ensure direction on record keeping.
1.1 Operation Drawings 
In accordance with Rule .1625(b)(1), operation drawings have been prepared and are included in
Appendix 5A.
Section 1    Purpose – Operation Plan 

  1‐2 

Table 1. Buncombe County Subtitle D Landfill Operating Record Requirements 
Required Recordkeeping Rule Reference in 
Ops Plan Action 
INCOMING WASTE 
Attempted disposal of any 
prohibited wastes .1626(1)(a) 2.5 Report to NCDENR within 24 hrs  
Attempted disposal of any 
waste from outside the 
permitted service area 
.1626(1)(a) 2.5 Report to NCDENR within 24 hrs  
Records of random waste 
inspections .1626(10)(a)(i) 11.1 Complete form  
Waste determination records .1626(10)(a)(i) 11.1  ‐‐ 
Amounts by weight of solid 
waste received at the Subtitle 
D landfill 
.1626(10)(a)(ii) 11.1  ‐‐ 
DISPOSAL OPERATIONS 
Open burning requests .1626(5)(b) 6.2  ‐‐ 
Fire and explosion notification .1626(5)(d) 6.4 Report to NCDENR verbally within 
24 hrs and written by 15 days 
LEACHATE MANAGEMENT MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING 
Inspect leachate pond .1626(12)(a) 13.1.2 Annually 
Jet clean leachate collection 
pipes 
SB1492 130A‐295.6. 
(h)(3) and Leachate Spill 
Corrective Action 
13.1.3 Annual, note in Operating Record 
Remote camera inspection 
SB1492 130A‐295.6. 
(h)(3) and Leachate Spill 
Corrective Action 
13.1.3 Once every 5 years 
Inspect pump station and 
audio and visual alarms 
 Leachate Spill Corrective 
Action 13.1.3 Weekly 
Inspect landfill sideslopes and 
LCS 
 Leachate Spill Corrective 
Action 13.1.3 Weekly or following rainfall events 
equal to or exceeding ½ inch 
Leachate generation records .1626(12)(b) 13.2.1 Weekly 
Leachate quality sampling .1626(12)(c) 13.2.2 Semi‐annual 
METHANE MONITORING 
Methane monitoring reports .1626(10)(a)(iii) 
.1626(4)(b) 11.1 Quarterly 
Exceedance in methane levels 
– required action within 7 
.1626(10)(a)(iii) 
.1626(4)(c)(ii) 11.1 Include in Operating Record 
detected levels and description of 
Section 1    Purpose – Operation Plan 

  1‐3 
days following detection steps to protect human health
Exceedance in methane levels 
– required action within 60 
days following detection 
.1626(10)(a)(iii) 
.1626(4)(c)(iii) 11.1 
Include in Operating Record a 
remediation plan for gas releases 
and notify NCDENR that plan has 
been implemented 
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER MONITORING 
Groundwater and surface 
water monitoring reports .1626(10)(a)(iv) App. C Semi‐annual 
TRAINING 
Certificates of training  .1626(10)(a)(i) 11.1  ‐‐ 
Training procedures .1626(10)(a)(i) 11.1  ‐‐ 
CLOSURE/POST‐CLOSURE (NOT APPLICABLE) 
Any closure or post‐closure 
monitoring, testing, or 
analytical data 
.1626(10)(a)(v) 11.1  ‐‐ 
Required Approved Documents to be included in the Operating Record 
Current Operation Plan in accordance with Rule .1626(10)(c) 
Current Water Quality Monitoring Plan in accordance with Rule .1630 
Current Permit to Construct and Permit to Operate 
Current cost estimates and financial assurance documentation in accordance with Rules .1626(10)(a)(vi) and 
.1628 

2‐1 
Section 2 – Waste Acceptance and Disposal 
Requirements  
Operation Plan 
2.1 Waste Definition 
Agricultural Waste ‐ waste material produced from raising of plants and animals, including animal
manures, bedding plant stalks, hulls, and vegetative matter.
Asbestos Waste ‐ any waste material that is determined to contain asbestos.
Blood Product ‐ all bulk blood and blood products.
Commercial Solid Waste ‐ all types of solid waste generated by retail stores, offices, restaurants,
warehouses, and other non‐manufacturing activities, excluding residential waste.
Construction/Demolition Waste ‐ solid waste resulting solely from construction, remodeling, repairs
or demolition of buildings, structures, or pavement but does not include inert, land‐clearing or yard
waste.
Hazardous Waste ‐ any solid waste that is defined as hazardous in 15A NCAC 13A 261.3 and that is not
excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste from conditionally exempt small quantity generators
as defined within 15A NCAC 13A 261.5.
Hot Load ‐ when a waste hauling vehicle is transporting solid waste that is burning or smoldering, it is
referred to as a hot load.
Household Waste ‐ any solid waste derived from households including hotels and motels, bunkhouses,
ranger stations, crew quarters, campgrounds, picnic grounds, and day‐use recreation areas.
Industrial Solid Waste ‐ solid waste generated by manufacturing processes that is not a hazardous
waste regulated under Subtitle C of RCRA. Such waste may include, but is not limited to, waste
resulting from the following manufacturing processes: electric power generation;
fertilizer/agricultural chemicals; food and related products/by‐products; inorganic chemicals; iron
and steel manufacturing; leather and leather products; nonferrous metals manufacturing/foundries;
organic chemicals; plastics and resins manufacturing; pulp and paper industry; rubber and
miscellaneous plastic products; stone, glass, clay, and concrete products; textile manufacturing;
transportation equipment; and water treatment. This term does not include mining waste or oil and
gas waste.
Inert Debris ‐ any solid waste which consists solely of material that is virtually inert, such as brick,
concrete, rock, and uncontaminated soil.
Infectious Waste ‐ any solid waste capable of producing an infectious disease. These types of waste
include microbiological waste, pathological waste, blood products, and sharps.
Section 2    Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements – Operation Plan 

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Land Clearing Debris ‐ solid waste which is generated solely from land clearing activities such as
stumps, trees, limbs, brush, grass, and other naturally occurring vegetative material.
Liquid Hydrocarbons ‐ As defined under Article 21A of Chapter 143 of the North Carolina General
Statutes: except that any such oils or other liquid hydrocarbons that meet the criteria for hazardous
waste under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (P.L. 94‐580) as amended.
Liquid Waste ‐ any waste material that is determined to contain free liquid by Method 9095 (Paint
Filter Test).
Medical Waste – means any solid waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or
immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or
testing of biologicals, but does not include any hazardous waste identified or listed pursuant to this
Article, radioactive waste, household waste as defined in 40 Code of Federal Regulations § 261.4(b)(1)
in effect on 1 July 1989.

Regulated Medical Waste – means blood and body fluids in individual containers in volumes greater
than 20 ml, microbiological waste, and pathological waste that have not been treated pursuant to
.1207. (.1207 is the definition of treatment ‐ see rules on page 22.) Regulated medical waste must be
treated prior to disposal. After treatment these wastes may be handled as general solid waste.
(.1201(9))
Microbiological Waste ‐ includes cultures and stocks of etiologic agents. The term includes cultures of
specimens from medical, pathological, pharmaceutical, research, commercial, and industrial
laboratories.
Oils ‐ As defined under Article 21A of Chapter 143 of the North Carolina General Statutes: except that
any such oils that meet the criteria for hazardous waste under the Federal Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (P.L. 94‐580) as amended.
Pathological Waste ‐ includes: human tissue, organs, body parts, secretions, and excretions, blood, and
body fluids that are removed during surgery and autopsies; the carcasses and body parts of all animals
that were exposed to pathogens in research, were used in the production of biological or in the in‐
vitro testing of pharmaceuticals, or that died of known or suspected infectious disease.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) ‐ defined as any of several compounds that are produced by
replacing hydrogen atoms in biphenyl with chlorine. PCB's were most frequently used as an additive
to oil or other liquid in situations where heat is involved. PCB's have been used in paints and
lubricants, however the most common application was in electric transformers.
Radioactive Waste ‐ any waste that contains radioactivity as defined by the North Carolina Radiation
Protection Act, G.S. 104E‐1 through 104E‐23. Radioactivity is defined as the property possessed by
some elements of spontaneously emitting alpha or beta rays and sometimes gamma rays by the
disintegration of the nuclei of atoms.
Sharps ‐ includes needles, syringes with attached needles, capillary tubes, slides and cover slips, and
scalpel blades.
Section 2    Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements – Operation Plan 

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Spoiled Food ‐ any food which has been removed from sale by the United States Department of
Agriculture, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration, or any other
regulatory agency having jurisdiction in determining that food is unfit for consumption.
Treatment or Processing Waste ‐ any waste that is a residual solid from a wastewater treatment or
pretreatment facility.
Tires ‐ rubber tires from vehicles.
White Goods ‐ any inoperative and discarded refrigerators, freezers, ranges, washers, dryers, water
heaters, and other large domestic commercial appliances.
Yard Trash ‐ solid waste resulting from landscaping and yard maintenance such as brush, grass, tree
limbs, and similar vegetative material.
2.2 Acceptable Waste 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626, a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility (MSWLF) shall only
accept those solid wastes which it is permitted to dispose of. In accordance with the North Carolina
Solid Waste Management Rules, except where noted, the Buncombe County Sanitary Landfill is
permitted to dispose of the following using normal operating procedures:
Agricultural Waste ‐ This waste is acceptable with the exception of animal manures.
Bulk or Non‐Containerized Liquid Waste ‐ The waste is acceptable if the waste is a household waste
other than septic waste and waste oil or the waste is leachate or gas condensate derived from the
MSWLF unit.
Commercial Solid Waste
Containerized Liquid Waste ‐ This waste is acceptable only if the liquid waste is in small containers
similar in size to that normally found in household waste, and if the small containers are designed to
hold liquids for use other than storage, and the waste is household waste.
Household Waste
Industrial Solid Waste
Animal Carcasses – Dog, cat, and farm animal carcasses will be accepted at the landfill, in accordance
with .1626.(1)(c), all animal carcasses delivered to the landfill shall be covered immediately.
2.3 Acceptable Waste Requiring Special Handling 
Several components of the acceptable waste stream will require special handling procedures. The
waste stream components requiring special handling include, but are not limited to the following:
Asbestos Waste ‐ The County can accept asbestos waste, and is permitted to dispose of it in a
designated portion of the C&D landfill, however, in order to maintain an accurate record of asbestos
disposal quantities and locations, landfill staff will identify specific locations in each cell that will
contain these wastes.
Section 2    Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements – Operation Plan 

2‐4 
In accordance with .1626.(1)(d), the waste shall be covered immediately with a soil in a manner that
will not cause airborne conditions and must be disposed of separate and apart from other solid wastes
at the bottom of the working face or in an area not contiguous with other disposal areas. Separate
areas shall be clearly designated so that asbestos is not exposed by future land disturbing activities.
Barrels and Drums ‐ Barrels and drums may be disposed of if they are empty and perforated
sufficiently to ensure that no liquid or hazardous waste is contained in them.
Construction/Demolition Waste ‐ This waste is to be disposed in accordance with state and federal
regulations in the approved location on site.
Hot Loads ‐ Hot loads arriving at the site should be dumped immediately in the designated primary
hot load area located near the working face. The designated area must be located only on areas
containing compacted refuse covered by at least 6 inches of cover material. The location of the
primary hot load area will change along with the landfill development so as to always be near the
working face. Hot loads should be extinguished immediately after being dumped by applying water to
the burning refuse and by covering the refuse with soil from the stockpile area. If problems are
encountered, the local fire department should be called. Once extinguished, the hot load should be
observed until it is certain that the fire is out. The remaining refuse should then be compacted and
buried at the working face.
Land Clearing Debris/Yard Trash ‐ This waste will be handled at the tub grinder and used as the mulch
portion for the mulch/soil alternate daily cover mixture.
Spoiled Food ‐ Spoiled food shall be placed at the bottom of the working face and covered
immediately.
Tires ‐ Tires will be accepted, placed immediately in an on‐site trailer and removed periodically.
Treatment or Processing Waste ‐ per .1626 (1) (e)
White Goods ‐ All chlorofluorocarbon will be removed and the remainder will be sold for scrap metal.
2.4 Medical Waste Materials Not Accepted by Buncombe 
County 
Sharps generated from a household shall be accepted at the Buncombe County Transfer Station in a
specified, puncture proof container. The sharps container is transported to a medical waste disposal
company. Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility’s Landfill does not accept sharps. The
Landfill operators and manager have the right to reject properly packaged sharps or treated regulated
medical waste for disposal in the landfill, even if state regulations allow landfill disposal of such
wastes.
Medical Waste as defined above is not accepted at the Buncombe County Solid Waste Management
Facility’s Landfill. If a load contains this material, the generator will be determined, if possible, and
will be assessed civil penalties and will be required to cover all costs associated with removal,
treatment and safe disposal of such material.
Section 2    Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements – Operation Plan 

2‐5 
2.5 Prohibited Wastes 
The following wastes are prohibited from disposal at the Buncombe County Subtitle D Landfill.
Containerized Liquid Waste ‐ Containerized Liquid Waste may not be placed in the landfill unless the
container is a small container similar in size to that normally found in household waste. In addition,
Containerized Liquid Waste may not be placed in the landfill unless the container is a small container
that is designed to hold liquids for use other than storage.
Hazardous Waste – per .1626 (1) (b) (i). Hazardous waste as defined in 15A NCAC 13A 261.3, that is
not excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste from conditionally exempt small quantity
generators as defined within 15A NCAC 13A 261.5 shall not be accepted at the Buncombe County
Subtitle D Landfill.
Inert Debris
Infectious Waste
Liquid Waste per .1626 (1) (b) (iii)
Microbiological Waste
Pathological Waste
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) per .1626 (1) (b) (ii)
Radioactive Waste
Regulated Medical Waste
2.6 Receiving Prohibited Waste 
The Buncombe County Subtitle D Landfill only accepts those solid wastes that it is permitted to
receive. The County will notify the North Carolina Department of Environment and Nature Resources
Division of Waste Management (NCDENR DWM) within 24 hours of attempted disposal of any waste
the C&D and Subtitle D landfills are not permitted to receive.
A report shall be prepared of any attempted delivery of waste of which the landfill is not permitted to
receive, including waste from outside the permitted landfill service area. The report will be forwarded
to:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Waste Management
Solid Waste Section
1646 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699‐1646
2.7 Waste Screening Program 
The Rule .1626(1)(f) require all MSWLFs implement a program at the facility for detecting and
preventing the disposal of hazardous and liquid waste. This program must include, at a minimum:
 Random inspection of incoming loads or other comparable procedures
Section 2    Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements – Operation Plan 

2‐6 
 Records of inspection
 Training of facility personnel to recognize hazardous and liquid waste.
 Development of a contingency plan to properly manage any identified hazardous and liquid
waste addressing identification, removal, storage, and final disposition of the waste.
A copy of the waste screening plan for the Buncombe County Subtitle D Landfill is included in
Appendix 5B to this Operation Plan.

3‐1 
Section 3 – Cover Material Requirements  
Operation Plan 
3.1 Daily Cover 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (2), the operator of MSWLF units must cover disposed solid
waste with six inches of earthen material (or alternative daily cover (ADC) approved by the Solid
Waste Section (SWS)) at the end of each operating day, or at more frequent intervals if necessary, to
control disease vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. The daily cover must:
 be capable of covering solid waste after it is placed without change in its properties and without
regard to weather;
 be noncombustible; and,
 not include rock fragments that are greater than six inches in diameter.
3.1.1 Wet Weather Operations 
During wet weather, the County may develop a wet weather working face. The wet weather working
face will be kept as small as possible. At the end of disposal operations, the County will cover in
accordance with Section 3.1.
3.2 Intermediate Cover 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (2), the owner or operator of all MSWLF units must place 12‐
inches of intermediate cover on all areas which will not have additional waste placed on them for 12
months or more, but where final termination of disposal operations has not occurred. The
composition standards of intermediate cover shall be the same as for daily cover in addition to being
capable of supporting the germination and propagation of vegetative cover.
3.3 Alternative Daily Cover 
Three ADCs are described in this section; Posi‐Shell, soil/mulch mixture, and tarps. Each ADC shall
provide control for disease vectors, fires, odor, blowing litter, and scavenging. Through SWS required
demonstration periods from February 5, 2008 to June 5, 2008 and from August 9, 2008 to November
7, 2008, each ADC has been determined to provide equal or better element control as soil.
3.3.1 Posi‐Shell 
The Posi‐Shell Cover System will be used as an ADC on waste disposed at the Subtitle D landfill. Posi‐
Shell provides a thin cover that hardens over the covered waste surface.
Posi‐shell will be used over disposed waste and may be left as cover for up to 30 days. Any areas that
have been left for 30 days will be covered with either a lift of waste or soil. Exposed Posi‐shell areas
will be visually inspected daily and reapplied when necessary.
County personnel will keep a daily log and field sketch detailing disposal areas and dates of posi‐shell
application. The daily log is provided following this section.
Section 3    Cover Material Requirements – Operation Plan 

  3‐2 
3.3.1.1 Properties of Posi‐Shell 
The properties of each component of Posi‐Shell are available in the Manufacturer’s Usage Guide
provided as Appendix 5C.
3.3.1.2 Cover System Description 
As described in the Manufacturer’s Usage Guide, the application rate for short‐term coverage
(overnight cover for daily cover operations) is approximately 8 to 10 square feet per gallon. Assuming
the working face is less than one acre (100 feet wide and 400 feet long), the desired load size would be
approximately 4,000 gallons. Posi‐shell manufacturers may change recipes and County may use
newer or better products as they become available. Currently, at a minimum, the Posi‐Shell material
quantities for daily use should be the following:
 3,200 gallons of liquid (water or leachate),
 8 bags (15 lbs each) of Posi‐Pak,
 40 bags (50 lbs each) of PSM‐200 setting agent,
 80 bags (94 lbs each) of optional Portland cement, and
 Optional waste latex paint (quantity per manufacturer’s recommendations)
Posi‐Pak is a specially designed plastic fiber with a proprietary finish that provides the reinforcement
matrix for the finished cover. PSM‐200 setting agent is a blend of clay, polymers, and adhesives that
provides thickening, lubrication, and adhesion. Portland cement can be used as a binder component
which will help neutralize odors and enhances the durability of the cover system.
3.3.1.3 Cover System Application Procedures 
Application Procedure
Application of the Posi‐shell will generally follow the manufacturer’s recommendation and will
employ the following minimum procedures:
 The Posi‐shell will be applied in two different directions to avoid spray shadow or wind
dispersion;
 The Posi‐shell will be applied at the end of each working day;
 The Posi‐shell surface will be visually inspected on a daily basis for exposed waste and/or
inadequate coverage. Inadequate coverage is generally defined as a thickness of less than 1/8
of an inch.
Areas of exposed waste and/or inadequate coverage will receive an additional application prior to
operations ending for that day.
Maximum Daily Area Coverage
Based on the May 2007 Airspace Analysis Report:
 Annual 2007 waste disposal rate (MSW only) = 125,000 tons
 Operating days per year = 284 days
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 Approximate daily waste disposal rate = 440 tons
 In‐place density = 0.50 tons of MSW per cubic yard
 Daily cubic yards disposed = daily waste disposal rate / in‐place density = 880 yd3 or 23,800 ft3
The working face will be restricted to the smallest area feasible. The working lift is typically 4 feet
high. Based on a working lift thickness of 4 feet, the working face area is 5,400 square feet (daily cubic
yards disposed / working lift thickness), which is equal to the daily coverage area.
Daily Depth and Quantity to be Applied
N/A
Average Monthly Volume of Daily Cover
N/A
List of Equipment
Equipment required for the Posi‐Shell consists of a standard hydroseeding unit and a towing unit.
Material and Equipment Storage
The material components of Posi‐Shell will be housed in the machine shop to minimize the risk of
hydration. The spraying equipment will be parked in a County designated area which will not impede
daily operations.
Wet Weather Operation
The application of Posi‐shell during heavy rain events will be minimized. If Posi‐shell is applied
during periods of heavy rain, the surface will be visually inspected following the rain event for
exposed waste or inadequate coverage.
Contingency Plans
If, for any reason, the County cannot use Posi‐Shell as ADC material, soil, a soil/mulch mixture, or
tarps will be used.
Screening Criteria
N/A
3.3.2 Soil/Mulch Mixture 
A mulch (30% maximum by volume) and soil mixture is used as another ADC material. Mulch will be
hauled from the on‐site mulching operations and soil will be provided from the County’s on‐site
borrow area. The soil/mulch mixture will be free of petroleum contaminated soils. The materials will
be mixed at the borrow area or the working face.
Soil/mulch mixture shall not be used more than five (5) consecutive days. If soil/mulch mixture is
used on four consecutive days, soil cover will be used on the following day.
3.3.2.1 Properties of Soil/Mulch Mixture 
At the Buncombe County facility, waste segregation occurs at the scale house to prevent the mulch
processing of any unacceptable material, additionally the mulch processing operator segregates waste
by placing unacceptable material into a dumpster located near the mulching area. Unacceptable
Section 3    Cover Material Requirements – Operation Plan 

  3‐4 
material includes construction and demolition debris, potentially contaminated debris, etc. Since
waste segregation occurs prior to the waste processing into mulch, the resulting mulch is considered
inert.
3.3.2.2 Cover System Application Procedures 
Application Procedure
Application of the soil/mulch mixture will employ the following minimum procedures:
 The mixture will be prepared by combining three (3) loads of mulch and seven (7) loads of soil;
 Mix soil and mulch load and visually verify that the mixture is adequately commingled, ensure
that there are no large clumps (3 inches in diameter or larger) of either soil or mulch in the
mixture;
 Load and haul soil/mulch mixture to active working face using an articulating truck; and
 Use dozer to cover working face with six inches of soil/mulch mixture.
The surface will be visually inspected on a daily basis for exposed waste and/or inadequate coverage.
Areas of exposed waste and/or inadequate coverage will receive additional cover.
Maximum Daily Area Coverage
See Section 3.3.1.3.
Daily Depth and Quantity to be Applied
As stated above, 6 inches of the soil/mulch mixture will be applied to the daily coverage area of 5,400
square feet. Therefore; the required daily quantity of soil/mulch mixture placed is approximately 100
yd3 (Assuming no other daily cover is used).
Average Monthly Volume of Daily Cover
As stated above, approximately 100 yd3 per day of soil/mulch mixture will be used. Assuming 24
working days per month, the average monthly volume of daily cover required for normal operating
conditions is 2,400 yd3.
List of Equipment
An articulating truck and dozer will be used for the application process.
Material and Equipment Storage
Any soil/mulch mixture requiring storage will be stored at the borrow area. Mulch stock pile sizes
shall not exceed 30 feet in width and 15 feet in height to avoid spontaneous combustion and to
maintain a manageable pile size in the event of a fire. Landfill equipment used for ADC procedures
will be stored at County designated areas.
Wet Weather Operation
The soil/mulch mixture wet weather operation will be similar to the operation the County currently
follows when using soil as daily cover during wet weather.
Section 3    Cover Material Requirements – Operation Plan 

  3‐5 
Contingency Plans
If, for any reason, the County cannot obtain mulch for the on‐site processing area for use as ADC
material, soil, Posi‐shell, or tarps will be used.
Screening Criteria
Each soil/mulch mixture load will be visually inspected prior to transport to the working face to
determine if the material is adequately mixed. The load will not be placed if the mixture is not
commingled adequately or if foreign material is observed.
3.3.3 Tarps 
Tarps will be used as another ADC. The tarps will be placed either manually or by using an automatic
tarping machine which uses a spreader bar to lay and roll up the tarps.
Tarps shall not be used more than five (5) consecutive days. If tarps are used on four consecutive
days, soil cover will be used on the following day.
3.3.3.1 Properties of Tarps 
N/A
3.3.3.2 Cover System Application Procedures 
Application Procedure for Manual Placement
Application of the tarp will employ the following minimum procedures:
 Visually inspect working face to ensure that no sharp objects are protruding from the
compacted waste which may tear the tarp;
 If necessary, run compacter over any protruding objections;
 Manually roll out tarp and place over working face, the side cables within the tarp and the metal
bars on the short ends shall be heavy enough to weigh down the tarp; and
 Place additional tarps as needed to adequately cover working face.
The tarps will be visually inspected following placement to ensure that uplift will not occur.
Additional metals bars will be placed if necessary. Soil will be placed over any areas of exposed waste
and/or inadequate coverage.
Application Procedure for Equipment Placement
Application of the tarp will employ the following minimum manufacturer’s recommended procedures:
 Visually inspect working face to ensure that no sharp objects are protruding from the
compacted waste which may tear the tarp;
 If necessary, run compacter over any protruding objections;
 Using an automatic tarping machine, install tarp directly on working face, the side cables within
the tarp and the metal bars on the short ends shall be heavy enough to weigh down the tarp;
and
 Lay additional tarps as needed to adequately cover working face.
Section 3    Cover Material Requirements – Operation Plan 

  3‐6 
The tarps will be visually inspected following placement to ensure that uplift will not occur.
Additional metals bars will be placed if necessary. Soil will be placed over any areas of exposed waste
and/or inadequate coverage.
Maximum Daily Area Coverage
See Section 3.3.1.3.
Daily Depth and Quantity to be Applied
N/A
Average Monthly Volume of Daily Cover
N/A
List of Equipment
An automatic tarping machine and/or dozer will be used for the tarp installation.
Material and Equipment Storage
The automatic tarping machine and tarp will be stored in a County designated area that will not
conflict with daily haul and disposal operations.
Wet Weather Operation
The tarping wet weather operation will be similar to the operation the County currently follows when
using soil as daily cover during wet weather.
Contingency Plans
If, for any reason, the County cannot use tarps as ADC, soil, Posi‐shell, or a soil/mulch mixture will be
used.
Screening Criteria
N/A
Section 3    Cover Material Requirements – Operation Plan 

  3‐7 

4‐1 
Section 4 – Disease Vector Control 
Operation Plan 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (3), owners or operators of all MSWLF units must prevent or
control on‐site population of disease vectors using techniques appropriate for the protection of
human health and the environment. Disease vectors are defined as any rodent, flies, mosquitoes, or
other animals, including insects, capable of transmitting disease to humans.
Effective vector control measures are applied when necessary. Control of vectors is maintained by
application of cover material over the compacted solid waste. This will protect against migration of
vectors into and from the landfill. Stagnant ponding water is prevented to control mosquito breeding.
Filling in low spots is performed regularly, and if necessary, County mosquito control or a licensed
exterminator shall be employed to control vectors.

5‐1 

Section 5 – Explosive Gas Control 
Operation Plan 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (4), the owners or operators of all MSWLF units must ensure
that:
 the concentration of methane gas generated by the facility shall not exceed 25 percent of the
lower explosive limit for methane in facility structures (excluding gas control or recovery
system components); and,
 the concentration of methane gas does not exceed the lower explosive limit for methane at the
facility property boundary.
Owners or operators of all MSWLF units must implement a routine methane monitoring program to
ensure that the above standards are met. A Methane Monitoring Plan prepared in accordance with
this rule is located in Appendix 5D of this Operations Plan.

6‐1 
Section 6 – Air Criteria 
Operation Plan 
6.1 State Implementation Plan 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (5), the owner or operator of all MSWLFs must ensure that
units do not violate any applicable requirements developed under a State Implementation Plan (SIP)
approved or promulgated by the U.S. EPA Administrator pursuant to Section 110 of the Clean Air Act,
as amended.
All of the SIP requirements are listed in the current Title V Operating Permit for the Subtitle D landfill.
The County is in compliance with the Title V Operating Permit thusly are not in violation of any SIP
requirements.
6.2 Open Burning of Waste 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (5) (b), open burning of solid waste, except for the infrequent
burning of land clearing debris generated on site or debris from emergency clean‐up operations, is
prohibited at all MSWLF units. Any such infrequent burning must be approved by the Division of
Waste Management.
6.3 Fire Protection Equipment 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (5) (c), equipment shall be provided to control accidental
fires or arrangements shall be made with the local fire protection agency to immediately provide
firefighting services when needed. Fires that break out close to the surface of the fill area should be
dug out and smothered with cover material. Deep fires should be smothered out by placing moist soil
on the surface and by constructing soil barriers around the fire. Where the smothering technique fails,
the burning material must be excavated and smothered or quenched with water once the burning
material is brought to the surface. Water is usually not effective unless it can be directly applied to the
burning material.
6.4 Notification of Fire 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (5) (d), fires that occur at the MSWLF require verbal notice
to the Division of Solid Waste Management within 24 hours and written notification shall be
submitted within 15 days. Verbal and written notification shall be submitted to:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Waste Management
Solid Waste Section
1646 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699‐1646
(919) 508‐8400

7‐1 
Section 7 – Access and Safety Requirements  
Operation Plan 
7.1 Landfill Access and Security 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (a), the Buncombe County Subtitle D Landfill provides
adequate security by means of gates, chains, berms, fences and other security measures approved by
the Division of Waste Management to prevent unauthorized entry.
All vehicles disposing of waste at the facility enter and leave through the access control gate. All
waste entering the landfill must be weighed in at the scalehouse where a full‐time Scale Operator
verifies compliance with operation requirements. Unauthorized vehicle access to the site is prevented
around the remaining portion of the landfill property by woods, natural topography, and storm water
ditches.
7.2 Attendant 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (b), an attendant is on duty at the site at all times while
the facility is open for public use to ensure compliance with operational requirements.
A full‐time Scale Operator is located in the scale house during operating hours. The Scale Operator
verifies compliance with operation requirements. In addition, a Facility Supervisor is present on‐site
at all times during operation.
7.3 Access Road  
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (c), the access road to the site was constructed for all‐
weather conditions and maintained in good condition. Potholes, ruts, and debris on the roads will
receive immediate attention in order to avoid damage to vehicles. Access roads are regraded as
necessary to maintain positive slope for adequate drainage.
7.4 Dust Control 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (d), dust control measures are implemented when
necessary. Minimum dust control includes a water truck for wetting of dusty roads. Petroleum
products are not used for dust control.
7.5 Signs 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (e), a sign providing information on disposal procedures,
operation hours, tipping fee, permit number, and other pertinent information is clearly posted at the
site entrance.
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (f), a sign is clearly posted stating that no hazardous or
liquid waste can be received.
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (g), traffic signs or markers are provided as necessary to
promote an orderly traffic pattern to and from the discharge area and to maintain efficient operating
conditions.
Section 7    Access and Safety Requirements – Operation Plan 

  7‐2 
7.6 Waste Removal Scavenging Policy 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (h), the removal of solid waste from the landfill is
prohibited unless the County approves and the removal is not on the working face.
7.7 Barrel and Drum Disposal 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (6) (i), barrels and drums are not disposed of unless they are
empty and perforated sufficiently to ensure that no liquid or hazardous waste is contained therein.

  8‐1 
Section 8 – Erosion and Sediment Control 
Requirements  
Operation Plan 
8.1 Control of Sediment 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (7) (a), adequate sediment control measures shall be utilized
to capture and control sediment in order to prevent sediment from impacting wetlands and off‐site
properties.
Surface water runoff passing through the landfill site is diverted to sediment ponds by the use of
ditches, berms, and pipes as shown on the Engineering Plan Drawings. Stormwater sediment ponds
shall be constructed in accordance with the approved Sediment and Erosion Control Plan for control
of on‐site stormwater run off and sediment transport from landfill operation.
The sediment ponds have been designed in such a manner that releases will not overload downstream
drainage features or damage adjacent property. Sediment accumulated in the ponds shall be removed
as specified in the approved Erosion Control permit. Silt gages shall be installed in all ponds as shown
on the Detail Sheets in the Engineering Plan. Ditches require frequent inspection for sediment
buildup. At a minimum, the sediment buildup should be assessed after all significant rain events.
8.2 On‐Site Erosion Control 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (7) (b), adequate erosion control measures, shall be utilized
to prevent excessive on‐site erosion of slopes and roadways.
Erosion control measures shall include:
A. Disturbing as little area as practical at any one time for landfilling operations.
B. Seeding/mulching of all disturbed areas commencing as soon as practically possible. Employing
erosion netting or sod on steep slopes and other erosion prone areas.
C. Use of earthen berms, hay bales, silt fences, riprap or equivalent devices down‐ gradient of
disturbed areas, stockpiles, around drainage pipes inlets and outlets and at intervals along
grassed waterways, until such time as permanent vegetation is established.
D. Placement of riprap at the inlets and outlets of storm water piping.
Section 8    Erosion and Sediment Control – Operation Plan 

  8‐2 
8.3 Vegetative Cover  
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (7) (c), vegetative ground cover sufficient to restrain erosion
must be established within 30 working days or 120 calendar days upon completion of any phase of
landfill development.
Riprap, haybales, or other acceptable temporary methods of erosion control may be required until
permanent cover is established. Areas where final grade has been reached can be stabilized by
mulching until a vegetative cover is established. Soil mulching can be achieved using wood chips,
straw, hay, asphalt emulsion, jute matting, and synthetic fibers. Mulches allow for greater water
retention; reduce the amount of runoff; retain seeds, fertilizer, and lime in place; and, improve soil
moisture and temperature conditions.
Temporary seeding shall be applied in accordance with the current NC Erosion and Sediment Control
Planning and Design Manual.

  9‐1 
Section 9 – Drainage Control and Water Protection 
Requirements 
Operation Plan 
9.1 Surface Water Diverted From Operation Area 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (8) (a), surface water shall be diverted from the operational
area. Excessive surface water at the working face creates difficulties for maneuvering equipment and
prevents the operator from achieving maximum compaction of the waste. To divert surface runoff
away from the working face, temporary diversion berms shall be installed on the current lift, up‐
gradient from the working face and in other locations as dictated by the direction of grade. The area
between the temporary berm and the working face should be limited to one acre to prevent excessive
ponding. The soil cover in the areas beyond the diversion berms shall be uniformly graded and
compacted to prevent the formation of erosion channels. In the event that channels do form, the cover
shall be promptly repaired. During the formation of the initial lift of each disposal unit additional
measures shall be employed to divert surface water.
For portions of the disposal unit that have not yet received waste, surface water will be diverted by
the stormwater segregation system located in the southern half of Phase IV as shown on the
Engineering Plan Drawings. Since the surface water that will pond at the stormwater segregation area
is clean stormwater, it can pumped from the disposal unit to the stormwater management system.
Prior to disposal activity moving into the southern area, County staff will remove the stormwater
segregation berm, tarp, and pumping system.
9.2 Surface Water Shall Not Be Impounded Over Waste 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (8) (b), surface water shall not be impounded over or in
waste. Completed areas shall be adequately sloped at a minimum of 4% to allow surface water runoff
in a controlled manner.
9.3 Waste Shall Not Be Disposed Of In Water 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (8) (c), solid waste shall not be disposed of in water. Based
on design, the minimum four foot separation from the seasonal high groundwater table to the bottom
of the liner system will be maintained at all times.
9.4 Leachate Collection and Disposal 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (8) (d), leachate shall be contained on‐site or properly
treated prior to discharge. An NPDES permit is required for surface discharge prior to discharge of
leachate to surface waters.
Leachate generated will be collected and disposed in accordance with the leachate management plan
provided in Section 13.
Section 9    Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements – Operation Plan 

  9‐2 
9.5 Leachate Discharge 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (8) (e) (i), MSWLF units shall not cause a discharge of
pollutants into waters of the United States, including wetlands, that violate any requirements of the
Clean Water Act, including, but not limited to, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) requirements, pursuant to Section 402.
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (8) (e) (ii), MSWLF units shall not cause a discharge of a
nonpoint source of pollution to waters of the United States, including wetlands, that violates any
requirement of an area‐wide or State wide water quality management plan that has been approved
under Section 208 or 319 of the Clean Water Act, as amended.
Leachate generated is contained on‐site. The management system is discussed in Section 13.

  10‐1 
Section 10 – Liquid Restrictions 
Operation Plan 
Liquid waste is defined as any waste material that is determined to contain "free liquid" as defined by
Method 9095 (Paint Filter Liquids Test). A description of how to conduct a paint filter test is included
in Section 10.3.
10.1 Bulk or Non‐Containerized Liquid Waste 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (9) (a), bulk or non‐containerized liquid waste may not be
placed in a MSWLF unit unless:
 The waste is liquid household waste other than septic waste and waste oil.
 The waste is leachate or gas condensate from gas recovery derived from the MSWLF unit,
whether it is a new or existing MSWLF unit or lateral expansion, is designed with a composite
liner and leachate collection system per North Carolina Solid Waste Management Rules (Rule
.1624).
10.2 Containerized Liquid Waste 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (9) (b), containers holding liquid wastes may not be placed in
MSWLF units unless:
 The container is small and similar in size to that normally found in household waste containing
liquid waste,
 The container is designed to hold liquids for use other than storage; and,
 The waste is household waste.
10.3 Paint Filter Test 
According to 40 CFR 264.314 and 265.314, the placement of any liquid which is not a hazardous waste
in a landfill is prohibited unless the owner or operator of such landfill demonstrates to the Regional
Administrator, or the Regional Administrator determines that:
 The only reasonably available alternative to the placement in such landfill is placement in a
landfill or unlined surface impoundment, whether or not permitted or operating under interim
status, which contains, or may reasonably be anticipated to contain, hazardous waste.
 Placement in such landfill will not present a risk of contamination of any underground source of
drinking water.
To demonstrate the absence or presence of free liquids in either a containerized or bulk waste, the
following test must be used: Method 9095 (Paint Filter Test). This method is used to determine
compliance with 40 CFR 264.314 and 265.314.
Section 10    Liquid Restrictions – Operation Plan 

  10‐2 
To conduct the Paint Filter Tests, a pre‐determined amount of material is placed in a paint filter. If any
portion of the material passes through and drops from the filter within the 5‐minute test period, the
material is deemed to contain free liquids. The test apparatus and materials are presented in Figure
10‐1. The paint filter is required to be a conical paint filter mesh number 60 (fine meshed size). If the
paint filter, with the waste, cannot sustain its weight on the ring stand, then a fluted glass funnel or
glass funnel with a mouth large enough to allow at least 1 inch of the filter mesh to protrude should be
used to support the filter. The funnel is to be fluted or have a large open mouth in order to support
the paint filter yet not interfere with the movement, to the graduated cylinder, of the liquid that passes
through the filter mesh.
Section 10    Liquid Restrictions – Operation Plan 

  10‐3 

  11‐1 
Section 11 – Recordkeeping Requirements 
Operation Plan 
11.1 Regulatory Requirements 
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (10), the owner or operator of a MSWLF unit must record
and retain at the facility, or an alternative location near the facility approved by the Division, the
following information as it becomes available:
 Inspection records, waste determination records, and training procedures;
 Amount by weight of solid waste received at the facility to include source of generation;
 Gas monitoring (methane monitoring) results and any remediation plans;
 Any demonstration, certification, findings, monitoring, testing, or analytical data required for
groundwater monitoring requirements, groundwater monitoring systems, groundwater
sampling and analysis requirements, detection monitoring, assessment monitoring, assessment
of corrective measures, selection of remedy, and implementation of corrective action program;
 Any monitoring, testing, or analytical data required for Closure and Post‐Closure Plans;
 Any cost estimates and financial assurance documentation required by financial assurance
requirements;
All information contained in the operating record must be furnished upon request to the Division or
be made available at all reasonable times for inspection by the Division. The owner or operator must
maintain a copy of the operation plan required by Rule .1625 at the facility.
The County will keep all required documentation either at the scale house or administration building
at the facility entrance.
11.2 Permit File 
A file containing all appropriate permits should be kept on site. The file shall include the following
permits at the minimum:
 Current solid waste permits (Permit to Construct and Permit to Operate);
 Sediment and Erosion Control Permits;
 Applicable NPDES Stormwater Permits; and
 Applicable leachate disposal permit

  12‐1 
Section 12 – Spreading and Compacting of Waste  
Operation Plan 
12.1 Solid Waste Working Area  
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (11) (a), operators shall restrict solid waste within MSWLF
units to the smallest area feasible. The working face is defined as where waste is unloaded, inspected,
spread, compacted, and ultimately covered with cover material. The working face shall be wide
enough to prevent a backlog of vehicles waiting to unload and to allow adequate working space for
landfill equipment. At a maximum, the width of the working face shall not exceed 100 feet.
12.2 Solid Waste Compaction  
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (11) (b), solid waste shall be compacted as densely as
practical into cells. After solid waste is discharged from vehicles, it shall be inspected for unacceptable
items and subsequently spread on the working face not steeper than four feet horizontal to one foot
vertical in layers not to exceed 2 feet in thickness. All areas of each layer shall be compacted by at
least four passes of a compactor in order to achieve a minimum waste density of approximately 1,000
pounds per cubic yard.
12.3 Controlling Wind Blown Material  
In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (11) (c), appropriate methods such as fencing and diking
shall be provided as needed within the landfill area to confine solid waste subject to be blown by the
wind.
Portable litter screens shall be placed downwind of the working face as needed. The screens shall be
kept as close to the working area as possible without unduly interfering with landfill operations. The
screens shall be moved promptly when required by change in wind direction or progress of the fill.
Additional screens or alternative measures may be required to prevent blowing litter from escaping
the working area.
At the conclusion of each day of operation, windblown material at the landfill site shall be collected
and returned to the working face.

  13‐1 
Section 13 – Leachate Management Plan 
Operation Plan 
This plan has been prepared in accordance with Rule .1626 (12) and the Leachate Spill Corrective
Action/Permit to Operate dated July 2008.
13.1 Maintenance and Inspection of the Leachate Pond and 
Collection System 
The maintenance plan has been prepared in accordance with Rule .1626 (12) (a).
13.1.1  System Design 
The leachate collection pipes within the municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) cells convey collected
leachate by gravity to a sump area, where a submersible pump pumps leachate to the lined leachate
pond located south of the landfill. Cleanouts are located at the upstream ends of the collection pipes,
and at the sump area low point. A submersible pump at the leachate pond can pump leachate through
a flow metering vault, to a truck loading station, where tank trucks can be filled to haul leachate to the
Metropolitan Sewerage District (MSD) wastewater treatment plant. The pond serves as an
equalization basin to absorb peak flows coming from the submersible pumps in each cell.
Each leachate pump station is provided with numerical identification at the leachate pump control
panel. One pump control panel is provided for each submersible leachate pump station and is
provided in a common enclosure. The control panel is programmed to respond to the liquid level
sensor to automatically start and stop pumps in response to changes in liquid levels and to allow
manual control of the sump when needed. Each control panel is equipped with visual and audible high
level alarms programmed to activate when the leachate levels exceed one foot of head.
13.1.2  Leachate Pond 
Inspection of the leachate pond constructed, visible surfaces are made on an annual basis by County
staff. Any stored leachate and sediment in the pond is removed so that the pond bottom is visible. The
inspector performs a thorough walkover of the pond bottom, surveying the protective layer for any
signs of damage, such as cracks, tears, gouges, uplift, or soft spots. Observations are recorded and
photographs taken of the areas of concern and placed in the operating record.
If damage or potential problems are discovered, they should be reported to the facility supervisor so
that repairs may be made as soon as possible. All repair activities should be recorded. The pond
should be put back on‐line as soon as possible, to minimize leachate storage time within the sump
areas in the cells.
13.1.3  Leachate Collection System 
The perforated leachate collection piping will be pressure cleaned and flushed to remove any
accumulation of debris, sediment, or organic growth, which will be achieved by inserting a self‐
propelled, high pressure jetting system into the collection pipes by way of the clean‐out ports. Remote
camera inspections and cleaning of the leachate collection lines shall occur, following after
construction, and at least once every five years thereafter.
Section 13    Leachate Management Plan – Operation Plan 

  13‐2 
The sump control panels are visually inspected during weekly leachate quantity data collection to
ensure proper audio and visual alarm operations, reset functions and normal operations performance.
Any components not properly functioning shall be promptly repaired or replaced.
Flow meter operation is validated by comparing the recorded flows at each individual sump. Flow
meters not properly operating will be removed and replaced.
The operator also, on a weekly basis, visually observes the landfill sideslopes for leachate breakouts
and the perimeter berm for staining, which would indicate a potential pipe failure. All exposed
leachate piping shall also be monitored for leaks.
In addition to weekly observations, the operator, after substantial rainfall events equal to or exceeding
½ inch, observes the landfill sideslopes for leachate breakouts, leaks or pipe failures.
13.2 Leachate Monitoring 
13.2.1 Quantitative Monitoring 
Per Rule .1626 (12) (b), the County maintains leachate generation records. Each sump pump station is
designed with a flow meter to measure the leachate generated from each cell. The operator reads and
registers the leachate flows on a weekly basis at each of the sump pump stations.
The information collected includes the date, time, leachate quantity (in gallons), pump run time,
leachate levels, and the name of the person taking measurements. Weekly measurements recorded at
each sump pump station are used to detect potential pump malfunction. While taking weekly sump
readings the operator also records the leachate level within the leachate pond. Should the leachate
pond minimum freeboard level of 12 inches be exceeded, the NCDENR will be notified immediately.
Leachate that is trucked off‐site is also recorded.
13.2.2 Qualitative Monitoring 
Per Rule .1626 (12) (c) semi‐annual leachate quality sampling is required and is completed by the
County.
13.2.3 Recordkeeping 
All records are maintained at the landfill by the operator and made available to Solid Waste Section
(SWS) personnel for inspection when requested.
13.3 Leachate Disposal Approval 
Per Rule .1626 (12) (d), approval for final leachate disposal is required. Leachate from the landfill is
pumped from the leachate pond to the truck loading station, which fills trucks used to haul the
leachate to the MSD sanitary sewer system for final disposal. An approval letter from MSD stating that
they will accept the landfill leachate is included in the operating records.
13.4 Leachate Management Contingency Plan 
The leachate management contingency plan is prepared in accordance with Rule .1626 (12) (e).
Section 13    Leachate Management Plan – Operation Plan 

  13‐3 
13.4.1 Leachate Sump Pump Station 
Should a pump station not appear to be functioning properly, based upon weekly monitoring records,
the pump will be removed and evaluated in accordance with manufacturer recommendations. If
troubleshooting techniques do not provide a prompt resolution, one of the spare pumps located on‐
site will be installed in its place and necessary repairs will be made.
Should power be lost at the site, the pump station control panels are equipped with receptacles for a
portable emergency generator to operate the pump stations until power is restored. A portable
emergency generator will be available within 12 hours and used in the event of a power outage.
13.4.2 Leachate Storage 
During periods when components of the leachate pond pump station are inoperative or down for
maintenance, or when storm flows are extremely high, excessive leachate will be dealt with using
either of two contingency plans.
The storage capacity of the leachate pond is approximately 1,000,000 gallons, when completely full to
within 12 inches of the top of the pond liner. This will provide up to 17 days of storage during peak
leachate flow periods, and about 69 days storage for average annual daily flows. If surface
evaporation rates are considered, even longer storage periods can be achieved. This volume is also
adequate to capture the leachate from the peak rainfall event from the five years of rainfall data used
in the HELP model leachate projections (assuming several acres of open cell area with only the first
solid waste lift installed) and still have reserve capacity for additional daily flows. Therefore,
considerable storage capability is provided by the leachate pond for periods of unusually high
precipitation or unusual operating conditions.
Should a period of substantial rainfall persist, and the leachate pond approach full stage, the pumping
stations can be turned off. The leachate would be temporarily stored in the disposal cells until the
level in the pond is adequately reduced. The cells would be monitored daily to ensure that overflow
does not occur. If the leachate pond encroaches to within 6 inches of the ponds 12‐inch freeboard (18
inches from the top of the pond liner), leachate hauling will be increased to a frequency adequate to
deplete the leachate volume in the storage pond to an acceptable level.
Should power be lost at the site, the pump station control panel at the leachate pond is equipped with
receptacles for a portable emergency generator, to operate the pumps long enough to control leachate
flow volumes. A portable emergency generator will be available within 12 hours of a power outage.
13.4.3 Leachate Breakout 
In the event of a breakout, leak or pipe failure, the County will immediately notify SWS and identify the
areas contaminated by the breakout/leak/pipe failure, if any. Should leachate collect in a sediment
pond or other surface waters, the County will analyze the contaminated water for the Appendix 1 list
of constituents and BOD5, COD, phosphate, nitrate and sulfate. The sample results will be forwarded
to SWS and used to determine whether the pond or surface waters are impacted by the release.

Operation Plan   
Appendix 5A – Operation Drawings

Operation Plan   
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 

i 
Table of Contents  

Section 5B: 1 Introduction
Section 5B: 2 Overview of Waste Screening Plan
Section 5B: 3 Regulatory Background
5B: 3.1 Federal and State Regulations ................................................................................................................. 3‐1
5B: 3.2 Materials Prohibited From MSW Landfilling ..................................................................................... 3‐1
5B: 3.3 County Regulations ....................................................................................................................................... 3‐2
Section 5B: 4 Applicability
Section 5B: 5 North Carolina Solid Waste Determination Process
Section 5B: 6 Training
Section 5B: 7 Designated Area For Waste Screening
Section 5B: 8 Identifying Suspicious Waste Loads via Standard Landfill Operation
Section 5B: 9 Random Inspections of Incoming Loads
5B: 9.1 Selecting Loads for Sampling .................................................................................................................... 9‐1
5B: 9.2 Screening the Wasteloads .......................................................................................................................... 9‐1
5B: 9.3 Procedures ........................................................................................................................................................ 9‐1
Section 5B: 10 Records of Inspections
Section 5B: 11 Contingency Plan
Section 5B: 12 Responsible Party
Section 5B: 13 Fines and Penalties

Figures 
5B: 10‐1 Record of Inspection Form ..................................................................................................................... 10‐2

March 2014 
1‐1 
Section 5B: 1 – Introduction  
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

This Waste Screening Plan sets forth the procedures and programs implemented by the solid waste
management staff of Buncombe County to identify and safely dispose of unauthorized wastes brought
to the County owned landfill. This plan also presents the procedures and policies established by the
County that comply with state and federal regulations requiring random waste screening by owners of
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (MSWLF).
Buncombe County solid waste management staff manages the disposal of solid wastes in accordance
with state and federal regulations and in a manner that protects the public health, safety, and welfare
of the residents of Buncombe County. Some of the standard operating procedures at the landfill are
designed to insure that unauthorized wastes, as defined by state and federal regulations, are not
landfilled.
Current County programs and procedures fulfill some state and federal regulations for waste
screening to detect or prevent landfilling of prohibited or unauthorized solid wastes. Some of these
programs and facilities include:
 Hazardous waste awareness certification training for landfill staff
 County owned and operated drop‐off facilities for lead acid batteries, yard wastes, white goods,
and whole scrap tires

March 2014
2‐1 
Section 5B: 2 – Overview of Waste Screening Plan  
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

This Waste Screening Plan presents the standard operating procedures at the County landfill. It
presents the procedures and contingency plan that the County will implement to comply with
applicable state and federal regulations.
This Waste Screening Plan:
 identifies the federal and state regulatory authority for prohibiting the landfilling of certain
categories of solid waste;
 identifies and defines the wastes to which waste screening applies;
 describes the required training for facility personnel; and, describes the designated area to be
used to screen waste loads;
 presents the procedures, decisions, and actions which will be taken if a waste load is suspected
of containing or is found to contain a waste covered by this plan;
 explains how records of inspections will be kept and how notification of the proper authorities
will take place if prohibited waste is discovered; and
 clarifies the financial and legal responsibility of the County and the waste haulers who brings
the prohibited waste to the landfills.

March 2014 
3‐1 
Section 5B: 3 – Regulatory Background    
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

Federal, state, and county regulations each prohibit certain categories of waste from being landfilled.
This section presents the regulatory authority prohibiting certain categories of waste from being
landfilled and the requirement for waste screening.
5B: 3.1 Federal and State Regulations 
US EPA Subtitle D, Subpart C Operating Criteria, 40 CFR Section 258.20 (Procedures for Excluding the
Receipt of Hazardous Waste) and North Carolina State Solid Waste Management Rules Title 15A NCAC
13B .1626 (1)(f) require that owners or operators of all MSWLF units to implement a program at the
facility for detecting and preventing the disposal of regulated quantities of hazardous wastes and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) waste. This program must include:
 random inspections of incoming loads,
 records of any inspections,
 training of facility personnel to recognize regulated hazardous waste and PCB waste, and,
 a contingency plan including notification to authorized state or EPA RCRA Subtitle C
administrator if a regulated hazardous waste is discovered at the facility.
5B: 3.2 Materials Prohibited From MSW Landfilling 
By North Carolina and federal regulations, a MSWLF shall only accept for landfilling those solid wastes
which it is permitted to receive. According to Rule .1626(1)(b), the following wastes are prohibited
from disposal at a MSWLF unit:
 Hazardous waste as defined within 15A NCAC 13 A, to also include hazardous waste from
conditionally exempt small quantity generators.
 PCB wastes as defined in 40 CFR 761.
 Liquid wastes unless it is household waste other than septic tank waste or waste oil.
 Containers holding liquid waste unless the container is a small container similar in size to those
normally found in household wastes.
Section B3    Regulatory Background 

  March 2014 
3‐2 
5B: 3.3 County Regulations 
Buncombe County only accepts materials for disposal it is permitted to receive by the state solid waste
permit. This is limited to materials which comply with federal and state regulations as acceptable for
MSW landfilling. Special wastes which receive state approval as described in Section 5B: 5 of this plan
are accepted.
Buncombe County reserves the right to turn away any waste hauling vehicle containing materials it is
not permitted to accept based on federal or state regulations and which in its judgment require special
handling and cannot safely be managed by the operating staff of the Buncombe County landfill.
Cardboard disposal is prohibited based on County Ordinance No. 95‐1‐2. Section III, No. 2., states that
corrugated cardboard in trucks, roll‐offs, or flat beds which contain more than 5% by weight or
volume is prohibited and the hauler will be fined. Also prohibited from disposal are sharps and
medical waste.
Sharps generated from a household shall be accepted at the Buncombe County Transfer Station in a
specified, puncture proof container. The sharps container is transported to a medical waste disposal
company. Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility’s Landfill does not accept sharps. The
Landfill operators and manager have the right to reject properly packaged sharps or treated regulated
medical waste for disposal in the landfill, even if state regulations allow landfill disposal of such
wastes.
Medical Waste as defined above is not accepted at the Buncombe County Solid Waste Management
Facility’s Landfill. If a load contains this material, the generator will be determined, if possible, and
will be assessed civil penalties and will be required to cover all costs associated with removal,
treatment and safe disposal of such material.

March 2014 
4‐1 
Section 5B: 4 ‐ Applicability   
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

This Waste Screening Plan and related programs apply to all wastes regulated as hazardous waste as
defined by Subpart D of 40 Code of Federal Register (CFR) Part 261; wastes which exhibit hazardous
characteristics (including ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity) as defined in Subpart C of 40
CFR 261; wastes which are a mixture of hazardous and non‐hazardous wastes; and PCB wastes as
defined by 40 CFR Section 761.60.
This plan does not address: residential solid waste; waste that is exempt as a conditional small
quantity as defined by 40 CFR Section 261.4(b) and 261.5; or, small quantities of PCB's found in items
such as fluorescent ballasts and small capacitors typically found in consumer electric appliances. This
plan does not apply to yard waste and scrap tires which are prohibited from landfilling primarily for
recycling and waste reduction reasons. This plan does not apply to wastes that have been
conditionally approved for landfilling by Buncombe County based on approval by North Carolina
Department of Environment, and Natural Resources (NCDENR) through the "waste determination"
process as described in Section 5B: 5 of this plan.

March 2014 
5‐1 

Section 5B: 5 – North Carolina Solid Waste    
Determination Process 
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

Some industrial and manufacturing solid wastes that may, by definition, be regulated and prohibited
from being landfilled can be accepted for landfilling by Buncombe County if determined to be safe by
the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). A letter detailing
the waste determination and the associated appropriate laboratory analysis must be completed by the
generator, approved by NCDENR, and submitted to Buncombe County to receive this conditional
approval for landfilling. When this waste is hauled to the landfill, the hauler must provide a letter
verifying that the County has agreed to accept the waste.
Special waste disposal requires prior approval.

March 2014 
6‐1 
Section 5B: 6 ‐ Training  
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

The Buncombe County Solid Waste Inspector should be certified by satisfactorily completing SWANA’s
Landfill Operations Specialist Course or similar. All County solid waste management staff are
encouraged to complete this training. The Solid Waste Inspector has been instructed in the
procedures, as described in this plan, to follow if hazardous or regulated waste is identified or
suspected in a waste load received at the landfill.

March 2014 
7‐1 
Section 5B: 7 – Designated Area for Waste 
Screening  
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

Waste screening occurs at the working face of the landfill and in general accordance with the
following:
 inside the landfill site on property owned and managed by the County;
 accessible to truck traffic;
 at least 100 feet within the landfill's disposal boundaries; and
 on leveled ground.
Waste loads selected for random screening and suspicious waste loads are visually observed at the
working face. The composition of the load is visually observed and documented; if any items are
required to be recycled or disposed of separately (such as tires, televisions, paint, etc.), the driver will
be asked to offload those in the designated area. If the load contains hazardous or other wastes
prohibited from being landfilled, the driver is questioned as to the origin of the load and, if necessary,
the originator of such waste will be required to cover all costs associated with removal, treatment, and
safe disposal of that waste load as well as any contaminated soil and surrounding natural features
which occurred because of the prohibited waste. Verification of proper disposal of the waste and any
additional and reasonable testing of the soil and water in the designated area, necessary to insure that
no contamination remains, are the legal and financial responsibility of the party who brought the
waste to the landfill.

  March 2014 
8‐1 
Section 5B: 8 – Identifying Suspicious Waste Loads 
Via Standard Landfill Operation   
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

As part of the standard operating procedures at Buncombe County landfill, all drivers of incoming
loads are questioned about the content and source of their wasteload. Scale house operators and
landfill staff, trained as per Section 5B: 6 to recognize hazardous waste and wastes prohibited from
being landfilled, have the authority to:
 detain a waste load from being unloaded at the working face of the landfill,
 request additional information from the driver about the wasteload,
 divert the driver,
 temporarily prohibit the wasteload from being deposited at the working face, and
 contact the landfill supervisor who has the authority to reject the waste load.
The procedure begins with a visual observation by landfill staff and a questioning of the driver as to
the contents of the wasteload. Drivers of suspicious loads are asked if they have an approved waste
determination letter as described in Section 5B: 5. Files are searched to verify whether or not this
letter exists for the load in question. Depending on the satisfactory answering of these questions and
the judgment of the landfill staff, either the load is disposed of at the working face or the landfill
supervisor is contacted, a waste screening form/record of inspection is completed, and a further
screening of the waste load takes place. If a wasteload is suspected of containing hazardous or
prohibited materials covered by this plan, the waste hauler and the Buncombe County Solid Waste
Inspector are immediately contacted and requested to send an authorized representative to the site of
the wasteload. The driver and truck are released as soon as they have adequately completed their
sections on the waste screening form and the waste hauler has been reached. If the wasteload was
deposited at the working face, the wasteload is not moved or altered. Landfill operations will be
moved away from the load until a final disposition can take place. Based on the discretion of the
landfill supervisor and the County's Solid Waste Inspector, Buncombe County Emergency
Management (BCEM) may be contacted to come to the site and determine if the materials are
hazardous or prohibited waste.
If the waste is determined to be non‐hazardous and is permitted for landfilling under state, federal,
and county laws, the County will absorb the cost for the testing by BCEM. If the waste is found to be
hazardous or prohibited, the hauler will be billed for the testing by BCEM and be required to
immediately remove the waste and demonstrate to the County and the State that it was disposed of
properly. The hauler will also be required to cover all costs associated with site clean‐up and
verification that the site is safe. If the waste is not removed within 24 hours as required, the County
Section B8    Identifying Suspicious Waste Loads Via Standard Landfill Operation 

  March 2014 
8‐2 
shall have the waste removed and disposed of properly and bill the waste hauler for all the costs
associated with its removal and site cleanup and repair.
Within one business day, the County will notify NCDENR and the waste hauler, make documentation
of the load and contents and generator, the attempted illegal disposal of prohibited waste, the actions
taken by the County, and the disposition of the waste. All future waste loads from a hauler found to be
in violation by attempting to dispose of hazardous and prohibited materials in the Buncombe County
sanitary landfill, may be subject to additional waste screening. This additional screening may include
screening every load of the hauler who has been previously found to be in violation.

March 2014 
9‐1 

Section 5B: 9 – Random Inspections of Incoming 
Loads 
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

While all loads entering the landfill are visually screened by landfill staff, they are generally not
inspected in detail. Therefore random inspections are used to provide a reasonable means to
adequately control the receipt of prohibited wastes.
5B: 9.1 Selecting Loads for Sampling 
In accordance with SWANA training courses, random inspections of incoming loads is based on 1% of
weight received per day.
5B: 9.2 Screening the Wasteloads 
Waste loads selected for random screening will be visually inspected at the working face. The waste
screening form will be completed for all loads selected for screening. Upon answering the necessary
questions for the waste screening form and unloading the waste load, the driver and truck may be
released. Because this load has been randomly selected for waste screening, this release of the driver
and vehicle is not intended to imply the County accepts the waste load.
The waste will be spread over the area for easy visual observation. Care should be used not to break
open any containers or drums. Containers and drums that are not easily identifiable or whose
contents cannot be seen should be opened by properly trained waste screening personnel. Only
trained waste screening personnel, wearing protective safety equipment should come in physical
contact with the waste contained in the load selected for screening.
Upon verification that the solid waste passes the screening and is acceptable, Buncombe County will
officially accept it for disposal.
All wastes suspected of being hazardous will be handled and stored as hazardous until proven
otherwise. Some hazardous and prohibited waste testing at the landfill will be conducted by BCEM if
hazard warrants or other registered hazardous waste contractor hired by the County.
5B: 9.3 Procedures 
If a waste load is suspected of containing materials covered by this plan, the waste hauler and County
Solid Waste Inspector are immediately to be contacted and requested to send an authorized
representative to the site of the wasteload. The driver and truck are released when the waste hauler
has been reached and the solid waste manager authorizes. Based on the discretion of the landfill
supervisor and the County Solid Waste Inspector, BCEM may be contacted to come to the site and
determine if the materials are hazardous or prohibited wastes.
Section A9    Random Inspections of Incoming Loads 

  March 2014 
9‐2 
If the wastes are determined to be non‐hazardous and are permitted for landfilling under state,
federal, and county laws, the County absorbs the cost for the testing. If the wastes are found to be
hazardous or prohibited, the hauler will be billed for the testing and be required to immediately
remove the wastes and demonstrate to the County and the State that they were disposed of properly.
The hauler will also be required to cover all costs associated with site clean‐up and verification that
the site is safe. If the wastes are not removed within 24 hours, as required by the County, the County
shall have the wastes removed and disposed of properly and bill the waste hauler for all the costs
associated with their removal and site cleanup and repair.
The landfill owner or operator shall notify the Division with 24 hours of attempted disposal of
prohibited waste. If a hauler is found to have attempted to dispose of hazardous or prohibited
materials in the Buncombe County sanitary landfill, future additional waste screening for that hauler
may be required. This additional screening could include screening every load of the hauler who has
been previously found to be in violation. The County also reserves the right to refuse all future waste
loads from a hauler found to be in violation.

  March 2014 
10‐1 

Section 5B: 10 – Records of Inspections 
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

Figure 5B: 10‐1 presents a sample waste screening inspection form. It, or a similar form, will be
completed for every wasteload screened through the random inspection program and for every
incident where landfill staff suspect a waste load contains prohibited or hazardous waste and the
driver cannot verify that these suspicions are false. The form will be completed by landfill staff, waste
screening staff, and if appropriate signed by the waste driver. One copy will be kept on file at the
landfill where the wasteload was received. If the waste load is found to contain materials that are
prohibited or hazardous based on this plan, copies of the form will be sent to the NCDENR and the
waste hauler.
WASTE SCREENING 
FINED:          YES            NO 
AREA:  1 2 3 4 
DATE: __________________________ 
HAULER: ____________________________________TRUCK #__________BOX #____________ 
DRIVER: ______________________________TIME:_____INSPECTION:  VISUAL     OFF‐LOADED 
CONTAINER TYPE:    ROLLOFF         COMPACTOR      OTHER______________________________ 
GROSS WEIGHT: _______________ TARE WEIGHT: _____________NET WEIGHT: ___________ 
ORIGIN OF LOAD: _______________________________________________________________ 

LOAD COMPOSITION (BY %) 
ALUMINUM NON‐FERROUS TEXTILES 
CARDBOARD PAPER TIRES 
FERROUS PLASTIC WOOD/PALLETS 
GLASS TEXTILES OTHER 
ITEMS PULLED OUT OF LOAD:  

DESCRIPTION OF DUMPED LOAD: __________________________________________________ 
______________________________________________________________________________ 

___________________________________________ 
SOLID WASTE INSPECTOR NAME 

BUNCOMBE COUNTY LANDFILL, 81 PANTHER BRANCH ROAD, ALEXANDER, NC 
SOLID WASTE DEPARTMENT  

  March 2014 
11‐1 

Section 5B: 11 – Contingency Plan 
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 

If during a random screening or during regular operation of the landfill, hazardous materials or
materials defined by this waste screening plan as dangerous are discovered at the landfill, the landfill
supervisor on duty has the authority to contact appropriate emergency personnel (911) and request
their immediate action to remove and safely dispose of the prohibited waste. All telephone and
written notification will take place within the first business day of the discovery of such materials. A
completed waste screening form, letters of notification, and test results will be filed as required in
Section 5B: 10.

  March 2014 
12‐1 

Section 5B: 12 – Responsibility Party 
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 
Legal responsibility for all waste entering the landfill remains with the waste hauler until such a time
that it is determined to be permitted solid waste and is accepted by the County. The County does not
accept the legal responsibility for waste which is prohibited from being landfilled in a sanitary landfill.
The hauler is defined as the responsible party who attempted to, either knowingly or unknowingly,
illegally deposited the prohibited waste in the landfill. The hauler shall be billed by the County for all
costs associated with illegal disposal non‐acceptable of solid waste. This includes, but is not limited to,
costs in testing the waste, removing the waste from the sanitary landfill, for the cost of transporting
the waste to an appropriate waste management facility, for the disposal fee, and for all necessary and
related site clean‐up and testing.
If after testing at the landfill by BCEM or the County's authorized contractor, the waste load is found to
be materials which can legally be landfilled, the County will accept legal responsibility for it. The
County or their contractor (as per contract agreement) will absorb all costs for testing and removal or
disposal of the waste.
If BCEM or the County's authorized contractor, finds that the waste load contains hazardous or
regulated materials that should not be landfilled, the County will not absorb the costs for any further
testing either at the landfill or at another laboratory. If further testing by other laboratories indicate
the materials could legally be landfilled, the County will be assumed to have "acted in good faith" to
protect the public health and safety by refusing to landfill the waste. The County will not reimburse
any cost associated with removal of the materials from the landfill site or its subsequent testing or
disposal.

  March 2014 
13‐1 

Section 5B: 13 – Fines and Penalties 
Appendix 5B – Waste Screening Plan 
Operation Plan 
Buncombe County reserves the right to institute fines and penalties to any person found to have
attempted to landfill waste prohibited from being landfilled by state or federal regulations. These
fines and penalties are in addition to the costs identified in Section 5B: 12.

Operation Plan   
Appendix 5C – ACM Documentation 

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 1
MANUAL HANDLING/HYDROSEEDING UNIT OPERATION REVISED OCTOBER 2006
ADVANCED FORMULATION
USAGE GUIDE
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732
Ph: 800-800-7671
Fx: 607-625-2689
www.landfill.com
Landfill Service Corporation Page 2
Table of Contents
1.0 Definition of Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation..........................................................................................3
1.1 Background and Concept.....................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Environmental and Economic Benefits...............................................................................................................3
1.3 Equipment.............................................................................................................................................................4
1.4 Personnel...............................................................................................................................................................4
1.5 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................................4
2.0 Safety......................................................................................................................................................................................5
3.0 Operator Attire.......................................................................................................................................................................5
4.0 Towing Units ..........................................................................................................................................................................5
5.0 Loading and Mixing Procedure ............................................................................................................................................5
5.1 Liquid Addition......................................................................................................................................................5
5.2 Posi-Pak Addition..................................................................................................................................................6
5.3 Optional Dye..........................................................................................................................................................6
5.4 PSM 200 Setting Agent .......................................................................................................................................6
5.5 Optional Portland Cement Addition ....................................................................................................................6
6.0 Transporting...........................................................................................................................................................................7
6.1 Cold Weather Transport.......................................................................................................................................7
6.2 Traversing Slopes..................................................................................................................................................7
7.0 Application of Posi-Shell AF .................................................................................................................................................7
7.1 Odor Control..........................................................................................................................................................9
7.2 Vector Control.......................................................................................................................................................9
7.3 Scavenging............................................................................................................................................................9
7.4 Litter Control.........................................................................................................................................................9
7.5 Fire Control............................................................................................................................................................9
7.6 Additional Applications........................................................................................................................................10
Posi-Shell Cover System AF Application Minimum Requirements Chart................................................................................11
Posi-Shell Cover System AF Material Quantities Chart............................................................................................................11
7.7 Discharge Nozzle Selection .................................................................................................................................12
7.8 Handling the Discharge Spray Boom ..................................................................................................................12
7.9 Coverage of Large Area........................................................................................................................................12
7.10 Thicker Coats......................................................................................................................................................12
8.0 Cleaning.................................................................................................................................................................................13
9.0 Winter Care............................................................................................................................................................................13
9.1 Posi-Shell AF Winterizing Procedure...................................................................................................................13
10.0 Material Storage.................................................................................................................................................................14
10.1 Posi-Shell Material Storage...............................................................................................................................14
11.0 Troubleshooting (may not apply to all hydroseeders) ......................................................................................................14
11.1 Removing Foreign Object from Discharge Nozzle ...........................................................................................14
11.2 Removing Foreign Object from Mixing Tank....................................................................................................14
11.3 Clearing Clogged Mixing Tank..........................................................................................................................15
11.4 Clearing Clogged Discharge Pipe/Hose...........................................................................................................16
11.5 Clearing Obstruction from Pump.......................................................................................................................16
12.0 Contingency Soil Supply.....................................................................................................................................................16
MSDS and Lab Test Documents..................................................................................................................................................17-46
LSC #1002
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 3
T his guide gives you specific, easy to follow instructions for the safe and efficient usage of Landfill Service Corporation’s
Posi-Shell® Cover System Advanced Formulation. For best results and to ensure safety, please follow the instructions care-
fully.
1.0 Definition of Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation
The Posi-Shell Cover System is a low-cost alternative to the conventional six inches of soil used as daily cover at most landfills. Posi-Shell
Advanced Formulation is a noncombustible blend of materials providing a thin cover (approximately one-quarter inch) that hardens over
the surface of the material to be covered, such as the working face of the landfill. Non-toxic, the stucco-like coating performs all functions of
landfill daily and intermediate cover. Applied with a standard hydroseeding unit, this system provides increased landfill capacity while pro-
viding a more environmentally effective cover system for the landfill.
1.1 Background and Concept
Landfilled solid waste must be covered each day to control vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. Cover material is generally
defined as a six inch soil layer or other suitable material, or a combination of same, that is used to cover compacted solid waste in a landfill.
The Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation is an alternative to traditional landfill daily cover materials. The coating is a spray-on
slurry composed of water, Posi-Pak Type P-100, PSM-200 Setting Agent, and optional Portland cement that forms an approximately one-
quarter-inch coating for various types of landfill cover. The Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation is designed for use by a landfill
operator at the close of each operating day for compliance with cover regulations. The material meets and exceeds regulatory requirements
for the control of landfill vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging.
Posi-Shell Advanced Formulation (AF) provides cover ranging from 4 to 10 square feet per gallon of slurry. The coverage area is dependent
upon the desired thickness and the actual texture of the covered surface. Application of the Posi-Shell AF is a one-man operation.
1.2 Environmental and Economic Benefits
The Posi-Shell Cover System conserves natural resources. Additionally, use of the Posi-Shell Cover System conserves energy and improves
air quality by eliminating the use of heavy earth-moving equipment for the transporting, laying, and reworking of daily soil cover. Traffic
congestion to and from the landfill site, vehicle exhaust, and fugitive dust emissions are also reduced proportionately to the reduction of
landfill soil hauling for daily cover.
Soil, a valuable natural resource, is conserved by the Posi-Shell Cover System AF. In many areas, soil is an expensive natural resource that is
in short supply. Use of the Posi-Shell Cover System AF can eliminate the waste of this precious commodity.
The major benefit of the use of the Posi-Shell Cover System AF is the conservation of extremely valuable landfill capacity, commonly known
as “air space”. Landfill air space is a valuable asset and the need to conserve capacity is paramount to achieve environmental and economic
objectives for both landfill operators and regulatory agencies. Efficient use of air space today can directly translate into longer landfill life,
decreased operating costs, and increased revenue generation. An increase in air space efficiency can delay or even eliminate the need for the
siting and construction of new facilities that ultimately may have severe environmental and economic impacts.
For comparison purposes using daily cover for a working face area of 5,000 square feet for a period of one year with Posi-Shell AF as op-
posed to six inches of top soil will realize an air space savings of about 24,000 cubic yards. Use of Posi-Shell AF as opposed to soil will result
in a direct increase in the amount of airspace available in a landfill.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 4
1.3 Equipment
The equipment used for the Posi-Shell Cover System AF consists of a standard hydroseeding unit, a towing unit, and a water source. The
towing unit is used for moving the hydroseeding unit around the landfill site. If a nearby hydrant or other water source is not available,
then a water trailer or truck is required.
1.4 Personnel
One operator is required for the Posi-Shell Cover System AF. This operator must be capable of operating heavy equipment and be familiar
with the mechanics of all equipment used. The operator will be trained by Landfill Service Corporation in the use of Posi-Shell AF. If
preferred, a two man operation may be used to expedite coverage time.
1.5 Materials
1.5.1 Water
Potable water, non-potable water and landfill leachate can be used as the liquid portion of the Posi-Shell Cover System AF. Use of leachate
requires a site-specific regulatory approval to assure proper health and safety practices are implemented.
Approximately 1,600 gallons of water is used for each 2000 gallon load of Posi-Shell AF. The water can either be supplied by a hydrant,
pumped from a nearby pond, or brought to and stored adjacent to the hydroseeding unit by water truck or trailer. The sizing of the spe-
cific water supply method should be adequate to ensure that the filling of the hydroseeding unit occurs within a few minutes’ time.
As stated, leachate can be used as a water source if specific regulatory approval is obtained. It is not recommended that a high-strength
leachate be used due to odor concerns and the added safety precautions required to assure worker safety. However, use of relatively dilute
leachate is an effective method for reducing a portion of a landfill’s total leachate production. The inherent odor-neutralizing properties of
Posi-Shell AF mitigate the potential odor problems of leachate when it is used as a water source.
1.5.2 Posi-Paks
Posi-Paks are an important constituent of Posi-Shell AF and give the cover its fiber reinforced rigidity and weather resistance. Posi-Paks are
lightweight, easy to handle, and ready to use. Posi-Pak is a specially designed plastic fiber with a proprietary finish that provides the rein-
forcement matrix for the finished cover. Four Posi-Paks are used for each 2000 gallon load. See the back of this manual for a material
safety data sheet for this material.
1.5.3 Dye
Optional dyes can be added to the Posi-Shell AF mixture to create a soil-like brown coloring or a grass-like green coloring.
1.5.4 PSM 200 Setting Agent
A proprietary blend of natural bentonite clay, synthetic polymers, and adhesives provide thickening, lubrication, and adhesion in the Posi-
Shell AF mixture. See the back of this manual for a Material Safety Data Sheet for this material.
1.5.5 Portland Cement
Optional Portland cement can be used as the cementitious mineral binder component of Posi-Shell AF. On average, approximately 4,000
lbs. of this material is used for each 2000 gallon Posi-Shell AF load. The Portland Cement further helps neutralize odors and contaminants
found in leachate and enhances the durability of the Posi-Shell.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 5
2.0 Safety
Posi-Shell AF is nonhazardous and is composed of nonhazardous materials. Certain safety measures are recommended during different
aspects of Posi-Shell AF use. Follow safety procedures specific to your hydroseeding unit, towing unit, or other equipment used.
3.0 Operator Attire
The operator should, at all times, wear appropriate protective clothing. Jewelry and loose fitting clothing should be avoided. Recom-
mended protective clothing includes the following:
• Safety glasses with side shields
• Leather gloves
• Industrial grade work coveralls
• Leather steel-toed shoes
• Dust particulate mask
If leachate is being used as the liquid portion of the Posi-Shell AF mixture, protective clothing in accordance with site regulations should be
worn.
4.0 Towing Units
See table on page 11 for Posi-Shell AF total material weights. To determine the total load weight, add the Posi-Shell AF total material
weight to the weight of your hydroseeding unit. Ensure that the towing unit and hitch arrangement are capable of handling the total of
these weights.
5.0 Loading and Mixing Procedure
It is important to add the Posi-Shell Advanced Formulation materials in the order specified.

5.1 Liquid Addition (Step 1)
Before placing any dry material in the mixing tank, the tank must be filled with the appropriate amount of liquid (water or leachate). See
chart on page 11. If your hydroseeding unit has a reserve water tank, fill at this time with clean water. It is not recommended to use
leachate as the clean out water.
All bags of material (Posi-Pak Type P-100, PSM-200 Setting Agent, Portland cement) can be loaded through the side rails of hydroseed-
ing unit onto mixing deck from the ground. Ensure that they do not obstruct the ladder area. Never attempt to carry up or down lad-
ders. To avoid back injuries, always use proper lifting practices when handling bags. Wet or frozen materials should not be used.
5.2 Posi-Pak Addition (Step 2)
With mixer paddles of hydroseeding unit turning slowly open the Posi-Pak, Type P-100 bag
and dump contents into inlet hopper (discard bag). Posi-Paks are designed such that the plas-
tic covering may be torn away with the bare hands. If a knife is used take care not to drop into
mixing tank. See chart on page 11 for Posi-Pak, Type P-100 quantities.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 6
5.3 Optional Dye (Step 3)
Various dyes are available for Posi-Shell Advanced Formulation to
alter the color of the finished product to best suit the application.
Most commonly used are brown and green. Brown and green dye
is available in powder form and comes in dissolvable “Mix Ready”
bags which can be placed directly in the mixing tank. Green is also
available in liquid form that can be poured in the tank.
5.4 PSM-200 Setting Agent (Step 4)
When handling PSM-200 Setting Agent or Portland cement a dust
mask is recommended to prevent inhalation, and coveralls and gloves to
prevent skin contact. Safety glasses should be worn to keep dust from entering the eyes.
Should eyes or skin come in physical contact any Posi-Shell AF ingredients thoroughly
rinse with water.
With mixer paddles running at medium speed add PSM-200 Setting Agent material by
cutting open bag and dumping contents into the mixing tank (discard bag). See chart
on page 14 for quantities. Allow PSM-200 Setting Agent and Posi-Pak to mix at me-
dium speed for about 5 minutes until a gravy-like consistency is achieved and no clumps
are visible (see photo below at left).
5.5 Optional Portland Cement Addi-
tion (Step 5)
With mixer paddles still running at medium
speed add Type I Portland cement material
(regular Portland cement, NOT concrete.) by
cutting open bag and dumping contents into
the mixing tank (discard bag). See chart on
page 11 for quantities. Posi-Shell AF material
is now ready to be applied (see photo below at
right).

After Adding PSM-200 Setting Agent After Adding Portland Cement
Powdered Dye Liquid Dye
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 7

6.0 Transporting
Close inlet hopper lid prior to transportation and leave mixer paddles turning at medium speed.

6.1 Cold Weather Transport
To prevent freezing during extremely cold weather (below 20°F), with discharge gun attached to recirculation fitting, run pump in low-speed
forward to circulate slurry from mixing tank, through pumping and discharge system, and back to mixing tank.
6.2 Traversing Slopes
The proper procedure for traversing slopes is to approach the slope with machine parallel with fall line of slope. Machine should always be
backed down the slope and towed up. Following this procedure eliminates any possibility of the machine “jack-knifing” around the towing
unit.
7.0 Application of Posi-Shell AF
Conventional end-of-day waste surface preparation and grooming are normally adequate prior to Posi-Shell AF application. A smoother
surface will require less slurry due to reduced surface area. Also, the functional performance of the coating is enhanced by a smoother receiv-
ing surface. Therefore, it may be desirable to spread available materials such as sludge, ash, or processed wastes at the end of the day to func-
tion as surface leveling agents to economize on Posi-Shell AF slurry consumption. Each gallon of slurry will coat approximately 4 to 10
square feet depending on surface roughness and application thickness.

Methods of application and the desired appearance of daily coatings are shown on the photographs which follow. In general, the operator
should position the Applicator upwind, and should select the spray nozzle appropriate to the distance from the waste pile. A uniform coat-
ing of approximately one-quarter-inch thickness will normally accomplish the daily cover functional criteria. In some cases, it will be neces-
sary to spray a given area from two directions to compensate for “spray shadow” effects or wind dispersion.
The most effective method of coverage will vary with each site, but generally, spraying the working face from the bottom of the waste slope,
toward the top, is most effective. A minimal amount of “shadowing" occurs if applied in this manner.
Application of Posi-Shell AF cover is not typically affected by weather conditions. Normal operations can be performed during windy, rainy,
or cold weather conditions. During cold weather periods, the hydroseeding unit tank and pump must be drained at the end of the day to
avoid freezing. It is desirable, but not necessary, to bring the machinery into a building for overnight storage. The application process is
typically not affected by severe cold weather.
When high winds are encountered, it may be necessary to position the hydroseeding unit in an upwind position. Since the hydroseeding
unit pumps emit a high pressure stream of slurry, it is not generally affected by light winds; however, wind direction should always be consid-
ered with respect to airborne dispersion of overspray.
During light rains, Posi-Shell AF will not wash away and will retain its stucco consistency. However, during extremely heavy rains, some
washing of the material may occur prior to its curing. During extremely cold weather, Posi-Shell AF will freeze before curing. After a thaw the
material will cure. Cured Posi-Shell AF material typically can retain integrity up to one year or longer depending upon its initial application
thickness.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 8

Daily and Intermediate Cover
Application of Posi-Shell AF via
Deck -Mounted Discharge Wand
Application of Posi-Shell AF via
Extension Hose
Close-Up View of Cured Posi-Shell AF Coating
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 9

7.1 Odor Control
The Posi-Shell AF formulation has an inherent capability to suppress odors. By applying the material as a daily cover, typical landfill odors
will be reduced by the thick layer of Posi-Shell that is applied. Additionally, if Portland Cement is used the calcium oxide (lime) applied to
putrid waste further suppresses odors by sealing the outer face of the waste with an alkaline surface layer.
Posi-Shell AF allows an opportunity for the optional addition of approved odor-masking agents where excessive odors warrant such action.
7.2 Vector Control
Application of Posi-Shell AF to the working face of waste piles is an extremely effective vector deterrent. Shortly after the Posi-Shell AF coat-
ing is applied, temperatures within the waste pile will increase due to initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic decomposition. The Posi-
Shell AF layer forms a seal that inhibits flies from laying additional larvae.
Other vectors such as rodents and birds are discouraged by the Posi-Shell AF seal. Posi-Shell AF cover has proven effective in inhibiting the
attraction of vectors to waste piles.
7.3 Scavenging
General animal scavenging is reduced since the Posi-Shell Cover System AF seals in odors and hides the visible food source beneath the cov-
ering shell. Scavenging by humans is inhibited by the complete visual coverage of the waste pile and by the viscid coating of slurry applied
upon all available surface objects.
7.4 Litter Control
Posi-Shell AF cover is highly effective for litter control. Due to the sticky consistency of the material, a shell is formed over the garbage
which prevents litter from being blown away by high winds. A thin layer of Posi-Shell AF cover is recommended for preventing litter genera-
tion.
In extremely windy situations, Posi-Shell AF coating can be applied to waste as it is being unloaded from garbage trucks. This technique has
been proven highly effective.
7.5 Fire Control
Posi-Shell AF cover is an extremely effective fire control material. Independent laboratory testing of Posi-Shell AF by D-4982 method has
certified that Posi-Shell AF is non-fuel contributing, non-smoke producing, and non-combustible. When an acetylene torch is applied di-
rectly to the Posi-Shell AF cover, ignition of the Posi-Shell AF cover or underlying waste does not occur.
In addition to the non-flammable characteristic of Posi-Shell AF cover, your hydroseeding unit can be used to fight landfill fires. Direct ap-
plication of Posi-Shell AF material to an open flame will smother it. If a subterranean landfill fire occurs, Posi-Shell AF coating can be ap-
plied to the waste pile’s surface and will form a fire smothering seal.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 10
7.6 Additional Applications
Posi-Shell AF cover fulfills the relevant performance criteria for various additional applications including erosion control, ditch lining, coat-
ing of sludge piles, contaminated soil piles, compost piles and temporary waste piles and excavations of various types. If has been successfully
applied to coal piles, salt piles, cement clinker piles and used at remediation sites to suppress volatile emissions. Posi-Shell AF may also be
used as the tackifier in hydroseeding mixtures.
Erosion Control
Ditch Lining Finished Appearance of Posi-Shell AF Intermediate and Daily Cover
at a Major Municipal Landfill
Odor Control
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 11

Posi-Shell Cover System AF
Application Minimum Requirements
SHORT TERM COVER

OVERNIGHT COVER
MEDIUM TERM COVER

INTERMEDIATE
COVER,
EROSION CONTROL,
ODOR CONTROL, ETC.
LONG TERM COVER

EROSION CONTROL,
COMPOST COVER,
STOCKPILE COVER,
ETC.
SLURRY
MIXTURE
See chart below. See chart below.
Additional Portland cement
may be necessary.
See chart below.
Additional Portland cement
may be necessary.
APPLICATION
RATE
Approx. 8-10 sq.ft./gal. Approx. 6-8 sq.ft./gal. Approx. 4-6 sq.ft./gal.
COVERAGE
METHOD
Apply from two directions to
eliminate spray shadow.
Apply from two directions to
eliminate spray shadow.
Apply from two directions to
eliminate spray shadow. For
slope coverage extend cover 3-
4 feet beyond crest of slope.
COVERAGE
THICKNESS
Finished cover should be 1/8-
3/16 inch.
Finished cover should be 3/16-
1/4 inch.
Finished cover should be 1/4-
5/16 inch.
COVERAGE
APPEARANCE
No waste/soil visible from any
angle.
No waste/soil visible from any
angle. Cover should have a
"stucco-like" texture.
No waste/soil visible from any
angle. Cover should have a
"stucco-like" texture.
COVERAGE
MAINTENANCE
None. Waste is placed over
cover next working day.
Cover should be inspected daily
and touched up if waste/soil
becomes visible.
Cover should be inspected
daily and touched up if waste/
soil becomes visible.
Desired Load Size
500 GAL 1000 GAL 1500 GAL 2000 GAL
Water or Leachate 400 gals 800 gals 1200 gals 1600 gals
Posi-Pak, Type P-100 (15 lb bags) 1 bag 2 bags 3 bags 4 bags
Optional Brown Dye (5 lb bags) 2 bags 4 bags 6 bags 8 bags
Optional Green Dye (1 qt bottles) .5 bottle 1 bottle 1.5 bottle 2 bottles
PSM-200 Setting Agent (50 lb bags) 5 bags 10 bags 15 bags 20 bags
Optional Portland cement (94 lb bags) 10 bags 20 bags 30 bags 40 bags
Total Material Weight 5,355 lbs 10,710 lbs 16,065 lbs 21,420 lbs
Materials
Posi-Shell Cover System AF Material Quantities
Landfill Service Corporation Page 12
7.7 Discharge Nozzle Selection
While other nozzles may be used, Landfill Service Corporation offers three types of discharge nozzles providing the capability of effectively
spraying Posi-Shell AF at a variety of ranges. Experience and operator discretion will determine which nozzle to use in each situation.

7.8 Handling the Discharge Spray Boom
Care must be taken to use the proper discharge nozzle in order to attain the desired spray range, as being too close to the surface will cause
the Posi-Shell AF stream to overturn waste on contact. At long range distances the Posi-Shell AF stream will break up, causing the desired
spray effect. At ranges under 75 ft. the medium or short nozzle should be used and are designed to spray in a wide ribbon pattern.

Blockages may occur in nozzles due to foreign objects in the raw materials. Refer to Section 11.1 for procedure on removing foreign object
from discharge nozzle.

With the desired nozzle securely in place, firmly grasp discharge spray handle in one hand and point discharge nozzle in desired direction of
spray. With the other hand move pump control lever to full speed forward and begin covering area. For desired spray effect operator may
adjust pump/throttle speed.

Never disconnect nozzles when pump is running. Never engage pump with discharge spray boom left unattended. Never put hands in
front of discharge nozzles.

Do not spray at or near other persons. Spray exits nozzle at a high velocity and could cause injury.

Do not spray toward power lines, transformers or other high voltage conductors. Avoid spraying into wind. When unavoidable, be
sure to keep direction of spray near to ground. Safety glasses should be worn during spraying operation.

7.9 Coverage of Large Area

Coverage of a large area will require moving the hydroseeding unit to several spray locations. Inspect the area from several perspectives to
ensure that the spray has covered all areas.

7.10 Thicker Coats

Thicker coats may be applied by letting the first coat partially dry before recoating the area. Several thin applications provide a more durable
shell than a single very thick application.

Long Range
for Distances of 75ft -150ft Medium Range
for Distances of 25ft -75ft
Short Range
for Distances of 5ft -25ft
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 13
8.0 Cleaning
It is recommended that you clean the hydroseeding unit after each load. Due to the variety of hydroseeding units on the market a generic
procedure for cleaning follows. Some steps may need to be altered to apply to your hydroseeding unit.

1. When all Posi-Shell AF is removed from mixing tank, immediately bring pump
and mixer control levers to neutral position. Engine should remain at full throt-
tle.
2. Open all inlet lids on hydroseeding unit.
3. Firmly grasp clean-off hose in one hand and turn on water.
4. With both hands on hose perform initial rinse down of all inlets and any resi-
due visible in mixing tank. This process should take approximately one minute
and use about 50-100 gallons of water depending on the size of the mixing tank.
5. Turn water off.
6. With a spray nozzle in place (to retain cam and groove gasket) run pump control
lever full speed forward for 5 seconds. Return to neutral when complete. Re-
peat with all nozzles used during application.
7. Close all inlet lids and bring mixer control lever to full speed reverse and allow to run for at
least one minute.
8. Return mixer control lever to neutral then to full speed forward for at least one minute.
9. With mixer control lever in full speed forward, climb down ladder and remove drain cap and a l -
low initial rinse water to completely drain.
10. Replace pump drain cap.
11. Return to deck of unit and move mixer control lever to neutral and repeat steps 2-9. During
this secondary rinse make sure all external surfaces are thoroughly rinsed.

A properly cleaned hydroseeding unit will remain free of any built-up product internally and exter-
nally, and all decals and labels remain clearly readable.
9.0 Winter Care
In extreme cold it is imperative that engines and hydraulic systems are thoroughly warmed before introducing a load. Refer to the opera-
tions manual for your hydroseeding unit for proper winter usage and care.

9.1 Posi-Shell AF Winterizing Procedure
1. After cleanout, drain the mixing tank thoroughly. DO NOT REPLACE DRAIN CAP.
2. If your hydroseeding unit is equipped with a reserve water tank and/or pump, drain thoroughly. DO NOT REPLACE DRAIN CAPS.
3. Pour approximately one half gallon of anti-freeze into pump or tank and slowly run through pump and lines to prevent freezing.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 14
10.0 Materials Storage
All materials are inert, and can be stored on, or off, the boundaries of lined landfill cells.

10.1 Posi-Shell Material Storage
10.1.1 Posi-Paks
Posi-Paks should be kept dry, particularly when freezing is possible. The Gaylord boxes are water-resistant, but not waterproof. Boxes can be
easily covered with a tarp or plastic to keep the Posi-Paks dry.

10.1.2 PSM-200 Setting Agent
PSM-200 Setting Agent should be kept dry. Stretch wrapped pallets can be easily covered with a tarp or plastic.
10.1.3 Optional Portland Cement & Dye
Portland Cement & dye should be kept dry. Stretch wrapped pallets can be easily covered with a tarp or plastic.
11.0 Troubleshooting (may not apply to all hydroseeding units)
11.1 Removing Foreign Object from Discharge Nozzle
1. Immediately move pump control lever to neutral position.
2. Move pump control lever to slow speed reverse.
3. Run pump in reverse for 5 seconds to relieve pressure in discharge line.
4. Return pump control lever to neutral position.
5. Remove nozzle and clear obstruction.
6. Reconnect nozzle and continue spraying.

11.2 Removing Foreign Object from Mixing Tank
1. Move throttle, mixer, pump, control levers to slow/neutral position.
2. Shut engine off.
3. Move hydroseeding unit to area appropriate for dumping load.
4. Remove pump cleanout plug and allow load to drain.
5. Visually inspect pump for foreign object. Remove if found, replace plug and return to operations.
6. If object is not found in pump, remove exit pipe cleanout cap.
7. Inspect this section of pump for object. Remove if found, replace cap and pump cleanout plug and return to operations.
8. If object is not found in this section, remove two pipe couplers and removable section of tank exit pipe.
9. Visually inspect flange section of pump and mixing tank (flashlight may be necessary). Remove object if found, replace removable pipe
and cleanout cap, pump cleanout plug, and return to operations.
10. If object is in mixing tank use appropriate length grapple through tank exit pipe.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 15
11.3 Clearing Clogged Mixing Tank
1. If Posi-Shell AF slurry has thickened in the mixing tank to the point that the mixer paddles will not turn, move mixer control lever
to neutral. Trying to force mixer shaft back and forth at this point will only result in possible damage to the mixer shaft compo-
nents. If the pump was not running, immediately connect the recirculation hose and move the pump control lever to slow speed
forward (slightly above neutral). Slowly running the pump will prevent the Posi-Shell AF from setting up in the pump. If Posi-Shell
AF is so thick that it is not flowing freely to pump, then the slurry must be liquefied at the mixing tank outlet to the pump in order
to establish pump flow.
2. A reserve of 300-500 gallons of water should be available while mixing loads of Posi-Shell AF. In the event of a clogged mixing
tank, water should immediately be introduced through the liquid inlets to the Posi-Shell AF mixture to thin the slurry and establish
pump flow. By injecting water through a 2-3" diameter hose and directing the flow at the surface of the slurry it may be possible to
loosen the product enough to free the mixing shaft. While trying to free the mixing shaft, gently move the mixer control lever from
slow speed forward to slow speed reverse. Abrupt movements to full speed forward and full speed reverse could cause damage.
3. Use a slurry pump and water pick hose to loosen stiffened mixture. This can be attached on the spray tower in the same manner
as a spray nozzle and used as a high-pressure, high-volume water pick which will cut the slurry away from the mixing shaft and liq-
uefy it as it goes through the pump system. This spraying should be performed through the inlet hoppers. Excess slurry can be
discharged out of the tank and new water introduced as required. Continue cutting away and liquefying with the water pick hose
until mixer is free. Care should be taken as the water exits this hose at a high rate of speed. Also safety goggles and rain gear should
be worn as splashing will occur. Immediately rinse any slurry off skin.
4. If the slurry will not flow through the pump, then water may be injected directly into pump drain and moved through the hy-
droseeding unit’s pumping system and sprayed back into the mixing tank. To prevent cavitation of the pump, water must be in-
jected at a rate equal or greater than the discharge rate. Once pump flow is established, then proceed with Step 3 above.
5. If the mixture is so hardened that the water pick will not cut it, move mixer and pump control levers to neutral and the throttle
control lever to low, and shut off engine. Remove key from ignition and lock out control panel enclosure. Remove deck plates
starting with right rear section. After removing all sections, thickened slurry will need to be removed from around mixing shaft
using shovels and hoes. Rubber boots, goggles, gloves, and coveralls should be worn if entry into the tank is necessary. It may not
be necessary to remove all of the slurry from the tank. First, simply free the mixing shaft and if the Posi-Shell AF is still soft, add
water and after replacing deck plates, mix rapidly in tank to loosen and drain out the cleanout. Never allow mixed Posi-Shell AF to
set in tank more than one hour.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 16
11.4 Clearing Clogged Discharge Pipe/Hose
1. Immediately move pump control lever to neutral position. Move pump control lever to slow speed reverse.
2. Run pump in reverse for 10 seconds to relieve pressure in discharge line.
3. Return pump control lever to neutral position.
4. Disconnect discharge hose quick-connect from discharge elbow and allow discharge pipe and hose to drain.
5. To ensure that obstruction is not in pump and exit piping, move throttle and pump control levers to very slow speed forward for 5
seconds. If product is discharging at top of discharge elbow, obstruction is not in pump.
6. If pump and exit piping are clear, disconnect discharge hose from discharge pipe and visually inspect discharge hose for obstruction.
Clear if found, reconnect hose and return to operations.
7. If discharge hose is clear, it will be necessary to snake out discharge piping.
8. When obstruction is found and cleared, reconnect discharge hose and return to operations.

11.5 Clearing Obstruction from Pump
1. Immediately move pump and throttle control levers to neutral position.
2. Shut engine off.
3. Move hydroseeding unit to area appropriate for dumping load.
4. Remove pump cleanout plug and allow load to drain.
5. Visually inspect pump for foreign object. Remove if found, replace plug and return to operations.
6. If object cannot be removed via pump cleanout, disassembly of stator will be required. See hydroseeding unit operations manual for
procedure.

12.0 Contingency Soil Supply
In the event that you are unable to apply Posi-Shell AF, the landfill operator should have a three-day supply of soil for daily cover material
available on-site.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 17

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
POSI-PAK® TYPE P-100 DATE OF PREPARATION: SEPTEMBER 2004
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms:
Generic Name: Polyester Staple
Trade Name: Posi-Pak® Type P-100
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

Ingredient: Polyethylene terephthalate polymer and one or more surface finishes
(organic lubricants).

CAS No.: 25038-59-9
Hazard: No known physical or health hazards associated with this product.
Note: Polyester Staple is a family of fiber products having similar hazard and
physical property characteristics. The polymer immobilizes the con-
stituents of the polymer system (delusterants, catalyst residues, etc.)
which, therefore, present no likelihood of exposure under normal cond-
tions of processing and handling. However, exposure to chemical sub-
stances may occur as a result of processing these fibers. Processing
may release and aerosolize the residual moisture and surface finishes.
Heating the fibers may volatilize the finishes or produce a chemical
change. Landfill Service Corporation recommends a 3 mg/m³ 8-hour
TWA exposure limit on finish mists.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 18
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Melting Point: Approx. 500º F (260º C)
SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

Polyethylene terephthalate is chemically stable and resistant to attack by oils, solvents, weak acids, and
weak alkalis.

SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Polyester Staple will burn if exposed to flame. Decomposition products generated from molten polymer
may be subject to autoignition. Combustion products will be comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The exact composition will depend on the conditions of combustion.

SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

This product has not been fully evaluated for toxicological properties. Preliminary evaluation of chemical
components used in the finish and toxicological testing of the polymer have given no indication that health
problems would occur in normal handling and use.

Similar products have given no indication that health problems would occur in normal handling and use.
SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

N/A
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

N/A
SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

Inhalation of finish mist above the recommended 3 mg/m³ 8-hour TWA would be an exposure of concern.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 19
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Personal hygiene measures, such as washing hands and face immediately after working with the fibers
and before eating, smoking, or using lavatory facilities, are recommended.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Adequate ventilation is recommended to maintain finish mist levels below 3 mg/m³ 8-hour TWA and mini-
mize exposure.

Fire fighters should protect themselves from decomposition and combustion products that may include
carbon monoxide and other toxic gases.

SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

N/A
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

These products are not classified as hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, and unless prohibited by state or local regulation, can be disposed of in a municipal landfill or inciner-
ated. Any finish oils contained in plant wastewater should be biodegradable in conventional biological
wastewater treatment systems.

These fibers are not classified by the Department of Transportation as a hazardous material.

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance
of need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the
safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 20

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
EARTHTONE DYE DATE OF PREPARATION: SEPTEMBER 1997
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Brown ferrous oxide
Generic Name: Earthtone Coloring Agent
Trade Name: Earthtone Dye
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

N/A
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF): N/A
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Solubility in Water: Slight (0.1 - 1.0%)
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 21
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 4.4 - 4.8
Evaporation Rate: N/A
Appearance and Odor: Brown, odorless dry powder
SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

Chemical Family: Metal oxide
Formula: Fe2O3; Balance MnO2 and silicates
Product Class: CAS# 1317-61-9, 51274-00-1, 1309-37-1
Bulk Density: 0.5 - 0.8 g/ml
SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Nonexplosive; Nonflammable
SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Threshold Limit Value: N/D
Effects of Overexposure: None observed.
Emergency and First Aid Proce-
dures:
Irrigate eyes with water, consult eye
physician. Wash exposed skin areas
with soap and water.

SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Product is stable.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: None known.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 22
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is
Released or Spilled:
Handle as normal solid waste. Minimum fugitive dust release.
SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Store dry at ambient temperature away from food and drink.
SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Local exhaust may be used.
Respiratory Protection: A NIOSH approved respirator is recommended during mixing proce-
dure.

Eye Protection: Use of safety glasses is recommended.
Skin Protection: Wear leather, plastic, or cloth gloves.
SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

N/A
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: Earthtone Dye is not hazardous under
US Dept. of Transportation (DOT)
regulations.

Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 23
Identification Number: N/A
Disposal Method:

Dispose at approved facility.

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance
of need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to
the safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 24

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL:
GREEN DYE DATE OF PREPARATION: JUNE 2002
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Organic Colorants
Generic Name: Color Additive
Trade Name: Blue Vail
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

N/A
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF): 212°F
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): 20
Vapor Density (Air=1): ND
Solubility in Water: Soluble
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 25
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 1.2
Evaporation Rate: <1
Appearance and Odor: Dark blue colored solution with bland
odor.

SECTION IV -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Nonexplosive; Nonflammable
SECTION V -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Permissable concentrations (air): N/A
Effects of Overexposure: ND
Emergency and First Aid Proce-
dures:
Irrigate eyes with water, consult eye
physician. Wash exposed skin areas
with soap and water.

SECTION VI -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Under normal storage and handling
conditions; this is a stable material
when kept in a closed container.

Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: None known.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 26
SECTION VII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is
Released or Spilled:
If dry, shovel vacuum or sweep color up for disposal. Wet surfaces
may become slippery or sticky. Mop, sweep, or absorb, and hold for
disposal. Spills should be thoroughly flushed with soapy water until all
apparent color is removed.

SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Keep away from children. Store in tightly stored container.
SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Respiratory Protection: No respiratory protection required, but dust masks are suggested.
Eye Protection: Use of safety glasses is recommended.
Skin Protection: Non required. To minimize clean-up, wear gloves when handling ma-
teril. Some dyes may temporarily stain skin.

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance
of need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to
the safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 27

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
PSM 200 SETTING AGENT DATE OF PREPARATION: JUNE 2005
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Sodium Montmorillonite Clay
(SMC) (CAS No. 1318-93-0)

Generic Name: SMC with proprietary additives
(CAS No. 1318-93-0)

Trade Name: Posi-Shell® PSM 200 Setting Agent
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

Ingredient: Crystalline Silica (SiOz) as Quartz
CAS No.: 14808-60-7
Hazard: Low concentrations of crystalline silica in the form of quartz may be
present in airborne SMC dust. See Section VI for discussion of health
hazard.

Note: Although the typical quartz content of western SMC is in the range of 2
to 6% most of the quartz particles are larger than the 10µ respirable
threshold size. The actual respirable quartz concentration in airborne
SMC dust will depend upon SMC source, fineness of product, moisture
content of product, local humidity and wind condition at point of use
and other use specific factors.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 28
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF): N/A
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Solubility in Water: Insoluble, forms colloidal suspension
Density (at 20º C): 55 lbs/cu ft as product
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 2.45-2.55
Melting Point: Approx. 1450º C
Evaporation Rate (Butyl
Acetate=1):
N/A
pH: 8-10 (5% aqueous suspension)

SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

N/A
SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Flash Point: N/A
Special Fire Fighting Pro-
cedures:
N/A
Unusual Fire and Explo-
sion Hazards:
None. Product will not support combustion.
Extinguishing Media: None for product. Any media can be used for the
packaging. Product becomes slippery when wet.
Flammable Limits: LEL: N/A
UEL: N/A

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 29
SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Routes of Exposure and Effects:
Skin: Possible drying resulting in dermatitis.
Eyes: Mechanical irritant.
Inhalation: Acute (short term) exposure to dust levels exceeding the PEL may
cause irritation of respiratory tract resulting in a dry cough.
Chronic (long term) exposure to airborne SMC dust containing respir-
able size (=10µ) quartz particles, where respirable quartz particle lev-
els are higher than TLVs, may lead to development of silicosis or other
respiratory prolems. Persistent dry cough and labored breathing upon
exertion may be symptomatic.

Ingestion: No adverse effects.
Permissible Exposure Limits:
(for air contaminants) OSHA PEL
(8 HR. TWA) ACGIH TLV

SMC as "Particulates not other-
wise regulated" (formerly nui-
sance dust)

Total dust 15mg/m³ N/D
Respirable dust 5mg/m³ N/D
Crystalline Quartz (respirable) 0.1mg/m³ 0.1mg/m³
Carcinogenicity: SMC is not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or OSHA. IARC, 1997, con-
cludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenic-
ity of inhaled crystalline silica from occupational sources (IARC Class
1), that carcinogenicity was not detected in all industrial circumstances
studied and that carcinogenicity may depend on characteristics of the
crystalline silica or on external factors affecting its biological activity.
NTP classifies respirable crystalline silica as "known to be a human
carcinogen" (NTP 9th Report on Carcinogens - 2000). ACGIH classi-
fies crystalline silica quartz as a suspected human carcinogen (A2).

Acute Oral LD50: N/D
Acute Dermal LD50: N/D
Aquatic Toxicology LC50: N/D
Emergency and First Aid Procedures:
Skin: Wash with soap and water until clean.
Eyes: Flush with water until irritation ceases.
Inhalation: Move to area free from dust. If symptoms of irritation persist, contact
physician. Inhalation may aggravate existing respiratory illness.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 30
SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Stable
Hazardous Polymerization: None
Incompatibility: None
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is Released
or Spilled:
Avoid breathing dust; wear respirator approved for silica bearing dust.
Vacuum up to avoid generating airborne dust. Avoid using water.
Product slippery when wetted.

SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Waste Disposal Methods: Product should be disposed of in acordance with applicable local,
state, and federal regulations.

Handling and Storage Precautions: Use NIOSH/MSHA respirators approved for silica bearing dust when
free silica containing airborne SMC dust levels exceed PEL/TLVs.
Clean up spills promptly to avoid making dust. Storage area floors may
become slippery if wetted.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Mechanical, general room ventilation. Use local ventilation to maintain
PELs/TLVs.

Respirator: Use respirators approved by NIOSH/MSHA for silica bearing dust.
Eye Protection: Generally not necessary. Personal preference.
Gloves: Generally not necessary. Personal preference.
Other Protective Clothing or Equipment: None.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 31
ECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Avoid prolonged inhalation of airborne dust.
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: N/A (Not Regulated)
Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance of
need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the safety,
toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 32

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
PORTLAND CEMENT DATE OF PREPARATION: MARCH 2006
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Portland Cement
Generic Name: Also known as hydraulic cement
Trade Name: Portland Cement Type I, IA, II III, V
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 33
*Trace Constituents: Portland cement has a variable composition depending upon the cementitious products produced in the cement
kiln. Small amounts of naturally occurring, but potentially harmful, chemical compounds might be detected during chemical analysis.
These trace compounds might include free crystalline silica, potassium, and sodium compounds; heavy metals, including cadmium,
chromium, nickel, and lead; and organic compounds. Other trace constituents may include calcium oxide (also known as free lime or
quick lime).

SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF) (Aqueous Portion): N/A
Vapor Pressure (mm.
Hg):
N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Solubility in Water: Slight (0.1-1.0%)
pH (in water): 12-13
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 2.9-3.15
Evaporation Rate: N/A
Appearance and Odor: Gray or white powder, no distinct odor
SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

N/A
SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Portland cement is non-combustible and not explosive.
Special firefighting procedures are not applicable. (Although Portland cement poses no fire-related hazards,
a self-contained breathing apparatus is recommended to limit exposure to combustion products when fight-
ing any fire.)

Landfill Service Corporation Page 34
SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Threshold Limit Value: N/A
Effects of Overexposure:
Acute: Wet cement on unprotected skin, whether direct or through saturated
clothing, can cause severe, third-degree caustic burns.
NOTE: Portland cement burns skin with little warning; discomfort or pain
cannot be relied upon to alert a person to a hazardous skin exposure. The
severity of the burn may not be detected until several hours after the dam-
age begins.
Dry Portland cement can produce mild irritation to severe burns of the
eye; it can irritate the upper respiratory system.

Chronic: Dry Portland cement can cause inflammation of the lining of the nose and
the cornea. Repeated exposure to Portland cement may result in drying
of the skin and may lead to thickening, cracking, or fissuring, of the skin.
Hypersensitive individuals may develop an allergic dermatitis (possibly
due to trace amounts of hexavalent chromium at less than 0.005%). This
reaction may appear in several forms including a mild rash to severe skin
ulcers. Persons already sensitized may react to their first contact with the
product. Other persons may experience this effect after years of exposure
to Portland cement products.
While Portland cement typically has less than 0.2% crystalline silica, other
additives to Portland cement and those components (e.g. aggregates)
added to produce Portland cement concrete may significantly increase the
amount of crystalline silica that is present. Exposure to respirable crystal-
line silica without the use of a respirator can cause silicosis and may ag-
gravate other lung conditions.

Signs and Symptoms of Exposure: Burning sensation around moist tissue areas (i.e., eyes, nose, upper res-
piratory system); painful burning on exposed skin that can develop with
little warning. Exposure of sufficient duration to wet Portland cement can
cause serious, potentially irreversible tissue (skin or eye) destruction in
the form of chemical (caustic) burns, including third-degree burns. The
same kind of destruction can occur if wet or moist areas of the body are
exposed for sufficient duration to dry Portland cement.
Do not allow wet Portland cement to get inside boots, shoes, or
gloves, and do not allow wet, saturated clothing to remain against
the skin.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 35
Emergency and First Aid Proce-
dures:
● Irrigate eyes immediately and repeatedly with large amount of clean
water for at least 15 minutes and get prompt medical attention.
● Wash exposed skin areas with pH-neutral soap and clean water.
● Apply sterile dressings; seek medical treatment in all cases of pro-
longed exposure to wet Portland cement, Portland cement mixtures, liq-
uids from fresh Portland cement products, or prolonged wet skin expo-
sure to dry Portland cement.
● If ingested, consult a physician immediately.
● Do not induce vomiting. If conscious, have the victim drink plenty of
water and call a physician immediately.
● In the event of inhalation, remove to fresh air.
● Seek medical attention if coughing and other symptoms do not sub-
side.
● Inhalation of gross amounts of Portland cement requires immediate
medical attention.

SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Product is stable. Keep dry until used.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: Aluminum powder and other alkali and al-
kaline earth elements will react in wet mor-
tar or concrete, liberating hydrogen gas.
Portland cement is highly alkaline and will
react with acids to produce a violent, heat-
generating reaction. Toxic gases or vapors
may be given off, depending on the acid
involved.

Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is
Released or Spilled:
Use dry cleanup methods that do not disperse the dust into the air. Avoid
breathing the dust. Emergency procedures are not required.

SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

Medical Conditions Generally Ag-
gravated by Exposure:
Pre-existing skin conditions may be worsened. Silicosis may aggravate
other chronic pulmonary conditions and may increase the risk of pulmo-
nary tuberculosis infection.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 36
Chemical Listed as Carcinogenic
or Potential Carcinogen:
Portland cements are not considered carcinogenic. However, the Inter-
national Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined, primar-
ily through animal studies, that silica is a known human carcinogen. The
National Toxicology Program (NTP) has characterized respirable quartz
silica as reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen. OSHA does not
regulate silica as a carcinogen.

SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Portland cement should only be used by knowledgeable persons. While the information provided in the ma-
terial safety data sheet is believed to provide a useful summary of the hazards of Portland cement, as it is
commonly used, the sheet cannot anticipate and provide all of the information that might be needed in
every situation. Inexperienced product users should obtain proper training before using this product.

A key to using the product safely requires the user to recognize that Portland cement chemically reacts with
water, and that some of the intermediate products of this reaction (that is, those present while a Portland
cement product is "setting") pose a more severe hazard than does Portland cement itself. These hazards
include potential injuries to eyes and skin.

The data furnished in this sheet do not address hazards that may be posed by other materials mixed with
Portland cement to produce Portland cement products. Users should review other relevant material safety
data sheets before working with this Portland cement or with Portland cement products, including, for exam-
ple, Portland cement concrete.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Local exhaust can be used to control airborne dust levels.
Respiratory Protection: Avoid actions that cause dust to become airborne. Use local or general
ventilation to control exposures below applicable exposure limits.

Use NIOSH/MSHA-approved (under 30 CFR 11) or NIOSH-approved
(under 42 CFR 84) respirators in poorly ventilated areas, or if an applica-
ble exposure limit is exceeded, or when dust causes discomfort or irrita-
tion.
(Advisory: Respirators and filters purchased after July 10, 1998, must be
certified under 42 CFR 84.)

Eye Protection: When engaged in activities where Portland cement dust or wet Portland
cement or concrete could contact the eye, wear goggles or safety
glasses with side shields. In extremely dusty environments and unpre-
dictable environments, wear unvented or indirectly vented goggles to
avoid eye irritation or injury. Contact lenses should not be worn when
working with Portland cement or wet Portland cement products.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 37
Skin Protection: Prevention is essential to avoiding potentially severe skin injury. Avoid
contact with unhardened (wet) Portland cement products. If contact oc-
curs, promptly wash affected area with soap and water.

Do Not Allow Wet Portland Cement to Get Inside Boots, Shoes, or
Gloves; and Do Not Allow Wet, Saturated Clothing to Remain Against
the Skin.

Do not rely on barrier creams. Barrier creams should not be used in
place of gloves. Use impervious, abrasion- and alkali-resistant gloves,
boots, and protective clothing to protect the skin from prolonged contact
with wet Portland cement in plastic concrete, mortar, or slurries.

SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Work/Hygienic Practices: ● Periodically wash areas contacted by dry Portland cement, or by wet
Portland cement, or concrete fluids with a pH neutral soap and clean,
uncontaminated water.
● Wash again at the end of the work.
● If irritation occurs, immediately wash the affected area and seek treat-
ment.
● If clothing becomes saturated with wet Portland cement or concrete, it
should be removed and replaced with clean, dry clothing.
● Follow listed precautions as appropriate, during repair or maintenance
work on contaminated equipment.

SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: Portland cement is not hazardous under
US Dept. of Transportation (DOT) regula-
tions.

Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A
Identification Number: N/A
Disposal Method: Small amounts of material can be returned to the container for later use if
it is not contaminated. Dispose of waste material in accordance with Fed-
eral, State, and Local requirements. Portland cement is not a hazardous
waste as defined by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (40
CFR 261).

Landfill Service Corporation Page 38
SECTION XIV -- OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
Status under USDOL--OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200):

Portland cement is considered a "hazardous chemical" under this regula-
tion and should be a part of any Hazard Communication Program.
Status under CERCLA / Superfund (40 CFR 117 and
302):
Not listed.
Status under SARA (Title III, Sections 311 and 312):

Portland cement qualifies as a "hazardous substance" with delayed
health effects.
Status under SARA (Title III, Section 313):

This product may contain constituents listed under SARA (Title III, Sec-
tion 313,) but not in amounts requiring supplier notification under 40 CFR
Part 372 Subpart C.
Status under TSCA (as of May 1997):

Portland cement and some of the substances in Portland cement are on
the TSCA inventory list.
Status under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act:

Portland cement is a "hazardous substance" subject to statutes promul-
gated under the subject act.
Status under California Proposition 65:

Portland cement contains chemicals (trace metals) including silica and
hexavalent chromium, known to the State of California to cause cancer,
birth defects or other reproductive harm. California law requires the
manufacturer to give the above warning in the absence of definitive test-
ing to prove that the defined risks do not exist.
Status under the Canadian Environmental Protection
Act:
Not listed.
Workplace Hazardous Material Information System
(Canada):

Portland cment is considered to be a hazardous material under the Haz-
ardous Product Act as defined by the Controlled Products Regulations
(Class E - Corrosive Material), and is therefore, subject to the labeling
and MSDS requirements of the Workplace Hazardous Materials Informa-
tion System (WHMIS).

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 39

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance of
need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the
safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 40

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
POSI-SHELL® SYNTHETIC COVER
ADVANCED FORMULATION
DATE OF PREPARATION: APRIL 2006
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Aqueous alkaline slurry
Generic Name: N/A
Trade Name: Posi-Shell® Synthetic Cover Ad-
vanced Formulation

SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

N/A
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF) (Aqueous Portion): 212
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 41
Solubility in Water: N/A
Percent Volatile by Volume (%): N/A
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 1.21
Evaporation Rate: N/A
Appearance and Odor: Brown viscid liquid slurry with a smell
similar to wet Portland cement and liquid
clay.

SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

Chemical family: N/A
Formula: The major constituents are water, Portland cement, and PSM-200 Setting
Agent, a blend of sodium montmorillinite clay with synthetic polymers and
a processed starch. The slurry also contains P.E.T. fibers, water (or
landfill leachate), and optional iron oxide coloring agent.

Hazardous mixtures of other liquids,
solids, or gases:

N/A

SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Non-explosive, Non-flammable

SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Threshold Limit Value: N/A
Effects of Overexposure:
Acute: Can dry skin and cause alkali burns. May cause eye and skin irritation to
those with sensitive skin.

Chronic: Non-observed, if properly handled. If cured material is pulverized and
dispersed, fugitive dust can cause inflammation of the lining tissue of the
interior of the nose and inflammation of the cornea. Hypersensitive indi-
viduals may develop an allergic dermatitis.

Emergency and First Aid Procedures: Irrigate eyes with water. Wash exposed skin areas with soap and water.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 42
SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Product is stable.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: None known.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is Re-
leased or Spilled:
Handle as normal non-hazardous solid waste.
SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Waste Disposal Methods: Material can be disposed of as common waste in approved landfill.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Local exhaust may be used.
Respiratory Protection: A dust mask is recommended during mixing procedures.
Eye Protection: Use of tight-fitting goggles is recommended.
Skin Protection: Avoid skin contact with wet slurry. Wear rubber or plastic gloves.
Other Protective Clothing or Equipment: Use barrier creams; wear coveralls; shower with soap and water.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 43
SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

No special precautions need to be taken in handling and storing.
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: N/A (Not Regulated)
Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance of
need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the safety,
toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 44
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 45
Landfill Service Corporation Page 46
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 47

Operation Plan   
Appendix 5D – Methane Monitoring Plan 

i 
Table of Contents.docx 
Table of Contents  

Section 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1‐1 
1.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................... 1‐1 
1.2 General Characteristics of LFG and Methane Generation ...................................................... 1‐1 
1.2.1 Decomposition Rate and Volume ................................................................................. 1‐1 
1.2.2 LFG Migration ............................................................................................................... 1‐2 
Section 2 Regulatory Background .......................................................................................................... 2‐1 
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2‐1 
2.2 Subtitle D and North Carolina Regulations ............................................................................. 2‐1 
Section 3 Gas Control Plan .................................................................................................................... 3‐1 
3.1 Frequency of Routine Monitoring ........................................................................................... 3‐1 
3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction....................................................................... 3‐1 
3.3 Staffing .................................................................................................................................... 3‐2 
3.4 Monitoring Procedures ........................................................................................................... 3‐2 
3.4.1 Monitoring Times .......................................................................................................... 3‐2 
3.4.2 Sampling Procedures .................................................................................................... 3‐3 
3.5 Record Keeping ....................................................................................................................... 3‐3 
Section 4 Detection Plan ....................................................................................................................... 4‐1 
4.1 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected in Structures................................................................ 4‐1 
4.2 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected at Monitoring Wells .................................................... 4‐1 
4.3 Compliance Action Plan .......................................................................................................... 4‐2 
4.3.1 Immediate Action ......................................................................................................... 4‐2 
4.3.2 Actions Within Seven Days ........................................................................................... 4‐2 
4.3.3 Actions Within Sixty Days ............................................................................................. 4‐3 
4.4 Public Relations and Information ............................................................................................ 4‐3 

Sheets 
Sheet 1 Groundwater and Methane Monitoring Well Location Map ..................................... Pocket 
Figures 
Figure 3‐1 Typical Landfill Gas Monitoring Well ........................................................................... 3‐4 

1-1
Section 1.docx
Section 1
Introduction
Landfill gas (LFG) is a natural by-product of the anaerobic decomposition of landfilled bio-degradable
waste. LFG can present a danger to human health and the environment and therefore must be monitored.
For these reasons, LFG is regulated by Federal and North Carolina state legislation. This Plan describes the
systems and programs needed to fulfill federal and state regulations concerning LFG. In addition, this Plan
describes the characteristics of LFG and its migration patterns; and provides alternative methods to control
and destroy its harmful components. This additional background information is presented in the Plan to
insure it is readily available should a situation occur that requires information and action beyond that
described in this Plan.
1.1 Purpose
This Plan fulfills the requirements set forth in Rule .1626(4) for monitoring and controlling LFG. This Plan:
 Describes the necessary LFG monitoring systems,
 Sets forth the monitoring procedures and programs, and
 Identifies the actions needed if levels of methane exceed regulatory limits.
1.2 General Characteristics of LFG and Methane Generation
LFG can be an energy resource as well as a source of environmental pollution. The methane content is
what makes LFG valuable as an energy resource. LFG is composed of approximately 50 percent methane in
contrast to natural gas which consists of approximately 95 percent methane. LFG programs which focus on
recovering gas as an energy resource include collection and extraction systems used to maximize its
recovery. What makes LFG a source of environmental pollution is its odor, its potentially explosive
properties, and its contribution to global warming. LFG programs which focus on the environmental
hazards of landfill gas include collection systems to monitor the migration of gas and control or neutralize
its environmental impacts.
LFG is composed of 50 to 55 percent methane (CH4); 45 to 50 percent carbon dioxide (CO2); and, less than
one percent non-methane organic compounds (NMOC). These individual gases remain co-mingled and do
not naturally separate.
1.2.1 Decomposition Rate and Volume
The decomposition of biodegradable waste begins with aerobic decomposition that typically lasts 3 to 18
months until the oxygen in the landfill is depleted. Following this, the anaerobic phase begins which results
in LFG production. This anaerobic phase continues until all of the carbon-based materials are broken down
or oxygen is reintroduced. Some historical LFG production generation models suggest that LFG generation
continues for as long as 20 years. However, recent LFG recovery projects have demonstrated that
production may continue beyond these 20 year estimates.
Section 1 • Introduction
1-2
Section 1.docx
A reintroduction of oxygen does not stop the production of LFG, it just retards it. The volume of LFG
generated over the life of a landfill is a function of the total volume of organic waste in the landfill as
Influenced by age, moisture, compaction, and pH.
1.2.2 LFG Migration
The production of LFG creates a positive pressure within the landfill that forces the gas to migrate. LFG is
lighter than air and moves upward unless there is a barrier. LFG will move laterally along the path of least
resistance or lowest pressure. LFG migration is a function of soil conditions, hydrogeologic conditions, and
weather conditions. LFG moves through porous soils, along underground pipes, and through trenches. In
some cases the LFG migration path can be observed at the surface through observations of stressed
vegetation. In these instances, LFG replaces the oxygen in root structures and eventually destroys the
plants.
If tightly capped, LFG will move downward or laterally. Unless LFG is collected, it may migrate laterally, off
the landfill site. If the landfill does not have an impermeable cover cap, LFG may migrate upward, through
the landfill surface and cause odor and air quality problems. The lining and capping of a landfill does not
affect the production of gas, it only improves the potential to collect and control it.

2-1
Section 2.docx
Section 2
Regulatory Background
2.1 Introduction
Because of the real and potential dangers from LFG and the methane in landfill gas, to the public health
and safety and to the environment, existing and pending federal and state regulations require owners of
municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLFs) to monitor and control it. The regulations are contained in Title
15A NCAC Subchapter 13 B Section .1626 (4).
2.2 Subtitle D and North Carolina Regulations
Methane gas is explosive when present within the range of 5 percent to 15 percent by volume in air. When
present in concentrations greater than 15 percent, the mixture will not explode. The five percentage
mixture is referred to as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) while the 15 percentage concentration is referred
to as the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). The State of North Carolina, through its 15A NCAC 13B .1626 (4) (a)
requires that owners or operators of all MSWLF units ensure that the concentration of methane gas
generated by the facility does not exceed:
 25 percent of the lower explosive limit for methane in facility structures; and
 the lower explosive limit at the facility property boundary.
The lower explosive limit means the lowest percent by volume of a mixture of explosive gases in air that
will promulgate a flame at 25° C and atmospheric pressure.
Paragraph (4)(b) of Section .1626 of the North Carolina regulations require that a routine methane
monitoring program be implemented to ensure that these standards are met. A methane monitoring
program typically involves sampling LFG emissions using a specially designed meter through a system of
strategically located and specifically designed monitoring wells on a regularly scheduled basis. The time
and frequency of monitoring must be determined based on soil conditions, hydrogeologic conditions and
hydraulic conditions surrounding the facility, and locations of structures and property boundaries.
However, compliance with Subtitle D requires that the minimum frequency of monitoring be quarterly.
Buncombe County has been conducting an on-going methane monitoring program for the Subtitle D
Landfill. The County has been monitoring methane concentrations in on-site structures and a network of
monitoring wells along the perimeter of the landfill property. The County currently conducts the quarterly
monitoring with a GEM 2000 landfill gas meter.
Part (4)(c) of Section .1626 of the North Carolina regulations require that if methane levels exceed the
specified limits, the owner or operator must:
 immediately take all necessary steps to ensure the protection of human health;
 immediately notify the State (it is assumed that this will be the DWM Compliance officer);
 within seven days of detection, place in the operating record the methane gas levels detected;
Section 2 • Regulatory Background
2-2
Section 2.docx
 within seven days of detection, provide a description of the steps taken to protect human health;
 within 60 days of detection, implement a remediation plan for the methane gas release; the plan
shall describe the nature and extent of the problem and the proposed remedy;
 within 60 days of detection, place a copy of the plan in the operating record of the landfill; and
 within 60 days of detection, notify the State that the plan has been implemented.

3-1
Section 3.docx
Section 3
Gas Control Plan
The gas control plan includes a schedule for reading or monitoring LFG emission levels at designated
locations quarterly and a system for reporting the concentration levels.
The requirements for quarterly monitoring, and the plan for actions if readings exceed safe levels should,
at a minimum, be based on compliance with federal and state regulations.
3.1 Frequency of Routine Monitoring
Subtitle D regulations require that a quarterly methane monitoring program be implemented to ensure
that the concentration of methane or other explosive gases do not exceed regulatory limits.
3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction
Existing landfill gas monitoring wells M-1 through M-4 monitor Cells 1 through 6 of the Subtitle D landfill
for LFG migration. Wells M-5 and M-6 will be used to monitor the Cell 7 expansion. Existing and proposed
landfill gas monitoring wells, including those associated with future expansions, are provided on Sheet 1.
The new monitoring wells will be constructed with 2-inch diameter schedule 40 PVC with threaded
couplings with a minimum of 10 feet of 0.010-inch slotted screen with a #2 sand filter pack extending 1
foot above the top of the screen. A 1 to 2-foot thick bentonite seal will be placed on top of the sand filter
pack and hydrated. The remainder of the borehole annulus was completed with a Portland
cement/bentonite grout. Screen length will be selected based on groundwater and bedrock elevations
observed during well installation.
Similar to the existing and proposed groundwater monitoring wells at the facility, the landfill gas
monitoring wells will be installed within the dominant drainage features associated with the Cell 7
expansion. Well locations are in or adjacent to low-lying drainage feature areas down-gradient of the
landfill unit where seasonal high groundwater elevations are typically within the partially weathered rock
or alluvium. Because of the existing topography at the site, well screens will likely be 10-feet or more below
the base of the landfill. CDM Smith believes that in the case of the Buncombe County landfill, it is
unreasonable to install landfill gas monitoring wells into the fractured bedrock. If groundwater data in
fractured bedrock or other indicators such as distressed vegetation indicate that a landfill gas migration
problem may exist, additional deeper monitoring wells may be installed to assess gas migration.
All landfill gas monitoring wells will be constructed in accordance with the North Carolina Well
Construction Standards described in 15A NCAC 2C and will be completed with locking above grade
protective covers and 2-foot by 2-foot concrete pads. Following installation, the wells will be surveyed to
State Plane coordinates.
The wellhead caps will be fitted with a stopcock type fitting or quick-connect that is of sufficient quality to
facilitate sampling in accordance with industry and federal standards. Figure 3-1 includes a typical landfill
gas monitoring well detail. Flooded wells will be replaced with dry wells, if necessary.
Section 3 • Gas Control Plan
3-2
Section 3.docx
3.3 Staffing
LFG monitoring requires a trained technician using calibrated equipment that is designed to determine the
level of methane escaping the landfill through monitoring wells and inside structures on the landfill site.
Available options include training existing staff, hiring a special contractor, or hiring and training part-time
staff to perform this task.
3.4 Monitoring Procedures
Each regular quarterly monitoring event should begin by checking methane levels in the scale-house and
any occupied structure on the landfill site. Next, the non-occupied buildings at the landfill should be
checked. Finally, the landfill gas monitoring wells around the Subtitle D landfill should be checked.
The following monitoring procedures, as described in the Solid Waste Section Guidance Documentation for
landfill gas monitoring, shall be followed:
 The technician using the landfill gas monitoring instrument must understand the principles of
operation and follow the manufacturer's instructions. This includes calibrating the instrument
according to the manufacturer’s specifications.
 The following shall be included on the top portion of the landfill gas monitoring form: facility
name, permit number, type and serial number of gas monitoring instrument, calibration date of
the instrument, date and time of field calibration, type of gas used for field calibration (15/15 or
35/50), expiration date of field calibration gas canister, date of landfill gas monitoring event, name
and position of sample collector, pump rate of instrument being used, ambient air temperature,
and general weather conditions.
 Verification that the equipment was calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s
specifications is required. When determining which field calibration gas to use, take into
consideration the expected levels of methane in the landfill gas monitoring wells. If the methane
levels are expected to be low, use the 15/15 gas canister (15% CO2/15% CH4). If the methane
levels are expected to be high, use the 35/50 gas canister (35% CO2/50% CH4).
For every landfill gas monitoring well, verify sample tube purge prior to each sample taken (should be one
minute), the time pumped in seconds (should be at least one minute), barometric pressure, time stabilized
reading collected, percent lower explosive limit, percent methane by volume, percent oxygen, percent
carbon dioxide, and any observations or comments.
The landfill gas monitoring data form and results should be retained in the operating record unless an
exceedance has occurred and/or is requested by the Solid Waste Section.
3.4.1 Monitoring Times
Monitoring times are also important when conducting landfill gas monitoring. Proper landfill gas
monitoring should include sampling during times when landfill gas is most likely to migrate. Landfill gas can
migrate and accumulate not only in landfill gas monitoring wells; it can also migrate and accumulate in
buildings and other structures. Because subsurface gas pressures are considered to be at a maximum
during the afternoon hours, monitoring should be conducted in the afternoon or whenever the barometric
pressure is low.
Section 3 • Gas Control Plan
3-3
Section 3.docx
Scientific evidence also indicates that weather and soil conditions influence the migration of landfill gas.
Barometric pressure and precipitation have significant effects on landfill gas migration. Increased
barometric pressure generates decreased landfill gas venting from the subsurface, until the pressure within
the subsurface is greater than the atmospheric (barometric) pressure. On the other hand, when the
barometric pressure decreases, the landfill will vent the stored gas until a pressure equilibrium is reached.
Capping of a landfill can influence the effect of barometric pressure on landfill gas migration. Generally, a
more permeable landfill cap will allow greater influence by barometric pressure than a less permeable
landfill cap. As a result, landfill gas monitoring should be conducted when the barometric pressure is low
and soils are saturated. During the winter season when snow cover is just beginning to melt or when the
ground is frozen or ice covered, landfill gas monitoring should be conducted when the barometric pressure
is low.
3.4.2 Sampling Procedures
Any accumulation of landfill gas in the landfill gas monitoring wells may be the result of landfill gas
migration. The following procedure is a recommended example for conducting landfill gas monitoring well
monitoring, but always read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions because each instrument will be
different.
Step 1 – Calibrate the instrument according to the manufacturer’s specifications. In addition, prepare the
instrument for monitoring by allowing it to properly warm up as directed by the manufacturer. Make sure
the static pressure shows a reading of zero on the instrument prior to taking the first sample.
Step 2 – Purge sample tube for at least one minute prior to taking reading. Connect the instrument tubing
to the landfill gas monitoring well cap fitted with a stopcock valve or quick connect coupling.
Step 3 – Open the valve and record the initial reading and then the stabilized reading. A stable reading is
one that does not vary more than 0.5 percent by volume on the instrument’s scale.
Step 4 - Record the stabilized reading including the oxygen concentration and barometric pressure. A
proper reading should have two percent oxygen by volume or less. If levels of oxygen are higher, it may
indicate that air is being drawn into the system giving a false reading.
Step 5 – Turn the stopcock valve to the off position and disconnect the tubing.
Step 6 – Proceed to the next landfill gas monitoring well and repeat Steps 2 – 5.
If methane levels detected at the wells exceeds the lower explosive limit, the technician shall immediately
follow the action plan presented in Section 4. If the methane levels detected within on-site buildings are
greater than 25 percent of the lower explosive limit, the technician shall immediately follow the actions
presented in Section 4 of this report.
3.5 Record Keeping
All readings will be recorded on a standard methane monitoring log form. A sample methane monitoring
log is provided at the end of this section. These forms will be reviewed and initialed by the landfill
supervisor and then placed in the landfill operating records.
These quarterly methane monitoring logs will remain on file at the landfill with other landfill records. These
readings should be available for review by the State upon request.
Locking Protective Cover
Well cap with stop cock or quick‐connect fitting.
Finished Grade
2'x2'x6" Concrete Pad
Portland cement/bentonite grout
8" Diameter Borehole
1' Bentonite Seal
#3 Silica Sand Filter Pack
2" Schedule 40 PVC 0.010 inch Slotted Well Screen
Notes:
Stick‐up will extend between 2.5 and 3 feet above finished grade.
Silica sand filter pack will extend at least 1 feet above top of screen elevation.
Well depth and screen length will vary upon depth to groundwater or bedrock.
Figure 3‐1
Typical Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Detail
16
NC Division of Waste Management - Solid Waste Section
Landfill Gas Monitoring Data Form
Notice:This form and any information attached to it are "Public Records" as defined in NC General Statute 132-1. As such,
these documents are available for inspection and examination by any person upon request (NC General Statute 132-6).
Facility Name: ______________________________________________ Permit Number: ____________________________
Date of Sampling: ___________________ NC Landfill Rule (.0500 or .1600): _____________________________________
Name and Position of Sample Collector: _________________________________________
Type and Serial Number of Gas Meter: _______________________________ Calibration Date of Gas Meter: ___________
Date and Time of Field Calibration: _____________________
Type of Field Calibration Gas (15/15 or 35/50): ____________ Expiration Date of Field Calibration Gas Canister: ________
Pump Rate of Gas Meter: _____________
Ambient Air Temperature: __________ Barometric Pressure: ______________ General Weather Conditions: _____________
Instructions: Under “Location or LFG Well” identify the monitoring wells or describe the location for other tests (e.g., inside
buildings). A drawing showing the location of test must be attached. Report methane readings in both % LEL and % methane
by volume. A reading in percent methane by volume can be converted to % LEL as follows: % methane by volume = %
LEL/20
If your facility has more gas monitoring locations than there is room on this form, please attach additional sheets listing the
same information as contained on this form.
Certification
To the best of my knowledge, the information reported and statements made on this data submittal and attachments
are true and correct. I am aware that there are significant penalties for making any false statement, representation, or
certification including the possibility of a fine and imprisonment.
_________________________________________ _________________________________________
SIGNATURE TITLE

4-1
Section 4.docx
Section 4
Detection Plan
Both Subtitle D and the North Carolina Solid Waste Management Rules require a contingency plan for
action if methane levels exceed the regulatory concentration limits. The plan for action includes the
specific step by step actions needed should regulatory limits be detected.
4.1 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected in Structures
If any structures on the landfill property have detections of methane equal to or greater than 25 percent of
the LEL the following actions should be taken:
 the building should be immediately evacuated;
 the landfill supervisor should be immediately contacted;
 all individuals in and around the structure should be ordered to immediately stop smoking;
 all space heaters and similar appliances should be immediately disconnected from their power
source;
 all doors and windows in the structure which gave the reading should be opened to permit the
methane to escape;
 as a precautionary measure, the landfill operator will open doors and windows in all structures on
the landfill property; and
 equipment used to take the readings should be tested immediately to verify it was giving accurate
readings.
The technician will then proceed to take readings at all methane monitoring wells at the landfill. All levels
should be verified and recorded on the methane monitoring log form. This information, including the
verification that the equipment is providing accurate readings, the current readings, and the levels at all
monitoring locations for the previous three quarters should be provided to the County's landfill supervisor.
The Buncombe County landfill supervisor will make the decision to return to business as usual; temporarily
evacuate the site; or follow the plan proposed in Section 4.3.
4.2 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected at Monitoring Wells
If any of the methane monitoring wells measure a level equal to or more than the 100 % lower explosive
limit (5% methane) as defined by Subtitle D, the technician should:
 immediately contact the landfill supervisor; and
 recheck the methane levels inside the facility structures. (If levels are close to or exceed 25 percent
of the lower explosive level the actions in Section 4.1 should be followed.)
Section 4 • Detection Plan
4-2
Section 4.docx
Once it is verified that levels inside the buildings are safe, the technician should check and record readings
at all remaining methane monitoring wells on the site. In addition, the equipment used to take the readings
should be tested to verify it is giving accurate readings.
This information, the current readings, and the levels for the previous three quarters should be provided to
the Buncombe County landfill supervisor who will make the decision to: return to business as usual;
temporarily evacuate the site; or, follow the plan proposed in Section 4.3.
4.3 Compliance Action Plan
If upon verification as described in Sections 4.1 and 4.2, the methane monitoring levels are equal to or
exceed the regulatory limits as defined by Solid Waste Rule .1626(4)(a), the following actions are proposed
to both comply with the regulations as well as protect the health and safety of the individuals at or near
the landfill site.
4.3.1 Immediate Action
If methane levels exceed the specified limits, the landfill operator or the landfill supervisor will take
immediate action to ensure the protection of human health and safety. This will include:
 evacuate all buildings on the site;
 open all doors and windows in buildings on the landfill site;
 notify the Buncombe County Manager’s Office about the concentration levels;
 if warranted by the degree of intensity of the methane concentration, check the methane levels in
structures near the landfill yet outside the facility boundary;
 if warranted by the degree of intensity of the methane concentration, evacuate the landfill area or
evacuate the area adjacent to the landfill;
 notify the State compliance program about the reading;
 begin to identify or narrow down the source of the methane causing the readings exceeding the
regulatory limits (i.e. the path that the methane is taking to the monitoring location);
 begin to identify the extent of the methane problem; and,
 as appropriate, begin to take corrective action to control the methane levels in building at the
landfill site, at the boundaries to the landfill, and at the landfill site.
4.3.2 Actions Within Seven Days
If methane levels exceed the regulatory limits, in order to comply with the Solid Waste rules, the County
must take the following actions within seven days:
 place in the operating records of the landfill, the gas levels detected; and,
 provide a description to the Solid Waste Section of the steps taken to protect human health.
It is also suggested that at this time, the operator begin to develop a plan which:
Section 4 • Detection Plan
4-3
Section 4.docx
 describes the nature and extent of the problem, and
 proposes the remedy for the problem.
4.3.3 Actions Within Sixty Days
If methane levels exceed the specified limits, the County must take the following actions within 60 days:
 implement a remediation plan for the methane gas release;
 place a copy of the plan in the operating record of the landfill; and
 notify the appropriate Solid Waste Section official that the plan has been implemented.
4.4 Public Relations and Information
As with any potentially dangerous situation, it is important to keep the public, public service agencies, and
the media informed. False information, inaccurate information, or the lack of information concerning
potential explosions at a public facility could create panic.
If the County Manager determines that a potentially dangerous situation exists, it is recommended that a
one page explanation of the situation be written and distributed to all homes and businesses within a one-
half mile radius of the landfill. This should be done within the first two to four hours of making the
determination that a potential danger to human health and safety exists. It is recommended that the
County Manager appoint one individual to provide information to; the media; the police authorities with
jurisdiction in the area; and area medical facilities. Area hospitals and police departments may receive calls
once the local media releases the story. Centralizing the flow of information will avoid conflicting
information and inaccurate information. Providing detailed and honest facts about the situation being
under control is critical.

Operation Plan   
Appendix 5E – Water Quality Monitoring Plan  

i
Table of Contents.docx
Table of Contents

Section 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1
Section 2 Geologic Setting .................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Geology ................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Hydrogeology .......................................................................................................................... 2-1
Section 3 Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network ....................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Monitoring Well Locations ...................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction....................................................................... 3-2
3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Testing ................................................................................................ 3-3
3.4 Alternate Groundwater Monitoring System ........................................................................... 3-3
3.5 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan .................................................................................. 3-4
Section 4 Sampling and Analysis Plan.................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection .............................................................. 4-1
4.2.1 Static Water Level Measurements ................................................................................ 4-1
4.2.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers ..................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation ......................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.4 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection .................................................... 4-3
4.2.5 Decontamination Procedures ....................................................................................... 4-4
4.3 Sample Preservation and Shipment ........................................................................................ 4-4
4.4 Analytical Procedures .............................................................................................................. 4-4
4.5 Chain of Custody ..................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ......................................................................................... 4-6
4.6.1 Field Duplicates ............................................................................................................. 4-6
4.6.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks ............................................................................................ 4-6
4.6.3 Trip/Travel Blanks ......................................................................................................... 4-6
4.7 Reporting ................................................................................................................................. 4-6
Section 5 Reporting ............................................................................................................................ 5-1

Water Quality Monitoring Plan • Table of Contents
ii
Table of Contents.docx
Sheets
Sheet 1 Groundwater and Methane Monitoring Well Location Map .................................... Pocket
Tables
Table 3-1 Monitoring Well Construction Summary ...................................................................... 3-5

Figures
Figure 3-1 Typical Type II Monitoring Well ................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3-2 Typical Type III Monitoring Well .................................................................................. 3-7

Appendices
Appendix A Certification of Effectiveness

1-1
Section 1.docx
Section 1
Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this Water Quality Monitoring Plan is to address the requirements in Rule .1623(b)(3)(B),
and to present a plan for groundwater and surface water monitoring for the proposed Buncombe County
Subtitle D Landfill, Cell 7. The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes information on the expansion of the
existing groundwater monitoring network, surface water monitoring plan, sampling and analysis
requirements, and detection monitoring requirements. The groundwater monitoring network was
designed based on information obtained from recent and previous subsurface investigations and a review
of literature pertaining to regional geology and groundwater resources. A detailed discussion of the
geologic and hydrogeologic conditions at the Cell 7 area is presented in both the facility Site Plan
Application and the Design Hydrogeologic Report for the Cell 7 area.
1.2 Scope
The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes the following elements, in accordance with Rules .1630
through .1637 of the North Carolina Administrative Code:
 Design and installation of a groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific information, to
yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represents the quality of the
background groundwater that has not been affected by landfill activities or other man-made
activities.
 Design and installation of groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific information, to
yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represent the quality of groundwater
passing the relevant point of compliance.
 Monitor wells designed and constructed in accordance with the applicable North Carolina Well
Construction Standards as found in 15A NCAC 2C.
 A Sampling and Analysis Plan that includes procedures and techniques for sample collection,
sample preservation and shipment, analytical procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, and
quality assurance and quality control.
 A certification of effectiveness of the water quality monitoring plan is provided in Appendix A.

2-1
Section 2.docx
Section 2
Geologic Setting
The Buncombe County Landfill site is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains approximately 9 miles north of
Asheville, North Carolina. The entire landfill site consists of 557 acres bounded by the French Broad River
to the south and west, Blevin Branch to the north, and Flat Creek to the east. The site consists of moderate
to steep slopes separating narrow hills and ridges from small incised secondary drainages.
2.1 Geology
The Geologic Map of North Carolina shows the site to be underlain by a Precambrian Migmatitic biotite-
hornblende gneiss unit (NCGS 1985). The site vicinity was mapped as primarily granite gneiss (Weiner
1970), but is referred to as both granitic and undifferentiated gneiss throughout previous site investigation
reports.
The residuum soils (saprolite) generally consist of stiff sandy silts and dense clayey, silty sands with
occasional clay lenses. Small deposits of alluvium are typically encountered in the bottoms of the
secondary drainage features and typically found to overly saprolite, when encountered. The saprolite
grades into partially weathered rock (PWR). PWR was encountered in the borings as indicated by a blow
count greater than 50 blows per six inch interval. The thickness of saprolite and PWR was greatest in
upland areas, and least in the bottom of secondary drainage features. Depth to bedrock in the Cell 7 area,
defined as depth to auger refusal, ranges from 31 feet bgs (B-722) to 64 feet bgs (B-726). The average
bedrock depth was about 45 feet, which is slightly deeper than bedrock depths in the Cell 1-6 Area (CDM
2004). The top of bedrock is a subdued reflection of surface topography, with shallow bedrock in the
secondary drainage features, and deeper bedrock in upland areas.
2.1 Hydrogeology
As with bedrock, the potentiometric surface is a subdued reflection of surface topography. As shown in the
Design Hydrogeologic Report, groundwater flow in the Cell 7 area is convergent to the secondary drainage
feature towards the north with discharge to Blevin Branch. Groundwater is typically present above the
bedrock surface. Only in the western portion of the Cell, on the ridge adjacent to Cell 6, was groundwater
not present in the saprolite or PWR. The bedrock fracture flow system behaves similar to an anisotropic
porous media, based on the results of pumping tests presented in the Design Hydrogeologic Report (for
Cells 1-3, CDM, 1995). The depth of groundwater circulation beneath the Cell 7 area is estimated at
approximately 100 feet below ground surface (bgs), based on analysis of the regional flow system as
discussed in the Design Hydrogeologic Report. Thus, groundwater monitoring can be focused on depths of
less than 100 feet bgs. As discussed previously, groundwater flow converges into the secondary drainage
features at the site, therefore the secondary drainage features are an important target for groundwater
monitoring.

3-1
Section 3.docx
Section 3
Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network
This section presents the proposed groundwater monitoring network for the Cell 6 Area. Section 3.1
presents proposed monitoring well locations; Section 3.2 discusses monitoring well installation and
construction specifications; Section 3.3 discusses hydraulic conductivity testing of the monitoring wells;
Section 3.4 discusses the alternate groundwater monitoring system; and Section 3.5 is the surface water
quality monitoring plan.
3.1 Monitoring Well Locations
The SWS regulations require that upgradient monitoring well(s) be located so that groundwater samples
collected from the uppermost aquifer provide an indication of background groundwater quality.
Upgradient wells MW-1s and MW-1d have already been installed to monitor background water quality. No
additional background wells are proposed for the Cell 7 area. The downgradient monitoring wells must
represent groundwater quality at the relevant point of compliance. The wells must be located in similar
geologic units so that upgradient and downgradient groundwater quality data can be compared. Existing
groundwater locations for the facility are provided on Sheet 1.
As the groundwater beneath the site is a three dimensional system, nested point of compliance wells are
proposed. In locations in which saturation occurs above the bedrock surface, the shallow monitoring well
will be completed in the saprolite or PWR. If a sufficient thickness of saturated saprolite/PWR zone is
found, then the well will be installed in this zone. The zone should be of sufficient thickness to account for
seasonal fluctuations in the water table. If a sufficient saturated thickness is not present, then the boring
will be advanced into the bedrock and the well will be screened across the saprolite and bedrock contact.
As discussed in the Design Hydrogeologic Report, saturated conditions above bedrock are found in the
bottom of secondary drainage features. In locations in which no saturation is encountered above the
bedrock surface, the shallowest completion will be in bedrock. The bedrock monitoring wells at each
location will target the shallowest water-bearing fracture zones encountered. Drilling observations and air
lift yield tests will be utilized to identify fractured zones.
The following nomenclature will be used for the new nested monitoring wells:
MW-16s – Shallow monitoring well at location # 16, with the screened interval in saprolite/PWR or at the
PWR/bedrock contact.
MW-16d – Deep monitoring well at location # 16, with the screened interval at PWR/bedrock contact or
first conductive fracture zone in the bedrock aquifer.
The groundwater monitoring system is shown in Sheet 1. This sheet shows the existing landfill Cells 1-6
and the relationship of the monitor wells to the cells. Monitoring wells MW-2 through MW-8, MW-10,
MW-11, and MW-13 nests are located around Cells 1-6. Monitoring well nests MW-12, 14, and 15 are
located downgradient of the C&D landfill. The location of the background well nest (MW-1/1d) is shown on
Sheet 1. Table 3-1 lists the existing monitoring well network, the proposed monitoring well nest for the Cell
7 area, the approximate depth of completion for the proposed wells, and the rationale for each location.
Section 3 • Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network
3-2
Section 3.docx
3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction
The monitoring wells will be constructed in accordance with standard industry procedures and will meet
the requirements of 15A NCAC 2C. Examples of shallow and deep monitoring wells are shown on Figure 3-
1 and 3-2. The monitoring wells at locations of potentially saturated saprolite or PWR (MW-16s) will be
installed by advancing the borehole through the water table using hollow-stem augering techniques. Soil
samples will be collected at five-foot intervals with a split spoon sampler in accordance with ASTM D-1586.
Soil lithology will be described in the field by an onsite geologist to develop a borehole log. If saturated
conditions are not evident upon refusal of hollow stem auger drilling, then a temporary well screen will be
placed in the hole for a period up to 48 hours to determine whether the well will yield water.
If no saturation is expected or encountered during hollow stem auger drilling, then the shallowest well will
be installed in the upper portion of the bedrock aquifer utilizing air rotary drilling techniques. During air
rotary drilling, drilling observations will be recorded by an onsite geologist, including observed fractures
and lithologic descriptions from cuttings. Drilling will proceed until the first water-bearing fracture is
encountered. Upon observing a fracture (an evident drop of the drill rod and/or a change in drill chatter),
then an air lift yield test will be conducted. The drill rod will be raised at least 10 feet, and operations will
cease for a period of 30 minutes. After the 30 minute period, the drill rod will be lowered to the bottom of
the hole, and air will be blown for a period of 10 minutes. The amount of water coming from the hole at
this time (if any) will be estimated in gallons per minute. If the borehole is dry, then the drill rig will be
moved approximately 20 feet, and the above procedure repeated.
At locations in which a deeper well is desired (MW-16d), the deep well will be drilled after the shallow well
and installed at least 10 feet deeper than the bottom of the shallow borehole. If sufficient saturated
thickness is observed in the PWR for well installation and to maintain separation from the shallow well
screen, the deeper well will be screened at the base of the PWR just above the top of the fractured
bedrock. If the thickness of the saturated overburden is not sufficient to accommodate both a shallow and
deep well, the deeper well will target the more conductive fracture zones encountered at depth. The above
procedure for observing fractures and performing air lift yield tests will be applied. If no evident fractures
are encountered at a depth between 10 and 35 feet below the bottom of the shallow well, then drilling will
continue to until a fracture zone is encountered. Based on subsurface conditions observed during
piezometer installations in the proposed well location, it is anticipated that the wells will be completed
within 60 feet of ground surface. Also, based on observed subsurface conditions, it appears that the more
conductive fracture zones will be encountered within the upper 100 feet of the bedrock. However, if
subsurface conditions dictate that a deeper completion is required, then the wells will be installed at that
depth. The deeper monitoring well will target the most conductive fracture zones, regardless of depth.
The monitoring wells will be constructed using 2-inch ID Schedule 40 PVC well casing with threaded flush
joints. The shallow monitoring well will be constructed with ten to fifteen feet of 0.010-inch slot screen at
the end of the casing string placed so that it brackets the water table. The deeper monitoring well will be
constructed with a five to ten foot screen interval. The PVC casing string will extend approximately two feet
above ground surface. A sand pack will be placed around the screen interval to a maximum of two feet
above the top of the screen. A two foot thick bentonite seal consisting of hydrated bentonite pellets will be
placed on top of the sand to hydraulically seal the completion interval. The remainder of the annulus will
be sealed with a bentonite-Portland cement grout to ground surface. A protective outer casing with a
lockable cap will be placed over the PVC casing and into the grout, extending 2.5 to 3 feet below ground
surface.
Section 3 • Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network
3-3
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If the deeper well is constructed in the shallow fractured bedrock, a 6-inch PVC outer casing will be
installed from ground surface to the top of bedrock.
Following completion, the monitor wells will be developed to remove the residual effects of drilling. The
wells will be developed using a combination of overpumping or surging and air lifting. All drilling and
downhole equipment will be decontaminated by steam cleaning between borings. Well development
equipment will be decontaminated by washing in a non-phosphate detergent solution followed by a
potable water rinse, then a distilled water rinse, and allowed to air dry.
The horizontal location of all new monitor wells will be surveyed in State Plane Coordinates by a Registered
Land Surveyor to the nearest 0.1 foot. The vertical control or elevation of the ground surface and top of
PVC casing (the well measuring point) will be surveyed to the nearest 0.01 foot accuracy to mean sea level
(msl). Anticipated well depths for the proposed monitoring wells for Cell 7 are provided on Table 3-1.
3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Testing
Following installation and development of the new monitor wells, the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer
material surrounding each well will be determined by conducting slug falling head and/or recovery tests on
each well.
3.4 Alternate Groundwater Monitoring System
Similar to Cells 1-6, an alternate groundwater monitoring system has been designed for installation under
the critical portions of Cell 7. The applicability of alternative monitoring has been evaluated and a system
has been designed that, in conjunction with the groundwater monitoring wells and the surface water
sampling locations, should provide adequate means to monitor groundwater quality on the site. The
alternate monitoring system is designed to detect contamination where it is most likely to first occur, i.e. to
supplement conventional groundwater monitoring wells. The proposed system consists of a high
permeability stone layer underlain by a scrim reinforced plastic tarp, located below the sump areas within
each cell. The stone layer will provide a preferential pathway where any leakage from the landfill units will
be collected. An outlet pipe with a capped end will be installed from the low point of the stone layer
through the landfill embankment (sloped for positive drainage). Note that some infiltration of stormwater
may occur, as is the case with conventional monitoring wells, therefore the presence of water in the
system will not necessarily indicate a leak. Analytical testing of any water collected will be used to
determine if a leak has occurred.
To accommodate the alternative monitoring system, minor revisions have been made to the base grading
in each cell. The grading revisions will provide a larger, flatter sump area in each cell. The revisions will
allow a meaningful alternative monitoring system area to be defined and will lower the maximum head on
the liner in a sump area if a pump failure occurs. The plan view area covered by the Alternate Monitoring
System is defined by the area at each cell that would pond stormwater from a 25 year storm event if a
sump pump failure occurred. This would be an extreme condition, but is potentially the only area of the
cell where greater than one foot of head on the liner system could occur. The inlet of the monitoring
system outlet pipe is located in the lowest point of the sump area and is sloped to drain through the landfill
embankment. A three foot compacted soil layer has been designed on top of the 6-inch stone collection
layer to provide an adequate thickness of compacted subgrade to ensure integrity of the clay layer. The cell
grading revisions and incorporation of an alternative monitoring system will further improve the integrity
of the liner system and will enhance environmental protection.
Section 3 • Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network
3-4
Section 3.docx
3.5 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan
No alterations are required to the surface water quality monitoring plan currently in place at the landfill.
Table 3-1
Monitoring Well Construction Summary
Buncombe County Subtitle D Landfill
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Table 3-1.xlsx
Piezometer
I.D.
Construction
Date
Top of Casing
Elevation
(feet AMSL)
Ground
Elevation (feet
AMSL)
Screen Interval
Lithology
Drilling
Method
Borehole
Depth
Screen
Interval
Top of
Sand Filter
Top of
Bentonite
Seal
Borehole
Diameter
(inches)
Casing
Diameter
(inches)
Top of
Screen
Interval
Bottom of
Screen
Interval
MW-1 1990'S 2021.22 2019.28 Saprolite/PWR Air 76 61-76 59 57 8 2 1958.28 1943.28
MW-1d 1990'S 2021.57 2019.97 Bedrock Air 200 85-95 81 78 8 2 1934.97 1924.97
MW-2 1990'S 1920.86 1918.54 Saprolite/PWR Air 20 5-20 3 1 8 2 1913.54 1898.54
MW-2d 1990'S 1920.51 1918.63 Bedrock Air 55 45-55 42 39 8 2 1873.63 1863.63MW-3 1990'S 1987.66 1985.48 Saprolite/PWR Air 38 23-38 21 18.5 8 2 1962.48 1947.48MW-4 1990'S 1944.35 1942.48 Saprolite/PWR Air 25 9-24 7 5 8 2 1933.48 1918.48MW-4d 1990'S 1944.64 1942.79 Bedrock Air 55 45-55 43 40 8 2 1897.79 1887.79MW-5 1990'S 1977.12 1975.39 Saprolite/PWR Air 50 35-50 33 31 8 2 1940.39 1925.39MW-5d 1990'S 1976.92 1975.31 Bedrock Air 81 71-81 68.5 66.5 8 2 1904.31 1894.31MW-6 1990'S 1987.34 1985.39 Saprolite/PWR Air 50 35-50 27 24.5 8 2 1950.39 1935.39
MW-7 1990'S 2022.83 2020.72 Saprolite/PWR Air 61 42-57 40 38 8 2 1978.72 1963.72
MW-8 1990'S 1962.06 1959.85 Saprolite/PWR Air 70 55-70 53 51 8 2 1904.85 1889.85
MW-8d 1990'S 1962.47 1960.57 Bedrock Air 95 85-95 82.5 79 8 2 1875.57 1865.57
MW-10 3/6/2002 2010.54 2007.5 Saprolite/PWR Air 73 58-73 56 54 6 2 1949.50 1934.50
MW-10d 3/6/2002 2010.56 2007.5 Bedrock Air 117 102-117 100 98 6 2 1905.50 1890.50MW-11 3/5/2002 1966.71 1963.7 Bedrock Air 50 35-50 33 31 6 2 1928.70 1913.70
MW-11d 3/5/2002 1966.15 1963.2 Bedrock Air 70 60-70 58 56 6 2 1903.20 1893.20MW-13 6/24/2012 1953.92 1951.3 Bedrock Air 16 6-16 4 2 6 2 1945.30 1935.30MW-13d 6/23/2005 1953.82 1951.4 Bedrock Air 44 39-44 37 35 6 2 1912.40 1907.40MW-13 6/24/2012 1953.92 1951.3 Bedrock Air 16 6-16 4 2 6 2 1945.30 1935.30MW-13d 6/23/2005 1953.82 1951.4 Bedrock Air 44 39-44 37 35 6 2 1912.40 1907.40
MW-9 1990'S 1966.54 1963.70 Bedrock HSA/Core 26 11-26 8 6 6 2 1952.70 1937.70
MW-9d 1990'S 1966.34 1963.70 Bedrock HSA/Core 40 35-40 32 29 6 2 1928.70 1923.70
MW-12 6/25/2002 1947.39 1944.7 Saprolite/PWR/
Bedrock Air 17 7-17 5 3 6 2 1937.70 1927.70
MW-12d 6/25/2002 1947.1 1944.3 Bedrock Air 37 27-37 25 23 6 2 1917.30 1907.30MW-14 4/5/2006 1952.77 1949.8 Bedrock Air 49 39-49 36 33 6 2 1910.80 1900.80MW-14d 4/6/2006 1953.76 1950.7 Bedrock Air 88 78-88 74 71 6 2 1872.70 1862.70
MW-15 6/27/2012 1973.29 1970.21 Saprolite/PWR Air 26 16-26 14 12 6 2 1954.21 1944.21
MW-15d 6/27/2012 1973.51 1970.25 Bedrock Air 43 33-43 31 27 6 2 1937.25 1927.25
Drilling Screen Interval
Nest Well Method Depth (feet) **
MW-16 MW-16 HSA 10-20 Downgradient of Cell 7 sump within drainage feature; screened in saprolite or PWR or PWR/bedrock contact
MW-16d Air Rotary 30-45 Downgradient of Cell 7 sump within drainage feature; screened interval at PWR/bedrock contact or first conductive bedrock fracture
Notes:
** - screen intervals represent anticipated depths.
1. AMSL - Above Mean Sea Level
2. PWR - Partially Weathered Rock
3. bls - Below Land Surface
4. HSA - Hollow-Stem Auger
5. Bold - Piezometers installed during the Cell 7 design hydrogeologic investigation.
6. Italic - Abandoned piezometers/monitoring wells
7. Monitoring wells MW-9/9d were abandoned to accomodate the Phase I and II C&D Landfill expansions.
8. (cd) - C&D Landfill monitoring wells
9. Horizontal Control - NAD 83
10. Vertical Control - NAVD 29 and 88
Rationale
Proposed Monitoring Wells
Elevation (feet AMSL)Depths (feet bls)
Subtitle D Landfill Monitoring Wells
C&D Landfill Monitoring Wells
4" Steel, Locking Protective Cover
Finished Grade
2'x2'x6" Concrete Pad
6" +/‐ Borehole Diameter
2" Schedule 40 PVC Blank Casing
Portland Type I Cement Grout
2' Bentonite Seal
Silica Sand Filter Pack
2" Schedule 40 PVC 0.010 inch Slotted Well Screen
6" Threaded, PVC End‐Cap
Notes:
Stick‐up will extend between 2.5 and 3 feet above finished grade.
Silica sand filter pack will extend at least 2 feet above top of screen elevation.
Screen length will vary according to groundwater elevation, bedrock elevation, or fracture frequency.
Figure 3‐1
Typical Type II Groundwater Monitoring Well 
4" Steel, Locking Protective Cover
Finished Grade
2'x2'x6" Concrete Pad
12" +/‐ Borehole Diameter
6" Schedule 80 PVC Surface Casing
2" Schedule 40 PVC Blank Casing
Portland Type I Cement Grout
Top of Bedrock
6"+/‐Borehole Diameter6 / Borehole Diameter
2' Bentonite Seal
Silica Sand Filter Pack
2" Schedule 40 PVC 0.010 inch Slotted Well Screen
6" Threaded, PVC End‐Cap
Notes:
Stick‐up will extend between 2.5 and 3 feet above finished grade.
Silica sand filter pack will extend at least 2 feet above top of screen elevation.
Screen length will vary according to groundwater elevation, bedrock elevation, or fracture frequency.
Length of 6" surface casing will vary depending on bedrock elevation and fracture frequency.
Figure 3‐2
Typical Type III Groundwater Monitoring Well 

4-1
Section 4.docx
Section 4
Sampling and Analysis Plan
4.1 Introduction
Rule .1632 (a) specifies that the owner/operator must provide, as part of the groundwater monitoring
program, a groundwater and surface water sampling and analysis (S&A) plan. The S&A plan should be
designed to provide accurate results of groundwater quality at the upgradient and downgradient sampling
locations. The S&A plan will address the following subjects:
 Groundwater sample collection,
 Sample preservation and shipment,
 Analytical procedures,
 Chain-of-custody,
 Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC).
4.2 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection
Upon completion of well construction, development, and a well stabilization period, the sampling plan will
be instituted. Groundwater samples will be collected from each of the monitoring wells. The proposed
frequency of sampling will include one sample to be collected from each monitoring well prior to the Cell 7
receiving waste and three additional samples within six months of issuance of the Permit To Operate as
required by Rule .1633(b). These samples will comprise the baseline sampling. Groundwater samples from
each of the monitoring wells will be sampled on a semi-annual basis, along with the existing wells and
surface water sample locations.
4.2.1 Static Water Level Measurements
Static water level elevations will be measured prior to any purging or sampling activities. Static water level
data will be used to monitor changes in site hydrogeologic conditions. The following measurements will be
recorded in a dedicated field book prior to sample collection:
 Height of the well measuring point above ground surface;
 Depth of water in the well from the TOC measuring point (to the nearest 0.01 foot);
 Total depth of the well; and
 Height of the water column in the well casing.
An electronic water level indicator will be used to accurately measure water elevations to within 0.01 foot
within the same day in as short a period of time as possible. Each well will have a permanent, easily
identified reference point from which all water level measurements will be taken. The reference point will
be marked and the elevation surveyed by a North Carolina Registered Land Surveyor.
Section 4 • Sampling and Analysis Plan
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Section 4.docx
4.2.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers
USEPA's Technical Manual for Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria outlines specifications for groundwater
sampling and analysis. One of these specifications outlines the establishment of provisions for detecting
immiscible fluids, if applicable. Typically, immiscible fluids are categorized as either, (1) light, non-aqueous
phase liquids (L-NAPLs), or (2) dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (D-NAPLs). L-NAPLs are more commonly
referred to as "floaters" due to their relatively lighter specific gravity, while D-NAPLs are typically referred
to as "sinkers" due to their relatively denser specific gravity.
In most instances, the probability of immiscible fluids being present and subsequently detected in
groundwater monitoring wells surrounding sanitary landfills is somewhat remote because chemical
products (such as industrial solvents) are not accepted for storage or disposal at Subtitle D solid waste
management facilities. However, for those rare instances where a separate immiscible phase is believed to
be present, EPA suggests that provisions for detecting these types of fluids should be developed.
The following procedure is proposed to address these concerns in the event that the SWS ever requires this
test to be performed. In those instances where the monitoring well's screened interval encompasses the
water table surface, the ability to detect and sample light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) prior to
implementation of routine groundwater sampling activities may exist. To accomplish this objective, a
transparent teflon bailer will be lowered into the well to just below the water table surface. The bailer will
then be removed from the well and the contents examined to identify if any immiscible fluids are present.
If any immiscible fluids are determined to be potentially present, an interface probe is proposed to be
used. The depth of the light phase immiscible layer, as determined by the interface probe, will then be
recorded in a field logbook. The interface probe will continue to be lowered until it intersects the
groundwater table surface. The depth of the organic/water interface zone also will be recorded. From
these two measurements, the thickness of the light phase immiscible layer can be readily determined.
The potential presence of dense phase immiscible layer will be determined by the examination of
laboratory analytical results. Analytical results above a percentage of a given chemicals solubility limit can
indicate the potential presence of DNAPLs.
As mentioned above, monitoring for immsicible phase fluids is not envisioned to be performed during
typical sampling events, but is provided here to document how the test will be performed if the SWS
requires it at a future date.
4.2.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation
Following measurement of the static water level in all of the wells, individual wells will be purged of all
stagnant water. The stagnant water, which is not representative of true aquifer conditions, will be removed
to ensure that fresh formation water can be sampled. A minimum of three well casing volumes will be
removed prior to sampling the well. The well volume for 2-inch diameter wells will be calculated using the
following equation: one well volume in gallons equals the height of the water column (in feet) times 0.1632
(slightly less than 0.5 gallons per foot water for 3 casing volumes). During the well purging process, field
measurements (pH, temperature, and specific conductance) will be collected at regular intervals, and
reported in a tabular format. The well will be purged until field measurements stabilize within
approximately 10 percent between subsequent readings or until the well is dry. Stabilization of these
measurements will indicate that fresh formation water is present in the well. Field measurements of pH,
Section 4 • Sampling and Analysis Plan
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Section 4.docx
temperature, and conductivity should be obtained by using a YSI 556 Multiparameter Water Quality Meter
or equivalent.
If the well is purged to dryness, the samples will be collected after a sufficient volume of water has entered
the well to allow collection of the sample. Wells will be purged using a decontaminated teflon bailer with
new nylon rope or an acceptable pumping device approved by the SWS. Field measurements collected
during purging activities will be recorded in the field logbook.
4.2.4 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection
After purging activities are complete, groundwater samples will be collected for laboratory analysis. The
wells will be sampled using laboratory decontaminated teflon or polyethylene bailers equipped with new
nylon rope or through SWS approved pumps. Bailers will be used for one well only. Field decontamination
of bailers will not be permitted. Disposable bailers will only be used if laboratory decontaminated standard
teflon bailers or dedicated sampling systems are not available. The bailers will be lowered slowly into the
well to minimize sample agitation. Sample water will be placed directly into sample bottles provided by the
analytical laboratory, using the following method:
1. Retrieve bailer and slowly transfer sample water to the appropriate sample container. The bailer
or pump tubing should not be allowed to touch the sample container.
2. The sample container for the volatile organic compounds should be filled first, leaving no
headspace or air bubbles. The container should then be tightly sealed. The sample container will
come with preservative already added by the laboratory.
3. The sample container for the metals should then be filled. This container will also come with
preservative added by the laboratory. This container should be filled to the bottle shoulder.
Surface water samples will be obtained from areas of minimal turbulence and aeration. The following
procedure will be implemented regarding sampling of surface waters:
1. Hold the bottle near the bottom with one hand, and with the other, remove the cap.
2. Push the sample container slowly into the water and tilt up towards the current to fill. A depth of
about six inches is satisfactory. Avoid breaching the surface while filling the container.
3. The container should be moved slowly, in a lateral direction, if there is little current movement.
4. If the stream depths are too shallow to allow submersion of the sample container, a pool may be
scooped out of the channel bottom and allowed to clear prior to sampling.
5. Lift the container from the water and place the uncontaminated cap on the container.
The wells and surface water stations will be sampled in the order of potential for increasing contamination
levels beginning with the upgradient (background) sampling locations. The individual water samples will be
collected and bottled in the order of parameter volatility. The collection order for the samples will be as
follows:
 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Section 4 • Sampling and Analysis Plan
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Section 4.docx
 Total metals.
The samples will be transferred from the sampling equipment directly into a prepared sample container
provided by the laboratory. Field filtering of samples is not permitted. There will be a specific size and type
of container provided for each constituent to be analyzed. For VOC analysis, the containers provided will be
40-ml glass vials. For metals analysis, the samples will be collected in 0.5-liter HDPE bottles. Extra
containers should be available in case of accidental breakage. All field personnel will wear protective latex
or nitrile disposable gloves in order to prevent extrinsic contamination from clothing, body oils, dirt, and
other various contaminants. Sample documentation requirements to ensure sample integrity, will included
sample locations, date and time of sample collection, proper analysis, and preservative (if applicable).
4.2.5 Decontamination Procedures
All sampling and purging equipment that will come in contact with the well casing and water will be
decontaminated. All sampling equipment will be laboratory cleaned. The following decontamination
procedures will be used for sampling equipment, if needed:
1. Clean item with tap water and phosphate-free laboratory detergent (Liquinox or equivalent), using
a brush if necessary to remove particulate matter and surface films,
2. Rinse thoroughly with tap water,
3. Rinse thoroughly with deionized or distilled water and allow to air dry,
4. Wrap with aluminum foil, if necessary, to prevent contamination of equipment during storage or
transport.
4.3 Sample Preservation and Shipment
In order to ensure sample integrity, preservation and shipment procedures will be carefully monitored.
Generally, ice and chemical additives will be used as sample preservatives, as recommended by the
commercial laboratory. For VOC analysis, hydrochloric acid will be used as the preservation method as well
as maintaining the samples at a temperature of 4°C. Nitric acid will be used as the preservative for samples
needing metals analysis. If the analytical laboratory is located some distance from the site, samples shall be
shipped via a 24-hour delivery service to ensure holding times are not exceeded. Shipment of samples will
be coordinated with the laboratory.
Proper storage and transport conditions must be maintained in order to preserve the integrity of the
sample. Once taken, samples will be placed on ice and cooled to a temperature of 4°C. Samples are to be
packed in iced coolers so as to inhibit breakage or accidental spills. Custody seals will be placed on the
outside of the cooler, in a manner to detect tampering of the samples. The laboratory shall immediately
notify the owner/operator of any samples that arrive with custody seals broken.
4.4 Analytical Procedures
The samples taken from each well and from the surface water sampling locations will be analyzed for the
constituents listed in 40 CFR Part 258, Appendix 1. The analytical procedures for the indicated parameters
will be conducted using the following methods:

Section 4 • Sampling and Analysis Plan
4-5
Section 4.docx
Analysis
Volatile organic compounds 8260
EPA Method Number
Total metals 6010
4.5 Chain of Custody
It is imperative that an accurate record of sample collection, transport, analysis, and disposal be
maintained and documented. Therefore, chain-of-custody procedures will be instituted and followed
throughout the sampling program. It is necessary to establish documentation to trace sample possession
from the time of collection until disposal. The chain-of-custody program shall include the following
requirements:
 Samples shall be accompanied by a chain-of-custody record that notes the date and time of
collection as well as sampling personnel.
 All samples shall be properly labeled to prevent misidentification of samples.
 Field notes shall be included to provide pertinent information about each sample.
 A sample analysis sheet shall accompany all samples to the laboratory.
 Sample custody seals shall be used to indicate any tampering of samples.
 All records pertaining to the shipment of a sample shall be retained (ie: freight bills, post office
receipts, and bills of lading).
The laboratory shall not accept samples for analysis without a correctly prepared chain of custody form.
The laboratory shall be responsible for maintaining chain-of-custody of the sample(s) from time of receipt
to disposal. The chain-of-custody form shall be signed by each individual who possesses the samples.
To prevent sample misidentification, a label will be affixed to each sample container in a manner as to
prevent the label from becoming dislodged during transport which will contain the following information:
 Sample identification number,
 Name and signature of sample collector,
 Date and time of collection,
 Place of collection,
 Parameters requested,
 Type of preservative.
In addition the container itself should be labeled with the sample identification number (at a minimum) to
allow for identification should the label fall off.
Section 4 • Sampling and Analysis Plan
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Section 4.docx
4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
The reliability and validity of the field and analytical laboratory data will be monitored as part of the QA/QC
program used in the laboratory. Field duplicates and sample blanks will be collected to check sampling
protocol and to account for any changes that occur after sampling. The QA/QC program will stipulate the
use of standards, laboratory blanks, and duplicates for identification of matrix interferences.
4.6.1 Field Duplicates
Field duplicates provide a measure of field and laboratory precision. Field duplicates will be collected from
identical locations using proper sampling procedures. The duplicate samples will be collected at a
frequency of one per day per sampling event.
4.6.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks
To evaluate the effectiveness of the decontamination procedures, equipment rinsate blanks will be
collected. The sample will be collected by passing distilled water through the sampling equipment after
decontamination has been completed. Equipment blanks will be collected at a minimum of one per day of
groundwater sampling activities.
4.6.3 Trip/Travel Blanks
A trip/ travel blank shall be prepared to account for any sample contamination that may occur during
transport to and from the site. The sample will be prepared in the laboratory with deionized or distilled
water and shall accompany the sample shipping container to the field. The trip/travel blank shall remain
unopened until receipt by the lab for analysis. One trip blank per sampling event will be collected.
4.7 Reporting
Following semi-annual groundwater sample collection and analysis, a report shall be submitted to the SWS
which includes the following information:
 Field observations related to the condition of the monitoring wells,
 Field data,
 Laboratory data,
 Sampling methodologies,
 Quality assurance/quality control data,
 Information on groundwater flow,
 Wells with constituents exceeding groundwater standards,
 Other pertinent information.

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Section 5.docx
Section 5
References
Camp Dresser & McKee (CDM). 2004. Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. Permit
Amendment Application Phase 3 Design. Hydrogeologic Report. Cell 6. December.
________. 2000. Design Hydrogeologic Report - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility.
Permit Amendment Application Cells 4 and 5 (Revised). February.
________. 1999. Design Hydrogeologic Report - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility.
Permit Amendment Application Cells 4 and 5. November.
________. 1995. Design Hydrogeologic Report - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility.
February.
________. 1993. Response to Completeness Review - Site Plan Application - Buncombe County Solid
Waste Management Facility. December.
________. 1992. Site Plan Application - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. November.
Heath, Ralph C. 1980. Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology With References to Conditions in North
Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations. Open-File Report 80-44.