1107_BuncombeCo_CDLF_C&DOpsPlan_DIN28279_201508

Buncombe County,
North Carolina

Buncombe County Solid Waste
Management Facility

Subtitle D Landfill
Operation Plan
July 2009
REVISED AUGUST 2015 BY MCGILL ASSOCIATES, P.A.

CDM i

Part 7: Operation Plan
C&D Landfill
Contents
Section 1 – Purpose
1.1 Operation Drawings ................................................................................................. 1-1
Section 2 – Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements
2.1 Waste Definitions...................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Acceptable Waste ...................................................................................................... 2-3
2.3 Acceptable Waste Requiring Special Handling .................................................... 2-3
2.4 Prohibited Wastes ..................................................................................................... 2-4
2.5 Receiving Prohibited Waste .................................................................................... 2-5
Section 3 – Cover Material Requirements
3.1 Operational Cover .................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 Wet Weather Operations .......................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Alternative Cover Material ..................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.1 Posi-shell ..................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.1.1 Properties of Posi-shell .......................................................... 3-1
3.2.1.2 Cover System Description .................................................... 3-1
3.2.1.3 Cover System Application Procedures ............................... 3-2
3.2.2 Soil/Mulch Mixture .................................................................................. 3-3
3.2.2.1 Properties of Soil/Mulch Mixture ....................................... 3-3
3.2.2.2 Cover System Application Procedures ............................... 3-3
Section 4 – Spreading and Compacting of Waste
4.1 Working Area ............................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Compaction ............................................................................................................... 4-1
4.3 Controlling Wind Blown Material ......................................................................... 4-1
4.4 Filling Sequence ........................................................................................................ 4-1
Section 5 – Disease Vector Control
Section 6 – Air Criteria and Fire Control
6.1 State Implementation Plan ...................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Open Burning of Waste ........................................................................................... 6-1
6.3 Fire Protection Equipment ...................................................................................... 6-2
6.4 Fire and Explosion Notification .............................................................................. 6-2
Section 7 – Access and Safety Requirements
7.1 Landfill Access and Security ................................................................................... 7-1
Table of Contents
Operations Plan
CDM ii
7.2 Attendant ................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.3 Access Road ............................................................................................................... 7-1
7.4 Dust Control .............................................................................................................. 7-1
7.5 Signs............................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.6 Waste Removal Scavenging Policy ........................................................................ 7-2
Section 8 – Erosion and Sedimentation Control Requirements
8.1 Control of Sediment ................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2 On-Site Erosion Control ........................................................................................... 8-1
8.3 Vegetative Cover ...................................................................................................... 8-2
Section 9 – Drainage Control and Water Production Requirements
9.1 Surface Water Diverted From Operational Area ................................................. 9-1
9.2 Surface Water Shall Not Be Impounded Over Waste .......................................... 9-1
9.3 Waste Shall Not Be Disposed Of In Water ............................................................ 9-1
Section 10 – Survey for Compliance
Section 11 – Operating Record and Record Keeping Requirements
11.1 Regulatory Requirements ...................................................................................... 11-1
11.2 Operating Record ................................................................................................... 11-1
11.2.1 Monitoring Plan ....................................................................................... 11-1
Appendices
Appendix A - Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring Plan
Appendix B – NCDENR ACM Approval Letter
Appendix C – Posi-shell Manufacturer’s Usage Guide
Appendix D – Operation Drawings

CDM 1-1
Section 1
Purpose
The purpose of this Operation Plan is to provide the Buncombe County C&D landfill
staff with a manual that will serve as a guide for safe and efficient operation of the
C&D landfill, including the current operating phase through the Phase 5 expansion
that is proposed for construction. This Operation Plan has been prepared in
accordance with the North Carolina Solid Waste Rule 15A NCAC 13B .0542,
Operation Plan and Requirements for C&D Landfill Facilities, and therefore addresses
the following issues.
 Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements
 Cover Material Requirements
 Spreading and Compacting Requirements
 Disease Vector Control
 Air Criteria and Fire Control
 Access and Safety Requirements
 Erosion and Sedimentation Control Requirements
 Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements
 Survey for Compliance
 Operating Record and Recordkeeping Requirements

Additionally, Table 1 is provided to summarize all required documents or
documentation (record keeping) which must be maintained by the County and
retained at the facility. The operating record may be inserted into a 3-ring binder
located at the scale house or main administration building. It is the intent that Table 1
is clearly and visually posted to ensure direction on record keeping.

1.1 Operation Drawings
In accordance with Rule .0542(b)(1), operation drawings have been prepared and are
included in Appendix D.
CDM
Table 1
Buncombe County C&D Landfill
Operating Record Requirements

Required Record Keeping Rule
Reference
in Ops
Plan
Action
INCOMING WASTE
Attempted disposal of any
prohibited wastes .0542 2.5 Report to NCDENR within 24 hrs
Attempted disposal of any
waste from outside the
permitted service area
.0542 2.5 Report to NCDENR within 24 hrs
Records of random waste
inspections .0544 11.1 Note date and result
Amounts by weight of solid
waste received at the C&D
landfill, include county of
generation
-- 11.1 --
DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
Placement of cover material at
a minimum per 3.1 .0542 3.1 Note date and time and include in
Operating Record
Open burning requests .0542 6.2
Note date of approval and
approving DWM personnel and
include in Operating Record
Fire and explosion notification .0542 6.4
Report to NCDENR verbally
within 24 hrs and written by 15
days and keep notification on file
METHANE (LFG) MONITORING
Methane (LFG) monitoring
reports .0544 11.2.1 Quarterly
Exceedance in methane levels
– required action within 7
days following detection
.0544 11.2.1
Include in Operating Record
detected levels and description of
steps to protect human health
Exceedance in methane levels
– required action within 60
days following detection
.0544 11.2.1 Include in Operating Record a
remediation plan for gas releases
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER MONITORING
Groundwater and surface
water monitoring reports .0544 App. A Semi-annual
TRAINING
Certifications of training .0544 11.1 --
CDM
Training procedures .0544 11.1 --
MISCELLANOUS
Audit records, compliance
records and inspection reports .0542 11.1 --
CLOSURE/POST-CLOSURE (NOT APPLICABLE AS OF OCTOBER 2008)
Any closure or post-closure
monitoring, testing, or
analytical data
.0543 11.1 Note date and result and include
in Operating Record
REQUIRED APPROVED DOCUMENTS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE OPERATING
RECORD
Current Operations Plan and Monitoring Plan in accordance with Rules .0542 & .0544
Current Permit to Construct and Permit to Operate
Current cost estimates and financial assurance documentation

CDM 2-1
Section 2
Waste Acceptance and Disposal
Requirements
2.1 Waste Definitions
Agricultural Waste - waste material produced from raising of plants and animals,
including animal manures, bedding plant stalks, hulls, and vegetative matter.
Asbestos Waste - any waste material that is determined to contain asbestos.
Asphalt - in accordance with G.S. 130-294(m).
Blood Product - all bulk blood and blood products.
Commercial Solid Waste - all types of solid waste generated by retail stores, offices,
restaurants, warehouses, and other non-manufacturing activities, excluding
residential waste.
Construction or Demolition Debris - solid waste resulting solely from construction,
remodeling, repairs or demolition operations on pavement, buildings, or other
structures, but does not include inert debris, land-clearing debris or yard debris.
Hazardous Waste - any solid waste that is defined as hazardous in 15A NCAC 13A
261.3 and that is not excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste from
conditionally exempt small quantity generators as defined within 15A NCAC 13A
261.5.
Hot Load - when a waste hauling vehicle is transporting solid waste that is burning or
smoldering, it is referred to as a hot load.
Household Waste - any solid waste derived from households including hotels and
motels, bunkhouses, ranger stations, crew quarters, campgrounds, picnic grounds,
and day-use recreation areas.
Industrial Solid Waste - solid waste generated by manufacturing processes that is not
a hazardous waste regulated under Subtitle C of RCRA. Such waste may include, but
is not limited to, waste resulting from the following manufacturing processes: electric
power generation; fertilizer/agricultural chemicals; food and related products/by-
products; inorganic chemicals; iron and steel manufacturing; leather and leather
products; nonferrous metals manufacturing/foundries; organic chemicals; plastics
and resins manufacturing; pulp and paper industry; rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products; stone, glass, clay, and concrete products; textile manufacturing;
transportation equipment; and water treatment. This term does not include mining
waste or oil and gas waste.
Section 2
Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements

CDM 2-2
Inert Debris - any solid waste which consists solely of material such as concrete, brick,
concrete block, uncontaminated soil, rock, and gravel.
Infectious Waste - any solid waste capable of producing an infectious disease. These
types of waste include microbiological waste, pathological waste, blood products, and
sharps.
Land-Clearing Debris - solid waste which is generated solely from land clearing
activities such as stumps and trees trunks.
Liquid Hydrocarbons - as defined under Article 21A of Chapter 143 of the North
Carolina General Statutes: except that any such oils or other liquid hydrocarbons that
meet the criteria for hazardous waste under the Federal Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (P.L. 94-580) as amended.
Liquid Waste - any waste material that is determined to contain free liquid by Method
9095 (Paint Filter Test).
Microbiological Waste - includes cultures and stocks of etiologic agents. The term
includes cultures of specimens from medical, pathological, pharmaceutical, research,
commercial, and industrial laboratories.
Oils - As defined under Article 21A of Chapter 143 of the North Carolina General
Statutes: except that any such oils that meet the criteria for hazardous waste under the
Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (P.L. 94-580) as amended.
Pathological Waste - includes: human tissue, organs, body parts, secretions, and
excretions, blood, and body fluids that are removed during surgery and autopsies; the
carcasses and body parts of all animals that were exposed to pathogens in research,
were used in the production of biological or in the in-vitro testing of pharmaceuticals,
or that died of known or suspected infectious disease.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) - defined as any of several compounds that are
produced by replacing hydrogen atoms in biphenyl with chlorine. PCB's were most
frequently used as an additive to oil or other liquid in situations where heat is
involved. PCB's have been used in paints and lubricants, however the most common
application was in electric transformers.
Radioactive Waste - any waste that contains radioactivity as defined by the North
Carolina Radiation Protection Act, G.S. 104E-1 through 104E-23. Radioactivity is
defined as the property possessed by some elements of spontaneously emitting alpha
or beta rays and sometimes gamma rays by the disintegration of the nuclei of atoms.
Sharps - includes needles, syringes with attached needles, capillary tubes, slides and
cover slips, and scalpel blades.
Section 2
Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements

CDM 2-3
Spoiled Food - any food which has been removed from sale by the United States
Department of Agriculture, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Food and
Drug Administration, or any other regulatory agency having jurisdiction in
determining that food is unfit for consumption.
Treatment or Processing Waste - any waste that is a residual solid from a wastewater
treatment or pretreatment facility.
Tires - rubber tires from vehicles.
White Goods - any inoperative and discarded refrigerators, freezers, ranges, washers,
dryers, water heaters, and other large domestic commercial appliances.
Yard Trash - solid waste resulting from landscaping and yard maintenance such as
brush, grass, tree limbs, and similar vegetative material.
2.2 Acceptable Waste
In accordance with Rule .0542(c)(1), a C&D landfill shall only accept those solid
wastes which it is permitted to dispose of. In accordance with the current Permit to
Operate (dated March 5, 2008), the Buncombe County C&D landfill is permitted to
dispose of the following using normal operating procedures (as defined previously):
 Construction or Demolition Debris;
 Inert Debris;
 Land-Clearing Debris;
 Asphalt; and
 Asbestos Wastes.
2.3 Acceptable Waste Requiring Special Handling
Asbestos waste is part of the permitted, acceptable waste stream and will require
special handling procedures. The County has delineated a defined, isolated area
within the C&D landfill footprint of the active phase as shown on Sheets OP-2
through OP-5.
The asbestos waste shall be managed in accordance with 40 CFR 61. In accordance
with Rule .0542(c)(2), the regulated asbestos waste shall be covered immediately with
soil in a manner that will not cause airborne conditions and must be disposed of
separate and apart from other solid wastes.
Hot loads arriving at the site should be dumped immediately in the designated
primary hot load area located near the working face. The designated area must be
located only on areas containing compacted refuse covered by at least 12 inches of
cover material. The location of the primary hot load area will change along with the
landfill development so as to always be near the working face. Hot loads should be
Section 2
Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements

CDM 2-4
extinguished immediately after being dumped by applying water to the burning
refuse and by covering the refuse with soil from the stockpile area. If problems are
encountered, the local fire department should be called. Once extinguished, the hot
load should be observed until it is certain that the fire is out. The remaining refuse
should then be compacted and buried at the working face.
2.4 Prohibited Wastes
The following wastes will be prohibited from disposal at the Buncombe County C&D
Landfill:
 Wastewater treatment sludge;
 Containers such as tubes, drums, barrels, tanks, cans, and bottles unless they are
empty and perforated to ensure that no liquid, hazardous or municipal solid
waste is contained within;
 Garbage;
 Hazardous waste;
 Industrial solid waste;
 Liquid waste;
 Medical waste;
 Municipal solid waste;
 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) wastes;
 Radioactive waste;
 Septage;
 Sludge;
 Special wastes;
 White goods; and
 Yard trash.
The following wastes cannot be received if separate from C&D landfill waste:
 Lamps or bulbs including but not limited to halogen, incandescent, neon or
fluorescent;
 Lighting ballast or fixtures;
 Thermostats and light switches;
 Batteries including but not limited to those from exit and emergency lights and
smoke detectors;
 Lead pipes;
Section 2
Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements

CDM 2-5
 Lead roof flashing;
 Transformers;
 Capacitors; and
 Copper chrome arsenate (CCA) and creosote treated woods.
Waste accepted for disposal in the C&D landfill shall be readily identifiable as C&D
waste and shall not have been shredded, pulverized, or processed to such an extent
that the composition of the original waste cannot be readily ascertained.
The County shall not knowingly dispose any type or form of C&D waste that is
generated within the boundaries of a unit of local government that by ordinance:
 Prohibits generators or collectors of C&D waste from disposing that type or form
of C&D waste.
 Requires generators or collectors of C&D waste to recycle that type or form of
C&D waste.
2.5 Receiving Prohibited Waste
The Buncombe County C&D landfill shall only accept those solid wastes that it is
permitted to receive. The County will notify the North Carolina Department of
Environment and Nature Resources Division of Waste Management (NCDENR
DWM) within 24 hours of attempted disposal of any waste the C&D and Subtitle D
landfills are not permitted to receive.
A report shall be prepared of any attempted delivery of waste of which the landfill is
not permitted to receive, including waste from outside the permitted landfill service
area. The report will be forwarded to:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Waste Management
Solid Waste Section
1646 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646

CDM 3-1
Section 3
Cover Material Requirements
3.1 Operational Cover
In accordance with Rule .0542(f), the County shall cover disposed C&D waste with six
inches of earthen material (or alternative cover material (ACM) approved by the Solid
Waste Section (SWS)) when the waste disposal area exceeds one-half acre and at least
once weekly. Soil cover shall be used once monthly at a minimum. Cover shall be
placed at more frequent intervals if necessary, to control disease vectors, fires, odors,
blowing litter, and scavenging. A notation of the date and time of the cover
placement must be recorded in the operating record.
In accordance with Rule .0542(f)(2), areas which will not have additional wastes
placed on them for three months or more, but where final termination of disposal
operations has not occurred, shall be covered and stabilized with vegetative ground
cover or other stabilizing material.
3.1.1 Wet Weather Operations
During wet weather, the County will develop a wet weather working face. The wet
weather working face will be kept as small as possible. At the end of disposal
operations, the County will cover in accordance with Section 3.1.
3.2 Alternative Cover Material
ACM methods are described in this section for Posi-Shell and soil/mulch mixture.
Each ACM shall provide control for disease vectors, fires, odor, blowing litter, and
scavenging. The ACM approval letter is included in Appendix B.
3.2.1 Posi-Shell
The Posi-Shell Cover System is proposed as an ACM (see Appendix C for
Manufacturer’s Usage Guide) on waste disposed at the C&D landfill. Posi-Shell
provides a thin cover that hardens over the covered waste surface.
3.2.1.1 Properties of Posi-Shell
The properties of each component of Posi-Shell are presented in the Manufacturer’s
Usage Guide in Appendix C.
3.2.1.2 Cover System Description
As described in the Manufacturer’s Usage Guide, the application rate for short-term
coverage (overnight cover for daily cover operations) is approximately 8 to 10 square
feet per gallon. Assuming the working face is less than one acre (100 feet wide and
400 feet long), the desired load size would be approximately 4,000 gallons. At a
minimum, the Posi-Shell material quantities for daily use should be the following:
 3,200 gallons of liquid (water or leachate),
Section 3
Cover Material Requirements

CDM 3-2
 8 bags (15 lbs each) of Posi-Pak,
 40 bags (50 lbs each) of PSM-200 setting agent, and
 80 bags (94 lb each) of optional Portland cement.
Posi-Pak is a specially designed plastic fiber with a proprietary finish that provides
the reinforcement matrix for the finished cover. PSM-200 setting agent is a blend of
clay, polymers, and adhesives that provides thickening, lubrication, and adhesion.
Portland cement can be used as a binder component which will help neutralize odors
and enhances the durability of the cover system.
3.2.1.3 Cover System Application Procedures
Application Procedure
Application of the Posi-shell will generally follow the manufacturer’s
recommendation and will employ the following minimum procedures:
 The Posi-shell will be applied in two different directions to avoid spray shadow or
wind dispersion;
 The Posi-shell will be applied at the end of each working day;
 The Posi-shell surface will be visually inspected on a daily basis for exposed waste
and/or inadequate coverage. Inadequate coverage is generally defined as a
thickness of less than 1/8 of an inch.
Areas of exposed waste and/or inadequate coverage will receive an additional
application prior to operations ending for that day.
Maximum Daily Area Coverage
Based on the July 2008 Airspace Analysis Report:
 Annual 2007 waste disposal rate (C&D only) = 66,400 tons
 Operating days per year = 284 days
 Approximate daily waste disposal rate = 230 tons
 In-place density = 0.65 tons of C&D per cubic yard
 Daily cubic yards disposed = daily waste disposal rate / in-place density = 350 yd3
or 9,500 ft3
The working face will be restricted to the smallest area feasible. The working lift is
typically 4 feet high. Based on a working lift thickness of 4 feet, the working face area
is 5,400 square feet (daily cubic yards disposed / working lift thickness), which is less
than the daily coverage area.
Section 3
Cover Material Requirements

CDM 3-3

Daily Depth and Quantity to be Applied
N/A
Average Monthly Volume of Daily Cover
N/A
List of Equipment
Equipment required for the Posi-Shell consists of a standard hydroseeding unit and a
towing unit.
Material and Equipment Storage
The material components of Posi-Shell will be housed in the machine shop to
minimize the risk of hydration. The spraying equipment will be parked in a County
designated area which will not impede daily operations.

Wet Weather Operation
See Section 3.1.1 of this section.
Contingency Plans
If, for any reason, the County cannot use Posi-Shell as ACM material, soil or a
soil/mulch mixture will be used.
Screening Criteria
N/A
3.2.2 Soil/Mulch Mixture
A mulch (30% maximum by volume) and soil mixture is proposed as another ACM
material. Mulch will be hauled from the on-site mulching operations and soil will be
provided from the County’s on-site borrow area. The soil/mulch mixture will be free
of petroleum contaminated soils. The materials will be mixed at the borrow area or
the working face.
3.2.2.1 Properties of Soil/Mulch Mixture
At the Buncombe County facility, waste segregation occurs at the scale house to
prevent the mulch processing of any unacceptable material. Unacceptable material
includes construction and demolition debris, potentially contaminated debris, etc.
Since waste segregation occurs prior to the waste processing into mulch, the resulting
mulch is considered inert.
3.2.2.2 Cover System Application Procedures
Application Procedure
Application of the soil/mulch mixture will employ the following minimum
Section 3
Cover Material Requirements

CDM 3-4
procedures:
 The mixure will be prepared by combining three (3) loads of mulch and seven (7)
loads of soil;
 Mix soil and mulch load and visually verify that the mixture is adequately
commingled, ensure that there are no large clumps (3 inches in diameter or larger)
of either soil or mulch in the mixture;
 Load and haul soil/mulch mixture to active working face using an articulating
truck; and
 Use dozer to cover working face with six inches of soil/mulch mixture.
The surface will be visually inspected on a daily basis for exposed waste and/or
inadequate coverage. Areas of exposed waste and/or inadequate coverage will
receive additional cover.
Maximum Daily Area Coverage
See Section 3.2.1.3.

Daily Depth and Quantity to be Applied
As stated above, 6 inches of the soil/mulch mixture will be applied to the daily
coverage area of 5,400 square feet. Therefore; the required daily quantity of
soil/mulch mixture placed is approximately 100 yd3 (Assuming no other daily cover
is used).
Average Monthly Volume of Daily Cover
As stated above, approximately 100 yd3 per day of soil/mulch mixture will be used.
Assuming 24 working days per month, the average monthly volume of daily cover
required for normal operating conditions is 2,400 yd3.
List of Equipment
An articulating truck and dozer will be used for the application process.
Material and Equipment Storage
Any soil/mulch mixture requiring storage will be stored at the borrow area. Mulch
stock pile sizes shall not exceed 30 feet in width and 15 feet in height to avoid
spontaneous combustion and to maintain a manageable pile size in the event of a fire.
Landfill equipment used for ACM procedures will be stored at County designated
areas.
Wet Weather Operation
Section 3
Cover Material Requirements

CDM 3-5
See Section 3.1.1 of this section.
Contingency Plans
If, for any reason, the County cannot obtain mulch for the on-site processing area for
use as ACM material, soil or Posi-shell will be used.
Screening Criteria
Each soil/mulch mixture load will be visually inspected prior to transport to the
working face to determine if the material is adequately mixed. The load will not be
placed if the mixture is not commingled adequately or if foreign material is observed.
CDM 4-1
Section 4
Spreading and Compacting of Waste
The primary goals of waste placement are to (1) maximize the mass of waste
landfilled through compaction, (2) minimize erosion and sedimentation impact to the
surrounding and disposal areas, and (3) comply with all operating rules and
regulations of the North Carolina Solid Waste Section for C&D landfills.
4.1 Working Area
In accordance with Rule .0542(g)(1), the County shall restrict solid waste into the
smallest area feasible (working face). The working face is defined as where waste is
unloaded, inspected, spread, compacted, and ultimately covered with cover material.
The working face shall be wide enough to prevent a backlog of vehicles waiting to
unload and to allow adequate working space for landfill equipment. At a maximum,
the width of the working face shall not exceed 100 feet.
4.2 Compaction
Per Rule .0542(g)(2), solid waste shall be compacted as densely as practical into cells.
Proper waste spreading and compaction is necessary both to conserve the capacity of
the disposal areas and to minimize future settlement. C&D waste will be unloaded,
inspected for unacceptable items, and spread on the working face. Each layer shall be
compacted with a dozer.
4.3 Controlling Wind Blown Material
In accordance with Rule .0542(g)(3), appropriate methods such as fencing and diking
shall be provided as needed within the landfill area to confine solid waste which is
subject to be blown by the wind. At the conclusion of each day of operation, all
windblown material at the landfill site shall be collected and returned to the working
face.
4.4 Filling Sequence
Yearly operational grades are provided per Rule .0542(b)(1)(B) on Sheets OP-2 to OP-
5.
1Final Grades for the original Phase 5 and the 0.48 acre expansion are shown on C-103.
1 Revision for Phase 5 Expansion prepared by McGill Associates, P.A. in August 2015.
Section 5
Disease Vector Control
In accordance with Rule .0542(h), the County shall prevent or control on-site
populations of disease vectors using techniques appropriate for the protection of
human health and the environment. Disease vectors are defined as any rodent, flies,
mosquitoes, or other animals or insects, capable of transmitting disease to humans.
Effective vector control measures shall be applied when necessary. Control of vectors
will be maintained by application of well-compacted cover material over the
compacted solid waste. This will protect against migration of vectors into and from
the landfill. Stagnant ponding water should be prevented to control mosquito
breeding. Filling in low spots should be performed regularly, and if necessary,
County mosquito control or a licensed exterminator shall be employed to control
vectors.
A 5-1
Section 6
Air Criteria and Fire Control
6.1 State Implementation Plan
In accordance with Rule .0542(i)(1), the County shall ensure that units do not violate
any applicable requirements developed under a State Implementation Plan (SIP)
approved or promulgated by the U.S. EPA Administrator pursuant to Section 110 of
the Clean Air Act, as amended.
The Western North Carolina Regional Air Quality Agency was contacted during
September 2008 and they indicated that two air quality regulations, which are in the
local code, apply to the C&D landfill. They are as follows:
• Chapter 4.0540 – Particulates from Fugitive Non-Process Dust Emission Sources
• Chapter 4.1806 – Control and Prohibition of Odorous Emissions
Chapter 4.0540 states that the C&D landfill shall not cause, permit, suffer or allow
particulate matter to become airborne in the ambient air as a result of storage,
transportation, processing, or handling of materials or refuse without taking
reasonable precautions, approved by the Board, for the prevention of such particulate
matter from becoming airborne. Additionally, the C&D landfill shall not cause,
permit, suffer or allow particulate matter to become airborne in the ambient air as a
result of the construction, alteration, maintenance, repair or demolition of any road,
bridge, tunnel, railroad track right of way, vehicle, equipment, machinery, building or
structure without taking reasonable precautions, approved by the board, for the
prevention of such particulate matter from becoming airborne. As described in
Section 7.4 of this plan, dust control measures are used throughout the facility and
will be continuously used during the construction and operation of any phase of the
C&D landfill. 
Chapter 4.1806 states that the C&D landfill shall not operate the facility without
implementing management practices or installing and operating odor control
equipment sufficient to prevent odorous emissions from the facility from causing or
contributing to objectionable odors beyond the facility's boundary. Any potential
odors resulting from the C&D landfill are control by the use of operational cover.
Additionally, the working face is kept to the smallest feasible area and disposal occurs
in areas that are protected from the prevailing winds.

6.2 Open Burning of Waste
Per Rule .0542(i)(2), open burning of solid waste, except for the approved burning of
land clearing debris generated on-site or debris from emergency clean-up operations,
is prohibited at the C&D landfill. Prior to any burning, a request shall be sent to the
NCDENR DWM for review. The DWM will determine if the burning to be approved
is one of the two types of burning as described above. A notation of the date of
A 6-1
Section 6
Air Criteria

A 6-2
approval and the name of the Division personnel who approved the burning shall be
included in the operating record.
6.3 Fire Protection Equipment
In accordance with Rule .0542(i)(3), equipment shall be provided to control accidental
fires and arrangements shall be made with the local fire protection agency to
immediately provide fire-fighting services when needed. Fires that break out close to
the surface of the fill area should be dug out and smothered with cover material.
Deep fires should be smothered out by placing moist soil on the surface and by
constructing soil barriers around the fire. Where the smothering technique fails, the
burning material shall be excavated and smothered or quenched with water once the
burning material is brought to the surface. Water is usually not effective unless it can
be directly applied to the burning material.
6.4 Fire and Explosion Notification
Per Rule .0542(i)(4), fires and explosions that occur at a C&D landfill require verbal
notice to the DWM within 24 hours and written notification within 15 days. Written
notification shall include the suspected cause of fire or explosion, the response taken
to manage the incident, and the action(s) to be taken to prevent the future occurrence
of fire or explosion. Verbal and written notification shall be submitted to:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Waste Management
Solid Waste Section
1646 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646
[phone]
Section 7
Access and Safety Requirements
7.1 Landfill Access and Security
In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(1), the Buncombe County C&D Landfill must be
adequately secured by means of gates, chains, berms, fences and other security
measures approved by the DWM to prevent unauthorized entry.
All vehicles disposing of waste at the facility enter and leave through the access
control gate. All waste entering the landfill must be weighed at the scale where a full-
time Scale Operator verifies compliance with operation requirements. Unauthorized
vehicle access to the site is prevented around the remaining portion of the landfill
property by fencing, steep gradient, woods, wetlands, gates, and storm water ditches.
7.2 Attendant
Per Rule .0542(j)(2), an attendant shall be on duty at the site at all times while the
facility is open for public use to ensure compliance with operational requirements.
A full-time Scale Operator will be located in the scale house during operating hours.
The Scale Operator will verify compliance with operation requirements. In addition,
a Facility Supervisor will be present on-site at all times during operation.
7.3 Access Road
In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(3), the access road to the site and access roads to
monitoring locations shall be of all-weather construction and maintained in good
condition. Potholes, ruts, and debris on the roads will receive immediate attention in
order to avoid damage to vehicles. Access roads will be regraded as necessary to
maintain positive slope for adequate drainage.
7.4 Dust Control
Per Rule .0542(j)(4), dust control measures shall be implemented when necessary.
Minimum dust control will include a water truck for wetting of dusty roads.
Sprinklers are also used along some portions of the landfill perimeter access road.
Petroleum products shall not be used for dust control.
7.5 Signs
In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(5), a sign providing information on disposal
procedures, the hours during which the site is open for public use, the permit number
and other pertinent information specified in the permit conditions is posted at the site
entrance.
In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(6), signs are clearly posted stating that no liquid,
hazardous and municipal solid waste can be disposed in the C&D landfill.
A 7-1
Section 7
Access and Safety Requirements

A 7-2
In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(7), traffic signs or markers are provided to promote
an orderly traffic pattern to and from the discharge area and to maintain efficient
operating conditions.
7.6 Waste Removal Scavenging Policy
Per Rule .0542(j)(8), the removal of solid waste from the C&D landfill is prohibited. A
recycling program can be implemented which would allow removal of solid waste if
program is approved by DWM. Currently, the County does not have a recycling
program.
Section 8
Erosion and Sedimentation Control
Requirements
8.1 Control of Sediment
In accordance with Rule .0542(k)(1), adequate sediment control measures shall be
utilized to capture and control sediment in order to prevent sediment from impacting
wetlands and off-site properties.
Surface water runoff passing through the C&D landfill site shall be diverted to the
sediment ponds by the use of ditches, berms, and pipes as shown on the Operation
Drawings. Existing Sediment Pond 11 was constructed in accordance with the
approved Sediment and Erosion Control Plan for control of onsite stormwater run-off
and sediment transport from landfill operations. Sediment Pond 12 is proposed for
control of Phase 5 expansion stormwater. Additionally, existing Sediment Ponds 10
and 11 will be modified.
The sediment ponds have been designed in such a manner that releases will not
overload downstream drainage features or damage adjacent property. Sediment
accumulated in the ponds shall be removed as specified in the approved Sediment
and Erosion Control permit. Silt gages shall be installed in all ponds as shown on the
Detail Sheets in the Engineering Plan. Ditches require frequent inspection for
sediment buildup. At a minimum, the sediment buildup should be assessed after all
significant rain events.
8.2 On-Site Erosion Control
Per Rule .0542(k)(2), adequate erosion control measures consisting of vegetative cover,
materials, structures or devices shall be utilized to prevent excessive on-site erosion of
the C&D landfill.
Erosion control measures shall include:
A. Disturbing as little area as practical at any one time for landfilling operations.
B. Seeding/Mulching of all disturbed areas commencing as soon as practically
possible. Employing erosion netting or sod on steep slopes and other erosion
prone areas.
C. Use of earthen berms, hay bales, silt fences, riprap or equivalent devices
down-gradient of disturbed areas, stockpiles, drainage pipes inlets and outlets
and at intervals along grassed waterways, until such time as permanent
vegetation is established.
D. Placement of riprap at the inlets and outlets of stormwater piping.
A 8-1
Section 8
Erosion and Sediment Control Requirements

A 8-2
8.3 Vegetative Cover
In accordance with Rule .0542(k)(3), vegetative ground cover sufficient to restrain
erosion shall be accomplished as directed by appropriate state or local agency upon
completion of any phase of C&D landfill development consistent with Rule
.0543(c)(5).
Riprap, haybales, or other acceptable temporary methods of erosion control may be
required until permanent cover is established. Mulching, until a vegetative cover is
established, can stabilize areas where final grade has been reached. Soil mulching can
be achieved using wood chips, straw, hay, asphalt emulsion, jute matting, and
synthetic fibers. Mulches allow for greater water retention; reduce the amount of
runoff; retain seeds, fertilizer, and lime in place; and, improve soil moisture and
temperature conditions.
Temporary seeding shall be applied in accordance with the NC Erosion and Sediment
Control Planning and Design Manual, June 2006.
CDM 9-1
Section 9
Drainage Control and Water Protection
Requirements
9.1 Surface Water Diverted From Operational Area
In accordance with Rule .0542(l)(1), surface water shall be diverted from the
operational area. Excessive surface water at the working face creates difficulties for
maneuvering equipment and prevents the operator from achieving maximum
compaction of the waste. To divert surface runoff away from the working face,
temporary diversion berms shall be installed on the current lift, up-gradient from the
working face and in other locations as dictated by the direction of grade. The area
between the temporary berm and the working face should be limited to one acre to
prevent excessive ponding. The soil cover in the areas beyond the diversion berms
shall be uniformly graded and compacted to prevent the formation of erosion
channels. In the event that channels do form, the cover shall be promptly repaired.
During the formation of the initial lift of each phase area additional measures shall be
employed to divert surface water. Existing phases were graded with a high point
located within each phase. The high point will separate each phase into two distinct
areas from the perspective of stormwater control. Initial disposal operations for each
phase will begin on only one side of the high point.
9.2 Surface Water Shall Not Be Impounded Over Waste
Per Rule .0542(l)(2), surface water shall not be impounded over or in waste.
Completed areas shall be adequately sloped at a minimum of 5% to allow surface
water runoff in a controlled manner.
9.3 Waste Shall Not Be Disposed Of In Water
In accordance with Rule .0542(l)(3), solid waste shall not be disposed of in water. The
minimum four-foot separation between waste and the seasonal high groundwater
table along with the drainage controls described in Section 8 will prevent waste from
being disposed of in water.
9.4 Leachate Containment
Operational cover is placed on the C&D landfill working face to minimize leachate
generation. Any leachate generated is contained by existing and proposed
stormwater control devices per Rule .0542(l)(4).2

9.5 Pollutant Discharge
Operations shall not cause discharge pollutants or discharge of nonpoint source of
pollution in accordance with Rule .0542(l)(5).2
2Revision for Phase 5 Expansion prepared by McGill Associates, PA in August 2015.

Section 10
Survey for Compliance
In accordance with Rule .0542(m), within 60 days of the County's receipt of the
DWM's written request, the County shall conducted a survey of the active or closed
portions of the C&D landfill in order to determine whether operations are being
conducted in accordance with the approved design and operational plans. The
County shall report the results of such survey, including a map produced by the
survey, to the DWM within 90 days of receipt of the DWM's request. The survey shall
be performed by a land surveyor registered in North Carolina.

A 10-1
CDM 11-1

Section 11
Operating Record and Record Keeping
Requirements
11.1 Regulatory Requirements
In accordance with Rule .0542(n)(1), the county shall record and retain at the facility
the following information as it becomes available:
 Records of random waste inspections, monitoring results, certifications of
training, and training procedures required by Rule .0544;
 Amounts by weight of solid waste received at the C&D landfill, include county of
generation;
 Any demonstration, certification, finding, monitoring, testing, or analytical data
required by Rules .0544 through .0545;
 Any closure or post-closure monitoring, testing, or analytical data as required by
Rule .0543;
 Any cost estimates and financial assurance documentation required by Rule .0546;
 Notation of date and time of placement of cover material; and
 All audit records, compliance records and inspection reports.
11.2 Operating Record
Per Rule .0542(n)(2), all information contained in the operating record must be
furnished to the Division according to the permit or upon request, or be made
available for inspection by the Division.
The operating record must also include:
(A) A copy of the approved operation plan required by this Rule and the engineering
plan required by Rule .0539;
(B) A copy of the current Permit to Construct and Permit to Operate; and
(C) The Monitoring Plan, in accordance with Rule .0544 of this Section, included as
appendices to the Operation Plan.
11.2.1 Monitoring Plan
In accordance with Rule .0542(n)(3)(C), a monitoring plan per Rule .0544 shall be
included as appendices to the Operation Plan.
The groundwater and surface water monitoring plan was prepared per Rules .0544(b)
and (c) and is included as Appendix A.
Rule .0544(d) requires a gas control plan and is included as Appendix B.
Section 11
Record Keeping Requirements

CDM 11-2
Rule .0544(e) requires a waste acceptability program. Currently, this program is in
place with the MSW landfill and was approved in the aforementioned Permit
submittal. Since both landfills are integral parts of the solid waste management
facility, the previously approved waste acceptability plan covers the C&D landfill as
well.

Part 7
Operation Plan

Appendix A
Groundwater and Surface Water
Monitoring Plan
A i

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Contents
Appendix A – Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Section 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
Section 2
Geologic Setting ........................................................................................................................ 1
2.1 Site Geology .................................................................................................. 1
2.2 Site Hydrogeology ........................................................................................ 2
Section 3
Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network ..................................................................... 2
3.1 Monitoring Well Locations ......................................................................... 2
3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction ....................................... 6
3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Testing ................................................................ 9
3.4 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan .................................................... 9
Section 4
Sampling and Analysis Plan ................................................................................................. 10
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 10
4.2 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection ............................ 10
4.2.1 Static Water Level Measurements ........................................... 10
4.2.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers ................................................ 11
4.2.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation .................................................... 12
4.2.4 Sample Collection ...................................................................... 12
4.3 Sample Preservation and Shipment ......................................................... 14
4.4 Analytical Procedures ................................................................................ 14
4.5 Chain of Custody ........................................................................................ 15
4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ........................................................ 16
4.6.1 Field Duplicates .......................................................................... 16
4.6.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks ........................................................ 16
4.6.3 Trip Blanks .................................................................................. 16
Section 5
References ................................................................................................................................ 16

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Sheets
1 Groundwater Monitoring Well Location Map ........................................................ 4

Tables
1 Groundwater Monitoring System Details ................................................................ 5

Figures
1a Typical Type II Groundwater Monitoring Well ...................................................... 7
1b Typical Type III Groundwater Monitoring Well .................................................... 8
A 1
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Appendix A
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Rules .0544(b) and (c) of the North Carolina Solid Waste Management Rules require
that groundwater and surface water monitoring plans be prepared for all C&D
landfill units. This document is intended to fulfill all of the specified criteria
delineated in this rules.
1 Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this Water Quality Monitoring Plan is to address the requirements in
Rule .0544 (b) and (c), and to present a plan for groundwater and surface water
monitoring for the proposed Buncombe County C&D Landfill Phase 5 expansion. The
Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes information on the expansion of the existing
groundwater monitoring network, surface water monitoring plan, sampling and
analysis requirements, and detection monitoring requirements. The groundwater
monitoring network was designed based on information obtained from recent and
previous subsurface investigations and a review of literature pertaining to regional
geology and groundwater resources. A detailed discussion of the geologic and
hydrogeologic conditions at the Phase 5 C&D expansion is presented in both the Site
Plan Application and the Design Hydrogeologic Report for the C&D expansion area.
The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes the elements necessary to address the
groundwater monitoring plan, including information on the existing and proposed
groundwater monitoring system, sampling and analysis requirements, and detection
monitoring requirements in accordance with Rule .0544(b)(1)(A) through (E). In
addition, the Plan discusses provisions necessary to meet the requirements of a
surface water monitoring plan as described in Rule .0544(c).
2 Geologic Setting
The Buncombe County Landfill site is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains
approximately 9 miles north of Asheville, North Carolina. The landfill site consists of
557 acres bounded by the French Broad River to the south and west, Blevin Branch to
the north, and Flat Creek to the east. The site consists of moderate to steep slopes
separating narrow hills and ridges from small incised secondary drainages.
2.1 Site Geology
Detailed discussions of the site geology are provided in the Site Hydrogeologic Report
and Phase 5 Expansion Design Hydrogeologic Report. The following section provides
a summary of the site geology for the purposes of this Plan.
The Geologic Map of North Carolina shows the site to be underlain by a Precambrian
Migmatitic biotite-hornblende gneiss unit (NCGS 1985). The site vicinity was mapped
as primarily granite and undifferentiated gneiss (Weiner 1970 and GRAM 1999).
Small localized areas of alluvium and/or colluvium were encountered near the base
of the secondary drainage features. These soils generally consisted of clays to silty
Appendix A
Water Quality Monitoring Plan

A 2
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sand with rock fragments. Typically, the uppermost layer consisted of residuum soils
(saprolite) which generally consist of stiff sandy silts and dense clayey. The saprolite
grades into partially weathered rock (PWR). PWR was encountered in the borings as
indicated by a blow count greater than 50 blows per six inch interval. The thickness of
saprolite and PWR was greatest in upland areas, and least in the bottom of secondary
drainage features. Depth to bedrock in the Phase 5 C&D Expansion area, defined as
depth to auger refusal, ranges from 3.5 feet in B-620 up to 29 feet in B-618. The
average bedrock depth was approximately 15 feet over the proposed Landfill
expansion area. The top of bedrock is typically a reflection of surface topography,
with shallow bedrock in the secondary drainage features, and deeper bedrock in
upland areas.
2.2 Site Hydrogeology
As with bedrock, the potentiometric surface is a subdued reflection of surface
topography. As discussed in Design Hydrogeologic Report, groundwater flow in the
Phase 5 expansion area is to the North towards Blevin Branch. Groundwater is rarely
present above the bedrock surface; groundwater was present in the shallower
lithological units only in one location in the bottom of secondary drainage feature
within the area, at B-619. The bedrock fracture flow system behaves similar to an
anisotropic porous media, based on the potentiometric mapping for the Phase 5 area
and results of pumping tests conducted during previous investigations at the
Buncombe County site (CDM, 1995, 2002).
The depth of groundwater circulation beneath the area is estimated at approximately
100 feet below ground surface (bgs), based on analysis of the regional flow system as
discussed in the previous Design Hydrogeologic Reports (CDM, 1995). Thus,
groundwater monitoring can be focused on depths of less than 100 feet bgs. As
discussed in the Phase 5 C&D landfill expansion Design Hydrogeologic Report,
groundwater flow converges into the secondary drainage feature; therefore this
drainage feature is an important target for groundwater monitoring.
3 Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network
This section presents the proposed groundwater monitoring network for the Phase 5
expansion area. Section 3.1 presents proposed monitoring well locations, Section 3.2
discusses monitoring well installation and construction specifications, Section 3.3
discusses hydraulic conductivity testing of the monitoring wells, and Section 3.4
discusses the surface water quality monitoring plan. Existing and proposed
monitoring well locations are provided on Sheet 1.
3.1 Monitoring Well Locations
The SWS regulations require that upgradient monitoring well(s) be located so that
groundwater samples collected from the uppermost aquifer provide an indication of
background groundwater quality. Upgradient wells MW-1 and MW-1d have already
been installed to monitor background water quality for the entire site. No additional
Appendix A
Water Quality Monitoring Plan

A 3
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background wells are proposed for the area. The downgradient monitoring wells
must represent groundwater quality at the relevant point of compliance. The wells
must be located in similar geologic units so that upgradient and downgradient
groundwater quality data can be compared.
The current groundwater monitoring system is shown in Sheet 1. This sheet shows the
Subtitle D Landfill Cells 1-6 and the existing C&D Landfill and the relationship of the
monitor wells to the cells. Monitoring wells MW-2/2d, MW-3/3d, MW-4/4d, MW-
5/5d, MW-6/6d, MW-7, MW-8/8d, MW-10/10d, MW-11/11d, and MW-13/13d are
located around Cells 1-6 of the Subtitle D landfill. Monitoring well nests MW-12/12d
and MW-14/14d are located downgradient of the existing C&D landfill. The location
of the background well nest (MW-1/1d) is shown on Sheet 1. Table 1 lists the existing
monitoring well network, the proposed monitoring well nest for the Phase 5 area, the
approximate depth of completion for the proposed wells, and the rationale for each
location.
As the groundwater beneath the site is a three dimensional system, nested point of
compliance wells are proposed for the Phase 5 expansion. In locations in which
saturation occurs above the bedrock surface, the shallow monitoring well will be
completed in the saprolite or PWR. If a sufficient thickness of saturated
saprolite/PWR zone is found, then the well will be installed in this zone. The zone
should be of sufficient thickness to account for seasonal fluctuations in the water
table. If a sufficient saturated thickness is not present, then the boring will be
advanced into the bedrock and the well will be screened across the saprolite and
bedrock contact. As discussed in the Design Hydrogeologic Report, saturated
conditions above bedrock do not appear to be found in the bottom of secondary
drainage feature. In locations in which no saturation is encountered above the
bedrock surface, the shallowest completion will be in bedrock. The bedrock
monitoring wells at each location will target the shallowest water-bearing fracture
zones encountered. Drilling observations and air lift yield tests will be utilized to
identify fractured zones.
The following nomenclature will be used for the Phase 5 C&D expansion nested
monitoring wells:
MW-15
Proposed shallow monitoring well at location # 15. Within the secondary drainage
feature, downgradient of the proposed Phase 5 C&D landfill, with the screened
interval in the saprolite/ bedrock contact, if present, or across the first encountered
water-bearing fracture.
MW-15d
Proposed deep monitoring well at location # 15, with the screened interval in the next
deepest conductive fracture zone in the bedrock aquifer.

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Table 1.xlsx
Appendix A
Water Quality Monitoring Plan

A 6
P:\Buncombe - 6447\65973 C&D Substantial Amdmt\Reports\Permit to Construct and Sub Amdmt\6 - Operation Plan\AppA - GW and SW Monitoring Plan\Appendix A.docx
3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction
The monitoring wells will be constructed in accordance with standard industry
procedures and will meet the requirements of 15A NCAC 2C. An example of a
monitoring well nest is shown on Figures 1a and 1b. The monitoring wells at locations
of potentially saturated saprolite or PWR will be installed by advancing the borehole
through the water table using hollow-stem augering techniques. Soil samples will be
collected at five-foot intervals with a split spoon sampler in accordance with ASTM D-
1586. Soil lithology will be described in the field by an onsite geologist to develop a
borehole log. If saturation conditions are not evident upon refusal of hollow stem
auger drilling, then a temporary well screen will be placed in the hole for a period up
to 48 hours to determine whether the well will yield water.
If no saturation is expected or encountered during hollow stem auger drilling, then
the shallowest well will be installed in the upper portion of the bedrock aquifer
utilizing air rotary drilling techniques. During air rotary drilling, drilling observations
will be recorded by an onsite geologist, including observed fractures and lithologic
descriptions from cuttings. Drilling will proceed until the first water-bearing fracture
is encountered. Upon observing a fracture (an evident drop of the drill rod and/or a
change in drill chatter), then an air lift yield test will be conducted. The drill rod will
be raised at least 10 feet, and operations will cease for a period of 30 minutes. After
the 30 minute period, the drill rod will be lowered to the bottom of the hole, and air
will be blown for a period of 10 minutes. The amount of water coming from the hole
at this time (if any) will be estimated in gallons per minute. If the borehole is dry, then
the drill rig will be moved approximately 20 feet, and the above procedure repeated.
At locations in which a deeper well is desired, the deep well will be drilled after the
shallow well, and installed at least 10 feet deeper than the bottom of the shallow
borehole. The deeper well will target the next conductive fracture zones encountered
at depth. The above procedure for observing fractures and performing air lift yield
tests will be applied. If no evident fractures are encountered at a depth between 20
and 35 feet below the bottom of the shallow well, then drilling will continue to until a
fracture zone is encountered. Since the wells will be located between the landfill and
the groundwater discharge feature, it is anticipated that most wells will be completed
within 100 feet of ground surface. Also, based on observed subsurface conditions, it
appears that the more conductive fracture zones will be encountered within the upper
100 feet of the bedrock. However, if subsurface conditions dictate that a deeper
completion is required, then the wells will be installed at that depth. All the deeper
monitoring wells will target the most conductive fracture zones, regardless of depth.

Buncombe County C&D Landfill Expansion
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
4" Steel, Locking Protective Cover
Finished Grade
3'x3'x6" Concrete Pad
6" +/- Borehole Diameter
2" Schedule 40 PVC Blank Casing
Portland Type I Cement Grout
2' Bentonite Seal
Silica Sand Filter Pack
2" Schedule 40 PVC 0.010 inch Slotted Well Screen
6" Threaded, PVC End-Cap
Notes:
Stick-up will extend between 2.5 and 3 feet above finished grade.
Silica sand filter pack will extend at least 2 feet above top of screen elevation.
Screen length will vary according to groundwater elevation, bedrock elevation, or fracture frequency.
A Figure 1a
Typical Type II Groundwater Monitoring Well
Buncombe County C&D Landfill Expansion
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
4" Steel, Locking Protective Cover
Finished Grade
3'x3'x6" Concrete Pad
12" +/- Borehole Diameter
6" Schedule 80 PVC Surface Casing
2" Schedule 40 PVC Blank Casing
Portland Type I Cement Grout
6"+/-Borehole Diameter6 / Borehole Diameter
2' Bentonite Seal
Silica Sand Filter Pack
2" Schedule 40 PVC 0.010 inch Slotted Well Screen
6" Threaded, PVC End-Cap
Notes:
Stick-up will extend between 2.5 and 3 feet above finished grade.
Silica sand filter pack will extend at least 2 feet above top of screen elevation.
Screen length will vary according to groundwater elevation, bedrock elevation, or fracture frequency.
Length of 6" surface casing will vary depending on bedrock elevation and fracture frequency.
A Figure 1b
Typical Type III Groundwater Monitoring Well
Appendix A
Water Quality Monitoring Plan

A 9
P:\Buncombe - 6447\65973 C&D Substantial Amdmt\Reports\Permit to Construct and Sub Amdmt\6 - Operation Plan\AppA - GW and SW Monitoring Plan\Appendix A.docx
The monitoring wells will be constructed using 2-inch ID PVC well casing with
threaded flush joints. The shallow monitoring well will be constructed with five to ten
feet of 0.010-inch slot screen at the end of the casing string placed so that it brackets
the water table. This actual length of screen will be chosen to dependent upon depth
to the water table and bedrock. The deeper monitoring well will be constructed with
an outer casing extending from the ground surface into the bedrock beyond the
bottom of the shallower monitoring well screen. A five foot screen interval will be
used to monitor the targeted fracture.
The PVC casing string in each well will extend approximately three feet above ground
surface. A sand pack will be placed around the screen interval to a maximum of two
feet above the top of the screen. A two foot thick bentonite seal consisting of hydrated
bentonite pellets will be placed on top of the sand to hydraulically seal the completion
interval. The remainder of the annulus will be sealed with a bentonite-Portland
cement grout to ground surface. A protective outer casing with a lockable cap will be
placed over the PVC casing and into the grout, extending 2.5 to 3 feet below ground
surface.
Following completion, the monitor wells will be developed to remove the residual
effects of drilling. The wells will be developed using a combination of surging and
over-pumping. All drilling and down-hole equipment will be decontaminated by
steam cleaning between borings. Well development equipment will be
decontaminated by washing in a non-phosphate detergent solution followed by a
potable water rinse, then a distilled water rinse, and allowed to air dry.
The horizontal location of all new monitor wells will be surveyed in State Plane
Coordinates by a Registered Land Surveyor to the nearest 0.1 foot. The vertical control
or elevation of the top of PVC casing (the well measuring point) will be surveyed to
the nearest 0.01 foot accuracy to mean sea level (msl). The height of the well
measuring point above ground surface will be measured.
3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Testing
Following installation and development of the new monitor wells, the hydraulic
conductivity of the aquifer material surrounding each well will be determined by
conducting slug falling head and/or recovery tests on each well. During drilling
operations, where possible, saturated saprolite samples will be collected for
laboratory testing of porosity.
3.4 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Five surface water sampling stations already exist to monitor the effects of landfill
operations on surface water quality in Blevin Branch. Two sampling stations (SW-1
and SW-2) are located both upstream and downstream of the disposal Cells 1-6 of the
Subtitle D landfill. Surface water sampling location, SW-3, is located at the outfall for
the spring capture system located west of Cell 1. Surface water sampling location,
SW-5, is located at the outfall for the spring capture system located north of Cell 6.
Appendix A
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SW-4 is located within the drainage feature downgradient of MW-14/14d at the
existing C&D landfill. Surface water sampling station SW-6 is proposed for Blevin
Branch, north of the Phase 5 area. The existing and proposed sampling locations are
shown on Sheet 1.
4 Sampling and Analysis Plan
4.1 Introduction
Rule .0544 specifies that the owner/operator must provide, as part of the
groundwater monitoring program, a groundwater and surface water sampling and
analysis (S&A) plan. The S&A plan should be designed to provide accurate results of
groundwater quality at the upgradient and downgradient sampling locations. The
S&A plan will address the following subjects:
„ Groundwater and surface water sample collection
„ Sample preservation and shipment
„ Analytical procedures
„ Chain-of-custody
„ Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
4.2 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection
Groundwater samples will be collected from each monitoring well and surface water
sampling location. Samples from each monitoring well and surface water sampling
location will be sampled on a semi-annual basis. One sample from the new
monitoring wells (MW-15/15d) and surface water sampling location (SW-6) will be
collected prior to the Phase 5 expansion receiving waste.
4.2.1 Static Water Level Measurements
Static water level elevations will be measured at each monitoring well prior to any
purging or sampling activities. Static water level data will be used to monitor changes
in site hydrogeologic conditions. The following measurements will be recorded in a
dedicated field book prior to sample collection:
„ Height of the well measuring point above ground surface,
„ Depth of water in the well from the TOC measuring point (to the nearest 0.01 foot),
„ Total depth of the well,
„ Height of the water column in the well casing.
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An electronic water level indicator will be used to accurately measure water
elevations to within 0.01 foot within the same day in as short a period of time as
possible. Each well will have a permanent, easily identified reference point from
which all water level measurements will be taken. The reference point will be marked
and the elevation surveyed by a North Carolina Registered Land Surveyor.
4.2.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers
USEPA's Technical Manual for Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria outlines
specifications for groundwater sampling and analysis. One of these specifications
outlines the establishment of provisions for detecting immiscible fluids, if applicable.
Typically, immiscible fluids are categorized as either, (1) light, non-aqueous phase
liquids (L-NAPLs), or (2) dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (D-NAPLs). L-NAPLs are
more commonly referred to as "floaters" due to their relatively lighter specific gravity,
while D-NAPLs are typically referred to as "sinkers" due to their relatively denser
specific gravity.
In most instances, the probability of immiscible fluids being present and subsequently
detected in groundwater monitoring wells surrounding C&D landfills is somewhat
remote because chemical products (such as industrial solvents) are not accepted for
storage or disposal at C&D waste management facilities. However, for those rare
instances where a separate immiscible phase is believed to be present, EPA suggests
that provisions for detecting these types of fluids should be developed.
The following procedure is proposed to address these concerns in the event that the
SWS ever requires this test to be performed. In those instances where the monitoring
well screened interval encompasses the water table surface, the ability to detect and
sample light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) prior to implementation of routine
groundwater sampling activities may exist. To accomplish this objective, a
transparent Teflon bailer will be lowered into the well to just below the water table
surface. The bailer will then be removed from the well and the contents examined to
identify if any immiscible fluids are present. If any immiscible fluids are determined
to be potentially present, an interface probe is proposed to be used. The depth of the
light phase immiscible layer as determined by the interface probe, will then be
recorded in a field logbook. The interface probe will continue to be lowered until it
intersects the groundwater table surface. The depth of the fluid/water interface zone
also will be recorded. From these two measurements, the thickness of the light phase
immiscible layer can be readily determined.
The potential presence of dense phase immiscible layer will be determined by the
examination of laboratory analytical results. Analytical results above a percentage of a
given chemicals solubility limit can indicate the potential presence of DNAPLs.
As mentioned above, monitoring for immiscible phase fluids is not envisioned to be
performed during typical sampling events, but is provided here to document how the
test will be performed if the SWS requires it at a future date.
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4.2.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation
Following measurement of the static water level in all of the wells, individual wells
will be purged of all stagnant water. The stagnant water, which is not representative
of true aquifer conditions, will be removed to ensure that fresh formation water can
be sampled. A minimum of three well casing volumes will be removed prior to
sampling the well. The well volume for 2-inch diameter wells will be calculated using
the following equation: One well volume in gallons equals the height of the water
column (in feet) times 0.1632 (slightly less than 0.5 gallons per foot water for 3 casing
volumes). Because aquifer formations onsite are relatively low-yield, the well will be
purged in such a way that water is removed from the bottom of the screened interval.
During the well purging process, field measurements (pH, temperature, specific
conductance, dissolved oxygen, oxidation/reduction potential and turbidity) will be
collected at regular intervals, and reported in a tabular format. The well will be
purged until field measurements stabilize within approximately 10 percent between
subsequent readings or until the well is dry. Stabilization of these measurements will
indicate that fresh formation water is present in the well. Field measurements of pH,
temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and ORP will be obtained by using a
YSI-600 series multi-parameter meter or equivalent and turbidity readings will be
collected with Lamont turbidity meter or equivalent. Field measurements collected
during purging activities will be recorded in the field logbook. If the well is purged to
dryness, the samples will be collected after a sufficient volume of water has entered
the well to allow collection of the sample.
Wells will be purged using a decontaminated Teflon bailer with new nylon rope or an
acceptable pumping device approved by the SWS. Teflon bailers will be pre-
decontaminated by the manufacturer. No field decontamination of bailers will be
performed.
4.2.4 Sample Collection
After purging activities are complete, groundwater samples will be collected for
laboratory analysis. The wells will be sampled using disposable laboratory
decontaminated Teflon bailers equipped with new nylon rope. Bailers will be used for
one well only. Field decontamination of bailers will not be permitted. The bailers will
be lowered slowly into the well to minimize sample agitation. Sample water will be
placed directly into sample bottles provided by the analytical laboratory, using the
following method:
1. Retrieve bailer and slowly transfer sample water to the appropriate sample
container. The bailer should not be allowed to touch the sample container.
2. The sample container for the volatile organic compounds should be filled first,
leaving no headspace or air bubbles. The container should then be tightly
sealed. The sample containers will be pre-preserved. No field preservation will
be performed.
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3. The sample container for the metals should then be filled. This container
should be filled to the bottle shoulder.
Surface water samples will be obtained from areas of minimal turbulence and
aeration. The following procedure will be implemented regarding sampling of surface
waters:
1. Hold the bottle near the bottom with one hand, and with the other, remove the
cap.
2. Push the sample container slowly into the water and tilt up towards the
current to fill. A depth of about six inches is satisfactory. Avoid breaching the
surface while filling the container.
3. The container should be moved slowly, in a lateral direction, if there is little
current movement.
4. If the stream depths are too shallow to allow submersion of the sample
container, a pool may be scooped out of the channel bottom and allowed to
clear prior to sampling.
5. Lift the container from the water and place the uncontaminated cap on the
container.
The wells and surface water stations will be sampled in the order of potential for
increasing contamination levels beginning with the upgradient (background)
sampling locations. The individual water samples for C&D landfill wells (MW-
12/12d, MW-14/14d, and proposed MW-15/15d) will be collected in the order of
parameter volatility. The collection order for the samples will be as follows:
„ Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
„ Chloride,
„ Sulfate,
„ Alkalinity,
„ Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
„ Total metals (including manganese, mercury and iron).
The samples will be transferred from the sampling equipment directly into a prepared
sample container provided by the laboratory. Field filtering of samples is not
permitted. There will be a specific size and type of container provided for each
constituent to be analyzed. For VOC analysis, the containers provided will be pre-
preserved 40-ml glass vials. For metals analysis, the samples will be collected in pre-
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preserved 500-ml HDPE bottles. Chloride, sulfate, alkalinity and TDS will be collected
in unpreserved 500-ml HDPE bottles. Extra containers will be provided in case of
accidental breakage. All field personnel will wear protective latex disposable gloves
in order to prevent extrinsic contamination from clothing, body oils, dirt, and other
various contaminants. Sample documentation requirements to ensure sample
integrity, will include sample locations, date and time of sample collection, proper
analysis, and preservative (if applicable).
4.3 Sample Preservation and Shipment
In order to ensure sample integrity, preservation and shipment procedures will be
carefully monitored. Generally, ice and chemical additives will be used as sample
preservatives, as recommended by the commercial laboratory. For VOC analysis,
hydrochloric acid will be used as the preservation method as well as maintaining the
samples at a temperature of 4°C. Nitric acid will be used as the preservative for
samples needing metals analysis.
If the analytical laboratory is located some distance from the site, samples shall be
shipped via a 24-hour delivery service to ensure holding times are not exceeded.
Shipment of samples will be coordinated with the laboratory. Proper storage and
transport conditions must be maintained in order to preserve the integrity of the
sample. Once collected, samples will be placed on ice and cooled to a temperature of
4°C. Samples are to be packed in coolers so as to inhibit breakage or accidental spills.
Custody seals will be placed on the outside of the cooler, in a manner to detect
tampering of the samples. The laboratory shall immediately notify the
owner/operator of any samples that arrive with custody seals broken.
4.4 Analytical Procedures
The samples taken from each monitoring well at the C&D landfill facility will be
analyzed for the constituents listed in 40 CFR Part 258, Appendix I plus mercury,
chloride, manganese, sulfate, iron, alkalinity, and Total Dissolved Solids. The surface
water samples collected at the C&D landfill will be analyzed for Appendix I
constituents only. The analytical procedures for the indicated parameters will be
conducted using the following methods:
Analysis EPA Method Number
Volatile organic compounds 8260
Total metals 6010
Mercury 7470
Chloride 300.0
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Sulfate 300.0
Alkalinity SM 2320B
Total Dissolved Solids SM 2540C
4.5 Chain of Custody
It is imperative that an accurate record of sample collection, transport, analysis, and
disposal be maintained and documented. Therefore, chain-of-custody procedures will
be instituted and followed throughout the sampling program. It is necessary to
establish documentation to trace sample possession from the time of collection until
disposal. The chain-of-custody program shall include the following requirements:
„ Samples shall be accompanied by a chain-of-custody record that notes the date and
time of collection as well as sampling personnel.
„ All samples shall be properly labeled to prevent misidentification of samples.
„ A sample analysis sheet shall accompany all samples to the laboratory.
„ Sample custody seals shall be used to indicate any tampering of samples.
„ All records pertaining to the shipment of a sample shall be retained (freight bills,
post office receipts, and bills of lading).
The laboratory shall not accept samples for analysis without a correctly prepared
chain-of-custody form. The laboratory shall be responsible for maintaining chain-of-
custody of the sample(s) from time of receipt to disposal. The chain-of-custody form
shall be signed by each individual who possesses the samples.
To prevent sample misidentification, a label will be affixed to each sample container
in a manner as to prevent the label from becoming dislodged during transport which
will contain the following information:
„ Sample identification number,
„ Name and signature of sample collector,
„ Date and time of collection,
„ Place of collection,
„ Parameters requested, and
„ Preservative.
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In addition the container itself should be labeled with the sample identification
number, at a minimum, to allow for identification should the label fall off.
4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
The reliability and validity of the field and analytical laboratory data will be
monitored as part of the QA/QC program used in the laboratory. Field duplicates
and sample blanks will be collected to check sampling protocol and to account for any
changes that occur after sampling. The QA/QC program will stipulate the use of
standards, laboratory blanks, and duplicates for identification of matrix interferences.
4.6.1 Field Duplicates
Field duplicates provide a measure of field and laboratory precision. Field duplicates
will be collected from identical locations using proper sampling procedures. The
duplicate samples will be collected at a frequency of one per day per sampling event.
4.6.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks
To evaluate the effectiveness of the decontamination procedures, equipment rinsate
blanks will be collected. The sample will be collected by passing distilled water
through the sampling equipment after decontamination has been completed.
Equipment blanks will be collected at a minimum of one per day of groundwater
sampling activities.
4.6.3 Trip Blanks
A trip blank shall be prepared to account for any sample contamination that may
occur during transport to and from the site. The sample will be prepared in the
laboratory with deionized or distilled water and shall accompany the sample
shipping container to the field. The trip blank shall remain unopened until receipt by
the lab for analysis. One trip blank per sampling event will be collected.
5 References
ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials). Annual Book of Standards.
Bouwer, H. 1989. The Bouwer and Rice Method - An Update. Groundwater. pp.
304-309. May - June.
CDM (Camp Dresser & McKee). 1992. Site Plan Application - Buncombe County
Solid Waste Management Facility. November.
__________ 1993. Response to Completeness Review - Site Plan Application -
Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. December.
__________ 1995a. Permit To Construct Application - Buncombe County Solid Waste
Management Facility. March.
Appendix A
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__________ 1995b. Response to Technical Review of Design Hydrogeologic
Report/Water Quality Monitoring Plan - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management
Facility. June.
__________ 1995c. Response to Technical Review of Design Hydrogeologic
Report/Water Quality Monitoring Plan - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management
Facility. August.
__________ 1996. Water Quality Monitoring System Installation and Initial Sampling
Report - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. November.
__________ 1997. Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill Permit Application -
Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. May.
__________ 1997. Response to Technical Review of Design Hydrogeologic Report
Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill - Buncombe County Solid Waste
Management Facility. October.
__________ 2000. Design Hydrogeologic Report - Buncombe County Solid Waste
Management Facility. February (Revised).
__________ 2000. Phase 3 Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill Permit
Application - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. October.
__________ 2002. Additional Hydrogeologic Investigation - Phase 3 Construction and
Demolition Debris Landfill Permit Application - Buncombe County Solid Waste
Management Facility. January.
__________ 2004. Permit Amendment Application - Phase 3 Design Hydrogeologic
Report – Cell 6 - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. December.
__________ 2005. Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill Phase 4 Permit
Application - Buncombe County Solid Waste Management Facility. June.
__________ 2008. Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill Phase 5 Substantial
Amendment - Site Hydrogeologic Investigation - Buncombe County Solid Waste
Management Facility. October.
Daniel, III, C.C. 1987. Statistical Analysis Relating Well Yield to Construction
Practices and Siting of Wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of North
Carolina. USGS Water Resources Report 86-4132.
Driscoll, F.G. 1986. Groundwater and Wells. 2nd Edition. pp. 252-260.
GRAM, Inc. 1999. Buncombe County Landfill Geologic Mapping Letter Report.
January 11.
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Heath, Ralph C. 1980. Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology With References
to Conditions in North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources
Investigations. Open-File Report 80-44.
Johnson, A.I. 1967. Specific Yields for Geologic Materials. USGS Water Supply Paper
1662-D.
Law Environmental, Inc. (Law). 1991. Report of Preliminary Exploration - Proposed
Municipal Landfill Site - Highway 251 and Panther Branch, Buncombe County, North
Carolina. January 10.
NCDWAR (North Carolina Department of Water and Air Resources). 1970. Geology
and Groundwater Resources of the Asheville Area, North Carolina. Division of
Groundwater. Groundwater Bulletin No. 16. April.
NCGS (North Carolina Geological Survey). 1985. Geologic Map of North Carolina.
Wiener, L.S. 1970. Preliminary Geologic Map of the Leicester Quadrangle
(Unpublished). North Carolina Geological Survey.
Part 7
Operation Plan

Appendix B
NCDENR ACM Approval Letter
Part 7
Operation Plan

Appendix C
Posi-shell Manufacturer’s Usage Guide

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 1
MANUAL HANDLING/HYDROSEEDING UNIT OPERATION REVISED OCTOBER 2006
ADVANCED FORMULATION
USAGE GUIDE
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732
Ph: 800-800-7671
Fx: 607-625-2689
www.landfill.com
Landfill Service Corporation Page 2
Table of Contents
1.0 Definition of Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation..........................................................................................3
1.1 Background and Concept.....................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Environmental and Economic Benefits...............................................................................................................3
1.3 Equipment.............................................................................................................................................................4
1.4 Personnel...............................................................................................................................................................4
1.5 Materials ...............................................................................................................................................................4
2.0 Safety......................................................................................................................................................................................5
3.0 Operator Attire.......................................................................................................................................................................5
4.0 Towing Units ..........................................................................................................................................................................5
5.0 Loading and Mixing Procedure ............................................................................................................................................5
5.1 Liquid Addition......................................................................................................................................................5
5.2 Posi-Pak Addition..................................................................................................................................................6
5.3 Optional Dye..........................................................................................................................................................6
5.4 PSM 200 Setting Agent .......................................................................................................................................6
5.5 Optional Portland Cement Addition ....................................................................................................................6
6.0 Transporting...........................................................................................................................................................................7
6.1 Cold Weather Transport.......................................................................................................................................7
6.2 Traversing Slopes..................................................................................................................................................7
7.0 Application of Posi-Shell AF .................................................................................................................................................7
7.1 Odor Control..........................................................................................................................................................9
7.2 Vector Control.......................................................................................................................................................9
7.3 Scavenging............................................................................................................................................................9
7.4 Litter Control.........................................................................................................................................................9
7.5 Fire Control............................................................................................................................................................9
7.6 Additional Applications........................................................................................................................................10
Posi-Shell Cover System AF Application Minimum Requirements Chart................................................................................11
Posi-Shell Cover System AF Material Quantities Chart............................................................................................................11
7.7 Discharge Nozzle Selection .................................................................................................................................12
7.8 Handling the Discharge Spray Boom ..................................................................................................................12
7.9 Coverage of Large Area........................................................................................................................................12
7.10 Thicker Coats......................................................................................................................................................12
8.0 Cleaning.................................................................................................................................................................................13
9.0 Winter Care............................................................................................................................................................................13
9.1 Posi-Shell AF Winterizing Procedure...................................................................................................................13
10.0 Material Storage.................................................................................................................................................................14
10.1 Posi-Shell Material Storage...............................................................................................................................14
11.0 Troubleshooting (may not apply to all hydroseeders) ......................................................................................................14
11.1 Removing Foreign Object from Discharge Nozzle ...........................................................................................14
11.2 Removing Foreign Object from Mixing Tank....................................................................................................14
11.3 Clearing Clogged Mixing Tank..........................................................................................................................15
11.4 Clearing Clogged Discharge Pipe/Hose...........................................................................................................16
11.5 Clearing Obstruction from Pump.......................................................................................................................16
12.0 Contingency Soil Supply.....................................................................................................................................................16
MSDS and Lab Test Documents..................................................................................................................................................17-46
LSC #1002
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 3
T his guide gives you specific, easy to follow instructions for the safe and efficient usage of Landfill Service Corporation’s
Posi-Shell® Cover System Advanced Formulation. For best results and to ensure safety, please follow the instructions care-
fully.
1.0 Definition of Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation
The Posi-Shell Cover System is a low-cost alternative to the conventional six inches of soil used as daily cover at most landfills. Posi-Shell
Advanced Formulation is a noncombustible blend of materials providing a thin cover (approximately one-quarter inch) that hardens over
the surface of the material to be covered, such as the working face of the landfill. Non-toxic, the stucco-like coating performs all functions of
landfill daily and intermediate cover. Applied with a standard hydroseeding unit, this system provides increased landfill capacity while pro-
viding a more environmentally effective cover system for the landfill.
1.1 Background and Concept
Landfilled solid waste must be covered each day to control vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. Cover material is generally
defined as a six inch soil layer or other suitable material, or a combination of same, that is used to cover compacted solid waste in a landfill.
The Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation is an alternative to traditional landfill daily cover materials. The coating is a spray-on
slurry composed of water, Posi-Pak Type P-100, PSM-200 Setting Agent, and optional Portland cement that forms an approximately one-
quarter-inch coating for various types of landfill cover. The Posi-Shell Cover System Advanced Formulation is designed for use by a landfill
operator at the close of each operating day for compliance with cover regulations. The material meets and exceeds regulatory requirements
for the control of landfill vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging.
Posi-Shell Advanced Formulation (AF) provides cover ranging from 4 to 10 square feet per gallon of slurry. The coverage area is dependent
upon the desired thickness and the actual texture of the covered surface. Application of the Posi-Shell AF is a one-man operation.
1.2 Environmental and Economic Benefits
The Posi-Shell Cover System conserves natural resources. Additionally, use of the Posi-Shell Cover System conserves energy and improves
air quality by eliminating the use of heavy earth-moving equipment for the transporting, laying, and reworking of daily soil cover. Traffic
congestion to and from the landfill site, vehicle exhaust, and fugitive dust emissions are also reduced proportionately to the reduction of
landfill soil hauling for daily cover.
Soil, a valuable natural resource, is conserved by the Posi-Shell Cover System AF. In many areas, soil is an expensive natural resource that is
in short supply. Use of the Posi-Shell Cover System AF can eliminate the waste of this precious commodity.
The major benefit of the use of the Posi-Shell Cover System AF is the conservation of extremely valuable landfill capacity, commonly known
as “air space”. Landfill air space is a valuable asset and the need to conserve capacity is paramount to achieve environmental and economic
objectives for both landfill operators and regulatory agencies. Efficient use of air space today can directly translate into longer landfill life,
decreased operating costs, and increased revenue generation. An increase in air space efficiency can delay or even eliminate the need for the
siting and construction of new facilities that ultimately may have severe environmental and economic impacts.
For comparison purposes using daily cover for a working face area of 5,000 square feet for a period of one year with Posi-Shell AF as op-
posed to six inches of top soil will realize an air space savings of about 24,000 cubic yards. Use of Posi-Shell AF as opposed to soil will result
in a direct increase in the amount of airspace available in a landfill.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 4
1.3 Equipment
The equipment used for the Posi-Shell Cover System AF consists of a standard hydroseeding unit, a towing unit, and a water source. The
towing unit is used for moving the hydroseeding unit around the landfill site. If a nearby hydrant or other water source is not available,
then a water trailer or truck is required.
1.4 Personnel
One operator is required for the Posi-Shell Cover System AF. This operator must be capable of operating heavy equipment and be familiar
with the mechanics of all equipment used. The operator will be trained by Landfill Service Corporation in the use of Posi-Shell AF. If
preferred, a two man operation may be used to expedite coverage time.
1.5 Materials
1.5.1 Water
Potable water, non-potable water and landfill leachate can be used as the liquid portion of the Posi-Shell Cover System AF. Use of leachate
requires a site-specific regulatory approval to assure proper health and safety practices are implemented.
Approximately 1,600 gallons of water is used for each 2000 gallon load of Posi-Shell AF. The water can either be supplied by a hydrant,
pumped from a nearby pond, or brought to and stored adjacent to the hydroseeding unit by water truck or trailer. The sizing of the spe-
cific water supply method should be adequate to ensure that the filling of the hydroseeding unit occurs within a few minutes’ time.
As stated, leachate can be used as a water source if specific regulatory approval is obtained. It is not recommended that a high-strength
leachate be used due to odor concerns and the added safety precautions required to assure worker safety. However, use of relatively dilute
leachate is an effective method for reducing a portion of a landfill’s total leachate production. The inherent odor-neutralizing properties of
Posi-Shell AF mitigate the potential odor problems of leachate when it is used as a water source.
1.5.2 Posi-Paks
Posi-Paks are an important constituent of Posi-Shell AF and give the cover its fiber reinforced rigidity and weather resistance. Posi-Paks are
lightweight, easy to handle, and ready to use. Posi-Pak is a specially designed plastic fiber with a proprietary finish that provides the rein-
forcement matrix for the finished cover. Four Posi-Paks are used for each 2000 gallon load. See the back of this manual for a material
safety data sheet for this material.
1.5.3 Dye
Optional dyes can be added to the Posi-Shell AF mixture to create a soil-like brown coloring or a grass-like green coloring.
1.5.4 PSM 200 Setting Agent
A proprietary blend of natural bentonite clay, synthetic polymers, and adhesives provide thickening, lubrication, and adhesion in the Posi-
Shell AF mixture. See the back of this manual for a Material Safety Data Sheet for this material.
1.5.5 Portland Cement
Optional Portland cement can be used as the cementitious mineral binder component of Posi-Shell AF. On average, approximately 4,000
lbs. of this material is used for each 2000 gallon Posi-Shell AF load. The Portland Cement further helps neutralize odors and contaminants
found in leachate and enhances the durability of the Posi-Shell.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 5
2.0 Safety
Posi-Shell AF is nonhazardous and is composed of nonhazardous materials. Certain safety measures are recommended during different
aspects of Posi-Shell AF use. Follow safety procedures specific to your hydroseeding unit, towing unit, or other equipment used.
3.0 Operator Attire
The operator should, at all times, wear appropriate protective clothing. Jewelry and loose fitting clothing should be avoided. Recom-
mended protective clothing includes the following:
• Safety glasses with side shields
• Leather gloves
• Industrial grade work coveralls
• Leather steel-toed shoes
• Dust particulate mask
If leachate is being used as the liquid portion of the Posi-Shell AF mixture, protective clothing in accordance with site regulations should be
worn.
4.0 Towing Units
See table on page 11 for Posi-Shell AF total material weights. To determine the total load weight, add the Posi-Shell AF total material
weight to the weight of your hydroseeding unit. Ensure that the towing unit and hitch arrangement are capable of handling the total of
these weights.
5.0 Loading and Mixing Procedure
It is important to add the Posi-Shell Advanced Formulation materials in the order specified.

5.1 Liquid Addition (Step 1)
Before placing any dry material in the mixing tank, the tank must be filled with the appropriate amount of liquid (water or leachate). See
chart on page 11. If your hydroseeding unit has a reserve water tank, fill at this time with clean water. It is not recommended to use
leachate as the clean out water.
All bags of material (Posi-Pak Type P-100, PSM-200 Setting Agent, Portland cement) can be loaded through the side rails of hydroseed-
ing unit onto mixing deck from the ground. Ensure that they do not obstruct the ladder area. Never attempt to carry up or down lad-
ders. To avoid back injuries, always use proper lifting practices when handling bags. Wet or frozen materials should not be used.
5.2 Posi-Pak Addition (Step 2)
With mixer paddles of hydroseeding unit turning slowly open the Posi-Pak, Type P-100 bag
and dump contents into inlet hopper (discard bag). Posi-Paks are designed such that the plas-
tic covering may be torn away with the bare hands. If a knife is used take care not to drop into
mixing tank. See chart on page 11 for Posi-Pak, Type P-100 quantities.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 6
5.3 Optional Dye (Step 3)
Various dyes are available for Posi-Shell Advanced Formulation to
alter the color of the finished product to best suit the application.
Most commonly used are brown and green. Brown and green dye
is available in powder form and comes in dissolvable “Mix Ready”
bags which can be placed directly in the mixing tank. Green is also
available in liquid form that can be poured in the tank.
5.4 PSM-200 Setting Agent (Step 4)
When handling PSM-200 Setting Agent or Portland cement a dust
mask is recommended to prevent inhalation, and coveralls and gloves to
prevent skin contact. Safety glasses should be worn to keep dust from entering the eyes.
Should eyes or skin come in physical contact any Posi-Shell AF ingredients thoroughly
rinse with water.
With mixer paddles running at medium speed add PSM-200 Setting Agent material by
cutting open bag and dumping contents into the mixing tank (discard bag). See chart
on page 14 for quantities. Allow PSM-200 Setting Agent and Posi-Pak to mix at me-
dium speed for about 5 minutes until a gravy-like consistency is achieved and no clumps
are visible (see photo below at left).
5.5 Optional Portland Cement Addi-
tion (Step 5)
With mixer paddles still running at medium
speed add Type I Portland cement material
(regular Portland cement, NOT concrete.) by
cutting open bag and dumping contents into
the mixing tank (discard bag). See chart on
page 11 for quantities. Posi-Shell AF material
is now ready to be applied (see photo below at
right).

After Adding PSM-200 Setting Agent After Adding Portland Cement
Powdered Dye Liquid Dye
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 7

6.0 Transporting
Close inlet hopper lid prior to transportation and leave mixer paddles turning at medium speed.

6.1 Cold Weather Transport
To prevent freezing during extremely cold weather (below 20°F), with discharge gun attached to recirculation fitting, run pump in low-speed
forward to circulate slurry from mixing tank, through pumping and discharge system, and back to mixing tank.
6.2 Traversing Slopes
The proper procedure for traversing slopes is to approach the slope with machine parallel with fall line of slope. Machine should always be
backed down the slope and towed up. Following this procedure eliminates any possibility of the machine “jack-knifing” around the towing
unit.
7.0 Application of Posi-Shell AF
Conventional end-of-day waste surface preparation and grooming are normally adequate prior to Posi-Shell AF application. A smoother
surface will require less slurry due to reduced surface area. Also, the functional performance of the coating is enhanced by a smoother receiv-
ing surface. Therefore, it may be desirable to spread available materials such as sludge, ash, or processed wastes at the end of the day to func-
tion as surface leveling agents to economize on Posi-Shell AF slurry consumption. Each gallon of slurry will coat approximately 4 to 10
square feet depending on surface roughness and application thickness.

Methods of application and the desired appearance of daily coatings are shown on the photographs which follow. In general, the operator
should position the Applicator upwind, and should select the spray nozzle appropriate to the distance from the waste pile. A uniform coat-
ing of approximately one-quarter-inch thickness will normally accomplish the daily cover functional criteria. In some cases, it will be neces-
sary to spray a given area from two directions to compensate for “spray shadow” effects or wind dispersion.
The most effective method of coverage will vary with each site, but generally, spraying the working face from the bottom of the waste slope,
toward the top, is most effective. A minimal amount of “shadowing" occurs if applied in this manner.
Application of Posi-Shell AF cover is not typically affected by weather conditions. Normal operations can be performed during windy, rainy,
or cold weather conditions. During cold weather periods, the hydroseeding unit tank and pump must be drained at the end of the day to
avoid freezing. It is desirable, but not necessary, to bring the machinery into a building for overnight storage. The application process is
typically not affected by severe cold weather.
When high winds are encountered, it may be necessary to position the hydroseeding unit in an upwind position. Since the hydroseeding
unit pumps emit a high pressure stream of slurry, it is not generally affected by light winds; however, wind direction should always be consid-
ered with respect to airborne dispersion of overspray.
During light rains, Posi-Shell AF will not wash away and will retain its stucco consistency. However, during extremely heavy rains, some
washing of the material may occur prior to its curing. During extremely cold weather, Posi-Shell AF will freeze before curing. After a thaw the
material will cure. Cured Posi-Shell AF material typically can retain integrity up to one year or longer depending upon its initial application
thickness.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 8

Daily and Intermediate Cover
Application of Posi-Shell AF via
Deck -Mounted Discharge Wand
Application of Posi-Shell AF via
Extension Hose
Close-Up View of Cured Posi-Shell AF Coating
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 9

7.1 Odor Control
The Posi-Shell AF formulation has an inherent capability to suppress odors. By applying the material as a daily cover, typical landfill odors
will be reduced by the thick layer of Posi-Shell that is applied. Additionally, if Portland Cement is used the calcium oxide (lime) applied to
putrid waste further suppresses odors by sealing the outer face of the waste with an alkaline surface layer.
Posi-Shell AF allows an opportunity for the optional addition of approved odor-masking agents where excessive odors warrant such action.
7.2 Vector Control
Application of Posi-Shell AF to the working face of waste piles is an extremely effective vector deterrent. Shortly after the Posi-Shell AF coat-
ing is applied, temperatures within the waste pile will increase due to initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic decomposition. The Posi-
Shell AF layer forms a seal that inhibits flies from laying additional larvae.
Other vectors such as rodents and birds are discouraged by the Posi-Shell AF seal. Posi-Shell AF cover has proven effective in inhibiting the
attraction of vectors to waste piles.
7.3 Scavenging
General animal scavenging is reduced since the Posi-Shell Cover System AF seals in odors and hides the visible food source beneath the cov-
ering shell. Scavenging by humans is inhibited by the complete visual coverage of the waste pile and by the viscid coating of slurry applied
upon all available surface objects.
7.4 Litter Control
Posi-Shell AF cover is highly effective for litter control. Due to the sticky consistency of the material, a shell is formed over the garbage
which prevents litter from being blown away by high winds. A thin layer of Posi-Shell AF cover is recommended for preventing litter genera-
tion.
In extremely windy situations, Posi-Shell AF coating can be applied to waste as it is being unloaded from garbage trucks. This technique has
been proven highly effective.
7.5 Fire Control
Posi-Shell AF cover is an extremely effective fire control material. Independent laboratory testing of Posi-Shell AF by D-4982 method has
certified that Posi-Shell AF is non-fuel contributing, non-smoke producing, and non-combustible. When an acetylene torch is applied di-
rectly to the Posi-Shell AF cover, ignition of the Posi-Shell AF cover or underlying waste does not occur.
In addition to the non-flammable characteristic of Posi-Shell AF cover, your hydroseeding unit can be used to fight landfill fires. Direct ap-
plication of Posi-Shell AF material to an open flame will smother it. If a subterranean landfill fire occurs, Posi-Shell AF coating can be ap-
plied to the waste pile’s surface and will form a fire smothering seal.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 10
7.6 Additional Applications
Posi-Shell AF cover fulfills the relevant performance criteria for various additional applications including erosion control, ditch lining, coat-
ing of sludge piles, contaminated soil piles, compost piles and temporary waste piles and excavations of various types. If has been successfully
applied to coal piles, salt piles, cement clinker piles and used at remediation sites to suppress volatile emissions. Posi-Shell AF may also be
used as the tackifier in hydroseeding mixtures.
Erosion Control
Ditch Lining Finished Appearance of Posi-Shell AF Intermediate and Daily Cover
at a Major Municipal Landfill
Odor Control
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 11

Posi-Shell Cover System AF
Application Minimum Requirements
SHORT TERM COVER

OVERNIGHT COVER
MEDIUM TERM COVER

INTERMEDIATE
COVER,
EROSION CONTROL,
ODOR CONTROL, ETC.
LONG TERM COVER

EROSION CONTROL,
COMPOST COVER,
STOCKPILE COVER,
ETC.
SLURRY
MIXTURE
See chart below. See chart below.
Additional Portland cement
may be necessary.
See chart below.
Additional Portland cement
may be necessary.
APPLICATION
RATE
Approx. 8-10 sq.ft./gal. Approx. 6-8 sq.ft./gal. Approx. 4-6 sq.ft./gal.
COVERAGE
METHOD
Apply from two directions to
eliminate spray shadow.
Apply from two directions to
eliminate spray shadow.
Apply from two directions to
eliminate spray shadow. For
slope coverage extend cover 3-
4 feet beyond crest of slope.
COVERAGE
THICKNESS
Finished cover should be 1/8-
3/16 inch.
Finished cover should be 3/16-
1/4 inch.
Finished cover should be 1/4-
5/16 inch.
COVERAGE
APPEARANCE
No waste/soil visible from any
angle.
No waste/soil visible from any
angle. Cover should have a
"stucco-like" texture.
No waste/soil visible from any
angle. Cover should have a
"stucco-like" texture.
COVERAGE
MAINTENANCE
None. Waste is placed over
cover next working day.
Cover should be inspected daily
and touched up if waste/soil
becomes visible.
Cover should be inspected
daily and touched up if waste/
soil becomes visible.
Desired Load Size
500 GAL 1000 GAL 1500 GAL 2000 GAL
Water or Leachate 400 gals 800 gals 1200 gals 1600 gals
Posi-Pak, Type P-100 (15 lb bags) 1 bag 2 bags 3 bags 4 bags
Optional Brown Dye (5 lb bags) 2 bags 4 bags 6 bags 8 bags
Optional Green Dye (1 qt bottles) .5 bottle 1 bottle 1.5 bottle 2 bottles
PSM-200 Setting Agent (50 lb bags) 5 bags 10 bags 15 bags 20 bags
Optional Portland cement (94 lb bags) 10 bags 20 bags 30 bags 40 bags
Total Material Weight 5,355 lbs 10,710 lbs 16,065 lbs 21,420 lbs
Materials
Posi-Shell Cover System AF Material Quantities
Landfill Service Corporation Page 12
7.7 Discharge Nozzle Selection
While other nozzles may be used, Landfill Service Corporation offers three types of discharge nozzles providing the capability of effectively
spraying Posi-Shell AF at a variety of ranges. Experience and operator discretion will determine which nozzle to use in each situation.

7.8 Handling the Discharge Spray Boom
Care must be taken to use the proper discharge nozzle in order to attain the desired spray range, as being too close to the surface will cause
the Posi-Shell AF stream to overturn waste on contact. At long range distances the Posi-Shell AF stream will break up, causing the desired
spray effect. At ranges under 75 ft. the medium or short nozzle should be used and are designed to spray in a wide ribbon pattern.

Blockages may occur in nozzles due to foreign objects in the raw materials. Refer to Section 11.1 for procedure on removing foreign object
from discharge nozzle.

With the desired nozzle securely in place, firmly grasp discharge spray handle in one hand and point discharge nozzle in desired direction of
spray. With the other hand move pump control lever to full speed forward and begin covering area. For desired spray effect operator may
adjust pump/throttle speed.

Never disconnect nozzles when pump is running. Never engage pump with discharge spray boom left unattended. Never put hands in
front of discharge nozzles.

Do not spray at or near other persons. Spray exits nozzle at a high velocity and could cause injury.

Do not spray toward power lines, transformers or other high voltage conductors. Avoid spraying into wind. When unavoidable, be
sure to keep direction of spray near to ground. Safety glasses should be worn during spraying operation.

7.9 Coverage of Large Area

Coverage of a large area will require moving the hydroseeding unit to several spray locations. Inspect the area from several perspectives to
ensure that the spray has covered all areas.

7.10 Thicker Coats

Thicker coats may be applied by letting the first coat partially dry before recoating the area. Several thin applications provide a more durable
shell than a single very thick application.

Long Range
for Distances of 75ft -150ft Medium Range
for Distances of 25ft -75ft
Short Range
for Distances of 5ft -25ft
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 13
8.0 Cleaning
It is recommended that you clean the hydroseeding unit after each load. Due to the variety of hydroseeding units on the market a generic
procedure for cleaning follows. Some steps may need to be altered to apply to your hydroseeding unit.

1. When all Posi-Shell AF is removed from mixing tank, immediately bring pump
and mixer control levers to neutral position. Engine should remain at full throt-
tle.
2. Open all inlet lids on hydroseeding unit.
3. Firmly grasp clean-off hose in one hand and turn on water.
4. With both hands on hose perform initial rinse down of all inlets and any resi-
due visible in mixing tank. This process should take approximately one minute
and use about 50-100 gallons of water depending on the size of the mixing tank.
5. Turn water off.
6. With a spray nozzle in place (to retain cam and groove gasket) run pump control
lever full speed forward for 5 seconds. Return to neutral when complete. Re-
peat with all nozzles used during application.
7. Close all inlet lids and bring mixer control lever to full speed reverse and allow to run for at
least one minute.
8. Return mixer control lever to neutral then to full speed forward for at least one minute.
9. With mixer control lever in full speed forward, climb down ladder and remove drain cap and a l -
low initial rinse water to completely drain.
10. Replace pump drain cap.
11. Return to deck of unit and move mixer control lever to neutral and repeat steps 2-9. During
this secondary rinse make sure all external surfaces are thoroughly rinsed.

A properly cleaned hydroseeding unit will remain free of any built-up product internally and exter-
nally, and all decals and labels remain clearly readable.
9.0 Winter Care
In extreme cold it is imperative that engines and hydraulic systems are thoroughly warmed before introducing a load. Refer to the opera-
tions manual for your hydroseeding unit for proper winter usage and care.

9.1 Posi-Shell AF Winterizing Procedure
1. After cleanout, drain the mixing tank thoroughly. DO NOT REPLACE DRAIN CAP.
2. If your hydroseeding unit is equipped with a reserve water tank and/or pump, drain thoroughly. DO NOT REPLACE DRAIN CAPS.
3. Pour approximately one half gallon of anti-freeze into pump or tank and slowly run through pump and lines to prevent freezing.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 14
10.0 Materials Storage
All materials are inert, and can be stored on, or off, the boundaries of lined landfill cells.

10.1 Posi-Shell Material Storage
10.1.1 Posi-Paks
Posi-Paks should be kept dry, particularly when freezing is possible. The Gaylord boxes are water-resistant, but not waterproof. Boxes can be
easily covered with a tarp or plastic to keep the Posi-Paks dry.

10.1.2 PSM-200 Setting Agent
PSM-200 Setting Agent should be kept dry. Stretch wrapped pallets can be easily covered with a tarp or plastic.
10.1.3 Optional Portland Cement & Dye
Portland Cement & dye should be kept dry. Stretch wrapped pallets can be easily covered with a tarp or plastic.
11.0 Troubleshooting (may not apply to all hydroseeding units)
11.1 Removing Foreign Object from Discharge Nozzle
1. Immediately move pump control lever to neutral position.
2. Move pump control lever to slow speed reverse.
3. Run pump in reverse for 5 seconds to relieve pressure in discharge line.
4. Return pump control lever to neutral position.
5. Remove nozzle and clear obstruction.
6. Reconnect nozzle and continue spraying.

11.2 Removing Foreign Object from Mixing Tank
1. Move throttle, mixer, pump, control levers to slow/neutral position.
2. Shut engine off.
3. Move hydroseeding unit to area appropriate for dumping load.
4. Remove pump cleanout plug and allow load to drain.
5. Visually inspect pump for foreign object. Remove if found, replace plug and return to operations.
6. If object is not found in pump, remove exit pipe cleanout cap.
7. Inspect this section of pump for object. Remove if found, replace cap and pump cleanout plug and return to operations.
8. If object is not found in this section, remove two pipe couplers and removable section of tank exit pipe.
9. Visually inspect flange section of pump and mixing tank (flashlight may be necessary). Remove object if found, replace removable pipe
and cleanout cap, pump cleanout plug, and return to operations.
10. If object is in mixing tank use appropriate length grapple through tank exit pipe.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 15
11.3 Clearing Clogged Mixing Tank
1. If Posi-Shell AF slurry has thickened in the mixing tank to the point that the mixer paddles will not turn, move mixer control lever
to neutral. Trying to force mixer shaft back and forth at this point will only result in possible damage to the mixer shaft compo-
nents. If the pump was not running, immediately connect the recirculation hose and move the pump control lever to slow speed
forward (slightly above neutral). Slowly running the pump will prevent the Posi-Shell AF from setting up in the pump. If Posi-Shell
AF is so thick that it is not flowing freely to pump, then the slurry must be liquefied at the mixing tank outlet to the pump in order
to establish pump flow.
2. A reserve of 300-500 gallons of water should be available while mixing loads of Posi-Shell AF. In the event of a clogged mixing
tank, water should immediately be introduced through the liquid inlets to the Posi-Shell AF mixture to thin the slurry and establish
pump flow. By injecting water through a 2-3" diameter hose and directing the flow at the surface of the slurry it may be possible to
loosen the product enough to free the mixing shaft. While trying to free the mixing shaft, gently move the mixer control lever from
slow speed forward to slow speed reverse. Abrupt movements to full speed forward and full speed reverse could cause damage.
3. Use a slurry pump and water pick hose to loosen stiffened mixture. This can be attached on the spray tower in the same manner
as a spray nozzle and used as a high-pressure, high-volume water pick which will cut the slurry away from the mixing shaft and liq-
uefy it as it goes through the pump system. This spraying should be performed through the inlet hoppers. Excess slurry can be
discharged out of the tank and new water introduced as required. Continue cutting away and liquefying with the water pick hose
until mixer is free. Care should be taken as the water exits this hose at a high rate of speed. Also safety goggles and rain gear should
be worn as splashing will occur. Immediately rinse any slurry off skin.
4. If the slurry will not flow through the pump, then water may be injected directly into pump drain and moved through the hy-
droseeding unit’s pumping system and sprayed back into the mixing tank. To prevent cavitation of the pump, water must be in-
jected at a rate equal or greater than the discharge rate. Once pump flow is established, then proceed with Step 3 above.
5. If the mixture is so hardened that the water pick will not cut it, move mixer and pump control levers to neutral and the throttle
control lever to low, and shut off engine. Remove key from ignition and lock out control panel enclosure. Remove deck plates
starting with right rear section. After removing all sections, thickened slurry will need to be removed from around mixing shaft
using shovels and hoes. Rubber boots, goggles, gloves, and coveralls should be worn if entry into the tank is necessary. It may not
be necessary to remove all of the slurry from the tank. First, simply free the mixing shaft and if the Posi-Shell AF is still soft, add
water and after replacing deck plates, mix rapidly in tank to loosen and drain out the cleanout. Never allow mixed Posi-Shell AF to
set in tank more than one hour.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 16
11.4 Clearing Clogged Discharge Pipe/Hose
1. Immediately move pump control lever to neutral position. Move pump control lever to slow speed reverse.
2. Run pump in reverse for 10 seconds to relieve pressure in discharge line.
3. Return pump control lever to neutral position.
4. Disconnect discharge hose quick-connect from discharge elbow and allow discharge pipe and hose to drain.
5. To ensure that obstruction is not in pump and exit piping, move throttle and pump control levers to very slow speed forward for 5
seconds. If product is discharging at top of discharge elbow, obstruction is not in pump.
6. If pump and exit piping are clear, disconnect discharge hose from discharge pipe and visually inspect discharge hose for obstruction.
Clear if found, reconnect hose and return to operations.
7. If discharge hose is clear, it will be necessary to snake out discharge piping.
8. When obstruction is found and cleared, reconnect discharge hose and return to operations.

11.5 Clearing Obstruction from Pump
1. Immediately move pump and throttle control levers to neutral position.
2. Shut engine off.
3. Move hydroseeding unit to area appropriate for dumping load.
4. Remove pump cleanout plug and allow load to drain.
5. Visually inspect pump for foreign object. Remove if found, replace plug and return to operations.
6. If object cannot be removed via pump cleanout, disassembly of stator will be required. See hydroseeding unit operations manual for
procedure.

12.0 Contingency Soil Supply
In the event that you are unable to apply Posi-Shell AF, the landfill operator should have a three-day supply of soil for daily cover material
available on-site.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 17

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
POSI-PAK® TYPE P-100 DATE OF PREPARATION: SEPTEMBER 2004
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms:
Generic Name: Polyester Staple
Trade Name: Posi-Pak® Type P-100
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

Ingredient: Polyethylene terephthalate polymer and one or more surface finishes
(organic lubricants).

CAS No.: 25038-59-9
Hazard: No known physical or health hazards associated with this product.
Note: Polyester Staple is a family of fiber products having similar hazard and
physical property characteristics. The polymer immobilizes the con-
stituents of the polymer system (delusterants, catalyst residues, etc.)
which, therefore, present no likelihood of exposure under normal cond-
tions of processing and handling. However, exposure to chemical sub-
stances may occur as a result of processing these fibers. Processing
may release and aerosolize the residual moisture and surface finishes.
Heating the fibers may volatilize the finishes or produce a chemical
change. Landfill Service Corporation recommends a 3 mg/m³ 8-hour
TWA exposure limit on finish mists.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 18
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Melting Point: Approx. 500º F (260º C)
SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

Polyethylene terephthalate is chemically stable and resistant to attack by oils, solvents, weak acids, and
weak alkalis.

SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Polyester Staple will burn if exposed to flame. Decomposition products generated from molten polymer
may be subject to autoignition. Combustion products will be comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The exact composition will depend on the conditions of combustion.

SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

This product has not been fully evaluated for toxicological properties. Preliminary evaluation of chemical
components used in the finish and toxicological testing of the polymer have given no indication that health
problems would occur in normal handling and use.

Similar products have given no indication that health problems would occur in normal handling and use.
SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

N/A
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

N/A
SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

Inhalation of finish mist above the recommended 3 mg/m³ 8-hour TWA would be an exposure of concern.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 19
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Personal hygiene measures, such as washing hands and face immediately after working with the fibers
and before eating, smoking, or using lavatory facilities, are recommended.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Adequate ventilation is recommended to maintain finish mist levels below 3 mg/m³ 8-hour TWA and mini-
mize exposure.

Fire fighters should protect themselves from decomposition and combustion products that may include
carbon monoxide and other toxic gases.

SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

N/A
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

These products are not classified as hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, and unless prohibited by state or local regulation, can be disposed of in a municipal landfill or inciner-
ated. Any finish oils contained in plant wastewater should be biodegradable in conventional biological
wastewater treatment systems.

These fibers are not classified by the Department of Transportation as a hazardous material.

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance
of need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the
safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 20

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
EARTHTONE DYE DATE OF PREPARATION: SEPTEMBER 1997
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Brown ferrous oxide
Generic Name: Earthtone Coloring Agent
Trade Name: Earthtone Dye
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

N/A
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF): N/A
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Solubility in Water: Slight (0.1 - 1.0%)
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 21
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 4.4 - 4.8
Evaporation Rate: N/A
Appearance and Odor: Brown, odorless dry powder
SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

Chemical Family: Metal oxide
Formula: Fe2O3; Balance MnO2 and silicates
Product Class: CAS# 1317-61-9, 51274-00-1, 1309-37-1
Bulk Density: 0.5 - 0.8 g/ml
SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Nonexplosive; Nonflammable
SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Threshold Limit Value: N/D
Effects of Overexposure: None observed.
Emergency and First Aid Proce-
dures:
Irrigate eyes with water, consult eye
physician. Wash exposed skin areas
with soap and water.

SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Product is stable.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: None known.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 22
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is
Released or Spilled:
Handle as normal solid waste. Minimum fugitive dust release.
SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Store dry at ambient temperature away from food and drink.
SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Local exhaust may be used.
Respiratory Protection: A NIOSH approved respirator is recommended during mixing proce-
dure.

Eye Protection: Use of safety glasses is recommended.
Skin Protection: Wear leather, plastic, or cloth gloves.
SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

N/A
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: Earthtone Dye is not hazardous under
US Dept. of Transportation (DOT)
regulations.

Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 23
Identification Number: N/A
Disposal Method:

Dispose at approved facility.

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance
of need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to
the safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 24

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL:
GREEN DYE DATE OF PREPARATION: JUNE 2002
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Organic Colorants
Generic Name: Color Additive
Trade Name: Blue Vail
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

N/A
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF): 212°F
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): 20
Vapor Density (Air=1): ND
Solubility in Water: Soluble
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 25
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 1.2
Evaporation Rate: <1
Appearance and Odor: Dark blue colored solution with bland
odor.

SECTION IV -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Nonexplosive; Nonflammable
SECTION V -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Permissable concentrations (air): N/A
Effects of Overexposure: ND
Emergency and First Aid Proce-
dures:
Irrigate eyes with water, consult eye
physician. Wash exposed skin areas
with soap and water.

SECTION VI -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Under normal storage and handling
conditions; this is a stable material
when kept in a closed container.

Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: None known.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 26
SECTION VII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is
Released or Spilled:
If dry, shovel vacuum or sweep color up for disposal. Wet surfaces
may become slippery or sticky. Mop, sweep, or absorb, and hold for
disposal. Spills should be thoroughly flushed with soapy water until all
apparent color is removed.

SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Keep away from children. Store in tightly stored container.
SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Respiratory Protection: No respiratory protection required, but dust masks are suggested.
Eye Protection: Use of safety glasses is recommended.
Skin Protection: Non required. To minimize clean-up, wear gloves when handling ma-
teril. Some dyes may temporarily stain skin.

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance
of need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to
the safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 27

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
PSM 200 SETTING AGENT DATE OF PREPARATION: JUNE 2005
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Sodium Montmorillonite Clay
(SMC) (CAS No. 1318-93-0)

Generic Name: SMC with proprietary additives
(CAS No. 1318-93-0)

Trade Name: Posi-Shell® PSM 200 Setting Agent
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

Ingredient: Crystalline Silica (SiOz) as Quartz
CAS No.: 14808-60-7
Hazard: Low concentrations of crystalline silica in the form of quartz may be
present in airborne SMC dust. See Section VI for discussion of health
hazard.

Note: Although the typical quartz content of western SMC is in the range of 2
to 6% most of the quartz particles are larger than the 10µ respirable
threshold size. The actual respirable quartz concentration in airborne
SMC dust will depend upon SMC source, fineness of product, moisture
content of product, local humidity and wind condition at point of use
and other use specific factors.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 28
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF): N/A
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Solubility in Water: Insoluble, forms colloidal suspension
Density (at 20º C): 55 lbs/cu ft as product
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 2.45-2.55
Melting Point: Approx. 1450º C
Evaporation Rate (Butyl
Acetate=1):
N/A
pH: 8-10 (5% aqueous suspension)

SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

N/A
SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Flash Point: N/A
Special Fire Fighting Pro-
cedures:
N/A
Unusual Fire and Explo-
sion Hazards:
None. Product will not support combustion.
Extinguishing Media: None for product. Any media can be used for the
packaging. Product becomes slippery when wet.
Flammable Limits: LEL: N/A
UEL: N/A

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 29
SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Routes of Exposure and Effects:
Skin: Possible drying resulting in dermatitis.
Eyes: Mechanical irritant.
Inhalation: Acute (short term) exposure to dust levels exceeding the PEL may
cause irritation of respiratory tract resulting in a dry cough.
Chronic (long term) exposure to airborne SMC dust containing respir-
able size (=10µ) quartz particles, where respirable quartz particle lev-
els are higher than TLVs, may lead to development of silicosis or other
respiratory prolems. Persistent dry cough and labored breathing upon
exertion may be symptomatic.

Ingestion: No adverse effects.
Permissible Exposure Limits:
(for air contaminants) OSHA PEL
(8 HR. TWA) ACGIH TLV

SMC as "Particulates not other-
wise regulated" (formerly nui-
sance dust)

Total dust 15mg/m³ N/D
Respirable dust 5mg/m³ N/D
Crystalline Quartz (respirable) 0.1mg/m³ 0.1mg/m³
Carcinogenicity: SMC is not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or OSHA. IARC, 1997, con-
cludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenic-
ity of inhaled crystalline silica from occupational sources (IARC Class
1), that carcinogenicity was not detected in all industrial circumstances
studied and that carcinogenicity may depend on characteristics of the
crystalline silica or on external factors affecting its biological activity.
NTP classifies respirable crystalline silica as "known to be a human
carcinogen" (NTP 9th Report on Carcinogens - 2000). ACGIH classi-
fies crystalline silica quartz as a suspected human carcinogen (A2).

Acute Oral LD50: N/D
Acute Dermal LD50: N/D
Aquatic Toxicology LC50: N/D
Emergency and First Aid Procedures:
Skin: Wash with soap and water until clean.
Eyes: Flush with water until irritation ceases.
Inhalation: Move to area free from dust. If symptoms of irritation persist, contact
physician. Inhalation may aggravate existing respiratory illness.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 30
SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Stable
Hazardous Polymerization: None
Incompatibility: None
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is Released
or Spilled:
Avoid breathing dust; wear respirator approved for silica bearing dust.
Vacuum up to avoid generating airborne dust. Avoid using water.
Product slippery when wetted.

SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Waste Disposal Methods: Product should be disposed of in acordance with applicable local,
state, and federal regulations.

Handling and Storage Precautions: Use NIOSH/MSHA respirators approved for silica bearing dust when
free silica containing airborne SMC dust levels exceed PEL/TLVs.
Clean up spills promptly to avoid making dust. Storage area floors may
become slippery if wetted.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Mechanical, general room ventilation. Use local ventilation to maintain
PELs/TLVs.

Respirator: Use respirators approved by NIOSH/MSHA for silica bearing dust.
Eye Protection: Generally not necessary. Personal preference.
Gloves: Generally not necessary. Personal preference.
Other Protective Clothing or Equipment: None.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 31
ECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Avoid prolonged inhalation of airborne dust.
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: N/A (Not Regulated)
Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance of
need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the safety,
toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 32

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
PORTLAND CEMENT DATE OF PREPARATION: MARCH 2006
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Portland Cement
Generic Name: Also known as hydraulic cement
Trade Name: Portland Cement Type I, IA, II III, V
SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 33
*Trace Constituents: Portland cement has a variable composition depending upon the cementitious products produced in the cement
kiln. Small amounts of naturally occurring, but potentially harmful, chemical compounds might be detected during chemical analysis.
These trace compounds might include free crystalline silica, potassium, and sodium compounds; heavy metals, including cadmium,
chromium, nickel, and lead; and organic compounds. Other trace constituents may include calcium oxide (also known as free lime or
quick lime).

SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF) (Aqueous Portion): N/A
Vapor Pressure (mm.
Hg):
N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Solubility in Water: Slight (0.1-1.0%)
pH (in water): 12-13
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 2.9-3.15
Evaporation Rate: N/A
Appearance and Odor: Gray or white powder, no distinct odor
SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

N/A
SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Portland cement is non-combustible and not explosive.
Special firefighting procedures are not applicable. (Although Portland cement poses no fire-related hazards,
a self-contained breathing apparatus is recommended to limit exposure to combustion products when fight-
ing any fire.)

Landfill Service Corporation Page 34
SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Threshold Limit Value: N/A
Effects of Overexposure:
Acute: Wet cement on unprotected skin, whether direct or through saturated
clothing, can cause severe, third-degree caustic burns.
NOTE: Portland cement burns skin with little warning; discomfort or pain
cannot be relied upon to alert a person to a hazardous skin exposure. The
severity of the burn may not be detected until several hours after the dam-
age begins.
Dry Portland cement can produce mild irritation to severe burns of the
eye; it can irritate the upper respiratory system.

Chronic: Dry Portland cement can cause inflammation of the lining of the nose and
the cornea. Repeated exposure to Portland cement may result in drying
of the skin and may lead to thickening, cracking, or fissuring, of the skin.
Hypersensitive individuals may develop an allergic dermatitis (possibly
due to trace amounts of hexavalent chromium at less than 0.005%). This
reaction may appear in several forms including a mild rash to severe skin
ulcers. Persons already sensitized may react to their first contact with the
product. Other persons may experience this effect after years of exposure
to Portland cement products.
While Portland cement typically has less than 0.2% crystalline silica, other
additives to Portland cement and those components (e.g. aggregates)
added to produce Portland cement concrete may significantly increase the
amount of crystalline silica that is present. Exposure to respirable crystal-
line silica without the use of a respirator can cause silicosis and may ag-
gravate other lung conditions.

Signs and Symptoms of Exposure: Burning sensation around moist tissue areas (i.e., eyes, nose, upper res-
piratory system); painful burning on exposed skin that can develop with
little warning. Exposure of sufficient duration to wet Portland cement can
cause serious, potentially irreversible tissue (skin or eye) destruction in
the form of chemical (caustic) burns, including third-degree burns. The
same kind of destruction can occur if wet or moist areas of the body are
exposed for sufficient duration to dry Portland cement.
Do not allow wet Portland cement to get inside boots, shoes, or
gloves, and do not allow wet, saturated clothing to remain against
the skin.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 35
Emergency and First Aid Proce-
dures:
● Irrigate eyes immediately and repeatedly with large amount of clean
water for at least 15 minutes and get prompt medical attention.
● Wash exposed skin areas with pH-neutral soap and clean water.
● Apply sterile dressings; seek medical treatment in all cases of pro-
longed exposure to wet Portland cement, Portland cement mixtures, liq-
uids from fresh Portland cement products, or prolonged wet skin expo-
sure to dry Portland cement.
● If ingested, consult a physician immediately.
● Do not induce vomiting. If conscious, have the victim drink plenty of
water and call a physician immediately.
● In the event of inhalation, remove to fresh air.
● Seek medical attention if coughing and other symptoms do not sub-
side.
● Inhalation of gross amounts of Portland cement requires immediate
medical attention.

SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Product is stable. Keep dry until used.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: Aluminum powder and other alkali and al-
kaline earth elements will react in wet mor-
tar or concrete, liberating hydrogen gas.
Portland cement is highly alkaline and will
react with acids to produce a violent, heat-
generating reaction. Toxic gases or vapors
may be given off, depending on the acid
involved.

Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is
Released or Spilled:
Use dry cleanup methods that do not disperse the dust into the air. Avoid
breathing the dust. Emergency procedures are not required.

SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

Medical Conditions Generally Ag-
gravated by Exposure:
Pre-existing skin conditions may be worsened. Silicosis may aggravate
other chronic pulmonary conditions and may increase the risk of pulmo-
nary tuberculosis infection.

Landfill Service Corporation Page 36
Chemical Listed as Carcinogenic
or Potential Carcinogen:
Portland cements are not considered carcinogenic. However, the Inter-
national Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined, primar-
ily through animal studies, that silica is a known human carcinogen. The
National Toxicology Program (NTP) has characterized respirable quartz
silica as reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen. OSHA does not
regulate silica as a carcinogen.

SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Portland cement should only be used by knowledgeable persons. While the information provided in the ma-
terial safety data sheet is believed to provide a useful summary of the hazards of Portland cement, as it is
commonly used, the sheet cannot anticipate and provide all of the information that might be needed in
every situation. Inexperienced product users should obtain proper training before using this product.

A key to using the product safely requires the user to recognize that Portland cement chemically reacts with
water, and that some of the intermediate products of this reaction (that is, those present while a Portland
cement product is "setting") pose a more severe hazard than does Portland cement itself. These hazards
include potential injuries to eyes and skin.

The data furnished in this sheet do not address hazards that may be posed by other materials mixed with
Portland cement to produce Portland cement products. Users should review other relevant material safety
data sheets before working with this Portland cement or with Portland cement products, including, for exam-
ple, Portland cement concrete.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Local exhaust can be used to control airborne dust levels.
Respiratory Protection: Avoid actions that cause dust to become airborne. Use local or general
ventilation to control exposures below applicable exposure limits.

Use NIOSH/MSHA-approved (under 30 CFR 11) or NIOSH-approved
(under 42 CFR 84) respirators in poorly ventilated areas, or if an applica-
ble exposure limit is exceeded, or when dust causes discomfort or irrita-
tion.
(Advisory: Respirators and filters purchased after July 10, 1998, must be
certified under 42 CFR 84.)

Eye Protection: When engaged in activities where Portland cement dust or wet Portland
cement or concrete could contact the eye, wear goggles or safety
glasses with side shields. In extremely dusty environments and unpre-
dictable environments, wear unvented or indirectly vented goggles to
avoid eye irritation or injury. Contact lenses should not be worn when
working with Portland cement or wet Portland cement products.

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 37
Skin Protection: Prevention is essential to avoiding potentially severe skin injury. Avoid
contact with unhardened (wet) Portland cement products. If contact oc-
curs, promptly wash affected area with soap and water.

Do Not Allow Wet Portland Cement to Get Inside Boots, Shoes, or
Gloves; and Do Not Allow Wet, Saturated Clothing to Remain Against
the Skin.

Do not rely on barrier creams. Barrier creams should not be used in
place of gloves. Use impervious, abrasion- and alkali-resistant gloves,
boots, and protective clothing to protect the skin from prolonged contact
with wet Portland cement in plastic concrete, mortar, or slurries.

SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Work/Hygienic Practices: ● Periodically wash areas contacted by dry Portland cement, or by wet
Portland cement, or concrete fluids with a pH neutral soap and clean,
uncontaminated water.
● Wash again at the end of the work.
● If irritation occurs, immediately wash the affected area and seek treat-
ment.
● If clothing becomes saturated with wet Portland cement or concrete, it
should be removed and replaced with clean, dry clothing.
● Follow listed precautions as appropriate, during repair or maintenance
work on contaminated equipment.

SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: Portland cement is not hazardous under
US Dept. of Transportation (DOT) regula-
tions.

Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A
Identification Number: N/A
Disposal Method: Small amounts of material can be returned to the container for later use if
it is not contaminated. Dispose of waste material in accordance with Fed-
eral, State, and Local requirements. Portland cement is not a hazardous
waste as defined by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (40
CFR 261).

Landfill Service Corporation Page 38
SECTION XIV -- OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
Status under USDOL--OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200):

Portland cement is considered a "hazardous chemical" under this regula-
tion and should be a part of any Hazard Communication Program.
Status under CERCLA / Superfund (40 CFR 117 and
302):
Not listed.
Status under SARA (Title III, Sections 311 and 312):

Portland cement qualifies as a "hazardous substance" with delayed
health effects.
Status under SARA (Title III, Section 313):

This product may contain constituents listed under SARA (Title III, Sec-
tion 313,) but not in amounts requiring supplier notification under 40 CFR
Part 372 Subpart C.
Status under TSCA (as of May 1997):

Portland cement and some of the substances in Portland cement are on
the TSCA inventory list.
Status under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act:

Portland cement is a "hazardous substance" subject to statutes promul-
gated under the subject act.
Status under California Proposition 65:

Portland cement contains chemicals (trace metals) including silica and
hexavalent chromium, known to the State of California to cause cancer,
birth defects or other reproductive harm. California law requires the
manufacturer to give the above warning in the absence of definitive test-
ing to prove that the defined risks do not exist.
Status under the Canadian Environmental Protection
Act:
Not listed.
Workplace Hazardous Material Information System
(Canada):

Portland cment is considered to be a hazardous material under the Haz-
ardous Product Act as defined by the Controlled Products Regulations
(Class E - Corrosive Material), and is therefore, subject to the labeling
and MSDS requirements of the Workplace Hazardous Materials Informa-
tion System (WHMIS).

Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 39

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance of
need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the
safety, toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 40

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MATERIAL: OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200
POSI-SHELL® SYNTHETIC COVER
ADVANCED FORMULATION
DATE OF PREPARATION: APRIL 2006
SECTION I -- IDENTITY

Distributor's Name and Address: Landfill Service Corporation
2183 Pennsylvania Avenue
Apalachin, NY 13732

Emergency Telephone: [phone]
Chemical Name and Synonyms: Aqueous alkaline slurry
Generic Name: N/A
Trade Name: Posi-Shell® Synthetic Cover Ad-
vanced Formulation

SECTION II -- HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

N/A
SECTION III -- PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point (ºF) (Aqueous Portion): 212
Vapor Pressure (mm. Hg): N/A
Vapor Density (Air=1): N/A
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 41
Solubility in Water: N/A
Percent Volatile by Volume (%): N/A
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 1.21
Evaporation Rate: N/A
Appearance and Odor: Brown viscid liquid slurry with a smell
similar to wet Portland cement and liquid
clay.

SECTION IV -- CHEMICAL DATA

Chemical family: N/A
Formula: The major constituents are water, Portland cement, and PSM-200 Setting
Agent, a blend of sodium montmorillinite clay with synthetic polymers and
a processed starch. The slurry also contains P.E.T. fibers, water (or
landfill leachate), and optional iron oxide coloring agent.

Hazardous mixtures of other liquids,
solids, or gases:

N/A

SECTION V -- FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Non-explosive, Non-flammable

SECTION VI -- HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Threshold Limit Value: N/A
Effects of Overexposure:
Acute: Can dry skin and cause alkali burns. May cause eye and skin irritation to
those with sensitive skin.

Chronic: Non-observed, if properly handled. If cured material is pulverized and
dispersed, fugitive dust can cause inflammation of the lining tissue of the
interior of the nose and inflammation of the cornea. Hypersensitive indi-
viduals may develop an allergic dermatitis.

Emergency and First Aid Procedures: Irrigate eyes with water. Wash exposed skin areas with soap and water.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 42
SECTION VII -- REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Product is stable.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibility: None known.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: None known.
SECTION VIII -- SPILL PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken if Material is Re-
leased or Spilled:
Handle as normal non-hazardous solid waste.
SECTION IX -- EXPOSURES OF CONCERN

N/A
SECTION X -- HANDLING AND USE PRECAUTIONS

Waste Disposal Methods: Material can be disposed of as common waste in approved landfill.

SECTION XI -- INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

Ventilation Requirements: Local exhaust may be used.
Respiratory Protection: A dust mask is recommended during mixing procedures.
Eye Protection: Use of tight-fitting goggles is recommended.
Skin Protection: Avoid skin contact with wet slurry. Wear rubber or plastic gloves.
Other Protective Clothing or Equipment: Use barrier creams; wear coveralls; shower with soap and water.
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 43
SECTION XII -- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

No special precautions need to be taken in handling and storing.
SECTION XIII -- DISPOSAL AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

Shipping Name: N/A (Not Regulated)
Hazardous Substance: N/A
Hazard Class: N/A
Caution Labeling: N/A

*N/A = Not Applicable. **N/D = Not Determined
All information presented herein is believed to be accurate; however, it is the user's responsibility to determine in advance of
need that the information is current and suitable for their circumstances.
No warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made by Landfill Service Corporation as to this information or as to the safety,
toxicity, or effect of the use of this product.
Landfill Service Corporation Page 44
Posi-Shell AF Usage Guide Page 45
Landfill Service Corporation Page 46
Part 7
Operation Plan

Appendix D
Operation Drawings