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Home My WebLink About1302_CabarrusCo_OperationPlan_DIN27242_20170110 Cabarrus County C&D Landfill Substantial Amendment and Phase 3 Permit to Construct Application Operation Plan Cabarrus County, North Carolina October 2016 i Table of Contents Section 1 Purpose 1.1 Operation Drawings ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Section 2 Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 2.1 Waste Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Acceptable Waste .......................................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.3 Acceptable Waste Requiring Special Handling ................................................................................. 2-3 2.4 Prohibited Wastes ........................................................................................................................................ 2-3 2.5 Receiving Prohibited Waste ..................................................................................................................... 2-5 Section 3 Cover Material Requirements 3.1 Operational Cover ......................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Intermediate Cover ...................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Alternative Cover .......................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Final Cover ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 Section 4 Spreading and Compacting of Waste 4.1 Working Area .................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Compaction ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.3 Controlling Wind Blow Material ............................................................................................................. 4-1 4.4 Filling Sequence ............................................................................................................................................. 4-1 Section 5 Disease Vector Control Section 6 Air Criteria and Fire Control 6.1 State Implementation Plan ....................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Open Burning of Waste ............................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.3 Fire Protection Equipment ....................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.4 Fire and Explosion Notification .............................................................................................................. 6-1 Section 7 Access and Safety Requirements 7.1 Landfill Access and Security ..................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Attendant .......................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.3 Access Road ..................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.4 Dust Control .................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.5 Signs .................................................................................................................................................................. 7-1 7.6 Waste Removal Scavenging Policy ........................................................................................................ 7-2 Section 8 Erosion and Sedimentation Control Requirements 8.1 Control of Sediment ..................................................................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 On-Site Erosion Control .............................................................................................................................. 8-1 8.3 Vegetative Cover ............................................................................................................................................ 8-1 Section 9 Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements 9.1 Surface Water Diverted from Operational Area .............................................................................. 9-1 Table of Contents • Operations Plan ii 9.2 Surface Water Shall Not Be Impounded Over Waste ..................................................................... 9-1 9.3 Waste Shall Not Be Disposed of in Water............................................................................................ 9-1 9.4 Leachate Collection and Disposal ........................................................................................................... 9-1 9.5 Leachate Discharge ....................................................................................................................................... 9-1 Section 10 Survey for Compliance Section 11 Operating Record and Record Keeping Requirements 11.1 Regulatory Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 11-1 11.2 Operating Record ..................................................................................................................................... 11-1 11.3 Monitoring Plans ...................................................................................................................................... 11-1 Appendices Appendix A – Water Quality Monitoring Plan Appendix B – Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan Appendix C – Waste Acceptability Plan Appendix D – Drawings List of Tables Table 1-1 Cabarrus County C&D Landfill Operating Record Requirements ................................ 1-2 Acronyms WTP Water Treatment Plant 1-1 Section 1 Purpose The purpose of this Operation Plan is to provide the Cabarrus County C&D landfill staff with a manual that will serve as a guide for safe and efficient operation of the unlined C&D landfill including the proposed Phase 3 expansion. This Operation Plan has been prepared in accordance with the North Carolina Solid Waste Rule 15A NCAC 13B .0542, Operation Plan and Requirements for C&D Landfill Facilities, and therefore addresses the following issues. Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements Waste Exclusions Cover Material Requirements Spreading and Compacting Requirements Disease Vector Control Air Criteria and Fire Control Access and Safety Requirements Erosion and Sedimentation Control Requirements Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements Survey for Compliance Operating Record and Recordkeeping Requirements The proposed Phase 3 expansion will piggyback on the southern slope of the existing C&D landfill. A groundwater and surface water monitoring plan and a gas control plan have been prepared, and are included in Appendices A and B of the Operation Plan report. Table 1-1 summarizes all the required documents or documentation (record keeping) to be included in the operating record which must be maintained by the County and retained at the facility. The operating record may be inserted into a 3-ring binder located at the scale house/administration building. Table 1-1 should be clearly posted to provide staff with direction on record keeping. 1.1 Operation Drawings In accordance with Rule .0542(b)(1), Operation Plan drawings have been prepared and are included in Appendix D. Section 1 • Purpose 1-2 Table 1-1 Cabarrus County C&D Landfill Operating Record Requirements Required Record Keeping Rule Reference in Ops Plan Action INCOMING WASTE Attempted disposal of any prohibited wastes .0542 2.5 Report to NCDEQ within 24 hrs. and keep report on file Attempted disposal of any waste from outside the permitted service area .0542 2.5 Report to NCDEQ within 24 hrs. and keep report on file Records of random waste inspections .0544 11.1 Note date and result and include in Operating Record Amounts by weight of solid waste received at the C&D landfill, include county of generation -- 11.1 Include in Operating Record monthly totals DISPOSAL OPERATIONS Placement of cover material at a minimum per 3.1 .0542 3.1 Note date and time and include in Operating Record Open burning requests .0542 6.2 Note date of approval and approving DWM personnel and include in Operating Record Fire and explosion notification .0542 6.4 Report to NCDEQ verbally within 24 hrs. and written by 15 days and keep notification on file METHANE (LFG) MONITORING Methane (LFG) monitoring reports .0544 Appendix B Quarterly, include forms in Operating Record. Exceedance in methane levels – required action within 7 days following detection .0544 Appendix B Include in Operating Record detected levels and description of steps to protect human health Exceedance in methane levels – required action within 60 days following detection .0544 Appendix B Include in Operating Record a remediation plan for gas releases GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER MONITORING Groundwater and surface water monitoring reports .0544 Appendix A Semi-annual, include current reports in Operating Record TRAINING Certifications of training .0544 11.1 Include in Operating Record 2-1 Section 2 Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 2.1 Waste Definitions Agricultural Waste - waste material produced from the raising of plants and animals, including animal manures, bedding plant stalks, hulls, and vegetative matter. Asbestos Waste - any waste material that is determined to contain asbestos. Asphalt - in accordance with G.S. 130-294(m). Blood Product - all bulk blood and blood products. Commercial Solid Waste - all types of solid waste generated by retail stores, offices, restaurants, warehouses, and other non-manufacturing activities, excluding residential waste. Construction or Demolition (C&D) Debris - solid waste resulting solely from construction, remodeling, repairs or demolition operations on pavement, buildings, or other structures, but does not include inert debris, land-clearing debris or yard debris. Hazardous Waste - any solid waste that is defined as hazardous in 15A NCAC 13A 261.3 and that is not excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste from conditionally exempt small quantity generators as defined within 15A NCAC 13A 261.5. Hot Load - when a waste hauling vehicle is transporting solid waste that is burning or smoldering, it is referred to as a hot load. Household Waste - any solid waste derived from households including hotels and motels, bunkhouses, ranger stations, crew quarters, campgrounds, picnic grounds, and day-use recreation areas. Industrial Solid Waste - solid waste generated by manufacturing processes that is not a hazardous waste regulated under Subtitle C of RCRA. Such waste may include, but is not limited to, waste resulting from the following manufacturing processes: electric power generation; fertilizer/agricultural chemicals; food and related products/by-products; inorganic chemicals; iron and steel manufacturing; leather and leather products; nonferrous metals manufacturing/foundries; organic chemicals; plastics and resins manufacturing; pulp and paper industry; rubber and miscellaneous plastic products; stone, glass, clay, and concrete products; textile manufacturing; transportation equipment; and water treatment. This term does not include mining waste or oil and gas waste. Inert Debris - any solid waste which consists solely of material such as concrete, brick, concrete block, uncontaminated soil, rock, and gravel. Infectious Waste - any solid waste capable of producing an infectious disease. These types of waste include microbiological waste, pathological waste, blood products, and sharps. Section 2 • Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 2-2 Land-Clearing Debris - solid waste which is generated solely from land clearing activities such as stumps and trees trunks. Liquid Hydrocarbons - as defined under Article 21A of Chapter 143 of the North Carolina General Statutes: except that any such oils or other liquid hydrocarbons that meet the criteria for hazardous waste under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (P.L. 94-580) as amended. Liquid Waste - any waste material that is determined to contain free liquid by Method 9095 (Paint Filter Test). Microbiological Waste - includes cultures and stocks of etiologic agents. The term includes cultures of specimens from medical, pathological, pharmaceutical, research, commercial, and industrial laboratories. Oils - As defined under Article 21A of Chapter 143 of the North Carolina General Statutes: except that any such oils that meet the criteria for hazardous waste under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (P.L. 94-580) as amended. Pathological Waste - includes: human tissue, organs, body parts, secretions, and excretions, blood, and body fluids that are removed during surgery and autopsies; the carcasses and body parts of all animals that were exposed to pathogens in research, were used in the production of biological or in the in-vitro testing of pharmaceuticals, or that died of known or suspected infectious disease. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) - defined as any of several compounds that are produced by replacing hydrogen atoms in biphenyl with chlorine. PCB's were most frequently used as an additive to oil or other liquid in situations where heat is involved. PCB's have been used in paints and lubricants, however the most common application was in electric transformers. Radioactive Waste - any waste that contains radioactivity as defined by the North Carolina Radiation Protection Act, G.S. 104E-1 through 104E-23. Radioactivity is defined as the property possessed by some elements of spontaneously emitting alpha or beta rays and sometimes gamma rays by the disintegration of the nuclei of atoms. Sharps - includes needles, syringes with attached needles, capillary tubes, slides and cover slips, and scalpel blades. Spoiled Food - any food which has been removed from sale by the United States Department of Agriculture, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration, or any other regulatory agency having jurisdiction in determining that food is unfit for consumption. Treatment or Processing Waste - any waste that is a residual solid from a wastewater treatment or pretreatment facility. Tires - rubber tires from vehicles. White Goods - any inoperative and discarded refrigerators, freezers, ranges, washers, dryers, water heaters, and other large domestic commercial appliances. Yard Trash - solid waste resulting from landscaping and yard maintenance such as brush, grass, tree limbs, and similar vegetative material. Section 2 • Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 2-3 2.2 Acceptable Waste In accordance with Rule .0542(c)(1), a C&D landfill shall only dispose of those solid wastes which it is permitted to accept. In accordance with the current Permit to Operate (dated November 4, 2013), the Cabarrus County C&D landfill is permitted to dispose of the following waste materials using normal operating procedures (as defined previously): Construction and Demolition solid waste Inert Debris Land-Clearing Debris Drums and Barrels (Empty/Perforated) Asphalt The Cabarrus County C&D Landfill is also permitted to operate a Large Type 1 composting facility on the property with a capacity of approximately 20,000 tons per year. The compost operations will only accept materials allowed by the operating permit. The Operation Plan for the compost facility is included in Appendix E. 2.3 Acceptable Waste Requiring Special Handling Hot loads arriving at the site will either be left in the roll-off container or dumped in the designated primary hot load area located near the working face. The designated area will be located on areas containing compacted refuse covered by at least 12 inches of cover material. The location of the primary hot load area will change along with the Phase 3 development so as to always be near the working face. Hot loads will be extinguished immediately after being dumped by running over the burning debris with heavy equipment or by covering the debris with soil from the stockpile area. If problems are encountered, the local fire department will be called. Once extinguished, the hot load should be observed until it is certain that the fire is out. The remaining debris should then be compacted and buried at the working face. 2.4 Prohibited Wastes The following wastes will be prohibited from disposal at the Cabarrus County C&D Landfill: Asbestos waste Wastewater treatment sludge Containers such as tubes, drums, barrels, tanks, cans, and bottles unless they are empty and perforated to ensure that no liquid, hazardous or municipal solid waste is contained within. Garbage Hazardous waste Industrial solid waste Liquid waste Section 2 • Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 2-4 Medical waste Municipal solid waste Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) wastes Radioactive waste Septage Sludge Special waste White goods Yard trash The following wastes cannot be received if separate from C&D landfill waste: Lamps or bulbs including but not limited to halogen, incandescent, neon or fluorescent. Lighting ballast or fixtures Thermostats and light switches Batteries including but not limited to those from exit and emergency lights and smoke detectors. Lead pipes Lead roof flashing Transformers Capacitors Copper chrome arsenate (CCA) and creosote treated woods Waste accepted for disposal in the C&D landfill shall be readily identifiable as C&D waste and shall not have been shredded, pulverized, or processed to such an extent that the composition of the original waste cannot be readily identified. The County shall not knowingly dispose of any type or form of C&D waste that is generated within the boundaries of a unit of local government that by ordinance: Prohibits generators or collectors of C&D waste from disposing that type or form of C&D waste. Requires generators or collectors of C&D waste to recycle that type or form of C&D waste. The compost processing area is permitted to receive land clearing materials, wooden pallets constructed of unpainted and untreated natural wood; and yard trimmings. Section 2 • Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 2-5 2.5 Receiving Prohibited Waste The Cabarrus County C&D landfill shall only accept those materials that it is permitted to receive. The County will notify the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality Division of Waste Management (NCDEQ DWM) within 24 hours of attempted disposal of any waste the C&D landfill is not permitted to receive. A report shall be prepared for any attempted delivery of waste of which the landfill is not permitted to receive, including waste from outside the permitted landfill service area. The report is to be forwarded to: Department of Environmental Quality Division of Waste Management Solid Waste Section 1646 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Section 2 • Waste Acceptance and Disposal Requirements 2-6 This page intentionally left blank. 3-1 Section 3 Cover Material Requirements 3.1 Operational Cover In accordance with Rule .0542(f), the County shall cover disposed C&D waste with six inches of earthen material (or alternative cover material (ACM) approved by the Solid Waste Section (SWS)) when the waste disposal area exceeds one-half acre and at least once weekly. Cover shall be placed at more frequent intervals if necessary, to control disease vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. A notation of the date and time of the cover placement must be recorded in the operating record. Daily cover material will be obtained from the County’s on-site borrow area or from economical off- site sources. A notation of the date and time of the cover placement will be placed in the landfill operating record. In accordance with Rule .0542(f)(2), areas which will not have additional wastes placed on them for three months or more, but where final termination of disposal operations has not occurred, shall be covered and stabilized with vegetative ground cover or other stabilizing material. 3.2 Intermediate Cover Areas which will not have additional waste placed on them for 12 months or more, but where final termination of operations has not occurred, shall be covered with a minimum of one foot of intermediate soil cover. The composition standards of intermediate cover shall be the same as for daily cover including the capability of supporting vegetative cover. 3.3 Alternative Cover Cabarrus County does not intend to utilize any alternative daily cover materials at this time. If, in the future, the County chooses to utilize an alternative daily cover, an application will be submitted for review by the Solid Waste Section. 3.4 Final Cover In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .0543(c)(5), after final termination of disposal operations at the site or a major part thereof, the fill areas shall be covered with a closure cap in accordance with the permit drawings (Appendix D). Closure activities will begin no later than one of the following three milestones: 30 days after the date on which the C&DLF unit receives the known final receipt of wastes; 30 days after the date that a 10-acre or greater area of waste, is within 15 feet of final design grades; or one year after the most recent receipt of wastes. The County may choose to apply for an extension from the Solid Waste Section depending upon operational conditions. Extensions beyond the deadline for beginning closure may be granted by the Solid Waste Section if the owner or operator demonstrates that the portion of the C&DLF unit has the capacity to receive additional wastes and the owner and operator has taken and will continue to take all steps necessary to prevent threats to human health and the environment from the unclosed C&DLF unit. Section 3 • Cover Material Requirements 3-2 This page intentionally left blank. 4-1 Section 4 Spreading and Compacting of Waste The primary goals of waste placement are to: (1) maximize the mass of waste landfilled through compaction, (2) minimize erosion and sedimentation impacts to disposal areas and areas in general within the waste facility boundary, and (3) comply with all operating rules and regulations of the North Carolina Solid Waste Section for C&D landfills. 4.1 Working Area In accordance with Rule .0542(g)(1), the County shall confine waste disposal activities within the smallest possible waste disposal area or working face. The working face is where waste is unloaded, inspected, spread, compacted, and ultimately covered with daily cover soil. The working face shall be wide enough to prevent a backlog of vehicles waiting to unload and to allow adequate working space for landfill equipment. At a maximum, the width of the working face shall not exceed 100 feet. 4.2 Compaction Per Rule .0542(g)(2), solid waste shall be compacted with the appropriate equipment so as to achieve the maximum density possible when filling permitted cell areas. Proper waste spreading and compaction is necessary not only to conserve airspace capacity but to also minimize future settlement. C&D waste shall be unloaded, inspected for unacceptable materials, and spread on the working face for compaction. 4.3 Controlling Wind Blown Material In accordance with Rule .0542(g)(3), appropriate methods such as fencing and prompt placement of daily cover shall be implemented so as to control windblown waste. At the end of each day’s operation, all windblown material shall be collected and returned to the working face. 4.4 Filling Sequence Yearly operational grades are provided per Rule .0542(b)(1)(B) on the Operation Plan drawings in Appendix D. Section 4 • Spreading nad Compacting of Waste 4-2 This page intentionally left blank. 5-1 Section 5 Disease Vector Control In accordance with Rule .0542(h), the County shall prevent or control on-site populations of disease vectors using techniques appropriate for the protection of human health and the environment. Disease vectors are defined as any rodent, flies, mosquitoes, or other animals or insects, capable of transmitting disease to humans. Effective vector control measures shall be applied at all times. Control of vectors will be maintained by application of well-compacted cover material over the landfilled C&D waste. This will protect against migration of vectors into and away from the landfill site. Stagnant ponding water shall also be prevented to control mosquito populations. Filling in low spots shall be performed on a daily basis. If necessary, County mosquito control or a licensed exterminator shall also be employed to control vectors. Section 5 • Disease Vector Control 5-2 This page intentionally left blank. 6-1 Section 6 Air Criteria and Fire Control 6.1 State Implementation Plan In accordance with Rule .0542(i)(1), the County shall ensure that waste fill units do not violate any applicable requirements developed under a State Implementation Plan (SIP) approved or promulgated by the U.S. EPA Administrator pursuant to Section 110 of the Clean Air Act, as amended. 6.2 Open Burning of Waste Per Rule .0542(i)(2), open burning of solid waste, except for the approved burning of land clearing debris generated on-site or debris from emergency clean-up operations, is prohibited at the C&D landfill. Prior to any burning, a request shall be sent to the NCDEQ DWM for review. The DWM will determine if the burning to be approved is one of the two types of burning as described above. A notation of the date of approval and the name of the Division personnel who approved the burning shall be included in the operating record. 6.3 Fire Protection Equipment In accordance with Rule .0542(i)(3), equipment shall be provided to control accidental fires and arrangements shall be made with the local fire protection agency to immediately provide fire-fighting services when needed. The landfill is located in the Rimer Fire Protection District and fire protection coverage is provided by the Rimer Volunteer Fire Department located at 4306 Rimer Rd., Concord, NC 28025. Fires that break out close to the surface of the fill area shall be dug out and smothered with cover material. Deep fires should be smothered by placing moist soil on the surface and by constructing soil barriers around the fire. Where the smothering technique fails, the burning material shall be excavated and smothered or quenched with water once the burning material is brought to the surface. Water is usually not effective unless it can be directly applied to the burning material. 6.4 Fire and Explosion Notification Per Rule .0542(i)(4), fires and explosions that occur at a C&D landfill require verbal notice to the DWM within 24 hours and written notification within 15 days. Written notification shall include the suspected cause of fire or explosion, the response taken to manage the incident, and the action(s) to be taken to prevent the future occurrence of fire or explosion. Verbal and written notification shall be submitted to: Department of Environmental Quality Division of Waste Management Solid Waste Section 1646 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 (919) 707-8200 Section 6 • Air Criteria and Fire Control 6-2 This page intentionally left blank. 7-1 Section 7 Access and Safety Requirements 7.1 Landfill Access and Security In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(1), the Cabarrus County C&D Landfill must be adequately secured by means of gates, chains, berms, fences and other security measures approved by the DWM to prevent unauthorized entry. All vehicles disposing of waste at the facility enter and leave through the access control gate. All waste entering the landfill must be weighed at the scale where a full-time Scale Operator verifies compliance with operation requirements. Unauthorized vehicle access to the site is prevented around the remaining portion of the landfill property by fencing, woods, gates, AT&T right-of-way (ROW), and storm water ditches. 7.2 Attendant Per Rule .0542(j)(2), an attendant shall be on duty at the site at all times while the facility is open for public use to ensure compliance with operational requirements. A full-time Scale Operator will be located in the scale house during operating hours and will verify compliance with operational requirements. In addition, a certified Facility Supervisor will be present on-site at all times during operation. 7.3 Access Road In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(3), the access road to the site and access roads to monitoring locations shall be of all-weather construction and maintained in good condition. Potholes, ruts, and debris on the roads will receive immediate attention in order to avoid damage to vehicles. Access roads will be re-graded as necessary to maintain positive slope for adequate drainage. 7.4 Dust Control Per Rule .0542(j)(4), dust control measures shall be implemented when necessary. Minimum dust control will include a water truck for wetting of dusty roads. Petroleum products shall not be used for dust control. 7.5 Signs In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(5), a sign providing information on disposal procedures, accepted waste materials, the hours during which the site is open for public use, the permit number and other pertinent information specified in the permit conditions is posted at the site entrance. In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(6), signs are clearly posted stating that no liquid, hazardous and municipal solid waste can be disposed of in the C&D landfill. In accordance with Rule .0542(j)(7), traffic signs or markers are provided to promote an orderly traffic pattern to and from the discharge area and to maintain efficient operating conditions. Section 7 • Access and Safety Requirements 7-2 7.6 Waste Removal Scavenging Policy Per Rule .0542(j)(8), the removal of solid waste from the C&D landfill will be prohibited unless the County gains NCDEQ approval for a recycling program. 8-1 Section 8 Erosion and Sedimentation Control Requirements 8.1 Control of Sediment In accordance with Rule .0542(k)(1), adequate sediment control measures shall be utilized to capture and control sediment in order to prevent sediment from impacting wetlands, adjacent streams, or bodies of water, and off-site properties. Surface water runoff passing through the C&D landfill site shall be diverted to existing sediment basins by the use of ditches, berms, and pipes, as shown on the Operations Plan drawings. Existing sediment basins were constructed in accordance with the previously approved Sediment and Erosion Control Plan for control of onsite stormwater runoff and sediment transport from current landfill operations, and previous compost operations. The sediment basins have been designed in such a manner that releases will not overload downstream drainage features or damage adjacent property. Sediment accumulated in basins shall be removed as specified in the approved Sediment and Erosion Control permit. Ditches will be subject to frequent inspection for sediment buildup. At a minimum, sediment buildup will be assessed after all significant rain events. 8.2 On-Site Erosion Control Per Rule .0542(k)(2), adequate erosion control measures consisting of vegetative cover, stone or rip rap materials, structures, or devices shall be utilized to prevent excessive onsite erosion of the C&D landfill. Erosion control measures shall include: A. Disturbing as little area as practical at any one time for landfilling operations. B. Seeding and mulching of all disturbed areas commencing as soon as practical and in accordance with SWS guidelines. Employing erosion netting, diversion berms, or sod on steep slopes and other erosion prone areas. C. Use of earthen berms, hay bales, silt fences, riprap or equivalent devices down-gradient of disturbed areas, stockpiles, drainage pipes inlets and outlets and at intervals along grassed waterways, until such time as permanent vegetation is established. D. Placement of riprap at the inlets and outlets of stormwater piping. 8.3 Vegetative Cover In accordance with Rule .0542(k)(3), vegetative ground cover sufficient to control erosion shall be accomplished as directed by the appropriate state or local agencies upon completion of any phase of C&D landfill development, consistent with Rule .0543(c)(5). Section 8 • Erosion and Sedimentation Control Requirements 8-2 Riprap, haybales, or other acceptable temporary methods of erosion control may be required until permanent cover is established. Mulching, until a vegetative cover is established, can stabilize areas where final grade has been reached. Mulching can be achieved using wood chips, straw, hay, asphalt emulsion, jute matting, and synthetic fibers. Mulches allow for greater water retention; reduce the amount of runoff, retain seeds, fertilizer, and lime in place; and, improve soil moisture and temperature conditions. Temporary seeding shall be applied in accordance with the NC Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Design Manual, Revised May 2013. 9-1 Section 9 Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements 9.1 Surface Water Diverted from Operational Area In accordance with Rule .0542(l)(1), surface water shall be diverted from the active waste disposal area. Excessive surface water at the working face creates difficulties for maneuvering equipment and prevents the operator from achieving maximum compaction of the waste. To divert surface runoff away from the working face, temporary diversion berms shall be installed on the current lift, up- gradient from the working face and in other locations as dictated by the direction of grade. The soil cover in the areas beyond the diversion berms shall be uniformly graded and compacted to prevent the formation of erosion channels. In the event that channels do form, the cover shall be promptly repaired. The Phase 3 disposal area will be graded to create distinct areas from the perspective of stormwater control. Disposal operations for Phase 3 will be managed to minimize the areas where stormwater runoff will come in contact with waste materials. 9.2 Surface Water Shall Not Be Impounded Over Waste Per Rule .0542(l)(2), surface water shall not be impounded on top of or in the waste. Completed areas shall be adequately sloped at a minimum of 5% to allow surface water runoff in a controlled manner. The Phase 3 area will have stormwater segregation berms installed on the landfill floor to isolate open areas of the area from active filling areas. The segregation berms along with diversion berms on the existing landfill area will minimize the potential for surface water to be impounded over the C&D waste materials. A portable pump will be utilized to remove stormwater from areas of Phase 3 that do not contain waste or have sufficient cover material over the waste. The portable pump will be utilized until the Phase 3 area has been filled to an elevation that allows stormwater runoff to be directed towards perimeter drainage ditches. 9.3 Waste Shall Not Be Disposed of in Water In accordance with Rule .0542(l)(3), solid waste shall not be disposed of in water. The minimum four- foot separation between waste and the seasonal high groundwater table, along with the diversion and segregation controls described in this section, will prevent waste from being disposed of in water. 9.4 Leachate Collection and Disposal In accordance with Rule .0542(l)(4), leachate shall be contained on-site or properly treated prior to discharge. Through the use of containment berms and the existing C&D waste mass, leachate from the Phase 3 unlined expansion area will be contained within the C&D landfill disposal areas. 9.5 Leachate Discharge In accordance with Rule .0542(l)(5), C&D landfill units shall not cause a discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States, including wetlands, that violate any requirements of the Clean Water Act, Section 9 • Drainage Control and Water Protection Requirements 9-2 including, but not limited to, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requirements, pursuant to Section 402. In accordance with Rule .0542(l)(5), C&D landfill units shall not cause a discharge of a nonpoint source of pollution to waters of the United States, including wetlands, that violates any requirement of an area-wide or State wide water quality management plan that has been approved under Section 208 or 319 of the Clean Water Act, as amended. Leachate generated during operation of the Phase 3 unlined expansion will be contained within the C&D landfill disposal areas. 10-1 Section 10 Survey for Compliance In accordance with Rule .0542(m), within 60 days of receiving the DWM's written request, the County shall conduct a survey of the active, as well as, the closed portions of the C&D landfill in order to determine whether operations are being conducted in accordance with the approved design and operations plan. The County shall report the results of each survey, including a map of the surveyed area, to the DWM within 90 days of receipt of the DWM's request. The survey shall be performed by a land surveyor registered in North Carolina. Section 10 • Survey for Compliance 10-2 This page intentionally left blank. 11-1 Section 11 Operating Record and Record Keeping Requirements 11.1 Regulatory Requirements In accordance with Rule .0542(n)(1), the County shall record and retain at the facility the following information as it becomes available: Records of random waste inspections, monitoring results, certifications of training, and training procedures required by Rule .0544. Amounts by weight of solid waste received at the C&D landfill, including the County of origin. Any demonstration, certification, finding, monitoring, testing, or analytical data required by Rules .0544 through .0545. Any closure or post-closure monitoring, testing, or analytical data as required by Rule .0543. Any cost estimates and financial assurance documentation required by Rule .0546. Notation of date and time of placement of cover material. All audit records, compliance records and inspection reports. 11.2 Operating Record Per Rule .0542(n)(2), all information contained in the operating record must be furnished to the Division according to the permit or upon request, or be made available for inspection by the Division at the waste facility. The operating record must also include: A copy of the approved Operation Plan required by this Rule and the Engineering Plan required by Rule .0539. A copy of the current Permit to Construct and Permit to Operate. The Monitoring Plan, in accordance with Rule .0544 of this Section, included as appendices to the Operation Plan. 11.3 Monitoring Plans In accordance with Rule .0542(n)(3)(C), a Monitoring Plan per Rule .0544 shall be included as appendices to the Operation Plan. The groundwater and surface water monitoring plan has been prepared in accordance with Rules .0544(b) and (c) and included as Appendix A to the Operation Plan. The gas control plan has been prepared in accordance with Rule .0544(d) and included as Appendix B. Section 11 • Operating Record and Record Keeping Requirements 11-2 The waste acceptability plan has been prepared in accordance with Rule .0544(e) and included as Appendix C. Part 5 Operation Plan Appendix A Water Quality Monitoring Plan Cabarrus County Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill Phase No. 3 Expansion Water Quality Monitoring Plan October 2016 i Table of Contents Section 1 Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................. 1-1 Section 2 Geologic Setting ................................................................................................. 1-2 2.1 Regional Geology ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-2 2.2 Site Geology ................................................................................................................................................................. 1-2 2.3 Site Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................................................... 1-3 Section 3 Groundwater Monitoring Network ..................................................................... 1-3 3.1 Monitoring Locations .............................................................................................................................................. 1-3 3.1.1 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction ............................................................................... 1-4 3.2 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................................... 1-4 3.3 Sampling and Analysis Plan.................................................................................................................................. 1-4 3.3.1 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection ..................................................................... 1-4 3.3.1.1 Static Water Level Measurements ........................................................................................ 1-8 3.3.1.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers .............................................................................................. 1-8 3.3.1.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation .................................................................................................... 1-9 3.3.1.4 Sample Collection ......................................................................................................................... 1-9 3.3.1.5 Decontamination Procedures .............................................................................................. 1-11 3.3.2 Sample Preservation and Shipment .................................................................................................. 1-11 3.3.3 Analytical Procedures ................................................................................................................................ 1-11 3.3.4 Chain-of-Custody ......................................................................................................................................... 1-12 3.3.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ..................................................................................................... 1-13 3.3.5.1 Field Duplicates ......................................................................................................................... 1-13 3.3.5.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks .................................................................................................... 1-13 3.3.5.3 Trip/Travel Blanks ................................................................................................................... 1-13 3.4 Reporting ................................................................................................................................................................... 1-13 Section 4 Health and Safety ............................................................................................. 1-14 Section 5 References ....................................................................................................... 1-14 Section 6 NC DEQ Reference Documents ......................................................................... 1-15 List of Figures Figure 1 Monitoring Well Location Map ................................................................................................................ 1-5 List of Tables Table 1 Site Well Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 1-6 Table 2 C&D Landfill Well Construction Summary ............................................................................................ 1-7 Table of Contents • Water Quality Monitoring Plan ii Attachments NC DEQ Guidance Documents Table of Contents • Water Quality Monitoring Plan iii This page intentionally left blank. 1-1 Appendix A Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1 Purpose and Scope The purpose of this Water Quality Monitoring Plan is to address the requirements in Rule .0544 (b) and (c), and to present a plan for groundwater and surface water monitoring for the proposed Cabarrus County C&D Landfill Phase 3 expansion. The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes information on the expansion of the existing groundwater monitoring network, surface water monitoring plan, sampling and analysis requirements, and detection monitoring requirements. The groundwater monitoring network was designed based on information obtained from recent and previous subsurface investigations and a review of literature pertaining to regional geology and groundwater resources. A detailed discussion of the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions at the Phase 3 C&D expansion is presented in the Design Hydrogeologic Report for the proposed Phase 3 C&D expansion area. The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes the elements necessary to address the groundwater monitoring plan, including information on the existing and proposed groundwater monitoring system, sampling and analysis requirements, and detection monitoring requirements in accordance with Rule .0544(b)(1)(A) through (E). In addition, the Plan discusses provisions necessary to meet the requirements of a surface water monitoring plan as described in Rule .0544(c). The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes the following elements, in accordance with Rules .0544 of the North Carolina Administrative Code: Design and installation of a groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific information, to yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represents the quality of the background groundwater that has not been affected by landfill activities or other man-made activities. Design and installation of groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific information, to yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represent the quality of groundwater passing the relevant point of compliance. Monitor wells designed and constructed in accordance with the applicable North Carolina Well Construction Standards as found in 15A NCAC 2C. A Sampling and Analysis Plan that includes procedures and techniques for sample collection, sample preservation and shipment, analytical procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, and quality assurance and quality control. Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-2 2 Geologic Setting The Cabarrus County Landfill is located in the Charlotte belt of the Piedmont Physiographic Province. The Piedmont Physiographic Province in North Carolina is characterized by gentle to steep, hilly terrain with small quantities of alluvium. Bedrock outcroppings are present and consist of soil and saprolite. Saprolite is a clay-rich residual material that is the product of in- place chemical weathering and leaching of bedrock. Saprolite is often characterized by bright colors, preserved structures and mineral fabric present in the rock before weathering. Soil is present as a thin mantle on top of saprolite or alluvium with a thickness usually on the order of 3 to 8 feet (Daniel, 1990). Beneath the saprolite is a transition zone of weathered bedrock. The thickness of regolith above unweathered bedrock averages about 52 feet, and in some cases may exceed depths of 100 feet (Daniel, 1990). 2.1 Regional Geology The Charlotte belt is characterized by large areas of plutonic and metavolcanic igneous rocks, and very few metasedimentary rocks (Gair, 1991). Igneous lithologies range from ultramafic to felsic and from coarse-grained plutonic rocks to very fine grained tuffs and volcanic flow materials. The rocks range in age from 700 to less than 300 million years old. Rock units mapped in the vicinity of the site include granite of the Salisbury Plutonic Suite, phyllite and schist, metavolcanic rocks, and metamorphosed quartz diorite and tonalite. Several diabase intrusions have also been mapped in an area west of the site (Goldsmith, 1988). 2.2 Site Geology Based on regional mapping of the Charlotte 1°x2° quadrangle geologic map and supplementary data collected during the previous subsurface explorations on adjacent properties, metamorphosed quartz diorite is the dominant lithology at the site. Metamorphosed volcanics were encountered in isolated areas to the south and west of the site, usually underlain by the metadiorites. Phyllite schist and quartz pegmatities were encountered to the west of the site. During a magnetic geophysical survey investigation of the site, a previously unknown diabase dike was detected approximately 3500 feet south of the site. The dike is trending in a north- west/south-east direction, and is not expected to affect the landfill site. Rock outcroppings are very limited within the project area. Topography, though moderately steep in some locations, generally does not yield natural bedrock outcrop due to the high degree of weathering of the native materials. The most significant exposures of in-situ materials were seen during excavation into the native materials for construction of the waste disposal cells. These cuts exposed a light gray, massive, well-weathered diorite that easily crumbles in the hand to a silty fine to coarse sand. In spite of the easily crumbled nature of this weathered bedrock, it is capable of being cut to vertical slopes. Localized exposures were also observed in some of the areas that were previously being considered for expansion. Such exposures were most frequently observed in cuts for access roads and drill pads or along drainage bottoms. The isolated nature and limited extent of exposed materials did not permit development of a site-specific geologic base map of the landfill area. Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-3 2.3 Site Hydrogeology Groundwater monitor wells have been installed surrounding the existing C&D portion of the landfill facility. These wells are generally completed to depths corresponding with the top of rock and are considered representative of the saprolite/transition zone. Figure 1 presents a water table elevation map based on water level data obtained from the monitor wells during the most recent semi-annual groundwater sampling event at the landfill facility. The groundwater elevation contours indicate a southerly groundwater flow direction consistent with the site topography. Groundwater flow direction and discharge is largely confined by the stream east of the closed Units 2 and 3, and to a lesser extent, the small drainage feature to the south of the facility. There is also a component of flow to the east-southeast. In situ horizontal hydraulic conductivity (slug) tests performed on monitoring wells at the site indicated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 10.94 feet/day (ft/d) to 17.71 ft/d in the saprolite/transition unit; 11.08 ft/d to 19.5 ft/d in the PWR unit; and 0.17 ft/d to 4.57 ft/d in the fractured bedrock. 3 Groundwater Monitoring Network This section discusses the current groundwater monitoring network for the C&D Landfill and the proposed monitoring locations for the Phase 3 expansion. Section 3.1 discusses monitoring well locations, Section 3.2 is the surface water monitoring plan, Section 3.3 presents the sampling and analysis plan, and Section 3.4 discusses reporting. In addition to the monitoring well network for the C&D landfill, there are also monitoring well networks in place for the closed Unit 1 landfill and the closed Unit 2/3 landfill. The Unit 1 landfill was closed prior to 1993 and is currently under detection monitoring. The Unit 2/3 landfill was closed out in August 1998. Currently, the Unit 2/3 landfill is under corrective action. Table 1 provides a summary of all wells at the site, the landfill unit they are associated with, and the type of monitoring associated with each well. Monitoring well locations for the entire facility are shown on Figure 1. An Alternate Source Demonstration (ASD) was submitted in September 2013 for the area adjacent to the proposed Phase 3 expansion. The ASD identified existing groundwater contamination by volatile organic compounds in monitoring wells and piezometers associated with the closed Unit 2/3 landfill at levels above North Carolina 2L groundwater standards. 3.1 Monitoring Locations The SWS regulations require that upgradient monitoring well(s) be located so that groundwater samples collected from the uppermost aquifer provide an indication of background groundwater quality. Upgradient wells CD-1s/CD-1d monitor background water quality at the existing C&D landfill and serve as the background wells for the entire Cabarrus County Landfill facility. Well CD-1s monitors the shallow portion of the surficial aquifer and well CD-1d monitors the deep portion of the surficial aquifer. The downgradient monitoring wells must represent groundwater quality at the relevant point of compliance. The wells must be located in similar geologic units so that upgradient and Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-4 downgradient groundwater quality data can be compared. Current downgradient compliance wells CD-2, CD-3, CD-7, and CD-8 are all installed in the surficial aquifer. Well CD-3 was abandoned and re-installed after construction of the Phase 2 expansion was complete. At the request of the Solid Waste Section, one well CD-4 rep was installed during the Design Hydrogeologic Investigation for the Phase 1 expansion. CD-4 rep is side-gradient of the Phase 1 expansion. Monitoring well locations are provided on Figure 1. 3.1.1 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction The existing monitoring wells are constructed in accordance with standard industry procedures and meet the requirements of 15A NCAC 2C. A summary of existing well construction is provided on Table 2. Monitoring well locations are provided on Figure 1. Existing monitoring wells CD-3 and CD-8 are within the proposed footprint for the Phase 3 expansion and will be abandoned prior to construction. In order to monitor the Phase 3 expansion, one well (CD-9) will be installed downgradient of the next Phase. The proposed monitoring well location is shown on Figure 1. 3.2 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan The current surface water monitoring plan consists of location SW-3. No additional surface water sampling locations are recommended at this time. Surface water sampling locations are provided on Figure 1. 3.3 Sampling and Analysis Plan Rule .0544(b) specifies that the owner/operator must provide, as part of the groundwater monitoring program, a groundwater and surface water sampling and analysis (S&A) plan. The S&A plan should be designed to provide accurate results of groundwater quality at the upgradient and downgradient sampling locations. The S&A plan addresses the following subjects: Groundwater and surface water sample collection, Sample preservation and shipment, Analytical procedures, Chain-of-custody, Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), and Health & Safety. 3.3.1 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection Prior to completion of the Phase 3 expansion, one initial groundwater samples will be collected from CD-9. Following construction of the Phase 3 expansion, groundwater samples will be collected from the background wells CD-1s/1d, compliance wells CD-2, CD-4 rep, CD-7, and CD-9 on a semi-annual basis. Surface water samples will be collected from SW-3 on a semi-annual basis. Table 1 Facility Groundwater Monitoring Wells Cabarrus County Construction and Demolition Landfill Water Quality Monitoring Plan ID Monitoring Location Type CD-1s/1d Background Background CD-2 Downgradient Compliance CD-3*Downgradient Compliance CD-4 rep Downgradient Compliance CD-7 Downgradient Compliance CD-8*Downgradient Compliance CD-9 Downgradient Compliance MW-5 Downgradient Compliance MW-7 Downgradient Compliance MW-8A Side Gradient Compliance MW-9 Background Background MW-10 Downgradient Compliance MW-11 Downgradient Compliance MW-1 Side Gradient Compliance MW-3 Downgradient Performance MW-3 deep Downgradient Sentinel MW-9 Background Background MW-A Downgradient Performance MW-B Downgradient Compliance MW-C Downgradient Compliance MW-D Downgradient Compliance MW-E/E deep Downgradient Performance MW-F Downgradient Compliance MW-G Downgradient Compliance MW-H/H deep Downgradient Sentinel MW-I Downgradient Sentinel MW-J Downgradient Sentinel MW-K Downgradient Sentinel MW-L Downgradient Performance MW-L deep Downgradient Sentinel MW-M Downgradient Sentinel MW-X Downgradient Sentinel CD-4*Side Gradient Performance CD-5*Side Gradient Performance CD-6 Side Gradient Sentinel AMW-1s/1d Downgradient Performance AMW-2s/2d Downgradient Performance IW-1 Downgradient Injection IW-2 Downgradient Injection IW-3 Downgradient Injection IW-4 Downgradient Injection IW-5 Downgradient Injection IW-6 Downgradient Injection * Wells to be abandoned prior to construction of Phase 3 expansion. C&D Landfill Unit Closed Unit 1 Closed Unit 2/3 Table 1 Ta b l e 2 Gr o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g S y s t e m D e t a i l s Ca b a r r u s C o u n t y C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d D e m o l i t i o n L a n d f i l l Wa t e r Q u a l i t y M o n i t o r i n g P l a n We l l Co m p l e t i o n Da t e Dr i l l i n g Me t h o d Sc r e e n e d I n t e r v a l L i t h o l o g y To p o f P V C El e v a t i o n (f e e t m s l ) Gr o u n d Su r f a c e El e v a t i o n (f e e t m s l ) Bo r e h o l e De p t h (f e e t b l s ) Sc r e e n e d In t e r v a l (f e e t b l s ) To p o f Sc r e e n ( m s l ) Bo t t o m o f Sc r e e n ( m s l ) To p o f Sa n d ( f e e t bl s ) Top of Seal (feet bls)Borehole Diameter (inches)Casing Diameter (inches) CD - 1 s 8/ 7 / 2 0 0 6 HS A Sa p r o l i t e 75 5 . 0 75 2 28 18 . 0 - 2 8 . 0 73 4 . 0 72 4 . 0 16 14 8 2 CD - 1 d 7/ 2 1 / 2 0 0 4 HS A PW R 75 7 . 2 6 75 4 . 0 50 40 . 0 - 5 0 . 0 71 4 . 0 70 4 . 0 38 36 4 2 CD - 2 9/ 1 2 / 2 0 0 6 HS A Sa p r o l i t e 73 3 73 0 24 9. 0 - 2 4 . 0 72 1 . 0 70 6 . 0 7 5 8 2 CD - 4 R e p 1/ 1 5 / 2 0 0 9 HS A Sa p r o l i t e 73 9 . 1 5 73 6 . 2 16 6. 0 - 1 6 . 0 73 0 . 2 72 0 . 2 4 2 8 2 CD - 7 ( B - 7 ) 11 / 2 5 / 2 0 0 2 HS A / A i r Be d r o c k 74 4 . 8 1 74 2 . 1 8 44 34 . 0 - 4 4 . 0 70 8 . 1 8 69 8 . 1 8 32 30 8/6 2 CD - 9 * TB D HS A PW R TB D TB D 43 33 . 0 - 4 3 . 0 TB D TB D 31 29 8 2 * - A n t i c i p a t e d b o r e h o l e d e p t h s a n d s c r e e n i n t e r v a l s . Ac t u a l d e p t h s w i l l d e p e n d u p o n c o n d i t i o n s e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g w e l l i n s t a l l a t i o n . Ph a s e 2 E x p a n s i o n - P r o p o s e d M o n i t o r i n g W e l l s Table 2 Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-8 3.3.1.1 Static Water Level Measurements Static water level elevations will be measured from the upgradient wells to the downgradient wells prior to any purging or sampling activities. Static water level data will be used to monitor changes in site hydrogeologic conditions. The following measurements will be recorded in a dedicated field book prior to sample collection: Height of the well measuring point above ground surface, Depth of water in the well from the TOC measuring point (to the nearest 0.01 foot), Total depth of the well, Height of the water column in the well casing. An electronic water level indicator will be used to accurately measure water elevations to within 0.01 foot within the same day in as short a period of time as possible. The water level indicator will be decontaminated between each reading using a phosphate-free rinse. Each well will have a permanent, easily identified reference point from which all water level measurements will be taken. The reference point will be marked and the elevation surveyed by a North Carolina Registered Land Surveyor. 3.3.1.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers EPA's Technical Manual for Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria outlines specifications for groundwater sampling and analysis. One of these specifications outlines the establishment of provisions for detecting immiscible fluids, if applicable. Typically, immiscible fluids are categorized as either, (1) light, non-aqueous phase liquids (L-NAPLs), or (2) dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (D-NAPLs). L-NAPLs are more commonly referred to as "floaters" due to their relatively lighter specific gravity, while D-NAPLs are typically referred to as "sinkers" due to their relatively denser specific gravity. The following procedure is proposed to address these concerns in the event that the SWS ever requires this test to be performed. In those instances where the monitoring well's screened interval encompasses the water table surface, the ability to detect and sample NAPLs prior to implementation of routine groundwater sampling activities may exist. To accomplish this objective, a transparent teflon bailer will be lowered into the well to just below the water table surface. The bailer will then be removed from the well and the contents examined to identify if any immiscible fluids are present. If any immiscible fluids are determined to be potentially present, an interface probe is proposed to be used. The depth of the light phase immiscible layer, as determined by the interface probe, will then be recorded in a field logbook. The interface probe will continue to be lowered until it intersects the groundwater table surface. The depth of the organic/water interface zone also will be recorded. From these two measurements, the thickness of the light phase immiscible layer can be readily determined. The potential presence of dense phase immiscible layer will be determined by the examination of laboratory analytical results. Analytical results above a percentage of a given chemicals solubility limit can indicate the potential presence of NAPLs. Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-9 Monitoring for immiscible phase fluids is not envisioned to be performed during typical sampling events, but is provided here to document how the test will be performed if the SWS requires it at a future date. 3.3.1.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation Following measurement of the static water level in all of the wells, individual wells will be purged of all stagnant water. The stagnant water, which is not representative of true aquifer conditions, will be removed to ensure that fresh formation water can be sampled. A minimum of three well casing volumes will be removed prior to sampling the well. The well volume for 2-inch diameter wells will be calculated using the following equation: one well volume in gallons equals the height of the water column (in feet) times 0.1632 (slightly less than 0.5 gallons per foot water for 3 casing volumes). During the well purging process, field measurements (pH, temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation/reduction potential) will be collected at regular intervals, and reported in a tabular format. The well will be purged until field measurements stabilize within approximately 10 percent between subsequent readings or until the well is dry. Stabilization of these measurements will indicate that fresh formation water is present in the well. Field measurements of pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation/reduction potential will be obtained by using a YSI 556 multi-parameter water quality meter or equivalent. If the well is purged to dryness, the samples will be collected after a sufficient volume of water has entered the well to allow collection of the sample. Wells will be purged using a new, manufacturer decontaminated teflon bailer with new nylon rope or an acceptable pumping device approved by the SWS. Field measurements collected during purging activities will be recorded in the field logbook. 3.3.1.4 Sample Collection After purging activities are complete, groundwater samples will be collected for laboratory analysis. The wells will be sampled using manufacturer teflon bailers equipped with new nylon rope or via low-flow pumping sampling techniques. Bailers will be used for one well only. Field decontamination of bailers will not be permitted. Disposable bailers will only be used if laboratory decontaminated standard teflon bailers or peristaltic pumps are not available. The bailers will be lowered slowly into the well to minimize sample agitation. Sample water will be placed directly into sample bottles provided by the analytical laboratory, using the following method: 1. Retrieve bailer and slowly transfer sample water to the appropriate sample container. The bailer should not be allowed to touch the sample container. If dedicated pumps are used, the pump discharge rate will be lowered to a rate that will not agitate or volatize the samples. 2. The sample container for the volatile organic compounds should be filled first, leaving no headspace or air bubbles. The container should then be tightly sealed. The sample container will come with preservative already added by the laboratory. No field preservation will be performed. Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-10 3. The sample containers for chloride, manganese, sulfate, alkalinity, and Total Dissolved Solids should be filled next. Where applicable, all containers will come pre-preserved. 4. The sample container for metals should then be filled last. This container will also come with preservative added by the laboratory. This container should be filled to the bottle shoulder. No field preservation will be performed. Surface water samples will be obtained from areas of minimal turbulence and aeration. The following procedure will be implemented regarding sampling of surface waters: 1. Hold the bottle near the surface with one hand, and with the other, remove the cap. 2. Push the sample container slowly into the water and tilt up towards the current to fill. A depth of about six inches is satisfactory. Avoid completely submerging the sample container to keep preservative from escaping. 3. The container should be moved slowly, in a lateral direction, if there is little current movement. 4. If the stream depths are too shallow to allow submersion of the sample container, a pool may be scooped out of the channel bottom and allowed to clear prior to sampling. 5. Lift the container from the water and place the uncontaminated cap on the container. 6. Using the cap, fill the remainder of the volatile organic vials until a convex meniscus forms. The wells and surface water stations will be sampled in the order of potential for increasing contamination levels beginning with the upgradient (background) sampling location CD-1s/CD- 1d and concluding with well CD-9. The individual water samples will be collected and bottled in an order to reduce the potential for turbidity. The collection order for the samples will be as follows: Total metals (including manganese, mercury and iron), Chloride, Sulfate, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Volatile Organic Compounds. The samples will be transferred from the sampling equipment directly into a prepared sample container provided by the laboratory. Field filtering of samples is not permitted. There will be a Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-11 specific size and type of container provided for each constituent to be analyzed. Containers and preservatives for each analysis are provided below: Analysis Container Size Preservative VOC 40 ml Glass Vial (3) HCl Metals 500 ml HDPE (1) HNO3 Alkalinity/Chloride/Sulfate/TDS 250 ml HDPE (1) None Extra containers will be provided in case of accidental breakage. All field personnel will wear protective latex or nitrile disposable gloves in order to prevent extrinsic contamination from clothing, body oils, dirt, and other various contaminants. Sample documentation requirements to ensure sample integrity will included sample locations, date and time of sample collection, proper analysis, and preservative (if applicable). 3.3.1.5 Decontamination Procedures All sampling and purging equipment that will come in contact with the well casing and water will be decontaminated per specifications in the North Carolina Water Quality Guidance Document for Solid Waste Facilities. All sampling equipment will be laboratory cleaned. 3.3.2 Sample Preservation and Shipment In order to ensure sample integrity, preservation and shipment procedures will be carefully monitored. Generally, ice and chemical additives will be used as sample preservatives, as recommended by the commercial laboratory. For VOC analysis, hydrochloric acid will be used as the preservation method as well as maintaining the samples at a temperature of 4°C. Nitric acid will be used as the preservative for samples needing metals analysis. All other analyses that do not require chemical preservative will be maintained and shipped at a temperature of 4°C. Proper storage and transport conditions must be maintained in order to preserve the integrity of the sample. Once taken, samples will be placed on ice and cooled to a temperature of 4°C. Samples are to be packed in iced coolers so as to inhibit breakage or accidental spills. Custody seals will be placed on the outside of the cooler, in a manner to detect tampering of the samples. The laboratory shall immediately notify the owner/operator of any samples that arrive with custody seals broken. If the analytical laboratory is located some distance from the site, samples shall be shipped via a 24-hour delivery service to ensure holding times are not exceeded. Shipment of samples will be coordinated with the laboratory. 3.3.3 Analytical Procedures The samples taken from each location will be analyzed for the constituents listed in 40 CFR Part 258, Appendix 1, in addition to mercury, chloride, manganese, sulfate, iron, alkalinity and Total Dissolved Solids, per .0544(b)(1)(D). The analytical procedures for the indicated parameters will be conducted using the following methods: Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-12 Analysis EPA Method Number VOCs 8260 Total metals 6010 Mercury 7470 Chloride 300.0 Sulfate 300.0 Alkalinity SM2320B Total Dissolved Solids SM 2540C 3.3.4 Chain-of-Custody It is imperative that an accurate record of sample collection, transport, analysis, and disposal be maintained and documented. Therefore, chain-of-custody procedures will be instituted and followed throughout the sampling program. It is necessary to establish documentation to trace sample possession from the time of collection until disposal. The chain-of-custody program shall include the following requirements: Samples shall be accompanied by a chain-of-custody record that notes the date and time of collection as well as sampling personnel. All samples shall be properly labeled to prevent misidentification of samples. Field notes shall be included to provide pertinent information about each sample. A sample analysis sheet shall accompany all samples to the laboratory. Sample custody seals shall be used to indicate any tampering of samples. All records pertaining to the shipment of a sample shall be retained (freight bills, post office receipts, and bills of lading). The laboratory shall not accept samples for analysis without a correctly prepared chain-of- custody form. The laboratory shall be responsible for maintaining chain-of-custody of the sample(s) from time of receipt to disposal. The chain-of-custody form shall be signed by each individual who possesses the samples. To prevent sample misidentification, a label will be affixed to each sample container in a manner as to prevent the label from becoming dislodged during transport which will contain the following information: Sample identification number, Name and signature of sample collector, Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-13 Date and time of collection, Place of collection, Parameters requested, Type of preservative. In addition the container itself should be labeled with the sample identification number (at a minimum) to allow for identification should the label fall off. 3.3.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control The reliability and validity of the field and analytical laboratory data will be monitored as part of the QA/QC program used in the laboratory. Field duplicates and sample blanks will be collected to check sampling protocol and to account for any changes that occur after sampling. The QA/QC program will stipulate the use of standards, laboratory blanks, and duplicates for identification of matrix interferences. 3.3.5.1 Field Duplicates Field duplicates provide a measure of field and laboratory precision. Field duplicates will be collected from identical locations using proper sampling procedures. The duplicate samples will be collected at a frequency of one per day per sampling event. 3.3.5.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks To evaluate the effectiveness of the decontamination procedures, equipment rinsate blanks will be collected. The sample will be collected by passing distilled water through the sampling equipment after decontamination has been completed. Equipment blanks will be collected at a minimum of one per day of groundwater sampling activities. 3.3.5.3 Trip/Travel Blanks A trip/ travel blank shall be prepared to account for any sample contamination that may occur during transport to and from the site. The trip/travel blank will be placed in the sample cooler whenever samples are being analyzed for VOCs. The sample will be prepared in the laboratory with deionized or distilled water and shall accompany the sample shipping container to the field. The trip/travel blank shall remain unopened until receipt by the lab for analysis. One trip blank per shipping container will be collected. 3.4 Reporting A report of monitoring results will be submitted to Solid Waste Section within 60 days following the date of sampling. The report submittal will consist of the following: Environmental Monitoring Data Form as a cover sheet. Copy of original laboratory results. Table of detections and discussion of 2L exceedances. Updated groundwater elevation contour map. Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-14 Electronic Data Deliverable (EDD) in Excel format. The SWS will be notified in the event that lab analyses have not been completed within a time frame to meet submittal deadlines. 4 Health & Safety A Health & Safety plan that conforms to local, state, and federal regulations will be followed during groundwater and surface water sampling activities. Personal Protective Equipment required for sampling activities will consist of weather appropriate clothing, steel-toed boots, eye protection, and clean, disposable, powder-free gloves. New gloves will be worn for each well or surface water sampled. In accordance with the Division of Water Quality guidelines, purge and decon water generated during sampling activities will be discharged adjacent to the monitoring well. Spent PPE will be placed in large plastic trash bags, segregated to prevent cross contamination, and disposed in an onsite receptacle. 5 References Bouwer, H. 1989. The Bouwer and Rice Method - An Update. Groundwater. pp. 304-309. May - June. CDM (Camp Dresser & McKee). 1994. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Draft Report, Landfill Expansion Study, Appendix E, CDM Draft Report “Onsite Investigations of Potential Landfill Expansion Sites,” Cabarrus County, North Carolina. September. CDM, 1994. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill, Initial Baseline Sampling Report. October. CDM, 2000. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill, Groundwater Assessment Report (Units 2&3). October. CDM, 2005. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Proposed Construction and Demolition Landfill Expansion, Design Hydrogeologic Report. January. CDM, 2008. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill Units 2 and 3, Facility Permit #1302, Assessment of Corrective Measures Report. December. CDM, 2009. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill Units 2 and 3, Facility Permit #1302, Corrective Action Plan. June. CDM Smith, 2013. Proposed Cabarrus County C&D Landfill Expansion, Alternate Source Demonstration, Facility Permit # 1302. September. CDM Smith, 2013. Cabarrus County C&D Landfill. Substantial Amendment and Phase 2 Permit to Construct Application. December. Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan 1-15 Daniel, III, C.C. 1987. Statistical Analysis Relating Well Yield to Construction Practices and Siting of Wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of North Carolina. USGS Water Resources Report 86-4132. Driscoll, F.G. 1986. Groundwater and Wells. 2nd Edition. pp. 252-260. Gair, J.E., 1989. Mineral Resources of the Charlotte 1x2 Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina, USGS Prof. Paper 1462, Geology of the Charlotte Quadrangle, p. 7-15. Goldsmith, R. et.al., 1988. Geologic Map of the Charlotte 1x2 Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina, USGS Miscellaneous Map Series Map I-251E, 1:250,000. Heath, Ralph C. 1980. Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology With References to Conditions in North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations. Open-File Report 80- 44. Hicks, H.T., 1985. Diabase Dikes – Subterranean Water Reservoirs in the Deep River Triassic Basin of North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations. Open File Report 80-44. Johnson, A.I. 1967. Specific Yields for Geologic Materials. USGS Water Supply Paper 1662-D. NCGS (North Carolina Geological Survey). 1985. Geologic Map of North Carolina. 6 NC DEQ Reference Documents Several Solid Waste Section guidance documents and memos are included in this section. The pertinent guidance documents and memos include: “Groundwater, Surface Water, and Soil Sampling for Landfills,” “Leachate Sampling and Analysis,” “Solid Waste Environmental Monitoring Data Form,” “Electronic Data Deliverable (EDD) Template,” “October 2007 Memo,” “October 2006 Memo,” “Addendum to the October 2006 Memo.” Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface Water Sampling STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLID WASTE SECTION General Sampling Procedures The following guidance is provided to insure a consistent sampling approach so that sample collection activities at solid waste management facilities provide reliable data. Sampling must begin with an evaluation of facility information, historical environmental data and site geologic and hydrogeologic conditions. General sampling procedures are described in this document. Planning Begin sampling activities with planning and coordination. The party contracting with the laboratory is responsible for effectively communicating reporting requirements and evaluating data reliability as it relates to specific monitoring activities. Sample Collection Contamination Prevention a.) Take special effort to prevent cross contamination or environmental contamination when collecting samples. 1. If possible, collect samples from the least contaminated sampling location (or background sampling location, if applicable) to the most contaminated sampling location. 2. Collect the ambient or background samples first, and store them in separate ice chests or separate shipping containers within the same ice chest (e.g. untreated plastic bags). 3. Collect samples in flowing water at designated locations from upstream to downstream. b.) Do not store or ship highly contaminated samples (concentrated wastes, free product, etc.) or samples suspect of containing high concentrations of contaminants in the same ice chest or shipping containers with other environmental samples. 1. Isolate these sample containers by sealing them in separate, untreated plastic bags immediately after collecting, preserving, labeling, etc. 2. Use a clean, untreated plastic bag to line the ice chest or shipping container. c.) All sampling equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated and transported in a manner that does not allow it to become contaminated. Arrangements should be made ahead of time to decontaminate any sampling or measuring equipment that will be reused when taking samples from more than one well. Field decontamination of Rev 4-08 1 sampling equipment will be necessary before sampling each well to minimize the risk of cross contamination. Decontamination procedures should be included in reports as necessary. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may be used. When collecting aqueous samples, rinse the sample collection equipment with a portion of the sample water before taking the actual sample. Sample containers do not need to be rinsed. In the case of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, or containers with pre-measured preservatives, the sample containers cannot be rinsed. d.) Place all fuel-powered equipment away from, and downwind of, any site activities (e.g., purging, sampling, decontamination). 1. If field conditions preclude such placement (i.e., the wind is from the upstream direction in a boat), place the fuel source(s) as far away as possible from the sampling activities and describe the conditions in the field notes. 2. Handle fuel (i.e., filling vehicles and equipment) prior to the sampling day. If such activities must be performed during sampling, the personnel must wear disposable gloves. 3. Dispense all fuels downwind. Dispose of gloves well away from the sampling activities. Filling Out Sample Labels Fill out label, adhere to vial and collect sample. Print legibly with indelible ink. At a minimum, the label or tag should identify the sample with the following information: 1. Sample location and/or well number 2. Sample identification number 3. Date and time of collection 4. Analysis required/requested 5. Sampler’s initials 6. Preservative(s) used, if any [i.e., HCl, Na2S2O3, NO3, ice, etc.] 7. Any other pertinent information for sample identification Sample Collection Order Unless field conditions justify other sampling regimens, collect samples in the following order: 1. Volatile Organics and Volatile Inorganics 2. Extractable Organics, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Aggregate Organics and Oil and Grease 3. Total Metals 4. Inorganic Nonmetallics, Physical and Aggregate Properties, and Biologicals 5. Microbiological NOTE: If the pump used to collect groundwater samples cannot be used to collect volatile or extractable organics then collect all other parameters and withdraw the pump and tubing. Then collect the volatile and extractable organics. Rev 4-08 2 Health and Safety Implement all local, state, and federal requirements relating to health and safety. Follow all local, state and federal requirements pertaining to the storage and disposal of any hazardous or investigation derived wastes. a.) The Solid Waste Section recommends wearing protective gloves when conducting all sampling activities. 1. Gloves serve to protect the sample collector from potential exposure to sample constituents, minimize accidental contamination of samples by the collector, and preserve accurate tare weights on preweighed sample containers. 2. Do not let gloves come into contact with the sample or with the interior or lip of the sample container. Use clean, new, unpowdered and disposable gloves. Various types of gloves may be used as long as the construction materials do not contaminate the sample or if internal safety protocols require greater protection. 3. Note that certain materials that may potentially be present in concentrated effluent can pass through certain glove types and be absorbed in the skin. Many vendor catalogs provide information about the permeability of different gloves and the circumstances under which the glove material might be applicable. The powder in powdered gloves can contribute significant contamination. Powdered gloves are not recommended unless it can be demonstrated that the powder does not interfere with the sample analysis. 4. Change gloves after preliminary activities, after collecting all the samples at a single sampling point, if torn or used to handle extremely dirty or highly contaminated surfaces. Properly dispose of all used gloves as investigation derived wastes. b.) Properly manage all investigation derived waste (IDW). 5. To prevent contamination into previously uncontaminated areas, properly manage all IDW. This includes all water, soil, drilling mud, decontamination wastes, discarded personal protective equipment (PPE), etc. from site investigations, exploratory borings, piezometer and monitoring well installation, refurbishment, abandonment, and other investigative activities. Manage all IDW that is determined to be RCRA-regulated hazardous waste according to the local, state and federal requirements. 6. Properly dispose of IDW that is not a RCRA-regulated hazardous waste but is contaminated above the Department’s Soil Cleanup Target Levels or the state standards and/or minimum criteria for ground water quality. If the drill cuttings/mud orpurged well water is contaminated with hazardous waste, contact the DWM Hazardous Waste Section (919-508-8400) for disposal options. Maintain all containers holding IDW in good condition. Periodically inspect the containers for damage and ensure that all required labeling (DOT, RCRA, etc.) are clearly visible. Rev 4-08 3 Sample Storage and Transport Store samples for transport carefully. Pack samples to prevent from breaking and to maintain a temperature of approximately 4 degrees Celsius (°C), adding ice if necessary. Transport samples to a North Carolina-certified laboratory as soon as possible. Avoid unnecessary handling of sample containers. Avoid heating (room temperature or above, including exposure to sunlight) or freezing of the sample containers. Reduce the time between sample collection and delivery to a laboratory whenever possible and be sure that the analytical holding times of your samples can be met by the laboratory. a.) A complete chain-of-custody (COC) form must be maintained to document all transfers and receipts of the samples. Be sure that the sample containers are labeled with the sample location and/or well number, sample identification, the date and time of collection, the analysis to be performed, the preservative added (if any), the sampler’s initials, and any other pertinent information for sample identification. The labels should contain a unique identifier (i.e., unique well numbers) that can be traced to the COC form. The details of sample collection must be documented on the COC. The COC must include the following: 1. Description of each sample (including QA/QC samples) and the number of containers (sample location and identification) 2. Signature of the sampler 3. Date and time of sample collection 4. Analytical method to be performed 5. Sample type (i.e., water or soil) 6. Regulatory agency (i.e., NCDENR/DWM – SW Section) 7. Signatures of all persons relinquishing and receiving custody of the samples 8. Dates and times of custody transfers b.) Pack samples so that they are segregated by site, sampling location or by sample analysis type. When COC samples are involved, segregate samples in coolers by site. If samples from multiple sites will fit in one cooler, they may be packed in the same cooler with the associated field sheets and a single COC form for all. Coolers should not exceed a maximum weight of 50 lbs. Use additional coolers as necessary. All sample containers should be placed in plastic bags (segregated by analysis and location) and completely surrounded by ice. 1. Prepare and place trip blanks in an ice filled cooler before leaving for the field. 2. Segregate samples by analysis and place in sealable plastic bags. 3. Pack samples carefully in the cooler placing ice around the samples. 4. Review the COC. The COC form must accompany the samples to the laboratory. The trip blank(s) must also be recorded on the COC form. 5. Place completed COC form in a waterproof bag, sealed and taped under the lid of the cooler. 6. Secure shipping containers with strapping tape to avoid accidental opening. 7. For COC samples, a tamper-proof seal may also be placed over the cooler lid or over a bag or container containing the samples inside the shipping cooler. Rev 4-08 4 8. "COC" or "EMERG" should be written in indelible ink on the cooler seal to alert sample receipt technicians to priority or special handling samples. 9. The date and sample handler's signature must also be written on the COC seal. 10. Deliver the samples to the laboratory or ship by commercial courier. NOTE: If transport time to the laboratory is not long enough to allow samples to be cooled to 4° C, a temperature reading of the sample source must be documented as the field temperature on the COC form. A downward trend in temperature will be adequate even if cooling to 4° C is not achieved. The field temperature should always be documented if there is any question as to whether samples will have time to cool to 4° C during shipment. Thermometers must be calibrated annually against an NIST traceable thermometer and documentation must be retained. Rev 4-08 5 Appendix A - Decontamination of Field Equipment Decontamination of personnel, sampling equipment, and containers - before and after sampling - must be used to ensure collection of representative samples and to prevent the potential spread of contamination. Decontamination of personnel prevents ingestion and absorption of contaminants. It must be done with a soap and water wash and deionized or distilled water rinse. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may also be used. All previously used sampling equipment must be properly decontaminated before sampling and between sampling locations. This prevents the introduction of contamination into uncontaminated samples and avoids cross-contamination of samples. Cross-contamination can be a significant problem when attempting to characterize extremely low concentrations of organic compounds or when working with soils that are highly contaminated. Clean, solvent-resistant gloves and appropriate protective equipment must be worn by persons decontaminating tools and equipment. Cleaning Reagents Recommendations for the types and grades of various cleaning supplies are outlined below. The recommended reagent types or grades were selected to ensure that the cleaned equipment is free from any detectable contamination. a.) Detergents: Use Liqui-Nox (or a non-phosphate equivalent) or Alconox (or equivalent). Liqui-Nox (or equivalent) is recommended by EPA, although Alconox (or equivalent) may be substituted if the sampling equipment will not be used to collect phosphorus or phosphorus containing compounds. b.) Solvents: Use pesticide grade isopropanol as the rinse solvent in routine equipment cleaning procedures. This grade of alcohol must be purchased from a laboratory supply vendor. Rubbing alcohol or other commonly available sources of isopropanol are not acceptable. Other solvents, such as acetone or methanol, may be used as the final rinse solvent if they are pesticide grade. However, methanol is more toxic to the environment and acetone may be an analyte of interest for volatile organics. 1. Do not use acetone if volatile organics are of interest 2. Containerize all methanol wastes (including rinses) and dispose as a hazardous waste. Pre-clean equipment that is heavily contaminated with organic analytes. Use reagent grade acetone and hexane or other suitable solvents. Use pesticide grade methylene chloride when cleaning sample containers. Store all solvents away from potential sources of contamination. c.) Analyte-Free Water Sources: Analyte-free water is water in which all analytes of interest and all interferences are below method detection limits. Maintain documentation (such as results from equipment blanks) to demonstrate the reliability and purity of analyte-free water source(s). The source of the water must meet the requirements of the analytical method and must be free from the analytes of interest. In general, the following water types are associated with specific analyte groups: 1. Milli-Q (or equivalent polished water): suitable for all analyses. Rev 4-08 6 2. Organic-free: suitable for volatile and extractable organics. 3. Deionized water: may not be suitable for volatile and extractable organics. 4. Distilled water: not suitable for volatile and extractable organics, metals or ultratrace metals. Use analyte-free water for blank preparation and the final decontamination water rinse. In order to minimize long-term storage and potential leaching problems, obtain or purchase analyte-free water just prior to the sampling event. If obtained from a source (such as a laboratory), fill the transport containers and use the contents for a single sampling event. Empty the transport container(s) at the end of the sampling event. Discard any analyte-free water that is transferred to a dispensing container (such as a wash bottle or pump sprayer) at the end of each sampling day. d.) Acids: 1. Reagent Grade Nitric Acid: 10 - 15% (one volume concentrated nitric acid and five volumes deionized water). Use for the acid rinse unless nitrogen components (e.g., nitrate, nitrite, etc.) are to be sampled. If sampling for ultra-trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid. 2. Reagent Grade Hydrochloric Acid: 10% hydrochloric acid (one volume concentrated hydrochloric and three volumes deionized water). Use when nitrogen components are to be sampled. 3. If samples for both metals and the nitrogen-containing components are collected with the equipment, use the hydrochloric acid rinse, or thoroughly rinse with hydrochloric acid after a nitric acid rinse. If sampling for ultra trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid. 4. Freshly prepared acid solutions may be recycled during the sampling event or cleaning process. Dispose of any unused acids according to local ordinances. Reagent Storage Containers The contents of all containers must be clearly marked. a.) Detergents: 1. Store in the original container or in a HDPE or PP container. b.) Solvents: 1. Store solvents to be used for cleaning or decontamination in the original container until use in the field. If transferred to another container for field use, use either a glass or Teflon container. 2. Use dispensing containers constructed of glass, Teflon or stainless steel. Note: If stainless steel sprayers are used, any gaskets that contact the solvents must be constructed of inert materials. c.) Analyte-Free Water: 1. Transport in containers appropriate for the type of water stored. If the water is commercially purchased (e.g., grocery store), use the original containers when transporting the water to the field. Containers made of glass, Teflon, polypropylene or HDPE are acceptable. 2. Use glass or Teflon to transport organic-free sources of water on-site. Polypropylene or HDPE may be used, but are not recommended. Rev 4-08 7 3. Dispense water from containers made of glass, Teflon, HDPE or polypropylene. 4. Do not store water in transport containers for more than three days before beginning a sampling event. 5. If working on a project that has oversight from EPA Region 4, use glass containers for the transport and storage of all water. 6. Store and dispense acids using containers made of glass, Teflon or plastic. General Requirements a.) Prior to use, clean/decontaminate all sampling equipment (pumps, tubing, lanyards, split spoons, etc.) that will be exposed to the sample. b.) Before installing, clean (or obtain as certified pre-cleaned) all equipment that is dedicated to a single sampling point and remains in contact with the sample medium (e.g., permanently installed groundwater pump). If you use certified pre-cleaned equipment no cleaning is necessary. 1. Clean this equipment any time it is removed for maintenance or repair. 2. Replace dedicated tubing if discolored or damaged. c.) Clean all equipment in a designated area having a controlled environment (house, laboratory, or base of field operations) and transport it to the field, pre-cleaned and ready to use, unless otherwise justified. d.) Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned for other sites. Rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect in-process (e.g., untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples immediately with water. e.) Whenever possible, transport sufficient clean equipment to the field so that an entire sampling event can be conducted without the need for cleaning equipment in the field. f.) Segregate equipment that is only used once (i.e., not cleaned in the field) from clean equipment and return to the in-house cleaning facility to be cleaned in a controlled environment. g.) Protect decontaminated field equipment from environmental contamination by securely wrapping and sealing with one of the following: 1. Aluminum foil (commercial grade is acceptable) 2. Untreated butcher paper 3. Clean, untreated, disposable plastic bags. Plastic bags may be used for all analyte groups except volatile and extractable organics. Plastic bags may be used for volatile and extractable organics, if the equipment is first wrapped in foil or butcher paper, or if the equipment is completely dry. Cleaning Sample Collection Equipment a.) On-Site/In-Field Cleaning – Cleaning equipment on-site is not recommended because environmental conditions cannot be controlled and wastes (solvents and acids) must be containerized for proper disposal. 1. Ambient temperature water may be substituted in the hot, sudsy water bath and hot water rinses. NOTE: Properly dispose of all solvents and acids. Rev 4-08 8 2. Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned for other sites. 3. Immediately rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect in-process (e.g., untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples with water. b.) Heavily Contaminated Equipment - In order to avoid contaminating other samples, isolate heavily contaminated equipment from other equipment and thoroughly decontaminate the equipment before further use. Equipment is considered heavily contaminated if it: 1. Has been used to collect samples from a source known to contain significantly higher levels than background. 2. Has been used to collect free product. 3. Has been used to collect industrial products (e.g., pesticides or solvents) or their byproducts. NOTE: Cleaning heavily contaminated equipment in the field is not recommended. c.) On-Site Procedures: 1. Protect all other equipment, personnel and samples from exposure by isolating the equipment immediately after use. 2. At a minimum, place the equipment in a tightly sealed, untreated, plastic bag. 3. Do not store or ship the contaminated equipment next to clean, decontaminated equipment, unused sample containers, or filled sample containers. 4. Transport the equipment back to the base of operations for thorough decontamination. 5. If cleaning must occur in the field, document the effectiveness of the procedure, collect and analyze blanks on the cleaned equipment. d.) Cleaning Procedures: 1. If organic contamination cannot be readily removed with scrubbing and a detergent solution, pre-rinse equipment by thoroughly rinsing or soaking the equipment in acetone. 2. Use hexane only if preceded and followed by acetone. 3. In extreme cases, it may be necessary to steam clean the field equipment before proceeding with routine cleaning procedures. 4. After the solvent rinses (and/or steam cleaning), use the appropriate cleaning procedure. Scrub, rather than soak, all equipment with sudsy water. If high levels of metals are suspected and the equipment cannot be cleaned without acid rinsing, soak the equipment in the appropriate acid. Since stainless steel equipment should not be exposed to acid rinses, do not use stainless steel equipment when heavy metal contamination is suspected or present. 5. If the field equipment cannot be cleaned utilizing these procedures, discard unless further cleaning with stronger solvents and/or oxidizing solutions is effective as evidenced by visual observation and blanks. 6. Clearly mark or disable all discarded equipment to discourage use. Rev 4-08 9 e.) General Cleaning - Follow these procedures when cleaning equipment under controlled conditions. Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions and/or recommendations. 1. Procedure for Teflon, stainless steel and glass sampling equipment: This procedure must be used when sampling for ALL analyte groups. (Extractable organics, metals, nutrients, etc. or if a single decontamination protocol is desired to clean all Teflon, stainless steel and glass equipment.) Rinse equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water. If samples for trace metals or inorganic analytes will be collected with the equipment that is not stainless steel, thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces) with the appropriate acid solution. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Make sure that all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed with water. If samples for volatile or extractable organics will be collected, rinse with isopropanol. Wet equipment surfaces thoroughly with free- flowing solvent. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Allow to air dry. Wrap and seal as soon as the equipment has air-dried. If isopropanol is used, the equipment may be air-dried without the final analyte-free water rinse; however, the equipment must be completely dry before wrapping or use. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the procedure described above. 2. General Cleaning Procedure for Plastic Sampling Equipment: Rinse equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water. Thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces) with the appropriate acid solution. Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions and/or recommendations. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Be sure that all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed. Allow to air dry as long as possible. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the procedure described above. Rev 4-08 10 Appendix B - Collecting Soil Samples Soil samples are collected for a variety of purposes. A methodical sampling approach must be used to assure that sample collection activities provide reliable data. Sampling must begin with an evaluation of background information, historical data and site conditions. Soil Field Screening Procedures Field screening is the use of portable devices capable of detecting petroleum contaminants on a real-time basis or by a rapid field analytical technique. Field screening should be used to help assess locations where contamination is most likely to be present. When possible, field-screening samples should be collected directly from the excavation or from the excavation equipment's bucket. If field screening is conducted only from the equipment's bucket, then a minimum of one field screening sample should be collected from each 10 cubic yards of excavated soil. If instruments or other observations indicate contamination, soil should be separated into stockpiles based on apparent degrees of contamination. At a minimum, soil suspected of contamination must be segregated from soil observed to be free of contamination. a.) Field screening devices – Many field screen instruments are available for detecting contaminants in the field on a rapid or real-time basis. Acceptable field screening instruments must be suitable for the contaminant being screened. The procdedure for field screening using photoionization detectors (PIDs) and flame ionization detectors (FIDs) is described below. If other instruments are used, a description of the instrument or method and its intended use must be provided to the Solid Waste Section. Whichever field screening method is chosen, its accuracy must be verified throughout the sampling process. Use appropriate standards that match the use intended for the data. Unless the Solid Waste Section indicates otherwise, wherever field screening is recommended in this document, instrumental or analytical methods of detection must be used, not olfactory or visual screening methods. b.) Headspace analytical screening procedure for filed screening (semi-quantitative field screening) - The most commonly used field instruments for Solid Waste Section site assessments are FIDs and PIDs. When using FIDs and PIDs, use the following headspace screening procedure to obtain and analyze field-screening samples: 1. Partially fill (one-third to one-half) a clean jar or clean ziplock bag with the sample to be analyzed. The total capacity of the jar or bag may not be less than eight ounces (app. 250 ml), but the container should not be so large as to allow vapor diffusion and stratification effects to significantly affect the sample. 2. If the sample is collected from a spilt-spoon, it must be transferred to the jar or bag for headspace analysis immediately after opening the split- spoon. If the sample is collected from an excavation or soil pile, it must be collected from freshly uncovered soil. Rev 4-08 11 3. If a jar is used, it must be quickly covered with clean aluminum foil or a jar lid; screw tops or thick rubber bands must be used to tightly seal the jar. If a zip lock bag is used, it must be quickly sealed shut. 4. Headspace vapors must be allowed to develop in the container for at least 10 minutes but no longer than one hour. Containers must be shaken or agitated for 15 seconds at the beginning and the end of the headspace development period to assist volatilization. Temperatures of the headspace must be warmed to at least 5° C (approximately 40° F) with instruments calibrated for the temperature used. 5. After headspace development, the instrument sampling probe must be inserted to a point about one-half the headspace depth. The container opening must be minimized and care must be taken to avoid the uptake of water droplets and soil particulates. 6. After probe insertion, the highest meter reading must be taken and recorded. This will normally occur between two and five seconds after probe insertion. If erratic meter response occurs at high organic vapor concentrations or conditions of elevated headspace moisture, a note to that effect must accompany the headspace data. 7. All field screening results must be documented in the field record or log book. Soil Sample Collection Procedures for Laboratory Samples The number and type of laboratory samples collected depends on the purpose of the sampling activity. Samples analyzed with field screening devices may not be substituted for required laboratory samples. a.) General Sample Collection - When collecting samples from potentially contaminated soil, care should be taken to reduce contact with skin or other parts of the body. Disposable gloves should be worn by the sample collector and should be changed between samples to avoid cross-contamination. Soil samples should be collected in a manner that causes the least disturbance to the internal structure of the sample and reduces its exposure to heat, sunlight and open air. Likewise, care should be taken to keep the samples from being contaminated by other materials or other samples collected at the site. When sampling is to occur over an extended period of time, it is necessary to insure that the samples are collected in a comparable manner. All samples must be collected with disposable or clean tools that have been decontaminated. Disposable gloves must be worn and changed between sample collections. Sample containers must be filled quickly. Soil samples must be placed in containers in the order of volatility, for example, volatile organic aromatic samples must be taken first, organics next, then heavier range organics, and finally soil classification samples. Containers must be quickly and adequately sealed, and rims must be cleaned before tightening lids. Tape may be used only if known not to affect sample analysis. Sample containers must be clearly labeled. Containers must immediately be preserved according to procedures in this Section. Unless specified Rev 4-08 12 otherwise, at a minimum, the samples must be immediately cooled to 4 ± 2°C and this temperature must be maintained throughout delivery to the laboratory. b.) Surface Soil Sampling - Surface soil is generally classified as soil between the ground surface and 6-12 inches below ground surface. Remove leaves, grass and surface debris from the area to be sampled. Select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling device and collect the sample. Transfer the sample to the appropriate sample container. Clean the outside of the sample container to remove excess soil. Label the sample container, place on wet ice to preserve at 4°C, and complete the field notes. c.) Subsurface Soil Sampling – The interval begins at approximately 12 inches below ground surface. Collect samples for volatile organic analyses. For other analyses, select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling device and collect the sample. Transfer the sample to the appropriate sample container. Clean the outside of the sample container to remove excess soil. Label the sample container, place on wet ice to preserve at 4°C, and complete field notes. d.) Equipment for Reaching the Appropriate Soil Sampling Depth - Samples may be collected using a hollow stem soil auger, direct push, Shelby tube, split-spoon sampler, or core barrel. These sampling devices may be used as long as an effort is made to reduce the loss of contaminants through volatilization. In these situations, obtain a sufficient volume of so the samples can be collected without volatilization and disturbance to the internal structure of the samples. Samples should be collected from cores of the soil. Non-disposable sampling equipment must be decontaminated between each sample location. NOTE: If a confining layer has been breached during sampling, grout the hole to land. e.) Equipment to Collect Soil Samples - Equipment and materials that may be used to collect soil samples include disposable plastic syringes and other “industry-standard” equipment and materials that are contaminant-free. Non-disposable sampling equipment must be decontaminated between each sample location. Rev 4-08 13 Appendix C - Collecting Groundwater Samples Groundwater samples are collected to identify, investigate, assess and monitor the concentration of dissolved contaminant constituents. To properly assess groundwater contamination, first install sampling points (monitoring wells, etc.) to collect groundwater samples and then perform specific laboratory analyses. All monitoring wells should be constructed in accordance with 15A NCAC 2C .0100 and sampled as outlined in this section. Groundwater monitoring is conducted using one of two methods: 1. Portable Monitoring: Monitoring that is conducted using sampling equipment that is discarded between sampling locations. Equipment used to collect a groundwater sample from a well such as bailers, tubing, gloves, and etc. are disposed of after sample collection. A new set of sampling equipment is used to collect a groundwater sample at the next monitor well. 2. Dedicated Monitoring: Monitoring that utilizes permanently affixed down-well and well head components that are capped after initial set-up. Most dedicated monitoring systems are comprised of an in-well submersible bladder pump, with air supply and sample discharge tubing, and an above-ground driver/controller for regulation of flow rates and volumes. The pump and all tubing housed within the well should be composed of Teflon or stainless steel components. This includes seals inside the pump, the pump body, and fittings used to connect tubing to the pump. Because ground water will not be in contact with incompatible constituents and because the well is sealed from the surface, virtually no contamination is possible from intrinsic sources during sampling and between sampling intervals. All dedicated monitoring systems must be approved by the Solid Waste Section before installation. Groundwater samples may be collected from a number of different configurations. Each configuration is associated with a unique set of sampling equipment requirements and techniques: 1. Wells without Plumbing: These wells require equipment to be brought to the well to purge and sample unless dedicated equipment is placed in the well. 2. Wells with In-Place Plumbing: Wells with in-place plumbing do not require equipment to be brought to the well to purge and sample. In-place plumbing is generally considered permanent equipment routinely used for purposes other than purging and sampling, such as for water supply. 3. Air Strippers or Remedial Systems: These types of systems are installed as remediation devices. Rev 4-08 14 Groundwater Sample Preparation The type of sample containers used depends on the type of analysis performed. First, determine the type(s) of contaminants expected and the proper analytical method(s). Be sure to consult your selected laboratory for its specific needs and requirements prior to sampling. Next, prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.) before taking any samples so that each sample can be placed in a chilled environment immediately after collection. Use groundwater purging and sampling equipment constructed of only non-reactive, non- leachable materials that are compatible with the environment and the selected analytes. In selecting groundwater purging and sampling equipment, give consideration to the depth of the well, the depth to groundwater, the volume of water to be evacuated, the sampling and purging technique, and the analytes of interest. Additional supplies, such as reagents and preservatives, may be necessary. All sampling equipment (bailers, tubing, containers, etc.) must be selected based on its chemical compatibility with the source being sampled (e.g., water supply well, monitoring well) and the contaminants potentially present. a.) Pumps - All pumps or pump tubing must be lowered and retrieved from the well slowly and carefully to minimize disturbance to the formation water. This is especially critical at the air/water interface. 1. Above-Ground Pumps • Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump: Use a variable speed peristaltic pump to purge groundwater from wells when the static water level in the well is no greater than 20- 25 feet below land surface (BLS). If the water levels are deeper than 18-20 feet BLS, the pumping velocity will decrease. A variable speed peristaltic pump can be used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations. Most analyte groups can be sampled with a peristaltic pump if the tubing and pump configurations are appropriate. • Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump: A variable speed centrifugal pump can be used to purge groundwater from 2-inch and larger internal diameter wells. Do not use this type of pump to collect groundwater samples. When purging is complete, do not allow the water that remains in the tubing to fall back into the well. Install a check valve at the end of the purge tubing. 2. Submersible Pumps • Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump: A variable speed submersible pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater from 2-inch and larger internal diameter wells. A variable speed submersible pump can be used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations. The pump housing, fittings, check valves and associated hardware must be constructed of stainless steel. All other materials must be Rev 4-08 15 compatible with the analytes of interest. Install a check valve at the output side of the pump to prevent backflow. If purging and sampling for organics, the entire length of the delivery tube must be Teflon, polyethylene or polypropylene (PP) tubing; the electrical cord must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be constructed of stainless steel; and all interior components that contact the sample water (impeller, seals, gaskets, etc.) must be constructed of stainless steel or Teflon. 3. Variable Speed Bladder Pump: A variable speed, positive displacement, bladder pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater from 3/4-inch and larger internal diameter wells. • A variable speed bladder pump can be used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations. • The bladder pump system is composed of the pump, the compressed air tubing, the water discharge tubing, the controller and a compressor, or a compressed gas supply. • The pump consists of a bladder and an exterior casing or pump body that surrounds the bladder and two (2) check valves. These parts can be composed of various materials, usually combinations of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon, polyethylene, PP and stainless steel. Other materials must be compatible with the analytes of interest. • If purging and sampling for organics, the pump body must be constructed of stainless steel. The valves and bladder must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; the entire length of the delivery tube must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be constructed of stainless steel. • Permanently installed pumps may have a PVC pump body as long as the pump remains in contact with the water in the well. b.) Bailers 1. Purging: Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing can cause changes in the chemistry of the water due to aeration and loosening particulate matter in the space around the well screen. Use a bailer if there is non-aqueous phase liquid (free product) in the well or if non-aqueous phase liquid is suspected to be in the well. 2. Sampling: Bailers must be used with caution. 3. Construction and Type: Bailers must be constructed of materials compatible with the analytes of interest. Stainless steel, Teflon, rigid medical grade PVC, polyethylene and PP bailers may be used to sample all analytes. Use disposable bailers when sampling grossly contaminated sample sources. NCDENR recommends using dual check valve bailers when collecting samples. Use bailers with a controlled flow bottom to collect volatile organic samples. Rev 4-08 16 4. Contamination Prevention: Keep the bailer wrapped (foil, butcher paper, etc.) until just before use. Use protective gloves to handle the bailer once it is removed from its wrapping. Handle the bailer by the lanyard to minimize contact with the bailer surface. c.) Lanyards 1. Lanyards must be made of non-reactive, non-leachable material. They may be cotton twine, nylon, stainless steel, or may be coated with Teflon, polyethylene or PP. 2. Discard cotton twine, nylon, and non-stainless steel braided lanyards after sampling each monitoring well. 3. Decontaminate stainless steel, coated Teflon, polyethylene and PP lanyards between monitoring wells. They do not need to be decontaminated between purging and sampling operations. Water Level and Purge Volume Determination The amount of water that must be purged from a well is determined by the volume of water and/or field parameter stabilization. a.) General Equipment Considerations - Selection of appropriate purging equipment depends on the analytes of interest, the well diameter, transmissivity of the aquifer, the depth to groundwater, and other site conditions. 1. Use of a pump to purge the well is recommended unless no other equipment can be used or there is non-aqueous phase liquid in the well, or non-aqueous phase liquid is suspected to be in the well. 2. Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing: • Introduces atmospheric oxygen, which may precipitate metals (i.e., iron) or cause other changes in the chemistry of the water in the sample (i.e., pH). • Agitates groundwater, which may bias volatile and semi- volatile organic analyses due to volatilization. • Agitates the water in the aquifer and resuspends fine particulate matter. • Surges the well, loosening particulate matter in the annular space around the well screen. • May introduce dirt into the water column if the sides of the casing wall are scraped. NOTE: It is critical for bailers to be slowly and gently immersed into the top of the water column, particularly during the final stages of purging. This minimizes turbidity and disturbance of volatile organic constituents. b.) Initial Inspection 1. Remove the well cover and remove all standing water around the top of the well casing (manhole) before opening the well. 2. Inspect the exterior protective casing of the monitoring well for damage. Document the results of the inspection if there is a problem. 3. It is recommended that you place a protective covering around the well head. Replace the covering if it becomes soiled or ripped. Rev 4-08 17 4. Inspect the well lock and determine whether the cap fits tightly. Replace the cap if necessary. c.) Water Level Measurements - Use an electronic probe or chalked tape to determine the water level. Decontaminate all equipment before use. Measure the depth to groundwater from the top of the well casing to the nearest 0.01 foot. Always measure from the same reference point or survey mark on the well casing. Record the measurement. 1. Electronic Probe: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use. Record the measurement. 2. Chalked Line Method: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Lower chalked tape into the well until the lower end is in the water. This is usually determined by the sound of the weight hitting the water. Record the length of the tape relative to the reference point. Remove the tape and note the length of the wetted portion. Record the length. Determine the depth to water by subtracting the length of the wetted portion from the total length. Record the result. d.) Water Column Determination - To determine the length of the water column, subtract the depth to the top of the water column from the total well depth (or gauged well depth if silting has occurred). The total well depth depends on the well construction. If gauged well depth is used due to silting, report total well depth also. Some wells may be drilled in areas of sinkhole, karst formations or rock leaving an open borehole. Attempt to find the total borehole depth in cases where there is an open borehole below the cased portion. e.) Well Water Volume - Calculate the total volume of water, in gallons, in the well using the following equation: V = (0.041)d x d x h Where: V = volume in gallons d = well diameter in inches h = height of the water column in feet The total volume of water in the well may also be determined with the following equation by using a casing volume per foot factor (Gallons per Foot of Water) for the appropriate diameter well: V = [Gallons per Foot of Water] x h Where: V = volume in gallons h = height of the water column in feet Record all measurements and calculations in the field records. f.) Purging Equipment Volume - Calculate the total volume of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell (if used), using the following equation: V = p + ((0.041)d x d x l) + fc Where: V = volume in gallons p = volume of pump in gallons d = tubing diameter in inches l = length of tubing in feet Rev 4-08 18 fc = volume of flow cell in gallons g.) If the groundwater elevation data are to be used to construct groundwater elevation contour maps, all water level measurements must be taken within the same 24 hour time interval when collecting samples from multiple wells on a site, unless a shorter time period is required. If the site is tidally influenced, complete the water level measurements within the time frame of an incoming or outgoing tide. Well Purging Techniques The selection of the purging technique and equipment is dependent on the hydrogeologic properties of the aquifer, especially depth to groundwater and hydraulic conductivity. a.) Measuring the Purge Volume - The volume of water that is removed during purging must be recorded. Therefore, you must measure the volume during the purging operation. 1. Collect the water in a graduated container and multiply the number of times the container was emptied by the volume of the container, OR 2. Estimate the volume based on pumping rate. This technique may be used only if the pumping rate is constant. Determine the pumping rate by measuring the amount of water that is pumped for a fixed period of time, or use a flow meter. • Calculate the amount of water that is discharged per minute: D = Measured Amount/Total Time In Minutes • Calculate the time needed to purge one (1) well volume or one (1) purging equipment volume: Time = V/D Where: V = well volume or purging equipment volume D = discharge rate • Make new measurements each time the pumping rate is changed. 3. Use a totalizing flow meter. • Record the reading on the totalizer prior to purging. • Record the reading on the totalizer at the end of purging. • To obtain the volume purged, subtract the reading on the totalizer prior to purging from the reading on the totalizer at the end of purging. • Record the times that purging begins and ends in the field records. b.) Purging Measurement Frequency - When purging a well that has the well screen fully submerged and the pump or intake tubing is placed within the well casing above the well screen or open hole, purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Allow at least one quarter (1/4) well volume to purge between subsequent measurements. When purging a well that has the pump or intake tubing placed within a fully submerged well screen or open hole, purge until the water level has stabilized (well recovery rate equals the purge rate), then purge a minimum of one (1) volume of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell (if used) prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take measurements of the field parameters no sooner than two (2) to three (3) minutes apart. Purge at least Rev 4-08 19 three (3) volumes of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell, if used, prior to collecting a sample. When purging a well that has a partially submerged well screen, purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take measurements of the field parameters no sooner than two (2) to three (3) minutes apart. c.) Purging Completion - Wells must be adequately purged prior to sample collection to ensure representation of the aquifer formation water, rather than stagnant well water. This may be achieved by purging three volumes from the well or by satisfying any one of the following three purge completion criteria: 1.) Three (3) consecutive measurements in which the three (3) parameters listed below are within the stated limits, dissolved oxygen is no greater than 20 percent of saturation at the field measured temperature, and turbidity is no greater than 20 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs). • Temperature: + 0.2° C • pH: + 0.2 Standard Units • Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading Document and report the following, as applicable. The last four items only need to be submitted once: • Purging rate. • Drawdown in the well, if any. • A description of the process and the data used to design the well. • The equipment and procedure used to install the well. • The well development procedure. • Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information. 2.) If it is impossible to get dissolved oxygen at or below 20 percent of saturation at the field measured temperature or turbidity at or below 20 NTUs, then three (3) consecutive measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance and the parameter(s) dissolved oxygen and/or turbidity that do not meet the requirements above must be within the limits below. The measurements are: • Temperature: + 0.2° C • pH: + 0.2 Standard Units • Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading • Dissolved Oxygen: + 0.2 mg/L or 10%, whichever is greater • Turbidity: + 5 NTUs or 10%, whichever is greater Additionally, document and report the following, as applicable, except that the last four(4) items only need to be submitted once: • Purging rate. • Drawdown in the well, if any. • A description of conditions at the site that may cause the dissolved oxygen to be high and/or dissolved oxygen measurements made within the screened or open hole portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen probe. Rev 4-08 20 • A description of conditions at the site that may cause the turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to minimize turbidity in the future. • A description of the process and the data used to design the well. • The equipment and procedure used to install the well. • The well development procedure. • Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information. 3.) If after five (5) well volumes, three (3) consecutive measurements of the field parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity are not within the limits stated above, check the instrument condition and calibration, purging flow rate and all tubing connections to determine if they might be affecting the ability to achieve stable measurements. It is at the discretion of the consultant/contractor whether or not to collect a sample or to continue purging. Further, the report in which the data are submitted must include the following, as applicable. The last four (4) items only need to be submitted once. • Purging rate. • Drawdown in the well, if any. • A description of conditions at the site that may cause the Dissolved Oxygen to be high and/or Dissolved Oxygen measurements made within the screened or open hole portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen probe. • A description of conditions at the site that may cause the turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to minimize turbidity in the future. • A description of the process and the data used to design the well. • The equipment and procedure used to install the well. • The well development procedure. • Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information. If wells have previously and consistently purged dry, and the current depth to groundwater indicates that the well will purge dry during the current sampling event, minimize the amount of water removed from the well by using the same pump to purge and collect the sample: • Place the pump or tubing intake within the well screened interval. • Use very small diameter Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing and the smallest possible pump chamber volume. This will minimize the total volume of water pumped from the well and reduce drawdown. • Select tubing that is thick enough to minimize oxygen transfer through the tubing walls while pumping. Rev 4-08 21 • Pump at the lowest possible rate (100 mL/minute or less) to reduce drawdown to a minimum. • Purge at least two (2) volumes of the pumping system (pump, tubing and flow cell, if used). • Measure pH, specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen and turbidity, then begin to collect the samples. Collect samples immediately after purging is complete. The time period between completing the purge and sampling cannot exceed six hours. If sample collection does not occur within one hour of purging completion, re-measure the five field parameters: temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and turbidity, just prior to collecting the sample. If the measured values are not within 10 percent of the previous measurements, re-purge the well. The exception is “dry” wells. d.) Lanyards 1. Securely fasten lanyards, if used, to any downhole equipment (bailers, pumps, etc.). 2. Use bailer lanyards in such a way that they do not touch the ground surface. Wells Without Plumbing a.) Tubing/Pump Placement 1. If attempting to minimize the volume of purge water, position the intake hose or pump at the midpoint of the screened or open hole interval. 2. If monitoring well conditions do not allow minimizing of the purge water volume, position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water column. This will ensure that all stagnant water in the casing is removed. 3. If the well screen or borehole is partially submerged, and the pump will be used for both purging and sampling, position the pump midway between the measured water level and the bottom of the screen. Otherwise, position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water column. b.) Non-dedicated (portable) pumps 1. Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump • Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing. • Attach a short section of tubing to the discharge side of the pump and into a graduated container. • Attach one end of a length of new or precleaned tubing to the pump head flexible hose. • Place the tubing as described in one of the options listed above. • Change gloves before beginning to purge. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well recovery rate to minimize drawdown. Rev 4-08 22 • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate. • If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that water is removed from the top of the water column. • Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells (see Appendix C) or if precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump. 2. Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10 feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind. • Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing. • Place the decontaminated suction hose so that water is always pumped from the top of the water column. • Change gloves before beginning to purge. • Equip the suction hose with a foot valve to prevent purge water from re-entering the well. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well recovery rate. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate. • If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that the water is removed from the top of the water column. • Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump. 3. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10 feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind. • Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing. • Carefully position the decontaminated pump. Rev 4-08 23 • Change gloves before beginning to purge. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well recovery rate. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate. • If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so that water is removed from the top of the water column. • Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or only the pump if precleaned tubing is used for each well. 4. Variable Speed Bladder Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10 feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind. • Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing. • Attach the tubing and carefully position the pump. • Change gloves before beginning purging. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well recovery rate. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate. • If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so that water is removed from the top of the water column. • Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump. c.) Dedicated Portable Pumps 1. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10 feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind. • Wear sampling gloves. Rev 4-08 24 • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well recovery rate to minimize drawdown. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge rate. • Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. 2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10 feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind. • Wear sampling gloves. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well recovery rate to minimize drawdown. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge rate. • Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. 3. Bailers - Using bailers for purging is not recommended unless care is taken to use proper bailing technique, or if free product is present in the well or suspected to be in the well. • Minimize handling the bailer as much as possible. • Wear sampling gloves. • Remove the bailer from its protective wrapping just before use. • Attach a lanyard of appropriate material. • Use the lanyard to move and position the bailer. • Lower and retrieve the bailer slowly and smoothly. • Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth approximately a foot above the water column. • When the bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the water column at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is reached. • Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one (1) foot below the top of the water table so that water is removed from the top of the water column. • Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it descends into the water column. Rev 4-08 25 • Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the same rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has cleared to top of the water column. • Measure the purge volume. • Record the volume of the bailer. • Continue to carefully lower and retrieve the bailer as described above until the purging is considered complete, based on either the removal of 3 well volumes. • Remove at least one (1) well volume before collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take each subsequent set of measurements after removing at least one quarter (1/4) well volume between measurements. Groundwater Sampling Techniques a.) Purge wells. b.) Replace protective covering around the well if it is soiled or torn after completing purging operations. c.) Equipment Considerations 1. The following pumps are approved to collect volatile organic samples: • Stainless steel and Teflon variable speed submersible pumps • Stainless steel and Teflon or polyethylene variable speed bladder pumps • Permanently installed PVC bodied pumps (As long as the pump remains in contact with the water in the well at all times) 2. Collect sample from the sampling device and store in sample container. Do not use intermediate containers. 3. To avoid contamination or loss of analytes from the sample, handle sampling equipment as little as possible and minimize equipment exposure to the sample. 4. To reduce chances of cross-contamination, use dedicated equipment whenever possible. “Dedicated” is defined as equipment that is to be used solely for one location for the life of that equipment (e.g., permanently mounted pump). Purchase dedicated equipment with the most sensitive analyte of interest in mind. • Clean or make sure dedicated pumps are clean before installation. They do not need to be cleaned prior to each use, but must be cleaned if they are withdrawn for repair or servicing. • Clean or make sure any permanently mounted tubing is clean before installation. • Change or clean tubing when the pump is withdrawn for servicing. • Clean any replaceable or temporary parts. Rev 4-08 26 • Collect equipment blanks on dedicated pumping systems when the tubing is cleaned or replaced. • Clean or make sure dedicated bailers are clean before placing them into the well. • Collect an equipment blank on dedicated bailers before introducing them into the water column. • Suspend dedicated bailers above the water column if they are stored in the well. Sampling Wells Without Plumbing a.) Sampling with Pumps – The following pumps may be used to sample for organics: • Peristaltic pumps • Stainless steel, Teflon or polyethylene bladder pumps • Variable speed stainless steel and Teflon submersible pumps 1. Peristaltic Pump • Volatile Organics: One of three methods may be used. Remove the drop tubing from the inlet side of the pump; submerge the drop tubing into the water column; prevent the water in the tubing from flowing back into the well; remove the drop tubing from the well; carefully allow the groundwater to drain into the sample vials; avoid turbulence; do not aerate the sample; repeat steps until enough vials are filled. OR Use the pump to fill the drop tubing; quickly remove the tubing from the pump; prevent the water in the tubing from flowing back into the well; remove the drop tubing from the well; carefully allow the groundwater to drain into the sample vials; avoid turbulence; do not aerate the sample; repeat steps until enough vials are filled. OR Use the pump to fill the drop tubing; withdraw the tubing from the well; reverse the flow on the peristaltic pumps to deliver the sample into the vials at a slow, steady rate; repeat steps until enough vials are filled. • Extractable Organics: If delivery tubing is not polyethylene or PP, or is not Teflon lined, use pump and vacuum trap method. Connect the outflow tubing from the container to the influent side of the peristaltic pump. Turn pump on and reduce flow until smooth and even. Discard a Rev 4-08 27 small portion of the sample to allow for air space. Preserve (if required), label, and complete field notes. • Inorganic samples: These samples may be collected from the effluent tubing. If samples are collected from the pump, decontaminate all tubing (including the tubing in the head) or change it between wells. Preserve (if required), label, and complete field notes. 2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump • If sampling for organics, the pump body must be constructed of stainless steel and the valves and bladder must be Teflon. All tubing must be Teflon, polyethylene, or PP and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or made of stainless steel. • After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate. • When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible. 3. Variable Speed Submersible Pump • The housing must be stainless steel. • If sampling for organics, the internal impellers, seals and gaskets must be constructed of stainless steel, Teflon, polyethylene or PP. The delivery tubing must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; the electrical cord must be sealed in Teflon; any cabling must be sealed in Teflon or constructed of stainless steel. • After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate. • When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible. b.) Sampling with Bailers - A high degree of skill and coordination are necessary to collect representative samples with a bailer. 1. General Considerations • Minimize handling of bailer as much as possible. • Wear sampling gloves. • Remove bailer from protective wrapping just before use. • Attach a lanyard of appropriate material. • Use the lanyard to move and position the bailers. • Do not allow bailer or lanyard to touch the ground. • If bailer is certified precleaned, no rinsing is necessary. • If both a pump and a bailer are to be used to collect samples, rinse the exterior and interior of the bailer with sample water from the pump before removing the pump. • If the purge pump is not appropriate for collecting samples (e.g., non-inert components), rinse the bailer by collecting a single bailer of the groundwater to be sampled. • Discard the water appropriately. Rev 4-08 28 • Do not rinse the bailer if Oil and Grease samples are to be collected. 2. Bailing Technique • Collect all samples that are required to be collected with a pump before collecting samples with the bailer. • Raise and lower the bailer gently to minimize stirring up particulate matter in the well and the water column, which can increase sample turbidity. • Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth approximately a foot above the water column. When the bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the water column at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is reached. • Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one foot below the top of the water table, so that water is removed from the top of the water column. • Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it descends into the water column. • Do not allow the bailer to touch the bottom of the well or particulate matter will be incorporated into the sample. Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the same rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has cleared to top of the water column. • Lower the bailer to approximately the same depth each time. • Collect the sample. Install a device to control the flow from the bottom of the bailer and discard the first few inches of water. Fill the appropriate sample containers by allowing the sample to slowly flow down the side of the container. Discard the last few inches of water in the bailer. • Repeat steps for additional samples. • As a final step measure the DO, pH, temperature, turbidity and specific conductance after the final sample has been collected. Record all measurements and note the time that sampling was completed. c.) Sampling Low Permeability Aquifers or Wells that have Purged Dry 1. Collect the sample(s) after the well has been purged. Minimize the amount of water removed from the well by using the same pump to purge and collect the sample. If the well has purged dry, collect samples as soon as sufficient sample water is available. 2. Measure the five field parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and turbidity at the time of sample collection. 3. Advise the analytical laboratory and the client that the usual amount of sample for analysis may not be available. Rev 4-08 29 Appendix D - Collecting Samples from Wells with Plumbing in Place In-place plumbing is generally considered permanent equipment routinely used for purposes other than purging and sampling, such as for water supply. a.) Air Strippers or Remedial Systems - These types of systems are installed as remediation devices. Collect influent and effluent samples from air stripping units as described below. 1. Remove any tubing from the sampling port and flush for one to two minutes. 2. Remove all hoses, aerators and filters (if possible). 3. Open the spigot and purge sufficient volume to flush the spigot and lines and until the purging completion criteria have been met. 4. Reduce the flow rate to approximately 500 mL/minute (a 1/8” stream) or approximately 0.1 gal/minute before collecting samples. 5. Follow procedures for collecting samples from water supply wells as outlined below. b.) Water Supply Wells – Water supply wells with in-place plumbing do not require equipment to be brought to the well to purge and sample. Water supply wells at UST facilities must be sampled for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile compounds (SVOCs). 1. Procedures for Sampling Water Supply Wells • Label sample containers prior to sample collection. • Prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.) before taking any samples so each collected sample can be placed in a chilled environment immediately after collection. • You must choose the tap closest to the well, preferably at the wellhead. The tap must be before any holding or pressurization tank, water softener, ion exchange, disinfection process or before the water line enters the residence, office or building. If no tap fits the above conditions, a new tap that does must be installed. • The well pump must not be lubricated with oil, as that may contaminate the samples. • The sampling tap must be protected from exterior contamination associated with being too close to a sink bottom or to the ground. If the tap is too close to the ground for direct collection into the appropriate container, it is acceptable to use a smaller (clean) container to transfer the sample to a larger container. • Leaking taps that allow water to discharge from around the valve stem handle and down the outside of the faucet, or taps in which water tends to run up on the outside of the lip, are to be avoided as sampling locations. Rev 4-08 30 • Disconnect any hoses, filters, or aerators attached to the tap before sampling. • Do not sample from a tap close to a gas pump. The gas fumes could contaminate the sample. 2. Collecting Volatile Organic Samples • Equipment Needed: VOC sample vials [40 milliliters, glass, may contain 3 to 4 drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as preservative]; Disposable gloves and protective goggles; Ice chest/cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic bags, bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms. • Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least 15 minutes. If the well is deep, run water longer (purging three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is located directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the holding tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where you will take your sample. This will ensure that the water you collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the holding tank. After running the water for at least 15 minutes, reduce the flow of water. The flow should be reduced to a trickle but not so slow that it begins to drip. A smooth flow of water will make collection easier and more accurate. Remove the cap of a VOC vial and hold the vial under the stream of water to fill it. Be careful not to spill any acid that is in the vial. For best results use a low flow of water and angle the vial slightly so that the water runs down the inside of the vial. This will help keep the sample from being agitated, aerated or splashed out of the vial. It will also increase the accuracy of the sample. As the vial fills and is almost full, turn the vial until it is straight up and down so the water won’t spill out. Fill the vial until the water is just about to spill over the lip of the vial. The surface of the water sample should become mounded. It is a good idea not to overfill the vial, especially if an acid preservative is present in the vial. Carefully replace and screw the cap onto the vial. Some water may overflow as the cap is put on. After the cap is secure, turn the vial upside down and gently tap the vial to see if any bubbles are present. If bubbles are present in the vial, remove the cap, add more water and check again to see if bubbles are present. Repeat as necessary. After two samples without bubbles have been collected, the samples should be labeled and prepared for shipment. Store samples at 4° C. Rev 4-08 31 3. Collecting Extractable Organic and/or Metals Samples • Equipment Needed: SVOC sample bottle [1 liter, amber glass] and/or Metals sample bottle [0.5 liter, polyethylene or glass, 5 milliliters of nitric acid (HNO3) preservative]; Disposable gloves and protective goggles; Ice Chest/Cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic bags, bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms. • Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least 15 minutes. If the well is deep, run the water longer (purging three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is located directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the holding tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where you will take your sample. This will ensure that the water you collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the holding tank. After running the water for at least 15 minutes, reduce the flow. Low water flow makes collection easier and more accurate. Remove the cap of a SVOC or metals bottle and hold it under the stream of water to fill it. The bottle does not have to be completely filled (i.e., you can leave an inch or so of headspace in the bottle). After filling, screw on the cap, label the bottle and prepare for shipment. Store samples at 4° C. Rev 4-08 32 Appendix E - Collecting Surface Water Samples The following topics include 1.) acceptable equipment selection and equipment construction materials and 2.) standard grab, depth-specific and depth-composited surface water sampling techniques. Facilities which contain or border small rivers, streams or branches should include surface water sampling as part of the monitoring program for each sampling event. A simple procedure for selecting surface water monitoring sites is to locate a point on a stream where drainage leaves the site. This provides detection of contamination through, and possibly downstream of, site via discharge of surface waters. The sampling points selected should be downstream from any waste areas. An upstream sample should be obtained in order to determine water quality upstream of the influence of the site. a.) General Cautions 1. When using watercraft take samples near the bow away and upwind from any gasoline outboard engine. Orient watercraft so that bow is positioned in the upstream direction. 2. When wading, collect samples upstream from the body. Avoid disturbing sediments in the immediate area of sample collection. 3. Collect water samples prior to taking sediment samples when obtaining both from the same area (site). 4. Unless dictated by permit, program or order, sampling at or near man- made structures (e.g., dams, weirs or bridges) may not provide representative data because of unnatural flow patterns. 5. Collect surface water samples from downstream towards upstream. b.) Equipment and Supplies - Select equipment based on the analytes of interest, specific use, and availability. c.) Surface Water Sampling Techniques - Adhere to all general protocols applicable to aqueous sampling when following the surface water sampling procedures addressed below. 1. Manual Sampling: Use manual sampling for collecting grab samples for immediate in-situ field analyses. Use manual sampling in lieu of automatic equipment over extended periods of time for composite sampling, especially when it is necessary to observe and/or note unusual conditions. • Surface Grab Samples - Do not use sample containers containing premeasured amounts of preservatives to collect grab samples. If the sample matrix is homogeneous, then the grab method is a simple and effective technique for collection purposes. If homogeneity is not apparent, based on flow or vertical variations (and should never be assumed), then use other collection protocols. Where practical, use the actual sample container submitted to the laboratory for collecting samples to be analyzed for oil and grease, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and microbiological samples. This procedure eliminates the possibility of contaminating the sample with an intermediate collection container. The use of Rev 4-08 33 unpreserved sample containers as direct grab samplers is encouraged since the same container can be submitted for laboratory analysis after appropriate preservation. This procedure reduces sample handling and eliminates potential contamination from other sources (e.g., additional sampling equipment, environment, etc.). 1. Grab directly into sample container. 2. Slowly submerge the container, opening neck first, into the water. 3. Invert the bottle so the neck is upright and pointing towards the direction of water flow (if applicable). Allow water to run slowly into the container until filled. 4. Return the filled container quickly to the surface. 5. Pour out a few mL of sample away from and downstream of the sampling location. This procedure allows for the addition of preservatives and sample expansion. Do not use this step for volatile organics or other analytes where headspace is not allowed in the sample container. 6. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and complete field notes. If sample containers are attached to a pole via a clamp, submerge the container and follow steps 3 – 5 but omit steps 1 and 2. • Sampling with an Intermediate Vessel or Container: If the sample cannot be collected directly into the sample container to be submitted to the laboratory, or if the laboratory provides prepreserved sample containers, use an unpreserved sample container or an intermediate vessel (e.g., beakers, buckets or dippers) to obtain the sample. These vessels must be constructed appropriately, including any poles or extension arms used to access the sample location. 1. Rinse the intermediate vessel with ample amounts of site water prior to collecting the first sample. 2. Collect the sample as outlined above using the intermediate vessel. 3. Use pole mounted containers of appropriate construction to sample at distances away from shore, boat, etc. Follow the protocols above to collect samples. • Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach polyethylene, Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is not acceptable for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs. Extractable organics can be collected through the pump if flexible interior-wall Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump head or if used with the organic trap setup. Rev 4-08 34 1. Lower appropriately precleaned tubing to a depth of 6 – 12 inches below water surface, where possible. 2. Pump 3 – 5 tube volumes through the system to acclimate the tubing before collecting the first sample. 3. Fill individual sample bottles via the discharge tubing. Be careful not to remove the inlet tubing from the water. 4. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and complete field notes. • Mid-Depth Grab Samples: Mid-depth samples or samples taken at a specific depth can approximate the conditions throughout the entire water column. The equipment that may be used for this type of sampling consists of the following depth-specific sampling devices: Kemmerer, Niskin, Van Dorn type, etc. You may also use pumps with tubing or double check-valve bailers. Certain construction material details may preclude its use for certain analytes. Many Kemmerer samplers are constructed of plastic and rubber that preclude their use for all volatile and extractable organic sampling. Some newer devices are constructed of stainless steel or are all Teflon or Teflon-coated. These are acceptable for all analyte groups without restriction. 1. Measure the water column to determine maximum depth and sampling depth prior to lowering the sampling device. 2. Mark the line attached to the sampler with depth increments so that the sampling depth can be accurately recorded. 3. Lower the sampler slowly to the appropriate sampling depth, taking care not to disturb the sediments. 4. At the desired depth, send the messenger weight down to trip the closure mechanism. 5. Retrieve the sampler slowly. 6. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site water prior to collecting the first sample. Discard rinsate away from and downstream of the sampling location. 7. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube. • Double Check-Valve Bailers: Collect samples using double check- valve bailers if the data requirements do not necessitate a sample from a strictly discrete interval of the water column. Bailers with an upper and lower check-valve can be lowered through the water column. Water will continually be displaced through the bailer until the desired depth is reached, at which point the bailer is retrieved. Sampling with this type of bailer must follow the same protocols outlined above, except that a messenger weight is not applicable. Although not designed specifically for this kind of sampling, a bailer is acceptable when a mid-depth sample is required Rev 4-08 35 1. As the bailer is dropped through the water column, water is displaced through the body of the bailer. The degree of displacement depends upon the check-valve ball movement to allow water to flow freely through the bailer body. 2. Slowly lower the bailer to the appropriate depth. Upon retrieval, the two check valves seat, preventing water from escaping or entering the bailer. 3. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site water prior to collecting the first sample. 4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube. Sample bottles must be handled as described above. • Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach HDPE, Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is not acceptable for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs. Extractable organics can be collected through the pump if flexible interior-wall Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump head, or if used with an organic trap setup. 1. Measure the water column to determine the maximum depth and the sampling depth. 2. Tubing will need to be tied to a stiff pole or be weighted down so the tubing placement will be secure. Do not use a lead weight. Any dense, non-contaminating, non- interfering material will work (brick, stainless steel weight, etc.). Tie the weight with a lanyard (braided or monofilament nylon, etc.) so that it is located below the inlet of the tubing. 3. Turn the pump on and allow several tubing volumes of water to be discharged before collecting the first sample. 4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube. Sample bottles must be handled as described above. Rev 4-08 36 N.C. Division of Waste Management - LEACHATE http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/LeachSampling.html[3/17/2010 1:58:04 PM] North Carolina Division of Waste Management 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1646 (919)508-8400 About Us Contact Us Site Map Search Current page: DWM Home » Solid Waste Program Home » Technical Assistance & Guidance » Environmental Monitoring » Leachate Leachate Sampling and Analysis To maintain sample quality, leachate samples are to be taken as close to the sump as possible. Because of dubious results, pond and storage tank samples should be avoided. The leachate data is to be submitted with the semi-annual monitoring report. Leachate is to be analyzed for the Appendix I list of constituents plus the following required additional parameters: 1) biological oxygen demand (BOD), 2) chemical oxygen demand (COD), 3) phosphate, 4) nitrate, 5) sulfate, and 6) pH. Based upon sample results, compliance history and waste screening practices, additional parameters may be required. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Appendix = Appendix I or Appendix II Other = Field Parameters, other commonly reported constituents, etc. GROUP CAS_NUM SWS_ID NAME Appendix 630-20-6 190 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane Appendix 71-55-6 200 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; Methylchloroform Appendix 79-34-5 191 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Appendix 79-00-5 202 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Other 76-13-1 398 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Appendix 75-34-3 75 1,1-Dichloroethane; Ethyldidene chloride Appendix 75-35-4 77 1,1-Dichloroethylene; 1,1-Dichloroethene; Appendix 563-58-6 85 1,1-Dichloropropene Appendix 96-18-4 206 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Appendix 95-94-3 189 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene Appendix 120-82-1 199 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Other 226-36-8 385 1,2,5,6-Dibenzacridine Appendix 96-12-8 67 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane; DBCP Appendix 106-93-4 68 1,2-Dibromoethane; Ethylene dibromide; EDB Appendix 107-06-2 76 1,2-Dichloroethane; Ethylene dichloride Appendix 78-87-5 82 1,2-Dichloropropane Other 122-66-7 394 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Appendix 142-28-9 83 1,3-Dichloropropane; Trimethylene dichloride Appendix 130-15-4 149 1,4-Naphthoquinone Other 87-61-6 371 1-2-3-Trichlorobenzene Appendix 134-32-7 150 1-Naphthylamine Other 120-36-5 352 2-(2-4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid Appendix 594-20-7 84 2,2-Dichloropropane; Isopropylidene chloride Appendix 58-90-2 193 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol Appendix 93-76-5 188 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid Appendix 95-95-4 204 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol Appendix 88-06-2 205 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Appendix 94-75-7 59 2,4-D; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Appendix 120-83-2 80 2,4-Dichlorophenol Appendix 105-67-9 95 2,4-Dimethylphenol; m-Xylenol Appendix 51-28-5 99 2,4-Dinitrophenol Appendix 121-14-2 100 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Appendix 87-65-0 81 2,6-Dichlorophenol Appendix 606-20-2 101 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Other 94-82-6 350 2-4 DB Appendix 53-96-3 6 2-Acetylaminofluorene; 2-AAF Other 110-75-8 358 2-Chloroethylvinyl ether Appendix 91-58-7 47 2-Chloronaphthalene Appendix 95-57-8 48 2-Chlorophenol Appendix 591-78-6 124 2-Hexanone; Methyl butyl ketone Appendix 91-57-6 145 2-Methylnaphthalene Appendix 91-59-8 151 2-Naphthylamine Other 109-06-8 390 2-Picoline Appendix 91-94-1 72 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine Appendix 119-93-7 94 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine Appendix 56-49-5 138 3-Methylcholanthrene Appendix 72-54-8 60 4,4'-DDD Appendix 72-55-9 61 4,4'-DDE Appendix 50-29-3 62 4,4'-DDT Appendix 534-52-1 98 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol; 4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol Appendix 92-67-1 11 4-Aminobiphenyl Appendix 101-55-3 31 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether Appendix 7005-72-3 49 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Appendix 108-10-1 147 4-Methyl-2-pentanone; Methyl isobutyl ketone Other 56-57-5 388 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide Appendix 99-55-8 157 5-Nitro-o-toluidine Appendix 57-97-6 93 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene Appendix 83-32-9 1 Acenaphthene Appendix 208-96-8 2 Acenaphthylene Appendix 67-64-1 3 Acetone Appendix 75-05-8 4 Acetonitrile; Methyl cyanide Appendix 98-86-2 5 Acetophenone Appendix 107-02-8 7 Acrolein Appendix 107-13-1 8 Acrylonitrile Appendix 309-00-2 9 Aldrin Other SW337 337 Alkalinity Appendix 107-05-1 10 Allyl chloride Appendix 319-84-6 24 alpha-BHC Other 62-53-3 381 Aniline Appendix 120-12-7 12 Anthracene Appendix 7440-36-0 13 Antimony Other 140-57-8 382 Aramite Other 12674-11-2 401 Aroclor 1016 Other 11104-28-2 402 Aroclor 1221 Other 11141-16-5 403 Aroclor 1232 Other 53469-21-9 404 Aroclor 1242 Other 12672-29-6 405 Aroclor 1248 Other 11097-69-1 406 Aroclor 1254 Other 11096-82-5 407 Aroclor 1260 Appendix 7440-38-2 14 Arsenic Appendix 7440-39-3 15 Barium Appendix 71-43-2 16 Benzene Other 122-09-8 386 Benzeneethanamine, alpha,alpha-dimethyl- Other 92-87-5 383 Benzidine Appendix 56-55-3 17 Benzo[a]anthracene; Benzanthracene Appendix 50-32-8 21 Benzo[a]pyrene Appendix 205-99-2 18 Benzo[b]fluoranthene Appendix 191-24-2 20 Benzo[ghi]perylene Appendix 207-08-9 19 Benzo[k]fluoranthene Other 65-85-0 395 Benzoic Acid Appendix 100-51-6 22 Benzyl alcohol Appendix 7440-41-7 23 Beryllium Appendix 319-85-7 25 beta-BHC Other SW347 347 Bicarbonate (as CaCO3) Other SW316 316 Biological Oxygen Demand Appendix 108-60-1 46 Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether; 2,2'- Dichlorodiisopropyl ether; DCIP, See footnote 4 Appendix 111-91-1 42 Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane Appendix 111-44-4 43 Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether; Dichloroethyl ether Other 39638-32-9 384 Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether Appendix 117-81-7 111 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Other 108-86-1 360 Bromobenzene Appendix 74-97-5 28 Bromochloromethane; Chlorobromethane Appendix 75-27-4 29 Bromodichloromethane; Dibromochloromethane Appendix 75-25-2 30 Bromoform; Tribromomethane Appendix 85-68-7 32 Butyl benzyl phthalate; Benzyl butyl phthalate Appendix 7440-43-9 34 Cadmium Other 7440-70-2 375 Calcium Appendix 75-15-0 35 Carbon disulfide Appendix 56-23-5 36 Carbon tetrachloride Other SW348 348 Carbonate (as CaCO3) Other SW317 317 Chemical Oxygen Demand Appendix 57-74-9 339 Chlordane Other 12789-03-6 400 Chlordane (constituents) Other 5103-71-9 379 Chlordane, alpha Other 5103-74-2 378 Chlordane, beta Other 5566-34-7 399 Chlordane, gamma Other SW301 301 Chloride Appendix 108-90-7 39 Chlorobenzene Appendix 510-15-6 40 Chlorobenzilate Appendix 75-00-3 41 Chloroethane; Ethyl chloride Appendix 67-66-3 44 Chloroform; Trichloromethane Appendix 126-99-8 50 Chloroprene Appendix 7440-47-3 51 Chromium Appendix 218-01-9 52 Chrysene Appendix 10061-01-5 86 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Appendix 7440-48-4 53 Cobalt Other SW309 309 Coliform (total) Other SW310 310 Color (color units) Appendix 7440-50-8 54 Copper Appendix 57-12-5 58 Cyanide Other 75-99-0 355 Dalapon Appendix 319-86-8 26 delta-BHC Other SW318 318 Depth To Water (ft) Appendix 2303-16-4 63 Diallate Appendix 53-70-3 64 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Appendix 132-64-9 65 Dibenzofuran Appendix 124-48-1 66 Dibromochloromethane; Chlorodibromomethane Other 1918-00-9 353 Dicamba Appendix 75-71-8 74 Dichlorodifluoromethane; CFC 12 Appendix 60-57-1 88 Dieldrin Appendix 84-66-2 90 Diethyl phthalate Appendix 60-51-5 91 Dimethoate Appendix 131-11-3 96 Dimethyl phthalate Appendix 84-74-2 33 Di-n-butyl phthalate Appendix 117-84-0 168 Di-n-octyl phthalate Appendix 88-85-7 102 Dinoseb; DNBP; 2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Appendix 122-39-4 103 Diphenylamine Other SW356 356 Dissolved Oxygen Appendix 298-04-4 104 Disulfoton Appendix 959-98-8 105 Endosulfan I Appendix 33213-65-9 106 Endosulfan II Appendix 1031-07-8 107 Endosulfan sulfate Appendix 72-20-8 108 Endrin Appendix 7421-93-4 109 Endrin aldehyde Other SW331 331 Ethane- Dissolved Other SW332 332 Ethene- Dissolved Appendix 97-63-2 112 Ethyl methacrylate Appendix 62-50-0 113 Ethyl methanesulfonate Appendix 100-41-4 110 Ethylbenzene Appendix 52-85-7 114 Famphur Other SW334 334 Ferrous Iron- Dissolved Appendix 206-44-0 115 Fluoranthene Appendix 86-73-7 116 Fluorene Other SW312 312 Fluoride Other SW313 313 Foaming Agents Appendix 58-89-9 27 gamma-BHC; Lindane Other SW314 314 Gross Alpha Other SW319 319 Head (ft mean sea level) Appendix 76-44-8 117 Heptachlor Appendix 1024-57-3 118 Heptachlor epoxide Appendix 118-74-1 119 Hexachlorobenzene Appendix 87-68-3 120 Hexachlorobutadiene Appendix 77-47-4 121 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Appendix 67-72-1 122 Hexachloroethane Other 70-30-4 387 Hexachlorophene Appendix 1888-71-7 123 Hexachloropropene Other SW338 338 Hydrogen Sulfide Appendix 193-39-5 125 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Other 7439-89-6 340 Iron Appendix 78-83-1 126 Isobutyl alcohol Appendix 465-73-6 127 Isodrin Appendix 78-59-1 128 Isophorone Other 108-20-3 366 Isopropyl ether Other 98-82-8 367 Isopropylbenzene Appendix 120-58-1 129 Isosafrole Appendix 143-50-0 130 Kepone Other SW329 329 Landfill Gas Appendix 7439-92-1 131 Lead Other SW374 374 m-&p-Cresol (combined) Other SW359 359 m-&p-Xylene (combined) Other 7439-95-4 376 Magnesium Other 7439-96-5 342 Manganese Other SW335 335 Manganese- Dissolved Other 94-74-6 351 MCPA Appendix 108-39-4 345 m-Cresol; 3-Methylphenol Appendix 541-73-1 70 m-Dichlorobenzene; 1,3-Dichlorobenzene Appendix 99-65-0 97 m-Dinitrobenzene Other 93-65-2 354 Mecopop, MCPP Appendix 7439-97-6 132 Mercury Other 108-67-8 373 Mesitylene (1-3-5-trimethylbenzene) Appendix 126-98-7 133 Methacrylonitrile Other SW333 333 Methane- Dissolved Appendix 91-80-5 134 Methapyrilene Appendix 72-43-5 135 Methoxychlor Appendix 74-83-9 136 Methyl bromide; Bromomethane Appendix 74-87-3 137 Methyl chloride; Chloromethane Appendix 78-93-3 141 Methyl ethyl ketone; MEK; 2-Butanone Appendix 74-88-4 142 Methyl iodide; Iodomethane Appendix 80-62-6 143 Methyl methacrylate Appendix 66-27-3 144 Methyl methanesulfonate Appendix 298-00-0 146 Methyl parathion; Parathion methyl Appendix 74-95-3 139 Methylene bromide; Dibromomethane Appendix 75-09-2 140 Methylene chloride; Dichloromethane Other 1634-04-4 369 Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) Appendix 99-09-2 153 m-Nitroaniline; 3-Nitroaniline Other 7439-98-7 397 Molybdenum Other 108-38-3 409 m-Xylene Appendix 91-20-3 148 Naphthalene Other 104-51-8 361 n-Butylbenzene Appendix 7440-02-0 152 Nickel Other SW303 303 Nitrate (as N) Other SW304 304 Nitrite (as N) Appendix 98-95-3 156 Nitrobenzene Appendix 55-18-5 160 N-Nitrosodiethylamine Appendix 62-75-9 161 N-Nitrosodimethylamine Appendix 924-16-3 162 N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine Appendix 86-30-6 163 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Appendix 621-64-7 164 N-Nitrosodipropylamine; N-Nitroso-N- dipropylamine; Di-n-propylnitrosamine Appendix 10595-95-6 165 N-Nitrosomethylethalamine Other 59-89-2 389 N-Nitrosomorpholine Appendix 100-75-4 166 N-Nitrosopiperidine Appendix 930-55-2 167 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine Other 103-65-1 370 n-Propylbenzene Appendix 126-68-1 207 O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate Appendix 297-97-2 89 O,O-Diethyl O-2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate; Thionazin Other 95-49-8 364 o-Chlorotoluene Appendix 95-48-7 56 o-Cresol; 2-Methylphenol Appendix 95-50-1 69 o-Dichlorobenzene; 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Appendix 88-74-4 154 o-Nitroaniline; 2-Nitroaniline Appendix 88-75-5 158 o-Nitrophenol; 2-Nitrophenol Appendix 95-53-4 197 o-Toluidine Other SW336 336 Oxygen Reduction Potential (mV) Other 95-47-6 408 o-Xylene Appendix 60-11-7 92 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene Appendix 56-38-2 169 Parathion Appendix 106-47-8 38 p-Chloroaniline Appendix 59-50-7 45 p-Chloro-m-cresol; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol Other 106-43-4 365 p-Chlorotoluene Appendix 106-44-5 344 p-Cresol; 4-Methylphenol Other 99-87-6 368 p-Cymene Appendix 106-46-7 71 p-Dichlorobenzene; 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Appendix 608-93-5 171 Pentachlorobenzene Other 76-01-7 380 Pentachloroethane Appendix 82-68-8 172 Pentachloronitrobenzene Appendix 87-86-5 173 Pentachlorophenol Other SW307 307 petroleum aliphatic carbon fraction class C19 - C36 Other SW305 305 petroleum aliphatic carbon fraction class C5 - C8 Other SW306 306 petroleum aliphatic carbon fraction class C9 - C18 Other SW308 308 petroleum aromatics carbon fraction class C9 - C22 Other SW320 320 pH (field) Other SW321 321 pH (lab) Appendix 62-44-2 174 Phenacetin Appendix 85-01-8 175 Phenanthrene Appendix 108-95-2 177 Phenol Appendix 298-02-2 178 Phorate Appendix 100-01-6 155 p-Nitroaniline; 4-Nitroaniline Appendix 100-02-7 159 p-Nitrophenol; 4-Nitrophenol Appendix 1336-36-3 170 Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs Other 7440-09-7 377 Potassium Appendix 106-50-3 176 p-Phenylenediamine Appendix 23950-58-5 179 Pronamide Appendix 107-12-0 180 Propionitrile; Ethyl cyanide Other 95-63-6 372 Pseudocumene (1-2-4-trimethylbenzene) Other 106-42-3 410 p-Xylene Appendix 129-00-0 181 Pyrene Other 110-86-1 391 Pyridine Appendix 94-59-7 182 Safrole Other 135-98-8 362 sec-Butylbenzene Appendix 7782-49-2 183 Selenium Appendix 7440-22-4 184 Silver Appendix 93-72-1 185 Silvex; 2,4,5-TP Other 7440-23-5 322 Sodium Other SW323 323 SpecCond (field) Other SW324 324 SpecCond (lab) Appendix 100-42-5 186 Styrene Other 14808-79-8 315 Sulfate Appendix 18496-25-8 187 Sulfide Other 3689-24-5 392 Sulfotep Appendix 99-35-4 208 sym-Trinitrobenzene Other SW325 325 Temp (oC) Other 98-06-6 363 tert-Butylbenzene Appendix 127-18-4 192 Tetrachloroethylene; Tetrachloroethene; Perchloroethylene Appendix 7440-28-0 194 Thallium Appendix 7440-31-5 195 Tin Appendix 108-88-3 196 Toluene Other SW328 328 Top Of Casing (ft mean sea level) Other SW311 311 Total Dissolved Solids Other E-10195 357 Total Organic Carbon Other SW396 396 Total Organic Halides Other SW343 343 Total Suspended Solids Other SW411 411 Total Well Depth (ft) Appendix 8001-35-2 198 Toxaphene Appendix 156-60-5 79 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene; trans-1,2- Dichloroethene Appendix 10061-02-6 87 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene Appendix 110-57-6 73 trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene Appendix 79-01-6 201 Trichloroethylene; Trichloroethene Appendix 75-69-4 203 Trichlorofluoromethane; CFC-11 Other SW330 330 Turbidity Appendix 7440-62-2 209 Vanadium Appendix 108-05-4 210 Vinyl acetate Appendix 75-01-4 211 Vinyl chloride; Chloroethene Appendix 156-59-2 78 Vinylidene chloride cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene; cis-1,2- Dichloroethene Appendix 1330-20-7 346 Xylene (total) Appendix 7440-66-6 213 Zinc Appendix SW412 412 Total Phosphorus Other SW413 413 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Other SW414 414 Pyruvic Acid Other SW415 415 Lactic Acid Other SW416 416 Acetic Acid Other SW417 417 Propionic Acid Other SW418 418 Butyric Acid Other SW419 419 No2/No3 (nitrate & nitrite reported together) Other SW420 420 Hydrogen Gas Appendix 92-52-4 421 1,1-biphenyl Appendix 123-91-1 422 1,4-dioxane Appendix 101-84-8 423 biphenyl ether Appendix 107-21-1 424 ethylene glycol Appendix SW425 425 Total BHC Appendix SW426 426 N-nitrosodiphenylamine/diphenylamine Other SW427 427 Groundwater Elevation (feet) Appendix 7440-42-8 428 Boron Appendix 79-06-1 429 Acrylamide Appendix 1563-66-2 430 Carbofuran Appendix 117-81-7 431 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Appendix 142-82-5 432 Heptane Other SW436 436 Total Fatty Acids Other SW437 437 Orthophosphate Phosphorus Appendix SW438 438 Aluminum Other SW439 439 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine/Diphenylamine El e c t r o n i c D a t a n e e d t o b e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m a t s u c h t h a t t h e y c a n b e u p l o a d e d i n t o t h e S o l i d W a s t e S e c t i o n d a t a b a s e . Pl e a s e s e e t h e " D a t a F o r m a t E x p l a n a t i o n " t a b a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h i s s h e e t f o r a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f e a c h c o l u m n . FA C I L I T Y PE R M I T WE L L I D CA S Nu m b e r SW S I D P A R A M E T E R R E S U L T U N I T S Q U A L I F I E R M E T H O D M D L M R L S W S L DI L U T I O N FA C T O R CO L L E C T DA T E EX T R A C T I O N DA T E A NALYSIS DATENC LABORATORY CERTIFICATION NUMBE R 12 - 3 4 1 2 3 4 - M W 3 A 74 - 8 7 - 3 13 7 C h l o r o m e t h a n e 0 . 1 8 u g / L U S W 8 4 6 8 2 6 0 B 0 . 1 8 1 1 1 0 8 / 0 3 / 2 0 0 9 0 8 / 0 4 / 2 0 0 9 0 8 / 0 5 / 2 0 0 9 1 2 3 12 - 3 4 1 2 3 4 - M W 3 A 3 2 5 T e m p e r a t u r e 1 9 . 1 o C 08 / 0 3 / 2 0 0 9 12 - 3 4 1 2 3 4 - M W 5 7 4 - 8 3 - 9 1 3 6 B r o m o m e t h a n e 3 5 u g / L S W 8 4 6 8 2 6 0 B 0 . 2 6 1 1 0 1 0 8 / 0 3 / 2 0 0 9 0 8 / 0 4 / 2 0 0 9 0 8 / 0 5 / 2 0 0 9 1 2 3 12 - 3 4 1 2 3 4 - M W 5 7 4 4 0 - 3 9 - 3 1 5 B a r i u m 5 0 u g / L J S W 8 4 6 6 0 2 0 0 . 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 8 / 0 3 / 2 0 0 9 0 8 / 0 5 / 2 0 0 9 1 2 3 12 - 3 4 1 2 3 4 - M W 5 4 1 1 T o t a l W e l l D e p t h 5 4 . 3 f t 08 / 0 3 / 2 0 0 9 AL L D A T A S H O U L D I N C L U D E T H E P E R M I T N U M B E R . I f u n s u r e , c o n t a c t t h e o p e r a t o r / o w n e r o f t h e f a c i l i t y . Th e u n i t o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h o u l d b e u g / L f o r A L L c o n s t i t u e n t s . Fi l e N a m i n g S t a n d a r d 12 3 4 D e c 2 0 0 9 Fa c i l i t y N u m b e r f o l l o w e d b y t h e m o n t h o f s a m p l i n g ( e . g . J a n , F e b , M a r , e t c . ) an d t h e n t h e y e a r o f s a m p l i n g ( e . g . 2 0 0 9 ) . Co l u m n D e s c r i p t i o n E x a m p l e ( s ) D A T A F O R M A T A FA C I L I T Y # 12 - 3 4 Fa c i l i t y p e r m i t n u m b e r a s s i g n e d b y t h e S t a t e B WE L L I D # 12 3 4 - M W 3 A Nu m b e r a s s i g n e d t o e a c h s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n . F o r m a t = F a c i l i t y p e r m i t n u m b e r - we l l n a m e . C CA S N u m b e r 74 - 8 7 - 3 CA S n u m b e r f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r / a n a l y t e . I f n o C A S n u m b e r e x i s t s o r g r o u p i n g mo r e t h a n o n e a n a l y t e t o g e t h e r ( e . g . m & p - X y l e n e ) t h e n l e a v e t h i s f i e l d b l a n k , bu t S W S I D # m u s t b e f i l l e d i n . D SW S I D # 13 7 Nu m b e r a s s i g n e d t o e a c h p a r a m e t e r / a n a l y t e b y t h e S o l i d W a s t e S e c t i o n . This fi e l d s h o u l d n e v e r b e b l a n k . E PA R A M E T E R Ch l o r o m e t h a n e Na m e o f P a r a m e t e r / a n a l y t e . F RE S U L T 10 Re s u l t o f a n a l y s i s a s r e p o r t e d b y t h e l a b o r a t o r y i n u n i t s o f M i c r o g r a m s p e r l i t e r . Mi c r o g r a m s w i l l b e e x p r e s s e d a s u g / L . R e s u l t s w i l l b e e x p r e s s e d a s a n u m b e r wit h o u t l e s s t h a n ( < ) o r g r e a t e r t h a n ( > ) s y m b o l s . G UN I T S ug / L Un i t o f m e a s u r e i n w h i c h t h e r e s u l t s a r e r e p o r t e d ( i . e . u g / L D O N O T U S E "M U ' S " f o r t h i s d e s i g n a t i o n . ) T h e p r e f e r r e d u n i t s f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s u g / L , e v e n fo r m e t a l s . F o r o t h e r p a r a m e t e r s s u c h a s p H a n d s p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , t h e r e ar e n o p r e f e r r e d u n i t s . H QU A L I F I E R U La b o r a t o r y d a t a q u a l i f i e r o r " f l a g " ; U s e q u a l i f i e r s a s d e f i n e d b y C L P s t a n d a r d s (e . g . " U " f o r a n a l y z e d , b u t n o t d e t e c t e d a b o v e l a b o r a t o r y M D L , " J " f o r e s t i m a t e d re s u l t s , " B " f o r L a b b l a n k c o n t a m i n a t i o n , e t c . I ME T H O D EP A 8 2 6 0 B A na l y t i c a l m e t h o d u s e d t o a n a l y z e t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s . J MR L 1 Th e m i n i m u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a t a r g e t a n a l y t e t h a t c a n b e a c c u r a t e l y de t e r m i n e d b y t h e r e f e r e n c e d m e t h o d . K MD L 0. 1 8 Me t h o d D e t e c t i o n L i m i t ( M D L ) i s t h e m i n i m u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a s u b s t a n c e th a t c a n b e m e a s u r e d a n d r e p o r t e d w i t h 9 9 % c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e a n a l y t e co n c e n t r a t i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n z e r o L SW S L 1 So l i d W a s t e S e c t i o n L i m i t ( S W S L ) i s t h e l o w e s t a m o u n t o f a n a l y t e i n a s a m p l e th a t c a n b e q u a n t i t a t i v e l y d e t e r m i n e d w i t h s u i t a b l e p r e c i s i o n a n d a c c u r a c y . T h e SW S L i s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e l o w w h i c h r e p o r t e d a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s m u s t b e qu a l i f i e d a s e s t i m a t e d ( " J " f l a g g e d r e s u l t s ) . M DI L U T I O N F A C T O R 1 Re p o r t e d a s s i n g l e n u m b e r i n d i c a t i n g d i l u t i o n p e r f o r m e d p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s ; ca l c u l a t e d a s : ( v o l u m e o f s a m p l e u s e d p l u s v o l u m e o f d i l u t a n t ) d i v i d e d b y vo l u m e o f s a m p l e u s e d ; i f n o d i l u t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d , t h e d i l u t i o n f a c t o r w i l l b e re p o r t e d a s 1 . W H E N A S A M P L E I S D I L U T E D , T H E R E S U L T M U S T I N C L U D E TH I S D I L U T I O N . I . E . I f t h e r e a n o n - d e t e c t ( U ) i s r e p o r t e d o n a d i l u t e d s a m p l e , th e r e s u l t m u s t r e f l e c t t h e d i l u t e d n o n - d e t e c t l i m i t . N CO L L E C T D A T E 07 / 2 3 / 2 0 0 7 Th e d a t e o n w h i c h t h e s a m p l e w a s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e f i e l d . R e p o r t e d a s mm / d d / y y y y . O EX T R A C T I O N D A T E 07 / 2 3 / 2 0 0 7 Th e d a t e o n w h i c h t h e s a m p l e w a s p r e p a r e d / e x t r a c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s . R e p o r t e d as m m / d d / y y y y . P AN A L Y S I S D A T E 07 / 2 3 / 2 0 0 7 Th e d a t e o n w h i c h t h e s a m p l e w a s a n a l y z e d b y t h e l a b . R e p o r t e d a s mm / d d / y y y y . Q NC LA B O R A T O R Y CE R T I F I C A T I O N NU M B E R 12 3 Pu r s u a n t t o 1 5 A N C A C 0 2 H . 0 8 0 0 North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Dexter R. Matthews, Director Division of Waste Management Michael F. Easley, Governor William G. Ross Jr., Secretary 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Phone: 919-508-8400 \ FAX: 919-733-4810 \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper October 27, 2006 To: SW Director/County Manager/Consultant/Laboratory From: NC DENR-DWM, Solid Waste Section Re: New Guidelines for Electronic Submittal of Environmental Monitoring Data The Solid Waste Section receives and reviews a wide variety of environmental monitoring data from permitted solid waste management facilities, including the results from groundwater and surface water analyses, leachate samples, methane gas readings, potentiometric measurements, and corrective action data. We are in the process of developing a database to capture the large volume of data submitted by facilities. To maintain the integrity of the database, it is critical that facilities, consultants, and laboratories work with the Solid Waste Section to ensure that environmental samples are collected and analyzed properly with the resulting data transferred to the Solid Waste Section in an accurate manner. In order to better serve the public and to expedite our review process, the Solid Waste Section is requesting specific formatting for environmental monitoring data submittals for all solid waste management facilities. Effective, December 1, 2006, please submit a Solid Waste Environmental Monitoring Data Form in addition to your environmental monitoring data report. This form will be sent in lieu of your current cover letter to the Solid Waste Section. The Solid Waste Environmental Monitoring Data Form must be filled out completely, signed, and stamped with a Board Certified North Carolina Geologist License Seal. The solid waste environmental monitoring data form will include the following: 1. Contact Information 2. Facility Name 3. Facility Permit Number 4. Facility Address 5. Monitoring Event Date (MM/DD/YYYY) 6. Water Quality Status: Monitoring, Detection Monitoring, or Assessment Monitoring 7. Type of Data Submitted: Groundwater Monitoring Wells, Groundwater Potable Wells, Leachate, Methane Gas, or Corrective Action Data 8. Notification of Exceedance of Groundwater, Surface Water, or Methane Gas (in table form) 9. Signature 10. North Carolina Geologist Seal Page 2 of 2 Most of these criteria are already being included or can be added with little effort. The Solid Waste Environmental Monitoring Data Form can be downloaded from our website: http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/enviro_monitoring.asp. The Solid Waste Section is also requesting a new format for monitoring wells, potable wells, surface water sampling locations, and methane probes. This format is essential in the development and maintenance of the database. The Solid Waste Section is requesting that each sampling location at all North Carolina solid waste management facilities have its own unique identification number. We are simply asking for the permit number to be placed directly in front of the sampling location number (example: 9901-MW1 = Permit Number 99-01 and Monitoring Well MW-1). No changes will need to be made to the well tags, etc. This unique identification system will enable us to accurately report data not only to NCDENR, but to the public as well. We understand that this new identification system will take some time to implement, but we feel that this will be beneficial to everyone involved in the long term. Additionally, effective December 1, 2006, the Practical Quantitation Limits (PQLs) established in 1994 will change. The Solid Waste Section is requiring that all solid waste management facilities use the new Solid Waste Reporting Limits (SWRL) for all groundwater analyses by a North Carolina Certified Laboratory. Laboratories must also report any detection of a constituent even it is detected below the new SWRL (e.g., J values where the constituent was detected above the detection limit, but below the quantitation limit). PQLs are technology-based analytical levels that are considered achievable using the referenced analytical method. The PQL is considered the lowest concentration of a contaminant that the lab can accurately detect and quantify. PQLs provided consistency and available numbers that were achievable by the given analytical method. However, PQLs are not health-based, and analytical instruments have improved over the years resulting in lower achievable PQLs for many of the constituents. As a result, the Solid Waste Section has established the SWRLs as the new reporting limits eliminating the use of the PQLs. We would also like to take this opportunity to encourage electronic submittal of the reports. This option is intended to save resources for both the public and private sectors. The Solid Waste Section will accept the entire report including narrative text, figures, tables, and maps on CD-ROM. The CD-ROM submittal shall contain a CD-ROM case and both CD-ROM and the case shall be labeled with the site name, site address, permit number, and the monitoring event date (MM/DD/YYYY). The files may be a .pdf, .txt, .csv, .xls, or .doc type. Also, analytical lab data should be reported in an .xls file. We have a template for analytical lab data available on the web at the address listed above. If you have any questions or concerns, please call (919) 508-8400. Thank you for your anticipated cooperation in this matter. 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Phone 919-508-8400 \ FAX 919-715-3605 \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper 1 North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Dexter R. Matthews, Director Division of Waste Management Michael F. Easley, Governor William G. Ross Jr., Secretary February 23, 2007 EMORANDUM M o: Solid Waste Directors, Landfill Operators, North Carolina Certified Laboratories, and Consultants rom: North Carolina Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section Re: ste Section Memorandum Regarding New Guidelines for Electronic Submittal of Environmental Data. arolina Solid Waste Section memo titled, “New Guidelines for Electronic Submittal of Environmental Data.” adily available laboratory analytical methodology and current health-based groundwater protection standards. efinitions T F Addendum to October 27, 2006, North Carolina Solid Wa The purpose of this addendum memorandum is to provide further clarification to the October 27, 2006, North C The updated guidelines is in large part due to questions and concerns from laboratories, consultants, and the regulated community regarding the detection of constituents in groundwater at levels below the previous practical quantitation limits (PQLs). The North Carolina Solid Waste Section solicited feedback from the regulated community, and, in conjunction with the regulated community, developed new limits. The primary purpose of these changes was to improve the protection of public health and the environment. The North Carolina Solid Waste Section is concerned about analytical data at these low levels because the earliest possible detection of toxic or potentially carcinogenic chemicals in the environment is paramount in the North Carolina Solid Waste Section’s mission to protect human health and the environment. Low level analytical data are critical for making the correct choices when designing site remediation strategies, alerting the public to health threats, and protecting the environment from toxic contaminants. The revised limits were updated based on re D s are also an attempt to clarify the meaning of these rms as used by the North Carolina Solid Waste Section. e that can be measured and ported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero. is the minimum concentration of a target analyte that can be accurately determined by the referenced method. Many definitions relating to detection limits and quantitation limits are used in the literature and by government agencies, and commonly accepted procedures for calculating these limits exist. Except for the Solid Waste Section Limit and the North Carolina 2L Standards, the definitions listed below are referenced from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The definition te Method Detection Limit (MDL) is the minimum concentration of a substanc re Method Reporting Limit or Method Quantitation Limit (MRL or MQL) Practical Quantitation Limit (PQL) is a quantitation limit that represents a practical and routinely achievable quantitation limit with a high degree of certainty (>99.9% confidence) in the results. Per EPA Publication Number SW-846, the PQL is the lowest concentration that can be reliably measured within specified limits of precision and accuracy for a specific laboratory analytical method during routine laboratory operating conditions in accordance with "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods. The PQL appears in 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Phone 919-508-8400 \ FAX 919-715-3605 \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper 2 older NCDENR literature; however, it is no longer being used by the North Carolina Solid aste Section. n. The nomenclature of the SWRL described in the October 7, 2006, memorandum has changed to the SWSL. C 2L .0200, Classifications and Water Quality Standards Applicable to the roundwaters of North Carolina. ethod Detection Limits (MDLs) W Solid Waste Section Limit (SWSL) is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be quantitatively determined with suitable precision and accuracy. The SWSL is the concentration below which reported analytical results must be qualified as estimated. The SWSL is the updated version of the PQL that appears in older North Carolina Solid Waste Section literature. The SWSL is the limit established by the laboratory survey conducted by the North Carolina Solid Waste Sectio 2 North Carolina 2L Standards (2L) are water quality standards for the protection of groundwaters of North Carolina as specified in 15A NCA G M he North Carolina Solid Waste Section is now quiring laboratories to report to the method detection limit. atories generally report the highest method detection limit for all the instruments sed for a specific method. ata below unspecified or non-statistical reporting limits severely biases data sets and restricts their usefulness. olid Waste Section Limits (SWSLs) Clarification of detection limits referenced in the October 27, 2006, memorandum needed to be addressed because of concerns raised by the regulated community. T re Method detection limits are statistically determined values that define the concentration at which measurements of a substance by a specific analytical protocol can be distinguished from measurements of a blank (background noise). Method detection limits are matrix-specific and require a well defined analytical method. In the course of routine operations, labor u In many instances, the North Carolina Solid Waste Section gathers data from many sources prior to evaluating the data or making a compliance decision. Standardization in data reporting significantly enhances the ability to interpret and review data because the reporting formats are comparable. Reporting a method detection limit alerts data users of the known uncertainties and limitations associated with using the data. Data users must understand these limitations in order to minimize the risk of making poor environmental decisions. Censoring d S nd surface water data reported to the North Carolina Solid Waste ection. The PQLs will no longer be used. Due to comments from the regulated community, the North Carolina Solid Waste Section has changed the nomenclature of the new limits referenced on Page 2 of the October 27, 2006, memorandum, from the North Carolina Solid Waste Reporting Limits (SWRL) to the Solid Waste Section Limits (SWSL). Data must be reported to the laboratory specific method detection limits and must be quantifiable at or below the SWSL. The SWSLs must be used for both groundwater a S The North Carolina Solid Waste Section has considered further feedback from laboratories and the regulated community and ha 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Phone 919-508-8400 \ FAX 919-715-3605 \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper 3 s made some additional changes to the values of the SWSLs. These changes may be viewed ttp://www.wastenotnc.org/sw/swenvmonitoringlist.asp nalytical Data Reporting Requirements on our webpage: h A al boratory method detection limit with all analytical laboratory results along with the following requirements: oncentration, compliance action may not be taken unless it is statistically significant crease over background. hese analytical results may require additional confirmation. he possibility that a constituent concentration may exceed the North Carolina 2L Standards in the ture. hese analytical results may be used for compliance without further confirmation. will be returned and deemed unacceptable. Submittal of unacceptable data may lead to lectronic Data Deliverable (EDD) Submittal The strategy for implementing the new analytical data reporting requirements involves reporting the actu la 1) Any analyte detected at a concentration greater than the MDL but less than the SWSL is known to be present, but the uncertainty in the value is higher than a value reported above the SWSL. As a result, the actual concentration is estimated. The estimated concentration is reported along with a qualifier (“J” flag) to alert data users that the result is between the MDL and the SWSL. Any analytical data below quantifiable levels should be examined closely to evaluate whether the analytical data should be included in any statistical analysis. A statistician should make this determination. If an analyte is detected below the North Carolina 2L Standards, even if it is a quantifiable c in T 2) Any analyte detected at a concentration greater than the SWSL is present, and the quantitated value can be reported with a high degree of confidence. These analytes are reported without estimated qualification. The laboratory’s MDL and SWSL must be included in the analytical laboratory report. Any reported concentration of an organic or inorganic constituent at or above the North Carolina 2L Standards will be used for compliance purposes, unless the inorganic constituent is not statistically significant). Exceedance of the North Carolina 2L Standards or a statistically significant increase over background concentrations define when a violation has occurred. Any reported concentration of an organic or inorganic constituent at or above the SWSL that is not above an North Carolina 2L Standard will be used as a tool to assess the integrity of the landfill system and predict t fu T Failure to comply with the requirements described in the October 27, 2006, memorandum and this addendum to the October 27, 2006, memorandum will constitute a violation of 15A NCAC 13B .0601, .0602, or .1632(b), and the analytical data enforcement action. E he analytical laboratory data. This option is intended to save resources r both the public and private sectors. The North Carolina Solid Waste Section would also like to take this opportunity to encourage electronic submittal of the reports in addition to t fo The North Carolina Solid Waste Section will accept the entire report including narrative text, figures, tables, and maps on CD-ROM. Please separate the figures and tables from the report when saving in order to keep the size of the files smaller. The CD-ROM submittal shall contain a CD-ROM case and both CD 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Phone 919-508-8400 \ FAX 919-715-3605 \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper 4 -ROM and the ase shall be labeled with the site name, site address, permit number, and the monitoring event date ab data and field data. This template is available on our webpage: ttp://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/enviro_monitoring.asp. Methane monitoring data may also be submitted ry or exceeds 25% of the LEL facility structures (excluding gas control or recovery system components), include the exceedance(s) on the you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact Jaclynne Drummond (919-508-8500) or Ervin Thank you for your continued cooperation with this matter. c (MM/DD/YYYY). The reporting files may be submitted as a .pdf, .txt, .csv, .xls,. or .doc type. Also, analytical lab data and field data should be reported in .xls files. The North Carolina Solid Waste Section has a template for analytical l h electronically in this format. Pursuant to the October 27, 2006, memorandum, please remember to submit a Solid Waste Section Environmental Monitoring Reporting Form in addition to your environmental monitoring data report. This form should be sealed by a geologist or engineer licensed in North Carolina if hydrogeologic or geologic calculations, maps, or interpretations are included with the report. Otherwise, any representative that the facility owner chooses may sign and submit the form. Also, if the concentration of methane generated by the facility exceeds 100% of the lower explosive limits (LEL) at the property bounda in North Carolina Solid Waste Section Environmental Monitoring Reporting Form. If Lane (919-508-8520). 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Phone 919-508-8400 \ FAX 919-715-3605 \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper 1 North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources October 16, 2007 EMORANDUM Dexter R. Matthews, Director Division of Wa e Management st Michael F. Easley, Governor William G. Ross Jr., Secretary M To: Operators, North Carolina Certified Laboratories, and Consultants rom: North Carolina Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section Re: ring Data for North Carolina Solid Waste Management Facilities and provide a reminder of formats for environmental monitoring data bmittals. ese changes was to improve the protection of public health and the nvironment. reported to the North Carolina Solid Waste Section. The PQLs will no nger be used. ted can be directed to the North Carolina Department of Health nd Human Services. Solid Waste Directors, Landfill F Environmental Monito The purpose of this memorandum is to provide a reiteration of the use of the Solid Waste Section Limits (SWSLs), provide new information on the Groundwater Protection Standards, su The updated guidelines are in large part due to questions and concerns from laboratories, consultants, and the regulated community regarding the detection of constituents in groundwater at levels below the previous Practical Quantitation Limits (PQLs). The North Carolina Solid Waste Section solicited feedback from the regulated community, and, in conjunction with the regulated community, developed new limits. The primary purpose of th e Data must be reported to the laboratory specific method detection limits and must be quantifiable at or below the SWSLs. The SWSLs must be used for both groundwater and surface water data lo In June 2007, we received new information regarding changes to the Groundwater Protection Standards. If a North Carolina 2L Groundwater Standard does not exist, then a designated Groundwater Protection Standard is used pursuant to 15A NCAC 13B .1634. Toxicologists with the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services calculated these new Groundwater Protection Standards. Questions regarding how the standards were calcula a 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 Phone 919-508-8400 \ FAX 919-715-3605 \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper 2 every year or sooner if new scientific and toxicological data become available. lease review our website periodically for any changes to the 2L NC Standards, ic updates will be noted on our ebsite. wastenotnc.org/sw/swenvmonitoringlist.asp We have reviewed the new results from the North Carolina Department of Public Health and have updated our webpage accordingly. The list of Groundwater Protection Standards, North Carolina 2L Standards and SWSLs are subject to change and will be reviewed P Groundwater Protection Standards, or SWSLs. Specif w http://www. ental monitoring data In addition, the following should be included with environm submittals: 1. Environmental Monitoring Data Form as a cover sheet: http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/EnvMonitoring/NCEnvMonRptForm.pdf 2. Copy of original laboratory results. 3. Table of detections and discussion of 2L exceedances. 4. Electronic files on CD or sent by email. These files should include the written report as Portable Document Format (PDF) file and the laboratory data as an excel file following a the format of the updated Electronic Data Deliverable (EDD) template on our website: http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/enviro_monitoring.asp If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact Donald Herndon (919- 08-8502), Ervin Lane (919-508-8520) or Jaclynne Drummond (919-508-8500). Thank you for your continued cooperation with these matters. 5 Part 5 Operation Plan Appendix B Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan Cabarrus County Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill Phase No. 3 Expansion Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan October 2016 i Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 General Characteristics of LFG and Methane Generation ........................................................................ 1-1 2. Regulatory Background .................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 C&D Landfills and North Carolina Regulations ............................................................................................ 2-1 3. Gas Control Plan ............................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Frequency of Routine Monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Monitoring Wells ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 Staffing ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.4 Monitoring Procedures .......................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.4.1 Monitoring Times ......................................................................................................................................... 3-2 3.4.2 Sampling Procedures .................................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.5 Record Keeping .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-3 4. Detection Plan ............................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected in Structures ................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected at Monitoring Wells ................................................................... 4-1 4.3 Compliance Action Plan ......................................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.3.1 Immediate Action ........................................................................................................................................ 4-2 4.3.2 Actions Within Seven Days ..................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.3.3 Actions Within Sixty Days ....................................................................................................................... 4-3 4.4 Public Relations and Information ...................................................................................................................... 4-3 List of Sheets Sheet 1 GW and LFG Monitoring Network ..................................................................................................... Pocket 1-1 Section 1 Introduction Landfill gas (LFG) is a natural by-product of the anaerobic decomposition of landfilled bio- degradable waste. Under aerobic conditions, LFG can ignite and propagate fires, presenting a danger to human health and the environment and therefore must be monitored. For these reasons, LFG is regulated by Federal and North Carolina state legislation. This Plan describes the systems and programs needed to fulfill federal and state regulations concerning LFG. Methane and hydrogen sulfide are two gases that could potentially be generated from wastes in a C&D landfill. Since this plan is for the C&D landfill, it is noted that LFG, particularly methane, generation is expected to be minimal based on the lack of organic matter in the waste stream. Also, the amount of drywall in the Cabarrus County waste stream that could potentially generate hydrogen sulfide is minimal. The Plan for the C&D Landfill includes LFG monitoring near the facility boundary through monitoring wells and all structures at the Site. 1.1 Purpose This Plan fulfills the requirements set forth in Rule .0544(d) for monitoring LFG. This Plan: Describes the necessary LFG monitoring systems, Sets forth the monitoring procedures and programs, and Identifies the actions needed if levels of methane or hydrogen sulfide exceed regulatory limits. 1.2 General Characteristics of LFG and Methane Generation LFG is composed of approximately 50 percent methane in contrast to natural gas which consists of approximately 95 percent methane. What makes LFG a source of environmental pollution is its odor, its potentially explosive properties, its potential for asphyxiation, and its contribution to global warming. LFG programs which focus on the environmental hazards of landfill gas include systems to monitor the migration of gas and control or neutralize its environmental impacts. Landfill gas from MSW landfills is typically composed of 50 to 55 percent methane, 45 to 50 percent carbon dioxide, and less than one percent non-methane organic compounds. These individual gases remain co-mingled and do not naturally separate. Because C&D wastes do not contain large quantities of organic matter, methane and carbon dioxide should not be a concern. However, if a significant amount of gypsum wallboard is present in C&D waste, hydrogen sulfide may potentially be produced, particularly if moisture is introduced into the waste. 2-1 Section 2 Regulatory Background 2.1 Introduction Because of the real and potential dangers from LFG, particularly hydrogen sulfide or to a lesser extent methane in LFG generated from C&D landfills, to the public health and safety and to the environment, existing state regulations, as described in Rule 15A NCAC 13B .0544 (d) (1 through 5), require owners of C&D landfills to monitor and, if necessary, control it. 2.2 C&D Landfills and North Carolina Regulations Methane gas is explosive when present within the range of 5 to 15 percent by volume in air. When present in concentrations greater than 15 percent, the mixture will not explode. The 5 percentage mixture is referred to as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) while the 15 percentage concentration is referred to as the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). Hydrogen sulfide is explosive when present within the range of 4 to 44 percent by volume in air. In addition, hydrogen sulfide can be immediately dangerous to life and health at concentrations of 100 parts per million. The State of North Carolina, through its 15A NCAC 13B .0544(d)(1), requires owners or operators of all C&D landfills to ensure that the facility: A. Does not exceed 25 percent of the LEL for methane or other explosive gases in facility structures; B. Does not exceed the LEL for methane or other explosive gases at the facility property boundary; and C. Does not release methane gas or other explosive gases in any concentration that can be detected in offsite structures. The LEL means the lowest percent by volume of a mixture of explosive gases in air that will propagate a flame at 25 C and atmospheric pressure per Rule .0544(d)(5). Rule .0544(d)(2) requires that a routine methane monitoring program be implemented to ensure that these standards are met. The type of monitoring will be determined based on soil conditions, hydrogeologic conditions under and surrounding the facility, hydraulic conditions on and surrounding the facility, the location of facility structures and property boundaries, and the location of all off-site structures adjacent to property boundaries. Additionally, frequency of monitoring shall be quarterly. Rule .0544(d)(3) requires that if methane or explosive gas levels exceed the specified limits, the owner or operator must: A) Immediately take all necessary steps to ensure the protection of human health and notify the Division; Section 2 • Regulatory Background 2-2 B) Within seven days of detection, place in the operating record the methane or explosive gas levels detected and a description of the steps taken to protect human health; C) Within 60 days of detection, implement a remediation plan for the methane or explosive gas releases, place a copy of the plan in the operating record, and notify the Division that the plan has been implemented. The plan must describe the nature and extend of the problem and the proposed remedy. As described in Rule 15A NCAC 13B .0554 (f), this Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan is part of the Monitoring Plan for the C&D facility. In addition to the Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan, the Facility Monitoring Plan includes the Water Quality Monitoring Plan. 3-1 Section 3 Gas Control Plan The gas control plan includes a schedule for reading of monitoring LFG emission levels at designated locations quarterly and a system for reporting the concentration levels. The requirements for quarterly monitoring, and the plan for actions if readings exceed safe levels should, at a minimum, be based on compliance with federal and state regulations. 3.1 Frequency of Routine Monitoring Rule .0544(d)(1) and (2) states that a quarterly methane monitoring program be implemented to ensure that the concentration of methane or other explosive gases do not exceed regulatory limits. 3.2 Monitoring Wells Currently, landfill gas monitoring wells MGW-1 through MGW-16 are used to monitor the site. Existing landfill gas monitoring wells, including those associated with future expansions, are provided on Figure 1. One additional landfill gas monitoring well, MGW-17, will be installed as part of the Phase 3 expansion. The new landfill gas monitoring well will be constructed in accordance with the North Carolina Well Construction Standards described in 15A NCAC 2C and will be completed with a locking above grade protective cover and 2-foot by 2-foot concrete pad. The well will be fitted with a stopcock or quick connect fitting. Following installation, the well will be surveyed to State Plane coordinates. All existing landfill gas monitoring wells were constructed in accordance with the North Carolina Well Construction Standards described in 15A NCAC 2C and were completed with locking above grade protective covers and 2-foot by 2-foot concrete pads. Following installation, the wells were surveyed to State Plane coordinates. The wellhead caps at each LFG monitoring well were fitted with a stopcock type fittings or quick- connects to facilitate sampling in accordance with industry and federal standards. Flooded wells will be replaced with dry wells, if necessary. 3.3 Staffing LFG monitoring requires a trained technician using calibrated equipment that is designed to determine the level of methane or hydrogen sulfide escaping the landfill through monitoring wells and inside structures on the landfill site. Available options include training existing staff, hiring a special contractor, or hiring and training part-time staff to perform this task. 3.4 Monitoring Procedures Each regular quarterly monitoring event should begin by checking methane and hydrogen sulfide levels in the scale-house and any occupied structure on the landfill site. Next, the non-occupied buildings at the landfill should be checked. Finally, the landfill gas monitoring wells around the Section 3 • Gas Control Plan 3-2 facility should be checked. Landfill gas shall be monitored with a GEM-2000 Plus landfill gas meter or equivalent that is capable of reading percent methane, percent LEL, percent carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide in parts per million. The following monitoring procedures, as described in the Solid Waste Section Guidance Documentation for landfill gas monitoring, shall be followed: The technician using the landfill gas monitoring instrument must understand the principles of operation and follow the manufacturer's instructions. This includes calibrating the instrument according to the manufacturer’s specifications. The following shall be included on the top portion of the landfill gas monitoring form: facility name, permit number, type and serial number of gas monitoring instrument, calibration date of the instrument, date and time of field calibration, type of gas used for field calibration (15/15 or 35/50), expiration date of field calibration gas canister, date of landfill gas monitoring event, name and position of sample collector, pump rate of instrument being used, ambient air temperature, and general weather conditions. Verification that the equipment was calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications is required. When determining which field calibration gas to use, take into consideration the expected levels of methane in the landfill gas monitoring wells. If the methane levels are expected to be low, use the 15/15 gas canister (15% CO2/15% CH4). If the methane levels are expected to be high, use the 35/50 gas canister (35% CO2/50% CH4). For every landfill gas monitoring well, verify sample tube purge prior to each sample taken (should be one minute), the time pumped in seconds (should be at least one minute), barometric pressure, time stabilized reading collected, percent lower explosive limit, percent methane by volume, percent oxygen, percent carbon dioxide, and any observations or comments. The landfill gas monitoring data form and results should be retained in the operating record unless an exceedance has occurred and/or is requested by the Solid Waste Section. 3.4.1 Monitoring Times Monitoring times are also important when conducting landfill gas monitoring. Proper landfill gas monitoring should include sampling during times when landfill gas is most likely to migrate. Landfill gas can migrate and accumulate not only in landfill gas monitoring wells; it can also migrate and accumulate in buildings and other structures. Because subsurface gas pressures are considered to be at a maximum during the afternoon hours, monitoring should be conducted in the afternoon or whenever the barometric pressure is low. Scientific evidence also indicates that weather and soil conditions influence the migration of landfill gas. Barometric pressure and precipitation have significant effects on landfill gas migration. Increased barometric pressure generates decreased landfill gas venting from the subsurface, until the pressure within the subsurface is greater than the atmospheric (barometric) pressure. On the other hand, when the barometric pressure decreases, the landfill will vent the stored gas until a pressure equilibrium is reached. Capping of a landfill can influence the effect of Section 3 • Gas Control Plan 3-3 barometric pressure on landfill gas migration. Generally, a more permeable landfill cap will allow greater influence by barometric pressure than a less permeable landfill cap. As a result, landfill gas monitoring should be conducted when the barometric pressure is low and soils are saturated. 3.4.2 Sampling Procedures Any accumulation of landfill gas in the landfill gas monitoring wells may be the result of landfill gas migration. The following procedure is a recommended example for conducting landfill gas monitoring well monitoring, but always read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions because each instrument will be different. 1. Calibrate the instrument according to the manufacturer’s specifications. In addition, prepare the instrument for monitoring by allowing it to properly warm up as directed by the manufacturer. Make sure the static pressure shows a reading of zero on the instrument prior to taking the first sample. 2. Purge sample tube for at least one minute prior to taking reading. Connect the instrument tubing to the landfill gas monitoring well cap fitted with a stopcock valve or quick connect coupling. 3. Open the valve and record the initial reading and then the stabilized reading. A stable reading is one that does not vary more than 0.5 percent by volume on the instrument’s scale. 4. Record the stabilized reading including the oxygen concentration and barometric pressure. A proper reading should have two percent oxygen by volume or less. If levels of oxygen are higher, it may indicate that air is being drawn into the system giving a false reading. 5. Turn the stopcock valve to the off position and disconnect the tubing. 6. Proceed to the next landfill gas monitoring well and repeat Steps 2 – 5. If methane or hydrogen sulfide levels detected at the wells exceed the lower explosive limit, the technician shall immediately follow the action plan presented in Section 4. If the methane or hydrogen sulfide levels detected within on-site buildings are greater than 25 percent of the lower explosive limit, the technician shall immediately follow the actions presented in Section 4 of this report. 3.5 Record Keeping All readings will be recorded on a standard methane monitoring log form. A sample methane monitoring log is provided at the end of this section. These forms will be reviewed and initialed by the landfill supervisor and then placed in the landfill operating records. These quarterly methane monitoring logs will remain on file at the landfill with other landfill records. These readings should be available for review by the State upon request. 16 NC Division of Waste Management - Solid Waste Section Landfill Gas Monitoring Data Form Notice:This form and any information attached to it are "Public Records" as defined in NC General Statute 132-1. As such, these documents are available for inspection and examination by any person upon request (NC General Statute 132-6). Facility Name: ______________________________________________ Permit Number: ____________________________ Date of Sampling: ___________________ NC Landfill Rule (.0500 or .1600): _____________________________________ Name and Position of Sample Collector: _________________________________________ Type and Serial Number of Gas Meter: _______________________________ Calibration Date of Gas Meter: ___________ Date and Time of Field Calibration: _____________________ Type of Field Calibration Gas (15/15 or 35/50): ____________ Expiration Date of Field Calibration Gas Canister: ________ Pump Rate of Gas Meter: _____________ Ambient Air Temperature: __________ Barometric Pressure: ______________ General Weather Conditions: _____________ Instructions: Under “Location or LFG Well” identify the monitoring wells or describe the location for other tests (e.g., inside buildings). A drawing showing the location of test must be attached. Report methane readings in both % LEL and % methane by volume. A reading in percent methane by volume can be converted to % LEL as follows: % methane by volume = % LEL/20 If your facility has more gas monitoring locations than there is room on this form, please attach additional sheets listing the same information as contained on this form. Certification To the best of my knowledge, the information reported and statements made on this data submittal and attachments are true and correct. I am aware that there are significant penalties for making any false statement, representation, or certification including the possibility of a fine and imprisonment. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ SIGNATURE TITLE 4-1 Section 4 Detection Plan Both C&D and the North Carolina Solid Waste Management Rules require a contingency plan for action if methane or explosive gas levels exceed the regulatory concentration limits. The plan for action includes the specific step by step actions needed should regulatory limits be detected. 4.1 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected in Structures If any structures on the landfill property have detections of methane equal to or greater than 25 percent of the LEL the following actions should be taken: The building should be immediately evacuated; the landfill supervisor should be immediately contacted; all individuals in and around the structure should be ordered to immediately stop smoking; all space heaters and similar appliances should be immediately disconnected from their power source; all doors and windows in the structure which gave the reading should be opened to permit the methane or explosive gas to escape; as a precautionary measure, the landfill operator will open doors and windows in all structures on the landfill property; and equipment used to take the readings should be tested immediately to verify it was giving accurate readings. The technician will then proceed to take readings at all LFG monitoring wells at the landfill. All levels should be verified and recorded on the LFG monitoring log form. This information, including the verification that the equipment is providing accurate readings, the current readings, and the levels at all monitoring locations for the previous three quarters should be provided to the County's landfill supervisor. The Cabarrus County landfill supervisor will make the decision to return to business as usual; temporarily evacuate the site; or follow the plan proposed in Section 4.3. 4.2 Actions if Regulatory Limits Detected at Monitoring Wells If any of the landfill gas monitoring wells measure a level equal to or more than the LEL as defined by in the Rules, the technician should: Immediately contact the landfill supervisor; and recheck the methane levels inside the facility structures. (If levels are close to or exceed 25 percent of the lower explosive level the actions in Section 4.1 should be followed.) Section 4 • Detection Plan 4-2 Once it is verified that levels inside the buildings are safe, the technician should check and record readings at all remaining methane monitoring wells on the site. In addition, the equipment used to take the readings should be tested to verify it is giving accurate readings. This information, the current readings, and the levels for the previous three quarters should be provided to the Cabarrus County landfill supervisor who will make the decision to: return to business as usual; temporarily evacuate the site; or, follow the plan proposed in Section 4.3. 4.3 Compliance Action Plan If upon verification as described in Sections 4.2, the landfill gas monitoring levels are equal to or exceed the regulatory limits as defined by state and federal regulations, the following actions are proposed to comply with state regulations as well as protect the health and safety of the individuals at or near the C&D landfill. 4.3.1 Immediate Action If methane or hydrogen sulfide levels exceed the specified limits, the landfill operator or the landfill supervisor will take immediate action to ensure the protection of human health and safety. This will include: evacuate all buildings on the site; open all doors and windows in buildings on the landfill site; notify the Cabarrus County Manager’s Office about the concentration levels; if warranted by the degree of intensity of the methane or hydrogen sulfide concentration, check the levels in structures near the landfill yet outside the facility boundary; if warranted by the degree of intensity of the methane or hydrogen sulfide concentration, evacuate the landfill area or evacuate the area adjacent to the landfill; notify the State compliance program about the reading; begin to identify or narrow down the source of the methane or hydrogen sulfide causing the readings exceeding the regulatory limits (i.e. the path that the gas is taking to the monitoring location); begin to identify the extent of the LFG problem; and, as appropriate, begin to take corrective action to control the methane or hydrogen sulfide levels in building at the landfill site, at the boundaries to the landfill, and at the landfill site. 4.3.2 Actions Within Seven Days If methane or hydrogen sulfide levels exceed the regulatory limits, in order to comply with the Solid Waste rules, the County must take the following actions within seven days: place in the operating records of the landfill, the gas levels detected; and, Section 4 • Detection Plan 4-3 provide a description to the Solid Waste Section of the steps taken to protect human health. It is also suggested that at this time, the operator begin to develop a plan which: describes the nature and extent of the problem, and proposes the remedy for the problem. 4.3.3 Actions Within Sixty Days If methane or hydrogen sulfide levels exceed the specified limits, the County must take the following actions within 60 days: implement a remediation plan for the gas release; place a copy of the plan in the operating record of the landfill; and notify the appropriate Solid Waste Section official that the plan has been implemented. 4.4 Public Relations and Information As with any potentially dangerous situation, it is important to keep the public, public service agencies, and the media informed. False information, inaccurate information, or the lack of information concerning potential explosions at a public facility could create panic. If the County Manager determines that a potentially dangerous situation exists, it is recommended that a one page explanation of the situation be written and distributed to all homes and businesses within a one-half mile radius of the landfill. This should be done within the first two to four hours of making the determination that a potential danger to human health and safety exists. It is recommended that the County Manager appoint one individual to provide information to; the media; the police authorities with jurisdiction in the area; and area medical facilities. Area hospitals and police departments may receive calls once the local media releases the story. Centralizing the flow of information will avoid conflicting information and inaccurate information. Providing detailed and honest facts about the situation being under control is critical. Part 5 Operation Plan Appendix C Waste Acceptability Plan i Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction Section 2 Overview of Waste Acceptability Plan Section 3 Regulatory Background 3.1 State Regulations......................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Materials Prohibited from C&D Landfilling ..................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 County Regulations .................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Section 4 Applicability Section 5 Training Section 6 General Waste Acceptance Procedures Section 7 Random Inspections of Incoming Loads 7.1 Selecting Loads for Sampling ................................................................................................................. 7-1 7.2 Screening the Waste Loads ..................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.3 Procedures ..................................................................................................................................................... 7-2 Section 8 Records of Inspections Section 9 Contingency Plan Section 10 Responsible Party Section 11 Fines and Penalties List of Figures Figure 8-1 Record of Inspection C&D Waste Screening Data ............................................................. 8-2 1-1 Section 1 Introduction The Waste Acceptability Plan sets forth the procedures and programs implemented by the solid waste management staff of Cabarrus County (County) to identify and prevent the disposal of unauthorized wastes in the construction and demolition (C&D) landfill, in accordance with the Operating Plan. This plan also presents the policies and procedures established by the County that comply with State regulations requiring random waste screening by owners of C&D landfills. The County manages the storage, collection, and disposal of solid wastes in accordance with State regulations and in a manner that protects the public health, safety, and welfare of residents of Cabarrus County. Some of the standard operating procedures at the landfill are designed to insure that unauthorized wastes, as defined by State and County regulations, are not landfilled. Current County programs and procedures fulfill some State and Federal regulations for waste screening to detect or prevent landfilling of prohibited or unauthorized solid wastes. Some of these programs and facilities include: Hazardous waste awareness certification training for key landfill staff. County owned and operated drop-off facilities for lead acid batteries, yard waste, used motor oil and filters, antifreeze, electronics, white goods/scrap metal and whole scrap tires. Section 1 • Introduction 1-2 This page intentionally left blank. 2-1 Section 2 Overview of Waste Acceptability Plan The Waste Acceptability Plan represents standard operating procedures and contingency plan requirements being implemented by Cabarrus County at the C&D waste disposal facility to comply with applicable State and Federal regulations. The Waste Acceptability Plan: Identifies the State regulatory requirement for prohibiting the disposal of industrial, hazardous, liquid, municipal solid waste, and excluded waste in the C&D landfill. Identifies and defines the wastes that are acceptable for waste disposal. Describes the required training for facility personnel. Presents the procedures, decisions, and actions to be taken if a waste load is suspected of containing an unauthorized waste or is found to contain unauthorized waste, to include removal of the unauthorized waste. Explains how records of inspections will be kept and how notification of the proper authorities will take place if unauthorized waste is discovered. Specifies the financial and legal responsibility of the County and the waste hauler who brings the unauthorized waste to the C&D landfill. Section 2 • Overview of Waste Acceptability Plan 2-2 This page intentionally left blank. 3-1 Section 3 Regulatory Background State and County regulations each prohibit certain categories of waste from being landfilled. This section presents the regulatory requirements prohibiting certain categories of waste from being landfilled and the procedures for waste screening. 3.1 State Regulations North Carolina State Solid Waste Management Rules 15A NCAC 13B .0544 (e) require that owners and operators of all C&D landfill units implement a program at the facility for detecting and preventing the disposal of industrial, hazardous, liquid, municipal solid waste, and excluded waste. This program must include: Random inspections of incoming loads. Records of any inspections. Training of facility personnel to recognize industrial, hazardous, liquid, municipal solid waste, and excluded waste. A contingency plan to properly manage any identified industrial, hazardous, liquid, municipal solid waste, or excluded waste to include identification, removal, storage and final disposition of the waste. 3.2 Materials Prohibited from C&D Landfilling By North Carolina regulations, a C&D landfill shall only accept for landfilling those wastes which it is permitted to receive. According to Rule .0542 (e) the following wastes are prohibited from disposal at C&D landfills: 1. Containers such as tubes, drums, barrels, tanks, cans, and bottles unless they are empty and perforated to ensure that no liquid, hazardous or municipal solid waste is contained therein. 2. Garbage as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(7). 3. Hazardous waste as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(8), to also include hazardous waste from conditionally exempt small quantity generators. 4. Industrial solid waste, unless a demonstration has been made and approved by the Division that the landfill meets the requirements of Rule .0503(2)(d)(ii)(A). 5. Liquid wastes. 6. Medical waste as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(18). 7. Municipal solid waste as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(18a). 8. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) wastes as defined in 40 CFR 761. Section 3 • Regulatory Background 3-2 9. Radioactive waste as defined in G.S. 104E-5(14). 10. Septage as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(32). 11. Sludge as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(34). 12. Special wastes as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(40), including asbestos. 13. White goods as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(44). 14. Yard trash as defined in G.S. 130A-290(a)(45). 15. The following wastes cannot be received if separate from C&D landfill waste: lamps or bulbs including but not limited to halogen, incandescent, neon or fluorescent; lighting ballast or fixtures; thermostats and light switches; batteries including but not limited to those from exit and emergency lights and smoke detectors; lead pipes; lead roof flashing; transformers; capacitors; and copper chrome arsenate (CCA) and creosote treated woods. 16. C&D waste that has been shredded, pulverized, or processed to such an extent that the composition of the original waste cannot be readily ascertained unless the material has been received from a facility permitted by an authorized regulatory authority. The permitted facility must be inspected by the regulatory authority, and have a primary purpose of recycling and reusing C&D material. The County shall not knowingly dispose of any type or form of C&D waste that is generated within the boundaries of a unit of local government that by ordinance: Prohibits generators or collectors of C&D waste from disposing that type or form of C&D waste. Requires generators or collectors of C&D waste to recycle that type or form of C&D waste. 3.3 County Regulations The County only accepts, for disposal, materials it is permitted to receive by the State solid waste operating permit. The County reserves the right to turn away any waste hauling vehicle containing materials it is not permitted to accept based on Federal or State regulations and which in its judgment require special handling or cannot safely be managed by the operating staff at the Cabarrus County C&D landfill. 4-1 Section 4 Applicability The Waste Acceptability Plan and related programs apply to all wastes identified in the current NCDEQ Permit to Operate, dated September 4, 2014 for Facility Permit No. 1302. This plan prohibits the disposal of wastes as outlined in Section 3.2. Scrap tires are not included in this waste acceptability plan primarily because of recycling efforts to achieve waste reduction. The Cabarrus County C&D waste facility currently accepts up to five whole tires at a time from residents for recycling purposes only. Tire scraps, more than five tires at a time, and tires from commercial businesses are not accepted for drop off. Commercial businesses are directed to take their tires to US Liberty Tire Recycling and are reimbursed for all tires that originated in North Carolina. Section 4 • Applicability 4-2 This page intentionally left blank. 5-1 Section 5 Training A responsible individual certified in landfill operations shall be onsite at all times during operating hours of the facility and while open for public use. The Solid Waste operator has been instructed in the procedures, described in this plan, to follow if industrial, hazardous, liquid, municipal or excluded waste, outlined in Section 3.2, is identified or suspected in a waste load received at the landfill. Section 5 • Training 5-2 This page intentionally left blank. 6-1 Section 6 General Waste Acceptance Procedures As part of the standard operating procedures at the Cabarrus County C&D landfill, all drivers of incoming loads are questioned about the content and source of their waste load. Scale house operators and landfill staff, who are trained to recognize wastes prohibited from being disposed of in the C&D landfill, have the authority to: Detain a waste load from entering the facility. Request additional information from the driver about the waste load. Temporarily prohibit the waste load from being disposed of at the working face. Contact the landfill supervisor who has the authority to reject the waste load. The general waste acceptance procedure begins with a visual inspection by landfill staff and questioning of the driver as to the contents of the waste load. Depending on the assessment by landfill staff, the load is either: Determined to contain permitted C&D waste as stated in the current operating permit. Determined to contain waste that is prohibited from disposal at the C&D landfill and diverted to the appropriate waste disposal facility. The landfill supervisor is contacted for a further screening. If the load is disposed of at the C&D landfill working face and is found to contain industrial, hazardous, liquid, municipal or excluded waste, as summarized in Section 3.2, the party who brought the waste to the landfill will be required to cover all costs associated with removal, treatment, and safe disposal of that waste load, as well as any contaminated soil and surrounding contaminated material which may have occurred as a result of unloading the prohibited waste. Verification of proper disposal of the waste and any additional testing of the soil in the immediate disposal area will be the legal and financial responsibility of the party who brought the waste to the landfill, to insure that no contamination remains. Section 6 • General Waste Acceptance Procedures 6-2 This page intentionally left blank. 7-1 Section 7 Random Inspections of Incoming Loads While all loads entering the C&D landfill are visually screened by landfill staff, detailed inspections of each waste load are not generally conducted. As a result, random inspections are used to provide a reasonable means of adequately controlling the receipt of prohibited wastes. 7.1 Selecting Loads for Sampling Waste loads will be selected for screening based on general principals of random sampling. In selecting a random sample, it is necessary to first identify or define the entire population from which the sample could be selected. Then it is necessary to give each individual member of that population an equal chance of being selected as a sample. While there is no legal requirement that the waste loads being selected for screening be "a random" sample, it is important to the overall validity of the program that the time and money spent by the County for this mandated screening be cost effective. It is typical that waste is collected from most commercial, industrial, manufacturing, and institutional operations on a weekly basis; therefore, it is probable that if all waste loads for any one week were sampled, each load would have an equal chance of being selected. However, the composition of waste loads vary throughout the year and therefore sampling should occur throughout the year. The following annual schedule provides a basic format for selecting waste loads for random screening. This schedule is only recommended and may be varied: 50 waste loads will be screened over a 12 month period with an average of 4-5 loads per month. The exact days and loads to be sampled will remain random. 7.2 Screening the Waste Loads Waste loads selected for random screening will be directed to an area adjacent to the working face of the C&D landfill where the driver will be questioned about the contents of the load before being deposited in the screening area. A random inspection form will be completed for all loads selected for screening. Upon answering the necessary questions for the waste screening form and before discharging the waste load, the waste load may be released. Because this load has been randomly selected for waste screening, release of the waste load is not intended to imply the County ultimately accepts the waste load. If discharged for inspection the waste load will be spread over the area for easy visual inspection using a front end loader or similar piece of equipment. Only trained waste screening personnel, wearing protective safety equipment should come in physical contact with the waste contained in the load selected for screening. Upon verification that the C&D waste passes the screening and is acceptable, the County will officially accept it for disposal. The waste load will then be transported to the working face of the C&D landfill for disposal. Section 7 • Random Inspections of Incoming Loads 7-2 7.3 Procedures If a waste load is suspected of containing prohibited materials, the County Sustainability Manager and waste hauler are to be immediately contacted and requested to send authorized representatives to the site. Based on the discretion of the Sustainability Manager, the Cabarrus County Emergency Management may be contacted to come to the site to determine if the materials are prohibited wastes. The following procedures will be followed after a determination is made as to the type of waste. If the wastes are determined to be permitted for disposal in the C&D landfill under the current operating permit, the County will absorb the costs for testing. If the wastes are found to be either industrial, liquid, or municipal solid waste, the hauler will be billed for the testing and be required to immediately remove the waste and transport to the appropriate waste disposal facility. The hauler will also be required to cover all costs associated with site clean-up and verification that the C&D landfill screening area is safe. If the wastes are found to be hazardous, the hauler will be billed for the testing and will be required to demonstrate to the County and the State that it was disposed of properly. The hauler will also be required to cover all costs associated with site clean-up and verification that the C&D landfill screening area is safe. If the wastes are not removed within 24 hours, as required by the County, the County shall have the wastes removed and disposed of properly and bill the waste hauler for all the costs associated with their removal and site cleanup. Within one business day the County will confirm in writing via certified mail to the NCDEQ and the waste hauler, the attempted illegal disposal of prohibited waste, the actions taken by the County, and the disposition of the waste. If a hauler is found to have attempted to dispose of prohibited materials in the C&D landfill, future additional waste screening for that hauler may be required. This additional screening could include screening every load of the hauler who has been previously found to be in violation. The County also reserves the right to refuse all future waste loads from a hauler found to be in violation. 8-1 Section 8 Records of Inspections Figure 8-1 presents a sample random inspection form. It will be completed for every waste load screened through the random inspection program and for every incident where landfill staff suspects that a waste load may contain prohibited or hazardous waste or if the driver cannot verify that these suspicions are false. The form will be completed by landfill waste screening staff, and if appropriate, signed by the waste driver. All records will be kept on file at the landfill where the waste load was received. Section 8 • Records of Inspections 8-2 This page intentionally left blank. Cabarrus County Solid Waste Management Department 4441 Irish Potato Road Concord, NC 28025 704-920-2950 RECORD OF INSPECTION Day: ________________________________ Time Crossed Scales: _________________________________ Truck Owner: _________________________ Driver Name: ________________________________________ Truck Type: _________________________________________________________________________________ Vehicle ID# or Tag #: _________________________________________________________________________ Weight: _____________________________________________________________________________________ Tare: _______________________________________________________________________________________ Waste Generating Company/Source: ____________________________________________________________ Reason Load Inspected: ________ random inspection ________ staff initials ________ detained by scale house ________ staff initials ________ detained by LF operating staff ________ staff initials Approved County "Special Waste Determination" letter present _______ Yes _______ No ________ N/A Description of waste load: _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Disposition: Load Accepted (signature) ______________________________Date: ______________________ Load Not Accepted (signature) ___________________________Date: ______________________ Reason Load Not Accepted: (complete this section only if waste NOT ACCEPTED) Description of Suspicious Contents: color ________ Haz. Waste markings ________ texture ________ smell ________ drums present ________ approx Cu. Yds. present in load ________ approx tons present in load ________ Dare County Emergency Management Contacted: ______________________Yes __________________No Hazardous or dangerous materials present: ____________________________________________________ (Cabarrus County Emergency Management test results or verification attached) Hauler notified (if waste not accepted) Phone: _________________________________ Time person contacted: ______________________ Other observations: __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Final Disposition: ____________________________________________________________________________ Signed by: _______________________________________________________________Date: _____________ (Waste Screening Inspector or Landfill Supervisor) cc: Landfill Cabarrus County Solid Waste Management Figure 8-1 9-1 Section 9 Contingency Plan If during a random screening or during regular operation of the C&D landfill, hazardous materials or materials defined by the waste screening plan as dangerous are discovered at the C&D landfill, the landfill supervisor on duty is to contact appropriate emergency personnel (911) and request their immediate action to remove and safely dispose of the hazardous waste. Written notification to the State will take place within the first business day of the discovery of such materials. A completed inspection form, letters of notification, and test results will be filed as required under Section 8 of this document. Section 9 • Contingency Plan 9-2 This page intentionally left blank. 10-1 Section 10 Responsible Party The legal responsibility for all waste entering the landfill remains with the waste hauler until such a time the waste is determined to be permitted C&D waste and is accepted by the County. The County does not accept the legal responsibility of prohibited waste being landfilled in the C&D landfill. The hauler is defined as the responsible party who attempted to, either knowingly or unknowingly, illegally dispose of prohibited waste in the C&D landfill. The hauler shall be billed by the County for all costs associated with the illegal disposal of prohibited waste. This includes, but is not limited to, costs related to testing the waste, removing the prohibited waste from the C&D landfill, the cost of transporting the prohibited waste to an appropriate waste disposal facility, any disposal fees, and for any related site clean-up and testing. If, after testing by Cabarrus County Emergency Management or the County's authorized contractor, the waste load is found to be acceptable for disposal in the C&D landfill, the County will accept the legal responsibility and any related costs. If Cabarrus County Emergency Management or the County's authorized contractor finds that the waste load contains hazardous or regulated materials, the waste hauler and/or the business generating the waste will absorb the costs for removal, site cleanup, testing and disposal. If further testing indicates that the materials could legally be landfilled, the County will be assumed to have "acted in good faith" to protect the public health and safety by refusing to landfill the waste. The County in this instance will not reimburse any costs associated with removal, site cleanup, testing or disposal of the waste material. Section 10 • Responsible Party 10-2 This page intentionally left blank. 11-1 Section 11 Fines and Penalties Cabarrus County reserves the right to assess fines and penalties to any person or hauler found to have attempted to landfill waste prohibited from being disposed of in the C&D landfill in accordance with State regulations. Section 11 • Fines and Penalties 11-2 This page intentionally left blank. Part 5 Operation Plan Appendix D Operation Plan Drawings C A B A R R U S C O U N T Y N O R T H C A R O L I N A CABA R R U S C O U N T Y C & D L A N D F I L L PERM I T A M E N D M E N T A P P L I C A T I O N PHASE III U N L I N E D C & D L A N D F I L L E X P A N S I O N O P E R A T I O N P L A N D R A W I N G S P E R M I T D R A W I N G S - O C T O B E R 2 0 1 6 C D M S m i t h P R O J E C T N o : 1 2 7 8 - 1 1 4 3 5 7 P R E P A R E D B Y N C F - 0 4 1 2 C a m p D r e s s e r M c K e e & S m i t h 4 6 0 0 P a r k R o a d , S u i t e 2 4 0 C h a r l o t t e , N C 2 8 2 0 9 | T e l : ( 7 0 4 ) 3 4 2 - 4 5 4 6