1302_CabarrusCDLF_UpdatedWQMonitoringPlan_DIN27275_2017

Cabarrus County
Construction and Demolition Debris Landfill
Phase No. 3 Expansion

Water Quality Monitoring Plan

Revised January 2017

i
Table of Contents
Section 1 Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................. 1-1
Section 2 Geologic Setting ................................................................................................. 1-2
2.1 Regional Geology ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-2
2.2 Site Geology ................................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
2.3 Site Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Section 3 Groundwater Monitoring Network ..................................................................... 1-3
3.1 Monitoring Locations .............................................................................................................................................. 1-3
3.1.1 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction ............................................................................... 1-4
3.2 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................................... 1-4
3.3 Sampling and Analysis Plan.................................................................................................................................. 1-4
3.3.1 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection ..................................................................... 1-4
3.3.1.1 Static Water Level Measurements ........................................................................................ 1-8
3.3.1.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers .............................................................................................. 1-8
3.3.1.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation .................................................................................................... 1-9
3.3.1.4 Sample Collection ......................................................................................................................... 1-9
3.3.1.5 Decontamination Procedures .............................................................................................. 1-11
3.3.2 Sample Preservation and Shipment .................................................................................................. 1-11
3.3.3 Analytical Procedures ................................................................................................................................ 1-11
3.3.4 Chain-of-Custody ......................................................................................................................................... 1-12
3.3.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ..................................................................................................... 1-13
3.3.5.1 Field Duplicates ......................................................................................................................... 1-13
3.3.5.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks .................................................................................................... 1-13
3.3.5.3 Trip/Travel Blanks ................................................................................................................... 1-13
3.4 Reporting ................................................................................................................................................................... 1-13
Section 4 Health and Safety ............................................................................................. 1-14
Section 5 References ....................................................................................................... 1-14
Section 6 NC DEQ Reference Documents ......................................................................... 1-15

List of Figures
Figure 1 Monitoring Well Location Map ................................................................................................................ 1-5

List of Tables

Table 1 Site Well Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 1-6
Table 2 C&D Landfill Well Construction Summary ............................................................................................ 1-7

Table of Contents • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
ii
Attachments
NC DEQ Guidance Documents

Table of Contents • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
iii
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1-1
Appendix A
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1 Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this Water Quality Monitoring Plan is to address the requirements in Rule .0544
(b) and (c), and to present a plan for groundwater and surface water monitoring for the proposed
Cabarrus County C&D Landfill Phase 3 expansion. The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes
information on the expansion of the existing groundwater monitoring network, surface water
monitoring plan, sampling and analysis requirements, and detection monitoring requirements.
The groundwater monitoring network was designed based on information obtained from recent
and previous subsurface investigations and a review of literature pertaining to regional geology
and groundwater resources. A detailed discussion of the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions at
the Phase 3 C&D expansion is presented in the Design Hydrogeologic Report for the proposed
Phase 3 C&D expansion area.
The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes the elements necessary to address the groundwater
monitoring plan, including information on the existing and proposed groundwater monitoring
system, sampling and analysis requirements, and detection monitoring requirements in
accordance with Rule .0544(b)(1)(A) through (E). In addition, the Plan discusses provisions
necessary to meet the requirements of a surface water monitoring plan as described in Rule
.0544(c).
The Water Quality Monitoring Plan includes the following elements, in accordance with Rules
.0544 of the North Carolina Administrative Code:
Design and installation of a groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific
information, to yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represents the
quality of the background groundwater that has not been affected by landfill activities or
other man-made activities.
Design and installation of groundwater monitoring system, based on site-specific
information, to yield groundwater samples from the uppermost aquifer that represent the
quality of groundwater passing the relevant point of compliance.
Monitor wells designed and constructed in accordance with the applicable North Carolina
Well Construction Standards as found in 15A NCAC 2C.
A Sampling and Analysis Plan that includes procedures and techniques for sample
collection, sample preservation and shipment, analytical procedures, chain-of-custody
procedures, and quality assurance and quality control.

Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-2
2 Geologic Setting
The Cabarrus County Landfill is located in the Charlotte belt of the Piedmont Physiographic
Province. The Piedmont Physiographic Province in North Carolina is characterized by gentle to
steep, hilly terrain with small quantities of alluvium. Bedrock outcroppings are present and
consist of soil and saprolite. Saprolite is a clay-rich residual material that is the product of in-
place chemical weathering and leaching of bedrock. Saprolite is often characterized by bright
colors, preserved structures and mineral fabric present in the rock before weathering. Soil is
present as a thin mantle on top of saprolite or alluvium with a thickness usually on the order of 3
to 8 feet (Daniel, 1990). Beneath the saprolite is a transition zone of weathered bedrock. The
thickness of regolith above unweathered bedrock averages about 52 feet, and in some cases may
exceed depths of 100 feet (Daniel, 1990).
2.1 Regional Geology
The Charlotte belt is characterized by large areas of plutonic and metavolcanic igneous rocks, and
very few metasedimentary rocks (Gair, 1991). Igneous lithologies range from ultramafic to felsic
and from coarse-grained plutonic rocks to very fine grained tuffs and volcanic flow materials. The
rocks range in age from 700 to less than 300 million years old. Rock units mapped in the vicinity
of the site include granite of the Salisbury Plutonic Suite, phyllite and schist, metavolcanic rocks,
and metamorphosed quartz diorite and tonalite. Several diabase intrusions have also been
mapped in an area west of the site (Goldsmith, 1988).
2.2 Site Geology
Based on regional mapping of the Charlotte 1°x2° quadrangle geologic map and supplementary
data collected during the previous subsurface explorations on adjacent properties,
metamorphosed quartz diorite is the dominant lithology at the site. Metamorphosed volcanics
were encountered in isolated areas to the south and west of the site, usually underlain by the
metadiorites. Phyllite schist and quartz pegmatities were encountered to the west of the site.
During a magnetic geophysical survey investigation of the site, a previously unknown diabase
dike was detected approximately 3500 feet south of the site. The dike is trending in a north-
west/south-east direction, and is not expected to affect the landfill site.
Rock outcroppings are very limited within the project area. Topography, though moderately
steep in some locations, generally does not yield natural bedrock outcrop due to the high degree
of weathering of the native materials. The most significant exposures of in-situ materials were
seen during excavation into the native materials for construction of the waste disposal cells.
These cuts exposed a light gray, massive, well-weathered diorite that easily crumbles in the hand
to a silty fine to coarse sand. In spite of the easily crumbled nature of this weathered bedrock, it is
capable of being cut to vertical slopes.
Localized exposures were also observed in some of the areas that were previously being
considered for expansion. Such exposures were most frequently observed in cuts for access roads
and drill pads or along drainage bottoms. The isolated nature and limited extent of exposed
materials did not permit development of a site-specific geologic base map of the landfill area.
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-3
2.3 Site Hydrogeology
Groundwater monitor wells have been installed surrounding the existing C&D portion of the
landfill facility. These wells are generally completed to depths corresponding with the top of rock
and are considered representative of the saprolite/transition zone.
Figure 1 presents a water table elevation map based on water level data obtained from the
monitor wells during the most recent semi-annual groundwater sampling event at the landfill
facility. The groundwater elevation contours indicate a southerly groundwater flow direction
consistent with the site topography. Groundwater flow direction and discharge is largely confined
by the stream east of the closed Units 2 and 3, and to a lesser extent, the small drainage feature to
the south of the facility. There is also a component of flow to the east-southeast.
In situ horizontal hydraulic conductivity (slug) tests performed on monitoring wells at the site
indicated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 10.94 feet/day (ft/d) to 17.71 ft/d in the
saprolite/transition unit; 11.08 ft/d to 19.5 ft/d in the PWR unit; and 0.17 ft/d to 4.57 ft/d in the
fractured bedrock.
3 Groundwater Monitoring Network
This section discusses the current groundwater monitoring network for the C&D Landfill and the
proposed monitoring locations for the Phase 3 expansion. Section 3.1 discusses monitoring well
locations, Section 3.2 is the surface water monitoring plan, Section 3.3 presents the sampling and
analysis plan, and Section 3.4 discusses reporting.
In addition to the monitoring well network for the C&D landfill, there are also monitoring well
networks in place for the closed Unit 1 landfill and the closed Unit 2/3 landfill. The Unit 1 landfill
was closed prior to 1993 and is currently under detection monitoring. The Unit 2/3 landfill was
closed out in August 1998. Currently, the Unit 2/3 landfill is under corrective action. Table 1
provides a summary of all wells at the site, the landfill unit they are associated with, and the type
of monitoring associated with each well. Monitoring well locations for the entire facility are
shown on Figure 1.
An Alternate Source Demonstration (ASD) was submitted in September 2013 for the area
adjacent to the proposed Phase 3 expansion. The ASD identified existing groundwater
contamination by volatile organic compounds in monitoring wells and piezometers associated
with the closed Unit 2/3 landfill at levels above North Carolina 2L groundwater standards.
3.1 Monitoring Locations
The SWS regulations require that upgradient monitoring well(s) be located so that groundwater
samples collected from the uppermost aquifer provide an indication of background groundwater
quality. Upgradient wells CD-1s/CD-1d monitor background water quality at the existing C&D
landfill and serve as the background wells for the entire Cabarrus County Landfill facility. Well
CD-1s monitors the shallow portion of the surficial aquifer and well CD-1d monitors the deep
portion of the surficial aquifer.
The downgradient monitoring wells must represent groundwater quality at the relevant point of
compliance. The wells must be located in similar geologic units so that upgradient and
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-4
downgradient groundwater quality data can be compared. Current downgradient compliance
wells CD-2, CD-3, CD-7, and CD-8 are all installed in the surficial aquifer. Well CD-3 was
abandoned and re-installed after construction of the Phase 2 expansion was complete.
At the request of the Solid Waste Section, one well CD-4 rep was installed during the Design
Hydrogeologic Investigation for the Phase 1 expansion. CD-4 rep is side-gradient of the Phase 1
expansion. Monitoring well locations are provided on Figure 1.
3.1.1 Monitoring Well Installation and Construction
The existing monitoring wells are constructed in accordance with standard industry procedures
and meet the requirements of 15A NCAC 2C. A summary of existing well construction is provided
on Table 2. Monitoring well locations are provided on Figure 1. Existing monitoring wells CD-3
and CD-8 are within the proposed footprint for the Phase 3 expansion and will be abandoned
prior to construction. In order to monitor the Phase 3 expansion, one well (CD-9) will be installed
downgradient of the next Phase. The proposed monitoring well location is shown on Figure 1.
3.2 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Plan
The current surface water monitoring plan consists of location SW-3. No additional surface water
sampling locations are recommended at this time. Surface water sampling locations are provided
on Figure 1.
3.3 Sampling and Analysis Plan
Rule .0544(b) specifies that the owner/operator must provide, as part of the groundwater
monitoring program, a groundwater and surface water sampling and analysis (S&A) plan. The
S&A plan should be designed to provide accurate results of groundwater quality at the upgradient
and downgradient sampling locations. The S&A plan addresses the following subjects:
Groundwater and surface water sample collection,
Sample preservation and shipment,
Analytical procedures,
Chain-of-custody,
Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), and
Health & Safety.
3.3.1 Groundwater and Surface Water Sample Collection
Prior to completion of the Phase 3 expansion, one initial groundwater samples will be collected
from CD-9. Following construction of the Phase 3 expansion, groundwater samples will be
collected from the background wells CD-1s/1d, compliance wells CD-2, CD-4 rep, CD-7, and CD-9
on a semi-annual basis. Surface water samples will be collected from SW-3 on a semi-annual
basis.

Table 1
Facility Groundwater Monitoring Wells
Cabarrus County Construction and Demolition Landfill
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
ID Monitoring Location Type
CD-1s/1d Background Background
CD-2 Downgradient Compliance
CD-3*Downgradient Compliance
CD-4 rep Downgradient Compliance
CD-7 Downgradient Compliance
CD-8*Downgradient Compliance
CD-9 Downgradient Compliance
MW-5 Downgradient Compliance
MW-7 Downgradient Compliance
MW-8A Side Gradient Compliance
MW-9 Background Background
MW-10 Downgradient Compliance
MW-11 Downgradient Compliance
MW-1 Side Gradient Compliance
MW-3 Downgradient Performance
MW-3 deep Downgradient Sentinel
MW-9 Background Background
MW-A Downgradient Performance
MW-B Downgradient Compliance
MW-C Downgradient Compliance
MW-D Downgradient Compliance
MW-E/E deep Downgradient Performance
MW-F Downgradient Compliance
MW-G Downgradient Compliance
MW-H/H deep Downgradient Sentinel
MW-I Downgradient Sentinel
MW-J Downgradient Sentinel
MW-K Downgradient Sentinel
MW-L Downgradient Performance
MW-L deep Downgradient Sentinel
MW-M Downgradient Sentinel
MW-X Downgradient Sentinel
CD-4*Side Gradient Performance
CD-5*Side Gradient Performance
CD-6 Side Gradient Sentinel
AMW-1s/1d Downgradient Performance
AMW-2s/2d Downgradient Performance
IW-1 Downgradient Injection
IW-2 Downgradient Injection
IW-3 Downgradient Injection
IW-4 Downgradient Injection
IW-5 Downgradient Injection
IW-6 Downgradient Injection
* Wells to be abandoned prior to construction of Phase 3 expansion.
C&D Landfill Unit
Closed Unit 1
Closed Unit 2/3
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Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-8

3.3.1.1 Static Water Level Measurements
Static water level elevations will be measured from the upgradient wells to the downgradient
wells prior to any purging or sampling activities. Static water level data will be used to monitor
changes in site hydrogeologic conditions. The following measurements will be recorded in a
dedicated field book prior to sample collection:
Height of the well measuring point above ground surface,
Depth of water in the well from the TOC measuring point (to the nearest 0.01 foot),
Total depth of the well,
Height of the water column in the well casing.
An electronic water level indicator will be used to accurately measure water elevations to within
0.01 foot within the same day in as short a period of time as possible. The water level indicator
will be decontaminated between each reading using a phosphate-free rinse. Each well will have a
permanent, easily identified reference point from which all water level measurements will be
taken. The reference point will be marked and the elevation surveyed by a North Carolina
Registered Land Surveyor.
3.3.1.2 Detection of Immiscible Layers
EPA's Technical Manual for Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria outlines specifications for
groundwater sampling and analysis. One of these specifications outlines the establishment of
provisions for detecting immiscible fluids, if applicable. Typically, immiscible fluids are
categorized as either, (1) light, non-aqueous phase liquids (L-NAPLs), or (2) dense, non-aqueous
phase liquids (D-NAPLs). L-NAPLs are more commonly referred to as "floaters" due to their
relatively lighter specific gravity, while D-NAPLs are typically referred to as "sinkers" due to their
relatively denser specific gravity.
The following procedure is proposed to address these concerns in the event that the SWS ever
requires this test to be performed. In those instances where the monitoring well's screened
interval encompasses the water table surface, the ability to detect and sample NAPLs prior to
implementation of routine groundwater sampling activities may exist. To accomplish this
objective, a transparent teflon bailer will be lowered into the well to just below the water table
surface. The bailer will then be removed from the well and the contents examined to identify if
any immiscible fluids are present. If any immiscible fluids are determined to be potentially
present, an interface probe is proposed to be used. The depth of the light phase immiscible layer,
as determined by the interface probe, will then be recorded in a field logbook. The interface probe
will continue to be lowered until it intersects the groundwater table surface. The depth of the
organic/water interface zone also will be recorded. From these two measurements, the thickness
of the light phase immiscible layer can be readily determined.

The potential presence of dense phase immiscible layer will be determined by the examination of
laboratory analytical results. Analytical results above a percentage of a given chemicals solubility
limit can indicate the potential presence of NAPLs.
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-9
Monitoring for immiscible phase fluids is not envisioned to be performed during typical sampling
events, but is provided here to document how the test will be performed if the SWS requires it at
a future date.
3.3.1.3 Monitoring Well Evacuation
Following measurement of the static water level in all of the wells, individual wells will be purged
of all stagnant water. The stagnant water, which is not representative of true aquifer conditions,
will be removed to ensure that fresh formation water can be sampled. A minimum of three well
casing volumes will be removed prior to sampling the well. The well volume for 2-inch diameter
wells will be calculated using the following equation: one well volume in gallons equals the height
of the water column (in feet) times 0.1632 (slightly less than 0.5 gallons per foot water for 3
casing volumes). During the well purging process, field measurements (pH, temperature, specific
conductance, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation/reduction potential) will be collected at regular
intervals, and reported in a tabular format. The well will be purged until field measurements
stabilize within approximately 10 percent between subsequent readings or until the well is dry.
Stabilization of these measurements will indicate that fresh formation water is present in the
well. Field measurements of pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and
oxidation/reduction potential will be obtained by using a YSI 556 multi-parameter water quality
meter or equivalent.
If the well is purged to dryness, the samples will be collected after a sufficient volume of water
has entered the well to allow collection of the sample. Wells will be purged using a new,
manufacturer decontaminated teflon bailer with new nylon rope or an acceptable pumping
device approved by the SWS. Field measurements collected during purging activities will be
recorded in the field logbook.
3.3.1.4 Sample Collection
After purging activities are complete, groundwater samples will be collected for laboratory
analysis. The wells will be sampled using manufacturer teflon bailers equipped with new nylon
rope or via low-flow pumping sampling techniques. Bailers will be used for one well only. Field
decontamination of bailers will not be permitted. Disposable bailers will only be used if
laboratory decontaminated standard teflon bailers or peristaltic pumps are not available. The
bailers will be lowered slowly into the well to minimize sample agitation. Sample water will be
placed directly into sample bottles provided by the analytical laboratory, using the following
method:
1. Retrieve bailer and slowly transfer sample water to the appropriate sample container.
The bailer should not be allowed to touch the sample container. If dedicated pumps
are used, the pump discharge rate will be lowered to a rate that will not agitate or
volatize the samples.
2. The sample container for the volatile organic compounds should be filled first, leaving
no headspace or air bubbles. The container should then be tightly sealed. The sample
container will come with preservative already added by the laboratory. No field
preservation will be performed.
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-10
3. The sample containers for chloride, manganese, sulfate, alkalinity, and Total Dissolved
Solids should be filled next. Where applicable, all containers will come pre-preserved.
4. The sample container for metals should then be filled last. This container will also
come with preservative added by the laboratory. This container should be filled to the
bottle shoulder. No field preservation will be performed.
Surface water samples will be obtained from areas of minimal turbulence and aeration. The
following procedure will be implemented regarding sampling of surface waters:
1. Hold the bottle near the surface with one hand, and with the other, remove the cap.
2. Push the sample container slowly into the water and tilt up towards the current to fill.
A depth of about six inches is satisfactory. Avoid completely submerging the sample
container to keep preservative from escaping.
3. The container should be moved slowly, in a lateral direction, if there is little current
movement.
4. If the stream depths are too shallow to allow submersion of the sample container, a
pool may be scooped out of the channel bottom and allowed to clear prior to
sampling.
5. Lift the container from the water and place the uncontaminated cap on the container.
6. Using the cap, fill the remainder of the volatile organic vials until a convex meniscus
forms.
The wells and surface water stations will be sampled in the order of potential for increasing
contamination levels beginning with the upgradient (background) sampling location CD-1s/CD-
1d and concluding with well CD-9.
The individual water samples will be collected and bottled in an order to reduce the potential for
turbidity. The collection order for the samples will be as follows:
Total metals (including manganese, mercury and iron),
Chloride,
Sulfate,
Alkalinity,
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
Volatile Organic Compounds (including Tetrahydrofuran).
The samples will be transferred from the sampling equipment directly into a prepared sample
container provided by the laboratory. Field filtering of samples is not permitted. There will be a
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-11
specific size and type of container provided for each constituent to be analyzed. Containers and
preservatives for each analysis are provided below:
Analysis Container Size Preservative
VOC 40 ml Glass Vial (3) HCl
Metals 500 ml HDPE (1) HNO3
Alkalinity/Chloride/Sulfate/TDS 250 ml HDPE (1) None
Extra containers will be provided in case of accidental breakage. All field personnel will wear
protective latex or nitrile disposable gloves in order to prevent extrinsic contamination from
clothing, body oils, dirt, and other various contaminants. Sample documentation requirements to
ensure sample integrity will included sample locations, date and time of sample collection, proper
analysis, and preservative (if applicable).
3.3.1.5 Decontamination Procedures
All sampling and purging equipment that will come in contact with the well casing and water will
be decontaminated per specifications in the North Carolina Water Quality Guidance Document for
Solid Waste Facilities. All sampling equipment will be laboratory cleaned.
3.3.2 Sample Preservation and Shipment
In order to ensure sample integrity, preservation and shipment procedures will be carefully
monitored. Generally, ice and chemical additives will be used as sample preservatives, as
recommended by the commercial laboratory. For VOC analysis, hydrochloric acid will be used as
the preservation method as well as maintaining the samples at a temperature of 4°C. Nitric acid
will be used as the preservative for samples needing metals analysis. All other analyses that do
not require chemical preservative will be maintained and shipped at a temperature of 4°C.
Proper storage and transport conditions must be maintained in order to preserve the integrity of
the sample. Once taken, samples will be placed on ice and cooled to a temperature of 4°C. Samples
are to be packed in iced coolers so as to inhibit breakage or accidental spills. Custody seals will be
placed on the outside of the cooler, in a manner to detect tampering of the samples. The
laboratory shall immediately notify the owner/operator of any samples that arrive with custody
seals broken.
If the analytical laboratory is located some distance from the site, samples shall be shipped via a
24-hour delivery service to ensure holding times are not exceeded. Shipment of samples will be
coordinated with the laboratory.
3.3.3 Analytical Procedures
The samples taken from each location will be analyzed for the constituents listed in 40 CFR Part
258, Appendix 1, in addition to mercury, chloride, manganese, sulfate, iron, alkalinity and Total
Dissolved Solids, per .0544(b)(1)(D). The analytical procedures for the indicated parameters will
be conducted using the following methods:

Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-12
Analysis EPA Method Number
VOCs 8260
Total metals 6010
Mercury 7470
Chloride 300.0
Sulfate 300.0
Alkalinity SM2320B
Total Dissolved Solids SM 2540C
3.3.4 Chain-of-Custody
It is imperative that an accurate record of sample collection, transport, analysis, and disposal be
maintained and documented. Therefore, chain-of-custody procedures will be instituted and
followed throughout the sampling program. It is necessary to establish documentation to trace
sample possession from the time of collection until disposal. The chain-of-custody program shall
include the following requirements:
Samples shall be accompanied by a chain-of-custody record that notes the date and time of
collection as well as sampling personnel.
All samples shall be properly labeled to prevent misidentification of samples.
Field notes shall be included to provide pertinent information about each sample.
A sample analysis sheet shall accompany all samples to the laboratory.
Sample custody seals shall be used to indicate any tampering of samples.
All records pertaining to the shipment of a sample shall be retained (freight bills, post office
receipts, and bills of lading).
The laboratory shall not accept samples for analysis without a correctly prepared chain-of-
custody form. The laboratory shall be responsible for maintaining chain-of-custody of the
sample(s) from time of receipt to disposal. The chain-of-custody form shall be signed by each
individual who possesses the samples.
To prevent sample misidentification, a label will be affixed to each sample container in a manner
as to prevent the label from becoming dislodged during transport which will contain the
following information:
Sample identification number,
Name and signature of sample collector,
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-13
Date and time of collection,
Place of collection,
Parameters requested,
Type of preservative.
In addition the container itself should be labeled with the sample identification number (at a
minimum) to allow for identification should the label fall off.
3.3.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
The reliability and validity of the field and analytical laboratory data will be monitored as part of
the QA/QC program used in the laboratory. Field duplicates and sample blanks will be collected
to check sampling protocol and to account for any changes that occur after sampling. The QA/QC
program will stipulate the use of standards, laboratory blanks, and duplicates for identification of
matrix interferences.
3.3.5.1 Field Duplicates
Field duplicates provide a measure of field and laboratory precision. Field duplicates will be
collected from identical locations using proper sampling procedures. The duplicate samples will
be collected at a frequency of one per day per sampling event.
3.3.5.2 Equipment Rinsate Blanks
To evaluate the effectiveness of the decontamination procedures, equipment rinsate blanks will
be collected. The sample will be collected by passing distilled water through the sampling
equipment after decontamination has been completed. Equipment blanks will be collected at a
minimum of one per day of groundwater sampling activities.
3.3.5.3 Trip/Travel Blanks
A trip/ travel blank shall be prepared to account for any sample contamination that may occur
during transport to and from the site. The trip/travel blank will be placed in the sample cooler
whenever samples are being analyzed for VOCs. The sample will be prepared in the laboratory
with deionized or distilled water and shall accompany the sample shipping container to the field.
The trip/travel blank shall remain unopened until receipt by the lab for analysis. One trip blank
per shipping container will be collected.
3.4 Reporting
A report of monitoring results will be submitted to Solid Waste Section within 60 days following
the date of sampling. The report submittal will consist of the following:
Environmental Monitoring Data Form as a cover sheet.
Copy of original laboratory results.
Table of detections and discussion of 2L exceedances.
Updated groundwater elevation contour map.
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-14
Electronic Data Deliverable (EDD) in Excel format.
The SWS will be notified in the event that lab analyses have not been completed within a time
frame to meet submittal deadlines.
4 Health & Safety
A Health & Safety plan that conforms to local, state, and federal regulations will be followed
during groundwater and surface water sampling activities. Personal Protective Equipment
required for sampling activities will consist of weather appropriate clothing, steel-toed boots, eye
protection, and clean, disposable, powder-free gloves. New gloves will be worn for each well or
surface water sampled.
In accordance with the Division of Water Quality guidelines, purge and decon water generated
during sampling activities will be discharged adjacent to the monitoring well. Spent PPE will be
placed in large plastic trash bags, segregated to prevent cross contamination, and disposed in an
onsite receptacle.
5 References
Bouwer, H. 1989. The Bouwer and Rice Method - An Update. Groundwater. pp. 304-309. May -
June.
CDM (Camp Dresser & McKee). 1994. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Draft Report, Landfill
Expansion Study, Appendix E, CDM Draft Report “Onsite Investigations of Potential Landfill
Expansion Sites,” Cabarrus County, North Carolina. September.
CDM, 1994. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill, Initial Baseline
Sampling Report. October.
CDM, 2000. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill, Groundwater
Assessment Report (Units 2&3). October.
CDM, 2005. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Proposed Construction and Demolition Landfill
Expansion, Design Hydrogeologic Report. January.
CDM, 2008. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill Units 2 and 3,
Facility Permit #1302, Assessment of Corrective Measures Report. December.
CDM, 2009. Cabarrus County, North Carolina, Cabarrus County Sanitary Landfill Units 2 and 3,
Facility Permit #1302, Corrective Action Plan. June.
CDM Smith, 2013. Proposed Cabarrus County C&D Landfill Expansion, Alternate Source
Demonstration, Facility Permit # 1302. September.
CDM Smith, 2013. Cabarrus County C&D Landfill. Substantial Amendment and Phase 2 Permit to
Construct Application. December.
Appendix A • Water Quality Monitoring Plan
1-15
Daniel, III, C.C. 1987. Statistical Analysis Relating Well Yield to Construction Practices and Siting
of Wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of North Carolina. USGS Water Resources
Report 86-4132.
Driscoll, F.G. 1986. Groundwater and Wells. 2nd Edition. pp. 252-260.
Gair, J.E., 1989. Mineral Resources of the Charlotte 1x2 Quadrangle, North Carolina and South
Carolina, USGS Prof. Paper 1462, Geology of the Charlotte Quadrangle, p. 7-15.
Goldsmith, R. et.al., 1988. Geologic Map of the Charlotte 1x2 Quadrangle, North Carolina and
South Carolina, USGS Miscellaneous Map Series Map I-251E, 1:250,000.
Heath, Ralph C. 1980. Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology With References to Conditions
in North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations. Open-File Report 80-
44.
Hicks, H.T., 1985. Diabase Dikes – Subterranean Water Reservoirs in the Deep River Triassic
Basin of North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations. Open File Report
80-44.
Johnson, A.I. 1967. Specific Yields for Geologic Materials. USGS Water Supply Paper 1662-D.
NCGS (North Carolina Geological Survey). 1985. Geologic Map of North Carolina.
6 NC DEQ Reference Documents
Several Solid Waste Section guidance documents and memos are included in this section. The
pertinent guidance documents and memos include:
“Groundwater, Surface Water, and Soil Sampling for Landfills,”
“Leachate Sampling and Analysis,”
“Solid Waste Environmental Monitoring Data Form,”
“Electronic Data Deliverable (EDD) Template,”
“October 27, 2006 Memo,”
“February 23, 2007 Memo,”
“October 16, 2007 Memo,”
“June 25, 2010 Memo,”
“November 5, 2014 Memo,”
“September 9, 2016 Memo,”
“14-Day Notification of Groundwater Protection Standard Exceedance(s) Form.”
Solid Waste Section
Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface
Water Sampling

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE SECTION

General Sampling Procedures
The following guidance is provided to insure a consistent sampling approach so that sample
collection activities at solid waste management facilities provide reliable data. Sampling must
begin with an evaluation of facility information, historical environmental data and site geologic
and hydrogeologic conditions. General sampling procedures are described in this document.

Planning
Begin sampling activities with planning and coordination. The party contracting with the
laboratory is responsible for effectively communicating reporting requirements and evaluating
data reliability as it relates to specific monitoring activities.

Sample Collection
Contamination Prevention
a.) Take special effort to prevent cross contamination or environmental contamination
when collecting samples.
1. If possible, collect samples from the least contaminated sampling location
(or background sampling location, if applicable) to the most contaminated
sampling location.
2. Collect the ambient or background samples first, and store them in
separate ice chests or separate shipping containers within the same ice
chest (e.g. untreated plastic bags).
3. Collect samples in flowing water at designated locations from upstream to
downstream.
b.) Do not store or ship highly contaminated samples (concentrated wastes, free product,
etc.) or samples suspect of containing high concentrations of contaminants in the
same ice chest or shipping containers with other environmental samples.
1. Isolate these sample containers by sealing them in separate, untreated
plastic bags immediately after collecting, preserving, labeling, etc.
2. Use a clean, untreated plastic bag to line the ice chest or shipping
container.
c.) All sampling equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated and transported in a
manner that does not allow it to become contaminated. Arrangements should be
made ahead of time to decontaminate any sampling or measuring equipment that will
be reused when taking samples from more than one well. Field decontamination of
Rev 4-08 1
sampling equipment will be necessary before sampling each well to minimize the risk
of cross contamination. Decontamination procedures should be included in reports as
necessary. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may be used.
When collecting aqueous samples, rinse the sample collection equipment with a
portion of the sample water before taking the actual sample. Sample containers do not
need to be rinsed. In the case of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, or
containers with pre-measured preservatives, the sample containers cannot be rinsed.
d.) Place all fuel-powered equipment away from, and downwind of, any site activities
(e.g., purging, sampling, decontamination).
1. If field conditions preclude such placement (i.e., the wind is from the
upstream direction in a boat), place the fuel source(s) as far away as
possible from the sampling activities and describe the conditions in the
field notes.
2. Handle fuel (i.e., filling vehicles and equipment) prior to the sampling
day. If such activities must be performed during sampling, the personnel
must wear disposable gloves.
3. Dispense all fuels downwind. Dispose of gloves well away from the
sampling activities.
Filling Out Sample Labels
Fill out label, adhere to vial and collect sample. Print legibly with indelible ink. At a
minimum, the label or tag should identify the sample with the following information:
1. Sample location and/or well number
2. Sample identification number
3. Date and time of collection
4. Analysis required/requested
5. Sampler’s initials
6. Preservative(s) used, if any [i.e., HCl, Na2S2O3, NO3, ice, etc.]
7. Any other pertinent information for sample identification
Sample Collection Order
Unless field conditions justify other sampling regimens, collect samples in the following
order:
1. Volatile Organics and Volatile Inorganics
2. Extractable Organics, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Aggregate Organics and
Oil and Grease
3. Total Metals
4. Inorganic Nonmetallics, Physical and Aggregate Properties, and
Biologicals
5. Microbiological
NOTE: If the pump used to collect groundwater samples cannot be used to collect volatile or
extractable organics then collect all other parameters and withdraw the pump and tubing. Then
collect the volatile and extractable organics.

Rev 4-08 2
Health and Safety
Implement all local, state, and federal requirements relating to health and safety. Follow all
local, state and federal requirements pertaining to the storage and disposal of any hazardous or
investigation derived wastes.
a.) The Solid Waste Section recommends wearing protective gloves when conducting all
sampling activities.
1. Gloves serve to protect the sample collector from potential exposure to sample
constituents, minimize accidental contamination of samples by the collector,
and preserve accurate tare weights on preweighed sample containers.
2. Do not let gloves come into contact with the sample or with the interior or lip
of the sample container. Use clean, new, unpowdered and disposable gloves.
Various types of gloves may be used as long as the construction materials do
not contaminate the sample or if internal safety protocols require greater
protection.
3. Note that certain materials that may potentially be present in concentrated
effluent can pass through certain glove types and be absorbed in the skin.
Many vendor catalogs provide information about the permeability of different
gloves and the circumstances under which the glove material might be
applicable. The powder in powdered gloves can contribute significant
contamination. Powdered gloves are not recommended unless it can be
demonstrated that the powder does not interfere with the sample analysis.
4. Change gloves after preliminary activities, after collecting all the samples at a
single sampling point, if torn or used to handle extremely dirty or highly
contaminated surfaces. Properly dispose of all used gloves as investigation
derived wastes.
b.) Properly manage all investigation derived waste (IDW).
5. To prevent contamination into previously uncontaminated areas, properly
manage all IDW. This includes all water, soil, drilling mud, decontamination
wastes, discarded personal protective equipment (PPE), etc. from site
investigations, exploratory borings, piezometer and monitoring well
installation, refurbishment, abandonment, and other investigative activities.
Manage all IDW that is determined to be RCRA-regulated hazardous waste
according to the local, state and federal requirements.
6. Properly dispose of IDW that is not a RCRA-regulated hazardous waste but is
contaminated above the Department’s Soil Cleanup Target Levels or the state
standards and/or minimum criteria for ground water quality. If the drill
cuttings/mud orpurged well water is contaminated with hazardous waste,
contact the DWM Hazardous Waste Section (919-508-8400) for disposal
options. Maintain all containers holding IDW in good condition. Periodically
inspect the containers for damage and ensure that all required labeling (DOT,
RCRA, etc.) are clearly visible.

Rev 4-08 3
Sample Storage and Transport
Store samples for transport carefully. Pack samples to prevent from breaking and to maintain a
temperature of approximately 4 degrees Celsius (°C), adding ice if necessary. Transport samples
to a North Carolina-certified laboratory as soon as possible. Avoid unnecessary handling of
sample containers. Avoid heating (room temperature or above, including exposure to sunlight)
or freezing of the sample containers. Reduce the time between sample collection and delivery to
a laboratory whenever possible and be sure that the analytical holding times of your samples can
be met by the laboratory.
a.) A complete chain-of-custody (COC) form must be maintained to document all
transfers and receipts of the samples. Be sure that the sample containers are labeled
with the sample location and/or well number, sample identification, the date and time
of collection, the analysis to be performed, the preservative added (if any), the
sampler’s initials, and any other pertinent information for sample identification. The
labels should contain a unique identifier (i.e., unique well numbers) that can be traced
to the COC form. The details of sample collection must be documented on the COC.
The COC must include the following:
1. Description of each sample (including QA/QC samples) and the number of
containers (sample location and identification)
2. Signature of the sampler
3. Date and time of sample collection
4. Analytical method to be performed
5. Sample type (i.e., water or soil)
6. Regulatory agency (i.e., NCDENR/DWM – SW Section)
7. Signatures of all persons relinquishing and receiving custody of the
samples
8. Dates and times of custody transfers
b.) Pack samples so that they are segregated by site, sampling location or by sample
analysis type. When COC samples are involved, segregate samples in coolers by site.
If samples from multiple sites will fit in one cooler, they may be packed in the same
cooler with the associated field sheets and a single COC form for all. Coolers should
not exceed a maximum weight of 50 lbs. Use additional coolers as necessary. All
sample containers should be placed in plastic bags (segregated by analysis and
location) and completely surrounded by ice.
1. Prepare and place trip blanks in an ice filled cooler before leaving for the
field.
2. Segregate samples by analysis and place in sealable plastic bags.
3. Pack samples carefully in the cooler placing ice around the samples.
4. Review the COC. The COC form must accompany the samples to the
laboratory. The trip blank(s) must also be recorded on the COC form.
5. Place completed COC form in a waterproof bag, sealed and taped under
the lid of the cooler.
6. Secure shipping containers with strapping tape to avoid accidental
opening.
7. For COC samples, a tamper-proof seal may also be placed over the cooler
lid or over a bag or container containing the samples inside the shipping
cooler.
Rev 4-08 4
8. "COC" or "EMERG" should be written in indelible ink on the cooler seal
to alert sample receipt technicians to priority or special handling samples.
9. The date and sample handler's signature must also be written on the COC
seal.
10. Deliver the samples to the laboratory or ship by commercial courier.
NOTE: If transport time to the laboratory is not long enough to allow
samples to be cooled to 4° C, a temperature reading of the sample source
must be documented as the field temperature on the COC form. A
downward trend in temperature will be adequate even if cooling to 4° C is
not achieved. The field temperature should always be documented if there
is any question as to whether samples will have time to cool to 4° C during
shipment. Thermometers must be calibrated annually against an NIST
traceable thermometer and documentation must be retained.

Rev 4-08 5
Appendix A - Decontamination of Field Equipment
Decontamination of personnel, sampling equipment, and containers - before and after
sampling - must be used to ensure collection of representative samples and to prevent the
potential spread of contamination. Decontamination of personnel prevents ingestion and
absorption of contaminants. It must be done with a soap and water wash and deionized or
distilled water rinse. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may also be used.

All previously used sampling equipment must be properly decontaminated before sampling and
between sampling locations. This prevents the introduction of contamination into
uncontaminated samples and avoids cross-contamination of samples. Cross-contamination can
be a significant problem when attempting to characterize extremely low concentrations of
organic compounds or when working with soils that are highly contaminated.

Clean, solvent-resistant gloves and appropriate protective equipment must be worn by
persons decontaminating tools and equipment.

Cleaning Reagents
Recommendations for the types and grades of various cleaning supplies are outlined below.
The recommended reagent types or grades were selected to ensure that the cleaned equipment is
free from any detectable contamination.
a.) Detergents: Use Liqui-Nox (or a non-phosphate equivalent) or Alconox (or
equivalent). Liqui-Nox (or equivalent) is recommended by EPA, although Alconox
(or equivalent) may be substituted if the sampling equipment will not be used to
collect phosphorus or phosphorus containing compounds.
b.) Solvents: Use pesticide grade isopropanol as the rinse solvent in routine equipment
cleaning procedures. This grade of alcohol must be purchased from a laboratory
supply vendor. Rubbing alcohol or other commonly available sources of isopropanol
are not acceptable. Other solvents, such as acetone or methanol, may be used as the
final rinse solvent if they are pesticide grade. However, methanol is more toxic to the
environment and acetone may be an analyte of interest for volatile organics.

1. Do not use acetone if volatile organics are of interest
2. Containerize all methanol wastes (including rinses) and dispose as a
hazardous waste.

Pre-clean equipment that is heavily contaminated with organic analytes. Use reagent
grade acetone and hexane or other suitable solvents. Use pesticide grade methylene
chloride when cleaning sample containers. Store all solvents away from potential
sources of contamination.
c.) Analyte-Free Water Sources: Analyte-free water is water in which all analytes of
interest and all interferences are below method detection limits. Maintain
documentation (such as results from equipment blanks) to demonstrate the reliability
and purity of analyte-free water source(s). The source of the water must meet the
requirements of the analytical method and must be free from the analytes of interest.
In general, the following water types are associated with specific analyte groups:
1. Milli-Q (or equivalent polished water): suitable for all analyses.
Rev 4-08 6
2. Organic-free: suitable for volatile and extractable organics.
3. Deionized water: may not be suitable for volatile and extractable
organics.
4. Distilled water: not suitable for volatile and extractable organics, metals
or ultratrace metals.
Use analyte-free water for blank preparation and the final decontamination water
rinse. In order to minimize long-term storage and potential leaching problems, obtain
or purchase analyte-free water just prior to the sampling event. If obtained from a
source (such as a laboratory), fill the transport containers and use the contents for a
single sampling event. Empty the transport container(s) at the end of the sampling
event. Discard any analyte-free water that is transferred to a dispensing container
(such as a wash bottle or pump sprayer) at the end of each sampling day.
d.) Acids:
1. Reagent Grade Nitric Acid: 10 - 15% (one volume concentrated nitric acid
and five volumes deionized water). Use for the acid rinse unless nitrogen
components (e.g., nitrate, nitrite, etc.) are to be sampled. If sampling for
ultra-trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid.
2. Reagent Grade Hydrochloric Acid: 10% hydrochloric acid (one volume
concentrated hydrochloric and three volumes deionized water). Use when
nitrogen components are to be sampled.
3. If samples for both metals and the nitrogen-containing components are
collected with the equipment, use the hydrochloric acid rinse, or
thoroughly rinse with hydrochloric acid after a nitric acid rinse. If
sampling for ultra trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid.
4. Freshly prepared acid solutions may be recycled during the sampling event
or cleaning process. Dispose of any unused acids according to local
ordinances.

Reagent Storage Containers
The contents of all containers must be clearly marked.
a.) Detergents:
1. Store in the original container or in a HDPE or PP container.
b.) Solvents:
1. Store solvents to be used for cleaning or decontamination in the original
container until use in the field. If transferred to another container for field
use, use either a glass or Teflon container.
2. Use dispensing containers constructed of glass, Teflon or stainless steel.
Note: If stainless steel sprayers are used, any gaskets that contact the
solvents must be constructed of inert materials.
c.) Analyte-Free Water:
1. Transport in containers appropriate for the type of water stored. If the
water is commercially purchased (e.g., grocery store), use the original
containers when transporting the water to the field. Containers made of
glass, Teflon, polypropylene or HDPE are acceptable.
2. Use glass or Teflon to transport organic-free sources of water on-site.
Polypropylene or HDPE may be used, but are not recommended.
Rev 4-08 7
3. Dispense water from containers made of glass, Teflon, HDPE or
polypropylene.
4. Do not store water in transport containers for more than three days before
beginning a sampling event.
5. If working on a project that has oversight from EPA Region 4, use glass
containers for the transport and storage of all water.
6. Store and dispense acids using containers made of glass, Teflon or plastic.

General Requirements
a.) Prior to use, clean/decontaminate all sampling equipment (pumps, tubing, lanyards,
split spoons, etc.) that will be exposed to the sample.
b.) Before installing, clean (or obtain as certified pre-cleaned) all equipment that is
dedicated to a single sampling point and remains in contact with the sample medium
(e.g., permanently installed groundwater pump). If you use certified pre-cleaned
equipment no cleaning is necessary.
1. Clean this equipment any time it is removed for maintenance or repair.
2. Replace dedicated tubing if discolored or damaged.
c.) Clean all equipment in a designated area having a controlled environment (house,
laboratory, or base of field operations) and transport it to the field, pre-cleaned and
ready to use, unless otherwise justified.
d.) Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned for other
sites. Rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect in-process (e.g.,
untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples immediately with water.
e.) Whenever possible, transport sufficient clean equipment to the field so that an entire
sampling event can be conducted without the need for cleaning equipment in the
field.
f.) Segregate equipment that is only used once (i.e., not cleaned in the field) from clean
equipment and return to the in-house cleaning facility to be cleaned in a controlled
environment.
g.) Protect decontaminated field equipment from environmental contamination by
securely wrapping and sealing with one of the following:
1. Aluminum foil (commercial grade is acceptable)
2. Untreated butcher paper
3. Clean, untreated, disposable plastic bags. Plastic bags may be used for all
analyte groups except volatile and extractable organics. Plastic bags may
be used for volatile and extractable organics, if the equipment is first
wrapped in foil or butcher paper, or if the equipment is completely dry.

Cleaning Sample Collection Equipment
a.) On-Site/In-Field Cleaning – Cleaning equipment on-site is not recommended because
environmental conditions cannot be controlled and wastes (solvents and acids) must
be containerized for proper disposal.
1. Ambient temperature water may be substituted in the hot, sudsy water bath
and hot water rinses.
NOTE: Properly dispose of all solvents and acids.
Rev 4-08 8
2. Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned
for other sites.
3. Immediately rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect
in-process (e.g., untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples with
water.
b.) Heavily Contaminated Equipment - In order to avoid contaminating other samples,
isolate heavily contaminated equipment from other equipment and thoroughly
decontaminate the equipment before further use. Equipment is considered heavily
contaminated if it:
1. Has been used to collect samples from a source known to contain
significantly higher levels than background.
2. Has been used to collect free product.
3. Has been used to collect industrial products (e.g., pesticides or solvents) or
their byproducts.
NOTE: Cleaning heavily contaminated equipment in the field is not recommended.
c.) On-Site Procedures:
1. Protect all other equipment, personnel and samples from exposure by
isolating the equipment immediately after use.
2. At a minimum, place the equipment in a tightly sealed, untreated, plastic
bag.
3. Do not store or ship the contaminated equipment next to clean,
decontaminated equipment, unused sample containers, or filled sample
containers.
4. Transport the equipment back to the base of operations for thorough
decontamination.
5. If cleaning must occur in the field, document the effectiveness of the
procedure, collect and analyze blanks on the cleaned equipment.
d.) Cleaning Procedures:
1. If organic contamination cannot be readily removed with scrubbing and a
detergent solution, pre-rinse equipment by thoroughly rinsing or soaking
the equipment in acetone.
2. Use hexane only if preceded and followed by acetone.
3. In extreme cases, it may be necessary to steam clean the field equipment
before proceeding with routine cleaning procedures.
4. After the solvent rinses (and/or steam cleaning), use the appropriate
cleaning procedure. Scrub, rather than soak, all equipment with sudsy
water. If high levels of metals are suspected and the equipment cannot be
cleaned without acid rinsing, soak the equipment in the appropriate acid.
Since stainless steel equipment should not be exposed to acid rinses, do
not use stainless steel equipment when heavy metal contamination is
suspected or present.
5. If the field equipment cannot be cleaned utilizing these procedures,
discard unless further cleaning with stronger solvents and/or oxidizing
solutions is effective as evidenced by visual observation and blanks.
6. Clearly mark or disable all discarded equipment to discourage use.
Rev 4-08 9
e.) General Cleaning - Follow these procedures when cleaning equipment under
controlled conditions. Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions
and/or recommendations.
1. Procedure for Teflon, stainless steel and glass sampling equipment: This
procedure must be used when sampling for ALL analyte groups.
(Extractable organics, metals, nutrients, etc. or if a single decontamination
protocol is desired to clean all Teflon, stainless steel and glass equipment.)
Rinse equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water
solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove
particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water. If
samples for trace metals or inorganic analytes will be collected with the
equipment that is not stainless steel, thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces)
with the appropriate acid solution. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free
water. Make sure that all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed with
water. If samples for volatile or extractable organics will be collected,
rinse with isopropanol. Wet equipment surfaces thoroughly with free-
flowing solvent. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Allow to air
dry. Wrap and seal as soon as the equipment has air-dried. If isopropanol
is used, the equipment may be air-dried without the final analyte-free
water rinse; however, the equipment must be completely dry before
wrapping or use. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the
procedure described above.
2. General Cleaning Procedure for Plastic Sampling Equipment: Rinse
equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water
solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove
particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water.
Thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces) with the appropriate acid solution.
Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions and/or
recommendations. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Be sure that
all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed. Allow to air dry as long as
possible. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the procedure
described above.

Rev 4-08 10

Appendix B - Collecting Soil Samples
Soil samples are collected for a variety of purposes. A methodical sampling approach must be
used to assure that sample collection activities provide reliable data. Sampling must begin with
an evaluation of background information, historical data and site conditions.

Soil Field Screening Procedures
Field screening is the use of portable devices capable of detecting petroleum contaminants on
a real-time basis or by a rapid field analytical technique. Field screening should be used to help
assess locations where contamination is most likely to be present.

When possible, field-screening samples should be collected directly from the excavation or
from the excavation equipment's bucket. If field screening is conducted only from the
equipment's bucket, then a minimum of one field screening sample should be collected from
each 10 cubic yards of excavated soil. If instruments or other observations indicate
contamination, soil should be separated into stockpiles based on apparent degrees of
contamination. At a minimum, soil suspected of contamination must be segregated from soil
observed to be free of contamination.

a.) Field screening devices – Many field screen instruments are available for detecting
contaminants in the field on a rapid or real-time basis. Acceptable field screening
instruments must be suitable for the contaminant being screened. The procdedure for
field screening using photoionization detectors (PIDs) and flame ionization detectors
(FIDs) is described below. If other instruments are used, a description of the
instrument or method and its intended use must be provided to the Solid Waste
Section. Whichever field screening method is chosen, its accuracy must be verified
throughout the sampling process. Use appropriate standards that match the use
intended for the data. Unless the Solid Waste Section indicates otherwise, wherever
field screening is recommended in this document, instrumental or analytical methods
of detection must be used, not olfactory or visual screening methods.

b.) Headspace analytical screening procedure for filed screening (semi-quantitative field
screening) - The most commonly used field instruments for Solid Waste Section site
assessments are FIDs and PIDs. When using FIDs and PIDs, use the following
headspace screening procedure to obtain and analyze field-screening samples:
1. Partially fill (one-third to one-half) a clean jar or clean ziplock bag with
the sample to be analyzed. The total capacity of the jar or bag may not be
less than eight ounces (app. 250 ml), but the container should not be so
large as to allow vapor diffusion and stratification effects to significantly
affect the sample.
2. If the sample is collected from a spilt-spoon, it must be transferred to the
jar or bag for headspace analysis immediately after opening the split-
spoon. If the sample is collected from an excavation or soil pile, it must
be collected from freshly uncovered soil.
Rev 4-08 11
3. If a jar is used, it must be quickly covered with clean aluminum foil or a
jar lid; screw tops or thick rubber bands must be used to tightly seal the
jar. If a zip lock bag is used, it must be quickly sealed shut.
4. Headspace vapors must be allowed to develop in the container for at least
10 minutes but no longer than one hour. Containers must be shaken or
agitated for 15 seconds at the beginning and the end of the headspace
development period to assist volatilization. Temperatures of the
headspace must be warmed to at least 5° C (approximately 40° F) with
instruments calibrated for the temperature used.
5. After headspace development, the instrument sampling probe must be
inserted to a point about one-half the headspace depth. The container
opening must be minimized and care must be taken to avoid the uptake of
water droplets and soil particulates.
6. After probe insertion, the highest meter reading must be taken and
recorded. This will normally occur between two and five seconds after
probe insertion. If erratic meter response occurs at high organic vapor
concentrations or conditions of elevated headspace moisture, a note to that
effect must accompany the headspace data.
7. All field screening results must be documented in the field record or log
book.

Soil Sample Collection Procedures for Laboratory Samples
The number and type of laboratory samples collected depends on the purpose of the sampling
activity. Samples analyzed with field screening devices may not be substituted for required
laboratory samples.

a.) General Sample Collection - When collecting samples from potentially contaminated
soil, care should be taken to reduce contact with skin or other parts of the body.
Disposable gloves should be worn by the sample collector and should be changed
between samples to avoid cross-contamination. Soil samples should be collected in a
manner that causes the least disturbance to the internal structure of the sample and
reduces its exposure to heat, sunlight and open air. Likewise, care should be taken to
keep the samples from being contaminated by other materials or other samples
collected at the site. When sampling is to occur over an extended period of time, it is
necessary to insure that the samples are collected in a comparable manner. All
samples must be collected with disposable or clean tools that have been
decontaminated. Disposable gloves must be worn and changed between sample
collections. Sample containers must be filled quickly. Soil samples must be placed
in containers in the order of volatility, for example, volatile organic aromatic samples
must be taken first, organics next, then heavier range organics, and finally soil
classification samples. Containers must be quickly and adequately sealed, and rims
must be cleaned before tightening lids. Tape may be used only if known not to affect
sample analysis. Sample containers must be clearly labeled. Containers must
immediately be preserved according to procedures in this Section. Unless specified
Rev 4-08 12
otherwise, at a minimum, the samples must be immediately cooled to 4 ± 2°C and this
temperature must be maintained throughout delivery to the laboratory.
b.) Surface Soil Sampling - Surface soil is generally classified as soil between the ground
surface and 6-12 inches below ground surface. Remove leaves, grass and surface
debris from the area to be sampled. Select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling
device and collect the sample. Transfer the sample to the appropriate sample
container. Clean the outside of the sample container to remove excess soil. Label the
sample container, place on wet ice to preserve at 4°C, and complete the field notes.
c.) Subsurface Soil Sampling – The interval begins at approximately 12 inches below
ground surface. Collect samples for volatile organic analyses. For other analyses,
select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling device and collect the sample. Transfer
the sample to the appropriate sample container. Clean the outside of the sample
container to remove excess soil. Label the sample container, place on wet ice to
preserve at 4°C, and complete field notes.
d.) Equipment for Reaching the Appropriate Soil Sampling Depth - Samples may be
collected using a hollow stem soil auger, direct push, Shelby tube, split-spoon
sampler, or core barrel. These sampling devices may be used as long as an effort is
made to reduce the loss of contaminants through volatilization. In these situations,
obtain a sufficient volume of so the samples can be collected without volatilization
and disturbance to the internal structure of the samples. Samples should be collected
from cores of the soil. Non-disposable sampling equipment must be decontaminated
between each sample location. NOTE: If a confining layer has been breached during
sampling, grout the hole to land.
e.) Equipment to Collect Soil Samples - Equipment and materials that may be used to
collect soil samples include disposable plastic syringes and other “industry-standard”
equipment and materials that are contaminant-free. Non-disposable sampling
equipment must be decontaminated between each sample location.

Rev 4-08 13
Appendix C - Collecting Groundwater Samples
Groundwater samples are collected to identify, investigate, assess and monitor the concentration
of dissolved contaminant constituents. To properly assess groundwater contamination, first
install sampling points (monitoring wells, etc.) to collect groundwater samples and then perform
specific laboratory analyses. All monitoring wells should be constructed in accordance with 15A
NCAC 2C .0100 and sampled as outlined in this section. Groundwater monitoring is conducted
using one of two methods:

1. Portable Monitoring: Monitoring that is conducted using sampling equipment that is
discarded between sampling locations. Equipment used to collect a groundwater sample
from a well such as bailers, tubing, gloves, and etc. are disposed of after sample
collection. A new set of sampling equipment is used to collect a groundwater sample at
the next monitor well.

2. Dedicated Monitoring: Monitoring that utilizes permanently affixed down-well and well
head components that are capped after initial set-up. Most dedicated monitoring systems
are comprised of an in-well submersible bladder pump, with air supply and sample
discharge tubing, and an above-ground driver/controller for regulation of flow rates and
volumes. The pump and all tubing housed within the well should be composed of Teflon
or stainless steel components. This includes seals inside the pump, the pump body, and
fittings used to connect tubing to the pump. Because ground water will not be in contact
with incompatible constituents and because the well is sealed from the surface, virtually
no contamination is possible from intrinsic sources during sampling and between
sampling intervals. All dedicated monitoring systems must be approved by the Solid
Waste Section before installation.

Groundwater samples may be collected from a number of different configurations. Each
configuration is associated with a unique set of sampling equipment requirements and
techniques:

1. Wells without Plumbing: These wells require equipment to be brought to the well to
purge and sample unless dedicated equipment is placed in the well.

2. Wells with In-Place Plumbing: Wells with in-place plumbing do not require equipment
to be brought to the well to purge and sample. In-place plumbing is generally considered
permanent equipment routinely used for purposes other than purging and sampling, such
as for water supply.

3. Air Strippers or Remedial Systems: These types of systems are installed as remediation
devices.

Rev 4-08 14
Groundwater Sample Preparation
The type of sample containers used depends on the type of analysis performed. First,
determine the type(s) of contaminants expected and the proper analytical method(s). Be sure to
consult your selected laboratory for its specific needs and requirements prior to sampling.

Next, prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.) before taking any samples so
that each sample can be placed in a chilled environment immediately after collection.

Use groundwater purging and sampling equipment constructed of only non-reactive, non-
leachable materials that are compatible with the environment and the selected analytes. In
selecting groundwater purging and sampling equipment, give consideration to the depth of the
well, the depth to groundwater, the volume of water to be evacuated, the sampling and purging
technique, and the analytes of interest. Additional supplies, such as reagents and preservatives,
may be necessary.

All sampling equipment (bailers, tubing, containers, etc.) must be selected based on its
chemical compatibility with the source being sampled (e.g., water supply well, monitoring well)
and the contaminants potentially present.

a.) Pumps - All pumps or pump tubing must be lowered and retrieved from the well
slowly and carefully to minimize disturbance to the formation water. This is
especially critical at the air/water interface.
1. Above-Ground Pumps
• Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump: Use a variable speed peristaltic
pump to purge groundwater from wells when the static water level
in the well is no greater than 20- 25 feet below land surface (BLS).
If the water levels are deeper than 18-20 feet BLS, the pumping
velocity will decrease. A variable speed peristaltic pump can be
used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low
permeability aquifers or formations. Most analyte groups can be
sampled with a peristaltic pump if the tubing and pump
configurations are appropriate.
• Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump: A variable speed centrifugal
pump can be used to purge groundwater from 2-inch and larger
internal diameter wells. Do not use this type of pump to collect
groundwater samples. When purging is complete, do not allow the
water that remains in the tubing to fall back into the well. Install a
check valve at the end of the purge tubing.
2. Submersible Pumps
• Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump: A variable speed
submersible pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater
from 2-inch and larger internal diameter wells. A variable speed
submersible pump can be used for normal purging and sampling,
and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations. The pump
housing, fittings, check valves and associated hardware must be
constructed of stainless steel. All other materials must be
Rev 4-08 15
compatible with the analytes of interest. Install a check valve at
the output side of the pump to prevent backflow. If purging and
sampling for organics, the entire length of the delivery tube must
be Teflon, polyethylene or polypropylene (PP) tubing; the
electrical cord must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP and
any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be
constructed of stainless steel; and all interior components that
contact the sample water (impeller, seals, gaskets, etc.) must be
constructed of stainless steel or Teflon.
3. Variable Speed Bladder Pump: A variable speed, positive displacement,
bladder pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater from 3/4-inch
and larger internal diameter wells.
• A variable speed bladder pump can be used for normal purging and
sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations.
• The bladder pump system is composed of the pump, the
compressed air tubing, the water discharge tubing, the controller
and a compressor, or a compressed gas supply.
• The pump consists of a bladder and an exterior casing or pump
body that surrounds the bladder and two (2) check valves. These
parts can be composed of various materials, usually combinations
of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon, polyethylene, PP and
stainless steel. Other materials must be compatible with the
analytes of interest.
• If purging and sampling for organics, the pump body must be
constructed of stainless steel. The valves and bladder must be
Teflon, polyethylene or PP; the entire length of the delivery tube
must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; and any cabling must be
sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be constructed of stainless
steel.
• Permanently installed pumps may have a PVC pump body as long
as the pump remains in contact with the water in the well.
b.) Bailers
1. Purging: Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing can
cause changes in the chemistry of the water due to aeration and loosening
particulate matter in the space around the well screen. Use a bailer if there
is non-aqueous phase liquid (free product) in the well or if non-aqueous
phase liquid is suspected to be in the well.
2. Sampling: Bailers must be used with caution.
3. Construction and Type: Bailers must be constructed of materials
compatible with the analytes of interest. Stainless steel, Teflon, rigid
medical grade PVC, polyethylene and PP bailers may be used to sample
all analytes. Use disposable bailers when sampling grossly contaminated
sample sources. NCDENR recommends using dual check valve bailers
when collecting samples. Use bailers with a controlled flow bottom to
collect volatile organic samples.
Rev 4-08 16
4. Contamination Prevention: Keep the bailer wrapped (foil, butcher paper,
etc.) until just before use. Use protective gloves to handle the bailer once
it is removed from its wrapping. Handle the bailer by the lanyard to
minimize contact with the bailer surface.
c.) Lanyards
1. Lanyards must be made of non-reactive, non-leachable material. They
may be cotton twine, nylon, stainless steel, or may be coated with Teflon,
polyethylene or PP.
2. Discard cotton twine, nylon, and non-stainless steel braided lanyards after
sampling each monitoring well.
3. Decontaminate stainless steel, coated Teflon, polyethylene and PP
lanyards between monitoring wells. They do not need to be
decontaminated between purging and sampling operations.

Water Level and Purge Volume Determination
The amount of water that must be purged from a well is determined by the volume of water
and/or field parameter stabilization.

a.) General Equipment Considerations - Selection of appropriate purging equipment
depends on the analytes of interest, the well diameter, transmissivity of the aquifer,
the depth to groundwater, and other site conditions.
1. Use of a pump to purge the well is recommended unless no other
equipment can be used or there is non-aqueous phase liquid in the well, or
non-aqueous phase liquid is suspected to be in the well.
2. Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing:
• Introduces atmospheric oxygen, which may precipitate metals
(i.e., iron) or cause other changes in the chemistry of the water
in the sample (i.e., pH).
• Agitates groundwater, which may bias volatile and semi-
volatile organic analyses due to volatilization.
• Agitates the water in the aquifer and resuspends fine particulate
matter.
• Surges the well, loosening particulate matter in the annular
space around the well screen.
• May introduce dirt into the water column if the sides of the
casing wall are scraped.
NOTE: It is critical for bailers to be slowly and gently immersed into the top of the water
column, particularly during the final stages of purging. This minimizes turbidity and
disturbance of volatile organic constituents.
b.) Initial Inspection
1. Remove the well cover and remove all standing water around the top of
the well casing (manhole) before opening the well.
2. Inspect the exterior protective casing of the monitoring well for damage.
Document the results of the inspection if there is a problem.
3. It is recommended that you place a protective covering around the well
head. Replace the covering if it becomes soiled or ripped.
Rev 4-08 17
4. Inspect the well lock and determine whether the cap fits tightly. Replace
the cap if necessary.
c.) Water Level Measurements - Use an electronic probe or chalked tape to determine the
water level. Decontaminate all equipment before use. Measure the depth to
groundwater from the top of the well casing to the nearest 0.01 foot. Always measure
from the same reference point or survey mark on the well casing. Record the
measurement.
1. Electronic Probe: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Follow the
manufacturer’s instructions for use. Record the measurement.
2. Chalked Line Method: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Lower
chalked tape into the well until the lower end is in the water. This is
usually determined by the sound of the weight hitting the water. Record
the length of the tape relative to the reference point. Remove the tape and
note the length of the wetted portion. Record the length. Determine the
depth to water by subtracting the length of the wetted portion from the
total length. Record the result.
d.) Water Column Determination - To determine the length of the water column, subtract
the depth to the top of the water column from the total well depth (or gauged well
depth if silting has occurred). The total well depth depends on the well construction.
If gauged well depth is used due to silting, report total well depth also. Some wells
may be drilled in areas of sinkhole, karst formations or rock leaving an open
borehole. Attempt to find the total borehole depth in cases where there is an open
borehole below the cased portion.
e.) Well Water Volume - Calculate the total volume of water, in gallons, in the well
using the following equation:
V = (0.041)d x d x h
Where:
V = volume in gallons
d = well diameter in inches
h = height of the water column in feet
The total volume of water in the well may also be determined with the following
equation by using a casing volume per foot factor (Gallons per Foot of Water) for the
appropriate diameter well:
V = [Gallons per Foot of Water] x h
Where:
V = volume in gallons
h = height of the water column in feet
Record all measurements and calculations in the field records.
f.) Purging Equipment Volume - Calculate the total volume of the pump, associated
tubing and flow cell (if used), using the following equation:
V = p + ((0.041)d x d x l) + fc
Where:
V = volume in gallons
p = volume of pump in gallons
d = tubing diameter in inches
l = length of tubing in feet
Rev 4-08 18
fc = volume of flow cell in gallons
g.) If the groundwater elevation data are to be used to construct groundwater elevation
contour maps, all water level measurements must be taken within the same 24 hour
time interval when collecting samples from multiple wells on a site, unless a shorter
time period is required. If the site is tidally influenced, complete the water level
measurements within the time frame of an incoming or outgoing tide.

Well Purging Techniques
The selection of the purging technique and equipment is dependent on the hydrogeologic
properties of the aquifer, especially depth to groundwater and hydraulic conductivity.

a.) Measuring the Purge Volume - The volume of water that is removed during purging
must be recorded. Therefore, you must measure the volume during the purging
operation.
1. Collect the water in a graduated container and multiply the number of
times the container was emptied by the volume of the container, OR
2. Estimate the volume based on pumping rate. This technique may be used
only if the pumping rate is constant. Determine the pumping rate by
measuring the amount of water that is pumped for a fixed period of time,
or use a flow meter.
• Calculate the amount of water that is discharged per
minute: D = Measured Amount/Total Time In Minutes
• Calculate the time needed to purge one (1) well volume or
one (1) purging equipment volume: Time = V/D
Where: V = well volume or purging equipment volume
D = discharge rate
• Make new measurements each time the pumping rate is
changed.
3. Use a totalizing flow meter.
• Record the reading on the totalizer prior to purging.
• Record the reading on the totalizer at the end of purging.
• To obtain the volume purged, subtract the reading on the
totalizer prior to purging from the reading on the totalizer at
the end of purging.
• Record the times that purging begins and ends in the field
records.
b.) Purging Measurement Frequency - When purging a well that has the well screen fully
submerged and the pump or intake tubing is placed within the well casing above the
well screen or open hole, purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting
measurements of the field parameters. Allow at least one quarter (1/4) well volume
to purge between subsequent measurements. When purging a well that has the pump
or intake tubing placed within a fully submerged well screen or open hole, purge until
the water level has stabilized (well recovery rate equals the purge rate), then purge a
minimum of one (1) volume of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell (if used)
prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take measurements of the
field parameters no sooner than two (2) to three (3) minutes apart. Purge at least
Rev 4-08 19
three (3) volumes of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell, if used, prior to
collecting a sample. When purging a well that has a partially submerged well screen,
purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting measurements of the
field parameters. Take measurements of the field parameters no sooner than two (2)
to three (3) minutes apart.
c.) Purging Completion - Wells must be adequately purged prior to sample collection to
ensure representation of the aquifer formation water, rather than stagnant well water.
This may be achieved by purging three volumes from the well or by satisfying any
one of the following three purge completion criteria:
1.) Three (3) consecutive measurements in which the three (3) parameters listed
below are within the stated limits, dissolved oxygen is no greater than 20
percent of saturation at the field measured temperature, and turbidity is no
greater than 20 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs).
• Temperature: + 0.2° C
• pH: + 0.2 Standard Units
• Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading
Document and report the following, as applicable. The last four items only
need to be submitted once:
• Purging rate.
• Drawdown in the well, if any.
• A description of the process and the data used to design the
well.
• The equipment and procedure used to install the well.
• The well development procedure.
• Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.
2.) If it is impossible to get dissolved oxygen at or below 20 percent of saturation
at the field measured temperature or turbidity at or below 20 NTUs, then three
(3) consecutive measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance and
the parameter(s) dissolved oxygen and/or turbidity that do not meet the
requirements above must be within the limits below. The measurements are:
• Temperature: + 0.2° C
• pH: + 0.2 Standard Units
• Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading
• Dissolved Oxygen: + 0.2 mg/L or 10%, whichever is
greater
• Turbidity: + 5 NTUs or 10%, whichever is greater
Additionally, document and report the following, as applicable, except that
the last four(4) items only need to be submitted once:
• Purging rate.
• Drawdown in the well, if any.
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
dissolved oxygen to be high and/or dissolved oxygen
measurements made within the screened or open hole
portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen
probe.
Rev 4-08 20
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to
minimize turbidity in the future.
• A description of the process and the data used to design the
well.
• The equipment and procedure used to install the well.
• The well development procedure.
• Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.
3.) If after five (5) well volumes, three (3) consecutive measurements of the field
parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and
turbidity are not within the limits stated above, check the instrument condition
and calibration, purging flow rate and all tubing connections to determine if
they might be affecting the ability to achieve stable measurements. It is at the
discretion of the consultant/contractor whether or not to collect a sample or to
continue purging. Further, the report in which the data are submitted must
include the following, as applicable. The last four (4) items only need to be
submitted once.
• Purging rate.
• Drawdown in the well, if any.
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
Dissolved Oxygen to be high and/or Dissolved Oxygen
measurements made within the screened or open hole
portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen
probe.
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to
minimize turbidity in the future.
• A description of the process and the data used to design the
well.
• The equipment and procedure used to install the well.
• The well development procedure.
• Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.
If wells have previously and consistently purged dry, and the current depth to
groundwater indicates that the well will purge dry during the current sampling
event, minimize the amount of water removed from the well by using the same
pump to purge and collect the sample:
• Place the pump or tubing intake within the well screened
interval.
• Use very small diameter Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing
and the smallest possible pump chamber volume. This will
minimize the total volume of water pumped from the well
and reduce drawdown.
• Select tubing that is thick enough to minimize oxygen
transfer through the tubing walls while pumping.
Rev 4-08 21
• Pump at the lowest possible rate (100 mL/minute or less) to
reduce drawdown to a minimum.
• Purge at least two (2) volumes of the pumping system
(pump, tubing and flow cell, if used).
• Measure pH, specific conductance, temperature, dissolved
oxygen and turbidity, then begin to collect the samples.
Collect samples immediately after purging is complete. The time period between
completing the purge and sampling cannot exceed six hours. If sample collection
does not occur within one hour of purging completion, re-measure the five field
parameters: temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and turbidity,
just prior to collecting the sample. If the measured values are not within 10 percent
of the previous measurements, re-purge the well. The exception is “dry” wells.
d.) Lanyards
1. Securely fasten lanyards, if used, to any downhole equipment (bailers,
pumps, etc.).
2. Use bailer lanyards in such a way that they do not touch the ground
surface.

Wells Without Plumbing
a.) Tubing/Pump Placement
1. If attempting to minimize the volume of purge water, position the intake
hose or pump at the midpoint of the screened or open hole interval.
2. If monitoring well conditions do not allow minimizing of the purge water
volume, position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water
column. This will ensure that all stagnant water in the casing is removed.
3. If the well screen or borehole is partially submerged, and the pump will be
used for both purging and sampling, position the pump midway between
the measured water level and the bottom of the screen. Otherwise,
position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water column.
b.) Non-dedicated (portable) pumps
1. Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Attach a short section of tubing to the discharge side of the
pump and into a graduated container.
• Attach one end of a length of new or precleaned tubing to
the pump head flexible hose.
• Place the tubing as described in one of the options listed
above.
• Change gloves before beginning to purge.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well
recovery rate to minimize drawdown.
Rev 4-08 22
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that
water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells (see
Appendix C) or if precleaned tubing is used for each well,
only the pump.
2. Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Place the decontaminated suction hose so that water is
always pumped from the top of the water column.
• Change gloves before beginning to purge.
• Equip the suction hose with a foot valve to prevent purge
water from re-entering the well.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is
equivalent to the well recovery rate.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that the
water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if
precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump.
3. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Carefully position the decontaminated pump.
Rev 4-08 23
• Change gloves before beginning to purge.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is
equivalent to the well recovery rate.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so
that water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or only
the pump if precleaned tubing is used for each well.
4. Variable Speed Bladder Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Attach the tubing and carefully position the pump.
• Change gloves before beginning purging.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is
equivalent to the well recovery rate.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so
that water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if
precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump.
c.) Dedicated Portable Pumps
1. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves.
Rev 4-08 24
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well
recovery rate to minimize drawdown.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge
rate.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well
recovery rate to minimize drawdown.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge
rate.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
3. Bailers - Using bailers for purging is not recommended unless care is
taken to use proper bailing technique, or if free product is present in the
well or suspected to be in the well.
• Minimize handling the bailer as much as possible.
• Wear sampling gloves.
• Remove the bailer from its protective wrapping just before
use.
• Attach a lanyard of appropriate material.
• Use the lanyard to move and position the bailer.
• Lower and retrieve the bailer slowly and smoothly.
• Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth
approximately a foot above the water column.
• When the bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the
water column at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is
reached.
• Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one (1) foot
below the top of the water table so that water is removed
from the top of the water column.
• Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it
descends into the water column.
Rev 4-08 25
• Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the same
rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has cleared to
top of the water column.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record the volume of the bailer.
• Continue to carefully lower and retrieve the bailer as
described above until the purging is considered complete,
based on either the removal of 3 well volumes.
• Remove at least one (1) well volume before collecting
measurements of the field parameters. Take each
subsequent set of measurements after removing at least one
quarter (1/4) well volume between measurements.

Groundwater Sampling Techniques
a.) Purge wells.
b.) Replace protective covering around the well if it is soiled or torn after completing
purging operations.
c.) Equipment Considerations
1. The following pumps are approved to collect volatile organic samples:
• Stainless steel and Teflon variable speed submersible
pumps
• Stainless steel and Teflon or polyethylene variable speed
bladder pumps
• Permanently installed PVC bodied pumps (As long as the
pump remains in contact with the water in the well at all
times)
2. Collect sample from the sampling device and store in sample container.
Do not use intermediate containers.
3. To avoid contamination or loss of analytes from the sample, handle
sampling equipment as little as possible and minimize equipment exposure
to the sample.
4. To reduce chances of cross-contamination, use dedicated equipment
whenever possible. “Dedicated” is defined as equipment that is to be used
solely for one location for the life of that equipment (e.g., permanently
mounted pump). Purchase dedicated equipment with the most sensitive
analyte of interest in mind.
• Clean or make sure dedicated pumps are clean before
installation. They do not need to be cleaned prior to each
use, but must be cleaned if they are withdrawn for repair or
servicing.
• Clean or make sure any permanently mounted tubing is
clean before installation.
• Change or clean tubing when the pump is withdrawn for
servicing.
• Clean any replaceable or temporary parts.
Rev 4-08 26
• Collect equipment blanks on dedicated pumping systems
when the tubing is cleaned or replaced.
• Clean or make sure dedicated bailers are clean before
placing them into the well.
• Collect an equipment blank on dedicated bailers before
introducing them into the water column.
• Suspend dedicated bailers above the water column if they
are stored in the well.

Sampling Wells Without Plumbing
a.) Sampling with Pumps – The following pumps may be used to sample for organics:
• Peristaltic pumps
• Stainless steel, Teflon or polyethylene bladder pumps
• Variable speed stainless steel and Teflon submersible
pumps
1. Peristaltic Pump
• Volatile Organics: One of three methods may be used.
ƒ Remove the drop tubing from the inlet side
of the pump; submerge the drop tubing into
the water column; prevent the water in the
tubing from flowing back into the well;
remove the drop tubing from the well;
carefully allow the groundwater to drain into
the sample vials; avoid turbulence; do not
aerate the sample; repeat steps until enough
vials are filled. OR
ƒ Use the pump to fill the drop tubing; quickly
remove the tubing from the pump; prevent
the water in the tubing from flowing back
into the well; remove the drop tubing from
the well; carefully allow the groundwater to
drain into the sample vials; avoid
turbulence; do not aerate the sample; repeat
steps until enough vials are filled. OR
ƒ Use the pump to fill the drop tubing;
withdraw the tubing from the well; reverse
the flow on the peristaltic pumps to deliver
the sample into the vials at a slow, steady
rate; repeat steps until enough vials are
filled.
• Extractable Organics: If delivery tubing is not
polyethylene or PP, or is not Teflon lined, use pump and
vacuum trap method. Connect the outflow tubing from the
container to the influent side of the peristaltic pump. Turn
pump on and reduce flow until smooth and even. Discard a
Rev 4-08 27
small portion of the sample to allow for air space. Preserve
(if required), label, and complete field notes.
• Inorganic samples: These samples may be collected from
the effluent tubing. If samples are collected from the
pump, decontaminate all tubing (including the tubing in the
head) or change it between wells. Preserve (if required),
label, and complete field notes.
2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump
• If sampling for organics, the pump body must be
constructed of stainless steel and the valves and bladder
must be Teflon. All tubing must be Teflon, polyethylene,
or PP and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon,
polyethylene or PP, or made of stainless steel.
• After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate.
• When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the
flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible.
3. Variable Speed Submersible Pump
• The housing must be stainless steel.
• If sampling for organics, the internal impellers, seals and
gaskets must be constructed of stainless steel, Teflon,
polyethylene or PP. The delivery tubing must be Teflon,
polyethylene or PP; the electrical cord must be sealed in
Teflon; any cabling must be sealed in Teflon or constructed
of stainless steel.
• After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate.
• When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the
flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible.
b.) Sampling with Bailers - A high degree of skill and coordination are necessary to
collect representative samples with a bailer.
1. General Considerations
• Minimize handling of bailer as much as possible.
• Wear sampling gloves.
• Remove bailer from protective wrapping just before use.
• Attach a lanyard of appropriate material.
• Use the lanyard to move and position the bailers.
• Do not allow bailer or lanyard to touch the ground.
• If bailer is certified precleaned, no rinsing is necessary.
• If both a pump and a bailer are to be used to collect
samples, rinse the exterior and interior of the bailer with
sample water from the pump before removing the pump.
• If the purge pump is not appropriate for collecting samples
(e.g., non-inert components), rinse the bailer by collecting a
single bailer of the groundwater to be sampled.
• Discard the water appropriately.
Rev 4-08 28
• Do not rinse the bailer if Oil and Grease samples are to be
collected.
2. Bailing Technique
• Collect all samples that are required to be collected with a
pump before collecting samples with the bailer.
• Raise and lower the bailer gently to minimize stirring up
particulate matter in the well and the water column, which
can increase sample turbidity.
• Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth
approximately a foot above the water column. When the
bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the water column
at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is reached.
• Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one foot below
the top of the water table, so that water is removed from the
top of the water column.
• Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it
descends into the water column.
• Do not allow the bailer to touch the bottom of the well or
particulate matter will be incorporated into the sample.
Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the
same rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has
cleared to top of the water column.
• Lower the bailer to approximately the same depth each
time.
• Collect the sample. Install a device to control the flow
from the bottom of the bailer and discard the first few
inches of water. Fill the appropriate sample containers by
allowing the sample to slowly flow down the side of the
container. Discard the last few inches of water in the
bailer.
• Repeat steps for additional samples.
• As a final step measure the DO, pH, temperature, turbidity
and specific conductance after the final sample has been
collected. Record all measurements and note the time
that sampling was completed.
c.) Sampling Low Permeability Aquifers or Wells that have Purged Dry
1. Collect the sample(s) after the well has been purged. Minimize the amount
of water removed from the well by using the same pump to purge and
collect the sample. If the well has purged dry, collect samples as soon as
sufficient sample water is available.
2. Measure the five field parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance,
dissolved oxygen and turbidity at the time of sample collection.
3. Advise the analytical laboratory and the client that the usual amount of
sample for analysis may not be available.

Rev 4-08 29
Appendix D - Collecting Samples from Wells with
Plumbing in Place
In-place plumbing is generally considered permanent equipment routinely used for purposes
other than purging and sampling, such as for water supply.

a.) Air Strippers or Remedial Systems - These types of systems are installed as
remediation devices. Collect influent and effluent samples from air stripping units as
described below.
1. Remove any tubing from the sampling port and flush for one to two
minutes.
2. Remove all hoses, aerators and filters (if possible).
3. Open the spigot and purge sufficient volume to flush the spigot and lines
and until the purging completion criteria have been met.
4. Reduce the flow rate to approximately 500 mL/minute (a 1/8” stream) or
approximately 0.1 gal/minute before collecting samples.
5. Follow procedures for collecting samples from water supply wells as
outlined below.
b.) Water Supply Wells – Water supply wells with in-place plumbing do not require
equipment to be brought to the well to purge and sample. Water supply wells at UST
facilities must be sampled for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile
compounds (SVOCs).
1. Procedures for Sampling Water Supply Wells
• Label sample containers prior to sample collection.
• Prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.)
before taking any samples so each collected sample can be
placed in a chilled environment immediately after
collection.
• You must choose the tap closest to the well, preferably at
the wellhead. The tap must be before any holding or
pressurization tank, water softener, ion exchange,
disinfection process or before the water line enters the
residence, office or building. If no tap fits the above
conditions, a new tap that does must be installed.
• The well pump must not be lubricated with oil, as that may
contaminate the samples.
• The sampling tap must be protected from exterior
contamination associated with being too close to a sink
bottom or to the ground. If the tap is too close to the
ground for direct collection into the appropriate container,
it is acceptable to use a smaller (clean) container to transfer
the sample to a larger container.
• Leaking taps that allow water to discharge from around the
valve stem handle and down the outside of the faucet, or
taps in which water tends to run up on the outside of the lip,
are to be avoided as sampling locations.
Rev 4-08 30
• Disconnect any hoses, filters, or aerators attached to the tap
before sampling.
• Do not sample from a tap close to a gas pump. The gas
fumes could contaminate the sample.
2. Collecting Volatile Organic Samples
• Equipment Needed: VOC sample vials [40 milliliters,
glass, may contain 3 to 4 drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
as preservative]; Disposable gloves and protective goggles;
Ice chest/cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic
bags, bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms.
• Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least
15 minutes. If the well is deep, run water longer (purging
three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is located
directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the holding
tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where you will
take your sample. This will ensure that the water you
collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the holding
tank. After running the water for at least 15 minutes,
reduce the flow of water. The flow should be reduced to a
trickle but not so slow that it begins to drip. A smooth flow
of water will make collection easier and more accurate.
Remove the cap of a VOC vial and hold the vial under the
stream of water to fill it. Be careful not to spill any acid
that is in the vial. For best results use a low flow of water
and angle the vial slightly so that the water runs down the
inside of the vial. This will help keep the sample from
being agitated, aerated or splashed out of the vial. It will
also increase the accuracy of the sample. As the vial fills
and is almost full, turn the vial until it is straight up and
down so the water won’t spill out. Fill the vial until the
water is just about to spill over the lip of the vial. The
surface of the water sample should become mounded. It is
a good idea not to overfill the vial, especially if an acid
preservative is present in the vial. Carefully replace and
screw the cap onto the vial. Some water may overflow as
the cap is put on. After the cap is secure, turn the vial
upside down and gently tap the vial to see if any bubbles
are present. If bubbles are present in the vial, remove the
cap, add more water and check again to see if bubbles are
present. Repeat as necessary. After two samples without
bubbles have been collected, the samples should be labeled
and prepared for shipment. Store samples at 4° C.

Rev 4-08 31
3. Collecting Extractable Organic and/or Metals Samples
• Equipment Needed: SVOC sample bottle [1 liter, amber
glass] and/or Metals sample bottle [0.5 liter, polyethylene
or glass, 5 milliliters of nitric acid (HNO3) preservative];
Disposable gloves and protective goggles; Ice
Chest/Cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic bags,
bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms.
• Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least
15 minutes. If the well is deep, run the water longer
(purging three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is
located directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the
holding tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where
you will take your sample. This will ensure that the water
you collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the
holding tank. After running the water for at least 15
minutes, reduce the flow. Low water flow makes
collection easier and more accurate. Remove the cap of a
SVOC or metals bottle and hold it under the stream of
water to fill it. The bottle does not have to be completely
filled (i.e., you can leave an inch or so of headspace in the
bottle). After filling, screw on the cap, label the bottle and
prepare for shipment. Store samples at 4° C.

Rev 4-08 32
Appendix E - Collecting Surface Water Samples
The following topics include 1.) acceptable equipment selection and equipment construction
materials and 2.) standard grab, depth-specific and depth-composited surface water sampling
techniques.

Facilities which contain or border small rivers, streams or branches should include surface water
sampling as part of the monitoring program for each sampling event. A simple procedure for
selecting surface water monitoring sites is to locate a point on a stream where drainage leaves the
site. This provides detection of contamination through, and possibly downstream of, site via
discharge of surface waters. The sampling points selected should be downstream from any waste
areas. An upstream sample should be obtained in order to determine water quality upstream of
the influence of the site.

a.) General Cautions
1. When using watercraft take samples near the bow away and upwind from
any gasoline outboard engine. Orient watercraft so that bow is positioned
in the upstream direction.
2. When wading, collect samples upstream from the body. Avoid disturbing
sediments in the immediate area of sample collection.
3. Collect water samples prior to taking sediment samples when obtaining
both from the same area (site).
4. Unless dictated by permit, program or order, sampling at or near man-
made structures (e.g., dams, weirs or bridges) may not provide
representative data because of unnatural flow patterns.
5. Collect surface water samples from downstream towards upstream.
b.) Equipment and Supplies - Select equipment based on the analytes of interest, specific
use, and availability.
c.) Surface Water Sampling Techniques - Adhere to all general protocols applicable to
aqueous sampling when following the surface water sampling procedures addressed
below.
1. Manual Sampling: Use manual sampling for collecting grab samples for
immediate in-situ field analyses. Use manual sampling in lieu of
automatic equipment over extended periods of time for composite
sampling, especially when it is necessary to observe and/or note unusual
conditions.
• Surface Grab Samples - Do not use sample containers containing
premeasured amounts of preservatives to collect grab samples. If
the sample matrix is homogeneous, then the grab method is a
simple and effective technique for collection purposes. If
homogeneity is not apparent, based on flow or vertical variations
(and should never be assumed), then use other collection protocols.
Where practical, use the actual sample container submitted to the
laboratory for collecting samples to be analyzed for oil and grease,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and microbiological samples.
This procedure eliminates the possibility of contaminating the
sample with an intermediate collection container. The use of
Rev 4-08 33
unpreserved sample containers as direct grab samplers is
encouraged since the same container can be submitted for
laboratory analysis after appropriate preservation. This procedure
reduces sample handling and eliminates potential contamination
from other sources (e.g., additional sampling equipment,
environment, etc.).
1. Grab directly into sample container.
2. Slowly submerge the container, opening neck first, into the
water.
3. Invert the bottle so the neck is upright and pointing towards
the direction of water flow (if applicable). Allow water to
run slowly into the container until filled.
4. Return the filled container quickly to the surface.
5. Pour out a few mL of sample away from and downstream
of the sampling location. This procedure allows for the
addition of preservatives and sample expansion. Do not
use this step for volatile organics or other analytes where
headspace is not allowed in the sample container.
6. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and
complete field notes. If sample containers are attached to a
pole via a clamp, submerge the container and follow steps 3
– 5 but omit steps 1 and 2.
• Sampling with an Intermediate Vessel or Container: If the sample
cannot be collected directly into the sample container to be
submitted to the laboratory, or if the laboratory provides
prepreserved sample containers, use an unpreserved sample
container or an intermediate vessel (e.g., beakers, buckets or
dippers) to obtain the sample. These vessels must be constructed
appropriately, including any poles or extension arms used to access
the sample location.
1. Rinse the intermediate vessel with ample amounts of site
water prior to collecting the first sample.
2. Collect the sample as outlined above using the intermediate
vessel.
3. Use pole mounted containers of appropriate construction to
sample at distances away from shore, boat, etc. Follow the
protocols above to collect samples.
• Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this
technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately
precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach
polyethylene, Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is
not acceptable for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs.
Extractable organics can be collected through the pump if flexible
interior-wall Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump
head or if used with the organic trap setup.
Rev 4-08 34
1. Lower appropriately precleaned tubing to a depth of 6 – 12
inches below water surface, where possible.
2. Pump 3 – 5 tube volumes through the system to acclimate
the tubing before collecting the first sample.
3. Fill individual sample bottles via the discharge tubing. Be
careful not to remove the inlet tubing from the water.
4. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and
complete field notes.
• Mid-Depth Grab Samples: Mid-depth samples or samples taken at
a specific depth can approximate the conditions throughout the
entire water column. The equipment that may be used for this type
of sampling consists of the following depth-specific sampling
devices: Kemmerer, Niskin, Van Dorn type, etc. You may also
use pumps with tubing or double check-valve bailers. Certain
construction material details may preclude its use for certain
analytes. Many Kemmerer samplers are constructed of plastic and
rubber that preclude their use for all volatile and extractable
organic sampling. Some newer devices are constructed of stainless
steel or are all Teflon or Teflon-coated. These are acceptable for
all analyte groups without restriction.
1. Measure the water column to determine maximum depth
and sampling depth prior to lowering the sampling device.
2. Mark the line attached to the sampler with depth
increments so that the sampling depth can be accurately
recorded.
3. Lower the sampler slowly to the appropriate sampling
depth, taking care not to disturb the sediments.
4. At the desired depth, send the messenger weight down to
trip the closure mechanism.
5. Retrieve the sampler slowly.
6. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site
water prior to collecting the first sample. Discard rinsate
away from and downstream of the sampling location.
7. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube.
• Double Check-Valve Bailers: Collect samples using double check-
valve bailers if the data requirements do not necessitate a sample
from a strictly discrete interval of the water column. Bailers with
an upper and lower check-valve can be lowered through the water
column. Water will continually be displaced through the bailer
until the desired depth is reached, at which point the bailer is
retrieved. Sampling with this type of bailer must follow the same
protocols outlined above, except that a messenger weight is not
applicable. Although not designed specifically for this kind of
sampling, a bailer is acceptable when a mid-depth sample is
required
Rev 4-08 35
1. As the bailer is dropped through the water column, water is
displaced through the body of the bailer. The degree of
displacement depends upon the check-valve ball movement
to allow water to flow freely through the bailer body.
2. Slowly lower the bailer to the appropriate depth. Upon
retrieval, the two check valves seat, preventing water from
escaping or entering the bailer.
3. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site
water prior to collecting the first sample.
4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube.
Sample bottles must be handled as described above.
• Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this
technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately
precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach HDPE,
Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is not acceptable
for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs. Extractable organics can
be collected through the pump if flexible interior-wall Teflon,
polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump head, or if used with
an organic trap setup.
1. Measure the water column to determine the maximum
depth and the sampling depth.
2. Tubing will need to be tied to a stiff pole or be weighted
down so the tubing placement will be secure. Do not use a
lead weight. Any dense, non-contaminating, non-
interfering material will work (brick, stainless steel weight,
etc.). Tie the weight with a lanyard (braided or
monofilament nylon, etc.) so that it is located below the
inlet of the tubing.
3. Turn the pump on and allow several tubing volumes of
water to be discharged before collecting the first sample.
4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube.
Sample bottles must be handled as described above.

Rev 4-08 36
N.C. Division of Waste Management - LEACHATE
http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/LeachSampling.html[3/17/2010 1:58:04 PM]
North Carolina Division of Waste Management
1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1646
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Current page: DWM Home » Solid Waste Program Home » Technical Assistance & Guidance » Environmental Monitoring » Leachate
Leachate Sampling and Analysis
To maintain sample quality, leachate samples are to be taken as close to the sump as possible. Because of dubious results, pond
and storage tank samples should be avoided. The leachate data is to be submitted with the semi-annual monitoring report. Leachate
is to be analyzed for the Appendix I list of constituents plus the following required additional parameters: 1) biological oxygen demand
(BOD), 2) chemical oxygen demand (COD), 3) phosphate, 4) nitrate, 5) sulfate, and 6) pH. Based upon sample results, compliance
history and waste screening practices, additional parameters may be required.
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Appendix = Appendix I or Appendix II
Other = Field Parameters, other commonly reported constituents, etc.
GROUP CAS_NUM SWS_ID NAME
Appendix 630-20-6 190 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Appendix 71-55-6 200 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; Methylchloroform
Appendix 79-34-5 191 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Appendix 79-00-5 202 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Other 76-13-1 398 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane
Appendix 75-34-3 75 1,1-Dichloroethane; Ethyldidene chloride
Appendix 75-35-4 77 1,1-Dichloroethylene; 1,1-Dichloroethene;
Appendix 563-58-6 85 1,1-Dichloropropene
Appendix 96-18-4 206 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Appendix 95-94-3 189 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Appendix 120-82-1 199 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Other 226-36-8 385 1,2,5,6-Dibenzacridine
Appendix 96-12-8 67 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane; DBCP
Appendix 106-93-4 68 1,2-Dibromoethane; Ethylene dibromide; EDB
Appendix 107-06-2 76 1,2-Dichloroethane; Ethylene dichloride
Appendix 78-87-5 82 1,2-Dichloropropane
Other 122-66-7 394 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Appendix 142-28-9 83 1,3-Dichloropropane; Trimethylene dichloride
Appendix 130-15-4 149 1,4-Naphthoquinone
Other 87-61-6 371 1-2-3-Trichlorobenzene
Appendix 134-32-7 150 1-Naphthylamine
Other 120-36-5 352 2-(2-4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
Appendix 594-20-7 84 2,2-Dichloropropane; Isopropylidene chloride
Appendix 58-90-2 193 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
Appendix 93-76-5 188 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Appendix 95-95-4 204 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Appendix 88-06-2 205 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Appendix 94-75-7 59 2,4-D; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Appendix 120-83-2 80 2,4-Dichlorophenol
Appendix 105-67-9 95 2,4-Dimethylphenol; m-Xylenol
Appendix 51-28-5 99 2,4-Dinitrophenol
Appendix 121-14-2 100 2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Appendix 87-65-0 81 2,6-Dichlorophenol
Appendix 606-20-2 101 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Other 94-82-6 350 2-4 DB
Appendix 53-96-3 6 2-Acetylaminofluorene; 2-AAF
Other 110-75-8 358 2-Chloroethylvinyl ether
Appendix 91-58-7 47 2-Chloronaphthalene
Appendix 95-57-8 48 2-Chlorophenol
Appendix 591-78-6 124 2-Hexanone; Methyl butyl ketone
Appendix 91-57-6 145 2-Methylnaphthalene
Appendix 91-59-8 151 2-Naphthylamine
Other 109-06-8 390 2-Picoline
Appendix 91-94-1 72 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
Appendix 119-93-7 94 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
Appendix 56-49-5 138 3-Methylcholanthrene
Appendix 72-54-8 60 4,4'-DDD
Appendix 72-55-9 61 4,4'-DDE
Appendix 50-29-3 62 4,4'-DDT
Appendix 534-52-1 98 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol; 4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol
Appendix 92-67-1 11 4-Aminobiphenyl
Appendix 101-55-3 31 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Appendix 7005-72-3 49 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
Appendix 108-10-1 147 4-Methyl-2-pentanone; Methyl isobutyl ketone
Other 56-57-5 388 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
Appendix 99-55-8 157 5-Nitro-o-toluidine
Appendix 57-97-6 93 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
Appendix 83-32-9 1 Acenaphthene
Appendix 208-96-8 2 Acenaphthylene
Appendix 67-64-1 3 Acetone
Appendix 75-05-8 4 Acetonitrile; Methyl cyanide
Appendix 98-86-2 5 Acetophenone
Appendix 107-02-8 7 Acrolein
Appendix 107-13-1 8 Acrylonitrile
Appendix 309-00-2 9 Aldrin
Other SW337 337 Alkalinity
Appendix 107-05-1 10 Allyl chloride
Appendix 319-84-6 24 alpha-BHC
Other 62-53-3 381 Aniline
Appendix 120-12-7 12 Anthracene
Appendix 7440-36-0 13 Antimony
Other 140-57-8 382 Aramite
Other 12674-11-2 401 Aroclor 1016
Other 11104-28-2 402 Aroclor 1221
Other 11141-16-5 403 Aroclor 1232
Other 53469-21-9 404 Aroclor 1242
Other 12672-29-6 405 Aroclor 1248
Other 11097-69-1 406 Aroclor 1254
Other 11096-82-5 407 Aroclor 1260
Appendix 7440-38-2 14 Arsenic
Appendix 7440-39-3 15 Barium
Appendix 71-43-2 16 Benzene
Other 122-09-8 386 Benzeneethanamine, alpha,alpha-dimethyl-
Other 92-87-5 383 Benzidine
Appendix 56-55-3 17 Benzo[a]anthracene; Benzanthracene
Appendix 50-32-8 21 Benzo[a]pyrene
Appendix 205-99-2 18 Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Appendix 191-24-2 20 Benzo[ghi]perylene
Appendix 207-08-9 19 Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Other 65-85-0 395 Benzoic Acid
Appendix 100-51-6 22 Benzyl alcohol
Appendix 7440-41-7 23 Beryllium
Appendix 319-85-7 25 beta-BHC
Other SW347 347 Bicarbonate (as CaCO3)
Other SW316 316 Biological Oxygen Demand
Appendix 108-60-1 46
Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether; 2,2'-
Dichlorodiisopropyl ether; DCIP, See footnote 4
Appendix 111-91-1 42 Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
Appendix 111-44-4 43 Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether; Dichloroethyl ether
Other 39638-32-9 384 Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Appendix 117-81-7 111 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Other 108-86-1 360 Bromobenzene
Appendix 74-97-5 28 Bromochloromethane; Chlorobromethane
Appendix 75-27-4 29 Bromodichloromethane; Dibromochloromethane
Appendix 75-25-2 30 Bromoform; Tribromomethane
Appendix 85-68-7 32 Butyl benzyl phthalate; Benzyl butyl phthalate
Appendix 7440-43-9 34 Cadmium
Other 7440-70-2 375 Calcium
Appendix 75-15-0 35 Carbon disulfide
Appendix 56-23-5 36 Carbon tetrachloride
Other SW348 348 Carbonate (as CaCO3)
Other SW317 317 Chemical Oxygen Demand
Appendix 57-74-9 339 Chlordane
Other 12789-03-6 400 Chlordane (constituents)
Other 5103-71-9 379 Chlordane, alpha
Other 5103-74-2 378 Chlordane, beta
Other 5566-34-7 399 Chlordane, gamma
Other SW301 301 Chloride
Appendix 108-90-7 39 Chlorobenzene
Appendix 510-15-6 40 Chlorobenzilate
Appendix 75-00-3 41 Chloroethane; Ethyl chloride
Appendix 67-66-3 44 Chloroform; Trichloromethane
Appendix 126-99-8 50 Chloroprene
Appendix 7440-47-3 51 Chromium
Appendix 218-01-9 52 Chrysene
Appendix 10061-01-5 86 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
Appendix 7440-48-4 53 Cobalt
Other SW309 309 Coliform (total)
Other SW310 310 Color (color units)
Appendix 7440-50-8 54 Copper
Appendix 57-12-5 58 Cyanide
Other 75-99-0 355 Dalapon
Appendix 319-86-8 26 delta-BHC
Other SW318 318 Depth To Water (ft)
Appendix 2303-16-4 63 Diallate
Appendix 53-70-3 64 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
Appendix 132-64-9 65 Dibenzofuran
Appendix 124-48-1 66 Dibromochloromethane; Chlorodibromomethane
Other 1918-00-9 353 Dicamba
Appendix 75-71-8 74 Dichlorodifluoromethane; CFC 12
Appendix 60-57-1 88 Dieldrin
Appendix 84-66-2 90 Diethyl phthalate
Appendix 60-51-5 91 Dimethoate
Appendix 131-11-3 96 Dimethyl phthalate
Appendix 84-74-2 33 Di-n-butyl phthalate
Appendix 117-84-0 168 Di-n-octyl phthalate
Appendix 88-85-7 102 Dinoseb; DNBP; 2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
Appendix 122-39-4 103 Diphenylamine
Other SW356 356 Dissolved Oxygen
Appendix 298-04-4 104 Disulfoton
Appendix 959-98-8 105 Endosulfan I
Appendix 33213-65-9 106 Endosulfan II
Appendix 1031-07-8 107 Endosulfan sulfate
Appendix 72-20-8 108 Endrin
Appendix 7421-93-4 109 Endrin aldehyde
Other SW331 331 Ethane- Dissolved
Other SW332 332 Ethene- Dissolved
Appendix 97-63-2 112 Ethyl methacrylate
Appendix 62-50-0 113 Ethyl methanesulfonate
Appendix 100-41-4 110 Ethylbenzene
Appendix 52-85-7 114 Famphur
Other SW334 334 Ferrous Iron- Dissolved
Appendix 206-44-0 115 Fluoranthene
Appendix 86-73-7 116 Fluorene
Other SW312 312 Fluoride
Other SW313 313 Foaming Agents
Appendix 58-89-9 27 gamma-BHC; Lindane
Other SW314 314 Gross Alpha
Other SW319 319 Head (ft mean sea level)
Appendix 76-44-8 117 Heptachlor
Appendix 1024-57-3 118 Heptachlor epoxide
Appendix 118-74-1 119 Hexachlorobenzene
Appendix 87-68-3 120 Hexachlorobutadiene
Appendix 77-47-4 121 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Appendix 67-72-1 122 Hexachloroethane
Other 70-30-4 387 Hexachlorophene
Appendix 1888-71-7 123 Hexachloropropene
Other SW338 338 Hydrogen Sulfide
Appendix 193-39-5 125 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
Other 7439-89-6 340 Iron
Appendix 78-83-1 126 Isobutyl alcohol
Appendix 465-73-6 127 Isodrin
Appendix 78-59-1 128 Isophorone
Other 108-20-3 366 Isopropyl ether
Other 98-82-8 367 Isopropylbenzene
Appendix 120-58-1 129 Isosafrole
Appendix 143-50-0 130 Kepone
Other SW329 329 Landfill Gas
Appendix 7439-92-1 131 Lead
Other SW374 374 m-&p-Cresol (combined)
Other SW359 359 m-&p-Xylene (combined)
Other 7439-95-4 376 Magnesium
Other 7439-96-5 342 Manganese
Other SW335 335 Manganese- Dissolved
Other 94-74-6 351 MCPA
Appendix 108-39-4 345 m-Cresol; 3-Methylphenol
Appendix 541-73-1 70 m-Dichlorobenzene; 1,3-Dichlorobenzene
Appendix 99-65-0 97 m-Dinitrobenzene
Other 93-65-2 354 Mecopop, MCPP
Appendix 7439-97-6 132 Mercury
Other 108-67-8 373 Mesitylene (1-3-5-trimethylbenzene)
Appendix 126-98-7 133 Methacrylonitrile
Other SW333 333 Methane- Dissolved
Appendix 91-80-5 134 Methapyrilene
Appendix 72-43-5 135 Methoxychlor
Appendix 74-83-9 136 Methyl bromide; Bromomethane
Appendix 74-87-3 137 Methyl chloride; Chloromethane
Appendix 78-93-3 141 Methyl ethyl ketone; MEK; 2-Butanone
Appendix 74-88-4 142 Methyl iodide; Iodomethane
Appendix 80-62-6 143 Methyl methacrylate
Appendix 66-27-3 144 Methyl methanesulfonate
Appendix 298-00-0 146 Methyl parathion; Parathion methyl
Appendix 74-95-3 139 Methylene bromide; Dibromomethane
Appendix 75-09-2 140 Methylene chloride; Dichloromethane
Other 1634-04-4 369 Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
Appendix 99-09-2 153 m-Nitroaniline; 3-Nitroaniline
Other 7439-98-7 397 Molybdenum
Other 108-38-3 409 m-Xylene
Appendix 91-20-3 148 Naphthalene
Other 104-51-8 361 n-Butylbenzene
Appendix 7440-02-0 152 Nickel
Other SW303 303 Nitrate (as N)
Other SW304 304 Nitrite (as N)
Appendix 98-95-3 156 Nitrobenzene
Appendix 55-18-5 160 N-Nitrosodiethylamine
Appendix 62-75-9 161 N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Appendix 924-16-3 162 N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
Appendix 86-30-6 163 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
Appendix 621-64-7 164
N-Nitrosodipropylamine; N-Nitroso-N-
dipropylamine; Di-n-propylnitrosamine
Appendix 10595-95-6 165 N-Nitrosomethylethalamine
Other 59-89-2 389 N-Nitrosomorpholine
Appendix 100-75-4 166 N-Nitrosopiperidine
Appendix 930-55-2 167 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
Other 103-65-1 370 n-Propylbenzene
Appendix 126-68-1 207 O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate
Appendix 297-97-2 89
O,O-Diethyl O-2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate;
Thionazin
Other 95-49-8 364 o-Chlorotoluene
Appendix 95-48-7 56 o-Cresol; 2-Methylphenol
Appendix 95-50-1 69 o-Dichlorobenzene; 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Appendix 88-74-4 154 o-Nitroaniline; 2-Nitroaniline
Appendix 88-75-5 158 o-Nitrophenol; 2-Nitrophenol
Appendix 95-53-4 197 o-Toluidine
Other SW336 336 Oxygen Reduction Potential (mV)
Other 95-47-6 408 o-Xylene
Appendix 60-11-7 92 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene
Appendix 56-38-2 169 Parathion
Appendix 106-47-8 38 p-Chloroaniline
Appendix 59-50-7 45 p-Chloro-m-cresol; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
Other 106-43-4 365 p-Chlorotoluene
Appendix 106-44-5 344 p-Cresol; 4-Methylphenol
Other 99-87-6 368 p-Cymene
Appendix 106-46-7 71 p-Dichlorobenzene; 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Appendix 608-93-5 171 Pentachlorobenzene
Other 76-01-7 380 Pentachloroethane
Appendix 82-68-8 172 Pentachloronitrobenzene
Appendix 87-86-5 173 Pentachlorophenol
Other SW307 307 petroleum aliphatic carbon fraction class C19 - C36
Other SW305 305 petroleum aliphatic carbon fraction class C5 - C8
Other SW306 306 petroleum aliphatic carbon fraction class C9 - C18
Other SW308 308 petroleum aromatics carbon fraction class C9 - C22
Other SW320 320 pH (field)
Other SW321 321 pH (lab)
Appendix 62-44-2 174 Phenacetin
Appendix 85-01-8 175 Phenanthrene
Appendix 108-95-2 177 Phenol
Appendix 298-02-2 178 Phorate
Appendix 100-01-6 155 p-Nitroaniline; 4-Nitroaniline
Appendix 100-02-7 159 p-Nitrophenol; 4-Nitrophenol
Appendix 1336-36-3 170 Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs
Other 7440-09-7 377 Potassium
Appendix 106-50-3 176 p-Phenylenediamine
Appendix 23950-58-5 179 Pronamide
Appendix 107-12-0 180 Propionitrile; Ethyl cyanide
Other 95-63-6 372 Pseudocumene (1-2-4-trimethylbenzene)
Other 106-42-3 410 p-Xylene
Appendix 129-00-0 181 Pyrene
Other 110-86-1 391 Pyridine
Appendix 94-59-7 182 Safrole
Other 135-98-8 362 sec-Butylbenzene
Appendix 7782-49-2 183 Selenium
Appendix 7440-22-4 184 Silver
Appendix 93-72-1 185 Silvex; 2,4,5-TP
Other 7440-23-5 322 Sodium
Other SW323 323 SpecCond (field)
Other SW324 324 SpecCond (lab)
Appendix 100-42-5 186 Styrene
Other 14808-79-8 315 Sulfate
Appendix 18496-25-8 187 Sulfide
Other 3689-24-5 392 Sulfotep
Appendix 99-35-4 208 sym-Trinitrobenzene
Other SW325 325 Temp (oC)
Other 98-06-6 363 tert-Butylbenzene
Appendix 127-18-4 192
Tetrachloroethylene; Tetrachloroethene;
Perchloroethylene
Appendix 7440-28-0 194 Thallium
Appendix 7440-31-5 195 Tin
Appendix 108-88-3 196 Toluene
Other SW328 328 Top Of Casing (ft mean sea level)
Other SW311 311 Total Dissolved Solids
Other E-10195 357 Total Organic Carbon
Other SW396 396 Total Organic Halides
Other SW343 343 Total Suspended Solids
Other SW411 411 Total Well Depth (ft)
Appendix 8001-35-2 198 Toxaphene
Appendix 156-60-5 79
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene; trans-1,2-
Dichloroethene
Appendix 10061-02-6 87 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
Appendix 110-57-6 73 trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene
Appendix 79-01-6 201 Trichloroethylene; Trichloroethene
Appendix 75-69-4 203 Trichlorofluoromethane; CFC-11
Other SW330 330 Turbidity
Appendix 7440-62-2 209 Vanadium
Appendix 108-05-4 210 Vinyl acetate
Appendix 75-01-4 211 Vinyl chloride; Chloroethene
Appendix 156-59-2 78
Vinylidene chloride cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene; cis-1,2-
Dichloroethene
Appendix 1330-20-7 346 Xylene (total)
Appendix 7440-66-6 213 Zinc
Appendix SW412 412 Total Phosphorus
Other SW413 413 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Other SW414 414 Pyruvic Acid
Other SW415 415 Lactic Acid
Other SW416 416 Acetic Acid
Other SW417 417 Propionic Acid
Other SW418 418 Butyric Acid
Other SW419 419 No2/No3 (nitrate & nitrite reported together)
Other SW420 420 Hydrogen Gas
Appendix 92-52-4 421 1,1-biphenyl
Appendix 123-91-1 422 1,4-dioxane
Appendix 101-84-8 423 biphenyl ether
Appendix 107-21-1 424 ethylene glycol
Appendix SW425 425 Total BHC
Appendix SW426 426 N-nitrosodiphenylamine/diphenylamine
Other SW427 427 Groundwater Elevation (feet)
Appendix 7440-42-8 428 Boron
Appendix 79-06-1 429 Acrylamide
Appendix 1563-66-2 430 Carbofuran
Appendix 117-81-7 431 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Appendix 142-82-5 432 Heptane
Other SW436 436 Total Fatty Acids
Other SW437 437 Orthophosphate Phosphorus
Appendix SW438 438 Aluminum
Other SW439 439 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine/Diphenylamine
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North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Dexter R. Matthews, Director Division of Waste Management Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary

1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646
Phone: [phone] \ FAX: [phone] \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org
An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper
October 27, 2006

To: SW Director/County Manager/Consultant/Laboratory

From: NC DENR-DWM, Solid Waste Section

Re: New Guidelines for Electronic Submittal of Environmental Monitoring Data

The Solid Waste Section receives and reviews a wide variety of environmental monitoring data from permitted
solid waste management facilities, including the results from groundwater and surface water analyses, leachate
samples, methane gas readings, potentiometric measurements, and corrective action data. We are in the process
of developing a database to capture the large volume of data submitted by facilities.

To maintain the integrity of the database, it is critical that facilities, consultants, and laboratories work with the
Solid Waste Section to ensure that environmental samples are collected and analyzed properly with the resulting
data transferred to the Solid Waste Section in an accurate manner.

In order to better serve the public and to expedite our review process, the Solid Waste Section is requesting
specific formatting for environmental monitoring data submittals for all solid waste management facilities.

Effective, December 1, 2006, please submit a Solid Waste Environmental Monitoring Data Form in
addition to your environmental monitoring data report. This form will be sent in lieu of your current cover
letter to the Solid Waste Section. The Solid Waste Environmental Monitoring Data Form must be filled out
completely, signed, and stamped with a Board Certified North Carolina Geologist License Seal.

The solid waste environmental monitoring data form will include the following:
1. Contact Information
2. Facility Name
3. Facility Permit Number
4. Facility Address
5. Monitoring Event Date (MM/DD/YYYY)
6. Water Quality Status: Monitoring, Detection Monitoring, or Assessment Monitoring
7. Type of Data Submitted: Groundwater Monitoring Wells, Groundwater Potable Wells, Leachate,
Methane Gas, or Corrective Action Data
8. Notification of Exceedance of Groundwater, Surface Water, or Methane Gas (in table form)
9. Signature
10. North Carolina Geologist Seal
Page 2 of 2

Most of these criteria are already being included or can be added with little effort. The Solid Waste
Environmental Monitoring Data Form can be downloaded from our website:
http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/enviro_monitoring.asp.

The Solid Waste Section is also requesting a new format for monitoring wells, potable wells, surface water
sampling locations, and methane probes. This format is essential in the development and maintenance of the
database. The Solid Waste Section is requesting that each sampling location at all North Carolina solid waste
management facilities have its own unique identification number. We are simply asking for the permit number
to be placed directly in front of the sampling location number (example: 9901-MW1 = Permit Number 99-01
and Monitoring Well MW-1). No changes will need to be made to the well tags, etc. This unique identification
system will enable us to accurately report data not only to NCDENR, but to the public as well. We understand
that this new identification system will take some time to implement, but we feel that this will be beneficial to
everyone involved in the long term.

Additionally, effective December 1, 2006, the Practical Quantitation Limits (PQLs) established in 1994
will change. The Solid Waste Section is requiring that all solid waste management facilities use the new Solid
Waste Reporting Limits (SWRL) for all groundwater analyses by a North Carolina Certified Laboratory.
Laboratories must also report any detection of a constituent even it is detected below the new SWRL (e.g., J
values where the constituent was detected above the detection limit, but below the quantitation limit).

PQLs are technology-based analytical levels that are considered achievable using the referenced analytical
method. The PQL is considered the lowest concentration of a contaminant that the lab can accurately detect and
quantify. PQLs provided consistency and available numbers that were achievable by the given analytical
method. However, PQLs are not health-based, and analytical instruments have improved over the years
resulting in lower achievable PQLs for many of the constituents. As a result, the Solid Waste Section has
established the SWRLs as the new reporting limits eliminating the use of the PQLs.

We would also like to take this opportunity to encourage electronic submittal of the reports. This option is
intended to save resources for both the public and private sectors. The Solid Waste Section will accept the
entire report including narrative text, figures, tables, and maps on CD-ROM. The CD-ROM submittal shall
contain a CD-ROM case and both CD-ROM and the case shall be labeled with the site name, site address,
permit number, and the monitoring event date (MM/DD/YYYY). The files may be a .pdf, .txt, .csv, .xls, or .doc
type. Also, analytical lab data should be reported in an .xls file. We have a template for analytical lab data
available on the web at the address listed above.

If you have any questions or concerns, please call [phone]. Thank you for your anticipated cooperation
in this matter.

1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646
Phone [phone] \ FAX [phone] \ Internet http://wastenotnc.org

An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer – Printed on Dual Purpose Recycled Paper
1

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Dexter R. Matthews, Director Division of Waste Management Michael F. Easley, Governor William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
February 23, 2007
EMORANDUM

M
o: Solid Waste Directors, Landfill Operators, North Carolina Certified Laboratories, and Consultants
rom: North Carolina Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section
Re: ste Section Memorandum Regarding New
Guidelines for Electronic Submittal of Environmental Data.

arolina Solid Waste Section memo titled, “New Guidelines for Electronic Submittal of Environmental Data.”
adily available laboratory analytical methodology and current health-based groundwater protection standards.
efinitions

T

F

Addendum to October 27, 2006, North Carolina Solid Wa

The purpose of this addendum memorandum is to provide further clarification to the October 27, 2006, North
C

The updated guidelines is in large part due to questions and concerns from laboratories, consultants, and the
regulated community regarding the detection of constituents in groundwater at levels below the previous
practical quantitation limits (PQLs). The North Carolina Solid Waste Section solicited feedback from the
regulated community, and, in conjunction with the regulated community, developed new limits. The primary
purpose of these changes was to improve the protection of public health and the environment. The North
Carolina Solid Waste Section is concerned about analytical data at these low levels because the earliest possible
detection of toxic or potentially carcinogenic chemicals in the environment is paramount in the North Carolina
Solid Waste Section’s mission to protect human health and the environment. Low level analytical data are
critical for making the correct choices when designing site remediation strategies, alerting the public to health
threats, and protecting the environment from toxic contaminants. The revised limits were updated based on
re

D
s are also an attempt to clarify the meaning of these
rms as used by the North Carolina Solid Waste Section.
e that can be measured and
ported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero.
is the minimum concentration of a
target analyte that can be accurately determined by the referenced method.

Many definitions relating to detection limits and quantitation limits are used in the literature and by government
agencies, and commonly accepted procedures for calculating these limits exist. Except for the Solid Waste
Section Limit and the North Carolina 2L Standards, the definitions listed below are referenced from the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The definition
te

Method Detection Limit (MDL) is the minimum concentration of a substanc
re

Method Reporting Limit or Method Quantitation Limit (MRL or MQL)

Practical Quantitation Limit (PQL) is a quantitation limit that represents a practical and routinely achievable
quantitation limit with a high degree of certainty (>99.9% confidence) in the results. Per EPA Publication
Number SW-846, the PQL is the lowest concentration that can be reliably measured within specified limits of
precision and accuracy for a specific laboratory analytical method during routine laboratory operating
conditions in accordance with "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods. The
PQL appears in

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older NCDENR literature; however, it is no longer being used by the North Carolina Solid
aste Section.
n. The nomenclature of the SWRL described in the October
7, 2006, memorandum has changed to the SWSL.
C 2L .0200, Classifications and Water Quality Standards Applicable to the
roundwaters of North Carolina.
ethod Detection Limits (MDLs)
W

Solid Waste Section Limit (SWSL) is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be quantitatively
determined with suitable precision and accuracy. The SWSL is the concentration below which reported
analytical results must be qualified as estimated. The SWSL is the updated version of the PQL that appears in
older North Carolina Solid Waste Section literature. The SWSL is the limit established by the laboratory survey
conducted by the North Carolina Solid Waste Sectio
2

North Carolina 2L Standards (2L) are water quality standards for the protection of groundwaters of North
Carolina as specified in 15A NCA
G

M
he North Carolina Solid Waste Section is now
quiring laboratories to report to the method detection limit.
atories generally report the highest method detection limit for all the instruments
sed for a specific method.
ata below unspecified or non-statistical reporting limits severely biases data sets and restricts their usefulness.
olid Waste Section Limits (SWSLs)

Clarification of detection limits referenced in the October 27, 2006, memorandum needed to be addressed
because of concerns raised by the regulated community. T
re

Method detection limits are statistically determined values that define the concentration at which measurements
of a substance by a specific analytical protocol can be distinguished from measurements of a blank (background
noise). Method detection limits are matrix-specific and require a well defined analytical method. In the course
of routine operations, labor
u

In many instances, the North Carolina Solid Waste Section gathers data from many sources prior to evaluating
the data or making a compliance decision. Standardization in data reporting significantly enhances the ability to
interpret and review data because the reporting formats are comparable. Reporting a method detection limit
alerts data users of the known uncertainties and limitations associated with using the data. Data users must
understand these limitations in order to minimize the risk of making poor environmental decisions. Censoring
d

S
nd surface water data reported to the North Carolina Solid Waste
ection. The PQLs will no longer be used.

Due to comments from the regulated community, the North Carolina Solid Waste Section has changed the
nomenclature of the new limits referenced on Page 2 of the October 27, 2006, memorandum, from the North
Carolina Solid Waste Reporting Limits (SWRL) to the Solid Waste Section Limits (SWSL). Data must be
reported to the laboratory specific method detection limits and must be quantifiable at or below the SWSL. The
SWSLs must be used for both groundwater a
S

The North Carolina Solid Waste Section has considered further feedback from laboratories and the regulated
community and ha

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3
s made some additional changes to the values of the SWSLs. These changes may be viewed
ttp://www.wastenotnc.org/sw/swenvmonitoringlist.asp
nalytical Data Reporting Requirements
on our webpage:
h

A
al
boratory method detection limit with all analytical laboratory results along with the following requirements:
oncentration, compliance action may not be taken unless it is statistically significant
crease over background.
hese analytical results may require additional confirmation.
he possibility that a constituent concentration may exceed the North Carolina 2L Standards in the
ture.
hese analytical results may be used for compliance without further confirmation.
will be returned and deemed unacceptable. Submittal of unacceptable data may lead to

lectronic Data Deliverable (EDD) Submittal

The strategy for implementing the new analytical data reporting requirements involves reporting the actu
la

1) Any analyte detected at a concentration greater than the MDL but less than the SWSL is known to be present,
but the uncertainty in the value is higher than a value reported above the SWSL. As a result, the actual
concentration is estimated. The estimated concentration is reported along with a qualifier (“J” flag) to alert data
users that the result is between the MDL and the SWSL. Any analytical data below quantifiable levels should
be examined closely to evaluate whether the analytical data should be included in any statistical analysis. A
statistician should make this determination. If an analyte is detected below the North Carolina 2L Standards,
even if it is a quantifiable c
in

T

2) Any analyte detected at a concentration greater than the SWSL is present, and the quantitated value can be
reported with a high degree of confidence. These analytes are reported without estimated qualification. The
laboratory’s MDL and SWSL must be included in the analytical laboratory report. Any reported concentration
of an organic or inorganic constituent at or above the North Carolina 2L Standards will be used for compliance
purposes, unless the inorganic constituent is not statistically significant). Exceedance of the North Carolina 2L
Standards or a statistically significant increase over background concentrations define when a violation has
occurred. Any reported concentration of an organic or inorganic constituent at or above the SWSL that is not
above an North Carolina 2L Standard will be used as a tool to assess the integrity of the landfill system and
predict t
fu

T

Failure to comply with the requirements described in the October 27, 2006, memorandum and this addendum to
the October 27, 2006, memorandum will constitute a violation of 15A NCAC 13B .0601, .0602, or .1632(b),
and the analytical data
enforcement action.

E
he analytical laboratory data. This option is intended to save resources
r both the public and private sectors.

The North Carolina Solid Waste Section would also like to take this opportunity to encourage electronic
submittal of the reports in addition to t
fo

The North Carolina Solid Waste Section will accept the entire report including narrative text, figures, tables,
and maps on CD-ROM. Please separate the figures and tables from the report when saving in order to keep the

size of the files smaller. The CD-ROM submittal shall contain a CD-ROM case and both CD

1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646
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4
-ROM and the
ase shall be labeled with the site name, site address, permit number, and the monitoring event date
ab data and field data. This template is available on our webpage:
ttp://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/enviro_monitoring.asp. Methane monitoring data may also be submitted
ry or exceeds 25% of the LEL
facility structures (excluding gas control or recovery system components), include the exceedance(s) on the
you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact Jaclynne Drummond (919-508-8500) or Ervin
Thank you for your continued cooperation with this matter.

c
(MM/DD/YYYY). The reporting files may be submitted as a .pdf, .txt, .csv, .xls,. or .doc type.

Also, analytical lab data and field data should be reported in .xls files. The North Carolina Solid Waste Section
has a template for analytical l
h
electronically in this format.

Pursuant to the October 27, 2006, memorandum, please remember to submit a Solid Waste Section
Environmental Monitoring Reporting Form in addition to your environmental monitoring data report. This
form should be sealed by a geologist or engineer licensed in North Carolina if hydrogeologic or geologic
calculations, maps, or interpretations are included with the report. Otherwise, any representative that the
facility owner chooses may sign and submit the form. Also, if the concentration of methane generated by the
facility exceeds 100% of the lower explosive limits (LEL) at the property bounda
in
North Carolina Solid Waste Section Environmental Monitoring Reporting Form.

If
Lane (919-508-8520).

1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646
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1

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources

October 16, 2007
EMORANDUM
Dexter R. Matthews, Director Division of Wa e Management st Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary

M
To: Operators, North Carolina Certified
Laboratories, and Consultants
rom: North Carolina Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section
Re: ring Data for North Carolina Solid Waste
Management Facilities
and provide a reminder of formats for environmental monitoring data
bmittals.
ese changes was to improve the protection of public health and the
nvironment.
reported to the North Carolina Solid Waste Section. The PQLs will no
nger be used.
ted can be directed to the North Carolina Department of Health
nd Human Services.

Solid Waste Directors, Landfill

F

Environmental Monito

The purpose of this memorandum is to provide a reiteration of the use of the Solid Waste
Section Limits (SWSLs), provide new information on the Groundwater Protection
Standards,
su

The updated guidelines are in large part due to questions and concerns from laboratories,
consultants, and the regulated community regarding the detection of constituents in
groundwater at levels below the previous Practical Quantitation Limits (PQLs). The
North Carolina Solid Waste Section solicited feedback from the regulated community,
and, in conjunction with the regulated community, developed new limits. The primary
purpose of th
e

Data must be reported to the laboratory specific method detection limits and must be
quantifiable at or below the SWSLs. The SWSLs must be used for both groundwater and
surface water data
lo

In June 2007, we received new information regarding changes to the Groundwater
Protection Standards. If a North Carolina 2L Groundwater Standard does not exist, then
a designated Groundwater Protection Standard is used pursuant to 15A NCAC 13B
.1634. Toxicologists with the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
calculated these new Groundwater Protection Standards. Questions regarding how the
standards were calcula
a

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every year or sooner if new scientific and toxicological data become available.
lease review our website periodically for any changes to the 2L NC Standards,
ic updates will be noted on our
ebsite.
wastenotnc.org/sw/swenvmonitoringlist.asp

We have reviewed the new results from the North Carolina Department of Public Health
and have updated our webpage accordingly. The list of Groundwater Protection
Standards, North Carolina 2L Standards and SWSLs are subject to change and will be
reviewed
P
Groundwater Protection Standards, or SWSLs. Specif
w

http://www.

ental monitoring data

In addition, the following should be included with environm
submittals:
1. Environmental Monitoring Data Form as a cover sheet:
http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/EnvMonitoring/NCEnvMonRptForm.pdf
2. Copy of original laboratory results.
3. Table of detections and discussion of 2L exceedances.
4. Electronic files on CD or sent by email. These files should include the written report as
Portable Document Format (PDF) file and the laboratory data as an excel file following a
the format of the updated Electronic Data Deliverable (EDD) template on our website:
http://www.wastenotnc.org/swhome/enviro_monitoring.asp

If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact Donald Herndon (919-
08-8502), Ervin Lane (919-508-8520) or Jaclynne Drummond (919-508-8500).
Thank you for your continued cooperation with these matters.

5