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4204_HalifaxCoalAshLF_Feb2016_1stSemiAnnual_DIN27048_20160421
This page intentionally left blank. February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill NC Solid Waste Permit #42-04 Prepared for: Halifax County Solid Waste Department P.O. Box 70 Halifax, North Carolina 27839 April 2016 Prepared by: © 2016 Smith Gardner, Inc. This document is intended for the sole use of the client for which it was prepared and for the purpose agreed on by the client and Smith Gardner, Inc. This page intentionally left blank. This page intentionally left blank. Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report April 2016 Table of Contents Page i Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill NC Solid Waste Permit #42-04 February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report Table of Contents Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 2.0 SITE HYDROGEOLOGY ................................................................................................ 1 3.0 SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND PROCEDURES .............................................................. 1 4.0 FIELD AND LABORATORY RESULTS .......................................................................... 2 4.1 Field Results .............................................................................................................. 2 4.2 Laboratory Analysis ................................................................................................... 2 4.3 Laboratory Results .................................................................................................... 2 5.0 GROUNDWATER CHARACTERIZATION ...................................................................... 3 6.0 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 3 FIGURES Figure 1 Groundwater Potentiometric Map TABLES Table 1 Groundwater Elevations & Velocities Table 2 Field Parameters Table 3 Inorganic Constituents - Groundwater Samples Table 4 Inorganic Constituents – Sediment Samples Table 5 Calculated Groundwater Velocities APPENDICES Appendix A Laboratory Analytical Report Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report April 2016 Table of Contents Page ii This page intentionally left blank. Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report April 2016 Page 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Smith Gardner, Inc. (S+G) is pleased to submit this semi-annual sampling report on behalf of the Halifax County Lined Coal Ash Landfill, operating under Solid Waste Permit #42-04, in accordance with Solid Waste Section Rule 15A NCAC 13B. This report presents semi-annual monitoring results for the event performed February 25, 2016. The Halifax County Lined Coal Ash Landfill is a monofill landfill that only accepts coal ash from power generation. This report includes a field procedure summary, laboratory analyses, summary tables and groundwater characterization. 2.0 SITE HYDROGEOLOGY The 1985 North Carolina Geological Map and Groundwater in the Halifax Area, North Carolina (Dept. of Conservation and Development Bulletin #51, 1946) indicates the Halifax County Lined Coal Ash Landfill is situated on the eastern edge of the Eastern Piedmont Physiographic Province, just west of the Coastal Plain overlap. Western Halifax County is underlain by an assemblage of felsic to intermediate crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks of early to late Paleozoic age. Eastern piedmont rocks exhibit a northeast strike and locally dip gently eastward as a result of regional metamorphism and folding that produced a broad plunging anticline. The area was simultaneously intruded by a number of felsic (granite) plutons. The rock formation underlying the subject site is a granitic pluton identified as the Butterwood Creek intrusive. Depths to groundwater generally range from near surface in lowland areas along Brewer’s Creek and its tributary to around 45 ft. below grade in the MW-12 area. Groundwater generally flows to the south. 3.0 SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND PROCEDURES The sampling event, performed by Environment 1, Inc., on February 25, 2016 was conducted in accordance with the approved site Water Quality Monitoring Plan1. Sampling methods followed the protocol outlined in the Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil and Surface Water Sampling2. The depth to water in each well was gauged prior to purging and sampling. The monitoring network at the Halifax Coal Ash Landfill currently includes six groundwater wells (MW-8, MW-9, MW-10, MW-11, MW-12 and MW-17), a surface water location (SW-33) one sample collected from Sediment Basin 1 (Basin 1) and two sediment samples collected upstream and downstream of the sedimentation basin discharge point (Sediment 1 and Sediment 2). Sampling location details are presented in Table 1. 1 Halifax County Landfill, Water Quality Monitoring Plan, November 2012 by Smith Gardner, Inc. 2 Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil and surface Water Sampling, NCDENR, DWM, April 2008. 3 The SW-3 location has been erroneously referred to as SW-1 in past semi-annual groundwater reports. Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report April 2016 Page 2 Samples were collected by Environment 1, Inc. personnel in laboratory prepared containers for the specified analytical procedures. Groundwater samples were properly preserved, placed on ice and transported to the laboratory facility within the specified hold times for each analysis. Sampling locations are shown on Figure 1. 4.0 FIELD AND LABORATORY RESULTS 4.1 Field Results Temperature, pH, turbidity and specific conductance were measured in the field prior to sampling via direct read instruments. The field parameter results are summarized in Table 2 and have remained generally consistent with previously reported sampling events. 4.2 Laboratory Analysis The samples were transported under proper chain of custody, in a cooler with ice to Environment 1, Inc., a North Carolina certified laboratory (NC Wastewater ID #10) located in Greenville, NC. Ground and surface water samples were analyzed for Appendix I metals plus mercury, total organic carbon (TOC), chloride and sulfate via the test methods specified in the laboratory report. Sediment samples were analyzed by Summit Environmental Technologies, Inc. (NC Certification ID #39705 and #631) located in Cuyahoga Falls, OH. Samples were analyzed for specific metals detailed in the laboratory report using approved TCLP methods. Parameters were reported at NC Solid Waste Section Practical Quantitation Limits (SWSLs). The laboratory analytical report is included as Appendix A. 4.3 Laboratory Results Analytical results were compared to the NC DWM Solid Waste Section Quantitation Limits (SWSLs), 15A NCAC 2L.0200 (2LStandard) and the EPA Federal Maximum Contaminant Limit. Surface water and basin results were compared with the NCAC 2B Standard for Class C waters (2B Standards). No inorganic (metal) constituents were detected in monitoring wells at concentrations above their 2L Standards this event, which is consistent with historically reported results. Most inorganic concentrations were reported as “J-qualified” indicating they are a non-quantifiable value that falls between the method limit and the SWSL. Detectable concentrations of the indicator parameter total organic carbon were reported in the sample from MW-8; however, no SWSL, MCL or 2L Standard is established for this parameter. Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report April 2016 Page 3 No inorganic (metal) constituents were detected in the samples from SW-3 or Basin 1 above the 2B Standard. The indicator parameter chloride was reported in SW-3 and Basin 1 at concentrations above the 2B Standard. Detectable concentrations of Total Organic Carbon were reported in the sample from SW-3 and Sulfate in the sample from Basin 1; however, no 2B Standard has been established for those parameters. It should be noted that this basin was in the process of being cleaned during this monitoring event. Also, there were several rain events while cleaning operations were ongoing. We will continue to monitor the concentrations of these constituents going forward. There were no constituents detected in the sediment samples (upstream and downstream). Detected inorganic constituents from ground or surface water samples are presented in Table 3. Sediment sample results are shown in Table 4. 5.0 GROUNDWATER CHARACTERIZATION The depth to water data indicates that groundwater is flowing generally south towards the unnamed tributary to Brewer’s Creek; which is consistent with historic groundwater flow patterns. Average groundwater velocity for the site is 0.010 ft/day. Calculated groundwater velocities are presented in Table 5. The groundwater flow map is included as Figure 1. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS Current and historic analytical data indicate no groundwater impact at this site. We believe the elevated concentrations of chloride and sulfate in the basin and stream samples are likely due to basin cleaning operations that were being completed at the time of sampling. We will continue to monitor these concentrations in the future. The next semi-annual event is scheduled for August 2016. An event report will be submitted to NCDEQ following receipt and review of sampling results. Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill February 2016 Semi-Annual Groundwater Monitoring Report April 2016 Page 4 This page intentionally left blank. FIGURES February 2016 - Groundwater Monitoring Report Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill NC Solid Waste Permit #42-04 This page intentionally left blank. MW-8TOC=308.43DTW=4.10GWE=304.33 M W - 9 T O C = 2 7 7 . 2 6 D T W = 7 . 0 0 G W E = 2 7 0 . 2 6 M W - 1 0 T O C = 2 5 8 . 7 2 D T W = 2 . 8 7 G W E = 2 5 5 . 8 5 M W - 1 1 T O C = 2 6 5 . 9 3 D T W = 4 . 2 3 G W E = 2 6 1 . 7 0 M W - 1 2 T O C = 3 2 9 . 3 3 D T W = 3 8 . 4 8 G W E = 2 9 0 . 8 5 M W - 1 7 T O C = 2 9 4 . 3 8 D T W = 1 4 . 6 4 G W E = 2 7 9 . 7 4 G:\CAD\Halifax\Halifax-8\sheets\HALI-B0300.dwg - 4/18/2016 4:53 PM DRAWN:APPROVED: PROJECT NO: SCALE: FILENAME:DATE: FIGURE NO.PREPARED BY:PREPARED FOR: SMITH 14 N. Boylan Avenue, Raleigh NC 27603 NC LIC. NO. C-0828 (ENGINEERING) 919.828.0577 GARDNER+ © 2016 Smith Gardner, Inc. GROUNDWATER POTENTIOMETRIC MAP HALIFAX COAL ASH LANDFILL FEBRUARY 2016 C.T.J.M.M.G.AS SHOWN 1 Apr 2016 HALIFAX-8 HALI-B0300 MW-10MW-1TOC=DTW=GWE= Th i s p a g e i n t e n t i o n a l l y l e f t b l a n k . TABLES February 2016 - Groundwater Monitoring Report Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill NC Solid Waste Permit #42-04 This page intentionally left blank. Ta b l e 1 Gr o u n d w a t e r E l e v a t i o n Ha l i f a x C o u n t y C o a l A s h L a n d f i l l Fe b r u a r y 2 5 , 2 0 1 6 By: JT Date: 4/4/16 We l l We l l In s t a l l a t i o n Da t e La t i t i u d e L o n g i t u d e We l l Di a m e t e r (i n c h e s ) To t a l We l l De p t h (f t . b g s ) Gr o u n d Su r f a c e El e v a t i o n (f t . a m s l ) TO C El e v a t i o n ( f t ) M e a s u r e d We l l D e p t h (f t ) De p t h t o Wa t e r ( f t ) Wa t e r T a b l e El e v a t i o n ( f t ) Screen Interval (ft. bgs)Screen Geology MW - 8 3 / 5 / 1 9 9 2 3 6 . 3 8 1 4 1 7 1 7 7 7 . 8 0 9 9 5 9 6 1 2 2 0 3 1 1 . 1 2 3 0 8 . 4 3 2 3 . 3 8 4 . 1 0 3 0 4 . 3 3 5 - 2 0 N A MW - 9 1 / 5 / 1 9 9 4 3 6 . 3 7 7 9 8 4 8 3 7 7 . 8 1 2 4 9 1 4 7 2 2 5 2 7 5 . 5 1 2 7 7 . 2 6 2 1 . 9 2 7 . 0 0 2 7 0 . 2 6 1 0 - 2 5 P W R MW - 1 0 1 / 1 0 / 1 9 9 4 3 6 . 3 7 7 0 3 8 0 8 7 7 . 8 1 1 1 6 5 1 1 2 1 6 . 5 2 5 5 . 8 7 2 5 8 . 7 2 1 6 . 1 4 2 . 8 7 2 5 5 . 8 5 5 - 1 5 P W R MW - 1 1 1 / 7 / 1 9 9 4 3 6 . 3 7 6 7 2 6 8 3 7 7 . 8 0 9 8 3 1 8 6 2 2 0 2 6 2 . 0 4 2 6 5 . 9 3 2 1 . 7 2 4 . 2 3 2 6 1 . 7 0 4 - 1 9 c l a y e y s i l t / s a n d MW - 1 2 1 / 7 / 1 9 9 4 3 6 . 3 7 8 0 6 3 1 9 7 7 . 8 0 7 0 1 0 4 2 2 5 0 3 2 5 . 6 7 3 2 9 . 3 3 5 1 . 3 4 3 8 . 4 8 2 9 0 . 8 5 3 4 . 5 - 4 9 . 5 s a n d MW - 1 7 1 / 7 / 1 9 9 9 3 6 . 3 7 8 4 0 7 8 3 7 7 . 8 1 0 1 0 6 3 9 2 2 5 2 9 1 . 1 4 2 9 4 . 3 8 2 6 . 8 8 1 4 . 6 4 2 7 9 . 7 4 1 5 - 2 5 s a p r o l i t e H:\ P r o j e c t s \ G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g \ 2 . G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g R e p o r t s \ H a l i f a x \ Y . H a l i f a x 2 - 2 0 1 6 \ C o a l A s h \ F e b 1 6 _ h a l C O A L A S H t a b l es . x l s x Ta b l e 2 Fi e l d P a r a m e t e r s Ha l i f a x C o u n t y C o a l A s h L a n d f i l l Fe b r u a r y 2 5 , 2 0 1 6 By: JT Date: 4/4/2016 MW - 8 4 . 2 1 2 1 1 0 6 0 MW - 9 5 . 7 3 5 1 4 3 8 MW - 1 0 6 . 1 5 1 1 2 3 1 MW - 1 1 6 . 6 1 5 6 1 3 1 5 0 MW - 1 2 5 . 1 1 8 3 1 4 2 3 0 MW - 1 7 5 . 3 2 9 1 5 1 2 0 SW - 3 7 . 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 3 Ba s i n 1 7 1 4 2 4 0 1 1 3 . 2 NO T E : Da t a f r o m 0 4 / 0 1 / 1 6 E n v i r o n m e n t 1 , I n c o r p o r a t e d L a b o r a t o r y R e p o r t C l i e n t I D # 6 0 4 2 . Mo n i t o r i n g Lo c a t i o n pH ( s t d un i t s ) Sp e c i f i c Co n d u c t i v i t y (u M h o s / c m ) Te m p e r a t u r e (d e g r e e s C ) Tu r b i d i t y ( N T U ) H:\ P r o j e c t s \ G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g \ 2 . G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g R e p o r t s \ H a l i f a x \ Y . H a l i f a x 2 - 2 0 1 6 \ C o a l A s h \ F e b 1 6 _ h a l C O A L A S H t a b l es . x l s x Ta b l e 3 In o r g a n i c C o n s t i t u e n t s - G r o u n d w a t e r S a m p l e s Ha l i f a x C o u n t y C o a l A s h L a n d f i l l Fe b r u a r y 2 5 , 2 0 1 6 By: JT Date: 4/4/2016 Pa r a m e t e r M D L S W S L 2L St a n d a r d MC L 2B St a n d a r d MW - 8 M W - 9 M W - 1 0 M W - 1 1 M W - 1 2 M W - 1 7 S W - 3 B a s i n 1 To t a l O r g a n i c C a r b o n ( m g / L ) 0 . 0 8 5 N E N E N E N E 2. 2 6 <0 . 0 8 5 < 0 . 0 8 5 < 0 . 0 8 5 < 0 . 0 8 5 < 0 . 0 8 5 1.1 <0.085 Ch l o r i d e ( m g / L ) 5 . 0 N E 2 5 0 2 5 0 2 3 0 < 5 . 0 < 5 . 0 < 5 . 0 < 5 . 0 7 < 5 . 0 260 3 7 4 0 Su l f a t e ( m g / L ) 5 . 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 N E 1 7 . 0 J 6 . 4 J 7 . 1 J 6 . 6 J 6 . 2 J 6 . 5 J 6 5 . 2 J 824 Ar s e n i c ( u g / L ) 0 . 6 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 < 0 . 6 6 < 0 . 6 6 < 0 . 6 6 1 J < 0 . 6 6 < 0 . 6 6 1 J 3 J Ba r i u m ( u g / L ) 0 . 0 2 1 0 0 7 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 . 7 J 4 2 . 8 J 3 4 . 8 J 5 8 . 7 J 1 1 7 6 9 . 0 J 2 6 . 6 J 1 2 0 Ca d m i u m ( u g / L ) 0 . 0 5 1 2 5 2 0 . 2 5 J 0 . 1 2 J 0 . 1 2 J 0 . 1 5 J 0 . 3 8 J 0 . 2 2 J 0 . 1 8 J 0 . 4 2 J Ch r o m i u m , t o t a l ( u g / L ) 0 . 0 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 . 9 5 J < 0 . 0 6 < 0 . 0 6 0 . 5 2 J 1 J 2 . 1 J 0 . 5 1 J 3 J Co p p e r ( u g / L ) 0 . 0 7 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 7 1 . 3 J 1 . 8 J 0 . 4 4 J 6. 8 J 3 . 6 J 1 1 0 . 5 8 J 1 . 9 J Le a d ( u g / L ) 0 . 0 3 1 0 1 5 1 5 2 5 2 . 3 J 0 . 5 4 J 0 . 6 8 J 2 . 2 J 3 . 4 J 2 . 5 J 0 . 2 5 J 0 . 1 1 J Se l e n i u m ( u g / L ) 0 . 5 4 1 0 2 0 1 0 5 < 0 . 5 4 < 0 . 5 4 < 0 . 5 4 < 0 . 5 4 < 0 . 5 4 < 0 . 5 4 4 J 7 J Si l v e r ( u g / L ) 0 . 0 6 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 . 0 6 < 0 . 0 6 < 0 . 0 6 < 0 . 0 6 0 . 1 7 J < 0 . 0 6 < 0 . 0 6 < 0 . 0 6 < 0 . 0 6 Zi n c ( u g / L ) 1 . 6 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 * 5 0 5 . 7 J 8 . 3 J 3 . 4 J 2 6 3 3 1 6 6 . 4 J 5 . 5 J NO T E : MD L - M e t h o d D e t e c t i o n L i m i t SW S L - S o l i d W a s t e S e c t i o n Q u a n t i t a t i o n L i m i t 2L - Gr o u n d w a t e r S t a n d a r d ( 1 5 A N C A C 2 L 0 2 0 0 ) MC L - Ma x i m u m C o n t a m i n a n t L i m i t 2B - NC A C 2 B S t a n d a r d f o r C l a s s C w a t e r s < M D L - N o t d e t e c t e d a t o r a b o v e t h e M D L Bo l d L e t t e r s - C o n c e n t r a t i o n a b o v e 2 L o r 2 B S t a n d a r d J - " J - q u a l i f i e d " r e p o r t e d f r o m l a b o r a t o r y d a t a b e t w e e n t h e M D L a n d t h e S W S L NE - S t a n d a r d N o t E s t a b l i s h e d * - N a t i o n a l S e c o n d a r y D r i n k i n g W a t e r S t a n d a r d Da t a f r o m 4 / 1 / 2 0 1 6 E n v i r o n m e n t 1 , I n c o r p o r a t e d L a b o r a t o r y R e p o r t C l i e n t I D # 6 0 4 2 . H:\ P r o j e c t s \ G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g \ 2 . G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g R e p o r t s \ H a l i f a x \ Y . H a l i f a x 2 - 2 0 1 6 \ C o a l A s h \ F e b 1 6 _ h a l C O A L A S H t a b l es . x l s x Ta b l e 4 In o r g a n i c C o n s t i t u e n t s - S e d i m e n t S a m p l e s Ha l i f a x C o u n t y C o a l A s h L a n d f i l l Fe b r u a r y 2 5 , 2 0 1 6 By: JT Date: 04/04/2016 RE P O R T S W S L S e d i m e n t # 1 S e d i m e n t # 2 LI M I T U p s t r e a m D o w n s t r e a m Ar s e n i c 0 . 5 0 0 1 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 Ba r i u m 5 . 0 0 1 0 0 < 5 . 0 0 < 5 . 0 0 Ca d m i u m 0 . 1 0 0 1 < 0 . 1 0 0 < 0 . 1 0 0 Ch r o m i u m , t o t a l 0 . 2 0 0 1 0 < 0 . 2 0 0 < 0 . 2 0 0 Le a d 0 . 5 0 0 1 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 Me r c u r y 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 2 < 0 . 0 0 2 < 0 . 0 0 2 Se l e n i u m 0 . 5 0 0 1 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 Si l v e r 0 . 5 0 0 1 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 < 0 . 5 0 0 NO T E : LO Q / C L - R e p o r t i n g L i m i t / C o n t r o l L i m i t f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r r e c o v e r y r e s u l t SW S L - S o l i d W a s t e S e c t i o n Q u a n t i t a t i o n L i m i t < L O Q / C L - N o t d e t e c t e d a t o r a b o v e t h e L O Q / C L Bo l d L e t t e r s - C o n s t i t u e n t d e t e c t e d a b o v e S W S L Re s u l t s a r e f r o m T C L P a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n u g / l u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e n o t e d . Re s u l t s f r o m S u m m i t E n v i r o n m e n t a l T e c h n o l o g i e s , I n c . o n 3 / 9 / 2 0 1 6 - W O # 1 6 0 3 0 0 3 9 . Un i t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n m g / L H:\ P r o j e c t s \ G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g \ 2 . G r o u n d w a t e r M o n i t o r i n g R e p o r t s \ H a l i f a x \ Y . H a l i f a x 2 - 2 0 1 6 \ C o a l A s h \ F e b 1 6 _ h a l C O A L A S H t a b l es . x l s x Ta b l e 5 Ca l c u l a t e d G r o u n d w a t e r V e l o c i t i e s Ha l i f a x C o u n t y C o a l A s h L a n d f i l l Fe b r u a r y 2 5 , 2 0 1 6 By: MG Date: 4/18/2016 We l l Hy d r a u l i c Co n d u c t i v i t y (f t / d a y ) Po r o s i t y Hy d r a u l i c Gr a d i e n t (f t / f t ) Gr o u n d Wa t e r Ve l o c i t y (f t / d a y ) MW - 8 0 . 0 4 7 0 . 2 0 . 0 4 8 1 0 . 0 1 1 3 MW - 9 0 . 0 4 7 0 . 2 0 . 0 5 5 5 0 . 0 1 3 0 MW - 1 0 0 . 0 4 7 0 . 2 0 . 0 4 6 1 0 . 0 1 0 8 MW - 1 1 0 . 0 4 7 0 . 2 0 . 0 6 3 8 0 . 0 1 5 0 MW - 1 2 0 . 0 4 7 0 . 2 0 . 0 3 1 4 0 . 0 0 7 4 MW - 1 7 0 . 0 4 7 0 . 2 0 . 0 1 0 4 0 . 0 0 2 4 NO T E : Hy d r a u l i c C o n d u c t i v i t y a v e r a g e d f r o m C l o s e d M S W w e l l d a t a Po r o s i t y v a l u e s a s s u m e d f r o m G r o u n d w a t e r & W e l l s ( D r i s c o l l ) Hy d r a u l i c G r a d i e n t b a s e d o n A u g u s t 2 0 1 5 g r o u n d w a t e r e l e v a t i o n s Ve l o c i t y C a l c u l a t e d f r o m V = K * i / n V = v e l o c i t y K = H y d r a u l i c C o n d u c t i v i t y i = G r a d i e n t n = P o r o s i t y Th i s p a g e i n t e n t i o n a l l y l e f t b l a n k . Appendix A Laboratory Analytical Report February 2016 - Groundwater Monitoring Report Halifax County Coal Ash Landfill NC Solid Waste Permit #42-04 This page intentionally left blank.