2301_Cleveland_SelfMcNeilly_Phase3WQMP_DIN26209_20160908

Table of Contents
1.0 Groundwater Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Monitoring Well Network ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Monitoring Well Construction ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.3 Well Installation Procedures ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Well Maintenance ............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Well Purging and Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 8
1.6 Quality Control and Reporting Requirements .................................................................................................. 11
1.7 Sampling Frequency ......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.8 Field Analysis and Reporting Requirements .................................................................................................... 11
1.9 Data Evaluation and Reporting ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.0 Surface Water Monitoring .................................................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Surface Water Monitoring Locations ................................................................................................................ 14
2.2 Surface Water Sampling Procedures ................................................................................................................. 14
3.0 Leachate Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Leachate Sampling ............................................................................................................................................ 15

TABLES
Survey and Well Construction Data…..………………………………………………...………………........Table 1
Chemicals and Standards to Evaluate Water Quality…………………………………………...………........Table 2
Surface Water Monitoring Point Summary…………...………………………………………………….......Table 3
FIGURES
Site Location Map (USGS Topo)……….…………………..……………..……………………....................Figure 1
Site Location Aerial……….…………………………………………………………….………….……......Figure 2
Typical Type II Monitoring Well Schematic………………………………………………………………...Figure 3
APPENDIX
Boring Logs and Records……...……….…………………..………..………………………...................Appendix A
Hydrogeologic Drawings…………..……….……….……..………..………………………....................Appendix B
Water Quality Monitoring Plan…………………..……………..……...……………………...........Sheet 1
Uppermost Groundwater Surface (July 24, 2015)..………………………....…………….….….....Sheet 2
SWS Guidelines Document……………….……......………..…..……..…………………………............Appendix C

Table of Contents
1.0 Groundwater Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Monitoring Well Network ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Monitoring Well Construction ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.3 Well Installation Procedures ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Well Maintenance ............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Well Purging and Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 8
1.6 Quality Control and Reporting Requirements .................................................................................................. 11
1.7 Sampling Frequency ......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.8 Field Analysis and Reporting Requirements .................................................................................................... 11
1.9 Data Evaluation and Reporting ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.0 Surface Water Monitoring .................................................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Surface Water Monitoring Locations ................................................................................................................ 14
2.2 Surface Water Sampling Procedures ................................................................................................................. 14
3.0 Leachate Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Leachate Sampling ............................................................................................................................................ 15

TABLES
Survey and Well Construction Data…..………………………………………………...………………........Table 1
Chemicals and Standards to Evaluate Water Quality…………………………………………...………........Table 2
Surface Water Monitoring Point Summary…………...………………………………………………….......Table 3
FIGURES
Site Location Map (USGS Topo)……….…………………..……………..……………………....................Figure 1
Site Location Aerial……….…………………………………………………………….………….……......Figure 2
Typical Type II Monitoring Well Schematic………………………………………………………………...Figure 3
APPENDIX
Boring Logs and Records……...……….…………………..………..………………………...................Appendix A
Hydrogeologic Drawings…………..……….……….……..………..………………………....................Appendix B
Water Quality Monitoring Plan…………………..……………..……...……………………...........Sheet 1
Uppermost Groundwater Surface (July 24, 2015)..………………………....…………….….….....Sheet 2
SWS Guidelines Document……………….……......………..…..……..…………………………............Appendix C

Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Cleveland County Lined Landfill-Phases 1-3 September 8, 2016
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The North Carolina Solid Waste Management Rules 15A NCAC 13B .1623(b)(3) and .1617(a)(1)(f) require that a
Water Quality Monitoring Plan be submitted in the application for the Permit to Construct a new Subtitle D solid
waste landfill. This water quality monitoring plan has been prepared for the Subtitle D Lined “Self McNeily”
municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) in Cleveland County North Carolina. The lined landfill consists of an
existing Phase 1 with a vertical expansion Phase 2 and the proposed northern horizontal expansion referred to as
Phase 3 known collectively in this document as simply the landfill. Phases 1&2 have been monitored per the
Ground and Surface Water Sampling and Analysis Plan revised October 3, 2007 which was approved by the NC
Division of Waste Management Solid Waste Section in the Permit to Construct [DIN: RC03184] dated December
6, 2007. This plan was developed for the proposed Phase 3 landfill and restates without modifications the
monitoring network for Phases 1&2 into a single plan which encompasses the entire contiguous lined landfill
(Phases 1-3). This plan will supersede the original 2007 plan following the construction of Phase 3. The site’s
address is 250 Fielding Road (Abandoned SR 1918) Cherryville near the community of Stubbs, North Carolina
(Figures 1 and 2).
The information in this plan is designed to assist the Division of Solid Waste Management, the operations
personnel and its agents in evaluation of potential impact to groundwater quality. Included in this plan are sections
concerning groundwater, surface water and leachate monitoring locations, monitoring well construction, sampling
procedures, analytical procedures, reporting requirements and data assessment. Sampling and analytical procedures
shall be performed in accordance with the Division's rules and policies which can generally be referenced on their
website. This plan is intended to conform to the NCDENR Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil,
and Surface Water Sampling referenced here within as SWS Guidelines Document. This plan is divided into 1) a
Groundwater Monitoring Plan, 2) a Surface Water Monitoring Plan and 3) a Leachate Monitoring Plan.
1.0 Groundwater Monitoring
The purpose of the groundwater monitoring program is to monitor the quality of the groundwater in the uppermost
portion of the aquifer underlying the landfill and adjacent surface waters during operation of the landfill. This
monitoring plan is designed to effectively detect a potential release from the landfill into the uppermost aquifer as a
release would migrate to areas hydraulically downgradient of the landfill. The Ground and Surface Water
Sampling and Analysis Plan contained in Appendix E of a Design Hydrogeologic Study for Phase 1 and another
Design Hydrogeologic Study for Phase 3, transmitted under separate cover in October 2007 and June 2016
respectively, were used to develop this comprehensive Water Quality Monitoring Plan. This plan is intended to
provide early detection of a potential release into ground or surface waters. Boring logs and records of monitoring
wells are included in Appendix A, hydrogeologic drawings are included in Appendix B and a copy of the SWS
Guidelines Document is in Appendix C.
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1.1 Monitoring Well Network
The monitoring well locations (MW's) for the landfill already exist and no additional wells are proposed with this
plan. Monitoring wells are shown on the Water Quality Monitoring Plan (Sheet 1). The monitoring well network
consists of one facility-wide upgradient background well (MW-l01), and thirteen downgradient wells (MW-102,
MW-103S, MW-103D, MW-104, MW-105S, MW-105D, MW-106, MW-107, MW-108, MW-109, MW-110S,
MW-110D and MW-111). The well locations were selected for characterization of groundwater quality and to
enable the detection of changes in groundwater quality downgradient of the landfill. Seven of the monitoring wells
were converted from existing observation wells that were used for in support of previous hydrogeologic studies
with IDs referenced as MW-101/P-16S, MW-107/P1-1S, MW-108/P1-4S, MW-109/OW3-2, MW-110S/OW3-1S,
MW-110D/OW3-1D and MW-111/OW3-3. Monitoring well survey and well construction data is summarized on
Table 1. As referenced in Rule 15A NCAC 13B .1633 the horizontal relevant point of compliance is defined as 250
linear feet from the downgradient edge of waste which is also at least 50 linear feet from the property boundary as
shown on Sheet 1. All downgradient wells are located within the review boundary ranging from 45.73 feet at MW-
102 to 211.99 feet at MW-104 from the closest waste boundary. All wells are positioned as to enable early
detection of constituents through advection that may release from the landfill. The spacing and locations of the
wells were selected based on landfill limits, landfill features, surface drainage features, geologic conditions,
groundwater flow directions and future site development.
Existing monitoring well MW-101 will continue to serve as an upgradient or background water quality monitoring
point for the landfill. The location of this well was selected based on its location hydrogeologically upgradient of
the entire MSW landfill, where it can serve as a background well for all future landfill phases planned at this
facility. The potential longevity of this monitoring well will provide an excellent background water quality analysis
for statistical comparative analysis.
Groundwater migrating from beneath Phase 1&2 is monitored by nine wells (MW-102, MW-103S, MW-103D,
MW-104, MW-105S, MW-105D, MW-106, MW-107 and MW-108). To date the existing monitoring well
network downgradient of Phase 1&2 has been working as expected with sufficient water consistently available for
sampling. However, the water table beneath and immediately downgradient of landfills may become depressed
overtime in response to a reduction in recharge caused by the composite liner system. If a well is found dry for
more than two consecutive semi-annual events replacement should be discussed with the Solid Waste Section.
Monitoring well MW-102 monitors groundwater flow from the northeast portion of Phase 1&2. MW-102 was
selected based on the groundwater flow from the southheast corner of Phase 1&2 being a south/southwest direction.
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Monitoring well MW-103S and adjacent deeper cluster MW-103D are located northwest downgradient of the
northwest portion of Phase 1&2 between an erosion control sediment basin and at the toe of the outside slope of
Phase 1&2. The vertical separation between the screens in the cluster pairs is approximately 12 feet. MW-103S
terminates in saprolite and screen typically brackets the water table surface. MW-103D terminates at top of rock
and monitors the deeper partially weathered rock.
Monitoring well MW-104 is located northwest of Phase 1&2 just north of the large erosion control sediement basin.
Groundwater flow direction indicates that a potential release from the middle northern segment of Phase 1&2
would be detected in MW-104, via advection transport.
Monitoring well MW-105S and adjacent deeper cluster MW-105D are located between the Phase 1&2 sump and
shall detect a westerly migrating release. The vertical separation between the screens in the cluster pairs is
approximately 10 feet. MW-105S terminates in partially weathered rock and the screen brackets the water table
surface. MW-105D is screened in the deeper competent bedrock which intercepts a few fractures.
Monitoring well MW-106 monitors the uppermost aquifer and transects the water table surface within fractured
bedrock between the southwestern portion of Phase 1&2 and Buffalo Creek discharge feature.
Monitoring well MW-107 is designed to intersect groundwater flow from the southwest/south portion of Phase 1&2
based on transport by advection. Screen of MW-107 brackets the water table and is screened in saprolite.
Monitoring well MW-108 is designed to monitor groundwater flow from the middle southern portion of Phase 1&2
compensating for a shift in flow caused by the southern unnamed creek. The screen of MW-108 brackets the water
table within saprolite.
Groundwater migrating from beneath Phase 3 is monitored by MW-109, MW-110S, MW-110D and MW-111. The
wells downgradient of Phase 3 are expected to contain adequate quantities of water for testing indefinitely even
once the water table depresses in response to a reduction in recharge caused by the composite liner system.
Monitoring well MW-109 monitors the uppermost aquifer within saprolite downgradient of the southern portion of
Phase 3. Monitoring well MW-110S monitors the saprolite and adjacent MW-110D monitors the deeper bedrock
portion of the uppermost aquifer downgradient of the Phase 3 sump. Monitoring well MW-111 is screened to the
top of bedrock and monitors the uppermost groundwater within saprolite and partially weathered rock
downgradient of the northern portion of Phase 3. As indicated by the groundwater contours on the Groundwater
Surface Map (Sheet 2), the groundwater flow beneath Phase 3 is westerly towards the Suck Creek surface water
feature that serves as the uppermost aquifer discharge feature.
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An additional twenty observation wells remain around the facility with locations shown on Sheet 1. These
observation wells are not to be sampled during routine detection monitoring. These wells may be used for future
hydrogeologic studies or for assessment purposes.
1.2 Monitoring Well Construction
The monitoring wells are Type II wells constructed in accordance with the North Carolina Well Construction
Standards (15A NCAC 2C .0108) and the requirements of the North Carolina Water Quality Monitoring Guidance
Document for Solid Waste Facilities. A typical Type II monitoring well schematic is shown on Figure 3. The
screened intervals for the wells intended to monitor the surficial aquifer, were selected based on actual field
conditions during installation such that the wells are screened across the groundwater surface and maintain a
minimum 5 foot grout seal below ground surface. Well construction logs and construction records for each of the
monitoring wells are provided in Appendix A.
1.3 Well Installation Procedures
Well installation procedures outlined in this Section 1.3 are written in future tense but also apply to procedures of
how the monitoring wells were believed to be installed. Any additional wells installed in the future such as during
an assessment should also conform to 15A NCAC 13B .0601.
Boreholes shall be drilled and the wells constructed by a North Carolina licensed well driller. All equipment used
for drilling and completion of the wells shall be properly cleaned prior to use. Boreholes shall be a minimum of 6
inches in diameter.
All monitoring wells shall be constructed of 2-inch A.D., NSF Grade PVC (meeting ASTM D-178S and F480)
Schedule 40 flush-joint threaded casing and 0.01-inch machine slotted screen. Only casing with water-tight joints
shall be used. All well construction materials shall be installed directly from factory-sealed packaging.
Once the borehole has been drilled, the project manager shall approve the monitoring well construction based on
site-specific hydrogeologic conditions and the following general criteria:
1) The upper surficial aquifer monitoring well screen intervals shall be 10-15 feet in length and located so that the
water table transects the sand pack interval. The proposed depths of the screen intervals are provided on Tables
1 & 3. For areas with high groundwater levels (i.e., less than 4 feet below land surface), the top of screen shall
be placed at a depth of 6 feet to allow adequate seal (5-feet minimum) and to allow sufficient grout and
concrete collar to secure the protective casing.

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2) The annular space between the borehole wall and the well casing shall be backfilled with clean, well rounded,
washed, high grade silica sand appropriately sized to the formation material and screen. The sand pack shall be
placed to two feet above the slotted screen using a tremie pipe. A minimum of one foot of sand above the
screen may be used where the top of the screen depth is shallow to allow for an adequate seal. The temporary
casing, if used, shall be incrementally withdrawn while the filter pack is placed. The filter pack level shall be
frequently sounded and kept at the base of the augers or temporary casing until the desired length of filter pack
is in place. The well shall be pre-developed, by bailing, prior to the placement of the bentonite seal.
3) A 1-to 2-foot pelletized bentonite seal shall be placed above the filter pack and hydrated with clean water for
either a minimum of 2 hours or per the manufacturer’s recommended time period if longer. The seal shall be
placed with a tremie pipe unless conditions prevent such practice. The bentonite pellets shall be carefully
tamped into a wet, cohesive clay mass before placement of the grout seal. Care should be taken so that the
augers or temporary steel casing is withdrawn above the top of the pellets to prohibit the bentonite pellet seal
from sticking to the auger or casing.
4) The remainder of the annular space shall be filled with cement or bentonite grout from the top of the bentonite
seal to near (approximately 3 feet below) ground surface. The grout shall be slowly poured or pumped at a
constant rate to prevent dilution or differential settling. The cement slurry is to be mixed with six gallons of
potable water for each 94 pound sack of Portland cement and 3 to 5 pounds of powdered bentonite. Bentonite
grout should be mixed to a ratio of no more than 24 gallons of water to 50 pounds of bentonite. The mixing
water shall have a low sulfate content and a total dissolved solids content less than 2,000 parts per million and
free of organics. No aggregate materials are to be included in the slurry. The temporary casing, if used, shall
be removed as the grout is placed in the borehole. Subsequent to set up, additional grout may be required for
"topping off" the grout seal to near ground surface. After grouting, no work shall be permitted on the well for a
minimum of 24 hours while the grout is setting.

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5) Four-inch square metal protective casing with a locking cap shall be placed over the well's riser pipe. The
protective casing will extend no more than 3.5 feet above ground surface. The protective casing shall be placed
on the well casing following the initial grouting. The protective casing shall be sealed and immobilized in a
concrete collar placed around the protective casing. The protective casing shall be primed, painted, and
provided with a permanently affixed name plate with the following information as required in the 2C well
standards:
A. Well identification number
B. Drilling contractor name and registration number
C. Total depth of well
D. Depth of screen interval
E. Depth to groundwater following well completion
F. A warning that the well is not for water supply and that the groundwater may contain hazardous materials
6) A concrete slab or pad sloping gently away from the well in all directions shall be constructed. The slab will
serve as anchorage and to prevent surface water from migrating along the wall of the casing.
7) The location, installation methods and construction details of the wells may be modified depending on field
conditions (i.e. shallow groundwater). Any modifications, other than for high groundwater conditions, shall be
discussed with NC Solid Waste Section prior to the construction of the monitoring well.
8) It is the responsibility of the owner/operator of this landfill to insure that the groundwater monitoring system
described in these plans is installed under the direction of a geologist or geotechnical engineer licensed to
practice in the State of North Carolina.
9) Records of the well construction should be maintained by the owner.
10) The upper surficial aquifer monitoring well screen intervals are 5-15 feet in length and located so that the water
table transects the sand pack interval. The depths of the screen intervals are provided on Tables 1 & 3.
11) The annular space between the borehole wall and the well casing were backfilled with clean, well rounded,
washed, high grade silica sand appropriately sized to the formation material and screen. The sand pack was
placed to two feet above the slotted screen. A minimum of one foot of sand above the screen was used where
the top of the screen depth is shallow to allow for an adequate seal. The filter pack level was frequently
sounded and kept at the base of the augers or temporary casing until the desired length of filter pack was in
place. The well was pre-developed, by bailing, prior to the placement of the bentonite seal.

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Cleveland County Lined Landfill-Phases 1-3 September 8, 2016
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12) A 1-to 2-foot pelletized bentonite seal was placed above the filter pack and hydrated with clean water for a
minimum of 2 hours. Care was taken so that when the augers or temporary steel casing was withdrawn above
the top of the pellets it prohibited the bentonite pellet seal from sticking to the auger or casing.
13) The remainder of the annular space was filled with bentonite grout from the top of the bentonite seal to near
(approximately 3 feet below) ground surface. The grout was slowly poured or pumped at a constant rate to
prevent dilution or differential settling. The cement slurry was mixed with six gallons of potable water for each
94 pound sack of Portland cement and 3 to 5 pounds of powdered bentonite. Bentonite grout was mixed to a
ratio of no more than 24 gallons of water to 50 pounds of bentonite. No aggregate materials are to be included
in the slurry. The temporary casing, if used, was removed as the grout is placed in the borehole. Subsequent to
set up, additional grout was required for "topping off" the grout seal to near ground surface. After grouting, no
work was permitted on the well for a minimum of 24 hours while the grout was setting.
14) Four-inch square metal protective casing with a locking cap was placed over the well's riser pipe. The
protective casing extended no more than 3.5 feet above ground surface. The protective casing was placed on
the well casing following the initial grouting. The protective casing was sealed and immobilized in a concrete
collar placed around the protective casing. The protective casing was primed, painted, and provided with a
permanently affixed name plate with the following information as required in the 2C well standards:
A. Well identification number
G. Drilling contractor name and registration number
H. Total depth of well
I. Depth of screen interval
J. Depth to groundwater following well completion
K. A warning that the well is not for water supply and that the groundwater may contain hazardous materials
15) A concrete slab or pad sloping gently away from the well in all directions was constructed. The slab will serve
as anchorage and to prevent surface water from migrating along the wall of the casing.
16) The location, installation methods and construction details of any additional wells in the future may be
modified depending on field conditions (i.e. shallow groundwater). Any modifications, other than for high
groundwater conditions, shall be discussed with NC Solid Waste Section prior to the construction of the
monitoring well.
17) It is the responsibility of the owner/operator of this landfill to insure that the groundwater monitoring system
described in these plans is installed under the direction of a geologist or engineer licensed to practice in the
State of North Carolina.
18) Records of the well construction should be maintained by the owner.
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Cleveland County Lined Landfill-Phases 1-3 September 8, 2016
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1.4 Well Maintenance
The wells and surrounding area shall be maintained in such a way to ensure access to the wells for sampling and to
maintain the integrity of the wells. The monitoring wells shall be accessible by at least a four-wheel drive vehicle.
Well cases should remain locked between monitoring events and locks should only be maintained with
environmentally safe non-hydrocarbon based lubricants. Brush and weeds shall be cleared from around the wells as
needed. Surface water run-on controls shall be provided, where necessary, to prohibit erosion of or undermining of
the concrete pads. The concrete pads and cases shall be evaluated at least semi-annually for integrity and repairs
performed as needed.
Following well installation, the monitoring wells shall be developed in order to remove clay, silt, sand and other
fines which may have been introduced into the formation or sand pack during drilling and well installation and to
establish equilibrium of the well with the aquifer. Well development shall be performed as soon as possible after
well construction (no sooner than 24 hours) and continued until the suspended solids were removed from the sand
pack and well, and turbidity is reduced.
1.5 Well Purging and Sampling
Portable sampling methodologies will be employed at each well since a dedicated system is not in place at the site.
The laboratory performing the groundwater analysis shall supply all necessary coolers, pre-cleaned containers, trip
blanks, chemical preservatives, labels, custody seals, chain-of-custody and shipping forms. Adequate instructions
to the laboratory shall be given in advance of each monitoring event. Details concerning any changes to the
monitoring plan and/or procedures shall be given to the laboratory in writing prior to the field sampling personnel
arriving on the site. A specific contact person shall be established at both the facility (and facilities agent) and
contract laboratory for communication between the two (2) parties.
Sample containers need to be constructed of a material compatible and non-reactive with the material it is to
contain. As noted above, the contract laboratory performing the analysis shall supply all required containers. In
special circumstances when the facility must obtain its own containers, these containers shall be purchased from
local container distributors with the exception of the septum vials and PTFE (e.g. Teflon™) lined caps required for
organic analyses which are available from laboratory supply companies. Metal lids shall not be utilized for any
sample containers.

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A complete set of pre-cleaned and pre-labeled sample bottles shall be removed from the cooler, and a groundwater
sample from a laboratory pre-cleaned or disposable bailer will be poured into a fresh container. Preservatives shall
be added as necessary (in accordance with EPA Methods SW-846) to the sample bottles either by the laboratory or
in the field immediately prior to sampling. At least one quality control trip blank prepared by the laboratory shall
be analyzed for each sampling event.
A NC registered surveyor shall survey the wells for horizontal control and the highest point on the top of PVC
casing. The PVC casing elevation shall be referenced to the site benchmark in order to calculate the elevation of
the groundwater surface. Survey coordinates of the monitoring wells are on Table 1.
Prior to the well purging for each sampling event, the depth to water and total well depth shall be determined with
the use of an electronic water level indicator. The water level indicator shall be decontaminated at each well with a
non-phosphate detergent followed by multiple deionized water rinses. The water level shall be measured by turning
the instrument on and slowly lowering the instrument probe into the well until the water level indictor contacts the
water activating an alarm and then lowering the probe to the base of the well. The depth to the water and well
depth from the highest point on the well casing shall be measured and recorded to the nearest 0.01 foot and the
amount of water within the well casing shall be calculated. For a two-inch diameter monitoring well, the volume of
water present will be determined using the following equation:
Well Volume (Gallons) = 0.174h
As an example, a two-inch diameter monitoring well with a total depth of 24.50 feet and a groundwater level of
17.75 feet below the top of the well casing would contain the following volume:
Water Volume (Gallons) = 0.174 x (24.50/feet -17.75feet) = 1.17 Gallons
Groundwater monitoring wells shall be purged a minimum of three well volumes (or to dryness) with individually-
wrapped, laboratory-decontaminated Teflon bailers, disposable Teflon bailers or pump(s). Pumps used to purge
may be of the types that are above ground, submersible or variable speed bladder pumps but must adhere to the
specifications listed throughout the SWS Guidelines Document. Although the SWS Guidelines Document provides
for scenarios that allow sample collection directly from a pump discharge, a onetime use disposable bailer should
be used instead to maintain sample integrity. Pumps and tubing must be decontaminated. Field parameters to be
measured during each purge event include pH, temperature, and conductivity. In addition to the minimum purge
volume described above, each monitoring well shall be purged until the pH, temperature, and conductivity stabilize,
unless purged to dryness. Monitoring of temperature, pH and conductivity, for stabilization shall be recorded on a
field log or field data sheet.

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Equipment should be prepared prior to site arrival for a specific monitoring event and between each well. This
equipment preparation includes decontamination for water level indicator(s), pH/temperature meter and specific
conductivity meter.
The monitoring wells shall be sampled when recharged to at least 90% static level. In any event, the time interval
between completion of well purge and sample collection shall not exceed 24 hours which is contrary to the six
hours recommended in the SWS Guidelines Document. In the unlikely event recharge is not sufficient to fill
containers within 24 hours, the well will be noted as “dry” and sampling attempted again during the next scheduled
semi-annual event. Groundwater samples shall be collected with the same bailer used for purging.
Groundwater samples will be collected in the following order:

1. Volatile Organics
2. Semi-Volatile Organics
3. Metals
4. Cations and Anions
5. Indicator Parameters (i.e. BOD, COD, etc.)
6. Other Parameters (i.e. IDS, etc)
The sample shall be handled in a way to minimize aeration. No air bubbles or "head-space" shall be allowed in the
containers used for volatile organic compound analyses. All samples collected for compliance purposes must be
analyzed for total concentrations and field filtration is not permitted. Additional samples may be analyzed for
dissolved constituents by laboratory filtration if elevated levels of sediment are found in the containers. The
dissolved analysis is in addition to, not in lieu of, testing for total form of the parameter. Sample and project
information shall be placed on the container labels prior to sampling.
The filled sample bottles and trip blanks shall then be securely placed into a pre-cleaned cooler and a chain-of-
custody form completed and placed with the samples prior to shipping to a North Carolina certified laboratory for
analysis. Finally, the well shall be capped, locked and keys kept onsite.

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1.6 Quality Control and Reporting Requirements
A primary concern during collection of water samples is to insure that samples are not altered or contaminated by
sediment or other debris that may affect the analytical results. All field equipment that is to be exposed to samples
must be decontaminated before and between sampling locations to ensure collection of representative samples and
to prevent the potential spread of contamination. Field equipment decontamination protocols to be followed are
detailed in Appendix A of the SWS Guidelines Document. A set of sample bottles that have been pre cleaned in the
laboratory shall be removed from the cooler and the water sample poured into a fresh container. Preservatives shall
be added as necessary to the sample bottles at the laboratory or immediately prior to samples being placed in them.
At least one blank must be analyzed and reported for the same analytes targeted in the water samples during each
semi-annual monitoring event. Samples should be collected in order from lowest to highest contamination levels
and samples segregated when applicable to reduce potential for false positives attributed to cross-contamination.
The sample bottles shall then be securely placed into pre-cleaned coolers, kept on ice below 4 degrees C and
delivered to the laboratory under chain of custody protocols within method specified hold times.
1.7 Sampling Frequency
The first sampling event for the Phase 3 area will be performed following or during construction of the landfill but
prior to waste placement into the landfill. The wells for the Phase 3 area shall then be sampled three more times
within the first six months of waste placement so that baseline water quality can be established for future evaluation
of the water quality data. Unless otherwise required by the NCDEQ, sampling subsequent to the first six months
shall be on a semi-annual basis with the existing monitor wells for the other landfill phases. Following the four
baseline events, Phase 3 will be monitored in conjunction with Phase 1&2 on the established semi-annual schedule
which is typically April and October.
1.8 Field Analysis and Reporting Requirements
The sample collector shall maintain a field book or log to record all pertinent information regarding the purging and
sampling of monitoring wells. The field data shall be recorded and retained in the project files and copies
submitted to the appropriate State agencies. Samples should always be kept on ice in a protective cooler under
chain-of-custody.
Laboratory analysis should consist of targeting constituents listed in 40 CFR 258 Appendix I, current list shown on
Table 2, during each compliance sampling event. The suite of parameters listed in 40 CFR 258 Appendix I shall be
analyzed for all samples and blanks. Sample analyses shall be performed by a North Carolina Division of
Environmental Management "certified" laboratory. All data shall be subjected to strict quality assurance and
quality control protocols. Certified laboratory QC/QA protocols are reviewed and kept on file by the North
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Carolina Wastewater/Groundwater Laboratory Certification (NC WW/GW LC) program. Only analytical methods
that are acceptable to the Solid Waste Management Division shall be used by the laboratory selected to perform the
analyses. All lab data must be reported to the lab specific Method Detection Limit (MDL) which must be at or
below the Solid Waste Section Limits (SWSL). Current SWSL are referenced on Table 2.
1.9 Data Evaluation and Reporting
In order to estimate groundwater flow direction and rate at each monitoring well, the horizontal hydraulic gradient,
the hydraulic conductivity, and the effective porosity shall be used. The hydraulic gradient and direction shall be
estimated based on the water level elevations from water level measurements recorded during each sampling event.
The hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer interval monitored shall be estimated based on an in-situ permeability
test performed following installation of the monitoring well and prior to the submittal of the initial monitoring
report. The effective porosity shall be based on tests performed on soil samples from the screened interval
collected during the installation of the monitoring well or estimated from soil classification.
All groundwater quality monitoring data shall be compared to the North Carolina Standards 15A NCAC 2L .0202
and or other regulatory compliance Standards adopted by the SWS such as Groundwater Protection Standards
(GWP), where applicable. Current regulatory groundwater compliance Standards are referenced on Table 2.
Statistical analysis of the data is not required per Rule 15ANCAC 13B .1632 revised January 1, 2011.
All analytical reports shall be completed and submitted to the appropriate State agency within 120 days of the event
per Rule or sooner if stipulated in the Permit to Operate. The report package, as described, shall provide field
observations relating to the condition of the monitoring wells, field data, lab data, tables of detections compared to
regulatory Standards, statistical analysis (if chosen to use), sampling methodologies, quality assurance and quality
control data, a groundwater surface map, information on ground-water flow direction, calculations of ground-water
flow rate for each well any constituents that exceed ground-water standards as defined in Rule .1634(g) through (h)
and any other pertinent information related to the sampling event. Additionally, laboratory Electronic Data
Delivery (EDD) spreadsheets must be submitted to the SWS in the formats specified by the SWS. Water quality
monitoring reports should include the SWS issued Environmental Monitoring Report Form which includes the
notifications and signed certifications as instructed.

Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Cleveland County Lined Landfill-Phases 1-3 September 8, 2016
13

Per 15A NCAC 13B .1633 If during detection monitoring the “owner or operator determines that there is an
exceedance of the ground-water protection standards, as defined in Paragraph (g) or (h) of Rule 15A NCAC 13B
.1634 for one or more of the constituents listed in Appendix I of this Rule at any monitoring well at the relevant
point of compliance, the owner or operator:
(1) Shall, within 14 days of this finding, report to the Division and place a notice in the operating record
indicating which constituents have exceeded ground-water protection standards;
(2) Shall establish an assessment monitoring program meeting the requirements of this Section within 90 days
except as provided for in Subparagraph (3) of this Paragraph; and
(3) May demonstrate that a source other than a MSWLF unit caused the exceedance, or the exceedance
resulted from an error in sampling, analysis, statistical evaluation, or natural variation in ground-water
quality. A report documenting this demonstration shall be approved by the Division. If required by G.S.
89C or G.S. 89E, a professional engineer or licensed geologist shall prepare these documents. [Note: The
North Carolina Board of Examiners for Engineers and Surveyors and the Board of Licensing of Geologist
has determined, via letters dated July 16, 2010 and November 30, 2010 respectively, that preparation of
documents pursuant to this Paragraph constitutes practicing engineering or geology under G.S. 89C and
G.S. 89E.]A copy of this report shall also be placed in the operating record. If a successful demonstration
is made, documented, and approved by the Division, the owner or operator may continue detection
monitoring. If after 90 days, a successful demonstration is not made, the owner or operator shall initiate an
assessment monitoring program as required by this Section.”
History Note: Authority G.S. 130A-294;
Eff. October 9, 1993;
Amended Eff. April 1, 2011
If conditions warrant the end of detection monitoring 15A NCAC 13B.1633(c) an assessment monitoring program
must be established and self implemented per Rule 15A NCAC 13B .1634. If “Within 90 days of finding that any
of the constituents listed in Appendix II exceeded the ground-water protection standards, the owner or operator
shall initiate assessment of corrective action measures. Such an assessment must be completed within 120 days”.
Requirements of the assessment of corrective measures program are contained in Rule 15A NCAC 13B .1635.
If Rules referenced in Section 1.9 are amended the new Rules take precedence over those stated in this plan.
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Cleveland County Lined Landfill-Phases 1-3 September 8, 2016
14

2.0 Surface Water Monitoring
2.1 Surface Water Monitoring Locations
The surface water monitoring plan has four surface water monitoring locations (SW-101, SW-102, SW-103 and
SW-104). These surface water monitoring points are at the same location as in the previous plan approved for
Phase 1&2 and no additional points are proposed. Surface water point SW-101 is located along Buffalo Creek
which is upstream of all Cleveland County waste units and will serve as the background point for comparison with
the SW-104 located further downstream of the landfill. SW-102 is located along Suck Creek before the confluence
with Buffalo Creek and will monitor any release specifically from Phase 3. SW-103 is located along the unammed
west flowing stream just before the confluence with Buffalo Creek. SW-103 will monitor a potential release from
the southern portion of Phase 1&2. SW-104 is located along Buffalo Creek downstream of Phases 1&2 and Phase
3. The four surface water points which monitor the landfill drainage area are shown on Sheet 1 with additional
details summarized on Table 3.
2.2 Surface Water Sampling Procedures
The following sampling procedures are intended to conform to the SWS Guidelines Document. The sampling
points have previously been staked and labeled in the field to ensure data consistency. The specific portion of the
stream or creek shall be in an area of minimal turbulence and aeration. The sampling point shall not be located at a
constriction (where creek narrows), immediately upstream or downstream of a confluence with a tributary, nor
immediately upstream or downstream of any significant structure in the creek that may result in turbulence. To the
extent possible, a single grab sample shall be taken at mid-depth, at the center of the channel, in an area that
exhibits the greatest degree of cross-sectional homogeneity.
Manual surface grab samples taken directly from the creek are the most desirable method of collection but a
laboratory cleaned Teflon bailer or dipper may be used. The sample container should be rinsed with the water to be
sampled prior to filling the container, unless preservatives have been added. The sample container, bailer or dipper
shall be lowered to the desired depth in the creek and the sampling device or container removed. Care should be
taken not to allow sediment or other debris to enter the sample container. If the stream flow is not deep enough to
submerse the sample container in the water, a temporary depression may be created and used to collect the sample.
Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Cleveland County Lined Landfill-Phases 1-3 September 8, 2016
15

The surface water sampling quality control, sampling frequency, laboratory analysis parameters, field reporting,
and reporting of the data shall be the same as that of the groundwater samples discussed in Section 1.5 through 1.9.
Surface water features at the site include Suck Creek, an unnamed tributary of Buffalo Creek and Buffalo Creek
which are all classified as Class C water bodies. Surface water data should be evaluated for regulatory compliance
by comparison with North Carolina 15A NCAC 2B surface water standards, EPA established National criteria
standards and or any standards adopted by the Solid Waste Section at the time of the event.
3.0 Leachate Monitoring
Leachate generated within Phase 3 will gravity drain through a dual contained buried pipe to a pump station that is
located west of sump that serves existing Phases 1&2. A leachate sampling point was previously established at the
pump station and the sample will now be a composite from Phases 1-3. The pump station contains a dedicated
submersible pump that lifts leachate to the above ground leachate tanks located at the eastern facility beyond
Buffalo Creek. Leachate quality samples will be collected at the pump station with the location shown on Sheet 1.
3.1 Leachate Sampling
Manual surface grab samples of leachate should be taken directly from the spigot connected to the pump station.
Samples should be collected with same procedures as a monitoring well as outlined in Section 1.5 except purging
should not be performed. Leachate samples should be collected at the end of a day after ground and surface water
samples and stored in a separate cooler to meet short hold time requirements and to avoid potential cross
contamination.
The leachate sampling frequency, field reporting requirements and reporting of the data/ results shall be the same as
that of the groundwater samples discussed in Section 1.5 through 1.9. Leachate samples should be analyzed for
constituents listed in 40 CFR 258 Appendix I plus chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand,
phosphorus, sulfate and nitrate as listed on Table 2. Pre-treated leachate is not to be compared to water quality
standards for regulatory compliance purposes.

Tables
Cleveland Co. Landfill, Ph 3 1 of 1
Table 1
Survey and Well Construction Data
Well ID Nothing Easting Stickup Screened LithologyFromToFromToFromToFromToFromTo
MW-101 587800.64 1265437.17 918.90 921.01 2.11 0.00 53.95 53.95 68.95 47.62 51.99 3.00 47.62 0.00 47.62 SAP 824.90 94.00 863.35 55.55
MW-102 586667.10 1263588.40 802.93 805.39 2.46 0.00 17.10 17.10 32.10 15.94 32.10 13.50 15.94 0.00 15.94 PWR --780.35 22.58
MW-103S 587542.70 1262676.10 765.20 767.88 2.68 0.00 6.15 6.15 18.15 5.11 18.15 4.00 5.11 0.00 5.11 SAP --759.73 5.47
MW-103D 587544.70 1262677.30 765.16 768.00 2.84 0.00 30.34 30.34 35.34 28.93 35.34 26.10 28.93 0.00 28.93 PWR --758.41 6.75
MW-104 587312.90 1262333.90 766.76 769.81 3.05 0.00 8.14 8.14 20.14 6.95 20.14 4.90 6.95 0.00 6.95 SAP --757.67 9.09
MW-105S 586970.20 1262258.30 771.51 774.51 3.00 0.00 10.43 10.43 20.43 9.52 20.43 7.00 9.52 0.00 9.52 PWR 751.11 20.40 753.39 18.12
MW-105D 586973.50 1262261.60 771.31 774.33 3.02 0.00 30.21 30.21 40.21 28.87 40.21 26.00 28.87 0.00 28.87 Bedrock 750.91 20.40 754.69 16.62
MW-106 586669.50 1262346.10 768.28 771.28 3.00 0.00 17.15 17.15 32.15 16.07 32.15 14.00 16.07 0.00 16.07 Bedrock 754.28 14.00 749.89 18.39
MW-107 586513.80 1262485.20 775.45 778.37 2.92 0.00 14.00 14.00 29.00 13.00 29.00 11.00 13.00 0.00 13.00 SAP --749.64 25.81
MW-108 586608.90 1263092.20 771.04 773.32 2.28 0.00 6.00 6.00 16.00 5.00 16.00 3.00 5.00 0.00 5.00 SAP --762.46 8.58
MW-109 587791.36 1262625.92 760.43 763.43 3.00 0.00 6.83 6.83 21.83 5.50 22.00 3.00 5.50 0.00 3.00 SAP 709.50 50.93 757.18 3.25
MW-110S 588084.04 1262592.59 768.62 771.62 3.00 0.00 10.44 10.44 20.44 9.00 20.50 7.00 9.00 0.00 7.00 SAP 736.22 32.40 757.44 11.18
MW-110D 588080.93 1262591.00 768.72 771.72 3.00 0.00 36.40 36.40 46.40 35.00 50.00 33.00 35.00 0.00 33.00 Bedrock 736.22 32.50 757.10 11.62
MW-111 588404.81 1262694.58 773.30 776.30 3.00 0.00 11.33 11.33 21.33 11.00 21.50 9.00 11.00 0.00 9.00 37%SAP,33%PWR 751.30 22.00 761.08 12.22
NOTES:
1. Stick-ups for MW-109 through MW-111 are exactly 3.00 feet. Riser was meticulously measured from natural land surface prior to cutting. Top of casing was then surveyed.
This procedure maintains consistency since land elevation is subjective and subject to change after drilling due to depth of concrete pad.
2. All wells are Type II (2” nominal PVC) with locking steel protective cases and concrete pads (Figure 3).
3. Wells surveyed by MESCO to NC State Plan Coordinates
4. Groundwater (Static) measured by MESCO on January 13, 2016
PWR = Partially Weathered Rock
Ground Elevation
Top of
Casing
Elevation
Riser
Interval
Screen
Interval
Filter Pack
Interval
Seal
Bentonite Interval
Grout
Interval Estimated top of Bedrock Groundwater (Static)
(ft msl)(ft msl)(ft als)(ft bls)(ft bls)(ft bls)(ft bls)(ft bls)(ft-msl)(ft-bls)(ft-msl)(ft-bls)
SAP = Saprolite
Table 2
Chemicals and Standards to Evaluate Water Quality
Groundwater and Surface Water Samples
CAS #SWS ID Chemical Name
NC
SWSL
NCAC
2L std.
NC GWP
std.
7440-36-0 13 Antimony(Total)6 NE 1
7440-38-2 14 Arsenic(Total)10 10 NE
7440-39-3 15 Barium(Total)100 700 NE
7440-41-7 23 Beryllium(Total)1 NE 4
7440-43-9 34 Cadmium(Total)1 2 NE
7440-47-3 51 Chromium(Total)10 10 NE
7440-48-4 53 Cobalt(Total)10 NE 1
7440-50-8 54 Copper(Total)10 1000 NE
7439-92-1 131 Lead (Total)10 15 NE
7440-02-0 152 Nickel(Total)50 100 NE
7782-49-2 183 Selenium(Total)10 20 NE
7440-22-4 184 Silver(Total)10 20 NE
7440-28-0 194 Thallium(Total)5.5 NE 0.28
7440-62-2 209 Vanadium(Total)25 NE 0.3
7440-66-6 213 Zinc(Total)10 1000 NE
630-20-6 190 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 5 NE 1
71-55-6 200 1,1,1-Trichloroethane;1 200 NE
79-34-5 191 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 3 0.2 0.18
79-00-5 202 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1 NE 0.6
75-34-3 75 1,1-Dichloroethane; Ethyldidene 5 6 NE
75-35-4 77 1,1-Dichloroethylene; 1,1-5 7 NE
96-18-4 206 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1 0.005 NE
96-12-8 67 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane; DBCP 13 0.04 NE
106-93-4 68 1,2-Dibromoethane; Ethylene dibromide;1 0.02 NE
107-06-2 76 1,2-Dichloroethane; Ethylene 1 0.4 NE
78-87-5 82 1,2-Dichloropropane 1 0.6 NE
591-78-6 124 2-Hexanone; Methyl butyl ketone 50 NE 40
108-10-1 147 4-Methyl-2-pentanone; Methyl isobutyl 100 NE 560
67-64-1 3 Acetone 100 6000 NE
107-13-1 8 Acrylonitrile 200 NE NE
71-43-2 16 Benzene 1 1 NE
74-97-5 28 Bromochloromethane;3 NE 0.6
75-27-4 29 Bromodichloromethane;1 0.6 NE
75-25-2 30 Bromoform; Tribromomethane 3 4 NE
75-15-0 35 Carbon disulfide 100 700 NE
56-23-5 36 Carbon tetrachloride 1 0.3 NE
108-90-7 39 Chlorobenzene 3 50 NE
75-00-3 41 Chloroethane; Ethyl chloride 10 3000 NE
67-66-3 44 Chloroform; Trichloromethane 5 70 NE
156-59-2 78 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene; cis-1,2-5 70 NE
10061-01-5 86 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 1 0.4 NE
124-48-1 66 Dibromochloromethane;3 0.4 0.41
100-41-4 110 Ethylbenzene 1 600 NE
74-83-9 136 Methyl bromide; Bromomethane 10 NE 10
Cleveland Co. Landfill, Ph 3 1 of 2
CAS #SWS ID Chemical Name
NC
SWSL
NCAC
2L std.
NC GWP
std.
74-87-3 137 Methyl chloride; Chloromethane 1 3 NE
78-93-3 141 Methyl ethyl ketone; MEK; 2-100 4000 NE
74-88-4 142 Methyl iodide; Iodomethane 10 NE NE
74-95-3 139 Methylene bromide;10 NE 70
75-09-2 140 Methylene chloride;1 5 NE
95-50-1 69 o-Dichlorobenzene; 1,2-5 20 NE
106-46-7 71 p-Dichlorobenzene; 1,4-1 6 NE
100-42-5 186 Styrene 1 70 NE
127-18-4 192 Tetrachloroethylene; Tetrachloroethene;1 0.7 NE
108-88-3 196 Toluene 1 600 NE
156-60-5 79 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene; trans-1,2-5 100 NE
10061-02-6 87 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 1 0.4 NE
110-57-6 73 trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene 100 NE NE
79-01-6 201 Trichloroethylene; Trichloroethene 1 3 NE
75-69-4 203 Trichlorofluoromethane; CFC-11 1 2000 NE
108-05-4 210 Vinyl acetate 50 NE 88
75-01-4 211 Vinyl chloride; Chloroethene 1 0.03 NE
1330-20-7 346 Xylene (total)5 500 NE
Leachate Samples
CAS #SWS ID Chemical Name
NC
SWSL
NCAC
2L std.
NC GWP
std.
--Same as Ground and Surface Waters ---
NE 316 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)NE --
NE 317 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)NE --
NE 321 pH NE NE NE
7723-14-0 412 Phosphorus NE --
14808-79-8 315 Sulfate 250000 250000 -
14797-55-8 303 Nitrate 10000 ---
NOTES:
1. Data downloaded from SWS Website on October 6, 2015. SWS Last updated June 13, 2011.
2. All Units in ug/L
3. NE = Not Established
4. Data in this table is subject to change in the future. Reference website for any changes.
Cleveland Co. Landfill, Ph 3 2 of 2
Cleveland Co. Landfill, Ph 3 1 of 1
Table 3Surface Water Monitoring Point Summary
ID Northing Easting Comments
SW-101 588463.64 1261703.20 Lined Phases 1-3 Upstream along Buffalo Creek. Represents background for SW-104
SW-102 587707.79 1262188.02 Lined Phase 3 Along Suck Creek just upstream of confluence with Buffalo Creek
SW-103 586203.39 1262678.41 Lined Phases 1-2 Along unnamed west flowing tributary just upstream of confluence with Buffalo Creek
SW-104 586012.04 1262707.60 Lined Phases 1-3 Along Buffalo Creek furthest downstream of Phases 1-3
Units/Areas Point
Monitors
Figures
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P.O. BOX 349 BOONE, N.C. 28607P.O. BOX 97 GARNER, N.C. 27529
[phone]
LICENSE NUMBER: C-0281
SCALE:DATE:PROJECT NO.:
5/9/2016 G14121.6NOT TO SCALE
Appendix A
LOG OF BORING: MW-101 (Originally P-16S)
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.6
Drilling contractor: Miller Drilling Company Date started: 5/9/2001 Surface elevation: 918.90 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8" O.D. HSA w/ S.S Date ended: 5/10/2001 Top of pipe elevation: 921.01 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J. Pfohl Completion depth: 68.95 ft Depth to water (TOB): Dry
Stickup height: 2.11 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 57.56 ft
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Well Diagram
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35
40
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50
Converted from P-16S installed for site suitability study
7 SILTY SAND; R. Brown w/ pink sheen, white quartz partings, black
streaks, dry.
9 SILTY SAND; Same as above.
38 PWR; Light Tan, numerous angular quartz & feldspar fragments, dry.
20 SILTY SAND; R. Brown silt w/ pink sheen interlayered w/ B.Y. sand,
black & white mottles, white feldspar partings, dry.
18 SILTY SAND; Same as above.
18 SILTY SAND; R. Brown silt w/ a pinkish sheen interlayered w/ B.Y.
sand, black & white mottles, several thin black partings, fine to medium
grained sand, dry.
19 SILTY SAND; R.Brown, slightly micas., black & white mottles, dry.
27 SILTY SAND; Y.Red, slightly micas., several black organic silt pockets,
fine to medium grained sand, dry.
20 SILTY SAND; Y.Red interlayered w/ B.Y. fine grained sand, relict
structure, micas., dry.
26 SILTY SAND; Brown, black organic silt pockets, micas., fine grained
sand, dry.
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary Engineers Environmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone] PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 2
LOG OF BORING: MW-101 (Originally P-16S)
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.6
Drilling contractor: Miller Drilling Company Date started: 5/9/2001 Surface elevation: 918.90 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8" O.D. HSA w/ S.S Date ended: 5/10/2001 Top of pipe elevation: 921.01 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J. Pfohl Completion depth: 68.95 ft Depth to water (TOB): Dry
Stickup height: 2.11 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 57.56 ft
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55
60
65
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40 SILTY SAND; Olive Gray silt interlayered w/ brown fine grained sand,
mica., few angular white quartz fragments, dry.
28 SILTY SAND; Same as above, slightly moist, relict foliations, 2 fractures.
SILTY SAND (SM); Light Gray, 2.1% Gravel, 48.3% Sand, 34.7% Silt,
14.9% Clay, LL=38, PL=32, PI=6.
Boring terminated at 69.0 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary Engineers Environmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone] PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 2 of 2
Converted to MW-101
LOG OF BORING: MW-102
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.7
Drilling contractor: Derry's Well Drilling Date started: 7/28/2008 Surface elevation: 802.93 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8.5" OD w/ SPT, 6" DTH-Air Date ended: 7/28/2008 Top of pipe elevation: 805.39 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J.Pfohl Completion depth: 32.10 ft Depth to water (TOB): 22.00 ft
Stickup height: 2.46 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 21.67 ft
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Well Diagram
5
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40
45
15 Silty Sand; brown, medium to coarse grained with grey micacious silt,
few angular rock fragments, dry
18 Silty Sand; same as above
HSA refusal - Schist boulder, brown
PWR; layered saprolite, dry, brown, few angular rock fragments
PWR; same as above, estimated water table
PWR; saprolite, saturated, brown, some gneiss fragments
Gneiss; hard rock
Boring terminated at 32.1 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: MW-103S
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.7
Drilling contractor: Derry's Well Drilling Date started: 8/4/2008 Surface elevation: 764.88 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8.5" OD HSA Date ended: 8/4/2008 Top of pipe elevation: 767.88 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J.Pfohl Completion depth: 18.15 ft Depth to water (TOB): 7.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 7.09 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
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35
40
45
Description from adjacent MW-103D
6 Silty Sand with Clay; brown, medium to fine grained sand with slight
cohesive red clay nodules, dry
7 Silty Sand with Clay; same as above
6 Silty Sand; brown, poorly graded sand with olive grey micaceous silt,
moist
4 Silty Sand; same as above, wet
Boring terminated at 18.1 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: MW-103D
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.7
Drilling contractor: Derry's Well Drilling Date started: 8/4/2008 Surface elevation: 765.00 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8.5" OD HSA w/SPT Date ended: 8/4/2008 Top of pipe elevation: 768.00 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J.Pfohl Completion depth: 35.34 ft Depth to water (TOB): 7.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 8.99 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
6 Silty Sand with Clay; brown, medium to fine grained sand with slight
cohesive red clay nodules, dry
7 Silty Sand with Clay; same as above
6 Silty Sand; brown, poorly graded sand with olive grey micaceous silt,
moist
4 Silty Sand; same as above, wet
6 Silty Sand; brown, fine to medium grained sand interlayered with orange
grey micaceous silt, saturated
13 Silty Sand; same as above
18 Silty Sand; brown, fine to medium grained sand interlayered with olive
grey micaceous silt, few angular PWR fragments, relict structure,
saturated
HSA Refusal - Top of Competent Rock
Boring terminated at 35.3 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: MW-104
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.7
Drilling contractor: Derry's Well Drilling Date started: 8/14/2008 Surface elevation: 766.81 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8.5" OD HSA w/ SPT Date ended: 8/14/2008 Top of pipe elevation: 769.81 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J. Pfohl Completion depth: 20.14 ft Depth to water (TOB): 9.50 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 9.72 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
15
20
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30
35
40
45
Fill for Dam along erosion control sediment basin
6 Silty Sand; brown yellow fine sand interlayered with yellow red
micaceous silt, moist
4 Silty Sand; dark grey, very silty, fine grained sand, loose, wet
3 Silty Sand; dark grey, very silty, fine grained sand, micaceous, loose,
saturated
Boring terminated at 20.1 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: MW-105S
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.7
Drilling contractor: Derry's Well Drilling Date started: 7/28/2008 Surface elevation: 771.51 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8.5" OD HSA, 6" DTH Date ended: 7/28/2008 Top of pipe elevation: 774.51 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J. Pfohl Completion depth: 20.43 ft Depth to water (TOB):
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 19.96 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
13 Silty Sand; brown yellow fine grained sand with yellow red micaceous
silt, few black organic silt partings and root fragments, dry
HSA Refusal - Boulder; grey, dry. At ~9.5' PWR likely able to auger
again until 20.43' BGS.
PWR; brown, slightly weathered, not competent, dry
Saprolite; silty sand with layers of PWR
Top of Competent Rock - Gneiss; grey
Boring terminated at 20.4 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: MW-105D
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.7
Drilling contractor: Derry's Well Drilling Date started: 7/28/2008 Surface elevation: 771.31 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 6" DTH Date ended: 7/28/2008 Top of pipe elevation: 774.33 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J. Pfohl Completion depth: 40.21 ft Depth to water (TOB): 19.50 ft
Stickup height: 3.02 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 20.72 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
13 Silty Sand; brown yellow, fine grained sand with yellow red, micaceous
silt with few black organic silt partings, few roots, dry
Rock Boulder; grey, geniss
PWR; brown saprolite with few layers of PWR
Gneiss; grey, very competent, water bearing fractures
Boring terminated at 40.2 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: MW-106
Cleveland Co. Subtitle D Lined MSWLF, Phase 1 Project No. G01020.7
Drilling contractor: Derry's Well Drilling Date started: 7/29/2008 Surface elevation: 768.28 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 8.5" OD HSA w/ SPT, 6" DTH - Air Date ended: 7/29/2008 Top of pipe elevation: 771.28 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J. Pfohl Completion depth: 32.15 ft Depth to water (TOB): 20.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 19.82 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
4 Silty Sand with Clay; brown, fine grained sand with micaceous orange
grey silt and red cohesive clay nodules, few root fragments, dry
30 Silty Sand; brown fine grained sand laminated with olive grey
micaceous silt, few white feldspathic partings, dry
30 Silty Sand; same as above
HSA Refusal - Top of Competent Rock
Boring terminated at 32.1 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: P1-1S
Cleveland County Landfill Phase 1 Project No. G01020.6
Drilling contractor:Graham and Currie Well Drilling Date started:3/2/2005 Surface elevation:774.83 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method:8.5" HSA w/SS Date ended:3/2/2005 Top of pipe elevation:777.83 ft (MSL)
Logged by:Robert Hoffman Completion depth:29.00 ft Depth to water (TOB):16.98 ft
Stickup height:3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs):21.08 ft
D e p t h (f t )
S P T (b p f )
S o i l T y p e
S y m b o l
S a m p l e
Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
14 Sandy CLAY, reddish brown, with organic matter and quartz gravel, moist.
29
Sandy SILT, brown, interbedded reddish brown, with gravel, saprolitic,
moist.
17
Silty CLAY, light brown, with quartz gravel, moist.
64 Sandy SILT, light brown, interbedded gravel, moist.
18 Silty CLAY, light brown, interbedded tan/white/black, moist.
75/10"
Sandy SILT, brown, interbedded white/tan/red, wet.
Boring terminated at 29.0 feet
S t i c k u p (3 .0 0 ')
G r o u t
2 " S c h 4 0 P V C C a s i n g
B e n t o n i t e
1 0 -3 0 S a n d P a c k
2 " S c h 4 0 P V C 0 .0 1 0 S l o t t e d P i p e
Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary Engineers Environmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone] PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
Converted to MW-107
LOG OF BORING: P1-4S
Cleveland County Landfill Phase 1 Project No. G01020.6
Drilling contractor:Graham and Currie Well Drilling Date started:3/7/2005 Surface elevation:770.12 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method:8.5" HSA w/SS Date ended:3/7/2005 Top of pipe elevation:772.72 ft (MSL)
Logged by:Robert Hoffman Completion depth:16.00 ft Depth to water (TOB):5.88 ft
Stickup height:2.60 ft Depth to water (24hrs):5.13 ft
D e p t h (f t )
S P T (b p f )
S o i l T y p e
S y m b o l
S a m p l e
Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
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30
35
40
45
5 Soil Description to 16.0 ft. from adjacent P1-4D. - Sandy CLAY, reddish
brown, with organic matter, moist.
3 As above, wet.
6
Sandy Silt with Gravel, brown
49 Silty GRAVEL, brown, wet.
Boring terminated at 16.0 feet
S t i c k u p (3 .6 0 ')
G r o u t
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B e n t o n i t e
1 0 -3 0 S a n d P a c k
2 " S c h 4 0 P V C 0 .0 1 0 S l o t t e d P i p e
Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary Engineers Environmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone] PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
Converted to MW-108
LOG OF BORING: OW3-2
Cleveland Co. MSWLF Ph. 3 HGDS Project No. G14121.6
Drilling contractor: Bluestone Date started: 2/20/2015 Surface elevation: 760.43 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 4.25" HSA w/ SPT Date ended: 2/20/2015 Top of pipe elevation: 763.43 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J Pfohl Completion depth: 22.00 ft Depth to water (TOB): 4.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 4.08 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
15
20
25
14 RESIDUUM; (ML), Dark Brown, CLAYEY SILT, mottled w/ gray &
orange silt, cohesive, moist.
UNDISTURBED "Shelby Tube" SAMPLE - Lab Tested as (ML) "Light
Brown SILT W/ SAND" (28.6% Sand, 24.7% Silt, 46.7% Clay).
SAPROLITE (3-22')
UNDISTURBED "Shelby Tube" SAMPLE - Lab Tested as (ML) "Light
Brown & Orange SANDY SILT" (39.4% Sand, 26.5% Silt, 34.1% Clay).
Low Density (5-8'), saturated zone
15 SAPROLITE; (ML) Light Brown SANDY SILT, non-plastic, stiff, wet.
16 SAPROLITE; (ML) Light Brown SANDY SILT, non-plastic, stiff, wet.
22 SAPROLITE; (SM) PYB SILTY SAND, medium density, trace coarse
angular quartz fragments, wet.
NO Auger Refusal - Neither PWR nor Bedrock encountered >738.43 ft
amsl
Boring terminated at 22.0 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: OW3-1S
Cleveland Co. MSWLF Ph. 3 HGDS Project No. G14121.6
Drilling contractor: Bluestone Date started: 2/20/2015 Surface elevation: 768.62 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 4.25" ID HSA No SPT Date ended: 2/20/2015 Top of pipe elevation: 771.62 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J Pfohl Completion depth: 20.50 ft Depth to water (TOB): 13.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 12.05 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
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20
25
30
2 NO SPT PERFORMED IN OW3-1S. HOWEVER SPT PERFORMED INADJACENT OW3-1D AND DESCRIPTIONS RE-TRANSCRIBED.
RESIDUUM; (SC), DYB CLAYEY FINE SAND; organic root debris, very
loose, homogeneous, moist.
4 RESIDUUM; (SM), LB SILTY SAND; trace root debris, homogeneous,
fine grained, poorly sorted, moist.
31 SAPROLITE; (SM) GRAY & WHITE SILTY SAND, poorly graded, fine
grained, striated w/ black manganese & red garnet specs, dry.
8 UNDISTURBED "Shelby Tube" SAMPLE FROM 0W3-1D-Lab Tested
as (SM) "Tan SILTY SAND" (68.9% Sand, 22.2% Silt, 8.9% Clay).
8 SAPROLITE; (SM) TAN silty sand, poorly graded, striated with black
manganese & red garnet specs, moist.
8 SAPROLITE; (SM) GRAY & WHITE SILTY SAND, poorly graded, fine
grained, striated w/ black manganese & red garnet specs, very wet.
Boring terminated at 20.5 feet
(3
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
LOG OF BORING: OW3-1D
Cleveland Co. MSWLF Ph. 3 HGDS Project No. G14121.6
Drilling contractor: Bluestone Date started: 2/16/2015 Surface elevation: 768.72 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 4.25" ID HSA,NQ Core,6" DTH Date ended: 2/21/2015 Top of pipe elevation: 771.72 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J Pfohl Completion depth: 50.00 ft Depth to water (TOB): 13.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 12.41 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
10
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20
25
30
35
40
2 RESIDUUM; (SC), DYB CLAYEY FINE SAND; organic root debris, very
loose, homogeneous, moist.
4 RESIDUUM; (SM), LB SILTY SAND; trace root debris, homogeneous,
fine grained, poorly sorted, moist.
31 SAPROLITE; (SM) GRAY & WHITE SILTY SAND, poorly graded, fine
grained, striated w/ black manganese & red garnet specs, dry.
8 UNDISTURBED "Shelby Tube" SAMPLE-Lab Tested as (SM) "Tan
SILTY SAND" (68.9% Sand, 22.2% Silt, 8.9% Clay).
8 SAPROLITE; (SM) TAN silty sand, poorly graded, striated w/ black
manganese & red garnet specs, moist.
8 SAPROLITE; (SM) GRAY & WHITE SILTY SAND, poorly graded, fine
grained, striated w/ black manganese & red garnet specs, very wet.
12 SAPROLITE; (SM) GRAY & WHITE SILTY SAND, poorly graded, fine
grained, striated w/ black manganese & red garnet specs, very wet.
50/2"WEATHERED ROCK (VERY SEVERELY); (SM) Gray & White, poorly
graded fine sand, striated w/ very small maroon garnet specs, moist.
BEDROCK RUN #1 (32.5-35.0) REC=72%, RQD=30%;
SCHIST; (CZs), White Mica, Dark garnet specs, foliations at 5 degrees
and fractures ~40 degrees from foliations, staining above and below
joints.
BEDROCK RUN #2 (35-40) REC=100%, RQD=68%; white schist.
(3
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 2
LOG OF BORING: OW3-1D
Cleveland Co. MSWLF Ph. 3 HGDS Project No. G14121.6
Drilling contractor: Bluestone Date started: 2/16/2015 Surface elevation: 768.72 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 4.25" ID HSA,NQ Core,6" DTH Date ended: 2/21/2015 Top of pipe elevation: 771.72 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J Pfohl Completion depth: 50.00 ft Depth to water (TOB): 13.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 12.41 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks Well Diagram
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
BEDROCK RUN #3 (40-45) REC=92%, RQD=61%
White Mica Schist with garnet (CZs)
Fracture zone 44.5-45.5 that is stained likelly water bearing.
BEDROCK RUN #4 (45-50) REC=100%, RQD=61%
White Mica Schist with garnet (CZs)
Boring terminated at 50.0 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 2 of 2
ROCK CORE DETAILS
Boring ID:Site Name:Classification:Core Depths (ft-bls)Total Core Length (ft)
OW3-1D Cleveland Co. MSWLF, Ph 3 HGDS Schist 32.5'-50.0'17.5'
Run #1 2.5'Run #2 5.0'Run #3 5.0'Run #4 5.0'
From: 32.5' to 35.0' = 2.5'From: 35.0' to 40.0' = 5.0'From: 40.0' to 45.0' = 5.0'From: 45.0' to 50.0' = 5.0'
REC: 72.0% RQD: 30.0%REC: 100.0% RQD: 68.0%REC: 92.0% RQD: 61.0%REC: 100.0% RQD: 61.0%
Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Garner and Boone, North Carolina
LOG OF BORING: OW3-3
Cleveland Co. MSWLF Ph. 3 HGDS Project No. G14121.6
Drilling contractor: Bluestone Date started: 2/20/2015 Surface elevation: 773.30 ft (MSL)
Drill rig & method: 4.25" id HSA, w/SPT Date ended: 2/20/2015 Top of pipe elevation: 776.30 ft (MSL)
Logged by: J Pfohl Completion depth: 22.00 ft Depth to water (TOB): 19.00 ft
Stickup height: 3.00 ft Depth to water (24hrs): 12.33 ft
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Description of Material & Remarks
Well Diagram
5
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7 RESIDUUM; (SM), MYB SILTY SAND, well graded, fine to medium
grained, black silt partings, root debris, loose, dry.
Saprolite (3-18')
12 SAPROLITE; (SM) VPO SILTY SAND, well graded, fine to medium
grained, white feldspar partings, medium density, dry.
16 SAPROLITE; (SM) VPO SILTY SAND, well graded fine to medium
grained, trace micas, faint relict structure, medium density, dry.
45 SAPROLITE; (SM) VPO SILTY SAND, well graded fine to medium
grained, trace micas, faint relict structure, medium density, dry.
SS SAMPLE - Lab Tested as "Sandy Silt" (0.4% gravel, 40.9% sand,
58.8% silt & clay)
50/4"WEATHERED ROCK (VERY SEVERELY); (ML) VPO Tested as
SANDY SILT, few coarse sand angular fragments, poorly graded, very
dense, moist.
Auger Refusal; believed to be rock
Boring terminated at 22.0 feet
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Municipal Engineering Services Company, P.A.
Operation/Construction Managers Civil/Sanitary EngineersEnvironmental Studies
PO Box 97, Garner, North Carolina 27529 [phone]PO Box 349, Boone, North Carolina 28607 [phone] Page 1 of 1
Appendix B
Appendix C
Solid Waste Section
Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface
Water Sampling

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE SECTION

General Sampling Procedures
The following guidance is provided to insure a consistent sampling approach so that sample
collection activities at solid waste management facilities provide reliable data. Sampling must
begin with an evaluation of facility information, historical environmental data and site geologic
and hydrogeologic conditions. General sampling procedures are described in this document.

Planning
Begin sampling activities with planning and coordination. The party contracting with the
laboratory is responsible for effectively communicating reporting requirements and evaluating
data reliability as it relates to specific monitoring activities.

Sample Collection
Contamination Prevention
a.) Take special effort to prevent cross contamination or environmental contamination
when collecting samples.
1. If possible, collect samples from the least contaminated sampling location
(or background sampling location, if applicable) to the most contaminated
sampling location.
2. Collect the ambient or background samples first, and store them in
separate ice chests or separate shipping containers within the same ice
chest (e.g. untreated plastic bags).
3. Collect samples in flowing water at designated locations from upstream to
downstream.
b.) Do not store or ship highly contaminated samples (concentrated wastes, free product,
etc.) or samples suspect of containing high concentrations of contaminants in the
same ice chest or shipping containers with other environmental samples.
1. Isolate these sample containers by sealing them in separate, untreated
plastic bags immediately after collecting, preserving, labeling, etc.
2. Use a clean, untreated plastic bag to line the ice chest or shipping
container.
c.) All sampling equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated and transported in a
manner that does not allow it to become contaminated. Arrangements should be
made ahead of time to decontaminate any sampling or measuring equipment that will
be reused when taking samples from more than one well. Field decontamination of
Rev 4-08 1
sampling equipment will be necessary before sampling each well to minimize the risk
of cross contamination. Decontamination procedures should be included in reports as
necessary. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may be used.
When collecting aqueous samples, rinse the sample collection equipment with a
portion of the sample water before taking the actual sample. Sample containers do not
need to be rinsed. In the case of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, or
containers with pre-measured preservatives, the sample containers cannot be rinsed.
d.) Place all fuel-powered equipment away from, and downwind of, any site activities
(e.g., purging, sampling, decontamination).
1. If field conditions preclude such placement (i.e., the wind is from the
upstream direction in a boat), place the fuel source(s) as far away as
possible from the sampling activities and describe the conditions in the
field notes.
2. Handle fuel (i.e., filling vehicles and equipment) prior to the sampling
day. If such activities must be performed during sampling, the personnel
must wear disposable gloves.
3. Dispense all fuels downwind. Dispose of gloves well away from the
sampling activities.
Filling Out Sample Labels
Fill out label, adhere to vial and collect sample. Print legibly with indelible ink. At a
minimum, the label or tag should identify the sample with the following information:
1. Sample location and/or well number
2. Sample identification number
3. Date and time of collection
4. Analysis required/requested
5. Sampler’s initials
6. Preservative(s) used, if any [i.e., HCl, Na2S2O3, NO3, ice, etc.]
7. Any other pertinent information for sample identification
Sample Collection Order
Unless field conditions justify other sampling regimens, collect samples in the following
order:
1. Volatile Organics and Volatile Inorganics
2. Extractable Organics, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Aggregate Organics and
Oil and Grease
3. Total Metals
4. Inorganic Nonmetallics, Physical and Aggregate Properties, and
Biologicals
5. Microbiological
NOTE: If the pump used to collect groundwater samples cannot be used to collect volatile or
extractable organics then collect all other parameters and withdraw the pump and tubing. Then
collect the volatile and extractable organics.

Rev 4-08 2
Health and Safety
Implement all local, state, and federal requirements relating to health and safety. Follow all
local, state and federal requirements pertaining to the storage and disposal of any hazardous or
investigation derived wastes.
a.) The Solid Waste Section recommends wearing protective gloves when conducting all
sampling activities.
1. Gloves serve to protect the sample collector from potential exposure to sample
constituents, minimize accidental contamination of samples by the collector,
and preserve accurate tare weights on preweighed sample containers.
2. Do not let gloves come into contact with the sample or with the interior or lip
of the sample container. Use clean, new, unpowdered and disposable gloves.
Various types of gloves may be used as long as the construction materials do
not contaminate the sample or if internal safety protocols require greater
protection.
3. Note that certain materials that may potentially be present in concentrated
effluent can pass through certain glove types and be absorbed in the skin.
Many vendor catalogs provide information about the permeability of different
gloves and the circumstances under which the glove material might be
applicable. The powder in powdered gloves can contribute significant
contamination. Powdered gloves are not recommended unless it can be
demonstrated that the powder does not interfere with the sample analysis.
4. Change gloves after preliminary activities, after collecting all the samples at a
single sampling point, if torn or used to handle extremely dirty or highly
contaminated surfaces. Properly dispose of all used gloves as investigation
derived wastes.
b.) Properly manage all investigation derived waste (IDW).
5. To prevent contamination into previously uncontaminated areas, properly
manage all IDW. This includes all water, soil, drilling mud, decontamination
wastes, discarded personal protective equipment (PPE), etc. from site
investigations, exploratory borings, piezometer and monitoring well
installation, refurbishment, abandonment, and other investigative activities.
Manage all IDW that is determined to be RCRA-regulated hazardous waste
according to the local, state and federal requirements.
6. Properly dispose of IDW that is not a RCRA-regulated hazardous waste but is
contaminated above the Department’s Soil Cleanup Target Levels or the state
standards and/or minimum criteria for ground water quality. If the drill
cuttings/mud orpurged well water is contaminated with hazardous waste,
contact the DWM Hazardous Waste Section (919-508-8400) for disposal
options. Maintain all containers holding IDW in good condition. Periodically
inspect the containers for damage and ensure that all required labeling (DOT,
RCRA, etc.) are clearly visible.

Rev 4-08 3
Sample Storage and Transport
Store samples for transport carefully. Pack samples to prevent from breaking and to maintain a
temperature of approximately 4 degrees Celsius (°C), adding ice if necessary. Transport samples
to a North Carolina-certified laboratory as soon as possible. Avoid unnecessary handling of
sample containers. Avoid heating (room temperature or above, including exposure to sunlight)
or freezing of the sample containers. Reduce the time between sample collection and delivery to
a laboratory whenever possible and be sure that the analytical holding times of your samples can
be met by the laboratory.
a.) A complete chain-of-custody (COC) form must be maintained to document all
transfers and receipts of the samples. Be sure that the sample containers are labeled
with the sample location and/or well number, sample identification, the date and time
of collection, the analysis to be performed, the preservative added (if any), the
sampler’s initials, and any other pertinent information for sample identification. The
labels should contain a unique identifier (i.e., unique well numbers) that can be traced
to the COC form. The details of sample collection must be documented on the COC.
The COC must include the following:
1. Description of each sample (including QA/QC samples) and the number of
containers (sample location and identification)
2. Signature of the sampler
3. Date and time of sample collection
4. Analytical method to be performed
5. Sample type (i.e., water or soil)
6. Regulatory agency (i.e., NCDENR/DWM – SW Section)
7. Signatures of all persons relinquishing and receiving custody of the
samples
8. Dates and times of custody transfers
b.) Pack samples so that they are segregated by site, sampling location or by sample
analysis type. When COC samples are involved, segregate samples in coolers by site.
If samples from multiple sites will fit in one cooler, they may be packed in the same
cooler with the associated field sheets and a single COC form for all. Coolers should
not exceed a maximum weight of 50 lbs. Use additional coolers as necessary. All
sample containers should be placed in plastic bags (segregated by analysis and
location) and completely surrounded by ice.
1. Prepare and place trip blanks in an ice filled cooler before leaving for the
field.
2. Segregate samples by analysis and place in sealable plastic bags.
3. Pack samples carefully in the cooler placing ice around the samples.
4. Review the COC. The COC form must accompany the samples to the
laboratory. The trip blank(s) must also be recorded on the COC form.
5. Place completed COC form in a waterproof bag, sealed and taped under
the lid of the cooler.
6. Secure shipping containers with strapping tape to avoid accidental
opening.
7. For COC samples, a tamper-proof seal may also be placed over the cooler
lid or over a bag or container containing the samples inside the shipping
cooler.
Rev 4-08 4
8. "COC" or "EMERG" should be written in indelible ink on the cooler seal
to alert sample receipt technicians to priority or special handling samples.
9. The date and sample handler's signature must also be written on the COC
seal.
10. Deliver the samples to the laboratory or ship by commercial courier.
NOTE: If transport time to the laboratory is not long enough to allow
samples to be cooled to 4° C, a temperature reading of the sample source
must be documented as the field temperature on the COC form. A
downward trend in temperature will be adequate even if cooling to 4° C is
not achieved. The field temperature should always be documented if there
is any question as to whether samples will have time to cool to 4° C during
shipment. Thermometers must be calibrated annually against an NIST
traceable thermometer and documentation must be retained.

Rev 4-08 5
Appendix A - Decontamination of Field Equipment
Decontamination of personnel, sampling equipment, and containers - before and after
sampling - must be used to ensure collection of representative samples and to prevent the
potential spread of contamination. Decontamination of personnel prevents ingestion and
absorption of contaminants. It must be done with a soap and water wash and deionized or
distilled water rinse. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may also be used.

All previously used sampling equipment must be properly decontaminated before sampling and
between sampling locations. This prevents the introduction of contamination into
uncontaminated samples and avoids cross-contamination of samples. Cross-contamination can
be a significant problem when attempting to characterize extremely low concentrations of
organic compounds or when working with soils that are highly contaminated.

Clean, solvent-resistant gloves and appropriate protective equipment must be worn by
persons decontaminating tools and equipment.

Cleaning Reagents
Recommendations for the types and grades of various cleaning supplies are outlined below.
The recommended reagent types or grades were selected to ensure that the cleaned equipment is
free from any detectable contamination.
a.) Detergents: Use Liqui-Nox (or a non-phosphate equivalent) or Alconox (or
equivalent). Liqui-Nox (or equivalent) is recommended by EPA, although Alconox
(or equivalent) may be substituted if the sampling equipment will not be used to
collect phosphorus or phosphorus containing compounds.
b.) Solvents: Use pesticide grade isopropanol as the rinse solvent in routine equipment
cleaning procedures. This grade of alcohol must be purchased from a laboratory
supply vendor. Rubbing alcohol or other commonly available sources of isopropanol
are not acceptable. Other solvents, such as acetone or methanol, may be used as the
final rinse solvent if they are pesticide grade. However, methanol is more toxic to the
environment and acetone may be an analyte of interest for volatile organics.

1. Do not use acetone if volatile organics are of interest
2. Containerize all methanol wastes (including rinses) and dispose as a
hazardous waste.

Pre-clean equipment that is heavily contaminated with organic analytes. Use reagent
grade acetone and hexane or other suitable solvents. Use pesticide grade methylene
chloride when cleaning sample containers. Store all solvents away from potential
sources of contamination.
c.) Analyte-Free Water Sources: Analyte-free water is water in which all analytes of
interest and all interferences are below method detection limits. Maintain
documentation (such as results from equipment blanks) to demonstrate the reliability
and purity of analyte-free water source(s). The source of the water must meet the
requirements of the analytical method and must be free from the analytes of interest.
In general, the following water types are associated with specific analyte groups:
1. Milli-Q (or equivalent polished water): suitable for all analyses.
Rev 4-08 6
2. Organic-free: suitable for volatile and extractable organics.
3. Deionized water: may not be suitable for volatile and extractable
organics.
4. Distilled water: not suitable for volatile and extractable organics, metals
or ultratrace metals.
Use analyte-free water for blank preparation and the final decontamination water
rinse. In order to minimize long-term storage and potential leaching problems, obtain
or purchase analyte-free water just prior to the sampling event. If obtained from a
source (such as a laboratory), fill the transport containers and use the contents for a
single sampling event. Empty the transport container(s) at the end of the sampling
event. Discard any analyte-free water that is transferred to a dispensing container
(such as a wash bottle or pump sprayer) at the end of each sampling day.
d.) Acids:
1. Reagent Grade Nitric Acid: 10 - 15% (one volume concentrated nitric acid
and five volumes deionized water). Use for the acid rinse unless nitrogen
components (e.g., nitrate, nitrite, etc.) are to be sampled. If sampling for
ultra-trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid.
2. Reagent Grade Hydrochloric Acid: 10% hydrochloric acid (one volume
concentrated hydrochloric and three volumes deionized water). Use when
nitrogen components are to be sampled.
3. If samples for both metals and the nitrogen-containing components are
collected with the equipment, use the hydrochloric acid rinse, or
thoroughly rinse with hydrochloric acid after a nitric acid rinse. If
sampling for ultra trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid.
4. Freshly prepared acid solutions may be recycled during the sampling event
or cleaning process. Dispose of any unused acids according to local
ordinances.

Reagent Storage Containers
The contents of all containers must be clearly marked.
a.) Detergents:
1. Store in the original container or in a HDPE or PP container.
b.) Solvents:
1. Store solvents to be used for cleaning or decontamination in the original
container until use in the field. If transferred to another container for field
use, use either a glass or Teflon container.
2. Use dispensing containers constructed of glass, Teflon or stainless steel.
Note: If stainless steel sprayers are used, any gaskets that contact the
solvents must be constructed of inert materials.
c.) Analyte-Free Water:
1. Transport in containers appropriate for the type of water stored. If the
water is commercially purchased (e.g., grocery store), use the original
containers when transporting the water to the field. Containers made of
glass, Teflon, polypropylene or HDPE are acceptable.
2. Use glass or Teflon to transport organic-free sources of water on-site.
Polypropylene or HDPE may be used, but are not recommended.
Rev 4-08 7
3. Dispense water from containers made of glass, Teflon, HDPE or
polypropylene.
4. Do not store water in transport containers for more than three days before
beginning a sampling event.
5. If working on a project that has oversight from EPA Region 4, use glass
containers for the transport and storage of all water.
6. Store and dispense acids using containers made of glass, Teflon or plastic.

General Requirements
a.) Prior to use, clean/decontaminate all sampling equipment (pumps, tubing, lanyards,
split spoons, etc.) that will be exposed to the sample.
b.) Before installing, clean (or obtain as certified pre-cleaned) all equipment that is
dedicated to a single sampling point and remains in contact with the sample medium
(e.g., permanently installed groundwater pump). If you use certified pre-cleaned
equipment no cleaning is necessary.
1. Clean this equipment any time it is removed for maintenance or repair.
2. Replace dedicated tubing if discolored or damaged.
c.) Clean all equipment in a designated area having a controlled environment (house,
laboratory, or base of field operations) and transport it to the field, pre-cleaned and
ready to use, unless otherwise justified.
d.) Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned for other
sites. Rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect in-process (e.g.,
untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples immediately with water.
e.) Whenever possible, transport sufficient clean equipment to the field so that an entire
sampling event can be conducted without the need for cleaning equipment in the
field.
f.) Segregate equipment that is only used once (i.e., not cleaned in the field) from clean
equipment and return to the in-house cleaning facility to be cleaned in a controlled
environment.
g.) Protect decontaminated field equipment from environmental contamination by
securely wrapping and sealing with one of the following:
1. Aluminum foil (commercial grade is acceptable)
2. Untreated butcher paper
3. Clean, untreated, disposable plastic bags. Plastic bags may be used for all
analyte groups except volatile and extractable organics. Plastic bags may
be used for volatile and extractable organics, if the equipment is first
wrapped in foil or butcher paper, or if the equipment is completely dry.

Cleaning Sample Collection Equipment
a.) On-Site/In-Field Cleaning – Cleaning equipment on-site is not recommended because
environmental conditions cannot be controlled and wastes (solvents and acids) must
be containerized for proper disposal.
1. Ambient temperature water may be substituted in the hot, sudsy water bath
and hot water rinses.
NOTE: Properly dispose of all solvents and acids.
Rev 4-08 8
2. Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned
for other sites.
3. Immediately rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect
in-process (e.g., untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples with
water.
b.) Heavily Contaminated Equipment - In order to avoid contaminating other samples,
isolate heavily contaminated equipment from other equipment and thoroughly
decontaminate the equipment before further use. Equipment is considered heavily
contaminated if it:
1. Has been used to collect samples from a source known to contain
significantly higher levels than background.
2. Has been used to collect free product.
3. Has been used to collect industrial products (e.g., pesticides or solvents) or
their byproducts.
NOTE: Cleaning heavily contaminated equipment in the field is not recommended.
c.) On-Site Procedures:
1. Protect all other equipment, personnel and samples from exposure by
isolating the equipment immediately after use.
2. At a minimum, place the equipment in a tightly sealed, untreated, plastic
bag.
3. Do not store or ship the contaminated equipment next to clean,
decontaminated equipment, unused sample containers, or filled sample
containers.
4. Transport the equipment back to the base of operations for thorough
decontamination.
5. If cleaning must occur in the field, document the effectiveness of the
procedure, collect and analyze blanks on the cleaned equipment.
d.) Cleaning Procedures:
1. If organic contamination cannot be readily removed with scrubbing and a
detergent solution, pre-rinse equipment by thoroughly rinsing or soaking
the equipment in acetone.
2. Use hexane only if preceded and followed by acetone.
3. In extreme cases, it may be necessary to steam clean the field equipment
before proceeding with routine cleaning procedures.
4. After the solvent rinses (and/or steam cleaning), use the appropriate
cleaning procedure. Scrub, rather than soak, all equipment with sudsy
water. If high levels of metals are suspected and the equipment cannot be
cleaned without acid rinsing, soak the equipment in the appropriate acid.
Since stainless steel equipment should not be exposed to acid rinses, do
not use stainless steel equipment when heavy metal contamination is
suspected or present.
5. If the field equipment cannot be cleaned utilizing these procedures,
discard unless further cleaning with stronger solvents and/or oxidizing
solutions is effective as evidenced by visual observation and blanks.
6. Clearly mark or disable all discarded equipment to discourage use.
Rev 4-08 9
e.) General Cleaning - Follow these procedures when cleaning equipment under
controlled conditions. Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions
and/or recommendations.
1. Procedure for Teflon, stainless steel and glass sampling equipment: This
procedure must be used when sampling for ALL analyte groups.
(Extractable organics, metals, nutrients, etc. or if a single decontamination
protocol is desired to clean all Teflon, stainless steel and glass equipment.)
Rinse equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water
solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove
particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water. If
samples for trace metals or inorganic analytes will be collected with the
equipment that is not stainless steel, thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces)
with the appropriate acid solution. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free
water. Make sure that all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed with
water. If samples for volatile or extractable organics will be collected,
rinse with isopropanol. Wet equipment surfaces thoroughly with free-
flowing solvent. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Allow to air
dry. Wrap and seal as soon as the equipment has air-dried. If isopropanol
is used, the equipment may be air-dried without the final analyte-free
water rinse; however, the equipment must be completely dry before
wrapping or use. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the
procedure described above.
2. General Cleaning Procedure for Plastic Sampling Equipment: Rinse
equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water
solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove
particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water.
Thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces) with the appropriate acid solution.
Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions and/or
recommendations. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Be sure that
all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed. Allow to air dry as long as
possible. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the procedure
described above.

Rev 4-08 10

Appendix B - Collecting Soil Samples
Soil samples are collected for a variety of purposes. A methodical sampling approach must be
used to assure that sample collection activities provide reliable data. Sampling must begin with
an evaluation of background information, historical data and site conditions.

Soil Field Screening Procedures
Field screening is the use of portable devices capable of detecting petroleum contaminants on
a real-time basis or by a rapid field analytical technique. Field screening should be used to help
assess locations where contamination is most likely to be present.

When possible, field-screening samples should be collected directly from the excavation or
from the excavation equipment's bucket. If field screening is conducted only from the
equipment's bucket, then a minimum of one field screening sample should be collected from
each 10 cubic yards of excavated soil. If instruments or other observations indicate
contamination, soil should be separated into stockpiles based on apparent degrees of
contamination. At a minimum, soil suspected of contamination must be segregated from soil
observed to be free of contamination.

a.) Field screening devices – Many field screen instruments are available for detecting
contaminants in the field on a rapid or real-time basis. Acceptable field screening
instruments must be suitable for the contaminant being screened. The procdedure for
field screening using photoionization detectors (PIDs) and flame ionization detectors
(FIDs) is described below. If other instruments are used, a description of the
instrument or method and its intended use must be provided to the Solid Waste
Section. Whichever field screening method is chosen, its accuracy must be verified
throughout the sampling process. Use appropriate standards that match the use
intended for the data. Unless the Solid Waste Section indicates otherwise, wherever
field screening is recommended in this document, instrumental or analytical methods
of detection must be used, not olfactory or visual screening methods.

b.) Headspace analytical screening procedure for filed screening (semi-quantitative field
screening) - The most commonly used field instruments for Solid Waste Section site
assessments are FIDs and PIDs. When using FIDs and PIDs, use the following
headspace screening procedure to obtain and analyze field-screening samples:
1. Partially fill (one-third to one-half) a clean jar or clean ziplock bag with
the sample to be analyzed. The total capacity of the jar or bag may not be
less than eight ounces (app. 250 ml), but the container should not be so
large as to allow vapor diffusion and stratification effects to significantly
affect the sample.
2. If the sample is collected from a spilt-spoon, it must be transferred to the
jar or bag for headspace analysis immediately after opening the split-
spoon. If the sample is collected from an excavation or soil pile, it must
be collected from freshly uncovered soil.
Rev 4-08 11
3. If a jar is used, it must be quickly covered with clean aluminum foil or a
jar lid; screw tops or thick rubber bands must be used to tightly seal the
jar. If a zip lock bag is used, it must be quickly sealed shut.
4. Headspace vapors must be allowed to develop in the container for at least
10 minutes but no longer than one hour. Containers must be shaken or
agitated for 15 seconds at the beginning and the end of the headspace
development period to assist volatilization. Temperatures of the
headspace must be warmed to at least 5° C (approximately 40° F) with
instruments calibrated for the temperature used.
5. After headspace development, the instrument sampling probe must be
inserted to a point about one-half the headspace depth. The container
opening must be minimized and care must be taken to avoid the uptake of
water droplets and soil particulates.
6. After probe insertion, the highest meter reading must be taken and
recorded. This will normally occur between two and five seconds after
probe insertion. If erratic meter response occurs at high organic vapor
concentrations or conditions of elevated headspace moisture, a note to that
effect must accompany the headspace data.
7. All field screening results must be documented in the field record or log
book.

Soil Sample Collection Procedures for Laboratory Samples
The number and type of laboratory samples collected depends on the purpose of the sampling
activity. Samples analyzed with field screening devices may not be substituted for required
laboratory samples.

a.) General Sample Collection - When collecting samples from potentially contaminated
soil, care should be taken to reduce contact with skin or other parts of the body.
Disposable gloves should be worn by the sample collector and should be changed
between samples to avoid cross-contamination. Soil samples should be collected in a
manner that causes the least disturbance to the internal structure of the sample and
reduces its exposure to heat, sunlight and open air. Likewise, care should be taken to
keep the samples from being contaminated by other materials or other samples
collected at the site. When sampling is to occur over an extended period of time, it is
necessary to insure that the samples are collected in a comparable manner. All
samples must be collected with disposable or clean tools that have been
decontaminated. Disposable gloves must be worn and changed between sample
collections. Sample containers must be filled quickly. Soil samples must be placed
in containers in the order of volatility, for example, volatile organic aromatic samples
must be taken first, organics next, then heavier range organics, and finally soil
classification samples. Containers must be quickly and adequately sealed, and rims
must be cleaned before tightening lids. Tape may be used only if known not to affect
sample analysis. Sample containers must be clearly labeled. Containers must
immediately be preserved according to procedures in this Section. Unless specified
Rev 4-08 12
otherwise, at a minimum, the samples must be immediately cooled to 4 ± 2°C and this
temperature must be maintained throughout delivery to the laboratory.
b.) Surface Soil Sampling - Surface soil is generally classified as soil between the ground
surface and 6-12 inches below ground surface. Remove leaves, grass and surface
debris from the area to be sampled. Select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling
device and collect the sample. Transfer the sample to the appropriate sample
container. Clean the outside of the sample container to remove excess soil. Label the
sample container, place on wet ice to preserve at 4°C, and complete the field notes.
c.) Subsurface Soil Sampling – The interval begins at approximately 12 inches below
ground surface. Collect samples for volatile organic analyses. For other analyses,
select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling device and collect the sample. Transfer
the sample to the appropriate sample container. Clean the outside of the sample
container to remove excess soil. Label the sample container, place on wet ice to
preserve at 4°C, and complete field notes.
d.) Equipment for Reaching the Appropriate Soil Sampling Depth - Samples may be
collected using a hollow stem soil auger, direct push, Shelby tube, split-spoon
sampler, or core barrel. These sampling devices may be used as long as an effort is
made to reduce the loss of contaminants through volatilization. In these situations,
obtain a sufficient volume of so the samples can be collected without volatilization
and disturbance to the internal structure of the samples. Samples should be collected
from cores of the soil. Non-disposable sampling equipment must be decontaminated
between each sample location. NOTE: If a confining layer has been breached during
sampling, grout the hole to land.
e.) Equipment to Collect Soil Samples - Equipment and materials that may be used to
collect soil samples include disposable plastic syringes and other “industry-standard”
equipment and materials that are contaminant-free. Non-disposable sampling
equipment must be decontaminated between each sample location.

Rev 4-08 13
Appendix C - Collecting Groundwater Samples
Groundwater samples are collected to identify, investigate, assess and monitor the concentration
of dissolved contaminant constituents. To properly assess groundwater contamination, first
install sampling points (monitoring wells, etc.) to collect groundwater samples and then perform
specific laboratory analyses. All monitoring wells should be constructed in accordance with 15A
NCAC 2C .0100 and sampled as outlined in this section. Groundwater monitoring is conducted
using one of two methods:

1. Portable Monitoring: Monitoring that is conducted using sampling equipment that is
discarded between sampling locations. Equipment used to collect a groundwater sample
from a well such as bailers, tubing, gloves, and etc. are disposed of after sample
collection. A new set of sampling equipment is used to collect a groundwater sample at
the next monitor well.

2. Dedicated Monitoring: Monitoring that utilizes permanently affixed down-well and well
head components that are capped after initial set-up. Most dedicated monitoring systems
are comprised of an in-well submersible bladder pump, with air supply and sample
discharge tubing, and an above-ground driver/controller for regulation of flow rates and
volumes. The pump and all tubing housed within the well should be composed of Teflon
or stainless steel components. This includes seals inside the pump, the pump body, and
fittings used to connect tubing to the pump. Because ground water will not be in contact
with incompatible constituents and because the well is sealed from the surface, virtually
no contamination is possible from intrinsic sources during sampling and between
sampling intervals. All dedicated monitoring systems must be approved by the Solid
Waste Section before installation.

Groundwater samples may be collected from a number of different configurations. Each
configuration is associated with a unique set of sampling equipment requirements and
techniques:

1. Wells without Plumbing: These wells require equipment to be brought to the well to
purge and sample unless dedicated equipment is placed in the well.

2. Wells with In-Place Plumbing: Wells with in-place plumbing do not require equipment
to be brought to the well to purge and sample. In-place plumbing is generally considered
permanent equipment routinely used for purposes other than purging and sampling, such
as for water supply.

3. Air Strippers or Remedial Systems: These types of systems are installed as remediation
devices.

Rev 4-08 14
Groundwater Sample Preparation
The type of sample containers used depends on the type of analysis performed. First,
determine the type(s) of contaminants expected and the proper analytical method(s). Be sure to
consult your selected laboratory for its specific needs and requirements prior to sampling.

Next, prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.) before taking any samples so
that each sample can be placed in a chilled environment immediately after collection.

Use groundwater purging and sampling equipment constructed of only non-reactive, non-
leachable materials that are compatible with the environment and the selected analytes. In
selecting groundwater purging and sampling equipment, give consideration to the depth of the
well, the depth to groundwater, the volume of water to be evacuated, the sampling and purging
technique, and the analytes of interest. Additional supplies, such as reagents and preservatives,
may be necessary.

All sampling equipment (bailers, tubing, containers, etc.) must be selected based on its
chemical compatibility with the source being sampled (e.g., water supply well, monitoring well)
and the contaminants potentially present.

a.) Pumps - All pumps or pump tubing must be lowered and retrieved from the well
slowly and carefully to minimize disturbance to the formation water. This is
especially critical at the air/water interface.
1. Above-Ground Pumps
• Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump: Use a variable speed peristaltic
pump to purge groundwater from wells when the static water level
in the well is no greater than 20- 25 feet below land surface (BLS).
If the water levels are deeper than 18-20 feet BLS, the pumping
velocity will decrease. A variable speed peristaltic pump can be
used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low
permeability aquifers or formations. Most analyte groups can be
sampled with a peristaltic pump if the tubing and pump
configurations are appropriate.
• Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump: A variable speed centrifugal
pump can be used to purge groundwater from 2-inch and larger
internal diameter wells. Do not use this type of pump to collect
groundwater samples. When purging is complete, do not allow the
water that remains in the tubing to fall back into the well. Install a
check valve at the end of the purge tubing.
2. Submersible Pumps
• Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump: A variable speed
submersible pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater
from 2-inch and larger internal diameter wells. A variable speed
submersible pump can be used for normal purging and sampling,
and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations. The pump
housing, fittings, check valves and associated hardware must be
constructed of stainless steel. All other materials must be
Rev 4-08 15
compatible with the analytes of interest. Install a check valve at
the output side of the pump to prevent backflow. If purging and
sampling for organics, the entire length of the delivery tube must
be Teflon, polyethylene or polypropylene (PP) tubing; the
electrical cord must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP and
any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be
constructed of stainless steel; and all interior components that
contact the sample water (impeller, seals, gaskets, etc.) must be
constructed of stainless steel or Teflon.
3. Variable Speed Bladder Pump: A variable speed, positive displacement,
bladder pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater from 3/4-inch
and larger internal diameter wells.
• A variable speed bladder pump can be used for normal purging and
sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations.
• The bladder pump system is composed of the pump, the
compressed air tubing, the water discharge tubing, the controller
and a compressor, or a compressed gas supply.
• The pump consists of a bladder and an exterior casing or pump
body that surrounds the bladder and two (2) check valves. These
parts can be composed of various materials, usually combinations
of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon, polyethylene, PP and
stainless steel. Other materials must be compatible with the
analytes of interest.
• If purging and sampling for organics, the pump body must be
constructed of stainless steel. The valves and bladder must be
Teflon, polyethylene or PP; the entire length of the delivery tube
must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; and any cabling must be
sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be constructed of stainless
steel.
• Permanently installed pumps may have a PVC pump body as long
as the pump remains in contact with the water in the well.
b.) Bailers
1. Purging: Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing can
cause changes in the chemistry of the water due to aeration and loosening
particulate matter in the space around the well screen. Use a bailer if there
is non-aqueous phase liquid (free product) in the well or if non-aqueous
phase liquid is suspected to be in the well.
2. Sampling: Bailers must be used with caution.
3. Construction and Type: Bailers must be constructed of materials
compatible with the analytes of interest. Stainless steel, Teflon, rigid
medical grade PVC, polyethylene and PP bailers may be used to sample
all analytes. Use disposable bailers when sampling grossly contaminated
sample sources. NCDENR recommends using dual check valve bailers
when collecting samples. Use bailers with a controlled flow bottom to
collect volatile organic samples.
Rev 4-08 16
4. Contamination Prevention: Keep the bailer wrapped (foil, butcher paper,
etc.) until just before use. Use protective gloves to handle the bailer once
it is removed from its wrapping. Handle the bailer by the lanyard to
minimize contact with the bailer surface.
c.) Lanyards
1. Lanyards must be made of non-reactive, non-leachable material. They
may be cotton twine, nylon, stainless steel, or may be coated with Teflon,
polyethylene or PP.
2. Discard cotton twine, nylon, and non-stainless steel braided lanyards after
sampling each monitoring well.
3. Decontaminate stainless steel, coated Teflon, polyethylene and PP
lanyards between monitoring wells. They do not need to be
decontaminated between purging and sampling operations.

Water Level and Purge Volume Determination
The amount of water that must be purged from a well is determined by the volume of water
and/or field parameter stabilization.

a.) General Equipment Considerations - Selection of appropriate purging equipment
depends on the analytes of interest, the well diameter, transmissivity of the aquifer,
the depth to groundwater, and other site conditions.
1. Use of a pump to purge the well is recommended unless no other
equipment can be used or there is non-aqueous phase liquid in the well, or
non-aqueous phase liquid is suspected to be in the well.
2. Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing:
• Introduces atmospheric oxygen, which may precipitate metals
(i.e., iron) or cause other changes in the chemistry of the water
in the sample (i.e., pH).
• Agitates groundwater, which may bias volatile and semi-
volatile organic analyses due to volatilization.
• Agitates the water in the aquifer and resuspends fine particulate
matter.
• Surges the well, loosening particulate matter in the annular
space around the well screen.
• May introduce dirt into the water column if the sides of the
casing wall are scraped.
NOTE: It is critical for bailers to be slowly and gently immersed into the top of the water
column, particularly during the final stages of purging. This minimizes turbidity and
disturbance of volatile organic constituents.
b.) Initial Inspection
1. Remove the well cover and remove all standing water around the top of
the well casing (manhole) before opening the well.
2. Inspect the exterior protective casing of the monitoring well for damage.
Document the results of the inspection if there is a problem.
3. It is recommended that you place a protective covering around the well
head. Replace the covering if it becomes soiled or ripped.
Rev 4-08 17
4. Inspect the well lock and determine whether the cap fits tightly. Replace
the cap if necessary.
c.) Water Level Measurements - Use an electronic probe or chalked tape to determine the
water level. Decontaminate all equipment before use. Measure the depth to
groundwater from the top of the well casing to the nearest 0.01 foot. Always measure
from the same reference point or survey mark on the well casing. Record the
measurement.
1. Electronic Probe: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Follow the
manufacturer’s instructions for use. Record the measurement.
2. Chalked Line Method: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Lower
chalked tape into the well until the lower end is in the water. This is
usually determined by the sound of the weight hitting the water. Record
the length of the tape relative to the reference point. Remove the tape and
note the length of the wetted portion. Record the length. Determine the
depth to water by subtracting the length of the wetted portion from the
total length. Record the result.
d.) Water Column Determination - To determine the length of the water column, subtract
the depth to the top of the water column from the total well depth (or gauged well
depth if silting has occurred). The total well depth depends on the well construction.
If gauged well depth is used due to silting, report total well depth also. Some wells
may be drilled in areas of sinkhole, karst formations or rock leaving an open
borehole. Attempt to find the total borehole depth in cases where there is an open
borehole below the cased portion.
e.) Well Water Volume - Calculate the total volume of water, in gallons, in the well
using the following equation:
V = (0.041)d x d x h
Where:
V = volume in gallons
d = well diameter in inches
h = height of the water column in feet
The total volume of water in the well may also be determined with the following
equation by using a casing volume per foot factor (Gallons per Foot of Water) for the
appropriate diameter well:
V = [Gallons per Foot of Water] x h
Where:
V = volume in gallons
h = height of the water column in feet
Record all measurements and calculations in the field records.
f.) Purging Equipment Volume - Calculate the total volume of the pump, associated
tubing and flow cell (if used), using the following equation:
V = p + ((0.041)d x d x l) + fc
Where:
V = volume in gallons
p = volume of pump in gallons
d = tubing diameter in inches
l = length of tubing in feet
Rev 4-08 18
fc = volume of flow cell in gallons
g.) If the groundwater elevation data are to be used to construct groundwater elevation
contour maps, all water level measurements must be taken within the same 24 hour
time interval when collecting samples from multiple wells on a site, unless a shorter
time period is required. If the site is tidally influenced, complete the water level
measurements within the time frame of an incoming or outgoing tide.

Well Purging Techniques
The selection of the purging technique and equipment is dependent on the hydrogeologic
properties of the aquifer, especially depth to groundwater and hydraulic conductivity.

a.) Measuring the Purge Volume - The volume of water that is removed during purging
must be recorded. Therefore, you must measure the volume during the purging
operation.
1. Collect the water in a graduated container and multiply the number of
times the container was emptied by the volume of the container, OR
2. Estimate the volume based on pumping rate. This technique may be used
only if the pumping rate is constant. Determine the pumping rate by
measuring the amount of water that is pumped for a fixed period of time,
or use a flow meter.
• Calculate the amount of water that is discharged per
minute: D = Measured Amount/Total Time In Minutes
• Calculate the time needed to purge one (1) well volume or
one (1) purging equipment volume: Time = V/D
Where: V = well volume or purging equipment volume
D = discharge rate
• Make new measurements each time the pumping rate is
changed.
3. Use a totalizing flow meter.
• Record the reading on the totalizer prior to purging.
• Record the reading on the totalizer at the end of purging.
• To obtain the volume purged, subtract the reading on the
totalizer prior to purging from the reading on the totalizer at
the end of purging.
• Record the times that purging begins and ends in the field
records.
b.) Purging Measurement Frequency - When purging a well that has the well screen fully
submerged and the pump or intake tubing is placed within the well casing above the
well screen or open hole, purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting
measurements of the field parameters. Allow at least one quarter (1/4) well volume
to purge between subsequent measurements. When purging a well that has the pump
or intake tubing placed within a fully submerged well screen or open hole, purge until
the water level has stabilized (well recovery rate equals the purge rate), then purge a
minimum of one (1) volume of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell (if used)
prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take measurements of the
field parameters no sooner than two (2) to three (3) minutes apart. Purge at least
Rev 4-08 19
three (3) volumes of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell, if used, prior to
collecting a sample. When purging a well that has a partially submerged well screen,
purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting measurements of the
field parameters. Take measurements of the field parameters no sooner than two (2)
to three (3) minutes apart.
c.) Purging Completion - Wells must be adequately purged prior to sample collection to
ensure representation of the aquifer formation water, rather than stagnant well water.
This may be achieved by purging three volumes from the well or by satisfying any
one of the following three purge completion criteria:
1.) Three (3) consecutive measurements in which the three (3) parameters listed
below are within the stated limits, dissolved oxygen is no greater than 20
percent of saturation at the field measured temperature, and turbidity is no
greater than 20 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs).
• Temperature: + 0.2° C
• pH: + 0.2 Standard Units
• Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading
Document and report the following, as applicable. The last four items only
need to be submitted once:
• Purging rate.
• Drawdown in the well, if any.
• A description of the process and the data used to design the
well.
• The equipment and procedure used to install the well.
• The well development procedure.
• Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.
2.) If it is impossible to get dissolved oxygen at or below 20 percent of saturation
at the field measured temperature or turbidity at or below 20 NTUs, then three
(3) consecutive measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance and
the parameter(s) dissolved oxygen and/or turbidity that do not meet the
requirements above must be within the limits below. The measurements are:
• Temperature: + 0.2° C
• pH: + 0.2 Standard Units
• Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading
• Dissolved Oxygen: + 0.2 mg/L or 10%, whichever is
greater
• Turbidity: + 5 NTUs or 10%, whichever is greater
Additionally, document and report the following, as applicable, except that
the last four(4) items only need to be submitted once:
• Purging rate.
• Drawdown in the well, if any.
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
dissolved oxygen to be high and/or dissolved oxygen
measurements made within the screened or open hole
portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen
probe.
Rev 4-08 20
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to
minimize turbidity in the future.
• A description of the process and the data used to design the
well.
• The equipment and procedure used to install the well.
• The well development procedure.
• Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.
3.) If after five (5) well volumes, three (3) consecutive measurements of the field
parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and
turbidity are not within the limits stated above, check the instrument condition
and calibration, purging flow rate and all tubing connections to determine if
they might be affecting the ability to achieve stable measurements. It is at the
discretion of the consultant/contractor whether or not to collect a sample or to
continue purging. Further, the report in which the data are submitted must
include the following, as applicable. The last four (4) items only need to be
submitted once.
• Purging rate.
• Drawdown in the well, if any.
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
Dissolved Oxygen to be high and/or Dissolved Oxygen
measurements made within the screened or open hole
portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen
probe.
• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the
turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to
minimize turbidity in the future.
• A description of the process and the data used to design the
well.
• The equipment and procedure used to install the well.
• The well development procedure.
• Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.
If wells have previously and consistently purged dry, and the current depth to
groundwater indicates that the well will purge dry during the current sampling
event, minimize the amount of water removed from the well by using the same
pump to purge and collect the sample:
• Place the pump or tubing intake within the well screened
interval.
• Use very small diameter Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing
and the smallest possible pump chamber volume. This will
minimize the total volume of water pumped from the well
and reduce drawdown.
• Select tubing that is thick enough to minimize oxygen
transfer through the tubing walls while pumping.
Rev 4-08 21
• Pump at the lowest possible rate (100 mL/minute or less) to
reduce drawdown to a minimum.
• Purge at least two (2) volumes of the pumping system
(pump, tubing and flow cell, if used).
• Measure pH, specific conductance, temperature, dissolved
oxygen and turbidity, then begin to collect the samples.
Collect samples immediately after purging is complete. The time period between
completing the purge and sampling cannot exceed six hours. If sample collection
does not occur within one hour of purging completion, re-measure the five field
parameters: temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and turbidity,
just prior to collecting the sample. If the measured values are not within 10 percent
of the previous measurements, re-purge the well. The exception is “dry” wells.
d.) Lanyards
1. Securely fasten lanyards, if used, to any downhole equipment (bailers,
pumps, etc.).
2. Use bailer lanyards in such a way that they do not touch the ground
surface.

Wells Without Plumbing
a.) Tubing/Pump Placement
1. If attempting to minimize the volume of purge water, position the intake
hose or pump at the midpoint of the screened or open hole interval.
2. If monitoring well conditions do not allow minimizing of the purge water
volume, position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water
column. This will ensure that all stagnant water in the casing is removed.
3. If the well screen or borehole is partially submerged, and the pump will be
used for both purging and sampling, position the pump midway between
the measured water level and the bottom of the screen. Otherwise,
position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water column.
b.) Non-dedicated (portable) pumps
1. Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Attach a short section of tubing to the discharge side of the
pump and into a graduated container.
• Attach one end of a length of new or precleaned tubing to
the pump head flexible hose.
• Place the tubing as described in one of the options listed
above.
• Change gloves before beginning to purge.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well
recovery rate to minimize drawdown.
Rev 4-08 22
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that
water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells (see
Appendix C) or if precleaned tubing is used for each well,
only the pump.
2. Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Place the decontaminated suction hose so that water is
always pumped from the top of the water column.
• Change gloves before beginning to purge.
• Equip the suction hose with a foot valve to prevent purge
water from re-entering the well.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is
equivalent to the well recovery rate.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that the
water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if
precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump.
3. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Carefully position the decontaminated pump.
Rev 4-08 23
• Change gloves before beginning to purge.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is
equivalent to the well recovery rate.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so
that water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or only
the pump if precleaned tubing is used for each well.
4. Variable Speed Bladder Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated
pump and tubing.
• Attach the tubing and carefully position the pump.
• Change gloves before beginning purging.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is
equivalent to the well recovery rate.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the
recharge rate.
• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower
the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so
that water is removed from the top of the water column.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
• Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if
precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump.
c.) Dedicated Portable Pumps
1. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves.
Rev 4-08 24
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well
recovery rate to minimize drawdown.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge
rate.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump
• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10
feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces
downwind.
• Wear sampling gloves.
• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals.
• Record these measurements.
• Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well
recovery rate to minimize drawdown.
• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce
the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge
rate.
• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record this measurement.
3. Bailers - Using bailers for purging is not recommended unless care is
taken to use proper bailing technique, or if free product is present in the
well or suspected to be in the well.
• Minimize handling the bailer as much as possible.
• Wear sampling gloves.
• Remove the bailer from its protective wrapping just before
use.
• Attach a lanyard of appropriate material.
• Use the lanyard to move and position the bailer.
• Lower and retrieve the bailer slowly and smoothly.
• Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth
approximately a foot above the water column.
• When the bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the
water column at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is
reached.
• Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one (1) foot
below the top of the water table so that water is removed
from the top of the water column.
• Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it
descends into the water column.
Rev 4-08 25
• Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the same
rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has cleared to
top of the water column.
• Measure the purge volume.
• Record the volume of the bailer.
• Continue to carefully lower and retrieve the bailer as
described above until the purging is considered complete,
based on either the removal of 3 well volumes.
• Remove at least one (1) well volume before collecting
measurements of the field parameters. Take each
subsequent set of measurements after removing at least one
quarter (1/4) well volume between measurements.

Groundwater Sampling Techniques
a.) Purge wells.
b.) Replace protective covering around the well if it is soiled or torn after completing
purging operations.
c.) Equipment Considerations
1. The following pumps are approved to collect volatile organic samples:
• Stainless steel and Teflon variable speed submersible
pumps
• Stainless steel and Teflon or polyethylene variable speed
bladder pumps
• Permanently installed PVC bodied pumps (As long as the
pump remains in contact with the water in the well at all
times)
2. Collect sample from the sampling device and store in sample container.
Do not use intermediate containers.
3. To avoid contamination or loss of analytes from the sample, handle
sampling equipment as little as possible and minimize equipment exposure
to the sample.
4. To reduce chances of cross-contamination, use dedicated equipment
whenever possible. “Dedicated” is defined as equipment that is to be used
solely for one location for the life of that equipment (e.g., permanently
mounted pump). Purchase dedicated equipment with the most sensitive
analyte of interest in mind.
• Clean or make sure dedicated pumps are clean before
installation. They do not need to be cleaned prior to each
use, but must be cleaned if they are withdrawn for repair or
servicing.
• Clean or make sure any permanently mounted tubing is
clean before installation.
• Change or clean tubing when the pump is withdrawn for
servicing.
• Clean any replaceable or temporary parts.
Rev 4-08 26
• Collect equipment blanks on dedicated pumping systems
when the tubing is cleaned or replaced.
• Clean or make sure dedicated bailers are clean before
placing them into the well.
• Collect an equipment blank on dedicated bailers before
introducing them into the water column.
• Suspend dedicated bailers above the water column if they
are stored in the well.

Sampling Wells Without Plumbing
a.) Sampling with Pumps – The following pumps may be used to sample for organics:
• Peristaltic pumps
• Stainless steel, Teflon or polyethylene bladder pumps
• Variable speed stainless steel and Teflon submersible
pumps
1. Peristaltic Pump
• Volatile Organics: One of three methods may be used.
ƒ Remove the drop tubing from the inlet side
of the pump; submerge the drop tubing into
the water column; prevent the water in the
tubing from flowing back into the well;
remove the drop tubing from the well;
carefully allow the groundwater to drain into
the sample vials; avoid turbulence; do not
aerate the sample; repeat steps until enough
vials are filled. OR
ƒ Use the pump to fill the drop tubing; quickly
remove the tubing from the pump; prevent
the water in the tubing from flowing back
into the well; remove the drop tubing from
the well; carefully allow the groundwater to
drain into the sample vials; avoid
turbulence; do not aerate the sample; repeat
steps until enough vials are filled. OR
ƒ Use the pump to fill the drop tubing;
withdraw the tubing from the well; reverse
the flow on the peristaltic pumps to deliver
the sample into the vials at a slow, steady
rate; repeat steps until enough vials are
filled.
• Extractable Organics: If delivery tubing is not
polyethylene or PP, or is not Teflon lined, use pump and
vacuum trap method. Connect the outflow tubing from the
container to the influent side of the peristaltic pump. Turn
pump on and reduce flow until smooth and even. Discard a
Rev 4-08 27
small portion of the sample to allow for air space. Preserve
(if required), label, and complete field notes.
• Inorganic samples: These samples may be collected from
the effluent tubing. If samples are collected from the
pump, decontaminate all tubing (including the tubing in the
head) or change it between wells. Preserve (if required),
label, and complete field notes.
2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump
• If sampling for organics, the pump body must be
constructed of stainless steel and the valves and bladder
must be Teflon. All tubing must be Teflon, polyethylene,
or PP and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon,
polyethylene or PP, or made of stainless steel.
• After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate.
• When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the
flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible.
3. Variable Speed Submersible Pump
• The housing must be stainless steel.
• If sampling for organics, the internal impellers, seals and
gaskets must be constructed of stainless steel, Teflon,
polyethylene or PP. The delivery tubing must be Teflon,
polyethylene or PP; the electrical cord must be sealed in
Teflon; any cabling must be sealed in Teflon or constructed
of stainless steel.
• After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate.
• When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the
flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible.
b.) Sampling with Bailers - A high degree of skill and coordination are necessary to
collect representative samples with a bailer.
1. General Considerations
• Minimize handling of bailer as much as possible.
• Wear sampling gloves.
• Remove bailer from protective wrapping just before use.
• Attach a lanyard of appropriate material.
• Use the lanyard to move and position the bailers.
• Do not allow bailer or lanyard to touch the ground.
• If bailer is certified precleaned, no rinsing is necessary.
• If both a pump and a bailer are to be used to collect
samples, rinse the exterior and interior of the bailer with
sample water from the pump before removing the pump.
• If the purge pump is not appropriate for collecting samples
(e.g., non-inert components), rinse the bailer by collecting a
single bailer of the groundwater to be sampled.
• Discard the water appropriately.
Rev 4-08 28
• Do not rinse the bailer if Oil and Grease samples are to be
collected.
2. Bailing Technique
• Collect all samples that are required to be collected with a
pump before collecting samples with the bailer.
• Raise and lower the bailer gently to minimize stirring up
particulate matter in the well and the water column, which
can increase sample turbidity.
• Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth
approximately a foot above the water column. When the
bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the water column
at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is reached.
• Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one foot below
the top of the water table, so that water is removed from the
top of the water column.
• Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it
descends into the water column.
• Do not allow the bailer to touch the bottom of the well or
particulate matter will be incorporated into the sample.
Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the
same rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has
cleared to top of the water column.
• Lower the bailer to approximately the same depth each
time.
• Collect the sample. Install a device to control the flow
from the bottom of the bailer and discard the first few
inches of water. Fill the appropriate sample containers by
allowing the sample to slowly flow down the side of the
container. Discard the last few inches of water in the
bailer.
• Repeat steps for additional samples.
• As a final step measure the DO, pH, temperature, turbidity
and specific conductance after the final sample has been
collected. Record all measurements and note the time
that sampling was completed.
c.) Sampling Low Permeability Aquifers or Wells that have Purged Dry
1. Collect the sample(s) after the well has been purged. Minimize the amount
of water removed from the well by using the same pump to purge and
collect the sample. If the well has purged dry, collect samples as soon as
sufficient sample water is available.
2. Measure the five field parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance,
dissolved oxygen and turbidity at the time of sample collection.
3. Advise the analytical laboratory and the client that the usual amount of
sample for analysis may not be available.

Rev 4-08 29
Appendix D - Collecting Samples from Wells with
Plumbing in Place
In-place plumbing is generally considered permanent equipment routinely used for purposes
other than purging and sampling, such as for water supply.

a.) Air Strippers or Remedial Systems - These types of systems are installed as
remediation devices. Collect influent and effluent samples from air stripping units as
described below.
1. Remove any tubing from the sampling port and flush for one to two
minutes.
2. Remove all hoses, aerators and filters (if possible).
3. Open the spigot and purge sufficient volume to flush the spigot and lines
and until the purging completion criteria have been met.
4. Reduce the flow rate to approximately 500 mL/minute (a 1/8” stream) or
approximately 0.1 gal/minute before collecting samples.
5. Follow procedures for collecting samples from water supply wells as
outlined below.
b.) Water Supply Wells – Water supply wells with in-place plumbing do not require
equipment to be brought to the well to purge and sample. Water supply wells at UST
facilities must be sampled for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile
compounds (SVOCs).
1. Procedures for Sampling Water Supply Wells
• Label sample containers prior to sample collection.
• Prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.)
before taking any samples so each collected sample can be
placed in a chilled environment immediately after
collection.
• You must choose the tap closest to the well, preferably at
the wellhead. The tap must be before any holding or
pressurization tank, water softener, ion exchange,
disinfection process or before the water line enters the
residence, office or building. If no tap fits the above
conditions, a new tap that does must be installed.
• The well pump must not be lubricated with oil, as that may
contaminate the samples.
• The sampling tap must be protected from exterior
contamination associated with being too close to a sink
bottom or to the ground. If the tap is too close to the
ground for direct collection into the appropriate container,
it is acceptable to use a smaller (clean) container to transfer
the sample to a larger container.
• Leaking taps that allow water to discharge from around the
valve stem handle and down the outside of the faucet, or
taps in which water tends to run up on the outside of the lip,
are to be avoided as sampling locations.
Rev 4-08 30
• Disconnect any hoses, filters, or aerators attached to the tap
before sampling.
• Do not sample from a tap close to a gas pump. The gas
fumes could contaminate the sample.
2. Collecting Volatile Organic Samples
• Equipment Needed: VOC sample vials [40 milliliters,
glass, may contain 3 to 4 drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
as preservative]; Disposable gloves and protective goggles;
Ice chest/cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic
bags, bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms.
• Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least
15 minutes. If the well is deep, run water longer (purging
three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is located
directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the holding
tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where you will
take your sample. This will ensure that the water you
collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the holding
tank. After running the water for at least 15 minutes,
reduce the flow of water. The flow should be reduced to a
trickle but not so slow that it begins to drip. A smooth flow
of water will make collection easier and more accurate.
Remove the cap of a VOC vial and hold the vial under the
stream of water to fill it. Be careful not to spill any acid
that is in the vial. For best results use a low flow of water
and angle the vial slightly so that the water runs down the
inside of the vial. This will help keep the sample from
being agitated, aerated or splashed out of the vial. It will
also increase the accuracy of the sample. As the vial fills
and is almost full, turn the vial until it is straight up and
down so the water won’t spill out. Fill the vial until the
water is just about to spill over the lip of the vial. The
surface of the water sample should become mounded. It is
a good idea not to overfill the vial, especially if an acid
preservative is present in the vial. Carefully replace and
screw the cap onto the vial. Some water may overflow as
the cap is put on. After the cap is secure, turn the vial
upside down and gently tap the vial to see if any bubbles
are present. If bubbles are present in the vial, remove the
cap, add more water and check again to see if bubbles are
present. Repeat as necessary. After two samples without
bubbles have been collected, the samples should be labeled
and prepared for shipment. Store samples at 4° C.

Rev 4-08 31
3. Collecting Extractable Organic and/or Metals Samples
• Equipment Needed: SVOC sample bottle [1 liter, amber
glass] and/or Metals sample bottle [0.5 liter, polyethylene
or glass, 5 milliliters of nitric acid (HNO3) preservative];
Disposable gloves and protective goggles; Ice
Chest/Cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic bags,
bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms.
• Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least
15 minutes. If the well is deep, run the water longer
(purging three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is
located directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the
holding tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where
you will take your sample. This will ensure that the water
you collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the
holding tank. After running the water for at least 15
minutes, reduce the flow. Low water flow makes
collection easier and more accurate. Remove the cap of a
SVOC or metals bottle and hold it under the stream of
water to fill it. The bottle does not have to be completely
filled (i.e., you can leave an inch or so of headspace in the
bottle). After filling, screw on the cap, label the bottle and
prepare for shipment. Store samples at 4° C.

Rev 4-08 32
Appendix E - Collecting Surface Water Samples
The following topics include 1.) acceptable equipment selection and equipment construction
materials and 2.) standard grab, depth-specific and depth-composited surface water sampling
techniques.

Facilities which contain or border small rivers, streams or branches should include surface water
sampling as part of the monitoring program for each sampling event. A simple procedure for
selecting surface water monitoring sites is to locate a point on a stream where drainage leaves the
site. This provides detection of contamination through, and possibly downstream of, site via
discharge of surface waters. The sampling points selected should be downstream from any waste
areas. An upstream sample should be obtained in order to determine water quality upstream of
the influence of the site.

a.) General Cautions
1. When using watercraft take samples near the bow away and upwind from
any gasoline outboard engine. Orient watercraft so that bow is positioned
in the upstream direction.
2. When wading, collect samples upstream from the body. Avoid disturbing
sediments in the immediate area of sample collection.
3. Collect water samples prior to taking sediment samples when obtaining
both from the same area (site).
4. Unless dictated by permit, program or order, sampling at or near man-
made structures (e.g., dams, weirs or bridges) may not provide
representative data because of unnatural flow patterns.
5. Collect surface water samples from downstream towards upstream.
b.) Equipment and Supplies - Select equipment based on the analytes of interest, specific
use, and availability.
c.) Surface Water Sampling Techniques - Adhere to all general protocols applicable to
aqueous sampling when following the surface water sampling procedures addressed
below.
1. Manual Sampling: Use manual sampling for collecting grab samples for
immediate in-situ field analyses. Use manual sampling in lieu of
automatic equipment over extended periods of time for composite
sampling, especially when it is necessary to observe and/or note unusual
conditions.
• Surface Grab Samples - Do not use sample containers containing
premeasured amounts of preservatives to collect grab samples. If
the sample matrix is homogeneous, then the grab method is a
simple and effective technique for collection purposes. If
homogeneity is not apparent, based on flow or vertical variations
(and should never be assumed), then use other collection protocols.
Where practical, use the actual sample container submitted to the
laboratory for collecting samples to be analyzed for oil and grease,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and microbiological samples.
This procedure eliminates the possibility of contaminating the
sample with an intermediate collection container. The use of
Rev 4-08 33
unpreserved sample containers as direct grab samplers is
encouraged since the same container can be submitted for
laboratory analysis after appropriate preservation. This procedure
reduces sample handling and eliminates potential contamination
from other sources (e.g., additional sampling equipment,
environment, etc.).
1. Grab directly into sample container.
2. Slowly submerge the container, opening neck first, into the
water.
3. Invert the bottle so the neck is upright and pointing towards
the direction of water flow (if applicable). Allow water to
run slowly into the container until filled.
4. Return the filled container quickly to the surface.
5. Pour out a few mL of sample away from and downstream
of the sampling location. This procedure allows for the
addition of preservatives and sample expansion. Do not
use this step for volatile organics or other analytes where
headspace is not allowed in the sample container.
6. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and
complete field notes. If sample containers are attached to a
pole via a clamp, submerge the container and follow steps 3
– 5 but omit steps 1 and 2.
• Sampling with an Intermediate Vessel or Container: If the sample
cannot be collected directly into the sample container to be
submitted to the laboratory, or if the laboratory provides
prepreserved sample containers, use an unpreserved sample
container or an intermediate vessel (e.g., beakers, buckets or
dippers) to obtain the sample. These vessels must be constructed
appropriately, including any poles or extension arms used to access
the sample location.
1. Rinse the intermediate vessel with ample amounts of site
water prior to collecting the first sample.
2. Collect the sample as outlined above using the intermediate
vessel.
3. Use pole mounted containers of appropriate construction to
sample at distances away from shore, boat, etc. Follow the
protocols above to collect samples.
• Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this
technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately
precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach
polyethylene, Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is
not acceptable for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs.
Extractable organics can be collected through the pump if flexible
interior-wall Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump
head or if used with the organic trap setup.
Rev 4-08 34
1. Lower appropriately precleaned tubing to a depth of 6 – 12
inches below water surface, where possible.
2. Pump 3 – 5 tube volumes through the system to acclimate
the tubing before collecting the first sample.
3. Fill individual sample bottles via the discharge tubing. Be
careful not to remove the inlet tubing from the water.
4. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and
complete field notes.
• Mid-Depth Grab Samples: Mid-depth samples or samples taken at
a specific depth can approximate the conditions throughout the
entire water column. The equipment that may be used for this type
of sampling consists of the following depth-specific sampling
devices: Kemmerer, Niskin, Van Dorn type, etc. You may also
use pumps with tubing or double check-valve bailers. Certain
construction material details may preclude its use for certain
analytes. Many Kemmerer samplers are constructed of plastic and
rubber that preclude their use for all volatile and extractable
organic sampling. Some newer devices are constructed of stainless
steel or are all Teflon or Teflon-coated. These are acceptable for
all analyte groups without restriction.
1. Measure the water column to determine maximum depth
and sampling depth prior to lowering the sampling device.
2. Mark the line attached to the sampler with depth
increments so that the sampling depth can be accurately
recorded.
3. Lower the sampler slowly to the appropriate sampling
depth, taking care not to disturb the sediments.
4. At the desired depth, send the messenger weight down to
trip the closure mechanism.
5. Retrieve the sampler slowly.
6. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site
water prior to collecting the first sample. Discard rinsate
away from and downstream of the sampling location.
7. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube.
• Double Check-Valve Bailers: Collect samples using double check-
valve bailers if the data requirements do not necessitate a sample
from a strictly discrete interval of the water column. Bailers with
an upper and lower check-valve can be lowered through the water
column. Water will continually be displaced through the bailer
until the desired depth is reached, at which point the bailer is
retrieved. Sampling with this type of bailer must follow the same
protocols outlined above, except that a messenger weight is not
applicable. Although not designed specifically for this kind of
sampling, a bailer is acceptable when a mid-depth sample is
required
Rev 4-08 35
1. As the bailer is dropped through the water column, water is
displaced through the body of the bailer. The degree of
displacement depends upon the check-valve ball movement
to allow water to flow freely through the bailer body.
2. Slowly lower the bailer to the appropriate depth. Upon
retrieval, the two check valves seat, preventing water from
escaping or entering the bailer.
3. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site
water prior to collecting the first sample.
4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube.
Sample bottles must be handled as described above.
• Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this
technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately
precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach HDPE,
Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is not acceptable
for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs. Extractable organics can
be collected through the pump if flexible interior-wall Teflon,
polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump head, or if used with
an organic trap setup.
1. Measure the water column to determine the maximum
depth and the sampling depth.
2. Tubing will need to be tied to a stiff pole or be weighted
down so the tubing placement will be secure. Do not use a
lead weight. Any dense, non-contaminating, non-
interfering material will work (brick, stainless steel weight,
etc.). Tie the weight with a lanyard (braided or
monofilament nylon, etc.) so that it is located below the
inlet of the tubing.
3. Turn the pump on and allow several tubing volumes of
water to be discharged before collecting the first sample.
4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube.
Sample bottles must be handled as described above.

Rev 4-08 36